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Tyko Kihlstedt
Photo Essays Capturing the Urban Experience
Milan Architecture II: Five Major Buildings
May 27, 2019 Tyko Kihlstedt 4 Comments
When it comes to the historical breadth and quality of a city's extant architecture, no Italian city can surpass Rome. Nevertheless, the northern Italian city of Milan boasts of at least five buildings which rightly earn their place among the historically important architectural monuments of the western world. This post will focus on these five buildings.
Intersezione Ottusa, Via Romagnoli, Milan Italy
My first photograph, however, is not one of these five buildings. It simply shows a typical Milan street view; we see a sight common to many parts of the city, one in which buildings cut across and obscure any long. perspective street views. This happens because the street pattern is irregular and definitely not based on an orthogonal grid. Could this have to do with the fact that Milan was founded by the Celts ca. 600 B.C. and not the Romans? Romans, as we know, laid out their new cities on a ninety-degree grid pattern, but the Romans did not conquer Milan until four centuries after the Celts.
Livy also tells us that the Celtic Chief, Belloveso, encountered a particular wild boar (scrofa semilanuta) native to this area, and that animal became an esoteric symbol of the city. Surely, the boar–an animal accustomed to wandering, rooting and wallowing in a region's swamplands–is unlikely to create long, straight, orthogonal trails. You know where I am going with this, but fear not. Milan's irregular street layout didn't actually follow early boar paths any more than Boston's similar street pattern followed cow paths!
I'm just having a bit of fun, inventing an urban myth and, in the process, using the obtuse intersection (shown above) to introduce the first–and most recent–of these five buildings.
Guarda il Salotto di Milano, View down the Via Tommaso Grossi to the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Milan, Italy
Da Piazza a Passaggio, Piazza della Scala, View South down Via Manzoni to the Northern Entrance of the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Milan, Italy
Entry from the Piazza della Scala, Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, 1861-1867, Giuseppe Mengoni (architect), Milan, Italy
These three photographs show how the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II allows through views, even as its placement would seem to block such views. The Galleria enables continuous views because it is penetrated by two perpendicularly-crossing streets, covered by iron and glass barrel vaults. The second of these photographs shows the typical blocking of a longer vista, because the Galleria's masonry structure must honor its primary purpose, that of defining the western edge of the Piazza della Scala. However, the third photograph (directly above) shows how the Galleria entrance on this face contains a through street, just not one at 90-degrees but at a 45-degree angle. By this design, the Piazza della Scala is properly defined by its surrounding buildings, yet also opens into an unimpeded, 640-foot long axial view, connecting it to the Piazza del Duomo.
Un Moderno Arco di Trionfo, View North from the Piazza del Duomo to the Southern Entrance, Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, 1861-1867, Giuseppe Mengoni (architect), Milan, Italy
Looking north up that same 640-foot long axial street from the Piazza del Duomo, we see that this entrance to the Galleria rises up above the rest of its fabric and bears some resemblance to a Roman triumphal arch. This monumental entrance archway was inaugurated in 1878 and marked the completion of the Galleria. This north-south axis is the longer of the two axes. It also was the more important one, in that it connects the Teatro alla Scala, the center of Milan's cultural life, with Santa Maria Nascente (the Duomo), the center of Milan's religious life.
In a future post on the public sculpture of Milan, we will see that the Piazza del Duomo also holds a monumental equestrian sculpture of Vittorio Emanuele II, whose name is given to the Galleria. Vittorio Emanuele II assumed the title of King of Italy in 1861, becoming the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century. The Galleria was begun in this same year and stands as a symbol of the unification of all of Italy. Its unusual construction of large-scale vaults of iron and glass, much of it prefabricated, also celebrates a new and more technologically-modern Italy. Its central dome, by the way, is the same diameter as that of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome–an unmistakable statement that Rome may be Italy's religious center, but Milan is now its secular and productive center.
In flaunting its new materials on such a grand scale, the Galleria embodies an Italy ready and willing to join the most progressive European countries, like France and England. In fact, the Galleria could not have been built in the 1860s without the help of British financing and French structural engineering.
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, 1861-1867, Giuseppe Mengoni (architect), Milan, Italy
The decoration of the Galleria also plays a significant role in its iconography and meaning. The mosaic floor below the octagonal dome contains symbols of the four capitals of the Kingdom of Italy: Rome, Florence, Turin and Milan. At the juncture of the spandrels that support the dome are sculpted eagles standing on the coats of arms of Milan and the Duchy of Savoy–Vittorio Emanuele II was the last Duke of Savoy before becoming the King of Italy. The four spandrels contain personifications of the major continents of the world: Europe, America, Asia and Africa. Originally, these were frescoes, but as they were fading (most likely because of the intense sunlight), the spandrels were replicated in mosaic tile in 1911.
As we have seen, the Galleria was intended to embody the new, modern Italy. So, too, was the function of its street-level spaces. Whereas the second floor provided residences (for those who could afford it) and the first floor housed businesses and private clubs, the ground floor was all commercial. On the ground floor were cafés, restaurants and stores. Little has changed today, except that some second floor residences have given way to offices.
The Galleria remains the home for some of Milan's oldest shops and restaurants and, of course, its luxury retailers. Interestingly, one café, the Caffè Gnocchi, opened a shop in the Galleria in 1872 and, a decade later, became the first public space in the city to be lit by electricity–another clear statement of the Galleria's modernity. However, what made the Galleria modern more than anything else was its connection to a new culture of mass consumption. Here we have the first monumental, public, urban space serving the culture of shopping–a culture which remains with us to this day.
Galleria Meravigli, 1928-1930, Milan, Italy
The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II was hardly the first shopping arcade. Several more modest, glazed shopping arcades emerged in earlier nineteenth-century France and England, just none on the scale of Mengoni's Galleria. The much later Galeria Meravigli (above) is indicative of that smaller scale. It provides a modest 190-foot passage from the Via Meravigli to the Via Gaetano Negri in Milan's financial district.
Milan Cathedral
Il Duomo, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Nicolas de Bonaventure, Jean Mignot, et. al.Milan, Italy
Il Duomo, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Nicolas de Bonaventure, Jean Mignot, et. al., Milan, Italy
The Milan cathedral, dedicated to the Nativity of Saint Mary, is said to be the fifth largest church in the world. Work began in 1386, in what would be considered the late Gothic period, and lasted up into the very early 20th-century. It began as a structure of brick, the typical material of Lombard architecture. Very shortly thereafter, however, Giangaleazzo Visconti, the first Duke of Milan, demanded that it be be sheathed in marble. To accomplish this, he ordered canals built to bring marble from the Candoglia quarries near the Val d'Ossola to the north. Also, because Lombard architects and masons were unaccustomed to building in marble, their counterparts were brought in from France–among them the engineer Nicholas de Bonaventure and the architect, Jean Mignot.
The result is a cathedral that looks nothing like any other Italian cathedral. Nor does it look quite like any French Gothic cathedral. The façade was only finished after the orders of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1805, and if three of its windows reveal the pointed, lancet arch of a French Gothic structure, its other five windows (and the entrance portals) reveal semicircular arches and classical pedimental forms that would characterize the later Renaissance.
Il Duomo, Façade Sculpture, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Angel Blowing a Horn, Southwest Corner Sculpture, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: a Murder & a Maiden, Exterior Sculpture, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
One of the boasts of the Cathedral enumerates the quantity of its sculptural decoration: 3,400 statues, 135 gargoyles, and 700 figures, some of which we see in these three photographs.
Il Duomo: Nave Looking East, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Nicolas de Bonaventure, Jean Mignot, et. al., Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Nave & Pulpit, detail, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
The amalgam of styles is also evident in these two interior photographs.
Il Duomo: Apse: Apocalypse Window, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Apse: Apocalypse Window, detail, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: North Side detail, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Nicolas de Bonaventure, Jean Mignot, et. al., Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Roof, North Side, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Roof Finials, North Side, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Roof Finials, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Buttress with Saint, South Side, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Buttress Finials, South Side, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Receding Buttresses, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Buttress Cusp and Crocket, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Buttress Wall with Saint Sebastian, South Side, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Buttress Wall with Canopy & Saint, South Side, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Il Duomo: Oak Leaf, Newel Post of Roof Stairway, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
Nowhere is the amount of decorative detail more evident than on the roof, and the smallest of carvings, like this oak leaf become sensual invitations to the visitors, whose many hands have given the marble a wonderful, yellowed patina.
Il Duomo: Portrait Head, Access Stairway to Roof, Santa Maria Nascente (Milan Cathedral), 1386 ff, Milan, Italy
On the upward ascent of an interior stairway, I came across this carved portrait head. I have no idea who it is, but it might well be any one of the 78 head architects who are recorded as having worked on the Cathedral.
Propylaeum, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386;1080-1128, Milan, Italy
Sant'Ambrogio is the earliest of the five buildings, and a model for the layout of a typical Early Christian Basilica. It was built by Saint Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan and one of the four original Doctors of the Church–the others being Sts. Augustine, Jerome, and Gregory the Great. Ambrose was buried here after his death in 397. Although his original church of 379-386 has been replaced by the present, Romanesque, structure, its footprint and main components remain in what we see today.
Those Early Christian components are a Propylaeum that defines the entrance into a sacred precinct (see above); an Atrium or forecourt defined by colonnaded porticoes (see below); a Narthex or porch defining the entrance hall into the church proper; and the church proper consisting of Nave, Side Aisles, Transept, and Apse. These same components were once to be found in Old Saint Peter's in Rome [320-360], but cannot be experienced in that church today as they can here.
Besides retaining the layout and the feeling of an Early Christian Basilica, Sant'Ambrogio was actually larger in scale than any of the contemporary Early Christian Basilicas in Rome. All of this adds to its importance.
Atrium & Narthex, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386; 1080-1128, Milan, Italy
Passing through the door of the Propylaeum and into the open, expansive, yet magically-peaceful space of the Atrium is a breathtaking experience.
An inscription dates the Atrium to 1098, but many of its portico capitals (of which I show nine below) are pre-Romanesque and date from as early as the 6th-century. They reveal a compendium of fantastic forms and mythical beasts, each of which offered, in symbolic language, some moral lesson for the catechumens, those Christian converts who–until their baptism–could not yet proceed deeper into the church proper.
Pier & Colonette: Atrium, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386; 1080-1128, Milan, Italy
Composite Capital with Griffin: Atrium, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386; 1080-1128, Milan, Italy
Composite Capital with Centaur: Atrium, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386; 1080-1128, Milan, Italy
Composite Capital with Griffin & Interlaced Beasts: Atrium, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386; 1080-1128, Milan, Italy
Composite Capital with Anti-Confronted Horned Beasts: Atrium, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386; 1080-1128, Milan, Italy
Composite Capital with Rampant Beasts: Atrium, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386; 1080-1128, Milan, Italy
Composite Capital with Interlace & Arabesques: Atrium, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386; 1080-1128, Milan, Italy
Central Portal: Narthex, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386; 1080-1128, Milan, Italy
Nave, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386; 1080-1128, Milan, Italy
All That Remains: Crypt, Sant'Ambrogio (Basilica Martyrium), 379-386; 1080-1128, Milan, Italy
Here in the Crypt we see the skeleton of Saint Ambrose, dressed in his Bishop's vestments and accompanied by the two 3rd-century martyrs, Saints Gervasus and Protasus. It was their relics that Ambrose disinterred and placed, originally, beneath the altar of his newly-founded church. Realize that, before the church took on Ambrose's name, it was simply called, Basilica Martyrium.
Santa Maria delle Grazie, 1463-1490, Milan, Italy
The Dominican convent and church of Santa Maria della Grazie is best known for Leonardo da Vinci's Last Supper, painted on the wall of the convent's refectory. The church was begun under Francesco I Sforza, the Duke of Milan. The façade and nave of the church is typical Lombard brick construction. The work of the architect, Guiniforte Solari, it offers no special architectural statement.
However, the domed tribune that rises up and dominates the apse end of the church very clearly appears to be the work of a different designer. Besides its usual functions, this tribune would also serve as a burial mausoleum for the Sforza family. For this reason, it's easy to imagine the Dukes of Milan wanting something special, and so looking beyond Lombardy and towards the more modern design emerging out of Tuscany and central Italy which we today understand as Renaissance.
It is likely, though not proven, that the tribune as well as the elegant cloister of Santa Maria delle Grazie are early works by Donato Bramante. After his stay in Lombardy, Bramante would go to Rome, serve as the principal planner for Pope Julius II, and become known as the first architect of what is called the High Renaissance.
Façade, Santa Maria delle Grazie, 1463-1490, Milan, Italy
Main Portal, Santa Maria delle Grazie, 1463-1490, Milan, Italy
Tribune (Arse End), Santa Maria delle Grazie, 1463-1490, Milan, Italy
Cloister & Tribune, Santa Maria delle Grazie, 1463-1490, Milan, Italy
Cloister, Santa Maria delle Grazie, 1463-1490, Milan, Italy
Santa Maria presso San Satiro
Chapel of San Satiro, ca. 879, Adjoining Santa Maria presso San Satiro, Milan, Italy
We are actually looking at two separate structures here: a 9th-century chapel, San Satiro (above), much of which was reworked in the 15th-century, and a 15th-century church, Santa Maria presso San Satiro (below).
I would suggest that the word, "presso," which means "at," might better be understood as "connected to." In fact, one enters San Satiro from inside Santa Maria presso San Satiro. More importantly, San Satiro had a 13th-century fresco painting of a Madonna and Child on its exterior. By 1242, this painting had earned a reputation for performing miracles. For this reason, and under the patronage of the Sforza lords, the painting was detached to become the altarpiece for the new church of Santa Maria presso San Satiro. Clearly, the two structures demanded adjacency, if not an actual, physical connection.
In the penultimate photograph below, we see this Madonna and Child centered above the altar of Santa Maria presso San Satiro. When it was transferred inside, most likely in the 1470s, two angels and the portraits of two members of the Sforza family were added to it.
Façade, Santa Maria presso San Satiro, 1472-1482, Giovanni Antonio Amadeo and Donato Bramante (architects), Milan, Italy
Nave, Santa Maria presso San Satiro, 1472-1482, Giovanni Antonio Amadeo and Donato Bramante (architects), Milan, Italy
Choir, Santa Maria presso San Satiro, ca.1482 ff, Donato Bramante, Milan, Italy
Donato Bramante may have had little to do with the basic design of this church, but his training in the new science of illusionistic perspective painting was essential in order to complete Santa Maria presso San Satiro as a properly-functioning church. This is because there is only another three feet of actual space behind the priest whom we see standing at a lectern on the left. The entire choir with its arching barrel vault and receding walls, defined by three arches & pilasters, is not physically real. This choir and all of its architectural elements was painted by Bramante to provide the illusion of real spatial depth.
There was, you see, no room for a choir. If you scroll up to the first photograph of San Satiro, you can see the dome and lantern of Santa Maria presso San Satiro poking up behind the older chapel. Where the choir should have been, on our far left, we instead see a road slicing through. A real choir would have needed to occupy the space of this road. The road remains. Bramante simply 'replaced' it by painting a powerful Renaissance barrel vault on a flat wall, so creating a major tour-de-force of illusionistic perspective.
By the way, those wonderfully expressive terracotta heads in the circular frieze of San Satiro could well be designed by Bramante. They are, most definitely, later 15th-century pieces of sculpture from the hand of a very good artist.
Choir & Lunette Fresco [17th-century] by A. F. Peruzzini, Santa Maria presso San Satiro, ca.1482 ff, Donato Bramante, Milan, Italy
Filed Under: Architecture, Places Tagged With: Donato Bramante, Early Christian, Galleria Meravigli, Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Gothic, Italy, Milan, Milan Cathedral, Piazza del Duomo, Piazza della Scala, Romanesque, Saint Ambrose, San Satiro, Sant'Ambrogio, Santa Maria delle Grazie, Santa Maria Nascente, Sforza, Visconti
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William Marshall says
Wonderful Tyko. I really enjoy your blogs and share them with friends and relatives. Question for you. On the structures that have all the figures, heads, and animals, how do they clean them or do they just let rain do the job?
Bob Michener says
A truly marvellous blog, Tyko! I was there a long time ago in 1956. My friend and I went to a matinee performance of La Traviata at La Scala with Callas singing. In act three, the tenor burst in ahead of his cue and wandered around the stage until he was supposed to enter. We didn't know who Callas was then but there there was wild applause and shouting whenever she appeared, so we assumed she was special. Living out of back packs, we had no appropriate clothes, which caused a little fuss when we entered!
Tyko Kihlstedt says
What a great story, Bob. Given the fact that you remembered it was Act III, maybe you remember even more. It ought to be part of s short story. Love it!
Good question, Bill. I'm not sure who cleans the sculptures. Rain surely does, but there must be an official organization as well, especially since Sant'Ambrogio is such an important civic & religious monument. I think that the Milan cathedral had some major restoration and cleaning done over the past few years, and much of the restoration on it is on-going (see this article from "Abitare:" http://www.abitare.it/en/habitat-en/historical-heritage/2017/09/10/milan-cathedral-endless-story/ ).
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Marcia is pictured with Holden far right and her year-old Julietta. Today's headlines Most Read Demure Duchess! He started out with her eyes, explaining that this way dark powder there wouldn't bleed into foundation. However, she can't help but get a little mothering in: Bravo boss heads for a workout in New York a week after welcoming baby Benjamin He's bowled it over! She served as a model for one of the first videos on his channel.
He also let powders bake, momentarily making his mom look quite silly. There was no Sephora when I was coming up,' she says, noting that she doesn't know the names of all the products she uses. He explains that lash makeup with come last — because powder her uses on her forehead may end up stuck in mascara. Subban after winning bronze in the final event of her illustrious career Jersey Shore's Ronnie Ortiz-Magro completes six-week rehab stint for alcoholism and depression The year-old reality star completed rehab World On Fire filming: The video cuts to Marcia with a makeup-free face, sitting and in close-up while her son gets started. Lolo Jones opens up to Tamar Braxton and reveals sexual virginity at age 36 Olympic athlete Lolo opened up to her finalists Dog The Bounty Hunter's wife Beth Chapman shares loving snap of herself with husband amid cancer battle It swept the board at the Baftas - but it's leaving audiences bitterly divided.


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Image Credit: MindAid
MindAid App Helps Teachers Assess Students' Mental Health
250 teachers in the UK are trialling a new app, called MindAid, as a tool to help them recognise and address mental health problems amongst their students.
The app was developed by Senior Lecturer in Clinical Psychology at Royal Holloway, University of London, Dr Helen Pote, in collaboration with CYPIAPT SE Learning Collaborative and the Anna Freud Centre as a Mental Health First Aid training tool for teachers. The app includes information on how to engage with students and also where to direct them for appropriate help.
"In today's society, young people can feel under extreme pressure from so many factors including doing well at school, pressure from social peers and problems at home," said Dr Pote.
"MindAid is an information resource for teachers and supports early conversations about common mental health problems with young people. It draws together all the evidenced based information they need in one easy to use app," continued Dr Pote
The information within MindAid is based on two clinically-backed resources: The Me and My Feelings Questionnaire, developed by Anna Freud Centre, and the MindEd Training Resources, developed by Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.
According to Dr Pote, MindAid has different modules designed to be used by teachers and other school staff before, during or after a consultation with a student.
"The app is designed to give teachers a tool to recognise those young people who need help and includes sign-posting information on how to direct students who may need a helping hand," said Dr Pote.
Before a consultation, teachers can use the LISTEN or LEARN features on how to approach conversations with children and discuss and understand common mental health problems.
During the consultation, teachers can use the QUESTION mode to complete ratings of difficulties using the Me and My Feelings Questionnaire to understand student's difficulties and those with high levels of difficulties.
After the consultation, teachers can use the LEARN and REFER features to find out more about the difficulties and appropriate sources of help.
"Early intervention and prevention of common mental health problems is the key to making sure young people are supported sooner rather than later, and many teachers have been extremely supportive of this app," concluded Dr Pote.
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Everyone is in such a hurry to make sure that this is a totally equal, nondiscriminatory world, and sometimes in the rush to pretend that men and women are exactly alike things get stupid.
Stupidity in the name of equality is acceptable, I suppose. But when the stupidity poses a danger to people, it`s no longer funny.
We`ve all read those occasional newspaper stories about women who-needing to use the restroom at a sports event or concert-find themselves unable to wait in line one minute longer. Biology and anatomy being what they are, women tend to take more time in restrooms than men, and the lines can get pretty long. So once in a while a woman will dash into a men`s restroom, will explain her urgency to the men inside, and you`ll end up reading an amusing feature story about it.
In Santa Monica, Calif., this month, the City Council passed an ordinance making it illegal for men to use women`s restrooms, and for women to use men`s restrooms. The City Council action was prompted by a very real concern: There had been reports of men loitering inside public lavatories to sell drugs or commit lewd acts.
An exception was written into the law: in case of ''urgent necessity'' a man could use a women`s restroom, or a woman could use a men`s restroom. Clearly, no one was going to be prosecuted for using a restroom during a moment of genuine distress. The law had a single intention: to keep men from hiding in women`s restrooms for the purpose of committing crimes.
So now the circus begins; it probably won`t be too many days before America`s talk shows are filled with debates about the ''nightmare'' of men being forced to use men`s restrooms, and women being forced to use women`s restrooms.
The reason that this is not merely stupidly funny is the reason that the law was a good idea in the first place. If a man is intent on finding a woman in an isolated place to rob or to harm, there are rooms all over every city in America marked with the word ''Women.'' Of all the stories about crime I have ever reported on, one that stays with me the most vividly was just such a case. Maybe that`s why I find the prospect of the new Santa Monica law being turned into a lively national talk-show game so repugnant.
In Grant Park in Chicago in the 1970s, a man, his wife and their baby son were taking a stroll. They had been on a train trip west, they had a several- hour layover, so they decided to see the city.
''Women''-stabbed the woman to death as her husband and baby son, standing less than 25 feet away, heard her final screams.
It was a random crime but it wasn`t a random crime; the man in the restroom wasn`t waiting for that woman specifically, but he was waiting for some woman to come in. I don`t know many people who were at the scene of that crime-reporters or police officers-who could look at a sign on a women`s restroom in the weeks after the murder without reflecting at least fleetingly on the fact that the sign on the door is seen, by some people, as an invitation to wait in prey.
Would a law against men going into women`s restrooms have prevented that particular murder? Probably not; you can`t put a police officer in every restroom. Could a murderer not also wait in a men`s restroom-or could a female murderer not commit her crime in a women`s restroom?
Of course, of course. There are no sure things. But I wonder if the husband of that poor woman whose fatal mistake was to enter the Grant Park women`s restroom has been reading about the controversy in California. I wonder if her baby son, now much older, has been reading about it.
We`re all equal-men and women, black and white. But is it truly insulting or demeaning to anyone to legally keep men out of women`s restrooms? Is it really harmful to our enlightened society to try to make sure that only women go inside?
We`re all equal. Sometimes I think we`re all equally idiotic.


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This program comes at no additional cost. Simply present your membership card from one of the above museums to receive free admission.


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Christopher Nceba Faku
ANC political activist and civic leader
Christopher Nceba
Faku
New Brighton, Port Elizabeth
Christopher Nceba Faku was born on 11 February 1956 in New Brighton, Port Elizabeth.
Faku received his education at the Cowan High School and Lovedale College in Alice. He completed his matric in 1978 while serving a thirteen years' prison term on Robben Island.
Following his release from prison, Faku was elected as regional organiser of the Eastern Cape African National Congress (ANC) and also held an ANC/South African Communist Party (SACP) local government portfolio. In 1994, Faku was elected chairperson of the Port Elizabeth Transitional Local Council.
After South Africa's first democratic local elections he was elected as first Black Mayor of the City of Port Elizabeth (now Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality) on 6 November 1995. As mayor of Port Elizabeth, Faku invited Queen Elizabeth II of Britain whilst she was on her official visit to South Africa.
Faku received several awards and honourary memberships, including the Eastern Cape Communicator of the year 1994, PMR Silver Arrow Award for Most Admired Mayor 1998 and the PMR Golden Arrow Award for Most Effective Mayor 1999. He is a patron of numerous cultural, sporting and community initiatives in the Port Elizabeth area.
He is currently member of the Eastern Cape Local Government Association.
Biography of Nceba Faku. Who's Who [Online]. available at: whoswhosa.co.za/ [accessed 07 July 2010]
African National Congress (ANC)
Produced 17 February 2011


text:
Prophylactic repair of renal artery stenosis is not justified in patients who require infrarenal aortic reconstruction
W. K. Williamson, Jr Abou-Zamzam A.M., Gregory (Greg) Moneta, R. A. Yeager, James Edwards, Jr Taylor L.M., J. M. Porter, R. E. Zierler, W. K. Williamson, F. Weaver, R. Stoney
Purpose: Simultaneous prophylactic repair of asymptomatic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) in patients who require infrarenal aortoiliac reconstruction is controversial. This study documents the natural history of ARAS in patients who require aortic reconstruction. Methods: Two hundred patients who required aortic reconstruction from 1985 to 1990 for indications other than hypertension or renal salvage were identified. ARAS was not repaired. Preoperative angiograms were available for 171 of 200 patients and were reviewed for renal artery stenosis. Patients were assessed for atherosclerotic risk factors, survival, preoperative and follow-up blood pressure, serum creatinine level, antihypertensive medication usage, and need for dialysis. Results: The mean duration of follow-up was 6.3 years. Twenty- four of 171 patients (14%) had preoperative unilateral 70% to 99% diameter reduction ARAS, and eight (5%) had bilateral 70% to 99% ARAS. Clinical features associated with ≤70% ARAS included coronary artery disease, increased age, and a diagnosis of hypertension (p <0.05). Patients with ≤70% ARAS did not have a decreased 7-year survival rate (66% vs 84%; p = 0.10) but had higher systolic blood pressures (153 ± 25 vs 138 ± 30 mm Hg; p <0.05) as well as increased numbers of antihypertensive medications at follow-up (1.1 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 1; p <0.05). The mean serum creatinine level (1.1 ± 0.3 preoperative vs 1.4 ± 0.8 mg/dl; p = NS) was not increased. One patient (0.58%) with polycystic kidney disease and minimal renal artery stenosis required dialysis. Conclusions: High-grade ARAS in patients who are undergoing infrarenal aortic reconstruction is associated at late follow-up with increased systolic blood pressure and a need for increased numbers of antihypertensive medications, but not decreased survival rate, dialysis dependence, or an increase in serum creatinine level. These data do not support renal artery repair in patients with ARAS who undergo infrarenal aortic reconstruction.
Journal of Vascular Surgery
Renal Artery Obstruction
Antihypertensive Agents
Renal Hypertension
Williamson, W. K., Abou-Zamzam A.M., J., Moneta, G. G., Yeager, R. A., Edwards, J., Taylor L.M., J., ... Stoney, R. (1998). Prophylactic repair of renal artery stenosis is not justified in patients who require infrarenal aortic reconstruction. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 28(1), 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(98)70195-8
Prophylactic repair of renal artery stenosis is not justified in patients who require infrarenal aortic reconstruction. / Williamson, W. K.; Abou-Zamzam A.M., Jr; Moneta, Gregory (Greg); Yeager, R. A.; Edwards, James; Taylor L.M., Jr; Porter, J. M.; Zierler, R. E.; Williamson, W. K.; Weaver, F.; Stoney, R.
In: Journal of Vascular Surgery, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1998, p. 14-22.
Williamson, WK, Abou-Zamzam A.M., J, Moneta, GG, Yeager, RA, Edwards, J, Taylor L.M., J, Porter, JM, Zierler, RE, Williamson, WK, Weaver, F & Stoney, R 1998, 'Prophylactic repair of renal artery stenosis is not justified in patients who require infrarenal aortic reconstruction', Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(98)70195-8
Williamson WK, Abou-Zamzam A.M. J, Moneta GG, Yeager RA, Edwards J, Taylor L.M. J et al. Prophylactic repair of renal artery stenosis is not justified in patients who require infrarenal aortic reconstruction. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 1998;28(1):14-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0741-5214(98)70195-8
Williamson, W. K. ; Abou-Zamzam A.M., Jr ; Moneta, Gregory (Greg) ; Yeager, R. A. ; Edwards, James ; Taylor L.M., Jr ; Porter, J. M. ; Zierler, R. E. ; Williamson, W. K. ; Weaver, F. ; Stoney, R. / Prophylactic repair of renal artery stenosis is not justified in patients who require infrarenal aortic reconstruction. In: Journal of Vascular Surgery. 1998 ; Vol. 28, No. 1. pp. 14-22.
@article{4e33b21caf8b48c39361db4335314cd6,
title = "Prophylactic repair of renal artery stenosis is not justified in patients who require infrarenal aortic reconstruction",
abstract = "Purpose: Simultaneous prophylactic repair of asymptomatic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) in patients who require infrarenal aortoiliac reconstruction is controversial. This study documents the natural history of ARAS in patients who require aortic reconstruction. Methods: Two hundred patients who required aortic reconstruction from 1985 to 1990 for indications other than hypertension or renal salvage were identified. ARAS was not repaired. Preoperative angiograms were available for 171 of 200 patients and were reviewed for renal artery stenosis. Patients were assessed for atherosclerotic risk factors, survival, preoperative and follow-up blood pressure, serum creatinine level, antihypertensive medication usage, and need for dialysis. Results: The mean duration of follow-up was 6.3 years. Twenty- four of 171 patients (14{\%}) had preoperative unilateral 70{\%} to 99{\%} diameter reduction ARAS, and eight (5{\%}) had bilateral 70{\%} to 99{\%} ARAS. Clinical features associated with ≤70{\%} ARAS included coronary artery disease, increased age, and a diagnosis of hypertension (p <0.05). Patients with ≤70{\%} ARAS did not have a decreased 7-year survival rate (66{\%} vs 84{\%}; p = 0.10) but had higher systolic blood pressures (153 ± 25 vs 138 ± 30 mm Hg; p <0.05) as well as increased numbers of antihypertensive medications at follow-up (1.1 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 1; p <0.05). The mean serum creatinine level (1.1 ± 0.3 preoperative vs 1.4 ± 0.8 mg/dl; p = NS) was not increased. One patient (0.58{\%}) with polycystic kidney disease and minimal renal artery stenosis required dialysis. Conclusions: High-grade ARAS in patients who are undergoing infrarenal aortic reconstruction is associated at late follow-up with increased systolic blood pressure and a need for increased numbers of antihypertensive medications, but not decreased survival rate, dialysis dependence, or an increase in serum creatinine level. These data do not support renal artery repair in patients with ARAS who undergo infrarenal aortic reconstruction.",
author = "Williamson, {W. K.} and {Abou-Zamzam A.M.}, Jr and Moneta, {Gregory (Greg)} and Yeager, {R. A.} and James Edwards and {Taylor L.M.}, Jr and Porter, {J. M.} and Zierler, {R. E.} and Williamson, {W. K.} and F. Weaver and R. Stoney",
journal = "Journal of Vascular Surgery",
T1 - Prophylactic repair of renal artery stenosis is not justified in patients who require infrarenal aortic reconstruction
AU - Williamson, W. K.
AU - Abou-Zamzam A.M., Jr
AU - Moneta, Gregory (Greg)
AU - Yeager, R. A.
AU - Edwards, James
AU - Taylor L.M., Jr
AU - Porter, J. M.
AU - Zierler, R. E.
AU - Weaver, F.
AU - Stoney, R.
N2 - Purpose: Simultaneous prophylactic repair of asymptomatic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) in patients who require infrarenal aortoiliac reconstruction is controversial. This study documents the natural history of ARAS in patients who require aortic reconstruction. Methods: Two hundred patients who required aortic reconstruction from 1985 to 1990 for indications other than hypertension or renal salvage were identified. ARAS was not repaired. Preoperative angiograms were available for 171 of 200 patients and were reviewed for renal artery stenosis. Patients were assessed for atherosclerotic risk factors, survival, preoperative and follow-up blood pressure, serum creatinine level, antihypertensive medication usage, and need for dialysis. Results: The mean duration of follow-up was 6.3 years. Twenty- four of 171 patients (14%) had preoperative unilateral 70% to 99% diameter reduction ARAS, and eight (5%) had bilateral 70% to 99% ARAS. Clinical features associated with ≤70% ARAS included coronary artery disease, increased age, and a diagnosis of hypertension (p <0.05). Patients with ≤70% ARAS did not have a decreased 7-year survival rate (66% vs 84%; p = 0.10) but had higher systolic blood pressures (153 ± 25 vs 138 ± 30 mm Hg; p <0.05) as well as increased numbers of antihypertensive medications at follow-up (1.1 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 1; p <0.05). The mean serum creatinine level (1.1 ± 0.3 preoperative vs 1.4 ± 0.8 mg/dl; p = NS) was not increased. One patient (0.58%) with polycystic kidney disease and minimal renal artery stenosis required dialysis. Conclusions: High-grade ARAS in patients who are undergoing infrarenal aortic reconstruction is associated at late follow-up with increased systolic blood pressure and a need for increased numbers of antihypertensive medications, but not decreased survival rate, dialysis dependence, or an increase in serum creatinine level. These data do not support renal artery repair in patients with ARAS who undergo infrarenal aortic reconstruction.
AB - Purpose: Simultaneous prophylactic repair of asymptomatic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) in patients who require infrarenal aortoiliac reconstruction is controversial. This study documents the natural history of ARAS in patients who require aortic reconstruction. Methods: Two hundred patients who required aortic reconstruction from 1985 to 1990 for indications other than hypertension or renal salvage were identified. ARAS was not repaired. Preoperative angiograms were available for 171 of 200 patients and were reviewed for renal artery stenosis. Patients were assessed for atherosclerotic risk factors, survival, preoperative and follow-up blood pressure, serum creatinine level, antihypertensive medication usage, and need for dialysis. Results: The mean duration of follow-up was 6.3 years. Twenty- four of 171 patients (14%) had preoperative unilateral 70% to 99% diameter reduction ARAS, and eight (5%) had bilateral 70% to 99% ARAS. Clinical features associated with ≤70% ARAS included coronary artery disease, increased age, and a diagnosis of hypertension (p <0.05). Patients with ≤70% ARAS did not have a decreased 7-year survival rate (66% vs 84%; p = 0.10) but had higher systolic blood pressures (153 ± 25 vs 138 ± 30 mm Hg; p <0.05) as well as increased numbers of antihypertensive medications at follow-up (1.1 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 1; p <0.05). The mean serum creatinine level (1.1 ± 0.3 preoperative vs 1.4 ± 0.8 mg/dl; p = NS) was not increased. One patient (0.58%) with polycystic kidney disease and minimal renal artery stenosis required dialysis. Conclusions: High-grade ARAS in patients who are undergoing infrarenal aortic reconstruction is associated at late follow-up with increased systolic blood pressure and a need for increased numbers of antihypertensive medications, but not decreased survival rate, dialysis dependence, or an increase in serum creatinine level. These data do not support renal artery repair in patients with ARAS who undergo infrarenal aortic reconstruction.
JO - Journal of Vascular Surgery
JF - Journal of Vascular Surgery


We run, we fall, and the Lord gives us strength to get up and run with Him again.
The Lord will get you through all struggles.
You can NOT walk in darkness AND be in the light.
All have sin, for if we say we have no sin we lie.
When you fall into temptation you need to repent, get up and believe God.
What Christ has done provides forgiveness for ALL sin.
Seek the Lord, pray and He will give you joy even cleaning a toilet.


text:
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" When you are 26-years-old and being thrown into boardrooms to interview the CEO of Pepsi and General Foods and places like that, you really have to learn how to talk to people and to be a little differential, but still to be yourself. Otherwise, [they] won't tell you anything."
– Public relations executive Aimee Stern
By all measures, she was successful in ways that mattered most in the professional world: her business portfolio was profitable and scaling.
But Aimee Stern discovered that her work, while effective in its strategy and execution, was done for people that she didn't always respect. Aimee lamented that her focus was directed to [not messing up], rather than to making her work meaningful.
As a single mother of two kids, she couldn't just "blow up" her career to do something else. But Aimee made a bargain with herself, to continue to scale her PR practice, but do it on her own terms.
And, that's when Aimee Stern channeled bravery to do good and do well in her professional career.
In this first part of a two-part episode, Aimee describes:
A childhood informed by fear and the loss of her mom [starts at 2:34]
Developing a social conscience [starts at 5:19]
The importance of writing in her life [starts at 10:40]
Her first job in advertising and dealing with sexual harassment [starts at 14:07]
An act of bravery that changed her career for the better [starts at 22:26]
About our guest:
Aimee Stern is the Chief Bravery Officer of Brave NOW PR based in Washington, D.C. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and Education from the State University of New York Oswego.
EPISODE DATE: December 13, 2019
Brave NOW PR Website
Brave NOW Courageous Content Website
Image credits: Child in a cape, iStockPhoto; Portrait, Aimee Stern
By Dan Smolen|2019-12-12T15:02:20-05:00December 13th, 2019|Podcast|


One Direction are back with a world tour since the beginning of this year and one of the stops of the tour will be Oslo.
One Direction are an English-Irish boy pop band which was formed in 2010. The band currently consists Harry Styles, Niall Horan, Louis Tomlinson and Liam Payne as Zayn Malik left the group in March 2015. One Direction came out with four albums so far the band's latest album was Four which was released in 2014. The most notable songs of the band are Story of My Life, What Makes You Beautiful, Steal My Girl and so on.
Since the beginning of February 2015 One Direction is on a world tour with the On The Road Again Tour in which the band will give 80 shows world wide including Europe as well where One Direction will give 33 concerts.
In Oslo the One Direction concert will be held on Friday on 19th June 2015 at the Ullevaal Stadion. After the concert in Oslo the band will give a concert in Gothenburg, Sweden on Tuesday on 23rd June 2015. Tickets for the concerts are already available.


The Ordered Universe/Durham Grosseteste project work on the treatise on light is this month featured in the BBC Magazine, Sky at Night, dedicated to all things astronomical, in an article written by Paul Cockburn. Gasper, Panti, McLeish and Bower were all interviewed and feature in the discussion of Grosseteste's expanding universe in his radical, anomalous, revolutionary?, exposition of Aristotle and the question of the extension of body. Get your copy now! We are featured on pages 69-73, including a lovely commentary on the project by Richard Bower, on the beauty of the treatise and the alternative rationality of this medieval view of the universe.
The Medieval Big Bang will feature at the FIDEM congress in Porto, and will be the main focus of the project's publication programme this calendar year.
I`m a teacher in Brazil. Philosophy teacher. I translate the De incoatione formarum [De luce] by Grosseteste to Portuguese (latin to portuguese). In my job there are implications of Einstein's big bang in the cosmos of Grosseteste.


I report on markets and politics in developing nations, as well as projects and investigations, for Bloomberg News. I'm also the co-director of AAJA JCamp, a multicultural training program for some of the top high school journalists in the United States.
I am based in New York after stints in Peru, Morocco and Spain. Before joining Bloomberg, some highlights included writing a cover story for the Middle East edition of Forbes in Arabic, covering a 156-mile ultramarathon through the Sahara and getting a call from the mom of Bon Iver lead singer, Justin Vernon, asking for a copy of my story to frame.
When I'm not reporting, I enjoy hunting down the next vegan café gem, running through the backwoods and dreaming up big projects.
Always on the lookout for the next adventure or story, I can be reached by e-mail: benbartenstein(AT)gmail(dot)com.


In the previous post, I explained that Deadlines are a necessary tool to keep yourself on track so as to make your dream a reality. Being honest with yourself is key, but that brings up an important point: The creation and maintenance of Deadlines is just as important as the fulfillment.
Imagine this scenario: You want to publish a book by Christmas and it's the start of November. You set yourself the Deadline of first draft by end of December. Second by December 15th. Third by 20th. Cover by 22nd and the publication by 24th. Whew! You busted your hump and drank way too much coffee and typed until your fingers bled, but you made it, right? Right?
Why? What went wrong? You adhered to the Deadlines and you hit each one! Yeah, sure. But at what cost?
Firstly, your book is going to suffer. Unless you're talking about a short story (and even then…), it will be rushed. It will be incomplete. Like a stew, a book needs a chance to simmer and reduce. It has to be tasted along the way to adjust the seasoning, the spices, the ratio of meat to vegetables.
Secondly, you've burnt yourself out. Yes, it's essential to keep yourself motivated and moving, busting through Writer's Block and keeping distractions away, you do need down-time. Sanity is expensive.
In short, if you're putting all you've got into squeezing out an unseasoned, bloated sausage, then that's exactly what you're going to get.
Here's the deal – the first part of making Deadlines is to understand their purpose. A Deadline is a tool that you can use to stay on target to turn your dream into reality. The Deadline does not drive the book, rather it assists the author.
The dog wags the tail. The hammer strikes the nail. The Book determines the Deadline.
The date of release of a publication is dependent upon the content of the publication, not the other way around.
"I've got a romance novel, so it must be up by Valentine's Day." No.
"This horror story will go great for Halloween." No.
"The anniversary of the Treaty of Versailles is the ideal time to launch." No, no and three-times no.
The problem here is that this attitude is giving all the power to the Deadline, and none to the Author. The Deadline, after all, is lazy. All it needs to do is point to a date and make you feel terrible that you're about to go over. Who's doing all the work? The Author is. How much work is involved? That depends on the size and scope of the book.
If you're talking about an historical novel, there's going to be a sizable chunk of research required. Notes. Cross checking. References. Interviews.
If, instead, it's a romance, the steamy scenes and character development need a lot more than a cursory glance.
In short, the book will take as long as it needs to take. If you force the book to conform to an arbitrary date, then something will inevitably be cut out.
I can type fast. I can't break any records, but I can pound the keyboard at a solid clip if I'm on a roll. Does that mean I can divide the total number of words I wish to write and divide it by my average word per minute score to find out how long it's going to take me? Yes, that would make mathematical sense, but in a practical sense it's far from useful.
Let's say you type at 60 words per minute. For an 80,000 word novel, you're looking at 80k / 60 wpm = 1,333 minutes or 22 odd hours. Less than a day! Hotdog, let's crank out a library by the end of the year.
You can see straight away where the problem lies: No one is going to type, non-stop, at one word per second. Heck, even while writing that last sentence I stopped and thought, corrected an error or three, and planned what I was going to write next. The reality is that your rate of writing is not going to be 80k words per day. Not even 10k.
Base your estimates in reality. If you can, on average, push your commitments around enough to squeeze out 500 words per day, then you're on a good trot in my books.
80k words / 500words per day = 160 days or about 22 weeks. Now that's a lot more realistic.
The rule here is to determine what is an achievable, maintainable rate of progress, not some theoretical maximum.
There's the external, physical reality to contend with, and there's also your own abilities, failings and commitments to take into consideration. You're not a machine, you're a person. It's not a matter of flicking the creative switch, leaving your fingers to type for an hour and then turning the switch off.
There are distractions. There are emergencies. There is the constant reshuffling of priorities. The boy comes in with a tummy bug. There's an open for inspection on the weekend. You have to stay back an hour at work. You find out, firsthand, the tummy bug is contagious. Ew.
Your 500 words per day is looking a little shaky. You know what, let's drop it down to 400 words per day, and give yourself a 20% buffer zone. That means if you happen to bottom out one day in five, you're covered.
You can argue that it can go the other way, that there are times when Aunty Mavis cancels her booking and won't be coming over for the weekend. That frees you up, and you can do more than your quota. This is true. Averages says that you will win. Sometimes.
From my experience, though, any free time available is quickly sucked up by other tasks. Aunty Mavis isn't coming down? Then get cracking on cleaning up the garage. Pick up that list of Honey-Dos. Nature abhors a vacuum and the same can be said for disposable hours.
If you happen to reach the Deadline beforehand, bully for you! That's great! Crack a beer and pat yourself on the back. Budget for a 20% buffer, and you'll save yourself a lot of heartache.
You've done the maths and factored in a buffer and you've made a deadline for your first draft. Turns out it's a good 26 weeks away. Might as well be Christmas, right?
The 26 Week mark is your Deadline, the target you must hit, but it's so far away. How do you know, after you've gotten started, that you're on track? This is where Milestones come in.
Remembering that Deadlines are a tool to keep you on track, not for punishing yourself, think of Milestones as reminders that you've committed to finishing what you said you would, when you said you would. Everyone else who wants something will make noise at you, post reminders, nag even, but a Deadline really only gets vocal as you approach it.
Milestones give your Deadline a voice.
More than this, though, they highlight early on whether you've bitten off more than you can chew. If, by the end of the first week, you haven't crank out 2000 words when you said you would, then something might be wrong. If, by the end of the first month, you've not finished two chapters like you said you would, it's time to reassess.
While Deadlines are hard and fast, Milestones are more flexible, kind of like a mid-term report card. If you create your Milestones when you create your Deadline, you can plot these on a calendar and refer to them regularly.
I don't like going into word count too much, so my Milestones tend to be based on structure and Chapter count, but nothing says you can't have both, or something else entirely. Heck, if you're doing a multi-arc story, you might consider the completion of one arc a milestone.
Deadlines are commitments. If I commit to finish my first draft in six months, and the second draft by the following month, and the third by the month after that, I'm setting myself up for failure.
Why? Because I don't know what I'm going to be like in six months. I don't know what I'll be like the month after that. There's a jolly good chance I'll be rushed off my feet, incapable of doing anything!
The lesson here is to commit to the next Deadline in sequence, not all of them at the start. Plan for them, sure. Set up the expectation with a fuzzy "I'd like to be finished by about… July". That's good, since it gives you a general goal.
But don't say, "I will have everything done by July 14th" before you've even commenced. Instead, commit to shorter deadlines. "I will have the skeleton of the plot and structure by April 11th." Doable? Yes. Reasonable? Yes. When you reach that Deadline, look to the next one. "I will have the first draft written by August 10th". Doable and reasonable? Yes and yes. OK.
When you reach August 10th, and you wearily click the 'print' button, then step back and look to the next Deadline. You're knackered. You've been burning the midnight oil. You need trolleys to carry those bags under your eyes. Can you keep up the same speed? Heck, no. Need to give yourself more time to do the second draft? Yes, please! Reassess and adapt the deadline to how you are after each completion.
Adapting also comes in the form of learning about yourself. Naturally, you're going to get faster at writing, at correcting and editing, at formatting and the like. The time taken to create a skeleton plot and structure this time around is going to be less than last time. If you've got a series, and you've already introduced characters and places, you need even less time for their development.
If you're writing about a topic on which you are well versed, it's going to be heck faster than if you need to stop and research every other page. If you're used to writing short stories and you want to tackle a novel, consider that it's not a linear relation between time taken and word count and so past performance may need an extra buffer when it comes to doing something unfamiliar.
One must be disciplined when it comes to following Deadlines, so ensuring that they are achievable at the point of creation is essential to success. Creating iterative, shorter Deadlines rather than a few, long ones will allow you to reassess your progress regularly and give you breathing space.
Being honest and practical, using reality to drive the Deadline rather than desires will give you the best chance of meeting your goals, and, at the same time, gives you a solid base upon which to base future estimates.


Lots for sale in downtown in Cozumel!
Lot 2 – $55,000 usd . . . SOLD . . .
Lot 3 – $56,000 usd . . . SOLD . . .
Lot 4 – $57,000 usd . . . SOLD . . .
Lot 5 . . . SOLD . . .
Lot 6 – $74,000 usd . . . SOLD . . .
Lot 7 – $58,000 usd . . . SOLD . . .
Lot 8 – $56,000 usd . . . SOLD . . .
Lot 9 – $55,000 usd . . . SOLD . . .
64 m X 30 m (209.97 ft x 98.42 ft) . . . SOLD . . .


text:
Come mangiare i vermi fritti è un film del 2006 diretto da Bob Dolman e tratto dal romanzo Come mangiare vermi fritti di Thomas Rockwell.

Trama
Il giovane Billy Forrester è debole di stomaco e molto spesso vomita. Lui e la sua famiglia, composta dai suoi genitori Mitch e Helen, e dal fratellino Woody, si sono appena trasferiti in una nuova città. Nella nuova scuola, Billy diventa ben presto l'obiettivo di una banda di bulli, i quali fanno con lui una scommessa: Billy dovrà mangiare 10 vermi in un giorno senza vomitare. Il perdente della scommessa dovrà recarsi a scuola con dei vermi nei pantaloni.

Produzione
L'idea di realizzare questo film iniziò nel 1998 ma fu solamente nel luglio del 2005 che le riprese iniziarono.

Incassi
Il film ha incassato nel solo primo weekend di programmazione 4.003.537 di dollari.

Collegamenti esterni

Film commedia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A firefighter has put down his gear near Ground Zero.
The destroyed façade of World Trade Center 5, one of the low buildings east of the Twin Towers.
A section of the outer façade of the World Trade Center tower (left) has ripped off a section of WTC 4 (right) as it fell.


The Romax Ultralight Aluminum frameset with full carbon fork makes our flagship adventure racing and cyclocross bike better and more versatile and covetable than ever before. The Romax Adventure has modern, responsive geometry. Fast enough to race but maintaining long distance, rough surface comfort and stability.
The sublime and beautiful Shimano 105 drivetrain with the new Ultegra Clutched rear derailleur, thru axle front and rear, TRP full carbon fork, internal cable routing as well as Di2 ready, the Romax is adaptable, fast and ready for anything. Romax comes in 5 sizes including the new 46cm XXS size for a precise fit, small or tall, male or female.
Who is the Romax Adventure for ?
Perfect for performance gravel races, cyclocross races, winter training, road riding, gravel routing and adventure. The Romax Adventure is the ultimate, high performance do anything, go anywhere adventure race bike.
The Romax Adventure is for the person who's looking to step it up a notch. Racing 'cross in the fall, doing big adventure rides in the spring. Or even for those hunting personal bests on the long way home from work.
The Romax Adventure is for performance seeking adventurers who love smooth fast road rides, long gravel rides or dirt track touring and everything in between.
Shimano 2X11 drivetrain provides security knowing your drivetrain will perform at its best without compromise and ease of maintenance and serviceability.
The Shimano 105 compact 50/34T crankset paired with a an 11-32 tooth 11 speed cassette gives you an evenly spaced full range of gearing for fast road rides or to tackle any hill and any terrain. Shimano 105 shifters / brake levers are precise and powerful yet have all day comfort on the hoods and offer light precise control. The New race ready Ultegra RX clutched rear derailleur keeps your chain secure and quiet, reducing shifting effort and chain slap.
Matching Shimano 105 Hydraulic brakes provide powerful yet controlled stopping power in any condition and any road surface.
For the person - who's looking to step it up a notch. Racing 'cross in the fall, doing big adventure rides in the spring. Hunting PB's on the long way home from work.
For the person who wants to do almost anything with their bike. Race some 'Cross, go touring, commute, explore on pavement or path, do a gravel fondo, or join the Sunday morning club ride. Fender it up for winter training rides - sound like you?
The Romax Adventure is for performance seeking adventurers who love smooth fast road rides, long gravel rides or dirt track touring.
WTB Devo Saddle with Cromo Rails is light, comfortable. WTB Riddler 700 x 37 tires are fast rolling are geared towards adventure riding and are grippy and comfortable. Mounted on an Alex A-Class CXD-4 lightweight Wheelset you are ready to race or just explore anywhere on any terrain.


@glitterati3d Thanks. Seeing HW Chris acknowledge it is pretty good confirmation.
One wonders what will happen to freebie and other products from deceased vendors like D3D (Ralph Sessler, though he may have kin or inheritors who can step in) who are not able to personally submit products for QAV?
@fverbaas If ye look far enough, eventually ye shall find.
Many vendors have confirmed receiving an email on other social media.


SkillsUSA Minnesota is recognized by business and government as the premier organization providing highly skilled leaders possessing outstanding technical, academic and employability skills. Our high school and college membership exceeds 50,000 annually.
SkillsUSA Minnesota creates opportunities for students, educators and business. This is accomplished through leadership training, volunteerism opportunities, competitions and conferences, which enhance students' self-worth and employability skills to create a seamless transition into the workforce.
SkillsUSA Minnesota is one of the Career & Technical Student Organizations offered in Minnesota's school system. SkillsUSA serves high school and college students enrolled in technical, skilled, service and health occupations. BPA, DECA/DEX, FFA, PAS, FCCLA, HOSA, & HERO serve other areas.
SkillsUSA is part of a national organization that serves over 310,000 student members annually, organized into more than 17,000 chapters and 50 state and 3 territorial associations (including Puerto Rico, Guam and the Virgin Islands). The Minnesota Association has offered leadership opportunities to over 250,000 student members since 1967, with a current annual membership of over 3,000. There are chapters in 32 technical colleges and 50 high schools or cooperative centers, with potential to serve many more. SkillsUSA Minnesota is governed by a Board of Directors, elected from teachers that advise local chapters, and representing both the high school and college divisions and industry representatives. All programs are offered as integral to the curriculum. Business and industry leaders play a vital part in the SkillsUSA program. These leaders assure that career and technical training programs stay current and meet industry technical standards. They volunteer to speak to students about their industry or job seeking & keeping skills, they design the hands-on skill competitions, provide teacher in-service on new products and equipment, and donate supplies and equipment for student use in the school setting.
SkillsUSA is an applied method of preparing Minnesota's high performance workers in career and technical education programs. It provides quality education experiences for students in leadership, teamwork, citizenship and character development. It builds and reinforces self-confidence, work attitudes and communication skills. It emphasizes total quality at work, high ethical standards, superior work skills, life-long education, and pride in the dignity of work. We promote understanding of the free enterprise system and involvement in community service.
WHAT HAPPENS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL?
Students form local chapters through their high school or college. Chapters are run by student members with advice and assistance from local teachers. SkillsUSA provides opportunities to learn the correct way to hold a productive business meeting. Students are encouraged to hold office or join committees to accomplish a local program of work designed and planned by its current members. Suggested items for a program of work include: professional development, community service, public relations, employment information, skill competitions, finances or fund raising, and social activities. Student leaders represent their school chapter at state and national level conferences.
WHAT DOES SkillsUSA MINNESOTA OFFER FOR ITS MEMBERS?
In addition to local chapter activities, we offer annual state conferences to assist in the development of student's employability, participatory and quality skills, and a chance to try out new skills in a safe environment.
FALL STATE LEADERSHIP TRAINING CONFERENCE - The Fall leadership training conference brings students together from across the state, divides them into chapter work groups with students of other ages, other skill areas, and from other schools. Attendees complete a full year of typical chapter activities in four days. Students learn first hand what team skills and responsibility are all about. They work together, under stress, to complete all of the requirements while drawing from the talents of participants, dealing with personality conflicts, taking risks in new situation, practicing speaking and presentation skills, all while having fun.
DELEGATE ASSEMBLY - Shortly after the leadership institute, members become part of a democratic process that allows them to elect state level officers for the organization. Students are encouraged to run for state office or be part of a campaign team for a state officer candidate. Professional development sessions that promote goal setting, team management and employability skills are provided.
SKILLSUSA MINNESOTA CHAMPIONSHIPS - In the spring, approximately 400 business and industry leaders get together and present nearly 80 skill and leadership contests that they have prepared for the student members from across the state. These are entry-level, hands-on skill contests, evaluated by the same industry leaders who prepare them. The competitions are based on industry driven occupational skill standards. Industry donates many thousands of dollars in prizes in the form of scholarships, tools, reference manuals and training aids for winners and their schools. Business partners work throughout the school year to plan the competitive events and many of them hire their new employees right off the competition floor. These past three years at our recent State Conference our Business/ Industry partners donated over $1.5 Million dollars to our students or their schools in prizes and scholarships.
NATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND SKILLSUSA CHAMPIONSHIPS CONFERENCE - Winners of the state skill contests go on to a national level competition. Industry has donated over $35 Million over the last two years in equipment, supplies and support to offer 96 contests to 5,600 students from across the USA.
WORLD SKILL CONTESTS – SkillsUSA is the USA representative to the WSC. Minnesota has had many students who were offered the opportunity to try out in the international trials in various skill areas. Our Team USA successes show that our educational system is very competitive internationally as well.


text:
Q: Jenkins pipeline - is it possible to checkout both a branch or a tag In a jenkins pipeline, using the git checkout scm syntax, is it possible to checkout both - either a branch or a tag from a remote repo in same code.
For ex -
checkout([$class: 'GitSCM',
            branches: [[name: '$branchortagname']],
            userRemoteConfigs: [[
                                 url: '$url',
                                 refspec: '+refs/tags/*:refs/remotes/origin/tags/*
                                 ]]
        ])

The above works for a tag checkout.
Without the refspec, it works for a branch checkout.
Whats the correct syntax to use for both in same bit of code - tag and branch

A: So I didn't find how to set it using the full checkout setting. However, if you use just the plain checkout scm without any additional settings in a multi-branch pipeline, it will checkout a tag if you are on a tag, and a branch if you are on a branch:
script {
    checkout scm
 }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Welcome to 8tracks radio: free music streaming for any time, place, or mood. tagged with hip hop, Handsome Boy Modeling School, and Róisín Murphy. You can also download one of our free apps to enjoy internet radio on your favorite device.


[prMac.com] Aalsmeer, Netherlands - Mekentosj BV is pleased to announce the availability of Papers 1.8, the award-winning application that helps scientists on the Mac manage their personal library of scientific articles. Among the more than 70 improvements, Papers 1.8 brings additional built-in support for some of the most popular online article repositories, automatic detection of metadata in websites and PDF files, and full localisation in French and German.
With Papers 1.8 mek and tosj continue to expand the number of online article repositories that scientists can directly search from within their Apple Design Award winning program. Papers now includes an official plugin for the popular interdisciplinary archive JSTOR. It also comes with an official plugin for Scopus, Elsevier's high quality scientific webresource. Both plugins were developed in a close collaboration with the people behind the repositories.
Together these new plugins open up Papers to an even larger group of researchers on the Mac, from alpha to beta and gamma scientists, including those studying arts, language, politics, music, and economics.
Another exciting new feature in Papers 1.8 is the automatic detection of article metadata in both journal publisher websites and PDFs files. In a collaboration with Crossref Papers will now recognise DOIs (digital object identifiers) while the user is browsing the internet or importing a PDF file, and transparently retrieves associated metadata like author names, article title, publication date and more. This makes it even easier to manage, organize and search your personal library of science.
Finally, we are very pleased to announce that Papers 1.8 has been completely overhauled to support multiple languages, and now comes fully localized in French and German. And we hope to bring a number of additional languages in the near future.


French pineapple bisque is an easy and effective dessert dish. It can be served at any time of the year but is best when pineapples are abundant and inexpensive.
Beat the egg yolks with the cup of sugar.
Add in the pint of cream. Stir together well until the mixture becomes very light.
Pour in the brandy and stir through.
Put the mixture into the freezer and allow to set.
Original source of recipe: Author Unknown, 365 Foreign Dishes: A Foreign Dish for Every Day in the Year, 1908. A public domain resource - this eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at Gutenberg.
wikiHow is a "wiki," similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, volunteer authors worked to edit and improve it over time. This article has also been viewed 4,157 times.


Adventures By Disney® has some amazing vacation packages to explore the world. We are going to highlight some of these awesome trips to Asia, Africa, and Australia. Who's up for some adventure? Take a peek at all of the sights you can explore.
If you are interested in an obligation free quote for any of these amazing vacation packages or any Adventures By Disney® vacation contact us today. We would love to help you plan your next vacation!


The National Association for Rights Protection and Advocacy grieves with the families of all who are affected by the tragedy in Tucson. It is natural to look for meaning in these events and to explain them in terms that will allow us to prevent them in the future. In the aftermath of events people could not control, there is a frantic search to regain control: gun control, increased control of people with psychiatric disabilities, anything to persuade us that these events will never happen again. Responses based on involuntary treatment of people with psychiatric disabilities are misguided and reflect wishful thinking; mental illness is not a predictor of violence. In addition, these types of responses engage in generalizations and stereotypes that may damage and destroy the lives of people whose conduct never has and never will bear any resemblance to that of Jared Loughner.
We join with those who place responsibility for the murders in Tucson squarely on the shooter himself. The "mental health system," cannot be tasked with impossible predictions of future behavior and levels of social control that are neither possible nor desirable. Arizona has a legal standard for which commitment to a mental hospital has minimal criteria. However, in Arizona as in all states in this country, people who behave bizarrely cannot, without more, lose their liberty. This is not something to regret: it is the foundation of freedom and personal responsibility. At NARPA, we neither approve the use of mental illness as a reason to broadly restrain liberty, nor do we approve of the use of mental illness as an excuse for criminal conduct. The National Association for Rights Protection and Advocacy stands for the principle of individual choice. People with disabilities should have individual choices; they should have those choices respected, and they should, as individuals, live with the consequences of their choices. Generalizations about "the mentally ill" are not helpful in the aftermath of the tragedy in Tucson.


Mamma Chia will be exhibiting at the 2011 Health and Fitness Expo being held in conjunction with the Carlsbad Marathon. As chia is known as "the running food" the marathon and fitness expo present a great opportunity to learn about chia and taste this delicious vitality beverage.
Carlsbad Marathon and Health and Fitness Expo will be held from January 21st – 23rd, 2011 at the "big top" tent at Westfield Plaza Camino Real, 2525 El Camino Real, Carlsbad, CA 92008.


text:
kiss-ticketskiss-tickets
kiss-tickets » Jazz » The Hi-Lo's - Listen!
The Hi-Lo's - Listen! download album
The_Hi-Lo's Cool_Jazz Vocal 1954 US
Cool Jazz, Vocal
The Hi-Lo's
MP4 AU FLAC MIDI MPC AHX DTS
2019) - download the album and listen online. On this page you can listen to the album, get information about the album, see the list of songs and much more. Listen online and stay in a good mood. Org Album: The Hi-Lo's Happen To Bossa Nova!
Album · 1955 · 11 Songs. Listen on Apple Music.
The Hi-Lo's were a vocal quartet formed in 1953, who achieved their greatest fame in the late 1950s and 1960s. The group's name is a reference to their extreme vocal and physical ranges (Bob Strasen and Bob Morse were tall, Gene Puerling and Clark Burroughs were short)
Matrix, Runout: GS-ST-134-H-L. Matrix, Runout: GS-ST-135-H-L. Other Versions (3 of 3) View All. Cat.
Released by Modern Records Feb 2006 13 Tracks. The Hi-Lo's is a English album released on Feb 2006. The Hi-Lo's Album has 13 songs sung by The HiLos. Listen to all songs in high quality & download The Hi-Lo's songs on Gaana. attr("src", $('. de tp. d t img img').
See the the cover photos, artwork, and latest images for Dansez avec the Hi-Lo's (Mono Version) by The Hi-Lo's. Listen to Dansez avec the Hi-Lo's (Mono Version) for free online and get recommendations for similar music. Connect to this site.
Слушать лучшие песни The Hi-Lo's. 2. April Snow, The Very Best Of. 3. Shadow Waltz, The Hi-Lo's Under Glass! (Mono Version). 4. You Must Have Been A Beautiful Baby, The Very Best Of. 5. Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries, Fascinatin' Rhythm. 6. The Duck, The Hi-Lo's Happen To Bossa Nova. 7. Too Young For The Blues, The Very Best Of. 8. You Took Advantage Of Me, The Hi-Lo's "Summertime". 10. Long Ago And Far Away, The Very Best Of. 11. You Brought A New Kind Of Love.
Listen to now in your mobile browser. Or get the Slacker Radio App to play this station - and hundreds more! Get the Slacker Radio App for the best experience on your device! GET APP. We can't find the app on your device. Download the free Slacker Radio app and listen as long as you like.
The Hi-Lo's In Stereo (Remastered), 2014. The Hi-Lo's In Stereo (Remastered), 2014. Surrey With the Fringe On Top, 03:05.
A1 June In January
A2 Little White Lies
A3 I Don't Want To Cry Anymore
A4 She's Funny That Way
B1 You Brought A New Kind Of Love To Me
B2 Fools Rush In
B3 Have You Met Ms. Jones?
B4 Where Are You?
Arranged By – Gene Puerling
Orchestra – Frank Comstock
Original DEEP GROOVE 1954 10" edition of 'Listen' with Red Colored Vinyl, on Original Starlite label.
Matrix / Runout: GS-ST-134-H-L
ST 7006 The Hi-Lo's Listen! (LP) Starlite ST 7006 US 1954
ST 6004 The Hi-Lo's Listen! . . . To The Hi-Lo's (10", Album, Bla) Starlite ST 6004 US 1955
ACMEM67CD The Hi-Lo's Listen! (CD, Album, RE) Él, Cherry Red Records Ltd. ACMEM67CD UK 2006
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Niels HP - Listen To Your Heart download mp3
Friends - Listen To Your Heart download mp3
The Sore Thumbs - Listen Up!! download mp3
Electronic / Pop
Tryad - Listen download mp3
Vou Dou Danse - Listen 2 The Rumble download mp3
Alliance DC - C/Drell / Listen Up download mp3
The Starlite Pop Orchestra - 25 All Time Favorite Christmas Favorites download mp3
DJ Fresh - Listen To My Music (Remixes) download mp3
Yas Yas Girl - I Won't Sell My Love / Stop And Listen download mp3
The Gigolos - Listen To The Rain download mp3
Country & World
My Bloody Valentine - Before Loveless
Ryo Fukui - Scenery
Tom Petty And The Heartbreakers - Damn The Torpedoes
Linkin Park - Meteora
Unknown Artist - ODE
Regina Spektor - Remember Us To Life
Blur - Parklife
Everything But The Girl - Amplified Heart
Pink Floyd - The Piper At The Gates Of Dawn
Skinny Puppy - Rabies
©2016-2019 Popular Music Albums. kiss-tickets.org


When focusing on healthy goals, many people turn to companies like Fit for Life Nutrition that offer a whole-body natural approach to getting healthy. By taking the focus away from just the numbers on the scale, these wellness companies help a person to understand that there is more to health than just the physical. Wellness companies offer a wide range of benefits compared to counting calories on your own, including diet plans, exercise routines, and meditation.
Wellness programs help clients focus on the impact that overly processed foods can have on the body and give clients the tools to make lifestyle changes that still fit into their normal routine. Some companies will provide step-by-step menus to get you through the week while others may provide you with healthy pre-packaged alternatives. The main goal of these nutrition plans is to make it easy to start the changes in your diet because the easier it is, the more likely you will stick to the plan as an overall lifestyle change.
You are more than your weight, and wellness companies who focus on the whole-body approach to health keep this mantra at the forefront. Mental and physical wellness go hand-in-hand, and these programs will provide you with activities to help both. They recommend certain exercise plans to shape up and lose weight, and they also educate you on mindfulness techniques to conquer the stress of daily life.
The biggest benefit of wellness programs is that there is a coach or mentor to help you through the changes. Coaches will motivate you when you hit plateaus, discuss different fitness options if you're in a rut or even help you find the right meals for you. This guidance increases individual accountability which makes people more successful at maintaining their health journey.
Health and wellness companies provide options for individual style and preference, but no matter how you decide to get there, the main goal of these programs is to turn you into a healthier version of yourself.


Improved forage management can support increased production in smallholder beef systems. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of mineral nitrogen (urea) and composted cattle manure on Brachiaria cv. Mulato II yield and nutritive value in south-central coastal Vietnam. Study design was a randomized complete block on six farms (blocks), with treatments derived from the factorial combination of five rates of composted cattle manure (0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 Mg DM ha-1 year-1) and three urea rates (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1 year-1), split into six yearly applications. Yield was measured from 2011 to 2013 with 36-day average harvest intervals. Forage nutritive value was measured in September 2011 and December 2012. Highest yields were achieved when both compost and urea were applied at high rates. The initial yield and tiller responses to urea application were not sustained over the duration of the study when no compost was applied. Compost applied in isolation did not increase yield. Compost application increased ash concentration. Urea increased nutrient yield for all forage nutritive value parameters measured. Composted cattle manure combined with urea benefits grass yield, but high application rates are needed for sustained high yields on sandy soils.


text:
package org.wildfly.camel.test.undertowjs;

import org.apache.camel.CamelContext;
import org.jboss.arquillian.container.test.api.Deployment;
import org.jboss.arquillian.junit.Arquillian;
import org.jboss.arquillian.test.api.ArquillianResource;
import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.ShrinkWrap;
import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.asset.EmptyAsset;
import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.asset.StringAsset;
import org.jboss.shrinkwrap.api.spec.WebArchive;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.wildfly.camel.test.common.http.HttpRequest;
import org.wildfly.camel.test.undertowjs.subA.UndertowJSRouteBuilder;
import org.wildfly.extension.camel.CamelAware;
import org.wildfly.extension.camel.CamelContextRegistry;

@RunWith(Arquillian.class)
@CamelAware
public class UndertowJSIntegrationTest {

    @ArquillianResource
    CamelContextRegistry contextRegistry;

    @Deployment
    public static WebArchive createDeployment() {
        return ShrinkWrap.create(WebArchive.class)
            .addAsWebInfResource(new StringAsset("camelRoutes.js"), "undertow-scripts.conf")
            .addAsWebInfResource(new StringAsset("<jboss-web><context-root>test-undertowjs</context-root></jboss-web>"), "jboss-web.xml")
            .addAsWebInfResource(EmptyAsset.INSTANCE, "beans.xml")
            .addAsWebResource("undertowjs/camelRoutes.js", "camelRoutes.js")
            .addClasses(HttpRequest.class, UndertowJSRouteBuilder.class);
    }

    @Test
    public void testUndertowJSCamelIntegration() throws Exception {
        CamelContext camelctx = contextRegistry.getCamelContext("undertowjs-context");
        Assert.assertNotNull("Expected camel context to not be null", camelctx);

        HttpRequest.HttpResponse response = HttpRequest.get("http://localhost:8080/test-undertowjs/greeting/Kermit").getResponse();
        Assert.assertEquals(200, response.getStatusCode());
        Assert.assertEquals("Hello Kermit", response.getBody());
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It's so fun to see the difference a year or less can make! I took photos for Haley & Brett last February and here they are a year later about to give birth to their fist baby. They're probably the most relaxed couple on the face of the earth, so photos with them are a breeze! The lighting and views make for one of my favorite sessions ever.


text:
HomeLGBTQ History
FeaturedLGBTQ HistoryLifestyle
She Died Because She Was Different
By Eric Hause
Editor's note: This article originally appeared in the January 2021 edition of Outlife757 Magazine. It has since been updated to reflect new information that has since come to light.
Tucked away in a rundown industrial section off of Tidewater Drive in Norfolk, Calvary Cemetery provides a fascinating snapshot of over 100 years of African American life in Hampton Roads. Calvary was established in 1877 as the City's black burial ground. For nearly a century, most of Norfolk's black citizens were interred there as there were no other public cemeteries would allow it until the mid-1970s.
A stroll through the property reveals a remarkable chronology of important contributions made by Norfolk's African American citizens to the history of not only Norfolk, but of Hampton Roads. The epitaphs found here document the lives of every aspect of African American society, from doctors, lawyers, and businessmen to soldiers, sailors, and laborers.
Many notable civil rights activists, doctors, spiritual leaders, sports heroes, and service men and women lie at rest on the 68-acre property. So do former slaves, many of their graves unidentified and unmarked. The few that are marked are easily identified by the fact that the headstones display only their death date. Most enslaved Africans never knew their birth dates, and neither did their families.
One such unmarked grave near the main entrance, however, has been identified as a 30 year-old person of color named Rufus Emerson who was murdered on a hot June night in 1952.
Little is known about Rufus prior to her murder, and what we do know is only due to a few public records and news reports in the local papers following his death. We do know she was born in Norfolk in 1922 and lived on Fenchrich Drive off Market Street and St. Paul's Boulevard.
From the news reports following her death, we can surmise that Rufus might have been transgender in a day when that terminology did not exist. Her driver's license indicated she identified as female, and in this article we will refer to her with the appropriate pronouns.
And she might have been a sex worker.
"If you're Black and identify as transgender in 1952 Norfolk, your family has probably disowned you, and you're not going to get a job," said Shannon Stafford, a Norfolk cemetery historian. "So what else are you going to do?"
Shannon Stafford at Rufus Emerson's unmarked gravesite in Calvary Cemetery, Norfolk.
The tragic story of her death begins the night of June 11 when, according to the conflicting news accounts, police received notification from a cab driver identified as Mr. Lewis spotted Emerson "in pedal pushers and a blouse" on the 700 block of Granby Street, which in 1952 had a notorious reputation for prostitution. Rufus, who lived a few short blocks away, would not have been an unusual sight there.
Lewis claimed that Emerson was heckling or soliciting sailors and reported the incident to Officer William Robinette, who was nearby, and accompanied the cabbie back to the scene. According to Robinette's later testimony, Emerson stuck her head and torso through Robinette's car window, grabbed him in the crotch, and released him when she realized the officer was carrying a pistol. Robinette then testified that he showed Emerson his badge and attempted to arrest her.
The officer claimed that Emerson fled on foot, throwing a brick at him and threatening to "cut his guts out." Robinette said he chased Emerson down York Street and into Southall's Lane, which at that time was a narrow alley.
Robinette said that Emerson scratched him, attempted to tear his shirt off, and assaulted him with a plank. He also testified that as she threatened Robinette, she had her hand in her pocket, prompting the officer to pull his revolver. When Emerson attempted to flee again, he shot her. The bullet entered through her chest and exited out her back but did not immediately kill her. As Emerson lay dying, Robinette called dispatch to say that he had shot a "colored female." She died en route to the hospital. Robinette was charged with murder.
"Two newspapers, the Norfolk Journal and Guide and the Virginian Pilot, printed two completely different accounts of what happened, and the truth is that the officer's testimony during his murder trial does not match either news report," said Stafford. "So guess what happened? He was acquitted on the first day of the trial."
Since no one stepped forward to claim Rufus' body, the City paid to have her buried in Calvary in what may be the Emerson family plot. None of the six graves in the plot are marked, however, and researchers only know the location from the cemetery burial record.
Stafford says his reason for telling Rufus' story are to keep her memory alive. He had hoped to raise money to place a modest headstone on the grave, but that requires permission from next of kin, and Rufus doesn't have any living relatives.
Instead, Stafford includes Rufus burial plot on his regular cemetery tours.
"As far as I can tell, Rufus' death was the first time the killing of a trans person of color by Norfolk police was publicly documented," Stafford said. "I'm sure her killing was not the first, though, and sadly not the last."
Rufus Emerson
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Eric Hause
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