text:
About NBIA
Overview of NBIA Disorders
PKAN
MPAN
BPAN
Neuroferritinopathy
Woodhouse-Sakati
Kufor-Rakeb
Idiopathic NBIA
Our Scientific & Medical Advisory Board
Our Staff & Volunteers
Milestones & Accomplishments
Newly Diagnosed Info
Group Forum
Networking Program
RareConnect
NBIA Alliance
NBIA Family Conference
TIRCON
Research Meetings
Grants Program / Funding Opportunities
Connect with Us: Researchers, Clinicians, Professionals
Diagnosing NBIA
Symptoms of NBIA
Dystonia Pain Management
Intrathecal Baclofen Pump
Deferiprone
Glossary of Medical Terms
Beacon of Hope Campaign
Donation of Stock
Major & Planned Gifts
Fundraise for NBIA Disorders
NBIA Alliance News
NBIA Newsletters
Kufor-Rakeb is named for the village in Jordan where it was first described in 1994. In 2010, a mutation in the ATP13A2 gene was deemed responsible. Two U.S. families have been diagnosed with this disorder and there are a few in South America, the Middle East, Asian countries and one from Italy. It has been suggested that only a portion of cases may have iron accumulation; it may develop late in disease course, or it may only be associated with more severe mutations.
Clinical Diagnosis
Brain CT and MRI may show diffuse moderate cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. Iron accumulation in the basal ganglia affecting the putamen and caudate is present in some, but not all individuals.
Disease onset is usually in adolescence. Presenting symptoms include juvenile parkinsonism, dementia, abnormal eye movements and involuntary jerking of facial and finger muscles. Response to dopaminergic treatment has been noted, followed by the early development of dyskinesias (diminished voluntary movements and the presence of involuntary movements).
Kufor-Rakeb is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Because most of our genes exist in pairs (one coming from the mother and one coming from the father), we normally carry two working copies of each gene. When one copy of a recessive gene has a change (mutation) in it, the person should still have normal health. That person is called a carrier.
Recessive diseases only occur when both parents are carriers for the same condition and then pass their changed genes on to their child. Statistically, there is a one in four chance that two carriers would have an affected child. There is a two in four chance the parents will have a child who is also a carrier. The chances are one in four that the child will not have the gene mutation. Carrier testing for at-risk relatives and prenatal testing for pregnancies at risk are suggested if both disease-causing mutations have been identified in an affected family member.
If the disease-causing mutations have been identified in the family, prenatal diagnosis for pregnancies at increased risk can be done. In one test, DNA is extracted from fetal cells obtained by amniocentesis, usually at 15 to 18 weeks' gestation, and analyzed. Or, sampling is done of the chorionic villus, the tiny finger-like projections on the edge of the placenta, usually at 10 to 12 weeks' gestation.
Embryo screening, known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis, may be an option for some families in which the disease-causing mutations have been identified.
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Copyright 2013-present, NBIA Disorders Association. All rights reserved. This site may not be copied or duplicated in any fashion without the Association's consent.


400.990 Short title; legislative findings.
400.991 License requirements; background screenings; prohibitions.
400.9915 Clinic inspections; emergency suspension; costs.
400.992 License renewal; transfer of ownership; provisional license.
400.9925 Rulemaking authority; license fees.
400.993 Unlicensed clinics; penalties; fines; verification of licensure status.


text:
#ifndef _SHA512_256_H
#define _SHA512_256_H

//Dependencies
#include "crypto.h"
#include "sha512.h"

//SHA-512/256 block size
#define SHA512_256_BLOCK_SIZE 128
//SHA-512/256 digest size
#define SHA512_256_DIGEST_SIZE 32
//Common interface for hash algorithms
#define SHA512_256_HASH_ALGO (&sha512_256HashAlgo)

/**
 * @brief SHA-512/256 algorithm context
 **/

typedef Sha512Context Sha512_256Context;

//SHA-512/256 related constants
extern const HashAlgo sha512_256HashAlgo;

//SHA-512/256 related functions
error_t sha512_256Compute(const void *data, size_t length, uint8_t *digest);
void sha512_256Init(Sha512_256Context *context);
void sha512_256Update(Sha512_256Context *context, const void *data, size_t length);
void sha512_256Final(Sha512_256Context *context, uint8_t *digest);

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The St. Louis Post-Dispatch is a major regional newspaper based in St. Louis, Missouri, serving the St. Louis metropolitan area. It is the largest daily newspaper in the metropolitan area by circulation, surpassing the Belleville News-Democrat, Alton Telegraph, and Edwardsville Intelligencer. The publication has received 19 Pulitzer Prizes.

The paper is owned by Lee Enterprises of Davenport, Iowa, which purchased Pulitzer, Inc. in 2005 in a cash deal valued at $1.46 billion.

Platform
On April 10, 1907, Joseph Pulitzer wrote what became known as the paper's platform:

I know that my retirement will make no difference in its cardinal principles, that it will always fight for progress and reform, never tolerate injustice or corruption, always fight demagogues of all parties, never belong to any party, always oppose privileged classes and public plunderers, never lack sympathy with the poor, always remain devoted to the public welfare, never be satisfied with merely printing news, always be drastically independent, never be afraid to attack wrong, whether by predatory plutocracy or predatory poverty.

History

Early years
In 1878, Pulitzer purchased the bankrupt St. Louis Dispatch at a public auction and merged it with the St. Louis Evening Post to create the St. Louis Post and Dispatch, whose title was soon shortened to its current form. He appointed John A. Cockerill as the managing editor. Its first edition, 4,020 copies of four pages each, appeared on December 12, 1878.

In 1882, James Overton Broadhead ran for Congress against John Glover. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, at Cockerill's direction, ran a number of articles questioning Broadhead's role in a lawsuit between a gaslight company and the city; Broadhead never responded to the charges.  Broadhead's friend and law partner, Alonzo W. Slayback, publicly defended Broadhead, asserting that the St. Louis Post-Dispatch was nothing more than a "blackmailing sheet."  The next day, October 13, 1882, Cockerill re-ran an offensive "card" by John Glover that the paper had published the prior November (November 11, 1881).  Incensed, Slayback barged into Cockerill's offices at the paper demanding an apology.  Cockerill shot and killed Slayback; he claimed self-defense, and a pistol was allegedly found on Slayback's body.  A grand jury refused to indict Cockerill for murder, but the economic consequences for the paper were severe. Therefore, in May 1883, Pulitzer sent Cockerill to New York to manage the New York World for him.

The Post-Dispatch was one of the first daily newspapers to print a comics section in color, on the back page of the features section, styled the "Everyday Magazine."

20th century
At one time, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch had the second-largest news bureau in Washington, D.C., of any newspaper in the Midwestern United States.

After Joseph Pulitzer's retirement, generations of Pulitzers guided the newspaper, ending when great-grandson Joseph Pulitzer IV left the company in 1995.

The Post-Dispatch was characterized by a liberal editorial page and columnists, including Marquis Childs. The editorial page was noted also for political cartoons by Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, who won the 1955 Pulitzer Prize for editorial cartoons, and Bill Mauldin, who won the Pulitzer for editorial cartoons in 1959.

Several months prior to the anniversary edition, the newspaper published a 63rd-anniversary tribute to "Our Own Oddities", a lighthearted feature that ran from 1940 to 1990.

On May 22, 1946, the Post-Dispatch became the first newspaper in the world to publish the secret protocols for Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

During the presidency of Harry S. Truman, the paper was one of his most outspoken critics. It associated him with the Pendergast machine in Kansas City, and constantly attacked his integrity.

In 1950, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch sent a reporter, Dent McSkimming, to Brazil to cover the 1950 FIFA World Cup. The reporter paid for his own travelling expenses and was the only U.S. reporter in all of Brazil covering the event.

In 1959 the St. Louis Globe-Democrat entered into a joint operating agreement with the Post-Dispatch. The Post–Globe operation merged advertising, printing functions and shared profits. The Post-Dispatch, distributed evenings, had a smaller circulation than the Globe-Democrat, a morning daily. The Globe-Democrat folded in 1983, leaving the Post-Dispatch as the only daily newspaper in the region.

In August 1973 a Teamsters union representing Globe and Post-Dispatch staffers went on strike, halting production for six weeks.

21st century

On January 13, 2004, the Post-Dispatch published a 125th-anniversary edition, which included some highlights of the paper's 125 years:

 Coverage of Charles Lindbergh, who flew across the Atlantic despite being denied financial or written support from the Post-Dispatch.
 A Pulitzer Prize-winning campaign to clean up smoke pollution in St. Louis. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, the city had the filthiest air in the United States.
 Sports coverage, including nine St. Louis Cardinals championships, an NBA title by the St. Louis Hawks in 1958, and the 2000 Super Bowl victory of the St. Louis Rams.
 Coverage of the city's "cultural icons" including Kate Chopin, Tennessee Williams, Chuck Berry, and Miles Davis.

On January 31, 2005, Michael Pulitzer announced the sale of Pulitzer, Inc. and all its assets, including the Post-Dispatch and a small share of the St. Louis Cardinals, to Lee Enterprises of Davenport, Iowa, for $1.46 billion. He said no family members would serve on the board of the merged company.

As of 2007, it was the fifth-largest newspaper in the midwestern United States and the 26th-largest newspaper in the U.S.

On March 12, 2007, the paper eliminated 31 jobs, mostly in its circulation, classified phone rooms, production, purchasing, telephone operations and marketing departments. Several rounds of layoffs have followed.

On March 23, 2009, the paper converted to a compact style every day from the previous broadsheet Sunday through Friday and tabloid on Saturday.

On May 4, 2012, the Post-Dispatch named a new editor, Gilbert Bailon.

In 2015, the paper was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for breaking news photography for its coverage of protests in Ferguson, Missouri.

Circulation and cost
Circulation dropped for the daily paper from 213,472 to 191,631 and then 178,801 for the two years after 2010, ending on September 30, 2011, and September 30, 2012, respectively. The Sunday paper also decreased from 401,427 to 332,825 and then to 299,227. The circulation as of September 30, 2016, was 98,104 daily and 157,543 on Sunday.

According to a 2017 press release from Lee Enterprises, the paper reaches more than 792,600 readers each week and stltoday.com has roughly 67 million page views a month.

The paper sells for $2 daily or $4 on Sundays and Thanksgiving Day. The price may be higher outside adjacent counties and states. Sales tax is included at newsracks.

Weatherbird

On February 11, 1901, the paper introduced a front-page feature called the "Weatherbird", a cartoon bird accompanying the daily weather forecast. "Weatherbird" is the oldest continuously published cartoon in the United States. Created by Harry B. Martin, who drew it through 1903, it has since been drawn by Oscar Chopin (1903–1910); S. Carlisle Martin (1910–1932); Amadee Wohlschlaeger (1932–1981); Albert Schweitzer, the first one to draw the Weatherbird in color (1981–1986); and Dan Martin (1986–present).

Notable people
Jerry Berger, society columnist, 1980–2004
 Bob Broeg, Hall of Fame baseball writer, 1946–2004
 Jacob Burck, political cartoonist, 1937–1938
 Cole Charles Campbell, editor, 1996–2000
 Richard Dudman, national affairs correspondent and Washington bureau chief, 1950–1981
Daniel R. Fitzpatrick
Derrick Goold, author and sportswriter
 Rick Hummel, Hall of Fame baseball writer, 1971–present
 Clair Kenamore, foreign correspondent, telegraph editor, feature writer and Sunday magazine editor, early 20th century
 Joe Mahr, Pulitzer Prize–winning investigative journalist, 2006–2009
 Rose Marion (ca. 1875-1947), feature writer
Harry B. Martin, cartoonist and golf writer
S. Carlisle Martin, cartoonist and illustrator
 Marguerite Martyn, reporter and artist (born ca. 1880, died 1948)
Bill Mauldin, cartoonist
 Bernie Miklasz, sports columnist, 1985–2015
 Robert Minor, political cartoonist, 1907–1911
 Joseph Pulitzer, publisher
 Charlie Ross, chief Washington correspondent and editor, 1918–1945
 Neal Russo, baseball writer and copy editor, 1947–1990
 Elaine Viets, columnist, 1975–2000
 Rosa Kershaw Walker society column, 1870s
 Joe Williams, film critic, 1996–2015
Amadee Wohlschlaeger, sports cartoonist
 William Woo, journalist and editor-in-chief, 1962–1996

See also

St. Louis Globe-Democrat, a major competing St. Louis daily newspaper, located one block away on the same street, closed in 1986
 St. Louis Sun, a short-lived competing daily newspaper started in 1989
 100 Neediest Cases, an annual charitable giving campaign sponsored in part by the Post-Dispatch
 Riverfront Times, the St. Louis weekly newspaper
 The Sporting News, a sports magazine that was started in St. Louis

References

Further reading
Jim McWilliams, Mark Twain in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1874–1891 (Troy, New York: Whitston Publishing Company, 1997).
 Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp 286–93
Daniel W. Pfaff, Joseph Pulitzer II and the Post-Dispatch: A Newspaperman's Life (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991).
Julian S. Rammelkamp, Pulitzer's Post-Dispatch, 1878–1883 (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1967).
Charles G. Ross and Carlos F. Hurd, The Story of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis: Pulitzer Publishing, 1944).
The St. Louis Post-Dispatch as Appraised by Ten Distinguished Americans (St. Louis, 1926).
Orrick Johns, Time of Our Lives: The Story of My Father and Myself, (New York, 1937). George Sibley Johns, father of the author, was editor of the Post-Dispatch for many years, and was the last of Joseph Pulitzer's "Fighting Editors".
Dan Martin, The story of the First 100 Years of the St. Louis Post Dispatch Weatherbird (St. Louis, 2001).

External links

 St. Louis Post-Dispatch Archive (1874–present)
 St. Louis Post-Dispatch photographs at the University of Maryland Libraries

Finding aids at the St. Louis Public Library

St. Louis Post-Dispatch
Saint Louis Post-Dispatch
Saint Louis Post-Dispatch
Saint Louis Post-Dispatch
1878 establishments in Missouri
Companies based in St. Louis
Pulitzer Prize for Public Service winners
Pulitzer family (newspapers)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: What's the cause of This Error and how to fix It? I installed Elasticsearch and Kibana 8.4.1 in VM ubuntu 22.04 ad I give this VM 2G RAM, 50 G disk, and 2 CPU
Caused by: java.io.IOException: No space left on device
elastic@elqstic:~$ sudo systemctl status elasticsearch.service
[sudo] password for elastic:
● elasticsearch.service - Elasticsearch
     Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/elasticsearch.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
     Active: active (running) since Thu 2022-09-15 11:10:54 UTC; 48min ago
       Docs: https://www.elastic.co
   Main PID: 1459 (java)
      Tasks: 91 (limit: 2196)
     Memory: 1005.3M
        CPU: 4min 46.879s
     CGroup: /system.slice/elasticsearch.service
             ├─1459 /usr/share/elasticsearch/jdk/bin/java -Xms4m -Xmx64m -XX:+UseSerialGC -Dcli.name=server -Dcli.script=/usr/share/elasticsearch/bin/elasticsearch -Dc>
             ├─1519 /usr/share/elasticsearch/jdk/bin/java -Des.networkaddress.cache.ttl=60 -Des.networkaddress.cache.negative.ttl=10 -Djava.security.manager=allow -XX:>
             └─1540 /usr/share/elasticsearch/modules/x-pack-ml/platform/linux-x86_64/bin/controller

sept. 15 11:11:03 elqstic systemd-entrypoint[1519]:         at org.elasticsearch.ingest.geoip@8.4.1/org.elasticsearch.ingest.geoip.DatabaseNodeService.lambda$retrieveD>
sept. 15 11:11:03 elqstic systemd-entrypoint[1519]:         at org.elasticsearch.server@8.4.1/org.elasticsearch.common.util.concurrent.ThreadContext$ContextPreservingR>
sept. 15 11:11:03 elqstic systemd-entrypoint[1519]:         at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1136)
sept. 15 11:11:03 elqstic systemd-entrypoint[1519]:         at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:635)
sept. 15 11:11:03 elqstic systemd-entrypoint[1519]:         at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:833)
sept. 15 11:11:03 elqstic systemd-entrypoint[1519]: Caused by: java.io.IOException: No space left on device
sept. 15 11:11:03 elqstic systemd-entrypoint[1519]:         at java.base/java.io.FileOutputStream.writeBytes(Native Method)
sept. 15 11:11:03 elqstic systemd-entrypoint[1519]:         at java.base/java.io.FileOutputStream.write(FileOutputStream.java:349)
sept. 15 11:11:03 elqstic systemd-entrypoint[1519]:         at org.apache.logging.log4j.core@8.4.1/org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.OutputStreamManager.writeToDe>

A:
No space left on device

Means that your disk is full. Simply remove some data and your server should be able to restart

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Fictional character throughout the DC Universe
"Pennyworth" redirects here. For the TV series, see Pennyworth (TV series). For the ship, see Pennyworth (ship).
Cover art of Batman #686 (March 2009)
Art by Alex Ross
Batman #16 (April 1943)
As Alfred Beagle:
Don Cameron (writer)
Bob Kane (artist)
As Alfred Pennyworth:
Bill Finger (writer)
Jerry Robinson (artist)
In-story information
Alfred Thaddeus Crane Pennyworth
Team affiliations
Batman Family
Wayne Family
Supporting character of
Notable aliases
Alfred Beagle, Alfred J(arvis), Pennyworth, Thaddeus Crane, Thaddeus Middleton, The Eagle, Penny-One
Classically trained butler
Classically trained actor
Former British special forces and intelligence expert
Proficiency in first aid medical techniques and computer systems
Alfred Thaddeus Crane Pennyworth or simply Alfred is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, most commonly in association with the superhero Batman.[1]
Pennyworth is depicted as Bruce Wayne's loyal and tireless butler, legal guardian, best friend, aide-de-camp, and surrogate father figure following the murders of Thomas and Martha Wayne. As a classically trained British actor and an ex-Special Operations Executive operative of honor and ethics with connections within the intelligence community, he has been called "Batman's batman".[2][3][4] He serves as Bruce's moral anchor while providing comic relief with his sarcastic and cynical attitude. A vital part of the Batman mythos, Alfred was nominated for the Wizard Fan Award for Favorite Supporting Male Character in 1994.[5]
In non-comics media, the character has been portrayed by actors Richard Dean Anderson William Austin, Eric Wilton, Michael Gough, Michael Caine, Jeremy Irons and Douglas Hodge on film, and by Alan Napier, Efrem Zimbalist Jr., Ian Abercrombie, David McCallum, and Sean Pertwee on television. Ralph Fiennes voiced Alfred in two animated films, and Martin Jarvis has voiced the character in the Batman: Arkham video game series. A young version of Alfred, played by Jack Bannon, depicts him before he became the butler to the Wayne family in the television series Pennyworth. The character will be played by Andy Serkis in the 2022 film The Batman.
1 Publication history
2 Fictional character biography
2.1 Pre-Crisis
2.2 Post-Crisis and Zero Hour
2.3 The New 52
2.4 DC Rebirth
3 Characterization
3.3 Skills, resources, and abilities
4 Other versions
4.1 All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder
4.2 Batman: The Dark Knight Returns
4.3 Earth One
4.4 Elseworlds
4.5 Earth-3
4.6 Injustice tie-ins
4.6.1 Injustice: Gods Among Us
4.6.2 Injustice 2
4.7 Tangent Comics
4.8 Tiny Titans
4.9 Batman: The Murder Machine
4.10 The Batman Who Laughs
4.11 Nightwing: The New Order
5 In other media
5.1.1 Live-action
5.1.2 Animation
5.3.1 Lego series
5.3.2 Arkham series
5.3.3 Telltale's Batman
6.1 Plot summary citations
Publication history[edit]
The character first appeared in Batman #16 (April 1943), by writer Don Cameron and artist Bob Kane. Evidence suggests that Alfred was created by the writers of the 1943 Batman serial—Victor McLeod, Leslie Swabacker, and Harry Fraser—and that DC Comics asked Don Cameron to write the first Alfred story, which was published prior to the serial's release.[6]
Fictional character biography[edit]
In Alfred's first appearance, he was overweight and clean-shaven; however, when the 1943 Batman serial was released, William Austin, the actor who played Alfred, was trim and sported a thin moustache. DC editors wanted the comic Alfred to resemble his cinematic counterpart, so in Detective Comics #83 (January 1944), Alfred vacationed at a health resort, where he slimmed down and grew a mustache.[7] This look has remained with the character ever since, even surviving his apparent "death"[Comics 1] and resurrection.[Comics 2]
Alfred (later named Pennyworth) in his first appearance ever, as an overweight, bumbling detective
Alfred was originally conceived as a comedic foil for Batman and Robin; he spoke with a Cockney accent, and simply arrived on Wayne Manor's doorstep to announce that he was beginning his duties.[8] In most early tales, he made bungling attempts to be a detective on a par with the young masters. He was given a four-page feature of his own, "The Adventures of Alfred", in Batman #22 (April–May 1944)[9][Comics 3] and the feature lasted 13 issues, skipping Batman #35, with the last story in Batman #36.[Comics 4] The stories followed a simple formula, with Alfred solving a crime and catching the culprits entirely by accident. In later years, the comedic aspects of the character were downplayed.
Pre-Crisis[edit]
The Pre-Crisis comics (the comics that were published by DC Comics between 1938 and 1984) established Alfred as a retired actor and intelligence agent who followed the deathbed wish of his dying father (whom he identified only as "Jarvis") to carry on the tradition of serving the Wayne family.[10] To that end, Alfred introduced himself to Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson at Wayne Manor and insisted on becoming their butler. Although the pair did not want one, especially since they did not want to jeopardize their secret identities with a servant in the house, they did not have the heart to reject Alfred. (The name "Pennyworth" was first used for Alfred in 1969[11] and thereafter it has been assumed that his father was named Jarvis Pennyworth; as it is customary for British domestic servants to be called by surname it might have been implied on Alfred's introduction that Jarvis was the surname he shared with his father; the surname "Beagle" was explicitly used for Alfred starting in 1945[12] and on the introduction of "Pennyworth" this is treated as having always been their name by retcon).
Initially, Alfred discovered their identities by accident; while fighting a burglar in Batman #16 (Alfred's first appearance), he accidentally hit a switch and opened a sliding panel leading to the Batcave. He is helpful to the duo, following them to a theatre where they are captured, bound and gagged by a criminal gang, and rescues them after Batman attracts his attention by knocking a rope down before the crooks return. This was revised in Batman #110 (September 1957); during his first night at Wayne Manor, Alfred awoke to moaning and followed the sound to the secret passage to the staircase leading to the Batcave and met his would-be employers in their superhero identities with Batman wounded in the field. As it turned out, the wounds were actually insignificant, but Alfred's care convinced the residents that their butler could be trusted. Since then, Alfred cheerfully included the support staff duties of the Dynamic Duo on top of his regular tasks.
Ironically, Alfred's loyalty would lead him to become a member of Batman's rogue's gallery. While pushing Batman and Robin out of the way of a falling boulder, Alfred was seemingly killed in Detective #328 (June 1964). It was revealed in Detective #356 (October 1966) that he had been revived by a scientist named Brandon Crawford. His attempt at regeneration resulted in a dramatic change: Alfred awoke from his apparent death with pasty white skin with circular markings, superhuman powers, including telekinesis, and a desire to destroy Batman and Robin. Calling himself the Outsider, he indirectly battled the Dynamic Duo on a number of occasions, using others as his puppets—the Grasshopper Gang in Detective #334, Zatanna in Detective #336, and even the Batmobile itself in Detective #340—and generally only appeared as a mocking voice over the radio. He did not physically appear in the comics until Detective #356, when he is bathed again in the rays of the regeneration machine during a struggle with Batman, and returns to normal, with no memory of his time as a supervillain.[13] His time as the Outsider is collected in Showcase Presents: Batman Volumes 1 and 2.
Alfred was later reunited with his long-lost daughter, Julia Remarque, though this element was not included in Post-Crisis comics. Her mother was the war heroine Mademoiselle Marie, whom Alfred had met while working as an intelligence agent in occupied France during World War II.
Post-Crisis and Zero Hour[edit]
In the Post-Crisis comics continuity, Alfred has been the Wayne family butler all of Bruce's life and had helped his master establish his superhero career from the beginning. In addition, he was Bruce's legal guardian and father figure following the murder of his parents. Alfred's history has been modified several times over the years, creating assorted versions. In one such version, Alfred was hired away from the British Royal Family by Bruce's parents, and he virtually raised Bruce after they were murdered.
Meanwhile, another version of Alfred's Post-Crisis life was slightly more closely linked to his Pre-Crisis counterpart. In this version, Alfred is an actor on the English stage who agrees to become the Waynes' butler to honor his father's dying wish that he continue the "family business" of serving the Waynes, his father having been butler for Bruce's grandparents. At the time he begins working for the Waynes, Bruce is a young child. After several months, Alfred voices the desire to quit and return home to continue his life as an actor. However, these plans are momentarily forgotten when young Bruce returns home after getting into a fight with a school bully. Alfred teaches Bruce to outsmart the bully, rather than using brute force. When Alfred's advice works, Bruce asks him to stay, and he agrees without a second thought. Shortly afterward, Bruce's parents are murdered, and Alfred steps in as the boy's legal guardian.
Alfred later helps Bruce raise his adopted wards Dick Grayson, Jason Todd, and Tim Drake, all of whom also become his crimefighting partner, Robin. He also has close friendships with other members of the Batman family, including Barbara Gordon and Cassandra Cain. Alfred often acts as a father-figure to Bruce, and a grandfather to Dick, Jason, and Tim. He is also highly respected by Batman's fellow superheroes, including Superman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, and the original Teen Titans.
Alfred has also been romantically linked to Dr. Leslie Thompkins, a Wayne family friend who is also aware of Bruce's secret identity. He ends the relationship after she apparently allows Stephanie Brown to die from neglect. He also develops feelings for Tim Drake's stepmother, but again, nothing comes of it.
In the Knightfall story arc, Alfred watches helplessly as Batman slowly crumbles under the pressure of fighting every escaped criminal in Arkham Asylum, who were set free by Bane. When Bane breaks Batman's back, Alfred tries to treat the injury, but Batman remains paraplegic and a wheelchair user. During the events of Knightquest, Alfred accompanies Bruce to England and becomes enraged when he insists on endangering his own health. This is the culmination of several weeks of Bruce's self-destructive behavior, and when Bruce returns to Gotham City, Alfred remains in England, tendering his resignation. He spends some time vacationing in Antarctica and the Bahamas before returning to England. Dick Grayson tracks him down several months later and convinces him to return to Wayne Manor. In that story, it is revealed he had walked out of his own wedding years earlier.
His resourcefulness comes to the fore in the No Man's Land storyline, especially in Legends of the Dark Knight #118. Batman goes missing for weeks, leaving Alfred alone to watch his city for him. He uses his skills as an actor, storyteller, medic, and spy to survive and collect information on the recently destroyed Gotham City. Alfred even uses hand-to-hand combat in a rare one-panel fight sequence between him and a pair of slavers that ends with his rescue by Batman.
In Batman #677, agents of Batman's mysterious enemy Black Glove attack and beat Alfred in front of Bruce and Jezebel Jet, severely injuring him. In the same issue, a reporter from The Gotham Gazette suggests to Commissioner Jim Gordon that Alfred may be Bruce's biological father and that this may be a reason for the murder of Bruce's mother Martha. Alfred later denies the entire story, agreeing with Bruce that it was a fabrication. In the Batman and the Outsiders Special, Alfred is seen apologizing at the graves of Thomas and Martha Wayne for Bruce's death, commenting that he grieves as a parent, regarding Bruce as his son. Later, a secret panel in Alfred's room opens, the result of a fail-safe planted by Bruce in the event of his death. Bruce leaves him one final task and also bids him an emotional goodbye, telling Alfred he considered him as a father.
Alfred is left emotionally shattered, commenting more than once that, even if his biological fatherhood is a fabrication, in a deeper sense he actually was Bruce Wayne's father, having watched over him for years and feeling he failed him in the last moments.
After the event of Final Crisis, when Batman is apparently killed in action, Alfred finds himself with the task of raising Bruce's biological son Damian with Grayson. Batman: Battle for the Cowl sees Alfred allowing Damian to take on his first mission as Robin, giving Damian a Robin tunic and calling on the Squire to assist the new Boy Wonder in finding Tim Drake, who went missing hunting down Jason Todd. Alfred also assists Grayson in his role as Gotham's new Dark Knight.
After discovering that the original Batman was actually lost in time after his battle with Darkseid, Alfred immediately seeks clues to his whereabouts. Eventually, Bruce finds his way to the present. After Batman successfully expands his mission globally with Batman Inc., Bruce assumes full responsibility as a father, and Alfred assists him in raising Damian.
The New 52[edit]
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In The New 52, it is revealed that Alfred's father Jarvis Pennyworth was the butler of the Wayne family before Alfred when Bruce was a child. Jarvis was blackmailed by the Court of Owls to set a trap for the pregnant Martha Wayne. Despite declining, the Court managed to cause a car accident that caused the child to be born prematurely and eventually to have died. Jarvis attempted to resign from his services and write a letter to his son in which he describes the manor as a cursed place, and tells Alfred that he should not begin his service under the Wayne family. However, Jarvis was unable to send it as he was murdered that night.[Comics 5]
During Batman: Eternal, Alfred is reunited with his long-absent daughter, Julia Pennyworth, an agent of the Special Reconnaissance Regiment, when Batman finds her in Hong Kong and takes her back to Wayne Manor for medical treatment after she is stabbed with a samurai sword through the chest by a Chinese gang boss she was hunting.[14] Julia is initially hostile to Alfred, feeling that he has wasted his life going from a soldier to tending to a "fop" like Bruce Wayne. However, after Alfred is attacked by Hush and infected with a fear toxin,[15] she discovers the Batcave and takes on her father's role to coordinate the Bat-Family's efforts against their foes.[16] Alfred is briefly transferred to Arkham Asylum before it is attacked as part of the conspiracy, but he manages to survive the explosion and trick Bane into helping him reach an emergency cave Batman had installed under Arkham, the cave's defenses knocking Bane out and allowing Alfred to call for help.[17]
When Hush was briefly kept prisoner in the Batcave, he managed to break out of his cell and lock Alfred in it before sabotaging the Batman Family's equipment via the Batcomputer as they fought various villains, including crashing the Batwing with Batman still in it. However, he was swiftly returned to captivity when Alfred escaped the cell and knocked Hush out, Alfred harshly informing Tommy that he was hardly going to be locked up in his own home.[18]
During the Batman: Endgame arc, the Joker broke into the Batcave, and during a confrontation with Alfred, cut off Alfred's right hand. Julia confirms to Bruce later in the issue that Alfred survived the encounter and is in a stable condition.[volume & issue needed] Following the death of Bruce Wayne, Julia says that with current medical technology, they can have Alfred's hand reattached without any complications. However Alfred refuses, stating that with Bruce dead, he no longer has need of it as he has no one left to serve.
Even with the loss of Bruce as Batman, Alfred still assists the Batman Family in the Batcave along with Julia. After Bruce is discovered to be alive but with no memory of who he is or of his life as Batman, Alfred tells Bruce everything that had happened in his life up to the point of the creation of Batman, but accepts Bruce's request not to learn any more. Alfred did this so that, after years of service to the people of Gotham and the world, Bruce could finally accept his reward of a life without pain and the burning desire to be Batman, allowing his life as Bruce Wayne to finally begin. However, when the new villain Mr. Bloom launches a mass attack that apparently kills Jim Gordon—the new Batman—the amnesic Bruce pieces together enough information to deduce that he was once Batman, and convinces Alfred to subject him to a machine that will theoretically download all of his memories as Batman into his mind.
Bruce's original plan was for the machine to be used to create a series of clones of himself that could be programmed to continue his mission, but although the process failed because simulations confirmed that the human mind could not handle Batman's trauma, Bruce comes through the process by having Alfred take him to the point of brain-death and then download his memories onto his blank brain.[19] With his master restored, Alfred's hand is subsequently reattached, Bruce joking that they used a random hand from the reserves rather than keeping Alfred's hand on ice all this time.[20]
DC Rebirth[edit]
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Following the 2016 DC Rebirth continuity reboot, Alfred appears in Detective Comics and the third volume of Batman, as well as in All-Star Batman. In the latter, Alfred is among the many Gotham citizens blackmailed by Two-Face into stopping Batman from providing his former self, Harvey Dent, a cure for his split personality; Alfred in particular reluctantly shoots down the Batwing as Batman is flying it. When asked, Alfred reveals his secret; years earlier, he had hired a hit man to kill the Joker after the villain murdered Jason Todd and crippled Barbara Gordon. Alfred soon cancelled the hit, however, after realizing that committing cold-blooded murder would betray Batman's ideals.
In Batman #77 (part of the "City of Bane" storyline), an evil version of Thomas Wayne from an alternate dimension invades Gotham City and defeats Batman, and uses Alfred as a hostage to keep the rest of the Bat-Family out. At Thomas' behest, Bane breaks Alfred's neck, killing him after Robin sneaks into Gotham City to rescue him and defeat Bane. When Bruce comes back to Gotham, he is captured and shown Alfred's body, but a recorded message reveals that he arranged for his own death so that Bruce could come back and stop Thomas, the message reaffirming Alfred's faith in Bruce as the true Batman.[21] In Nightwing #78, Barbara visits Dick Grayson and reveals that Alfred was a billionaire, due to stock from Wayne Industries after Alfred became Bruce's legal guardian. Barbara then tells Dick that Alfred has left his fortune to Dick in his will.
Characterization[edit]
In 1945, Alfred's name was given officially as Alfred Beagle.[Comics 6] This name was subsequently given to an alternative version of the character from the world of Earth-Two, and Pennyworth became Alfred's accepted surname in the mainstream continuity.[Comics 7] Alfred has also used the alias "Thaddeus Crane", which is derived from his middle names.[Comics 8] His full name of Alfred Thaddeus Crane Pennyworth was depicted on his tombstone in Superman/Batman: Generations.
Grant Morrison's run has referred to the Beagle surname as a possible stage name.[Comics 9]
In the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises, Bruce Wayne leaves the majority of his estate to Alfred, listing him in the will as Alfred J. Pennyworth.
Family[edit]
Jarvis Pennyworth: Alfred's father in both Pre-Crisis and New 52 continuity.
Mademoiselle Marie: A war heroine with whom Alfred (while working as an intelligence agent in France) has a daughter in Pre-Crisis continuity.[Comics 10]
Theobald: Alfred's second cousin in Earth-One continuity.
Julia Remarque: Alfred's daughter by Mademoiselle Marie.[Comics 10]
Wilfred Pennyworth: Alfred's brother, Wilfred is referenced in the late 1960s and early 1970s[Comics 11] and is mentioned in the 1997 film Batman & Robin.
Margaret Wilson née Pennyworth: Alfred and Wilfred Pennyworth's sister in the 1997 film Batman & Robin.
Daphne Pennyworth: Alfred Pennyworth's niece, daughter of Wilfred Pennyworth, Daphne briefly appeared in the late 1960s/early 1970s.
Barbara Wilson: Alfred's niece, daughter of Margaret Wilson née Pennyworth in the 1997 film Batman & Robin.
Arthur Pennyworth: Alfred's father in the TV series, Pennyworth, who works as a butler.
Mary Pennyworth: Alfred's mother in the TV series, Pennyworth.
Julia Pennyworth: Alfred's daughter in New 52 continuity and also appears on Batwoman.
Skills, resources, and abilities[edit]
A highly intelligent and resourceful man, Alfred runs the day-to-day operations of Wayne Manor and maintains much of the equipment of the Batcave beneath it. A former actor, he can use his acting and disguise skills to help Batman in the field when necessary, and is even capable of impersonating Bruce Wayne on the telephone convincingly, as well as giving Bruce various lessons that help him maintain his covers. He has also provided first aid up to and including suturing wounds and removing bullets, as well as occasional tactical support. He is also able to perform arthroscopy and other advanced medical procedures, thus limiting, if not eliminating, the need for hospital medical treatment even in the face of grievous injuries, helping to maintain Batman's secret identity by ensuring that Bruce Wayne has no need to visit hospitals for wounds inflicted on Batman. Nevertheless, Batman still requires professional medical treatment when Bane breaks his back (Batman: Knightfall) and Hush's machinations result in his suffering a skull fracture (Batman: Hush). On these occasions, Alfred admits that his own skills are inadequate for such medical procedures.
While not as skilled at martial arts as Bruce Wayne, Alfred is still nearly as resourceful. In one story in which he is kidnapped, he readily escapes and overcomes his captors without disturbing the cut of his suit. It was later mentioned that he had been kidnapped unsuccessfully 27 times (these events take place in the Gotham Adventures comics, based on the animated adventures of Batman, and not within the standard DCU continuity).[Comics 12] During Batman: The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul, Ubu, Ra's al Ghul's musclebound bodyguard, attempts to use Alfred as a hostage, only to be disabled by a well timed sucker punch from Alfred.
Presumably due to his lack of superpowers, the advanced combat training Bruce's other associates have, and Alfred's age, Alfred is the only member of the "Batman Family" that Bruce does not mind using a firearm, in his case favoring a shotgun when dealing with direct attacks on his person.
Current issues of the various Batman comics seem to indicate that Alfred is a pioneer in and has also mastered several fields of rose breeding (even creating his own, the "Pennyworth Blue"), computer programming, electrical engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, nanotechnology, and biotechnology as he singlehandedly builds, programs, and maintains much of Batman's next-generational technology such as the Batcomputer.[Comics 13]
Other versions[edit]
All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder[edit]
In Frank Miller and Jim Lee's All Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder, Alfred is a tougher individual with a different backstory. Following Batman's assault on the corrupt Gotham City police, Alfred and Vicki Vale are caught in the devastating car wreckage Batman creates (not aware of their presence) and Vale is badly hurt. Alfred is seen, shirtless and muscled, applying a tourniquet and generally taking control of the situation. He is described as having been a Royal Air Force combat medic and as ex-British Secret Service.
Batman: The Dark Knight Returns[edit]
In Batman: The Dark Knight Returns, an elderly Alfred still acts as Bruce's butler, mourning Bruce's diminished social contacts while continuing to loyally serve his master even after Bruce becomes Batman once again after a ten-year retirement. At the story's conclusion, having set Wayne Manor to self-destruct to protect Bruce Wayne's full secrets after his faked death during his fight with Superman, Alfred dies of a stroke, his last thoughts being to consider how utterly proper it is that he should die as Wayne Manor ceases to exist.
In the sequel, Batman: The Dark Knight Strikes Again, the Batcave computer has been programmed with an artificial intelligence named and apparently patterned after Alfred, to the point that it refers to Bruce as "Sir".
Earth One[edit]
Alfred in Batman: Earth One. Art by Gary Frank.
Alfred appears as a main character in Geoff Johns' and Gary Frank's Batman: Earth One. In this incarnation, Alfred was a member of the Royal Marines. Alfred met Thomas Wayne during a tour of duty in the Middle East and the two became good friends. During a battle, Alfred saved Thomas' life but lost his right leg in the process. It is also implied that both he and Thomas are keeping a traumatic secret. Discharged back to his home in London, Alfred received a gift from Thomas in the form of a very expensive prosthetic leg.
He later traveled to Gotham City to visit his friend and found himself arriving on the night of a campaign party for Thomas' bid at the mayoral office. Afraid for his friend after hearing of the death threats on his life, Alfred tried to talk Thomas out of going to the movies with his wife and son, but Thomas refused to allow threats to keep him from enjoying his weekly movie night with Martha and Bruce. Later that night, Alfred was called to the police station. Thomas and Martha had been killed by a mugger outside the theatre and Bruce had been orphaned. To Alfred's shock, he discovered that Thomas and Martha had named him Bruce's legal guardian some time ago. Unsure of himself, Alfred still made it his mission to look out for Bruce as he grew up. When Bruce took on his costumed persona of Batman and began his war on crime, Alfred reluctantly took on the role of confidante and advisor, often telling Bruce to simply carry a gun instead of a belt full of untested gadgets. Alfred later saved Bruce's life by shooting Mayor Oswald Cobblepot.
Though Alfred introduced himself to the eight-year-old Bruce as his butler, it is obvious he never serves as a manservant in the story otherwise as Bruce's guardian and mentor. However, he is recruited by Thomas as his family's head of security prior to Thomas and his wife's deaths. He is also a skilled martial artist, and trains Bruce the combat skills he would eventually utilize as Batman. He has a daughter living in Seoul, South Korea with her mother, where Alfred had previously worked at a security firm, implying Julia Remarque's existence in this continuity.[Comics 14]
Elseworlds[edit]
Alfred appears in the Elseworlds series Superman & Batman: Generations. He serves the Wayne family before dying in 1967, but his spirit remains around to give Bruce advice. In Generations 2, he makes his final appearance in 1975, when he convinces the ghost of Dick Grayson not to kill the Joker. He manages to convince Dick to pass over, but in the process his own soul crosses over, meaning he cannot come back.
In Batman: Castle of the Bat, Alfred is reimagined as the hunchbacked Alfredo, the "Igor" to Doctor Bruce Wayne, whose experiments see him reviving his father's brain in the body of the giant "Bat-Man". In keeping with his role as "Igor", Alfredo is often forced to bear the brunt of his master's frustrations with the situation as the revived Thomas Wayne escapes to stalk highwaymen as the monstrous "Bat-Man".
In Batman: Dark Allegiances, Alfred is still Bruce Wayne's butler as Bruce faces various fascist-themed versions of his rogues gallery, but after the government asks Bruce to become an official American agent during World War II, Alfred joins Bruce and Selina Kyle in the field as the new Robin.
In Batman: Dark Knight Dynasty, in a timeline where the Waynes were never killed, Alfred assists Bruce in investigating his parents' deaths when they apparently fall out of their penthouse (revealed to have been done due to the influence of Vandal Savage's henchwoman the Scarecrone when the Waynes threatened his plan to acquire the meteor that gave him his powers). While studying available information on the meteor, Alfred discovers a record of the unusual energy reading it emits, but triggers a booby-trap that destroys Wayne Manor and kills him. Five centuries later, Bruce's descendant Brenda Wayne discovers a fragmented recording of Alfred and the energy reading that assists her in her own investigations into Savage's activities.
In League of Justice, where the Justice League exists in a world where magic is prominent, Alfred is reinvented as a zombie-like figure, reinforcing Bruce's idea that science is more reliable than magic despite its greater potential power.
Alfred plays a prominent role in the "Vampire Batman" trilogy, in which Batman is turned into a vampire to fight Count Dracula,[Comics 15] forging Batman's weapons to use against the remaining members of Dracula's 'family'[Comics 16] and subsequently working with Commissioner Gordon after Batman succumbs to his vampiric instincts and begins to kill his old enemies. At the conclusion of the trilogy, with Gordon being hunted by Two-Face and Killer Croc in the remains of the Batcave, Alfred sacrifices his life to allow the currently-weakened Batman to drink his blood, giving his old master the strength to save Gordon and the people of Gotham one last time before he allows himself to die to end the threat that he has become.[Comics 17]
Earth-3[edit]
Main article: Outsider (comics) § The New 52
During the "Trinity War" event of The New 52, it is revealed that the leader of the Secret Society is Alfred from Earth-3 who serves Owlman of the Crime Syndicate of America.[22] Flashbacks reveal that Alfred helped Thomas Wayne Jr. kill his parents and brother when he was a child, Owlman reflecting that Alfred was the only member of his family that he could control.
Injustice tie-ins[edit]
Injustice: Gods Among Us[edit]
In the comic book tie-in series to the video game, Alfred remained loyal to Bruce even when Bruce began the Insurgency and opposed Superman and had his secret identity exposed. When Superman invades the Batcave and breaks Batman's back, Alfred ingests the 5-U-93-R pill (which gives a person superhuman strength and durability) and subdues Superman, breaking his nose and beating him down. Alfred takes Bruce to the Tower of Fate, where Zatanna and Doctor Fate are hiding and will heal Bruce. For over seven months, Alfred oversees Bruce's slow recovery. When the Insurgency began their attack on Superman's Regime, Alfred provided a kryptonite-tipped bullet to the Black Canary for her to face Superman.
In the following years, Alfred remained the caretaker of Wayne Manor despite Bruce's absence, and still maintained a close relationship with Damian Wayne despite Damian's earlier betrayal of his father and decision to join Superman. He is visited by Superman in Year Five, the Kryptonian wanting to know the ever-elusive Batman's location. Alfred, unaware where Batman is and not willing to help nonetheless, ignores Superman. He is eventually killed by Victor Zsasz, whom Superman sent to get information on Batman's location. His death pushes Batman out of hiding to confront Zsasz and Damian killing Zsasz out of revenge. In the game's sequel, Injustice 2, Zsasz is killed in Year One by Damian, leaving Alfred's death in the continuity unexplained, but his takedown of Superman is referenced by Harley Quinn.
Injustice 2[edit]
In the prequel comic to Injustice 2 Ra's enacts a plan to bring the world balance and has Damian kidnap Alfred's corpse and resurrects him through the Lazarus Pit to use as a hostage against Batman. Due to Alfred being dead for a long time, he is brought back in a zombie-like state and requires constant medical attention from Damian. Upon recovering, around the same time he witnessed Batman and Damian attempt to kill each other, a fully recovered Alfred stops them and lecture them that his death was neither Damian nor Bruce's faults, attempting to reconcile them. Unfortunately, when Jaime Reyes/the current Blue Beetle and El Diablo unintentionally destroys all supposed extinct animals, Alfred is now under the Insurgency's safety. Upon returning to Wayne Manor for his recovery, it is revealed that the side-effect of Alfred's resurrection somehow caused him to have completely forgotten about the previous casualties he remembered during Superman's downfall and the five year regime, such as Damian's accidental murder of Dick Grayson, only for Batman to remind him about this. Alfred eventually leaves Bruce and Wayne Manor as he has felt incomplete since his resurrection.
Tangent Comics[edit]
Alfred makes a very brief appearance in the 1997 Tangent Comics one-shot issue Green Lantern in a story revolving around the Tangent versions of King Faraday and Roy Raymond. In this version, Alfred Pennyworth is the head of a publishing empire that owned "the House Of Mystery".
Tiny Titans[edit]
Alfred appears in Tiny Titans, and often has to make Robin stand in the corner because he has misbehaved.
Batman: The Murder Machine[edit]
In an alternate reality depicted in the Metals crossover, Alfred is killed by Bane, prompting Bruce to request Cyborg's help in completing 'the Alfred Protocol', an artificial intelligence version of Alfred, created to allow Batman to keep some aspect of his 'father' with him. Once the Alfred Protocol is completed, its fixation on protecting its 'son' results in the A.I. version of Alfred murdering all of Batman's rogues gallery, permanently merging with his 'son' as part of this goal.[23]
The Batman Who Laughs[edit]
The Batman Who Laughs - a monstrous version of Batman contaminated by the same chemicals that drove the Joker insane - claims that Alfred is the only member of his old family he left alive back on his world. The villain claims that he drove his own, twisted version of Alfred insane by implying that his original self is still "alive" within him.
Nightwing: The New Order[edit]
In this alternate reality, Nightwing ends an ongoing feud between superpowered beings by activating a device that de-powers 90 percent of the super powered population. This builds to a future where superpowers are outlawed and any superpowered being must take inhibitor medications or be imprisoned. When Bruce is killed during the feud, Alfred inherits his estate and moves to Arizona, while allowing Dick Grayson and his son Jake to stay in Wayne Manor. Though Alfred does not approve of Grayson's crusade against superhumans after Bruce's death, he still occasionally visits him. When Grayson discovered that Jake is beginning to develop powers, his house is invaded by his own police force, the Crusaders, to take Jake away. Alfred attempts to strike one of the Crusaders, who then shoots him dead.[24]
In other media[edit]
Live-action[edit]
Alan Napier portrayed Pennyworth in the 1960s Batman TV series
Sean Pertwee portrays Pennyworth in Gotham
Alfred appeared in the 1960s Batman TV series, portrayed by Alan Napier. No surname was given for this version, as "Pennyworth" was not introduced in the comics until after the series had ended production.
Alfred Pennyworth appeared in Birds of Prey, portrayed by Ian Abercrombie. Abercrombie had previously portrayed the character in a 1997 television commercial promoting the home media release of the film Batman & Robin.
A younger version of Alfred Pennyworth appears in the Batman prequel series Gotham, portrayed by Sean Pertwee.[25][2]
A younger version of Alfred Pennyworth appears in the series Pennyworth, portrayed by Jack Bannon. This series serves as an origin story for Alfred during his younger days, and explores his past as a soldier in the SAS.[26][27][28][29]
Alfred is featured in Titans. In "Hawk and Dove", Dick calls up Alfred Pennyworth (voiced by an uncredited actor) where he asks him for a favor by locating Hawk and Dove. In the episode "Dick Grayson", a dark future that Trigon subjected Dick to that has Batman killing his enemies had a mentioning that Alfred is dead. It was revealed in the episode "Barbara Gordon" that Alfred has died sometime before the start of the third season.
Animation[edit]
Alfred Pennyworth appeared in The Batman/Superman Hour, voiced by Olan Soule.
Alfred Pennyworth appeared in Challenge of the Super Friends, voiced by William Callaway. In the episode "Wanted: The Superfriends", he is among several male humans who get turned into a Bizarro.
Alfred Pennyworth appeared in The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians, voiced by Andre Stojka.
Alfred Pennyworth appeared television series set in the DC Animated Universe, voiced by Clive Revill (in the first three produced episodes for Batman: The Animated Series before leaving due to a previous commitment) and by Efrem Zimbalist Jr. (throughout the rest of series as well as the subsequent shows The New Batman Adventures, Superman: The Animated Series, Static Shock, and Justice League). In Batman Beyond, Bruce Wayne confirms to Terry McGinnis that Alfred passed away sometime before 2019.
Alfred Pennyworth appeared in The Batman, voiced by Alastair Duncan.
Alfred Pennyworth appeared in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by James Garrett. He makes non-speaking cameos in the episodes "Invasion of the Secret Santas" and "Chill of the Night!" before making a speaking appearance in the episode "The Knights of Tomorrow" where he wrote the events of the episode in the titular book.
The episode "The Super-Batman of Planet X" features a robot inspired by Alfred named Alpha-Red (voiced by James Arnold Taylor) who serves as the robotic butler of the Batman of Zur-En-Arrh.
Alfred Pennyworth appears in the Young Justice episode "Downtime", voiced by Jeff Bennett.
Alfred Pennyworth appears as a main character in Beware the Batman, voiced by JB Blanc.
Alfred Pennyworth appears in the short film Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered, voiced by Nolan North.[30]
Alfred Pennyworth made non-speaking appearances in Teen Titans Go!
Alfred Pennyworth appears in the Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? episode "What a Night for a Dark Knight!", voiced by Steven Weber. This version is Daphne Blake's "uncle" and family friend of her father who gets kidnapped by Man-Bat. Mystery Inc. had to team up with Batman to rescue him. While Kirk Langstrom was revealed to be locked up in Arkham Asylum, it was discovered that Man-Bat was actually Joker in disguise who kidnapped Alfred in his plot to hack into Bruce Wayne's account. After Joker is handed over to the police, Alfred makes dinner for Mystery Inc. while commenting that he wished Bruce Wayne was here to meet them.
Alfred Pennyworth appears in Harley Quinn, voiced by Tom Hollander. Introduced in the episode "Batman's Back Man", he attends to a recovering Bruce Wayne after he was gravely injured in the season one finale and forbids him from picking up the cowl again until he fully heals. To combat crime in the meantime, Alfred adopted a vigilante persona of his own called the Macaroni, using a wig equipped with various gadgets. Following this, Alfred makes minor appearances in subsequent episodes.
Alfred Pennyworth appears in DC Super Hero Girls, voiced again by Keith Ferguson. He first appeared in the two-part episode, "#SoulSisters", as part of the title card for the show-within-a-show Make It Wayne. He makes his first physical appearance in the episode "TweenTitans", wherein he invites Jessica Cruz and Karen Beecher to watch over Dick Grayson and the Tween Titans on the former's birthday while Bruce is out for the day.
Michael Gough played Alfred Pennyworth four times in the Burton/Schumacher Batman film series
Michael Caine depicted Alfred Pennyworth in The Dark Knight Trilogy
Jeremy Irons portrayed Pennyworth in the DC Extended Universe
Andy Serkis will portray Pennyworth in the upcoming 2022 film The Batman
Alfred appeared in the 1943 serial Batman, portrayed by William Austin, whose appearance influenced the change of Alfred's design from the original fat, clean shaven Alfred.
Alfred appeared in the 1949 serial Batman and Robin, portrayed by Eric Wilton.
Alfred appeared in the 1966 Batman film based on the 1960s TV series of the same name, portrayed by Alan Napier.
Alfred Pennyworth appeared in the Tim Burton/Joel Schumacher Batman film series, portrayed by Michael Gough. In the films, he is shown to be a tireless and faithful butler to Bruce Wayne (portrayed throughout the series by Michael Keaton, Val Kilmer, and George Clooney) and Dick Grayson (Chris O'Donnell), who has been serving the Wayne family since Bruce was a child. Despite his being displeased with Bruce's lack of a social life, Alfred nonetheless supports him in his activities as the vigilante Batman and serves as his assistant, while also serving as his sarcastic foil. In the fourth film, Batman & Robin, he falls ill with a mysterious disease called McGreggor Syndrome; in the end, however, he is cured by an antidote developed by Mr. Freeze (Arnold Schwarzenegger). Also in this film, his niece Barbara Wilson (Alicia Silverstone) becomes Batgirl.
Gough also portrayed Alfred in a 1989 Diet Coke commercial, in the BBC radio-drama presentation of the "Knightfall" story arc from the Batman comics, and in a series of OnStar commercials featuring Batman. In flashbacks depicted in Batman & Robin, Jon Simmons portrays a young Alfred.
Alfred Pennyworth appeared in The Dark Knight Trilogy, portrayed by Michael Caine. This version is a former senior NCO in the elite SAS of the British Army and a veteran of tours of duty in Malaya, Cyprus, Borneo, Aden, West Germany, twice in Northern Ireland.
In Batman Begins, he becomes Bruce Wayne's (Christian Bale) legal guardian after Thomas and Martha Wayne are murdered by Joe Chill (Richard Brake). When Bruce vanishes for seven years, Wayne Enterprises' CEO William Earle (Rutger Hauer) declares him dead in order to take over the company, but is thwarted because Bruce left everything to Alfred. After Bruce returns from training with the League of Shadows, Alfred learns of Bruce's goal to become the vigilante Batman to fight the criminals of Gotham City, and encourages him to project a playboy image to deflect suspicion. When the League of Shadows, led by Ra's al Ghul (Liam Neeson), destroys Wayne Manor, Alfred saves Bruce's life and rallies him to save Gotham City.
In The Dark Knight, Alfred and Bruce have moved to a downtown penthouse while Wayne Manor is being rebuilt. When the Joker (Heath Ledger) begins killing people to force Batman to reveal his true identity, Alfred entreats Bruce to keep fighting and accept the price of being Batman. Bruce's love interest Rachel Dawes (Maggie Gyllenhaal) gives Alfred the task of giving Bruce a letter "when the time is right". After Rachel is killed and her boyfriend, Gotham District Attorney Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart), is disfigured and becomes the criminal Two-Face, Alfred reads the letter and discovers that she planned to marry Dent. He later burns the letter, reflecting that, just as the people of Gotham would need to believe in Dent, Bruce needed to believe that Rachel loved him.
In The Dark Knight Rises, set eight years later, Alfred continues to serve Bruce, who has become a recluse since Rachel's death. He also reveals that during Bruce's absence, he frequently visited a restaurant in Florence, Italy with the fantasy that he would one day see Bruce there, settled down and happy. Alfred reluctantly assists Bruce in uncovering information on the mercenary Bane (Tom Hardy) and stands by as Bruce resumes his career as Batman. Following Batman's first encounter with Bane, Alfred fears that Bruce will get himself killed, and resigns in order to dissuade him; when Bruce protests, Alfred reveals the truth about Rachel. Angry and hurt, Bruce orders Alfred to leave. After Batman apparently sacrifices his life to save Gotham, Alfred tearfully apologizes at Thomas and Martha Wayne's graves for failing to save their son. When Alfred returns to the Florentine restaurant, however, he sees Bruce alive and in a relationship with Selina Kyle (Anne Hathaway), and they exchange knowing smiles before Alfred leaves, happy that Bruce has finally moved on with his life.
Alfred appears in films set in the DC Extended Universe, portrayed by Jeremy Irons.
First appearing in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice,[31] Alfred worries about the effect Bruce Wayne's (Ben Affleck) crusade as Batman has on him, and attempts to serve as a humanizing influence when Bruce goes on a crusade to kill Superman (Henry Cavill). After Bruce accepts Superman as an ally and realizes that Lex Luthor (Jesse Eisenberg) had manipulated them both, Alfred assists Bruce in rescuing Martha Kent (Diane Lane).
In Justice League, Alfred helps Bruce find the Flash (Ezra Miller), Wonder Woman (Gal Gadot), Cyborg (Ray Fisher), and Aquaman (Jason Momoa) and provides assistance to them as they face Steppenwolf (Ciarán Hinds) and his Parademon army. Following Steppenwolf's defeat, Alfred, Bruce, and Diana begin plans to reconstruct Wayne Manor into the Justice League's headquarters.
Alfred Pennyworth appears in Joker, portrayed by Douglas Hodge.[32] He tries to protect the young Bruce from mentally ill loner Arthur Fleck (Joaquin Phoenix), who believes that Thomas Wayne (Brett Cullen) is his biological father and, thus, that and he Bruce are half-brothers.
Andy Serkis will portray a younger version of Alfred Pennyworth in The Batman.
Efrem Zimbalist Jr. voiced Alfred in several animated movies
Ralph Fiennes voiced Pennyworth in The Lego Batman Movie
Efrem Zimbalist Jr. voiced Alfred Pennyworth in the DC Animated Universe films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm, Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero and Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman.
Alastair Duncan voiced Alfred Pennyworth in The Batman vs. Dracula, Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts, Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem, and Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants.
David McCallum voiced Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: Gotham Knight, Son of Batman and Batman vs. Robin.
Alan Oppenheimer voiced Alfred Pennyworth in Superman/Batman: Public Enemies.
Jim Piddock voiced Alfred Pennyworth in the animated movie Batman: Under the Red Hood.
Jeff Bennett reprises his role as Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: Year One.
Robin Atkin Downes voiced Alfred Pennyworth in Justice League: Doom.
Michael Jackson voiced Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: The Dark Knight Returns Parts 1 and 2.
Alfred Pennyworth makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in Lego Batman: The Movie - DC Super Heroes Unite, an adaptation of the video game of the same name.
Martin Jarvis reprises his role as Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: Assault on Arkham.
James Garrett reprises his role as Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: Bad Blood.
Brian George voiced Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: The Killing Joke and Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
Steven Weber voiced Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders and Batman vs. Two-Face.
Ralph Fiennes voiced Alfred in the animated movie The Lego Batman Movie[33] and The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part.
Frogman voiced Alfred Pennyworth in DC Super Heroes vs. Eagle Talon.[34]
Anthony Head voiced Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: Gotham by Gaslight.
Hōchū Ōtsuka and Adam Croasdell voiced Alfred Pennyworth in the Japanese and English version of Batman Ninja respectively.
Alfred Pennyworth appears in Teen Titans Go! To the Movies.
Alfred Pennyworth makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in The Death of Superman.
Alfred Pennyworth appears in the animated film Batman: The Long Halloween voiced again by Alastair Duncan.[35]
Video games[edit]
A character based on Alfred Pennyworth called Alfred Copperworth appears as an Easter egg in World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King.
Alfred Pennyworth appears in the Batman Begins film tie-in game, voiced by Michael Caine.
Alfred Pennyworth appears as the narrator of Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure, voiced by Jim Piddock.
Alfred Pennyworth will appear as a supporting character in the upcoming 2022 video game Gotham Knights, voiced by Gildart Jackson.
Lego series[edit]
Alfred Pennyworth appears as a playable character in Lego Batman for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS and Wii,[36] with vocal effects by Keith Ferguson.
Alfred Pennyworth appears in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes, voiced by Steven Blum.
Alfred Pennyworth appears as a playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Robin Atkin Downes. He also has another version from his appearance in the Batman (TV Series) obtained by completing the "Same Bat Time, Same Bat Channel" level.
Alfred Pennyworth appears in Lego Dimensions, voiced again by Robin Atkin Downes.
Alfred Pennyworth appears as an NPC in Lego DC Super-Villains, though he later appears as a playable character as part of a DLC pack, based on his appearance at the start of The Lego Movie 2.
Arkham series[edit]
Alfred Pennyworth is a supporting character in the Batman: Arkham franchise, in which he is voiced by Martin Jarvis in the main series and Hugh Fraser in the VR game.[37]
Alfred Pennyworth's biography can be unlocked in Batman: Arkham Asylum.
While Alfred does not physically appear in Batman: Arkham City, he remains in constant radio contact with Batman and Oracle as the former investigates the eponymous Arkham City.
Alfred makes his first physical appearance in the prequel game Batman: Arkham Origins. Throughout the game, he disapproves of Batman's techniques, to which Batman responds by holding his butler at a distance and taking advantage of him. When hired assassins target Batman, Alfred pleads the latter to abandon his vigilante persona, but his words fall on deaf ears. Having deduced Batman's secret identity, Bane attacks Wayne Manor and beats Alfred to near-death so Batman can watch him die. Refusing to accept this, the Dark Knight uses Electrocutioner's gauntlets to revive Alfred. This event leaves Batman shaken and on the verge of quitting. With his understanding of Batman renewed, Alfred convinces him to keep fighting. After this, he continues to help Batman as he travels to Blackgate Prison to stop the Joker.
In Batman: Arkham Knight, Alfred contacts Batman through a holographic projector throughout the game to give him valuable information. After Batman's secret identity is revealed to the world, Alfred assists him in enacting the "Knightfall Protocol" before they are apparently killed in a large explosion at Wayne Manor.
In Batman: Arkham VR, Alfred attempts to wake up Bruce while the latter suffers a nightmare due to the Joker's blood in his system.
Telltale's Batman[edit]
Alfred Pennyworth appears in both Batman: The Telltale Series and its sequel Batman: The Enemy Within, voiced by Enn Reitel.
In the first game, like most interpretations, Alfred is Bruce's close friend and guardian. However, after Thomas Wayne's ties to corruption are revealed, their friendship is fractured when Bruce learns Alfred knew of Thomas' crimes, but never told him. Despite this, Alfred continues to support Bruce in the field and helps him in his battle against the Children of Arkham. Alfred is later kidnapped and tortured by the group and their leader, Lady Arkham, as part of retribution against the Wayne family, though he leaves clues for Bruce to find him and is rescued during Batman's final confrontation with Lady Arkham. Alfred may also lose an eye depending on whether the player chooses to attack Lady Arkham rather than unmask her for his safety.
In the second game, Alfred continues to support Bruce, despite suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder following his kidnapping and torture. Due to the death of Lucius Fox, he becomes Bruce's closest ally, but suggests bringing another person onto the team. After falling unconscious however, Alfred decides to step away from helping Bruce as a vigilante, leading to him realizing that Bruce is going down the same self-destructive path as his father. Depending on whether Bruce decides to retire as Batman or continue his war on crime, Alfred will either stay or return to the UK while leaving certain instructions for Bruce.
Miscellaneous[edit]
Alfred Pennyworth appears in the Smallville Season 11 digital comic based on the TV series of the same name.
Alfred Pennyworth in the musical Holy Musical B@man! by StarKid Productions, portrayed by Chris Allen.
^ Fleisher, Michael L. (1976). The Encyclopedia of Comic Book Heroes, Volume 1: Batman. New York City: Macmillan Publishing Co. pp. 5–14. ISBN 0-02-538700-6. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
^ a b Marechal, AJ (February 11, 2014). "Fox's 'Gotham' Casts Classic 'Batman' Characters the Penguin, Alfred Pennyworth". Variety. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
^ Mackie, Rob (October 21, 2005). "Batman Begins review". The Guardian. London, England. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
^ Tilley, Steve (June 13, 2005). "Michael Caine one tough butler". Edmonton Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-29. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
^ "Comic Book Awards Almanac". Users.rcn.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
^ Daniels, Les (2004). Batman: The Complete History. San Francisco, California: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0811842327.
^ Cowsill, Alan; Irvine, Alex; Manning, Matthew K.; McAvennie, Michael; Wallace, Daniel (2019). DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle. London, England: DK. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-4654-8578-6.
^ Mitchell, Kurt; Thomas, Roy (2019). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1940-1944. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 179. ISBN 978-1605490892.
^ Batman #16, April–May 1943
^ Batman #216, November 1969
^ Detective Comics #96, February 1945
^ Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Supervillains. New York: Facts on File. p. 255. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.
^ Batman: Eternal #9
^ Batman: Eternal #21
^ Batman Eternal #47
^ Batman (vol. 2) #49
^ Justice League (vol. 2) #23
^ Batman: The Murder Machine #1
^ Dyce, Andrew (December 12, 2017). "Batman Comics Can't Stop Killing Alfred Pennyworth". ScreenRant. Retrieved March 12, 2021.
^ Goldberg, Lesley (February 11, 2014). "Fox's Batman Prequel 'Gotham' Casts Penguin, Alfred". The Hollywood Reporter.
^ Beedle, Tim (May 15, 2018). "Breaking News: Alfred Takes the Stage in New EPIX Series "Pennyworth"". DC Comics.
^ Goldberg, Lesley (May 16, 2018). "'Gotham' Boss Sets New Batman Prequel Series at Epix (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
^ Charles, Murphy (August 22, 2018). "EXCLUSIVE: Details on DC and Epix Network's 'PENNYWORTH'". That Hastag Show. Retrieved August 22, 2018.
^ Andreeva, Nellie (October 15, 2018). "'Pennyworth': Jack Bannon To Star In Title Alfred Role On Epix's Batman Prequel". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 15, 2018.
^ "DC Super Heroes Batman Be-Leaguered".
^ "Jesse Eisenberg and Jeremy Irons Join the Cast of Warner Bros. Pictures' Untitled Superman/Batman Film from Director Zack Snyder". Business Wire. January 31, 2014.
^ Couch, Aaron (October 23, 2018). "Joker' Finds Its Young Bruce Wayne and Alfred Pennyworth". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
^ Kit, Borys (November 3, 2015). "'Lego Batman' Finds Alfred with Ralph Fiennes (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
^ "サイト名". dc-taka.com (in Japanese). Retrieved April 4, 2018.
^ "'Batman: The Long Halloween, Part One' Sets Voice Cast (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
^ Game Informer features a two-page gallery of the many heroes and villains who appear in the game with a picture for each character and a descriptive paragraph. See "LEGO Batman: Character Gallery", Game Informer 186 (October 2008): 92.
^ "Voice Of Alfred Pennyworth - Batman | Behind The Voice Actors". Behind The Voice Actors. Retrieved September 25, 2017. Check mark indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Plot summary citations[edit]
^ Bill Finger (w), Sheldon Moldoff (p), Joe Giella (i). "Gotham Gang Line-Up!" Detective Comics #328 (June 1964), DC Comics
^ Gardner Fox (w), Sheldon Moldoff (p), Joe Giella (i). "Inside Story of the Outsider!" Detective Comics #328 (October 1964)Detective Comics #356 in 1966
^ Mort Weisinger (w), Jerry Robinson (a). "Conversational Clue" Batman #22 (April–May 1944), DC Comics
^ Jerry Robinson (a). "Elusive London Eddie" Batman #36 (August–September 1946)
^ Scott Snyder, James Tynion IV (w), Rafael Albuquerque (a), Dave McCaig (col). "Fall of the House of Wayne" Batman v2, #9-11 (July–September 2012), DC Comics
^ Don Cameron (w), Dick Sprang (a). "Alfred, Private Detective" Detective Comics #96 (February 1945)
^ Frank Robbins (w), Irv Novick (p), Dick Giordano (i). "Angel-- or Devil!" Batman #216 (November 1969)
^ Bill Finger (w), Sheldon Moldoff (p), Stan Kaye (i). "Ace, the Bat-Hound!" Batman #92 (June 1955)
^ Grant Morrison (w), Tony Daniel (p), Sandu Florea (i). "Batman R.I.P.: Batman in the Underworld" Batman #677 (July 2008)
^ a b Detective Comics #501-502
^ Alan Burnett (w), Dustin Nguyen (p), Derek Fridolfs (i). "Torment" 'Superman/Batman' #37-42 (Late August 2007 - Early January 2008), DC Comics
^ Scott Peterson (w), Craig Rousseau (p), Terry Beatty (i). "Captive Audience" Batman: Gotham Adventures #16 (September 1999), DC Comics
^ Michael Green (w), Denys Cowan (p), John Floyd (i). "Lovers & Madmen, Part Two: Peace in Arms" Batman Confidential #8 (October 2007), DC Comics
^ Batman: Earth One
^ Doug Moench (w), Kelley Jones (p), Malcolm Jones (i). 'Batman & Dracula: Red Rain' (1991), DC Comics
^ Doug Moench (w), Kelley Jones (p), Malcolm Jones (i). 'Batman: Bloodstorm' (1994), DC Comics
^ Doug Moench (w), Kelley Jones (p), Malcolm Jones (i). 'Batman: Crimson Mist' (1998), DC Comics
Alfred Pennyworth at DC Comics' official website
Alfred Pennyworth on IMDb
Alfred Pennyworth on DC Database, a DC Comics wiki
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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MacEwan:
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© 2010-2017 The Asia Pacific and Globalization Review (ISSN 1920-1206) Supported by the Institute of Asia Pacific Studies at MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada


A wee blanket and soft friend help baby feel safe and secure. Cute, cuddly and removable wee bunny rattle is snuggled in the pocket. "Lulla Bunny Bye" embroidery. 30cm x 35cm. Machine wash cold on gentle cycle. Suitable from birth.


text:
Gymnoderus est un genre d'oiseaux de la famille des Cotingidae.

Liste des espèces
Selon  :
 Gymnoderus foetidus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Cotingidae