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[POTENTIAL LOCATION OF]
EDEN [TOP RIGHT]
Eden Approximate Region
COURTESY OF Biblos.com.
EDENe'-d'-n (`edhen, delight; Edem):
(1) The land in which 'Yahweh God' [YHWH 'ELOHIYM] planted a garden, where upon his creation he put the man whom he had formed (Genesis 2:8).
In the Assyrian inscriptions idinu (Accadian, edin) means plain and it is from this that the Biblical word is probably derived. Following are the references to Eden in the Bible, aside from those in Genesis 2 and 3: Genesis 4:16 Isaiah 51:3 Ezekiel 28:13; Ezekiel 31:9, 16, 18; 36:35 Joel 2:3. The Garden of Eden is said to be eastward, in Eden Genesis (2:8); where the vegetation was luxurious (2:9) and the fig tree indigenous (3:7), and where it was watered by irrigation.
All kinds of animals, including cattle, beasts of the field and birds, were found there (2:19, 20). Moreover, the climate was such that clothing was not needed for warmth. It is not surprising, therefore, that the plural of the word has the meaning delights, and that Eden has been supposed to mean the land of delights, and that the word became a synonym for Paradise.
Brook of Egypt
Brook of Egypt and surrounding area
Numbers 34:5 and the border shall turn about from Azmon to the brook of Egypt, and the goings out of it shall be at the sea.Joshua 15:4 and it passed along to Azmon, went out at the brook of Egypt; and the border ended at the sea. This shall be your south border.
Joshua 15:47 Ashdod, its towns and its villages; Gaza, its towns and its villages; to the brook of Egypt, and the great sea with its coastline.
1 Kings 8:65 So Solomon held the feast at that time, and all Israel with him, a great assembly, from the entrance of Hamath to the brook of Egypt, before 'Yahweh' [YHWH] our 'G-d' ['Elohiym: Magistrates, etc…], seven days and seven days, even fourteen days.
2 Kings 24:7 The king of Egypt didn't come again out of his land any more; for the king of Babylon had taken, from the brook of Egypt to the river Euphrates, all that pertained to the king of Egypt.
2 Chronicles 7:8 So Solomon held the feast at that time seven days, and all Israel with him, a very great assembly, from the entrance of Hamath to the brook of Egypt.
Isaiah 27:12 It will happen in that day, that 'Yahweh' [YHWH] will thresh from the flowing stream of the Euphrates to the brook of Egypt; and you will be gathered one by one, children of Israel.
Ezekiel 47:19 The south side southward shall be from Tamar as far as the waters of Meriboth Kadesh, to the brook of Egypt, to the great sea. This is the south side southward.
Ezekiel 48:28 By the border of Gad, at the south side southward, the border shall be even from Tamar to the waters of Meribath Kadesh, to the brook of Egypt, to the great sea.
BROOK OF EGYPT, THE (nachal = "a flowing stream," "a valley"; best translated by the oriental word wady, which means, as the Hebrew word does, both a stream and its valley).
The Brook of Egypt is mentioned six times in the Old Testament (Numbers 34:5 Joshua 15:4, 47 1 Kings 8:65 Isaiah 27:12); once, Genesis 15:18, by another word, nahar. The Brook of Egypt was not an Egyptian stream at all, but a little desert stream near the borderland of Egypt a wady of the desert, and, perhaps, the dividing line between Canaan and Egypt. It is usually identified with the Wady el 'Arish of modern geography.
The Brook of Egypt comes down from the plateau et Tih in the Sinai peninsula and falls into the Mediterranean Sea at latitude 31 5 North, longitude 33 42 East. Its source is at the foot of the central mountain group of the peninsula. The upper portion of the wady is some 400 ft. above the sea. Its course, with one sharp bend to the West in the upper part, runs nearly due North along the western slope of the plateau. Its whole course of 140 miles lies through the desert. These streams in the Sinai peninsula are usually dry water-courses, which at times become raging rivers, but are very seldom babbling "brooks." The floods are apt to come with little or no warning when cloudbursts occur in the mountain region drained.
3. Archaeology:
The use of the Hebrew word nachal for this wady points to a curious and most interesting and important piece of archaeological evidence on the critical question of the origin of the Pentateuch. In the Pentateuch, the streams of Egypt are designated by an Egyptian word (ye'or) which belongs to Egypt, as the word bayou does to the lower Mississippi valley, while every other stream mentioned, not except this desert stream, "the Brook of Egypt," is designated by one or other of two Hebrew words, na chal and nahar. Each of these words occurs 13 times in the Pentateuch, but never of the streams of Egypt. The use of nahar in Exodus 7:19 in the account of the plagues is not really an exception for the word is then used generically in contrast with ye'or to distinguish between the "flowing streams," neharoth, and the sluggish irrigation branches of the Nile, ye'orim, "canals" (compare CANALS) (Isaiah 19:6; Isaiah 33:21), while ye'or occurs 30 times but never of any other than the streams of Egypt. There is thus a most exa ct discrimination in the use of these various words, a discrimination which is found alike in the Priestly Code (P), Jahwist (Jahwist), and Elohim (E) of the documentary theory, and also where the editor is supposed to have altered the documents. Such discrimination is scarcely credible on the hypothesis that the Pentateuch is by more than one author, in later than Mosaic times, or that it is by any author without Egyptian training. The documentary theory which requires these instances of the use of these various words for "river" to have been recorded by several different authors or redactors, in different ages and all several centuries after the Exodus, far away from Egypt and opportunities for accurate knowledge of its language, seems utterly incompatible with such discriminating use of these words. And even if the elimination of all mistakes be attributed to one person, a final editor, the difficulty is scarcely lessened. For as no purpose is served by this discriminating use of words, it is evidently a natural phenomenon. In every instance of the use of ye'or, one or other of the usual Hebrew words, nachal or nahar would have served the purpose of the author, just as any foreign religious writer might with propriety speak of the "streams of Louisiana," though a Louisianian would certainly call them "bayous." How does the author come to use ye'or even where his native Hebrew words might have been used appropriately? Why never, where its appropriateness is even doubtful, not even saying ye'or for nachal of the "Brook of Egypt"? It is not art, but experience, in the use of a language which gives such skill as to attend to so small a thing in so extensive use without a single mistake. The only time and place at which such experience in the use of Egyptian words is to be expected in Israel is among the people of the Exodus not long subsequent to that event.
M. G. Kyle
Ephah (Midian) [BOTTOM RIGHT]
Ephah (Midian) and surrounding area
Isaiah 60:6 The multitude of camels shall cover you, the dromedaries of Midian and Ephah; all they from Sheba shall come; they shall bring gold and frankincense, and shall proclaim the praises of 'Yahweh' [YHWH].
MIDIAN; MIDIANITESmid'-i-an, mid'-i-an-its (midhyan, midhyanim; Madiam, Madienaioi):
1. The See d of Abraham to the Time of the Judges:
Midian was a son of Abraham by his concubine Keturah. To him were born 5 sons, Ephah, Epher, Hanoch, Abida and Eldaah (Genesis 25:2, 4 1 Chronicles 1:32 f). Bearing gifts from Abraham, he and his brothers, each with his own household, moved off from Isaac into "the east country" (Genesis 25:6). The first recorded incident in the history of the tribe is a defeat suffered "in the field of Moab" at the hands of Hadad, king of Edom. Of this nothing beyond the fact is known (Genesis 36:35 1 Chronicles 1:46). The Midianites next appear as merchantmen traveling from Gilead to Egypt, with "spicery and balm and myrrh," with no prejudice against a turn of slave-dealing (Genesis 37:25). Moses, on fleeing from Egypt, found refuge in the land of Midian, and became son-in-law of Jethro, the priest of Midian (Exodus 2:15, 21). In Midian Moses received his commission to Israel in Egypt (Exodus 4:19). A Midianite, familiar with the desert, acted as guide ("instead of eyes") to the children of Israel in their wilderness wanderings (Numbers 10:29). The friendly relations between Israel and Midian, which seem to have prevailed at first, had been ruptured, and we find the elders of Midian acting with those of Moab in calling Balaam to curse Israel (Numbers 22:4-7). Because of the grievous sin into which they had seduced Israel on the shrewd advice of Balaam, a war of vengeance was made against the Midianites in which five of their chiefs perished; the males were ruthlessly slain, and Balaam also was put to death (Numbers 25:15, 17; Numbers 31:2). We next hear of Midian as oppressing Israel for 7 years. Along with the Amalekites and the children of the East they swarmed across the Jordan, and their multitudinous beasts swept up the produce of the earth. Overwhelming disaster befell this horde at the onset of Gideon's chosen men. In the battle and pursuit "there fell a hundred and twenty thousand men that drew sword"; their kings, Zebah and Zalmunna, and their princes, Oreb and Zeeb, sharing the common fate (Judges 6; Judges 7; Judges 7 8). Echoes of this glorious victory-"the day of Midian"-are heard in later literature (Psalm 83:9 Isaiah 9:4; Isaiah 10:26 Habakkuk 3:7).
2. The Kenite Branch:
The Kenites appear to have been a branch of the Midianites. Jethro could hardly have attained the dignity of the priesthood in Midian had he been of alien blood (Judges 1:16). See KENITES. Again, the tribesmen are named indifferently Ishmaelites and Midianites (Genesis 37:25, 28, 36 Judges 8:22, 24). They must therefore have stood in close relations with the descendants of Hagar's son.
3. Modern Arabs:
The representations of Midian in Scripture are consistent with what we know of the immemorial ways of Arabian tribes, now engaged in pastoral pursuits, again as carriers of merchandise, and yet again as freebooters. Such tribes often roam through wide circles. They appear not to have practiced circumcision (Exodus 4:25), which is now practically universal among the Arabs. The men wore golden ornaments, as do the modern nomads (Judges 8:24).
4. Historical References:
The name of "Midian" is not found in Egyptian or Assyrian documents. Delitzsch (Wo lag das Paradies? 304) suggests that Ephah (Genesis 25:4) may be identical with Chayapa of the cuneiform inscriptions. If this is correct the references point to the existence of this Midianite tribe in the North of el-Chijaz in the times of Tiglath-pileser and Sargon (745-705 B.C.). Isaiah speaks of Midian and Ephah apparently as separate tribes, whose dromedaries bear gold and frankincense to Zion (60:6); but he gives no hint of the districts they occupied. The tribe of Ghifar, found in the neighborhood of Medina in Mohammed's day, Knobel would identify with Epher, another of Midian's sons.
5. Territory:
No boundaries can now be assigned to "the land of Midian." It included territory on the West as well as on the East of the Gulf of `Aqaba (Exodus 4:19). It lay between Edom and Paran (1 Kings 11:18). In the time of the Judges their district seems to have extended northward to the East of Gilead (8:10).
A trace of the ancient name is found in that of Madyah, a place mentioned by the Arabic geographers, with a plentiful supply of water, now called Maghair Sho`aib. It lies East of the Gulf of `Aqaba, some miles from the coast, almost opposite the point of the Sinaitic peninsula. The name Sho`aib, given by Mohammed to Jethro, may here be due to ancient Midianite tradition.
W. Ewing
Maps Created using Biblemapper 3.0
Additional data from OpenBible.info
Ezra 9:9 For we are bondservants; yet our 'G-d' ['Elohiym: Magistrates, etc…] has not forsaken us in our bondage, but has extended loving kindness to us in the sight of the kings of Persia, to give us a reviving, to set up the house of our 'G-d' ['Elohiym: Magistrates, etc…], and to repair its ruins, and to give us a wall in Judah and in Jerusalem.
Matthew 2:1 Now when 'Jesus' [YH'shua: YH is salvation] was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of King Herod, behold, wise men from the east came to Jerusalem, saying,
Matthew 2:5 They said to him, "In Bethlehem of Judea, for thus it is written through the prophet,
Matthew 2:22 But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in the place of his father, Herod, he was afraid to go there. Being warned in a dream, he withdrew into the region of Galilee,
Matthew 3:1 In those days, John the Baptizer came, preaching in the wilderness of Judea, saying,
Matthew 3:5 Then people from Jerusalem, all of Judea, and all the region around the Jordan went out to him.
Matthew 4:25 Great multitudes from Galilee, Decapolis, Jerusalem, Judea and from beyond the Jordan followed him.
Matthew 19:1 It happened when 'Jesus' [YH'shua: YH is salvation] had finished these words, he departed from Galilee, and came into the borders of Judea beyond the Jordan.
Matthew 24:16 then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains.
Mark 1:5 All the country of Judea and all those of Jerusalem went out to him. They were baptized by him in the Jordan river, confessing their sins.
Mark 3:7 'Jesus' [YH'shua: YH is salvation] withdrew to the sea with his disciples, and a great multitude followed him from Galilee, from Judea,
Mark 10:1 He arose from there and came into the borders of Judea and beyond the Jordan. Multitudes came together to him again. As he usually did, he was again teaching them.
Mark 13:14 But when you see the abomination of desolation, spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing where it ought not (let the reader understand), then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains,
Luke 1:65 Fear came on all who lived around them, and all these sayings were talked about throughout all the hill country of Judea.
Luke 2:4 Joseph also went up from Galilee, out of the city of Nazareth, into Judea, to the city of David, which is called Bethlehem, because he was of the house and family of David;
Luke 3:1 Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene,
Luke 4:44 He was preaching in the synagogues of Galilee.
Luke 5:17 It happened on one of those days, that he was teaching; and there were Pharisees and teachers of the law sitting by, who had come out of every village of Galilee, Judea, and Jerusalem. The power of the Lord was with him to heal them.
Luke 6:17 He came down with them, and stood on a level place, with a crowd of his disciples, and a great number of the people from all Judea and Jerusalem, and the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, who came to hear him and to be healed of their diseases;
Luke 7:17 This report went out concerning him in the whole of Judea, and in all the surrounding region.
Luke 21:21 Then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains. Let those who are in the midst of her depart. Let those who are in the country not enter therein.
Luke 23:5 But they insisted, saying, "He stirs up the people, teaching throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee even to this place."
John 3:22 After these things, 'Jesus' [YH'shua: YH is salvation] came with his disciples into the land of Judea. He stayed there with them, and baptized.
John 4:3 he left Judea, and departed into Galilee.
John 4:47 When he heard that 'Jesus' [YH'shua: YH is salvation] had come out of Judea into Galilee, he went to him, and begged him that he would come down and heal his son, for he was at the point of death.
John 4:54 This is again the second sign that 'Jesus' [YH'shua: YH is salvation] did, having come out of Judea into Galilee.
John 7:1 After these things, 'Jesus' [YH'shua: YH is salvation] was walking in Galilee, for he wouldn't walk in Judea, because the Jews sought to kill him.
John 11:7 Then after this he said to the disciples, "Let's go into Judea again."
Acts 1:8 But you will receive power when 'the Holy Spirit' [the Consecrated Expression, etc..] has come upon you. You will be witnesses to me in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the uttermost parts of the earth."
Acts 2:9 Parthians, Medes, Elamites, and people from Mesopotamia, Judea, Cappadocia, Pontus, Asia,
Acts 2:14 But Peter, standing up with the eleven, lifted up his voice, and spoke out to them, "You men of Judea, and all you who dwell at Jerusalem, let this be known to you, and listen to my words.
Acts 8:1 Saul was consenting to his death. A great persecution arose against the assembly which was in Jerusalem in that day. They were all scattered abroad throughout the regions of Judea and Samaria, except for the apostles.
Acts 8:4 Therefore those who were scattered abroad went around preaching the word.
Acts 9:31 So the assemblies throughout all Judea and Galilee and Samaria had peace, and were built up. They were multiplied, walking in the fear of the Lord and in the comfort of the 'the Holy Spirit' [the Consecrated Expression, etc..].
Acts 10:37 that spoken word you yourselves know, which was proclaimed throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee, after the baptism which John preached;
Acts 11:1 Now the apostles and the brothers who were in Judea heard that the Gentiles had also received the word of 'G-d' ['Elohiym: the-Magistrates, etc..].
Acts 11:29 As any of the disciples had plenty, each determined to send relief to the brothers who lived in Judea;
Acts 12:19 When Herod had sought for him, and didn't find him, he examined the guards, and commanded that they should be put to death. He went down from Judea to Caesarea, and stayed there.
Acts 15:1 Some men came down from Judea and taught the brothers, "Unless you are circumcised after the custom of Moses, you can't be saved."
Acts 21:10 As we stayed there some days, a certain prophet named Agabus came down from Judea.
Acts 26:20 but declared first to them of Damascus, at Jerusalem, and throughout all the country of Judea, and also to the Gentiles, that they should repent and turn to 'G-d' ['ELOHIYM: Magistrates, Angels, etc..], doing works worthy of repentance. a perverse and crooked generation.
Acts 28:21 They said to him, "We neither received letters from Judea concerning you, nor did any of the brothers come here and report or speak any evil of you.
Romans 15:31 that I may be delivered from those who are disobedient in Judea, and that my service which I have for Jerusalem may be acceptable to the saints;
2 Corinthians 1:16 and by you to pass into Macedonia, and again from Macedonia to come to you, and to be sent forward by you on my journey to Judea.
Galatians 1:22 I was still unknown by face to the assemblies of Judea which were in Christ,
1 Thessalonians 2:14 For you, brothers, became imitators of the assemblies of 'G-d' ['ELOHIYM: Magistrates, Angels, etc..] which are in Judea in Christ 'Jesus' [YH'shua: YH is salvation]; for you also suffered the same things from your own countrymen, even as they did from the Jews;
https://bibleatlas.org/israel.htm
Bible Map: Israel
… or the Kingdom of the Ten Tribes, have been detailed under … :25 He restored the border of Israel from the entrance of … Bible Atlas Israel Israel Atlas Israel and surrounding region Maps Created …
Bible Map: Edom
… :1 The lot for the tribe of the children of Judah … 3 Jacob sent messengers in front of him to Esau, his … king reigned over the children of Israel. Genesis 36:32 …
https://bibleatlas.org/edom.htm
Bible Map: Shiloh
… the fathers' houses of the tribes of the children of Israel … 18:1 The whole congregation of the children of Israel assembled … together at Shiloh, and set up the Tent of Meeting there …
https://bibleatlas.org/shiloh.htm
Bible Map: Galilee
… 21:32 Out of the tribe of Naphtali, Kedesh in … Joshua 12:23 the king of Dor in the height of … the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglath Pileser king of …
https://bibleatlas.org/galilee.htm
Bible Map: Kedar (Arabia)
… 1. Classification 2. Extinct Tribes 3. South Arabian Tribes … count it, all the glory of Kedar will fail, Isaiah … for Yahwew [YHWH], the 'G-d' [HA-'ELOHIYM: The-Magistrates, the-Angels, etc..] of Israel, has spoken it. …
https://bibleatlas.org/kedar.htm
Bible Map: Zion (Jerusalem)
… and all the heads of the tribes, the princes of the … 7 Nevertheless David took the stronghold of Zion; the same is … Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel, and all the heads …
https://bibleatlas.org/zion.htm
Bible Map: Mizpah 3
… Who is there among all the tribes of Israel who didn't come … :1 Then all the children of Israel went out, and … congregation was assembled as one man, from Dan even to Beersheba …
https://bibleatlas.org/mizpah_3.htm
Bible Map: Canaan
… children of Israel. Of every tribe of their fathers, you … Genesis 10:19 The border of the Canaanites was from Sidon … 42:5 The sons of Israel came to buy among those …
https://bibleatlas.org/canaan.htm
Bible Map: Gilead
… This was the lot for the tribe of Manasseh, for he … set his face toward the mountain of Gilead. Genesis 31: … the heart of the children of Israel, that they should not …
https://bibleatlas.org/gilead.htm
Bible Map: Dan
… back and forth through all the tribes of Israel, from Dan … Joshua 19:47 The border of the children of Dan went … father, who was born to Israel: however the name of …
https://bibleatlas.org/dan.htm
Bible Map: Gibeah
… of one hundred throughout all the tribes of Israel, and one … villages. This is the inheritance of the children of Benjamin according … is not of the children of Israel; but we will pass …
https://bibleatlas.org/gibeah.htm
Bible Map: Bashan
… This was the lot for the tribe of Manasseh, for he … and went up by the way of Bashan: and Og the … 50:19 I will bring Israel again to his pasture, …
https://bibleatlas.org/bashan.htm
Bible Map: Jericho
… 21 Now the cities of the tribe of the children of Benjamin … Numbers 22:1 The children of Israel traveled, and encamped … the plains of Moab beyond the Jordan at Jericho. Numbers 26 …
https://bibleatlas.org/jericho.htm
Bible Map: Hamath
… these are the names of the tribes: From the north end … 8:9 When Toi king of Hamath heard that David had … had belonged to Judah, for Israel, aren't they written in …
https://bibleatlas.org/hamath.htm
Bible Map: Moab
… to the raids of the Bedouin tribes of the neighboring desert, … , and Hadad, the son of Bedad, who struck Midian … 22:1 The children of Israel traveled, and encamped in …
https://bibleatlas.org/moab.htm
Bible Map: Beersheba
… back and forth through all the tribes of Israel, from Dan … and took bread and a bottle of water, and gave it … Haran. Genesis 46:1 Israel traveled with all that he …
https://bibleatlas.org/beersheba.htm
Bible Map: Midian
… incident in the history of the tribe is a defeat suffered " … , and Hadad, the son of Bedad, who struck Midian … done for Moses, and for Israel his people, how that …
https://bibleatlas.org/midian.htm
Bible Map: Damascus
… these are the names of the tribes: From the north end … which is on the left hand of Damascus. Genesis 15: … better than all the waters of Israel? Couldn't I wash in …
https://bibleatlas.org/damascus.htm
Bible Map: Samaria
… all the territory of all the tribes n. of Benjamin and … which he cried by the word of Yahweh [YHWH] against the altar in … son of Omri to reign over Israel: and Ahab the son …
https://bibleatlas.org/samaria.htm
Bible Map: Hebron
… :1 Then came all the tribes of Israel to David to … came and lived by the oaks of Mamre, which are in … up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, to Hebron …
https://bibleatlas.org/hebron.htm
Bible Map: Sin Desert
… 000 inhabitants; for the stronger tribes (` Azazimeh and Terabin … Elim, and all the congregation of the children of Israel came … the wilderness of Sin, which is between Elim and Sinai, …
https://bibleatlas.org/sin_desert.htm
Bible Map: Pelusium (Sin)
… 000 inhabitants; for the stronger tribes (` Azazimeh and Terabin … wrath on Sin, the stronghold of Egypt; and I will … the daytime. Encyclopedia WANDERINGS OF ISRAEL won' der-ingz: I. …
https://bibleatlas.org/pelusium.htm
Bible Map: Judah
… Country of Judah II. THE TRIBE OF JUDAH AND ITS TERRITORY … the seer came to Asa king of Judah, and said to … he handed over to Jeroboam of Israel certain strongholds of Judah. …
https://bibleatlas.org/judah.htm
Bible Map: Phoenicia
… ranges and the hostility of the tribes of the interior led the … and Samaria, declaring the conversion of the Gentiles. They caused … Astarte cult introduced by them into Israel through Ahab's marriage with Jezebel …
https://bibleatlas.org/phoenicia.htm
Bible Map: Beth-shemesh
… nine cities out of those two tribes. 1 Samuel 6: … and passed along to the side of Mount Jearim on the north … listen. So Jehoash king of Israel went up; and he … https://bibleatlas.org/beth-shemesh.htm
JUDAH
2 Chronicles 16:7 At that time Hanani the seer came to Asa king of Judah, and said to him, Because you have relied on the king of Syria, and have not relied on Yahweh [YHWH] your 'G-d' ['ELOHIYM: Magistrates, Angels, etc..], therefore is the army of the king of Syria escaped out of your hand.
JUDAH, TERRITORY OF
(yehudhah):
I. GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
1. The Natural Boundaries
2. The Natural Divisions of Judah
(1) The Maritime Plain
(2) The Shephelah
(3) The Hill Country of Judah
II. THE TRIBE OF JUDAH AND ITS TERRITORY
III. THE BOUNDARIES OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH
I. Geographical Data.
Although the physical conformation of Western Palestine divides this land into very definite areas running longitudinally North and South, yet all through history there has been a recognition of a further-and politically more important-division into 3 areas running transversely, known in New Testament times as Galilee, Samaria and Judea. These districts are differentiated to some extent by distinctive physical features which have in no small degree influenced the history of their inhabitants.
1. The Natural Boundaries:
The southernmost of these regions possesses on 3 sides very definite natural boundaries: to the West the Mediterranean, to the East the Dead Sea, and the Jordan, and to the South 60 miles, North to South, of practically trackless desert, a frontier as secure as sea or mountain range. On the North no such marked "scientific frontier" exists, and on this the one really accessible side, history bears witness that the frontier has been pushed backward and forward. The most ideal natural northern frontier, which only became the actual one comparatively late in Hebrew times (see JUDAEA), is that which passes from the river `Aujeh in the West, up the Wady Deir Baldt, by the wide and deep Wady Ishar to `Akrabbeh and thence East to the Jordan. A second natural frontier commences at the same line on the West, but after following the Wady Deir Baldt, branches off southward along the Wady Nimr (now traversed by the modern carriage road from Jerusalem to Nablus), crosses the water-parting close to the lofty Tell Ashur and runs successively down the Wady Sanieh and the Wady `Aujeh and by the eastern river `Aujeh to the Jordan. This division-line is one conformable to the physical features, because north of it the table-lands of "Judea" give place to the more broken mountain groups of "Samaria." Another less natural, though much more historic, frontier is that which traverses the Vale of Ajalon, follows the Beth-horon pass, and, after crossing the central plateau near el Jib (Gibeon) and er Ram (Ramah of Benjamin), runs down the deep and rugged Wady SuweiniT, between Jeba` (Geba) and Mukhmas (Michmash), to Jericho and the Jordan. It was along this line that the great frontier fortresses, Bethel, Gibeon, Ramah, Adasa, Geba and Michmash, were erected. Such, on the North, South, East, and West, were the natural boundaries of the southern third of Palestine; yet in all history the land thus enclosed scarcely ever formed a homogeneous whole.
2. The Natural Divisions of Judah:
Within these boundaries lay four very different types of land-the maritime plain, the "lowland" or Shephelah, the "hill country" and, included usually with the last, the desert or Jeshimon.
(1) The Maritime Plain:
The maritime plain, the "land Judah of the Philis" (1 Samuel 6:1; 1 Samuel 27:1 2 Kings 8:2 Zephaniah 2:5), was ideally though never actually, the territory of Judah (compare Joshua 15:45-47); it may have been included, as it is by some modern writers, as part of the Shephelah, but this is not the usual use of the word. It is a great stretch of level plain or rolling downs of very fertile soil, capable of supporting a thriving population and cities of considerable size, especially near the seacoast.
(2) The Shephelah:
The Shephelah (shephelah), or "lowland" of Judah (Deuteronomy 1:7 Joshua 9:1; Joshua 11:2, 16; 15:33-44 1 Kings 10:27 1 Chronicles 27:28 Jeremiah 17:26).-In these references the word is variously rendered in the King James Version, usually as "vale" or "valley," sometimes, as in the last two, as "plain." In the Revised Version (British and American) the usual rendering is "lowland." In 1 Maccabees 12:38, the King James Version has "Shephela" and the Revised Version (British and American) "plain country." The word "Shephelah" appears to survive in the Arabic Sifla about Beit Jebrin.
This is a very important region in the history of Judah. It is a district consisting mainly of rounded hills, 500-800 ft. high, with fertile open valleys full of corn fields; caves abound, and there are abundant evidences of a once crowded population. Situated as it is between the "hill country" and the maritime plain, it was the scene of frequent skirmishes between the Hebrews and the Philistines; Judah failed to hold it against the Philistines who kept it during most of their history. The Shephelah is somewhat sharply divided off from the central mountain mass by a remarkable series of valleys running North and South. Commencing at the Vale of Ajalon and passing South, we have in succession the Wady el Ghurab and, after crossing the Wady es Siwan, the Wady en Najil, the Wady es Sunt (Elah) and the Wady es Cur. It is noticeable that the western extremity of the most historic northern frontier of ancient Judah-that limited by the Vale of Ajalon in the West-appears to have been determined by the presence of this natural feature. North of this the hills of Samaria flatten out to the plain without any such intervening valleys.
(3) The Hill Country of Judah:
The hill country of Judah is by far the most characteristic part of that tribe's possessions; it was on account of the shelter of these mountain fastnesses that this people managed to hold their own against their neighbors and hide away from the conquering armies of Assyria and Egypt. No other section of the country was so secluded and protected by her natural borders. It was the environment of these bare hills and rugged valleys which did much to form the character and influence the literature of the Jews. The hill country is an area well defined, about 35 miles long and some 15 broad, and is protected on three sides by natural frontiers of great strength; on the North alone it has no "scientific frontier." On the South lay the Negeb, and beyond that the almost waterless wilderness, a barrier consisting of a series of stony hills running East and West, difficult for a caravan and almost impracticable for an army. On the West the hills rise sharply from those valleys which delimit them from the Shephelah, but they are pierced by a series of steep and rugged defiles which wind upward to the central table-land. At the northwestern corner the Bethhoron pass-part of the northern frontier line-runs upward from the wide Vale of Ajalon; this route, the most historic of all, has been associated with a succession of defeats inflicted by those holding the higher ground (see BETH-HORON). South of this is the Wady `Ali, up which runs the modern carriage road to Jerusalem, and still farther South lies the winding rocky defile, up part of which the railway from Jaffa is laid, the Wady es Surar. A more important valley, because of its width and easier gradient, is the great Vale of Elah (Wady es Cunt), to guard the highest parts of which (now the Wady es Cur) was built the powerful fortress of Beth-zur (2 Chronicles 11:7, etc.), which Josephus (Ant., XIII, v, 6) describes as "the strongest place in all Judea (see BETH-ZUR). Up this pass the Syrians successfully with the aid of elephants (Ant., XII, ix, 4) invaded Judea. The eastern frontier of the hill country is one of extraordinary natural strength. Firstly, there were the Jordan and the Dead Sea; then along all but the northernmost part of the eastern frontier lay a long line of semi-precipitous cliffs, in places over 1,000 ft. high, absolutely unscalable and pierced at long intervals by passes all steep and dangerous. Within this again came a wide area of waterless and barren desert, the Wilderness of Judah (or Judea) known in English Versions of the Bible as JESHIMON (which see). To the northeasterly part of the frontier, where the ascent from the Jericho plain to the mountains presents no special difficulty in gradation, the waterless condition of the Jeshimon greatly restricted the possible routes for an enemy. The natural position for the first line of defense was the fortified city of Jericho, but as a frontier fortress she failed from the days of Joshua onward (see JERICHO). From Jericho four roads pass upward to the plateau of Judah; unlike the corresponding passes on the western frontier, they do not traverse any definite line of valley, but in many places run actually along the ridges.
These roads are:
(a) The earliest historically, though now the least frequented, is the most northerly, which passes westward at the back of ancient Jericho (near `Ain es Sultan) and ascends by Michmash and Ai to Bethel;
(b) the route traversed by the modern Jerus-Jericho road;
(c) the more natural route which enters the hills by Wady Joreif Ghusal and runs by Nebi Musa joining the line of the modern carriage road a mile or so after passing the deserted ruin of the Saracenic Khan el Ahmar. Here runs the road for the thousands of pilgrims who visit the shrine of Nebi Musa in the spring.
(d) The most natural pass of all is by way of Wady el Kuneiterah, across the open plateau of el Bukeia' and over the shoulder of Jebel el Muntar to Bethlehem.
From `Ain Feshkhah a very steep road, probably ancient, ascends to join this last route in el Bukeia`, From Engedi (`Ain Jidy) a steep ascent-almost a stairway-winds abruptly to the plateau above, whence a road passes northwesterly by the Wady Hucaceh past Tekoa to Bethlehem and Jerusalem, and another branch goes west to Hebron and Juttah.
Somewhere along these routes must have lain the "Ascent of Ziz" and the "Wilderness of Jeruel," the scene of the events of 2 Chronicles 20. The hill country of Judah is distinguished from other parts of Palestine by certain physical characteristics. Its central part is a long plateau-or really series of plateaus-running North and South, very stony and barren and supplied with but scanty springs: "dew" is less plentiful than in the north; several of the elevated plains, e.g. about Bethlehem, Beit Jala and Hebron, are well suited to the growth of corn and olive trees; in the sheltered valleys and on the terraced hillsides to the West of the water-parting, vines, olives, figs and other fruit trees flourish exceedingly. There is evidence everywhere that cultivation was far more highly developed in ancient times; on most of the hill slopes to the West traces of ancient terraces can still be seen (see BOTANY). This district in many parts, especially on its eastern slopes, is preeminently a pastoral land, and flocks of sheep and goats abound, invading in the spring even the desert itself. This last is ever in evidence, visible from the environs of all Judah's greater cities and doubtless profoundly influencing the lives and thoughts of their inhabitants.
The altitude attained in this "hill country" is usually below 3,000 ft. in the north (e.g. Ramallah, 2,850 ft., Nebi Samwil, 2,935 ft.), but is higher near Hebron, where we get 3,545 ft. at Ramet el Khulil. Many would limit the term "hill country of Judea" to the higher hills centering around Hebron, but this is unnecessary. Jerusalem is situated near a lower and more expanded part of the plateau, while the higher hills to its north, are, like that city itself, in the territory of Benjamin.
II. The Tribe of Judah and Its Territory.
In Numbers 26:19-22, when the tribes of the Hebrews are enumerated "in the plains of Moab by the Jordan at Jericho" (Numbers 26:3), Judah is described as made up of the families of the Shelanites, the Perezites, the Zerahites, the Hezronites and the Hamulites. "These are the families of Judah according to those that were numbered of them," a total of 76,500 (Numbers 26:22). In Judges 1:16 we read that the Kenites united with the tribe of Judah, and from other references (Joshua 14:6-15; Joshua 15:13-19 Judges 1:12-15, 20) we learn that the two Kenizzite clans of Caleb and Othniel also were absorbed; and it is clear from 1 Samuel 27:10; 1 Samuel 30:29 that the Jerahmeelites-closely connected with the Calebites (compare 1 Chronicles 2:42)-also formed a part of the tribe of Judah. The Kenizzites and Jerahmeelites were probably of Edomite origin (Genesis 36:11; compare 1 Chronicles 2:42), and this large admixture of foreign blood may partly account for the comparative isolation of Judah from the other tribes (e.g. she is not mentioned in Judges 5).
The territory of the tribe of Judas is described ideally in Joshua 15, but it never really extended over the maritime plain to the West. The natural frontiers to the West and East have already been described as the frontiers of the "hill country"; to the South the boundary is described as going "even to the wilderness of Zin southward, at the uttermost part of the south," i.e. of the Negeb (15:1), and (15:3) as far south as Kadesh-barnea, i.e. the oasis of `Ain Kadis, 50 miles South of Beersheba, far in the desert; the position of the "Ascent of Akrabbim," i.e. of scorpions, is not known. The "Brook of Egypt" is generally accepted to be the Wady el `Arish. The fact is, the actual frontier shaded off imperceptibly into the desert-varying perhaps with the possibilities of agriculture and depending therefore upon the rainfall. The cities mentioned on the boundaries, whose sites are now lost, probably roughly marked the edge of the habitable area (see NEGEB).
The northern boundary which separated the land of Judah from that of Benjamin requires brief mention. The various localities mentioned in Joshua 15:5-12 are dealt with in separate articles, but, omitting the very doubtful, the following, which are generally accepted, will show the general direction of the boundary line: The border went from the mouth of the Jordan to Beth-hoglah (`Ain Hajlah), and from the Valley of Achor (Wady Kelt) by the ascent of Adummin (Tala `at edition Dumm) to the waters of Enoch Shemesh (probably `Ain Haud), Enoch Rogel (Bir Eyyub), and the Valley of Hinnom (Wady er Rababi). The line then crossed the Vale of Rephaim (el Bukeia') to the waters of Nephtoah (Lifta), Kiriath-jearim (Kuryet el `Enab), Chesalon (Kesla), Beth-shemesh (`Ain Shems), Ekron (`Akir), and Jabneel (Yebnah), "and the goings out of the border were at the sea." According to the above line, Jerusalem lay entirely within the bounds of Benjamin, though, according to a tradition recorded in the Talmud, the site of the altar was in a piece of land belonging to Judah. The above frontier line can be followed on any modern map of Palestine, and if it does not in many parts describe a natural frontier, it must be remembered that the frontiers of village and town possessions in modern Palestine are extremely arbitrary, and though undetermined by any natural limits such as streams or mountain summits, they persist from generation to generation, and this too during periods-not long past-when there was constant warfare between different clans.
The territory of Judah was small; even had it included all within its ideal boundaries, it would have been no more than 2,000 square miles; actually it was nearer 1,300 square miles, of which nearly half was desert.
III. The Boundaries of the Kingdom of Judah.
These were very circumscribed. In 2 Chronicles 11:5-12 there is a list of the cities-chiefly those on the frontier-which Rehoboam fortified. On the East were Bethlehem, Etam and Tekoa; and on the West and Southwest were Beth-zur, Soco, Adullam, Gath, Mareshah, Ziph, Adoraim, Lachish, Azekah, Zorah, Aijalon and Hebron. The sites of the great majority of these are known, and they are all upon the borders of the Shephelah or the hill country. It will be seen too that the military preparation then made was against an attack from the West. In the 5th year of the reign of Rehoboam the expected attack came, and Shishak (Sheshenq I) of Egypt swept over the land and not only conquered all Judah and Jerusalem, but, according to the reading of some authorities in the account of this campaign given in the great temple of Karnak, he handed over to Jeroboam of Israel certain strongholds of Judah.
The usual northern frontier between the two Hebrew kingdoms appears to have been the southernmost of the three natural lines described in I above, namely by the Valley of Ajalon on the West and the Gorge of Michmash (Wady SuweiniT) on the East. Along the central plateau the frontier varied. Bethel (1 Kings 12:29 2 Kings 10:29 Amos 3:14; Amos 4:4; Amos 7:10, 13 Hosea 10:15) belonged to Israel, though once it fell to Judah when Abijah took it and with it Jeshanah (`Ain Sinia) and Ephron (probably et Taiyibeh) (2 Chronicles 13:19). Geba (Jeba`), just to the South of the Wady Suweinit, was on the northern frontier of Judah, hence, instead of the old term "from Dan to Beer-sheba" we read now of "from Geba to Beersheba" (2 Kings 23:8). Baasha, king of Israel, went South and fortified Ramah (er Ram, but 4 miles from Jerusalem) against Judah (1 Kings 15:17), but Asa stopped his work, removed the fortifications and with the materials strengthened his own frontier at Geba and Mizpah (1 Kings 15:21, 22). In the Jordan valley Jericho was held by Israel (1 Kings 16:34 2 Kings 2:4).
After the Northern Kingdom fell, the frontier of Judah appears to have extended a little farther North, and Bethel (2 Kings 23:15-19) and Jericho (to judge from Ezra 2:34 Nehemiah 3:2; Nehemiah 7:36) also became part of the kingdom of Judah. For the further history of this district see JUDAEA.
Seeespecially H G H L, chapters viii-xv; P E F, III, and Saunders, Introduction to the Survey of Western Palestine.
E. W. G. Masterman
JUDAH, a tribe-district bounded, as on the Tribe map No. 3, and as described in Josh. 15.
Strong's Greek
G2448: Iouda
Judah.
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In the latest dealmaking news, ed-tech companies in Indonesia and Britain raise funding, and the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative invests $5 million in a fund that helps teachers afford their own homes.
Carson-Dellosa Acquires Rourke Educational Media: Greensboro, N.C.- based Carson-Dellosa Publishing, LLC, a children's publisher that provides educational solutions, has completed its acquisition Rourke Educational Media, according to a statement. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.
Rourke, based in Vero Beach, Fla., provides informational texts and children's books and also offers e-book content, instructional software, and ELL and biliteracy programs, according to the company. Rourke will retain its imprint, and James Colandrea, president of Rourke will join the Carson-Dellosa leadership team as general manager – Rourke.
Last August, private equity firm Birch Hill Equity Partners sold Carson-Dellosa to Guardian Capital Partners.
Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Invests $5 Million in Landed: The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative has invested $5 million to create a down payment support fund that will make it easier for educators in the Redwood City, Ravenswood City, and Sequoia Union High School districts in California to buy homes, according to a statement from Landed.
Landed assists teachers and school staff with down payments on homes. Any proceeds that are generated from this fund will be continually re-invested into helping more educators access homeownership as a housing option, according to Landed.
Landed, which is backed by Y Combinator, prominent angel and venture capital investors, banking executives, former directors of federal housing authorities, and others, will fund up to half of a down payment–up to $120,000– on a primary residence.
Mrs. Wordsmith Raises $2.5 Million: London-based ed-tech startup Mrs. Wordsmith has raised $2.5 million (2 million British pounds) in a seed funding round led by Kindred Capital. Other investors include specialist ed-tech investor Reach Capital, SaatchiNvest, and Ropart Asset Management, among others.
Mrs. Wordsmith offers a subscription-based vocabulary program that aims to help young people "learn rich and unique words in a way that's visual, and easier to grasp and retain," the company said.
The company said it will use the funding to continue to develop and improve its subscription-based paper product, and to fully develop its intuitive dictionary, the word engine that will understand the context and relevance when a user queries a word. The company will also use the capital to build out its technology team and to expand internationally into consumer and school audiences.
Indonesian Ed-Tech Startup Raises Up to $8 Million: Jakarta-based ed-tech tutoring company Ruangguru has raised $7-8 million in a Series B funding round, according to an exclusive report from DealStreetAsia that cites sources familiar with the deal. A list of investors was not available.
The company unveiled a "seven-digit U.S. dollar" series A funding round led by Venturra Capital in 2015 with participation from East Ventures, according to the company's blog. East Ventures had also participated in a seed 2014 investment.
CDI Partners With Impero Software: CDI Computer Dealers, a provider of education technology solutions, has formed a partnership with classroom monitoring and management software provider Impero Software, according to a statement.
As part of its established line-up of hardware and software solutions for education, CDI will be offering Impero's flagship product, Impero Education Pro, a cross-platform software suite designed to support K-12 digital learning.
Impero Education Pro software provides real-time monitoring and uses algorithms stored in keyword libraries so teachers can track potentially dangerous online activities such as cyberbullying, the company noted. Impero Education Pro's keyword libraries have been developed in collaboration with citizen protection organizations including the Internet Watch Foundation, Digital Citizen Institute and iKeepSafe.


JEFFERSON CITY, MO – Jan. 30, 2019 – Missouri State Senator Jamilah Nasheed, D-St. Louis, has filed a bill for the 2019 legislative session that will protect victims and witnesses who are working with law enforcement to put violent criminals behind bars.
Under current law, any witness interviews, depositions or sworn statements may become public while the alleged perpetrator is still roaming the streets, putting witnesses at risk. Senate Bill 22 would allow for information gathered through the discovery phase of a legal proceeding to be kept confidential until after a defendant is in custody and formal charges are made.
Continue reading Missouri News: Senator Jamilah Nasheed Files Legislation to Help Stop Violent Crime and Protect Victims at STL.News.


text:
Драган Калмаревић (1925 — ?) био је српски аутор стрипова. Најпознатији стрипови су му "Шума гори" (по роману Џејмса Кервуда), "Доведите их живе" и "Десети дан" које је објављивао 1950-их и 1960-их.

У старијој историографији Калмаревићу је приписивано да је био и аутор предратних и ратних стрипова под наводним псеудонимима Вељко Коцкар и Маријан Ебнер. Међутим, данас се зна да то нису псеудоними већ права имена ова два друга аутора, а самим тим и да Калмаревић није аутор стрипова који су тако потписани.

Извори

 Здравко Зупан, Век стрипа у Србији, Културни центар — Галерија савремене уметности, Панчево, 2007.
 Слободан Ивков: 60 година домаћег стрипа у Србији (1935-1995), Галерија "Ликовни сусрет", Суботица, 1995. Е-издање: Пројекат Растко

Рођени 1925.
Српски цртачи стрипа

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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adidas Black Utility Crossbody Bag FREE Shipping on orders over 1,000 HKD.Technical canvas pouch in black. Adjustable webbing strap with press-release fastening. Webbing carry handle at top. Zippered pocket with logo printed in white at face. Zippered pocket and embroidered logo at back face. Two-way zip closure at main compartment. Zippered pocket at interior. Tonal textile lining. Tonal hardware. Tonal stitching. Approx. 12 length x 8 height x 4 width.
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text:
Sun. Oct 23rd, 2022
Mr Cabrera faces extradition to Argentina where he is alleged to have committed domestic abuse.
image captionÁngel Cabrera has been accused of domestic abuse by several former partners
Argentine star golfer Ángel Cabrera has been arrested in Brazil and is facing extradition to his home country, according to media reports.
The two-time major title winner reportedly faces charges of committing several crimes between 2016 and 2020, including assault and theft.
He was on Interpol's Red Notice list, a worldwide request for police to arrest an individual, pending extradition.
Mr Cabrera has not publicly commented on the allegations against him.
Brazilian police said an unnamed 51-year-old was arrested in Rio de Janeiro, but sources confirmed his identity with various media outlets.
It has not been confirmed when his extradition might take place.
Officials in Argentina have charged him with assault, theft, intimidation and disrespect to the authorities.
Known as El Pato, which means The Duck in Spanish, due to his flat-footedness, Mr Cabrera is one of Latin America's most successful golfers.
He won the US Open Championship in 2007 and the Masters tournament two years later, and is a member of the PGA Champions tour.
But Mr Cabrera has been a fugitive in Argentina since last August, after he failed to appear at a prosecutor's office following accusations of domestic violence by his partner, Cecilia Torres Mana.
Ms Mana filed an abuse complaint in 2016, accusing him of punching her in the face.
Two other women have also filed complaints against him – former partner Micaela Escudero, and his ex-wife Silvia Rivadero, who is also the mother of his two children.
The Defence Secretary, warned 'al Qaida will probably come back' and it could again become a major breeding ground for Islamic extremist terrorists.
J Aug, 2021 noticerevealer
The Department of Health has set an ambitious new target of vaccination between 70% – 90% of the population by December 2021.
The masterminds behind the planned riots allegedly want to target state, municipal and police vehicles.
A man has been arrested after €100,000 of cannabis and cocaine was seized in Cork yesterday.
(Aug 13): A Covid outbreak that has partially shut one of the world's busiest container ports is heightening concerns that the rapid spread of the delta variant will lead to a repeat of last year's shipping nightmares.The Port of Los Angeles, which saw its vo…
The Roosters hope to learn from last week's errors against the Broncos after the Panthers take care of the Dragons. Follow our ScoreCentre for all the live scores and stats.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ethiopia's Human Rights Crisis Worsened
By Betre Yacob.
The human rights situation in Ethiopia, the most important strategic and security ally of the Western powers, has worsened drastically, according to the 2013 Human Rights Watch's World Report, which summarizes the human rights situation of more than 90 countries worldwide—drawing on events from the end of 2011 through November 2012.
The 665 page report says that Ethiopia's dictatorial regime has deliberately continued to severely restrict fundamental rights of freedom of expression, association, and assembly. In addition, the report indicates that intimidation, arbitrary arrest, torture, forced displacement, and killing remain routine throughout the country.
The report, which reflects extensive investigative work that Human Rights Watch undertook in collaboration with local human rights activists, was released in the beginning of February 2013. Providing heartbreaking examples, cases, and photographs, the report explains enough how dramatically the human rights crisis in Ethiopia has been worsening.
"Freedom of Expression, Association, and Assembly"
According to the report, the Anti-Terrorism Law and the Charities and Societies Proclamation (CSO Law), which criminalize independent reporting on opposition and human rights activities, have severely restricted freedom of expression, assembly, and association in Ethiopia. The report says that as a result of these two draconian laws—independent journalists, opposition politicians, human rights activists have been subjected to persistent harassment, threats, intimidation and persecution by the government authorities.
The report explains: "Ethiopia's most important human rights groups have been compelled to dramatically scale-down operations or remove human rights activities from their man-dates, and an unknown number of organizations have closed entirely. Several of the country's most experienced and reputable human rights activists have fled the country due to threats."
Mentioning the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), the report says that Ethiopia has now become a very dangerous country for independent journalists. This is why, the report says, "more journalists have fled Ethiopia than any other country in the world due to threats and intimidation in the last decade."
The report, which says the Anti-Terrorism Law is misused by the government to silence opponents and repress dissent, states that only in 2012 30 journalists, political activists, and opposition party members were convicted miserably on unclear terrorism offenses under the Law. According to the report, 11 journalists in total have been convicted under the same law— since 2011.
The report explains: "On January 26, 2012, a court in Addis Ababa sentenced both deputy editor Woubshet Taye and columnist Reeyot Alemu of the now-defunct weekly Awramaba Times to 14 years in prison. On July 13, veteran journalist and blogger Eskinder Nega, who won the prestigious PEN America Freedom to Write Award in April, was sentenced to 18 years in prison along with other journalists, opposition party members, and political activists. Exiled journalists Abiye Teklemariam and Mesfin Negash were sentenced to eight years each in absentia under a provision of the Anti-Terrorism Law that has so far only been used against journalists."
It further says: "On July 20, after the government claimed that reports by the newspaper Feteh on Muslim protests and the prime minister's health would endanger national security, it seized the entire print run of the paper. On August 24, Feteh's editor, Temesghen Desalegn was arrested and denied bail. He was released on August 28, and all the charges were withdrawn pending further investigation."
The report also reveals that the government of Ethiopia is committing human rights violations in response to the ongoing Muslim protest movement in the country. It says federal police use excessive force, including beatings, to disperse peaceful protesters.
With regard to this, the report, for instance, says: "On July 13, police forcibly entered the Awalia Mosque in Addis Ababa, smashing windows and firing tear gas inside the mosque. On July 21, they forcibly broke up a sit-in at the mosque. From July 19 to 21, dozens of people were rounded up and 17 prominent leaders were held without charge for over a week. Many of the detainees complained of mistreatment in detention."
"Extrajudicial Executions, Torture and other Abuses in Detention"
The 665 page report says that there have been so far widespread extrajudicial executions, torture and other brutal abuses in different detention centers and military barracks of the tyrannical regime in Ethiopia. It notes that Human Rights Watch has continued to document such executions and abuses.
The report explains: "An Ethiopian government-backed paramilitary force known as the "Liyu Police", for instance, executed at least 10 men who were in their custody and killed 9 other villagers in Somali Region on March 16 and 17 in Raqda village, Gashaamo district."
It further says: "In April, unknown gunmen attacked a commercial farm owned by the Saudi Star company in Gambella that was close to areas that had suffered a high proportion of abuses during the villagization process. In responding to the attack, Ethiopian soldiers went house to house looking for suspected perpetrators and threatening villagers to disclose the whereabouts of the 'rebels'. The military arbitrarily arrested many young men and committed torture, rape, and other abuses against scores of villagers while attempting to extract information."
Additionally, the report states that there is what it says "erratic access" to legal counsel and insufficient respect for other due process during custody, pre-trial detention, and even during trial phases, when the cases are politically related. "This places detainees at risk of abuse", the report says.
"Forced Displacement"
The report notes that although the government maintain that "villagization" is a voluntary program designed to improve access to basic services by bringing scattered people all together in new villages, the reality is that the program is involuntary and mainly designed to make way for huge agriculture investments.
The report explains: "In Gambella and in the South Omo Valley, forced displacement is taking place without adequate consultation and compensation. In Gambella, Human Rights Watch found that relocations were often forced and that villagers were being moved from fertile to unfertile areas. People sent to the new villages frequently have to clear the land and build their own huts under military supervision, while the promised services (schools, clinics, water pumps) often have not been put in place."
According to the report, indigenous peoples, amount about 200,000, are being relocated in South Omo and their land expropriated to make way for sugar plantations. It says: "Residents reported being moved by force, seeing their grazing lands flooded or ploughed up, and their access to the Omo River, essential for their survival and way of life, curtailed."
"Key International Actors"
The report, which finally examines the response of international actors to the human rights crisis in Ethiopia, strongly criticizes donors. It says that donor countries and development agencies are failed to take into account the deteriorating human right situation and the brutality of the regime, and act responsibly.
The report explains: "The World Bank, for instance, approved a new Country Partnership Strategy in September that takes little account of the human rights or good governance principles that it and other development agencies say are essential for sustainable development. It also approved a third phase of the Protection of Basic Services program (PBS III) without triggering safeguards on involuntary resettlement and indigenous peoples."
Posted in: Human Rights, Politics | Tagged: Ethiopia, Ethiopian Human Rights, TPLF/EPRDF Ethiopia
Ethiopia's Human Rights Crisis Worsened | Rainbow-Ethiopia Daily (RED) News Ltd May 10, 2013 at 3:44 am | Reply
[…] Ethiopia's Human Rights Crisis Worsened. […]


text:
Q: How do I capture the output of tSampleRow/tFileProperties? I have this flow where I am trying to fetch the details of the last modified file at the SFTP location. While I am able to do that and print the required file's name in the tLogRow component, I am not sure how to use that info to capture more details about the file / pass that info to the tFTPGet component. Any pointers?

A: Used the tSetGlobalVar with row11.CURRENT_FILE. Can use the global var now.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This Thursday, September 27th in Emerson Suites, Jean Twenge, a leading expert on the iGeneration, will present a public lecture entitled, iGen: Advice for the Smartphone Generation.
Traditional-age college students are now iGen (born after 1995), the first generation to spend their adolescence with smartphones. iGen'ers are growing up more slowly, spend more time online and less time with their friends face-to-face, and are more likely to experience unhappiness, anxiety, depression, and sleep deprivation. We'll discuss ways to find a balance with technology, leaving time for activities more beneficial for physical and mental health.
Twenge's visit is a part of the Park School's Media for Social Responsibility initiative of the Kesh Center for Global Communications Innovation.


Twitter's transparency report reveals it has received 52 per cent more requests for account information than ever before, affecting 78 per cent more account holders, during the last six months.
The transparency report, which covers the period between January and June 2015, now includes information regarding alleged copyright and trademark violations.
Governments around the world made more requests for information than ever before, affecting 12,711 accounts over the last six months. This is a 52 per cent increase over the last reporting period, in which Twitter states there were 7,144 accounts affected by requests.
Twitter reports that it complied "to some degree" with 58 per cent of these requests.
The title of Great Requester falls to the Lord of the Five Eyes, the United States, which remains the largest source of account information requests.
Over the first half of this year, the US filed more requests than every other nation combined, with a whopping 2,436 requests affecting 6,324 accounts, comprising 56 per cent of all requests received.
Good old Blighty served up seven per cent of the total requests, affecting 1,041 accounts. This is close to a 300 per cent increase on the 371 accounts affected over the previous six months.
Back in January, Twitter (alongside Facebook and Google) complied with the right-wing Turkish government's orders to censor material relating to the country's shenanigans in Syria.
According to that section of the report, Twitter provided no information on the 670 accounts which the Turkish requesters had enquired after. The site did, however, withhold 1,667 tweets and 125 accounts as a result of 408 removal requests.
This level of censorship is not dissimilar to the chatter network's response over the preceding six months, when 1,820 tweets, and 62 accounts, were removed as the result of 328 requests.


text:
Shaping the Diet: Competing Architectural Designs for Japan's Diet Building
38 Pages Posted: 8 Sep 2014
See all articles by Yuichiro Shimizu
Yuichiro Shimizu
Sochi Naraoka
Date Written: September 3, 2014
The design of parliamentary buildings can and do have positive effects on the establishment of constitutionalism and democracy as a part of the institutionalization of governance. But once such legislative chambers are completed, it is hard to alter them physically. Actually, Germany is still succeeding the Reichstag-style chamber, even though there was the replacement and considerable discussion about renovating it into a British-style building. In similar fashion, Japan has also continued to use the same chamber, the National Diet Building (completed 1936), to the present day, in spite of the political regime change in 1945 from constitutional monarchy to parliamentary democracy.
Given Japan's status as the first country in Asia to modernize, the question of how Japan chose a design for their parliamentary chamber is an intriguing one. On the surface, the National Diet Building bears a strong resemblance to the German Reichstag, but in fact Japanese decision-makers carefully studied preceding patterns of parliamentary chamber design before adopting the current configuration.
The outline of this paper is as follows. Firstly, we will examine the designs and the procedure of the four chambers, Kōgisho, Chihōkan Kaigi, Genrōin and Sūmitsuin, which housed Japan's pre-Diet legislative bodies in the early Meiji period. Secondly, we will analyze why in 1889 the Meiji Government, faced with two competing design proposals, adopted not the British-style chamber, designed by Josiah Conder, but the German-style one for the Diet Building. And thirdly, we will examine how and why that same German-style design of the chamber was maintained in the new Diet Building in 1936 and even after the New Constitution and Diet Act were made after World War II, despite some requests for the adoption of the British style.
Keywords: parliament, diet, chamber, democracy
Shimizu, Yuichiro and Naraoka, Sochi, Shaping the Diet: Competing Architectural Designs for Japan's Diet Building (September 3, 2014). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2490873 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2490873
Keio University ( email )
2-15-45 Mita
Tokyo, 108-8345
Sochi Naraoka (Contact Author)
Kyoto University ( email )
Yoshida-Honmachi
Sakyo-ku
Kyoto, 606-8501


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^ a b c d e f g h Joseph Allen Hynek; J. Allen Hynek (December 1, 1977). The UFO Experience. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-345-27361-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=q2tVPgAACAAJ.
^ a b c d e f g h Donald Howard Menzel; Lyle Gifford Boyd (1963). The world of flying saucers: a scientific examination of a major myth of the space age. Doubleday. https://books.google.com/books?id=IYNTAAAAMAAJ.
^ a b c Curtis Peebles (October 1, 1995). Watch the Skies!: A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth. Berkley Books. ISBN 978-0-425-15117-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=zjI4X7ZOvOIC.
^ David Michael Jacobs (1976). The UFO Controversy in America. New American Library. https://books.google.com/books?id=d9BaAAAAYAAJ.


I started my son driving a stick shift toyota at 10 years old. Would turn him loose on 78 acres and we had blast!
I was duck hunting in Arkansas last week with my son and I told him if I died during the trip to take what he wanted off my body (I recommended the fleece lined pants and my Filson jacket for sure) and push me off in the river. That would be a good pirate burial and save everyone a lot of money. My wife survived a house fire as a child thanks to her Grandmother (who did not survive the fire) so there will be ZERO cremations around here.
Quote from Drybones: "Had a pretty young lady ask me if I wanted to do the Foothills Trail with her in February....how do you say no to that? " Holler if you need anything, that's my backyard and I'll be glad to be of any assistance.
I used to have a 2 cup aluminum percolator that I carried, but I lost the guts to it. Now I have a 3 cup titanium press in it's place. The aeropress works great, but it's use away from the comforts of a truck/camp/office are limited; it's light, but it only serves one purpose. At least my french press can be used to heat water for cooking and for making coffee at the same time.
I got an Aeropress and a puffy vest.
The Yanquis will be getting Manny Machado at the trade deadline as well.
Big ol' hairy congrats to the Astros! LOVE the way they play the game, especially in this sterile environment that is MLB nowadays. P.S. I stil count this as a NL win.
Quirky is an apt description.


We will begin at the Druze holy site – the tomb of Nabi (Prophet) Sablan in Hurfeish. We will learn about the Druze people and their belief in reincarnation, and we will enter a prayer cave.
At Julis, we will visit the grave of exalted Druze leader Sheikh Amin Tarif, continue to the millennium-old village of Yirka, walk through its enchanted alleyways, and taste some Druze food before we leave.
Next is a lookout on the way through Jat, and a visit to the oil press in Yanuh – the only donkey-operated oil press still around. In Peki'in, our tour begins at Diwan Al Mukhtar, where we will hear stories about the village. We will tour the village nucleus and see the spring square and the strawberry tree that are commemorated on Israeli 100 NIS notes. We will visit the soap workshops of Savta (Granny) Jamila, and then meet Margalit Zinati, who comes from the only Jewish family in the village – next to the ancient synagogue.
The last stop will be Beit Jann, the highest village in the Galilee (3,450 feet above sea level), where we will enter the visitors centers of Aya Natural and Dr. Dabour Laboratories – local factories that produce natural products. Our finale will be to enjoy the hospitality of a local family for an authentic Druze meal.
We will drive on the winding road between Daliyat al-Karmel and Isfiya. We will tour the village nucleus of Isfiya, hear about the status of the Druze woman, and learn the secret exclusive to Druze women: how to prepare Ma'arli – a unique beverage. We will enter the old oil press inside a cave hundreds of years old. From the village lookout, we can see the entire Haifa Bay. A local family will host us for lunch (option of a kosher meal).
From there we will continue to Daliyat al-Karmel for a tour of the village nucleus, the pedestrian street, and the holy place for prophet Abu Ibrahim (related to Eliyahu HaNavih in Mount Carmel). We will then come to the house of Sir Laurence Oliphant – a Christian Brit that actively supported Zionism (1829-1888). His secretary, Naftali Herz Imber, composed Israel's national anthem, Hatikva. We will then visit the Memorial House for the Druze that fell in Israel's wars. We will continue on foot in the direction of the village exit, stop next to a spring, and end off with a visit to the Daliyat al-Karmel market.
We will begin in the smaller of the two Circassian villages – Rehaniya. We will tour the village center, pass through the old house now used as a museum, hear the true story behind the custom of kidnapping the bride, and taste an authentic Circassian dish from the Caucasus.
From there we will drive to Kfar Kama, where we will visit the Circassian Heritage Museum, and then ride into the village on a real carriage or group bicycles. We will tour through the picturesque alleyways and hear explanations about the village. As a delightful finale, we will feast on local delicacies in one of the local restaurants.


All eyes were on Watford last week as Tesco unveiled the first incarnation of a new model for its big-box Extra format.
The shop made a good first impression, providing encouragement that concrete measures are being taken to put Tesco back on track in its core domestic market.
It's not just at home that Tesco has hit turbulence though. There have been signs of stress in its international empire too. From California in the west to China in the East, Tesco's expeditionary forces have been under siege.
In the West, like Caesar's army, Tesco has already sounded the retreat. The grocer had hoped to sell its Fresh & Easy business to a single buyer but the process has become mired and a closure or piecemeal disposal looks most likely.
In China, Tesco has acted to maintain a foothold in the fast-growing market by finding a local ally rather than continuing to go it alone.
Tesco intends to put its business into a joint venture with China Resources Enterprise, creating a business with sales of £10bn in which Tesco will have a 20% stake.
The deal has disappointed some, who think Tesco is now paying a price for being too late into China in comparison with rivals such as Carrefour and Walmart.
But at the time of Tesco's full-year results Clarke said that in China, along with India and Turkey, the retailer would "focus efforts on establishing and then pursuing a profitable approach to growth".
The deal with China Resources is the result. CRE, according to Tesco, will bring deep understanding of customers and experience of joint ventures with other international companies.
Tesco will contribute "global retail expertise, international sourcing scale and supply chain capabilities". The ambition is to "form the leading multi-format retailer in China".
Whatever complaints might be made about mistakes in the past, it's good that Tesco believes it has found a way forward in China after the salutary £1bn writedown suffered in the States.
If the plans – and those in place elsewhere internationally - work, Clarke should continue to preside over a multinational business rather than the decline and fall of a retail Roman empire.


In Europe, November 11 is a bit more specific. Armistice Day celebrates the anniversary of the 1918 end of the Great War, World War I, on 11/11, at 11 in the morning.
To be honest, I'd never spent much time thinking about the First World War. The US was only part of it for a few months at the end, and it gets scant mention in our history books compared to the wars that followed. I had some vague impressions of men on horses charging men with automatic artillery. Gas attacks. Trench warfare. Millions of lives lost for a few feet of ground.
But until I went to France to walk the Way of Saint James, I didn't have a context for it.
The dove nestled on the memorial soldier's shoulder is a nice touch.
Every village we passed through alone the Chemin du Puy, from Le Puy to Saint James Pied-de-Port, had a prominent memorial to the fallen local heroes of the Great War. No matter how small or humble the towns were, they had recorded the names of their lost somewhere in the town center, or inside the local church, or in front of the Mairie (the city hall).
What struck me was that every town had lost people – there were dozens of names on most memorials, in towns of only a few hundred people. They were all young, usually eighteen to thirty.
They lost almost an entire generation.
There's lots of time to think about things as you walk a pilgrimage, and I found myself thinking about those towns, and how much they must have missed the men who never came home. They lost brothers and teachers and fathers and friends. And they missed them deeply, and lovingly remembered each one of them by name.
A few weeks later, our Camino ended in Finisterre, and Eric and I found ourselves with a few days of extra time before our flight back to the States. We spent the time visiting a friend who lives in northeast France. Mostly we rested, recovered, and tried to avoid a brutal heat wave. But one day, our friend took us to Verdun.
The Battle of Verdun isn't as well known as the battle of the Somme (commemorated last year with this incredible memorial). But it was just as deadly. In less than a year, on less than eight square miles, 700,000 men were killed, seriously wounded, or declared missing.
German and French troops hurled chemical weapons, artillery, and their own bodies at one another day after day, leaving the landscape still visibly scarred. Most of the park is still off limits for visitors because of the risk of unexploded mines.
We walked where we could, saw the remains of trenches that had been full of soldiers when they exploded, burying everyone alive.
And then there was the Ossuary. Built in all the glory and grand scale of the Art Deco years, it's tall and bold and geometric. The inside is what you'd expect, all marble and solemn tombs and eternal flames.
But outside, if you walk around the building and peer through the small, subtle windows near the ground, is where the real shock was. Because those are windows into the tombs themselves. If you crouch down and look in, which I innocently did, there are piles – PILES – of bones.
It's a shock to find yourself unexpectedly facing the messy human remains of 130,000 unidentified soldiers, both French and German. These are not artfully arranged memorials. They're not even complete skeletons. They're heaps of anonymous-but-very-human men, fractured and fragmented by guns and bombs and death.
The architects of the memorial, probably still reeling from their own losses (they broke ground for the ossuary less than two years after Armistice Day), refused to just hide them away, out of sight beneath the lovely marble tombs inside.
The small towns of France who named their lost sons brought me the personal heartbreak of the Great War.
The anonymous mass graves of Verdun brought me the horrific scale of the Great War.
Both made me see November 11 in a way I'll never forget.
May we all never forget.