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Epistemology > Social Epistemology > Disagreement
Disagreement in Philosophy* (47)
Verbal Disputes (5)
Ontological Disagreement* (12)
Moral Disagreement* (56)
Epistemology of Disagreement (149)
Disagreement, Misc (22)
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Disagreement, Credences, and Outright Belief.Michele Palmira - 2018 - Ratio 31 (2):179-196.details
This paper addresses a largely neglected question in ongoing debates over disagreement: what is the relation, if any, between disagreements involving credences and disagreements involving outright beliefs? The first part of the paper offers some desiderata for an adequate account of credal and full disagreement. The second part of the paper argues that both phenomena can be subsumed under a schematic definition which goes as follows: A and B disagree if and only if the accuracy conditions of A's doxastic attitude (...) are such that, if they were fulfilled, this would ipso facto make B's doxastic attitude inaccurate, or vice-versa. (shrink)
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Towards a Unified Notion of Disagreement.Delia Belleri & Michele Palmira - 2013 - Grazer Philosophische Studien 88 (1):139-159.details
The recent debate on Semantic Contextualism and Relativism has definitely brought the phenomenon of disagreement under the spotlight. Relativists have considered disagreement as a means to accomplish a defence of their own position regarding the semantics of knowledge attributions, epistemic modals, taste predicates, and so on. The aim of this paper is twofold: first, we argue that several specific notions of disagreement can be subsumed under a common "schema" which provides a unified and overarching notion of disagreement. Secondly, we avail (...) ourselves of such a unified notion of disagreement to assess the arguments devised especially by Relativists in order to criticise certain forms of Contextualism, which crucially rely on the idea that Relativism is better suited than Contextualism to capture certain intuitions of disagreement. (shrink)
Wittgenstein, Winch, Kripkenstein y la posibilidad de la crítica.Pedro Karczmarczyk - 2013 - Cuadernos de Filosofía 30:07-37.details
The present paper deals with the consequences Kripke's interpretation of Wittgenstein's private language argument has for political and social thought. We will show this is particularly important because it challenges the framework where ordinarily is located the discussion of the political and social relevance of Wittgenstein's thought. Classical discussion has been concerned mainly with the role of communitary agreement, its relativistic or conservative consequences, the room for criticism and disagreement that it leaves, etc. We discern in classical reading a commitment (...) with some epistemological problems (warrants for knowledge) which is not completely overcame, its semantic jargon notwithstanding. Instead, we will argue, the new framework proposed by Kripke, overcome this epistemological problematic, rising new concerns, close to which, in French contemporary thought, has been called "philosophies of the subjection of the subject". (shrink)
On the Elusive Notion of Meta-Agreement.Valeria Ottonelli & Daniele Porello - 2013 - Politics, Philosophy and Economics 12 (1):68-92.details
Public deliberation has been defended as a rational and noncoercive way to overcome paradoxical results from democratic voting, by promoting consensus on the available alternatives on the political agenda. Some critics have argued that full consensus is too demanding and inimical to pluralism and have pointed out that single-peakedness, a much less stringent condition, is sufficient to overcome voting paradoxes. According to these accounts, deliberation can induce single-peakedness through the creation of a 'meta-agreement', that is, agreement on the dimension according (...) to which the issues at stake are 'conceptualized'. We argue here that once all the conditions needed for deliberation to bring about single-peakedness through meta-agreement are unpacked and made explicit, meta-agreement turns out to be a highly demanding condition, and one that is very inhospitable to pluralism. (shrink)
Difference and Dissent: Theories of Tolerance in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. [REVIEW]Pascal Massie - 1998 - Review of Metaphysics 52 (2):471-472.details
Western liberal democracies praise themselves for protecting a full range of differences among individuals and groups. The origin of this ongoing process is thought to be Locke's Epistola de Tolerantia. Before the Reformation, it is assumed, "a multiplicity of beliefs was deemed to be dangerous, as well as evil; diversity was, so to speak, the devil's work, and where it existed it was to be stamped out". Yet, although flattering to liberalism, the conceit of a modern liberal discovery of liberty (...) of conscience is both conceptually simplistic and historically misleading. The main virtue of this volume is to challenge this tale of Western political history. The essays presented seek to demonstrate that premodern thinkers generated alternative theories of toleration; and to contribute to a philosophical analysis of tolerance. (shrink)
Incompatibility Semantics From Agreement.Daniele Porello - 2012 - Philosophia 40 (1):99-119.details
In this paper, I discuss the analysis of logic in the pragmatic approach recently proposed by Brandom. I consider different consequence relations, formalized by classical, intuitionistic and linear logic, and I will argue that the formal theory developed by Brandom, even if provides powerful foundational insights on the relationship between logic and discursive practices, cannot account for important reasoning patterns represented by non-monotonic or resource-sensitive inferences. Then, I will present an incompatibility semantics in the framework of linear logic which allow (...) to refine Brandom's concept of defeasible inference and to account for those non-monotonic and relevant inferences that are expressible in linear logic. Moreover, I will suggest an interpretation of discursive practices based on an abstract notion of agreement on what counts as a reason which is deeply connected with linear logic semantics. (shrink)
Verbal Disputes
Communication and Variance.Martín Abreu Zavaleta - forthcoming - Topoi:1-23.details
According to standard assumptions in semantics, ordinary users of a language have implicit beliefs about the truth-conditions of sentences in that language, and they often agree on those beliefs. For example, it is assumed that if Anna and John are both competent users of English and the former utters 'grass is green' in conversation with the latter, they will both believe that that sentence is true if and only if grass is green. These assumptions play an important role in an (...) intuitively compelling picture of communication, according to which successful communication through literal assertoric utterances is normally effected thanks to our shared beliefs about the truth-conditions of the sentences uttered in the course of the conversation. Against these standard assumptions, this paper argues that the participants in a conversation rarely have the same beliefs about the truth-conditions of the sentences involved in a linguistic interaction. More precisely, it argues for Variance, the thesis that nearly every utterance is such that there is no proposition which more than one language user believes to be that utterance's truth-conditional content. If Variance is true, we must reject the standard picture of communication. Towards the end of the paper I identify three ways in which ordinary conversations can be communication-like despite the truth of Variance and argue that the most natural amendments to the standard picture fail to explain them. (shrink)
What Metalinguistic Negotiations Can't Do.Teresa Marques - 2017 - Phenomenology and Mind (12):40-48.details
Philosophers of language and metaethicists are concerned with persistent normative and evaluative disagreements – how can we explain persistent intelligible disagreements in spite of agreement over the described facts? Tim Sundell recently argued that evaluative aesthetic and personal taste disputes could be explained as metalinguistic negotiations – conversations where interlocutors negotiate how best to use a word relative to a context. I argue here that metalinguistic negotiations are neither necessary nor sufficient for genuine evaluative and normative disputes to occur. A (...) comprehensive account of value talk requires stronger metanormative commitments than metalinguistic negotiations afford. (shrink)
Verbal Debates in Epistemology.Daniel Greco - 2015 - American Philosophical Quarterly 52 (1):41-55.details
The idea that certain philosophical debates are "merely verbal" has historically been raised as a challenge against (large parts of) metaphysics. In this paper, I explore an analogous challenge to large parts of epistemology, which is motivated by recent arguments in experimental philosophy. I argue that, while this challenge may have some limited success, it cannot serve as a wedge case for wide-ranging skepticism about the substantiveness of epistemological debates; most epistemological debates are immune to the worries it raises.
On Contingently Error-Theoretic Concepts.Kristie Miller - 2010 - American Philosophical Quarterly 47 (2):181-190.details
An error theorist about a particular discourse combines the cognitivist thesis that the discourse is truth-apt with the thesis that core statements asserted by the discourse are false. For instance, one is an error theorist about witch discourse if one thinks that witch discourse is truth-apt and that some of the entities and properties quantified over by core statements in the discourse, namely witches and magical powers, do not exist and hence that certain core statements of the discourse are false.
Analysis, Schmanalysis.Steve Petersen - 2008 - Canadian Journal of Philosophy 38 (2):pp. 289-299.details
In Naming and Necessity, Saul Kripke employs a handy philosophical trick: he invents the term 'schmidentity' to argue indirectly for his favored account of identity. Kripke says in a footnote that he wishes someday "to elaborate on the utility of this device". In this paper, I first take up a general elaboration on his behalf. I then apply the trick to support an attractive but somewhat unorthodox picture of conceptual analysis—one according to which it is a process of forming intentions (...) for word use. This picture can recover a naturalistically respectable notion of the philosopher's task, and can help resolve current debates that turn on the place of conceptual analysis. (shrink)
Epistemology of Disagreement
Why Disagreement-Based Skepticism Cannot Escape the Challenge of Self-Defeat.Grundmann Thomas - 2019 - Episteme:1-18.details
Global meta-philosophical skepticism (i.e. completely unrestricted skepticism about philosophy) based upon disagreement faces the problem of self-defeat since it undercuts its motivating conciliatory principle. However, the skeptic may easily escape this threat by adopting a more modest kind of skepticism, that will be called "extensive meta-philosophical skepticism", i.e., the view that most of our philosophical beliefs are unjustified, except our beliefs in epistemically fundamental principles. As I will argue in this paper, this kind of skepticism is well-motivated, does not undercut (...) the conciliatory principle, but still poses a radical challenge to philosophy as a cognitive discipline. Moreover, I will argue that non-global skepticism that is still extensive undermines itself as well. The deeper reason for this is that this more modest kind of skepticism can only be motivated by the assumption that disagreement with philosophical peers is abundant and that we can identify peers only by relying on track-record arguments. But then one can argue for extensive meta-philosophical skepticism only if one presupposes that those philosophical beliefs that form the basis of track-record evaluations are justified. Here, the threat of self-defeat looms again. I will proceed by first defending the premises of this new anti-skeptical argument against standard objections from the literature. Second, I will show in more detail where the epistemic inconsistency arises in the argument for extensive meta-philosophical skepticism. I conclude with an assessment of the scope and the limits of my argument. (shrink)
Is Intellectual Humility Compatible with Religious Dogmatism?Ian M. Church - 2018 - Journal of Psychology and Theology 46 (4):226-232.details
Does intellectual humility preclude the possibility of religious dogmatism and firm religious commitments? Does intellectual humility require religious beliefs to be held with diffidence? What is intellectual humility anyway? There are two things I aim to do in this short article. First, I want to briefly sketch an account of intellectual humility. Second, drawing from such an account, I want to explore whether intellectual humility could be compatible with virtuous religious dogmatism.
Is Theism Rational?Ali Hasan - 2019 - In Graham Oppy & Joseph W. Koterski (eds.), Theism and Atheism: Opposing Viewpoints in Philosophy. MacMillan Reference. pp. 119-26.details
This chapter centers around the question of whether theism is rational. We begin by discussing different theories of rationality, and introducing some importantly related epistemic concepts and controversies. We then consider the possible sources of rational belief in God and argue that even if these provide some positive support, the fact of religious disagreement defeats the rationality of theism.
Disagreement and Easy Bootstrapping.Eyal Tal - forthcoming - Episteme:1-20.details
Should conciliating with disagreeing peers be considered sufficient for reaching rational beliefs? Thomas Kelly argues that when taken this way, Conciliationism lets those who enter into a disagreement with an irrational belief reach a rational belief all too easily. Three kinds of responses defending Conciliationism are found in the literature. One response has it that conciliation is required only of agents who have a rational belief as they enter into a disagreement. This response yields a requirement that no one should (...) follow. If the need to conciliate applies only to already rational agents, then an agent must conciliate only when her peer is the one irrational. A second response views conciliation as merely necessary for having a rational belief. This alone does little to address the central question of what is rational to believe when facing a disagreeing peer. Attempts to develop the response either reduce to the first response, or deem necessary an unnecessary doxastic revision, or imply that rational dilemmas obtain in cases where intuitively there are none. A third response tells us to weigh what our pre-disagreement evidence supports against the evidence from the disagreement itself. This invites epistemic akrasia. (shrink)
Rational Uniqueness and Religious Disagreement.Christopher Willard-Kyle - manuscriptdetails
This paper argues for extreme rational permissivism—the view that agents with identical evidence can rationally believe contradictory hypotheses—and a mild version of steadfastness. Agents can rationally come to different conclusions on the basis of the same evidence because their way of weighing the theoretic virtues may differ substantially. Nevertheless, in the face of disagreement, agents face considerable pressure to reduce their confidence. Indeed, I argue that agents often ought to reduce their confidence in the higher-order propositions that they know or (...) rationally believe disputed content. I argue, however, that when the subject matter is difficult, there is more flexibility for agents to simultaneously believe that p while withholding belief about whether such belief is rational or known. This allows for modest steadfastness on hard questions in, e.g., philosophy and religion. (shrink)
Disagreement Skepticism and the Rationality of Religious Belief.Jonathan Matheson - 2019 - In Kevin McCain & Ted Poston (eds.), The Mystery of Skepticism: New Explorations. Brill. pp. 83-104.details
The Equal Weight View is a view about the epistemic significance of disagreement that is thought to have significant skeptical consequences. In this paper I do two things: (i) apply the Equal Weight View to cases of religious disagreement, and (ii) evaluate some consequences of that application for the rationality of religious beliefs. With regard to (i), I argue that the Equal Weight View implies that awareness of the current state of disagreement over religious propositions, such as God exists or (...) God doesn't exist, gives us a defeater for any non-skeptical attitude toward such propositions. With regard to (ii), I examine what this entails about the rationality of religious beliefs. In particular, I examine how troubling the theist should find these consequences, and argue that they are not as troubling as is typically thought. -/- . (shrink)
Philosophy Without Belief.Zach Barnett - 2019 - Mind 128 (509):109-138.details
Should we believe our controversial philosophical views? Recently, several authors have argued from broadly conciliationist premises that we should not. If they are right, we philosophers face a dilemma: If we believe our views, we are irrational. If we do not, we are not sincere in holding them. This paper offers a way out, proposing an attitude we can rationally take toward our views that can support sincerity of the appropriate sort. We should arrive at our views via a certain (...) sort of 'insulated' reasoning – that is, reasoning that involves setting aside certain higher-order worries, such as those provided by disagreement – when we investigate philosophical questions. (shrink)
Are There Indefeasible Epistemic Rules?Darren Bradley - 2019 - Philosophers' Imprint 19.details
What if your peers tell you that you should disregard your perceptions? Worse, what if your peers tell you to disregard the testimony of your peers? How should we respond if we get evidence that seems to undermine our epistemic rules? Several philosophers have argued that some epistemic rules are indefeasible. I will argue that all epistemic rules are defeasible. The result is a kind of epistemic particularism, according to which there are no simple rules connecting descriptive and normative facts. (...) I will argue that this type of particularism is more plausible in epistemology than in ethics. The result is an unwieldy and possibly infinitely long epistemic rule — an Uber-rule. I will argue that the Uber-rule applies to all agents, but is still defeasible — one may get misleading evidence against it and rationally lower one's credence in it. (shrink)
Why the Dialectical Tier is an Epistemic Animal.Scott Aikin - 2018 - In S. & Maillat Oswald (ed.), Argumentation and Inference. Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Argumentation, Fribourg 2017. London, UK: pp. 11-22.details
Ralph Johnson has proposed a "two tiered" conception of argument, comprising of the illative core and the dialectical tier. This paper's two-part thesis is that (i) the dialectical tier is best understood as an epistemic requirement for argument, and (ii) once understood epistemically, the dialectical tier requirement can be defended against the leading objections.
Belief Dependence: How Do the Numbers Count?Zach Barnett - 2019 - Philosophical Studies 176 (2):297-319.details
This paper is about how to aggregate outside opinion. If two experts are on one side of an issue, while three experts are on the other side, what should a non-expert believe? Certainly, the non-expert should take into account more than just the numbers. But which other factors are relevant, and why? According to the view developed here, one important factor is whether the experts should have been expected, in advance, to reach the same conclusion. When the agreement of two (...) (or of twenty) thinkers can be predicted with certainty in advance, their shared belief is worth only as much as one of their beliefs would be worth alone. This expectational model of belief dependence can be applied whether we think in terms of credences or in terms of all-or-nothing beliefs. (shrink)
Philosophical Equilibrism, Rationality, and the Commitment Challenge.Michele Palmira - 2018 - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 118 (3):377-385.details
Helen Beebee (2018) defends a view of the aims of philosophy she calls 'equilibrism'. Equilibrism denies that philosophy aims at knowledge and maintains that the collective aim of philosophy is 'to find what equilibria there are that can withstand examination' (Beebee 2018, p. 3). In this note, I probe equilibrism by focusing on how disagreement challenges our doxastic commitment to our own philosophical theories. Call this the Commitment Challenge. I argue that the Commitment Challenge comes in three varieties and that (...) endorsing equilibrism provides us with an answer to one of them only. (shrink)
Harms and Wrongs in Epistemic Practice.Simon Barker, Charlie Crerar & Trystan S. Goetze - 2018 - Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 84:1-21.details
This volume has its roots in two recent developments within mainstream analytic epistemology: a growing recognition over the past two or three decades of the active and social nature of our epistemic lives; and, more recently still, the increasing appreciation of the various ways in which the epistemic practices of individuals and societies can, and often do, go wrong. The theoretical analysis of these breakdowns in epistemic practice, along with the various harms and wrongs that follow as a consequence, constitutes (...) an approach to epistemology that we refer to as non-ideal epistemology. In this introductory chapter we introduce and contextualise the ten essays that comprise this volume, situating them within four broad sub-fields: vice epistemology, epistemic injustice, inter-personal epistemic practices, and applied epistemology. We also provide a brief overview of several other important growth areas in non-ideal epistemology. (shrink)
The Epistemic Significance of Religious Disagreements: Cases of Unconfirmed Superiority Disagreements.Frederick Choo - forthcoming - Topoi:1-9.details
Religious disagreements are widespread. Some philosophers have argued that religious disagreements call for religious skepticism, or a revision of one's religious beliefs. In order to figure out the epistemic significance of religious disagreements, two questions need to be answered. First, what kind of disagreements are religious disagreements? Second, how should one respond to such disagreements? In this paper, I argue that many religious disagreements are cases of unconfirmed superiority disagreements, where parties have good reason to think they are not epistemic (...) peers, yet they lack good reason to determine who is superior. Such disagreements have been left relatively unexplored. I then argue that in cases of unconfirmed superiority disagreements, disputants can remain relatively steadfast in holding to their beliefs. Hence, we can remain relatively steadfast in our beliefs in such cases of religious disagreements. (shrink)
Religious Disagreement and Divine Hiddenness.Jon Matheson - 2018 - Philosophia Christi 20 (1):215-225.details
In this paper, I develop and respond to a novel objection to Conciliatory Views of disagreement. Having first explained Conciliationism and the problem of divine hiddenness, I develop an objection that Conciliationism exacerbates the problem of divine hiddenness. According to this objection, Conciliationism increases God's hiddenness in both its scope and severity, and is thus incompatible with God's existence (or at least make God's existence quite improbable). I respond to this objection by showing that the problem of divine hiddenness is (...) not made any worse by Conciliationism. (shrink)
Should We Be Dogmatically Conciliatory?Clayton Littlejohn - forthcoming - Philosophical Studies:1-18.details
A familiar complaint about conciliatory approaches to disagreement is that they are self-defeating or incoherent because they 'call for their own rejection'. This complaint seems to be influential but it isn't clear whether conciliatory views call for their own rejection or what, if anything, this tells us about the coherence of such views. We shall look at two ways of developing this self-defeat objection and we shall see that conciliatory views emerge unscathed. A simple version of the self-defeat objection leaves (...) conciliatory views untouched. A subtle version of the objection contains a subtle but overlooked flaw. If the conciliatory view is right, it might be right to be dogmatically conciliatory (i.e., to continue to be conciliatory however objectionable this might seem to ourselves and to others). (shrink)
Dialecticality and Deep Disagreement.Scott F. Aikin - 2018 - Symposion: Theoretical and Applied Inquiries in Philosophy and Social Sciences 5 (2):173-179.details
In this paper, I will argue for a complex of three theses. First, that the problem of deep disagreement is an instance of the regress problem of justification. Second, that the problem of deep disagreement, as a regress problem, depends on a dialecticality requirement for arguments. Third, that the dialecticality requirement is plausible and defensible.
Expert-Oriented Abilities Vs. Novice-Oriented Abilities: An Alternative Account of Epistemic Authority.Michel Croce - 2018 - Episteme 15 (4):476-498.details
According to a recent account of epistemic authority proposed by Linda Zagzebski (2012), it is rational for laypersons to believe on authority when they conscientiously judge that the authority is more likely to form true beliefs and avoid false ones than they are in some domain. Christoph Jäger (2016) has recently raised several objections to her view. By contrast, I argue that both theories fail to adequately capture what epistemic authority is, and I offer an alternative account grounded in the (...) abilities that different kinds of authorities are required to possess. (shrink)
Is Evidence of Evidence Evidence? Screening-Off Vs. No-Defeaters.Roche William - 2018 - Episteme 15 (4):451-462.details
I argue elsewhere (Roche 2014) that evidence of evidence is evidence under screening-off. Tal and Comesaña (2017) argue that my appeal to screening-off is subject to two objections. They then propose an evidence of evidence thesis involving the notion of a defeater. There is much to learn from their very careful discussion. I argue, though, that their objections fail and that their evidence of evidence thesis is open to counterexample.
Evidence: A Guide for the Uncertain.Kevin Dorst - forthcoming - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.details
Assume that it is your evidence that determines what opinions you should have. I argue that since you should take peer disagreement seriously, evidence must have two features. (1) It must sometimes warrant being modest: uncertain what your evidence warrants, and (thus) uncertain whether you're rational. (2) But it must always warrant being guided: disposed to treat your evidence as a guide. Surprisingly, it is very difficult to vindicate both (1) and (2). But diagnosing why this is so leads to (...) a proposal—Trust—that is weak enough to allow modesty but strong enough to yield many guiding features. In fact, I claim that Trust is the Goldilocks principle—for it is necessary and sufficient to vindicate the claim that you should always prefer to use free evidence. Upshot: Trust lays the foundations for a theory of disagreement and, more generally, an epistemology that permits self-doubt—a modest epistemology. (shrink)
'Peer Disagreement' and Evidence of Evidence.John Biro & Fabio Lampert - 2018 - Logos and Episteme 9 (4):379-402.details
What the rational thing to do in the face of disagreement by an epistemic peer is has been much discussed recently. Those who think that a peer's disagreement is itself evidence against one's belief, as many do, are committed to a special form of epistemic dependence. If such disagreement is really evidence, it seems reasonable to take it into account and to adjust one's belief accordingly. But then it seems that the belief one ends up with depends, in part, on (...) what someone else believes, even if one does not know why that someone believes what he does. While the practical impossibility of finding actual cases of peer disagreement has been often noted, its conceptual possibility has gone unquestioned. Here we challenge this consensus and argue, first, that, strictly speaking, peer disagreement is impossible and, second, that cases of – all-too-common – near-peer disagreement present no special puzzle and require nothing more than adhering to standard principles of sensible epistemic conduct. In particular, we argue that in such cases there is no good reason to adopt the widely accepted principle that evidence of evidence is evidence. If so, even if one takes a near-peer's disagreement as a reason for reexamining one's belief, one is not epistemically dependent in the sense one would be if that disagreement were evidence concerning the matter in question. (shrink)
Peer Disagreement and the Bridge Principle.Marc-Kevin Daoust - forthcoming - Topoi:1-11.details
One explanation of rational peer disagreement is that agents find themselves in an epistemically permissive situation. In fact, some authors have suggested that, while evidence could be impermissive at the intrapersonal level, it is permissive at the interpersonal level. In this paper, I challenge such a claim. I will argue that, at least in cases of rational disagreement under full disclosure, there cannot be more interpersonal epistemically permissive situations than there are intrapersonal epistemically permissive situations. In other words, with respect (...) to cases of disagreement under full disclosure, I will argue that there is a necessary connection between interpersonal permissiveness and its intrapersonal counterpart. Specifically, I claim that a plausible principle of correct argumentation supports such a bridge. (shrink)
Evidence of Evidence as Higher Order Evidence.Anna-Maria A. Eder & Peter Brössel - forthcoming - In Mattias Skipper & Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen (eds.), Higher-Order Evidence: New Essays. Oxford University Press.details
In everyday life and in science we acquire evidence of evidence and based on this new evidence we often change our epistemic states. An assumption underlying such practice is that the following EEE Slogan is correct: 'evidence of evidence is evidence' (Feldman 2007, p. 208). We suggest that evidence of evidence is best understood as higher-order evidence about the epistemic state of agents. In order to model evidence of evidence we introduce a new powerful framework for modelling epistemic states, Dyadic (...) Bayesianism. Based on this framework, we then discuss characterizations of evidence of evidence and argue for one of them. Finally, we show that whether the EEE Slogan holds, depends on the specific kind of evidence of evidence. (shrink)
Echo Chambers and Epistemic Bubbles.C. Thi Nguyen - forthcoming - Episteme:1-21.details
Recent conversation has blurred two very different social epistemic phenomena: echo chambers and epistemic bubbles. Members of epistemic bubbles merely lack exposure to relevant information and arguments. Members of echo chambers, on the other hand, have been brought to systematically distrust all outside sources. In epistemic bubbles, other voices are not heard; in echo chambers, other voices are actively undermined. It is crucial to keep these phenomena distinct. First, echo chambers can explain the post-truth phenomena in a way that epistemic (...) bubbles cannot. Second, each type of structure requires a distinct intervention. Mere exposure to evidence can shatter an epistemic bubble, but may actually reinforce an echo chamber. Finally, echo chambers are much harder to escape. Once in their grip, an agent may act with epistemic virtue, but social context will pervert those actions. Escape from an echo chamber may require a radical rebooting of one's belief system. (shrink)
How Supererogation Can Save Intrapersonal Permissivism.Han Li - 2019 - American Philosophical Quarterly 56 (2):171-186.details
Rationality is intrapersonally permissive just in case there are multiple doxastic states that one agent may be rational in holding at a given time, given some body of evidence. One way for intrapersonal permissivism to be true is if there are epistemic supererogatory beliefs—beliefs that go beyond the call of epistemic duty. Despite this, there has been almost no discussion of epistemic supererogation in the permissivism literature. This paper shows that this is a mistake. It does this by arguing that (...) the most popular ways of responding to one of the major obstacles to any intrapersonally permissive all fall prey to the same problem. This problem is most naturally solved by positing a category of epistemically supererogatory belief. So intrapersonal epistemic permissivists should embrace epistemic supererogation. (shrink)
No One Can Serve Two Epistemic Masters.J. Gallow - 2018 - Philosophical Studies 175 (10):2389-2398.details
Consider two epistemic experts—for concreteness, let them be two weather forecasters. Suppose that you aren't certain that they will issue identical forecasts, and you would like to proportion your degrees of belief to theirs in the following way: first, conditional on either's forecast of rain being x, you'd like your own degree of belief in rain to be x. Secondly, conditional on them issuing different forecasts of rain, you'd like your own degree of belief in rain to be some weighted (...) average of the forecast of each. Finally, you'd like your degrees of belief to be given by an orthodox probability measure. Moderate ambitions, all. But you can't always get what you want. (shrink)
Religious Conversion, Transformative Experience, and Disagreement.Helen De Cruz - 2018 - Philosophia Christi 20 (1):265-276.details
Religious conversion gives rise to disagreement with one's former self and with family and friends. Because religious conversion is personally and epistemically transformative, it is difficult to judge whether a former epistemic peer is still one's epistemic peer post-conversion, just like it is hard for the convert to assess whether she is now in a better epistemic position than prior to her conversion. Through Augustine's De Utilitate Credendi (The Usefulness of Belief) I show that reasoned argument should play a crucial (...) role in assessing the evidential value of religious conversions, both for the person who converts and for her (former) peers. (shrink)
Higher-Order Defeat and the Impossibility of Self-Misleading Evidence.Mattias Skipper - forthcoming - In Mattias Skipper & Asbjørn Steglich-Petersen (eds.), Higher-Order Evidence: New Essays. Oxford University Press.details
The Epistemic Value of Expert Autonomy.Finnur Dellsén - 2018 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research.details
According to an influential Enlightenment ideal, one shouldn't rely epistemically on other people's say-so, at least not if one is in a position to evaluate the relevant evidence for oneself. However, in much recent work in social epistemology, we are urged to dispense with this ideal, which is seen as stemming from a misguided focus on isolated individuals to the exclusion of groups and communities. In this paper, I argue that that an emphasis on the social nature of inquiry should (...) not lead us to entirely abandon the Enlightenment ideal of epistemically autonomous agents. Specifically, I suggest that it is an appropriate ideal for those who serve as experts in a given epistemic community, and develop a notion of expert acceptance to make sense of this. I go on to show that, all other things being equal, this kind of epistemic autonomy among experts makes their joint testimony more reliable, which in turn brings epistemic benefits both to laypeople and to experts in other fields. (shrink)
What is (Dis)Agreement?Darrell Patrick Rowbottom - 2018 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 97 (1):223-236.details
When do we agree? The answer might once have seemed simple and obvious; we agree that p when we each believe that p. But from a formal epistemological perspective, where degrees of belief are more fundamental than beliefs, this answer is unsatisfactory. On the one hand, there is reason to suppose that it is false; degrees of belief about p might differ when beliefs simpliciter on p do not. On the other hand, even if it is true, it is too (...) vague; for what it is to believe simpliciter ought to be explained in terms of degrees of belief. This paper presents several possible notions of agreement, and corresponding notions of disagreement. It indicates how the findings are fruitful for the epistemology of disagreement, with special reference to the notion of epistemic peerhood. (shrink)
Persistent Disagreement and Polarization in a Bayesian Setting.Michael Nielsen & Rush T. Stewart - forthcoming - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.details
For two ideally rational agents, does learning a finite amount of shared evidence necessitate agreement? No. But does it at least guard against belief polarization, the case in which their opinions get further apart? No. OK, but are rational agents guaranteed to avoid polarization if they have access to an infinite, increasing stream of shared evidence? No.
Epistemic Contextualism, Epistemic Relativism, and Disagreement: Reply to Robin McKenna.Ian M. Church - 2012 - Philosophical Writings:100-103.details
There are two issues I want to very briefly raise in response to Robin McKenna's paper, "Epistemic Contextualism, Epistemic Relativism, and Disagreement." First, I want to question whether or not the disagreement problem faced by indexical contextualism is truly a problem. Secondly, I want to consider whether or not McKenna's solution is really in keeping with indexical contextualism.
Belief and Credence: Why the Attitude-Type Matters.Elizabeth Grace Jackson - forthcoming - Philosophical Studies:1-20.details
In this paper, I argue that the relationship between belief and credence is a central question in epistemology. This is because the belief-credence relationship has significant implications for a number of current epistemological issues. I focus on five controversies: permissivism, disagreement, pragmatic encroachment, doxastic voluntarism, and the relationship between doxastic attitudes and prudential rationality. I argue that each debate is constrained in particular ways, depending on whether the relevant attitude is belief or credence. This means that (i) epistemologists should pay (...) attention to whether they are framing questions in terms of belief or in terms of credence and (ii) the success or failure of a reductionist project in the belief-credence realm has significant implications for epistemology generally. (shrink)
Epistemic Peer Disagreement.Filippo Ferrari & Nikolaj J. L. L. Pedersen - forthcoming - In Miranda Fricker, Peter Graham, David Henderson, Nikolaj J. L. L. Pedersen & Jeremy Wyatt (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Social Epistemology. London, UK:details
We offer a critical survey of the most discussed accounts of epistemic peer disagreement that are found in the recent literature. We also sketch an alternative approach in line with a pluralist understanding of epistemic rationality.
How to Solve the Puzzle of Peer Disagreement.Michele Palmira - 2019 - American Philosophical Quarterly 56 (1):83-96.details
While it seems hard to deny the epistemic significance of a disagreement with our acknowledged epistemic peers, there are certain disagreements, such as philosophical disagreements, which appear to be permissibly sustainable. These two claims, each independently plausible, are jointly puzzling. This paper argues for a solution to this puzzle. The main tenets of the solution are two. First, the peers ought to engage in a deliberative activity of discovering more about their epistemic position vis-à-vis the issue at stake. Secondly, the (...) peers are permitted to do so while entertaining a sui generis doxastic attitude of hypothesis. (shrink)
Religious Disagreement.Helen De Cruz - 2019 - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.details
This Element examines what we can learn from religious disagreement, focusing on disagreement with possible selves and former selves, the epistemic significance of religious agreement, the problem of disagreements between religious experts, and the significance of philosophy of religion. Helen De Cruz shows how religious beliefs of others constitute significant higher-order evidence. At the same time, she advises that we should not necessarily become agnostic about all religious matters, because our cognitive background colors the way we evaluate evidence. This allows (...) us to maintain religious beliefs in many cases, while nevertheless taking the religious beliefs of others seriously. (shrink)
Reconciling Enkrasia and Higher-Order Defeat.Mattias Skipper - forthcoming - Erkenntnis:1-18.details
Michael Titelbaum (2015) has recently argued that the Enkratic Principle is incompatible with the view that rational belief is sensitive to higher-order defeat. That is to say, if it cannot be rational to have akratic beliefs of the form "p, but I shouldn't believe that p," then rational beliefs cannot be defeated by higher-order evidence, which indicates that they are irrational. In this paper, I distinguish two ways of understanding Titelbaum's argument, and argue that neither version is sound. The first (...) version can be shown to rest on a subtle, but crucial, misconstrual of the Enkratic Principle. The second version can be resisted through careful consideration of cases of higher-order defeat. The upshot is that proponents of the Enkratic Principle are free to maintain that rational belief is sensitive to higher-order defeat. (shrink)
The Self-Undermining Arguments From Disagreement.Eric Sampson - forthcoming - Oxford Studies in Metaethics 14.details
Arguments from disagreement against non-skeptical moral realism begin by noticing (or supposing) widespread, fundamental moral disagreement among a certain group of people (e.g., the folk, moral philosophers, idealized agents). Then, some skeptical or anti-realist-friendly conclusion is drawn. I argue that arguments from disagreement share a structure that makes them vulnerable to a single, powerful objection: they self-undermine. For each formulation of the argument from disagreement, at least one of its premises casts doubt either on itself or on one of the (...) other premises. On reflection, this should not be surprising. Proponents of these arguments seek to derive a very strong metaphysical or epistemological conclusion about morality (e.g., that there are no moral facts, that none of our moral beliefs are epistemically justified). They must therefore employ very strong metaphysical or epistemological premises. But, given the pervasiveness of disagreement in philosophy—especially about metaphysics and epistemology—very strong premises are almost certain to be the subject of widespread, intractable disagreement. And this is precisely the sort of disagreement that proponents of these arguments think undermine moral claims. If so, then these arguments undermine their own premises. If the argument presented in this paper is sound, it provides realists a single, unified strategy for responding to arguments from disagreement. It also provides a challenge for any future arguments from disagreement that philosophers might advance. (shrink)
On Behalf of Controversial View Agnosticism.J. Adam Carter - 2018 - European Journal of Philosophy (4):1358-1370.details
Controversial view agnosticism (CVA) is the thesis that we are rationally obligated to withhold judgment about a large portion of our beliefs in controversial subject areas, such as philosophy, re- ligion, morality and politics. Given that one's social identity is in no small part a function of one's positive commitments in controversial areas, CVA has unsurprisingly been regarded as objection- ably 'spineless.' at said, CVA seems like an unavoidable consequence of a prominent view in the epistemology of disagreement—conformism—according to which (...) the rational response to discover- ing that someone you identify as an epistemic peer or expert about p disagrees with you vis-à-vis p is to withhold judgment. is paper proposes a novel way to maintain the core conciliatory in- sight without devolving into an agnosticism that is objectionably spineless. e approach offered takes as a starting point the observation that–for reasons that will be made clear—the contemporary debate has bypassed the issue of the reasonableness of maintaining, rather than giving up, represen- tational states weaker than belief in controversial areas. e new position developed and defended here explores this overlooked space; what results is a kind of controversial view agnosticism that is compatible with the kinds of commitments that are integral to social identity. (shrink)


...a hint of what is to come.
Truth to tell, fall is not my favorite season. In fact, I don't really like it. There is something sad about the stillness, something that I think of as ( Windslow ) Homeresque. I cannot, though, deny it's beauty. Today, I think is the peak of the peak, golden colors everywhere and a bright, windless sky. The leaves will hang on until there is a bit of wind or they will just give up and fall to the ground as some have done. Tomorrow or the day after the cottonwood will again be those forlorn shaggy trees that they are destined to be for the next 8 years but for now, for today anyway, they did basque in golden glory.
PS Beloveds in city canyons and steaming in Singapore, these pictures are especially for you.
Outside the front door at this moment and as they have been all this day.
When paths don't cross often every minute that they do is such a gift!
Saturday morning, before the fire that is threatening the town that you see in these pictures had even started, thousands of people came to the square to run, cheer or support the 16th annual philanthropic event that raises millions - yes millionS - of dollars for the 150 agencies that serve the community.
Jackson Hole Community Foundation is the sponsor of the event wherein individual donor's gift are matched by "Mr. and Mrs. Old Bill" and 45 co-challengers. The community has given to date a total of nearly $4.7 million and, because many people contribute after the event, this amount is likely to reach, as it did last year, over $7 million.
As I wrote this time last year: we are a community that takes care of it's own. Now, with this massive fire only 1 1/2 from town we seem to have an immediate possible to act on that generosity of spirit. Given the evacuation advisory residents on the east side of Jackson are loading their cars. The elderly and those with livestock are being aided by other Jacksonites. No doubt the intentions of care are matched by action in this very special place.
NOTE: The elderly lady about is Mrs. Deberoux who is 104. She is a resident of The Living Center. She has crossed the finish line pushing her own chair for the past 4 years.
The piano teacher and the moose!
This lady moose is a regular visitor. If you look very closely you will see her baby behind the white rock to her right.
The baby was born here in the wetlands behind the cabin and I have a pretty good suspicion - because we seem to have babies here every spring - that the mama too calls this her birth place.
Moose and ducks have been my audience now for years. Although I do not have a picture of it, there have been years where the ducks line up in rows on the pond behind me. Bizarre, yes I know, but true and oddly flattering!
We had a fine and merciful rain on Saturday night. A further gift was waking to a sweet and very nearly silent fog.
As per habit, I headed straight to Old Pass Road, just barely seeing the road in front of me for my daily walk. When I got there I encountered an odd situation - an empty parking lot. Bears have been spotted there recently so I very much appreciate the presence of others on that trail. I decided retreat to a safer walk and headed to the levee along the Snake.
I so wish I were a poet and had the facility to describe to you the beauty of that long flat walk in fog. The freshness was palpable and there an almost holy silence. Coming along these silent fishermen was beauty enough to make me want to bow in reverence. Instead, of course, I took pictures.


text:
Tumerepedes is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae, endemic to the Afrotropical realm. It consists of only one species, Tumerepedes flava, the Nigerian buff, which is found in northern Nigeria. The habitat consists of riverine forests.

References

Poritiinae
Monotypic butterfly genera
Taxa named by George Thomas Bethune-Baker
Lycaenidae genera

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Join us for our fall workshop where we we will build timber-frame, straw/clay walls and roof of Jani and Joseph Cook's dream home. Camping and meals are included.
We just completed our third and best training ever at OUR EcoVillage. A tremendous team effort resulting in the completed shell of a 700 sf EcoNest for Marisa,Patrick and their children , Fiamma and Khaya.
Interns,students,and professionals worked together to construct the Faswall foundation, Japanese-style timber-frame, 15,000 pounds of clay/fiber walls and an elegant hipped/gable roof. Organization,weather, food,lodging, camaraderie,behind-the-scenes support/magic, purpose where ideal. Our future brightens when you see so many new leaders emerging from these trainings!
Download the Seminar PDF for more information and to register.
Beautiful EcoNest compound on Salt Spring Island,BC requires a caretaker/intern. Ideal for an EcoNest graduate or "budding" natural builder/permaculturist seeking to advance their natural building and permaculture skills.
In this extra-ordinary setting your responsibilities would involve carpentry, timber-framing,natural plastering, light-clay work, gardening,landscaping,general maintenance, firewood production. Year-round self-sufficient, timber-framed, light/clay cabin provided in exchange for modest services. Potentially some income as well. Caretaker would have opportunities to assist West Coast EcoNest workshops.
Jani: We came to Humboldt from Columbia gorge where we were land stewards, living in a yurt. 12 years ago we had the opportunity to buy a property. We found this place and loved it from the start. It spoke to us and we didn't search farther. We were so welcomed by the community! Their warm welcome was one of the most heartening things in our life. There was a little A-frame on the land . We thought of it, not as our permanent home, but as useful. We envisioned a community kitchen space where local growers could make value-added products. Sometimes we sleep upstairs in it and sometimes in a yurt. We applied for a building permit for a more permanent house four years ago. The permit was expensive so we have spent the last four years gathering the funds to build the house. We have always dreamt of building a home. We once built a 7-sided wooden yurt but it was never thought of as our final home.
P: Why timber-frame and clay straw?
Jani: I went to school in England and my mother bought a property in France and soI grew up around timberframes and solid walled homes that were centuries old and I loved them. When it came time to explore the materials for our own home we gravitated to more solid kinds of natural construction. We considered many systems but because we are building a very small space straw bales felt out of proportion to us. Friend from Portland told us about light clay.We were thinking it over and gathering books from the library when the Econest book "fell off the shelf". Soon after Joseph was on his way to your workshop.
P: What skills do you each bring to the table?
Joseph: We like to work. We are particular about the aesthetics of what we want to live in and this has always driven us to experiment. We bring our vision to the process. I have always been around carpentry and been able to hold tools and make them work for me. Jani is willing to cook for a crowd!
Paula: What does this home mean to you?
Jani: I feel like this will be my final home for however long I have on earth. Before this property we have always felt like Nomads. We never really felt settled in one place. Now our three kids are grown and its just the two of us and we are ready to settle down.
Joseph: I've always thought a home should be a temple for living in. We don't have to go farther. We just want to enjoy it for our time on the planet and then pass it on.
Joseph: Ever since we decided to host a workshop,preparing the space to receive the workshop participants has for me become as important as preparing the home.


text:
Go Back Go Back
Super Bowl: Lady Gaga Touts Unity and Inclusion in Powerful Halftime Show
02/05/2017 by PeekYou Team Comments
Author: Meena Jang / Source: The Hollywood Reporter
Lady Gaga on Sunday descended upon Houston's NRG Stadium in patriotic fashion as she kicked off her Super Bowl LI halftime show.
The singer, dressed in an embellished, silver Versace body suit, opened the show atop the stadium rooftop, where she sang a rendition of Woody Guthrie's "This Land Is Your Land" and "God Bless America," and recited a line of the pledge of allegiance as lit-up drones circling overhead created an image of the American flag in the night sky. "One nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all," she said just before jumping off of the edge of the roof.
Anchored by wires, Gaga was brought down to meet the audience gathered down below, as she began performing "Poker Face." The singer, backed by a multitude of dancers, then transitioned to a choreographed medley of her songs "The Edge of Glory" and "Born This Way" and a snippet of her collaboration with Beyonce, "Telephone."
Grabbing a keyboard and donning a glittery, gold jacket, Gaga then began belting the lyrics to "Just Dance," walking down from the stage platform and into the audience.
In an emotional turning point of her set, Gaga sat behind a piano and crooned her latest single "Million Reasons" as audience members waved light sticks. "Hello America … we're here to make you feel good," she told the crowd, giving one fan a warm embrace.
The singer ended her halftime show with an electrifying performance of "Bad Romance." Dressed in a cropped, white leather jacket (structured to resemble a football uniform's shoulder pads) and decorated silver hot pants, she commanded the stage as red, white and…
Flag of the United States God Bless America Lady Gaga List of Super Bowl halftime shows Music PY Singing super bowl Super Bowl LI
Tweets by @peekyou

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Heartwarming/IncredibleHulk
Heartwarming / Incredible Hulk
NightmareFuel
SelfDemonstrat…
TearJerker
ReferencedBy
Create New - Create New - Analysis FanficRecs FanWorks Fridge Haiku ImageLinks PlayingWith Recap Synopsis Timeline
After Skaar attempted to kill the Hulk, but then reverts to human form right before the Green Scar is about to strike him in retaliation, this reminds Green Scar of his own abusive father ◊. The Green Scar immediately turns back into Bruce, and he and Skaar finally hug each other as father and son . Also overlaps with Tear Jerker, after seeing the flashbacks to Bruce's own childhood.
When Hulk meets all of his dead family and friends during Chaos War, reunites with his mother (who doesn't like his wife Red She-Hulk), makes up with Doc Samson (now restored from the Character Derailment) and Doctor Strange, is saved from his father, empowered by all the fear that Bruce felt for him, by Queen Jarella empowered by all the love that he felt for her, and they give each other a hug before they have to be parted again.
THIS ◊. note Sadly, it's from an alternate reality, and it eventually doesn't really end well, either. Doctor Doom of this reality transforms Bruce and Betty's son, Skip (a.k.a. Skaar of this reality), into his Hulk-like form, and his mother is forced to kill him.
After depowering gamma-irradiated mutates wherever he can find then, the newly super-intelligent Hu-, sorry, Doc Green, finally confronts Jennifer Walters aka She-Hulk, asks the Avengers with her if they can talk privately as he brings the cure (which is later in She-Hulk's possession), and...they have a heart-to-heart talk. Doc Green admits that he had no intention of curing Jennifer, as she's the only one who didn't let the gamma radiation ruin her life. Doc Green outright says she is "the best of them" by consistently proving that she doesn't have to be a menace to the world, and can be a hero. He then reveals that the cure is for him, in case a rogue AI he created attempts to steal his body while the Extremis virus he emerged from wears off, or he gets tempted to using more of it and unleashing of malevolent persona of The Maestro onto the world. Jen reassures that it won't come to that. He also tells Jen that the Extremis gave him a new perspective of seeing the world, and wishes he could see more of it, crying over the short time he has while Jennifer comforts him.
In the second Superman/Spider-Man crossover, The Hulk was incited into an Unstoppable Rage by a noise-emitting device (created by Doctor Doom). After Superman removed the device, there's this exchange.
Superman: All I want to do is help you, Hulk. That's my job — helping people.
Hulk: Hulk isn't people. Hulk is... different. But so is Cape-Man! Cape-Man looks like puny human, but isn't! Hulk... trusts Cape-Man!
In the 1999 Roger Stern Hulk/Superman crossover, Hulk never fully trusts Superman, but Superman does give one hell of a "The Reason You Suck" Speech to Ross and Luthor, angrily saying that he understands the Hulk's rage. The Framing Story has Clark treating his inability to help Banner/Hulk as My Greatest Failure alongside his now-wife Lois.
Immortal Hulk #13 features a brief moment between Banner and the Hulk. Picking up a character note from Avengers: No Surrender, Banner just wants to die after everything that's happened in his life, and then the Hulk quietly states that despite him being Banner's worst side he will protect him above everything else, indeed always has protected him, and that he loves him.
The Incredible Hercules
Heartwarming/Marvel Comics


Naturally curious cats explore practically every inch of the home.
Cat dander can find its way onto almost everything, from your furniture to the cabinetry and, of course, the floors. Even if the naturally sloughed skin and fur don't trigger allergies in the occupants of your home, dander is a feast for dust mites, so you should remove it from your living quarters. Deal with dander using a few common and some not-so-typical practices.
Static created by dry air can make cat dander cling to hard surfaces, such as cupboards. The minuscule cells float in the air and can latch on to sticky, greasy residue that coats your kitchen cabinets. Wash cabinetry with hot tap water and a squirt of grease-busting dish soap to remove a film and the dander. If static from dryness is the problem, clean the cabinets, but also bring the home's relative humidity up to about 50 percent using a humidifier. A home with air that's too dry causes pet and people's skin to be dry and slough or shed faster than normal.
Your furry feline likely spends much of his time on the prowl, around the furniture, between plants and under tables, leaving a trail of dander. At least once a week, vacuum the floors, including the space under the beds, couch and chairs, using a vacuum cleaner with a quality, tight-mesh filter, such as a high-efficiency particulate air filter. Additionally, a HEPA furnace filter removes particles, including dander, from the air. Damp-mop hard-surface flooring weekly -- more often, if you have two or more cats -- and steam-clean any carpeting a couple times a year, or on a seasonal basis.
Vacuuming dander and fur from upholstered furniture -- at least once a week -- can reduce its accumulation. On the days in between, use a tape or sticky-rubber lint roller designed to remove pet hair. Rubbing a fabric-softener sheet over furniture can reduce static, which acts like a magnet for dander. Run rubber gloves down drapery or over upholstery to pick up cat fur. On hard-surface furniture, such as glass tables or wood plant stands, use an anti-static spray or cleaning product designed for repelling dust to repel dander.
Besides the floors, furniture and cabinets, other areas of your house can harbor dander. Clean the drapes and lampshades each time you bring out the vacuum cleaner, using the soft-bristled upholstery attachment. Lift off floor registers, and vacuum out the reachable contents, so that they aren't blown into the air by your home's heating and cooling system. Wash the bedrooms' bedding as often as needed, including any shams and bed skirts, and regularly launder pet bedding to control a dander dilemma.
Hordos, Lorna. "How to Get Rid of Cat Dander on Furniture, Cabinets and Floors." Home Guides | SF Gate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/rid-cat-dander-furniture-cabinets-floors-94609.html. Accessed 24 April 2019.


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Coronavirus: What do buyers of French property need to know?
PUBLISHED: 15:33 31 March 2020 | UPDATED: 15:33 31 March 2020
Hannah Evans
With France and the UK both under lockdown, what shoudl you do if you are currently in the middle of a property transaction? (c) jacus/Getty Images
Many people are currently confused about what to do and what can be done if they are currently in the process of buying or selling a house in France. Here's the information so far.
In these uncertain times, many people are questioning how to proceed with ongoing French property transactions, especially in the wake of recent government advice for people to postpone any house moves within the UK. The French lockdown period has been extended until April 15th, and given the UK is currently also in lockdown until at least the 13th of April, flexible travel between the two countries is looking unlikely in the near future. We've enlisted the help of some French property experts to answer your questions.
I'm in the middle of making a property purchase. Can I still proceed to completion?
Sue Busby, of France Legal, says: From a practical point of view, it may still be possible to proceed to completion. Most notaires are working, albeit from home, and can receive and prepare documents. Providing the land registry and the Mairie have been able to send the documentation required for completion to the Notaire, then the sale deed can be prepared. Of course, there may be hold ups as there may not be as many people physically working in these places at the moment but technology allows most tasks and communications to continue.
How can I get around signing a contract in person? Can I engage a Power of Attorney?
Barbara Heslop of Heslop and Platt French law specialists replies: Urgent measures are being taken at the highest level in France to pass emergency laws and put in place new processes to enable certain transactions to proceed remotely. The French Authorities, not generally known for doing anything quickly, have certainly risen to the challenge and we have been reliably informed that an 'Ordonnance' will be issued from the week of Monday 30 March 2020 to allow for the remote signature of certain notarial deeds. This will be a temporary relaxation and will only apply for the duration of the current lockdown or 'confinement' as it is called in France.
It will remove the normally strict requirement for signature of such deeds either in person (i.e. in front of the Notaire in charge of the transaction) or pursuant to a Power of Attorney which a party to the transaction has already given. In place of the usual requirements, it will be possible to complete transactions using electronic signatures via web portals such as DocuSign and Yousign. The use of video conference and video links (such as Microsoft teams) is also likely to be introduced so the Notaire can see the clients actually signing the documents and vice versa.
Verification of the identity of a signatory remains, as always, of paramount importance and so full use of modern technology will be employed to safeguard not just the parties to the transaction but also to protect Notaires, lenders and estate agencies against any potentially fraudulent activity.
In terms of a property sale and purchase, many estate agencies are already sending out contracts for electronic signature and this is likely to become more widespread over the coming weeks where a property was viewed prior to the lockdown and has progressed to the offer and acceptance stage. Notaires are also now accepting, for some transactions, signature of a Power of Attorney without certification of the individual's signature, provided the individual sends back the signed Power of Attorney with a signed copy of the photo page of his or her passport.
The Notaire will however only be in a position to complete the transaction if all the pre-completion formalities have been dealt with and all search results have been received. We have also been told this week that time periods which apply to certain formalities (such as the two month period for the purging of a pre-emption right in favour of the local agricultural body or the local commune), have been temporarily halted and the time period will not start to run again until after the end of the lockdown. This may therefore delay the completion of some sales and purchases.
For those buyers and sellers whose Notaire had already completed the administrative formalities and searches prior to the lockdown, it may therefore be possible to at least discuss fixing a completion date.
What if I am in fear of losing my income, or one of my family members becoming ill, and cannot continue with proceedings?
Sue answers: Even the death of a purchaser does not necessarily invalidate the contract but this would depend on the conditions in your contract. Under article 1195 of the civil code, it is possible to get out of a French contract by reason of an unforeseen change of circumstances occurring that makes it particularly onerous for one of the parties to proceed. For instance, if you lost your job and there was no reasonable prospect of getting another one soon, that might be considered a valid reason for withdrawing from the contract. Be careful though as some contracts contain a clause setting aside this right, in which case, it would simply not apply. If your contract does not contain such a clause then you can attempt to renegotiate the terms of the contract eg delaying completion or reducing the price. If the vendor refuses, the contract can be brought to an end, if both parties agree or a judge can be asked to adapt the contract or annul it.
The coronavirus situation in itself would not, in my opinion, constitute a valid reason for withdrawing from a purchase once a contract has been signed and the 10 day cooling off period passed. The best solution would be to negotiate an extension to the planned completion date. A supplement to the contract would need to be signed by both parties to this effect.
Am I able to physically move to France?
Barbara says: It is still unclear however whether the current restrictions in France allow for the physical moving in and out of a property. We suspect there will be very limited cases where the deferral of the completion date is considered impossible. In any event, furniture removal and installation whilst social distancing would undoubtedly be another challenge to overcome!
Any last words of advice?
Jacqui Reddin, Head of Sales Development at Beaux Villages, adds: My advice is don't panic, and stay in touch with your agent. We are still actively dealing with ongoing sales and even have new ones since lockdown. The buying process is bound to take a bit longer, but if we all stay connected things will start to flow more smoothly.
Keep an eye out for more updates as we monitor the situation.
If you found this helpful, you might also like:
Daily developments of the coronavirus in France
Coronavirus: coping with life under lockdown in France
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text:
Dancehall is the anaesthetizing force of the entire universe, and for the naysayers and so-called dancehall insiders who like to declare the artform as a dying business because of the rise of Afrobeats, and a myriad of other factors, boy, they are in for a surprise: dancehall is alive and well.
Incarcerated deejay Vybz Kartel remains in the top spot as the most streamed entertainer out of Jamaica. With bonafide hits like 'Any Weather' , 'Beat Dem Bad' featuring Squash and 'Like I'm Superman', the deejay has only got better over time. The Teacha's online verbal spat with one-time protege Adonia underlines the gulf he has placed with every other artiste in his generation. He has proven himself as dancehall's Picasso and sits at the top of our Hot in 2019 ranking.
Newcomers Chronic Law (pictured above) and Squash have now entered the top five of the most streamed artistes out of Jamaica fuelling the rise of the 6ix. Squash's singles like 'Trending', 'Beat Dem Bad', the aforementioned collaboration with Kartel, 'Oh Lala La' and his online fisticuffs with Alkaline, has cemented his place on this year's list, racking up 15.3 million streams. Chronic Law has had a breakout year as well with songs such as 'Bless Me', 'Hide My Tears' , 'Government' and his monster hit, 'Hillside', and is now a bonafide star in the world of dancehall. In the process, he amassed 20.9 million streams over the past 12 months. Daddy1, another key member of the 6Ix, continues to do well with songs like 'BroGad', 'Anthem' and 'Out Here', and the best is yet to come, because 2020 could be his time to ascend to the next level.
Apart from reggae stalwarts like Toots Hibbert, top flight deejay Buju Banton perhaps earned the most money touring the globe and performing for legions of his fans. The deejay closed the year on a high as his linkup with ace producer Dave Kelly inspired 'Trust Phone', and a video for the project has racked up 2.2 million views in two weeks since its release.
Koffee is undeniably the most popular artiste in Jamaica, with 2019 being huge for her since releasing her "Rapture" EP in March. The success of the single "Toast" has helped her garner attention worldwide, dominating the Billboard Reggae Charts, and winning favour with President Obama when he included the song on his 2019 Summer Playlist. Most recently, during Prime Minister Andrew Holness' visit to China, the song was performed by the Chinese Military Band. Nineteen-year-old Koffee has brought a younger generation of fans to reggae music with her infectious positive energy and gratitude-fueled sound. Koffee's Toast holds the coveted top spot with 3.91 million streams over the past 12 months. Her "Rapture" EP was recently nominated for "Best Reggae Album" for the 2020 Grammy Awards and can only be attributed to the success of her music thus far. The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards will take place on January 26, 2020, in Los Angeles.
Shenseea comes in at number 5 in our Hot in 2019 ranking. Her combination with Tyga, 'Blessed', racked up over 34 million views on YouTube, and she secured mainstream play on major radio stations in the US. She has also been booked solid at events all over the world, but she arguably made a major misstep when she ripped into former friend, Jada Kingdom during the Red Bull Culture Clash at the National Arena in Kingston in November. Shenseea spewed disparaging lyrics about Jada and questioned her credentials as an artiste. Jada's response was immediate and potentially career-damaging, as she unleashed a diss track online called 'Shen Heng' that racked up over one million plus views. She ridiculed Shenseaa with razor-sharp disses applied with almost surgical precision, calling her "a big coward-groupie'.
Spice, who has over 2.4 million followers on IG, is next in the rankings. The de facto Queen of Dancehall has been racking up the frequent flyer miles performing all over the world as she brings her saucy brand of dancehall to the forefront. She did 'Back Way' with Vybz Kartel that racked up nine million views, and 'Tables Turn' that registered 8.5 million views, and her booty-jumping feature on Stylo G's 'Dumpling' remix ensured that she is still at the top of her game.
Dexta Daps had a great year, starting off with the sultry 'No Underwear' and he showed great versatility with 'Leader', a collaboration with Masicka that earned 5.1 million views in only three months.
Munga Honorable has seen a resurgence of his career in the fall of 2018 leading into this year thanks to the success of his single "Nah Mad (Ova Nuh Gal)." A music video, which was released on January 1, now has over 10 million views. However, in late January, the dancehall singjay had to count his lucky stars when he was involved in a fatal car crash that took the life of his girlfriend, 26-year-old Tashana Cumbermack, a Canadian citizen. Munga was not driving at the time. He recovered from that to do shows all over the world as his travel ban - due to a murder charge - was officially lifted in the Supreme Court in June of this year. Munga, whose real name is Damian Rhoden, is charged with murder of Cleveland Smith, who was shot dead on Molynes Road on February 12, 2017. The murder case has been in "case management" for several months.
Speaking of comebacks, Tommy Lee made a great comeback this year with the song, 'Blessing' which is the second most streamed song coming out of Jamaica with 3.49 million streams. A video for the project racked up 9.6 million views.
Honourable mentions include Masicka who had a quiet effective year filled with multiple tour dates and the 'Unruly Boss' Popcaan who possesses countless hits, and who staged a another successful 'Unruly Fest'.
Hot in 2019
Entertainment Ranking
Chronic Law
Daddy1
Shenseea
Dexta Daps
Munga Honorable
Masicka
Buju Banton signs with Jay-Z's Roc Nation
Hot in 2019: Britany Anderson's U20 hurdles record was special
WATCH: Unruly Fest lights up St Thomas


Apart from the compelling scientific motivations behind infrared astronomy, there is a dramatic technology revolution -- still ongoing -- that has done much to open the vistas of the IR universe. This point is spectacularly illustrated in the Figure below, where a pair of observations of infrared emission from the center of our Galaxy, separated by three decades, is shown.
The inset displays a strip-chart recording made by Gerry Neugebauer and Eric Becklin, obtained with a single-element PbS (lead sulfide) detector and the Palomar 200-inch telescope in 1967. The larger near-infrared mosaic of the Galactic Center was created in the early 1990s by Ian Gatley at Kitt Peak National Observatory, from observations with a modern infrared camera using PtSi (platinum silicon) detector arrays.
The breathtaking progress made in developing infrared detector technologies has resulted in large part from a synergistic relationship between science and technology -- and between industry and universities. The genesis of this revolution was an investment of hundreds of millions of dollars in infrared detector array technology by the U.S. Department of Defense throughout the 1980s. Military interests in this technology concentrated on high-background temperature environments and on wavelengths shorter than about 30 microns. As the accumulated technical knowledge migrated to the civilian world, astronomers re-directed the focus of development towards the goal of low-background, high-sensitivity applications. Moreover, impressive progress has been made in array technology at all wavelengths stretching from the near- to the far-infrared.
In the span of fifteen years, infrared astronomers have gone from using a handful of individual detector elements to routinely working with large-format arrays of many thousands of picture elements (pixels). The "million pixel era" of IR astronomy dawned in 1995. One looks back with a mixture of amazement and amusement when recognizing that the enormous legacy of the path-breaking Infrared Astronomical Satellite was the result of only 62 detector elements! A dramatic application of the continued improvements in detector technologies are these mosaics of the Galactic Center, each featuring near-infrared data obtained from the Two-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS).
Visible-light (left) and near-infrared (right) images of the Galactic Center. Each image is 10 degrees square.
(Below)A false-color composite image of a 5 degree x 2 degree region around the Galactic Center. The blue and green colors correspond to near-infrared emission seen by the Two-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) at wavelengths of 1.25 and 2.17 microns. The red emission denotes 6-11 micron mid-infrared emission seen by the SPIRIT-III telescope aboard the Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX). The plane of the Milky Way runs horizontally and the Galactic Center is the bright (yellow) object near the middle.
The progress made in infrared detector technologies for astronomical applications is a direct result of a beneficial partnership between scientists and industry. While scientists owe a debt of gratitude to the design and fabrication efforts of industry, many of these firms have also obtained benefits from the rigorous testing performed by university-based astronomical research groups.
It is this revolution in infrared detector technology that will be at the core of the scientific discoveries made by Spitzer.
Another important technical development that reduces the mass of the Observatory, and thereby the launch costs, is lightweight optics. The Spitzer primary and secondary mirrors, and the supporting structures, are fabricated almost entirely with lightweight beryllium. This material features a high stiffness-to-density ratio, high thermal conductivity, and low cryogenic specific heat. The total mass of the Spitzer telescope is less than 50 kg. The beryllium telescope assembly is not subject to the complications of thermal expansion variations, and has extremely good dimensional stability.
The 85-cm diameter Spitzer primary mirror is fabricated from lightweight beryllium.
The 85-cm diameter primary mirror is designed to operate at temperatures of 5.5 K with a wavefront error of less than 0.07 waves. The Spitzer telescope is of Ritchey-Chretien design and will deliver diffraction-limited performance at wavelengths of 6.5 microns and longer.


After many months of me gone, I'm sure you all have noticed that I'm now back!! There are also other former pack members returning (like Shadow and Castor), and many other completely new luffs (like Chevika)! The pack is restoring its activity and hopefully we'll be the chatty pack we once were. But, some inactive members have recently been kicked out of the pack.
This thread is in the process of being updated, so yeah... not much to say about that xD I plan on updating the rules thread sometime in the near future to make it more clear and specific. Also, I plan on being much more consistent with making these types of threads. The last one that was posted was back in August... but expect one of these at the beginning of each month from now on!


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Steve Price responds to criticism..
Steve Price has responded to criticism of a comment he made on ABC on Monday night.
Appearing on Q&A, Price said co-panelist Guardian columnist Van Badham was being 'hysterical'.
The comment has caused an uproar and many took it as misogynistic due to its historical context.
But Price told Tom Elliott there was no implicit meaning to that effect.
'I don't think that this is something I need to defend myself about,' he said.
Price said he doesn't think the ABC is honest about its aim for the show.
'They want ratings, they want controversy,' he said.


What inspired you to start Project.INC?
Students with anxiety, depression, autism and other needs often struggle socially as well as academically resulting in pupils who don't perform or stop turning up altogether. An ex art-and-design teacher and school leader, I knew art classrooms were a place of refuge for these young people who were often petrified of the school yard.
As art has been removed from the curriculum, these safe spaces have disappeared from schools and certain students with them. I wanted to find a way to fill this needs gap.
Art and design is what I know and love. I'm also aware that lots of young people who consider themselves to be alternative or who have additional needs find art accessible and enjoyable.
I wanted to bring art and design qualifications to vulnerable young people by creating learning environments that felt completely different to mainstream classrooms. Places that are calm and quiet in the kinds of buildings some learners may never have visited before.
Working with heritage buildings gives us the opportunity to link up with other artists, create work placement opportunities for our young people and helps them connect with the real world again.
What makes Project.INC so successful?
I'd have to say our values. We've built Project.INC on a belief in being respectful, responsible, safe and kind. This resonates with the young people who come and work with us and helps them to feel comfortable, let their guard down and do their best work.
Project.INC has been really successful in our two existing bases so now we're expanding to a new location in Leigh at Spinners Mill. We've also got plans to open in Manchester city centre, Bury and Oldham in 2019 to help more young people and schools across Greater Manchester.
Working as a social enterprise with the support of GMCVO and Nesta, we are confident we can reach as many young people as possible with Art !
It's not really a possession as such but I'd have to say my Italian greyhound, Enzo. He's like a real greyhound just smaller and cuter!


Google adsense are ads that are shown on your site. They can be small text ads or images. Google gets paid by their advertisers and in turn pays you each time someone clicks on the ad.
Google adsense is a great way to make money from your website traffic. It is possible to make a sizable income from these little ads but many do not realize the potential of these little gems. Setting up: Go to https://www.google.com/adsense 1. Set up an account 2.
Decide what sort of ad format you want 3. Insert the html in your website 15 Tips for making the most profit from your Google Adsense: Google has many tools check them all and see which ones will work for you. 1. Filtering your competition - Google allows you to filter out up to 200 URL from being shown on your site 2. Targeting your ads by using the right keywords and density in your content and making sure your content is relevant 3. Text ads are usually best 4.
Positioning your adsense ads: The top or your site will earn you the most money 5. Keywords-niche markets are the highest paying ads 6. You can add small graphics to draw attention to your ads 7. Customize the color of your ads to make them look like a part of your website 8. Simplify your website to make your ads more noticeable 9. Combine your ads with Google search box.
This also pays for searches and will bring in some money 10. Make multiple niche sites. The more you make the more you earn 11.
Make your font the same size as your Google ad 12. You can set up sites that offer free resources and giveaways these will be ideal for Google ad 13. Make use of Google's tracking tools. Keep a record of how well your ads are doing and which site and position is doing the best 14. Use the 250 x 250 rectangle ad format and make them borderless. Blend the ads into your website and make them look like resources not ads.
15. Make use of Google ad links. They have a higher rate of click through than the test ads.
When not to use Google adsense: 1. If you are using any PPC engines to drive traffic to your site. You do not want you visitors to leave your site and use the Google links to go to another website 2. If you are selling your own products and services and do not want your visitor to be distracted 3.
If you are using any other text ads on your site Google may not accept and you will draw visitors away from your ads. 4. Topics to be avoided: Gambling, firearms, ammunition, tobacco or drugs will not be allowed by Google 5. Do not allow your layouts to look similar to Google. Uniqueness will get the click 6. Never click on your own links or ads Google will ban you for doing this.
Driving traffic to your website: The key to success is to drive a large amount of targeted visitors to your site. This can be done by: ? Search Engine submission ? Linking ? Article distribution Try using these tips and techniques to boost your click through and make more money from your site. Experiment track and test and you will have a good source of passive income that will never cost you time or money.


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What Day Of The Week Was October 2, 1946?
October 2, 1946 was the 275th day of the year 1946 in the Gregorian calendar. There were 90 days remaining until the end of the year. The day of the week was Wednesday.
A person born on this day will be 72 years old today. If that same person saved a Dime every day starting at age 3, then by now that person has accumulated $2,540.40 today.
Who were born on October 2, 1946?


Mohali, Mar 12 (UNI) Despite International Cricket Council listing him as an all-rounder, left handed batsman and medium pacer Irfan Pathan does not consider himself as an all-rounder as yet.
Addressing a press conference after the day's play here today, Pathan, who made a quickfire 52 to take India to safety batting along with captain Dravid, said he need a couple of hundreds before being considered as an all-rounder.
''I am still a bowler who can bat also. Getting wickets is important for me,'' said Pathan.
He said India will press for a win tomorrow. ''We will bowl well tomorrow, we have chance for force victory.'' Meanwhile, England half centurion Ian Bell was disappointed to get out, caught by wicketkeeper Dhoni of the bowling of Anil Kumble.
''I wanted to be there (batting) tomorrow. I am frustrated to get out after doing work. I could not anticipate the fast delivery (off Kumble) which took the edge and landed at Dhoni's gloves ,'' the right-handed batsman said.
Bell made a laboured 57 with the help of seven fours. He and opener Andrew Strauss were associated in a 43-run stand for the second wicket.
''If captain Andrew Flintoff and Geraint Jones bat well tomorrow, we can stage a fightback,'' Bell added.


Given the developments in the Miami situation over the past couple of months, this was anticipated.
Per CBSSports' Dennis Dodd, Miami has in fact filed a motion to dismiss the NCAA's case against its athletics program. The Miami Herald reported earlier this week that UM could file such a motion, with the Associated Press reporting similarly Friday afternoon.
It's an interesting, and according to Dodd, unprecedented move considering the charges UM is facing. While Miami is a private institution and not required to release its Notice of Allegations — it's not believed the school will reveal the details of its motion to dismiss either — it's been reported that the program is facing a lack of institutional control charge.
The AP reported earlier today that the NCAA is alleging Miami officials looked the other way when presented with evidence that former booster Nevin Shapiro provided impermissible benefits to athletes.
"The NCAA… has asked Miami to detail whether or not it hired a private investigator to look into Shapiro's business dealings between 2002 and 2005, records of a meeting between at least one athletics department official and Shapiro in 2003, and the findings of a study the school conducted with regard to Shapiro in 2006.
Miami has also been asked to provide copies of certain email exchanges that were about Shapiro, including one from 2008 that was sent to at least one member of the Atlantic Coast Conference's staff.
If there's record that Miami turned a blind eye to Shapiro, the Hurricanes could be in serious trouble.
But Miami could have a compelling argument that there's simply not enough usable evidence for the NCAA to have a legitimate case. The Herald's report on Wednesday claimed NCAA's director of enforcement, Stephanie Hannah, continued to work with Shapiro's attorney, Maria Elena Perez, to obtain information through depositions that would aid the UM investigation.
While that would be another blemish for the NCAA because it shows a continuation of unethical practices started by Hannah's predecessor, Ameen Najjar, it's not nearly as bad as the allegation that NCAA investigators lied to interview subjects in order to gain information.
Hannah's working relationship with Perez reportedly did not result in any information the NCAA could use in its investigation and Perez's previous depositions were ultimately thrown out of the NOA. However, if NCAA investigators lied to interview subjects, that information would have to be tossed as well.
Dodd writes that Miami "will include new information regarding the NCAA's conduct" in the motion. Whether that new information corroborates the Herald's report or adds to it isn't clear. Consequently, how much information, if any, the NCAA would have to scrap is unknown.
Miami thinks, as it has all along, that it should not face any additional sanctions beyond the ones self-imposed over the past couple of years. But even if Miami could get its case dismissed, all signs indicate that might not happen until after the program files an official response to its NOA.
It's been no secret Miami planned to fight the NCAA on its NOA. Add in the numerous missteps the NCAA has taken in investigating UM and the Hurricanes certainly have ammo. Just don't expect that fight to be over tomorrow.


This 29 page layout is included with Proposal Pack. Create variations of this document of any length to suit your specific needs. Order and download for $79.
This set of templates was selected for an animal farming (poultry, pigs, etc.) startup proposal. The chapters cover things such as facilities and infrastructure to human treatment, waste management and regulatory compliance.


I walked up to him smiling gratefully as he gently handed me an ice-cream. I licked my lips as it spilled all over my face. I looked into his eyes, evilness crept into my soul, sucking life out of my body. He shoved me behind him and locked me in a rotting jail. I huddle into the bars, terrified. How could a nice ice cream man be so cruel? I watched, frozen as he ruined the lives of many other kids like me. I tumbled over, holding my breath as he crept in, ready for murder. I screamed, suprised he dropped the knife and I fled. I ran as fast as my little legs would carry me till I finally reached home. At night, when everything was silent I closed my eyes and tried to fall asleep. I didn't wake up in the morning.


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Q: How can I remotely execute commands on a Windows Server from a Linux box? I know that using WinRS or PsExec can do it from a Windows box, but I really need to do it from a linux box.
And Cygwin/OpenSSHd is not an option for license issues.
Any suggestions?

A: *

*I usually push for Cygwin + sshd because it integrates well.

*You could also consider a simple home-made command listener on specific port (telnet-alike or more specific) wrapped by stunnel for security.

*Another approach is CGI-script on Windows web-server.
This approach is generic enough and can be run over HTTPS for security, but I would only suggest it for well-established interfaces (not for quick immediate stuff), when you are ready to run web-server for it.

UPDATE regarding CGI
I guess you can start here to run CGI server on Windows.
Calling remote command over CGI from Linux can be done by curl.
One googled introduction is complete enough and has sample C program to start with. To make the CGI approach clear, you may avoid web-server for testing by setting proper environment variables locally and running CGI program directly from command line.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Our 2017-18 season finished with a national gold medal and a new "C" rating, hard-won by Maia Slowinski.� Barely into the 2018-19 season, Sam Harris brought home a new "C" rating in epee from the University of Florida's "Duel in the Swamp".� Just this past weekend, we have a new "E" foilist, two golds, a sliver and a bronze!!
Our 4th�annual "WGFA College Colors Tournament" featured 15 teams across two weapons, a youth event and two unrated senior events.� Due to the birth of our daughter last year, we made the decision to skip the tournament and expected a much smaller turn-out.� We were pleasantly surprised by the opposite!� Though smaller than in the past, our team tournament continues to be the largest in the state of Florida and it coincides with "National College Colors Day".� In 2013, WGFA held an impromptu in-house team tournament where all of our students chose college teams and fenced for honor.� They all wore their favorite team shirts, yelled battle chants and had a blast being just a little obnoxious.� The following year, we turned the event into a fund-raiser for education, donating proceeds to a school offering to provide the space needed for a larger tournament.� Lakeview Middle School (Winter Garden) hosted for the for first two years, and Washington Shores Elementary (Orlando) hosted the next two.�� The purpose of "College Colors" is to promote higher education and all participants are encouraged to represent their college or university of choice.
Nicholas Walsh (OFC) snatched his own bronze in the unrated mixed epee event, with the gold and silver travelling back to the University of Florida.
The unrated foil event was mostly comprised of WGFA and OFC fencers, and they shined!� First place and an "E" rating was awarded to Kelsey Beck after defeating fellow WGFA fencer, Eric Weakley, 15-12!� A close bout indeed!� That left the tie for bronze going to Martin Rodriguez (OFC) and Nathanael Vanetta (WGFA).
Leaving once again as the epee team champion was the Russanov family, Boris Sr. ,Boris Jr and Dennis.� Miami Lakes Fencing Club took the silver, and D'Alerta Fencers earned the sole bronze.
�Lastly, and by far our most favorite event, the foil team gold was won by "The Citizens"; a rag-tag group of veteran-aged coaches from different clubs.� Congratulations to Georgina Love, Daniel Bucur and Nestor Grajales.� Silver was passed to the "OSHS Fighting Orkkas" with the bronze going to WGFA's "The Inner Circle"; Slowinski, Beck and Vanetta.
�For the organizers, the day was tough and long.� The fencers and families seemed to have a great time and even provided some very positive feedback.� It's a tournament worth doing each time and it's for a good cause. �Much thanks to the school's principal, Dr. Nate Stephens!