text:
\section{Introduction }

\textcolor{black}{Mobile data traffic is undergoing an unprecedented
growth, and it is being further propelled by the proliferation of
smart mobile devices, e.g., smart phones and tablets. In particular,
the data services subscribed by mobile users have gradually shifted
from \textquotedblleft connection-centric\textquotedblright{} communications,
e.g., phone calls and text messages, to \textquotedblleft content-centric\textquotedblright{}
communications, e.g., multimedia file sharing and video streaming.
One main effort to meet such a strong demand is to boost the network
capacity via network densification, i.e., to deploy more access points.
While this approach is expected to significantly increase the capacity
in future 5G networks, it incurs a tremendous demand for backhaul
links that connect the access points to the backbone network. Thus,
it will cause a heavy financial burden for mobile operators who are
required to upgrade the backhaul network, and such a comprehensive
approach will not be cost-effective to handle content-centric mobile
traffic, which may be bursty and regional. Consequently, a holistic
approach is needed and }\textit{\textcolor{black}{cache-enabled content-centric
wireless networking}}\textcolor{black}{{} emerges as an ideal solution.}

\textcolor{black}{Nowadays, abundant caching storages are available
at the }\textcolor{black}{\emph{wireless edge}}\textcolor{black}{,
including both base stations (BSs) and user terminals (UTs), which
can be used to store popular contents that will be repeatedly requested
by users. Since the prices of caching devices, e.g., solid state drives
(SSDs), have been coming down year after year, it has become more
and more cost-effective to deploy caches instead of laying high-capacity
backhaul links \cite{cachebenefit}. Moreover, the ample storages
at mobile UTs, currently as large as hundreds of gigabytes, are also
potential resources to be utilized for caching. Besides reducing the
demand and deployment costs of backhaul links, caching popular content
is also an effective technique to lower delays and reduce network
congestion \cite{cachebenefit2}, since mobile users may acquire the
required files from the serving BSs or the proximal UTs directly without
connecting to the backbone network.}

\textcolor{black}{The idea of content-centric networking has already
been explored in wired networks, where named pieces of content are
directly routed and delivered at the packet level, and content packets
are automatically cached at routers along the delivery path. Accordingly,
caching design at the routers, including content placement and update,
is crucial to the system performance. Caching at the wireless edge
can draw lessons from its wired counterpart, but it also enjoys new
features. The broadcast nature of the radio propagation will fundamentally
affect the content caching and file delivery, which has recently attracted
significant attention. Another important feature of content-centric
wireless networks (CCWNs) is user mobility, which has been less well
studied. While mobility imposes additional difficulties on caching
design in CCWNs, it also brings about new opportunities. User mobility
has been proved to be a useful feature for wireless network design,
e.g., it has been utilized to improve the routing protocol in wireless
ad hoc networks \cite{exintercontactmodel}. Unfortunately, most previous
studies on caching design in CCWNs ignored user mobility and assumed
fixed network topologies, which cannot capture the actual scenario.
There have been initial efforts on caching designs by incorporating
user mobility }\cite{femtomobility}\textcolor{black}{. However, only
some special properties of user mobility patterns were addressed and
there is a lack of systematic investigation.}

The main objective of this paper is to provide a systematic framework
that can take advantage of user mobility to improve the caching efficiency
in CCWNs. Specifically, a comprehensive discussion of spatial and
temporal properties of user mobility patterns will firstly be provided,
each of which will be linked to specific caching design problems.
We will then propose mobility-aware caching strategies, with two typical
design cases as examples. Finally, we will identify some future research
directions.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering \includegraphics[width=4.5in]{model_overall} \caption{A sample \textcolor{black}{cache-enabled CCWN. }A mobile user may
download the requested file from the BSs or UTs along its moving path
that have this file in cache. Once the requested files match the cached
data, transmissions over the backhaul network will be avoided. Otherwise,
mobile users have to request from the central controller via backhaul
links.}
\label{model}
\end{figure}

\section{Exploiting User Mobility in Cache-Enabled CCWNs }

\textcolor{black}{In this section, we will illustrate the importance
of considering user mobility when designing caching strategies in
CCWNs. A sample cache-enabled CCWN is shown in Fig. \ref{model},
where both BSs and UTs have cache storages and are able to cache some
pieces of content from the file library. In the following, we will
first introduce the main caching design problems in CCWNs, and then
identify important properties of the user mobility patterns and associate
them with different caching problems.}

\subsection{\textcolor{black}{Key Design Problems of Caching in CCWNs}}

\textcolor{black}{The fundamental problem in caching design for CCWNs
is to determine where and what to cache. The design principles may
depend on different types of side information, including }\textit{\textcolor{black}{long-term
information}}\textcolor{black}{{} obtained from observations over a
long period of time, such as the statistics of users' requests and
average communication times with BSs and other UTs, and }\textit{\textcolor{black}{short-term
information}}\textcolor{black}{{} generated by instant changes, e.g.,
instantaneous channel state information and real-time location information.
The collection of long-term information incurs a low overhead, while
the usage of short-term information can provide better performance
but requires frequent update. In the following, we categorize different
caching design problems in CCWNs according to the timeliness of the
available information.}

\subsubsection{\textcolor{black}{Caching Content Placement}}

\textcolor{black}{Caching content placement typically relies on long-term
system information and is used to determine how to effectively pre-cache
content in the available storage. To reduce overhead, the update of
side information and caching content will not be very frequent. It
is normally assumed that the long-term file popularity distribution
is known as a priori, and the network topology can either be fixed
or subject to some assumptions in order to simplify the design.}

\textcolor{black}{Previous works have provided some insights into
caching content placement at BSs. In particular, without cooperation
among BSs, the optimal caching strategy is to store the most popular
files \cite{cache_coding_Placement}. However, if users are able to
access several BSs, each user will see a different but correlated
aggregate cache, and in this scenario, allocating files to different
BSs becomes nontrivial. Moreover, the coded caching scheme, where
segments of Fountain-encoded versions of the original file are cached
\cite{cache_coding_Placement}, outperforms the uncoded caching scheme
where only complete files are cached. By carefully designing the caching
content placement via combining multiple files with a given logic
operator, different requests can be served by a single multicast transmission
\cite{Codedcaching}, which results in a significant performance improvement
compared to the uncoded scheme. }

\textcolor{black}{Meanwhile, caching content placement at UTs is also
attracting noticeable attention. Caching at UTs may allow users to
download requested content in a more efficient way with device-to-device
(D2D) communications, where proximal users communicate with each other
directly. Compared with caching at BSs, the advantages of caching
at UTs come from the lower deployment costs and an automatic promotion
of the storage capacity when the UT density increases, as the ensemble
of UTs forms an aggregate cache; while the drawbacks include the difficulty
of motivating UTs to join the aggregate cache, and the more complicated
randomness in the D2D scenario. Pioneering works have shed light on
caching content placement at UTs \cite{D2D}.}

\textcolor{black}{However, it is noted that previous studies rarely
considered user mobility, which can be tracked without much difficulty
with today's technologies. If we could make use of long-term statistics
of user mobility, such as the average steady-state probability distribution
over BSs, the efficiency of content caching will be significantly
improved.}

\subsubsection{Caching Content Update}

Though long-term information incurs a low overhead to obtain, it contains
less fine grained information, which may also expire after a period
of time and thus cannot assure accuracy. For example, the BS-UT or
UT-UT connectivity topology may change quickly due to the movement
of UTs. Consequently, it may cause significant errors by using the
expired long-term information to design caching strategies. If short-term
information is available, such as the real-time information of the
file requests and transmission links, caching content can be updated
to provide a better experience for mobile users. In the following,
we will introduce two caching content update problems.

\paragraph{Adaptive caching}

Since caching storage is limited, it is critical to replace the stale
caching content to improve caching efficiency. Common adaptive caching
schemes to increase the cache hit ratio include replacing the least
recently used content and replacing the least likely requested content
\cite{videoAmazon}. Another typical application of adaptive caching
is to serve the users that follow regular mobility patterns and have
highly predicable requirements. When the mobility regularity and request
preference of mobile users are known, BSs can update the caching content
according to the estimation of future requests. The main challenges
come from the accurate prediction of users' future positions and requirements,
the frequency to conduct the adaptive caching strategy, as well as
the replacement priorities for the caching content.

\paragraph{Proactive caching}

In practice, a user can only download a portion of its requested file
rather than the entire file from a BS, as the moving user may not
have enough communication time with the BS. Proactive caching aims
at providing seamless handover and downloading for users by pre-fetching
the requested content at the BSs that will be along the users' future
paths with a high probability. Nevertheless, user requests and locations
are usually unknown in realistic environments, and thus the accuracy
of location prediction is critical to the performance.

\subsection{Modeling User Mobility Patterns}

\begin{figure}
\centering \subfigure[User trajectory]{ %
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\textwidth}%
 \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Trajectory} %
\end{minipage}\label{trace} } %
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\textwidth}%
 \subfigure[Cell sojourn times]{ \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{sojourn_2}
\label{sojourn} } \\
 \subfigure[Timeline of two users]{ \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{intercontact}
\label{intercontact} } %
\end{minipage}\caption{The trajectories of two mobile users based on data collected on a
university campus. The two users are moving within a $5000\text{ {m}}\times4000\text{ {m}}$
area. We assume that $20$ BSs are deployed regularly in the area,
with the cell indices labeled in (a). The average cell sojourn times
of these two users, which denote the duration of the users being connected
to each BS, are shown in (b). The transmission ranges of two mobile
users are assumed to be $200$ m and the timeline of users 1 and 2,
including inter-contact times and contact times, is depicted in (c).}
\end{figure}

As can be inferred from the above discussions, taking user mobility
into consideration is critical for the caching design in CCWNs. In
this subsection, we will provide detailed descriptions of different
user mobility properties, which can be classified into two categories,
i.e., the spatial and temporal properties. The spatial properties
contain the information of user mobility patterns related to the physical
locations, while the temporal properties characterize the time-related
features.

\subsubsection{Spatial Properties}

The mobility pattern of a mobile user can be visualized by the \emph{user
trajectory}, i.e., the user's moving path. Crucial information for
caching design in CCWNs, e.g., serving BSs, and distances between
BSs and mobile users, can be obtained from the trajectories of the
mobile users. It is an ongoing research topic to investigate realistic
models for user trajectory, e.g., the random waypoint model in \cite{randomwaypoint}.
As an example, the trajectories of two mobile users are shown in Fig.
\ref{trace}, which are based on data collected on a university campus
\footnote{I. Rhee, M. Shin, S. Hong, K. Lee, S. Kim, and S. Chong, \textquotedblleft CRAWDAD
dataset ncsu/mobilitymodels (v. 2009-07-23),\textquotedblright{} Downloaded
from http://crawdad.org/ncsu/mobilitymodels/20090723, Jul. 2009.}.

The \emph{cell transition}, which denotes the transition pattern of
a user moving from one cell to another, implies the information of
serving BSs for each mobile user, which is one of the most critical
pieces of information in caching design at BSs. Compared to the user
trajectory, the cell transition contains less fine grained information
as the moving path inside each cell cannot be specified. It is appropriate
to capture the transition property using a Markov chain model \cite{MVchain},
where the number of states equals the number of BSs. In the Markov
chain, one state denotes a specific user being served by a given BS,
and the transition probabilities represent the probabilities for a
specific user moving from the serving area of one BS to that of another
BS.

Recently, it has been found that user mobility patterns also largely
depend on the social relations among mobile users. For example, it
was claimed in \cite{sociallink} that the mobile users having relatively
strong social ties are more likely to have similar trajectories. In
\cite{musolesi2004ad}, Musolesi \emph{et al.} proposed a two-level
mobility model, which first establishes a social graph, where the
nodes represent mobile users and the weighted edges represent the
strength of the social connection between mobile users. Then, \textit{social
groups} are built and mobile users in each group move together. Such
information will be useful for caching at UTs.

\subsubsection{Temporal Properties}

To capture the information of the frequency and duration that two
mobile users are connected with each other, the timeline of an arbitrary
pair of mobile users is represented by \emph{contact times} and \emph{inter-contact
times}, where the \emph{contact times} are defined as the time intervals
during which the mobile users are within the transmission range, and
the \emph{inter-contact times} are defined as the time intervals between
two consecutive contact times. The timeline of two users shown in
Fig. \ref{trace} is illustrated in Fig. \ref{intercontact}. Such
a mobility model has been applied to routing problems in ad hoc networks.
For instance, in \cite{exintercontactmodel}, Conan \emph{et al.}
modeled locations of contact times in the timeline of each pair of
mobile users as a Poisson Process so as to capture the average pairwise
inter-contact times in an ad hoc network.

The \textit{cell }\emph{sojourn time }denotes the time duration of
a specific user served by a given BS, which may affect the amount
of data that this user can receive from the BS. Fig. \ref{sojourn}
shows the cell sojourn times of the two users whose trajectories are
shown in Fig. \ref{trace}. Specifically, in \cite{MVchain}, Lee
\emph{et al.} provided an approach to obtain the sojourn time distributions
according to the associated moving history of mobile users.

The user mobility pattern always possesses a periodic property, which
can be exploited to tackle the caching update problem. The \emph{return
time}, which is defined as the time for an arbitrary mobile user to
return to a previous visited location, is considered as a measure
to reflect the periodic property and the frequency of mobile users
to revisit a given area. In \cite{returntime}, Gonzales \emph{et
al.} measured the distribution of the return time and figured out
that the peaks of the return time probability are at $24$ h, $48$
h and $72$ h.

\subsection{Exploiting Mobility for Caching in CCWNs}

Built upon the information given in the above two subsections, potential
approaches will now be proposed to take advantage of user mobility
patterns to resolve different caching design problems in CCWNs, as
summarized in Table \ref{tab_mobility}.

\subsubsection{Caching content placement at BSs}

In CCWNs, as a user moves along a particular path, the user may download
the requested file from all the BSs along this path, and different
BSs may cooperatively cache this file to improve the efficiency. For
this purpose, the statistic and predictive information of the BSs
along the user trajectory, which can be obtained based on user trajectory
or cell transition probabilities, will be needed. Compared to cell
transition probabilities, the user trajectory provides additional
information, i.e., different transmission distances from BSs in different
cells, which can help better design the BS cooperative caching in
CCWNs. For example, different transmission distances may result in
different transmission rates, which will affect the amount of data
that can be downloaded from different BSs. Furthermore, the cell sojourn
time is also a critical factor to determine the amount of data that
can be delivered, and thus will also affect the caching content placement
at BSs.

\subsubsection{Caching content placement at UTs}

By enabling caching at UTs, mobile users may get the requested files
via proximal D2D links. For caching design in such a setting, the
information related to inter-user contacts is essential. In particular,
inter-contact times and contact times will be valuable information,
which will be further illustrated in the design examples in the next
section. In addition, social relations may help to decompose a large
network into several small social groups, and thus reduce the complexity
of caching design. Meanwhile, social groups also imply some contact
information, i.e., mobile users in the same social group are more
likely to have more contacts \cite{social-allocation}. Thus, social
group information can also be utilized to design caching content placement
at UTs.

\subsubsection{Adaptive caching}

The caching content can be adjusted adaptively based on the periodical
mobility pattern, for which the knowledge of return times will be
very useful. Moreover, mobile users in different social groups may
have different content preferences. Thus, the mobility pattern of
each social group can be utilized to improve the adaptive caching
design. For example, in a restaurant, there may be several customer
groups with different content preferences during different time periods,
e.g., elders may enjoy the morning tea, students will have lunch with
friends, and office workers may have dinner together. The BSs around
the restaurant may perform adaptive caching updates accordingly.

\subsubsection{Proactive caching}

If the user trajectory or cell transition property can be estimated
based on past data, the future serving BSs for mobile users can be
predicted. In this way, if a mobile user requests a certain file,
the BSs that are predicted to be on its future path may proactively
cache the requested file, each with a certain segment, and then the
user can download the file when passing by. While it may slightly
increase the backhaul traffic, such proactive caching can significantly
improve the caching efficiency and reduce download latency.

The above proposals are by no means complete. Nevertheless, they clearly
indicate the great potential and importance of mobility-aware caching
in CCWNs. We hope this discussion will inspire more follow-up investigations.

\begin{table}
\caption{Exploiting Mobility for Caching in CCWNs}
\label{tab_mobility} \centering %
\begin{tabular}{|p{1in}<{\centering}|p{0.69in}<{\centering}|p{0.69in}<{\centering}|p{0.69in}<{\centering}|p{0.69in}<{\centering}|p{0.69in}<{\centering}|p{0.69in}<{\centering}|}
\hline
 & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Spatial Properties} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{Temporal Properties}\tabularnewline
\cline{2-7}
 & User trajectory  & Cell transition  & Social group  & User inter-contact time  & Cell sojourn time  & Return time \tabularnewline
\hline
Caching content placement at BSs  & \ding{52}  & \ding{52}  & \textbf{---}  & \textbf{---}  & \ding{52}  & \textbf{---} \tabularnewline
\hline
Caching content placement at UTs  & \textbf{---}  & \textbf{---}  & \ding{52}  & \ding{52}  & \textbf{---}  & \textbf{---} \tabularnewline
\hline
Adaptive caching  & \textbf{---}  & \textbf{---}  & \ding{52}  & \textbf{---}  & \textbf{---}  & \ding{52} \tabularnewline
\hline
Proactive caching  & \ding{52}  & \ding{52}  & \textbf{---}  & \textbf{---}  & \textbf{---}  & \textbf{---} \tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}

\begin{tablenotes}

\item General: '\ding{52} ' means that the mobility property can be
utilized in the corresponding caching design problem, and '\textbf{---}'
means that the mobility property may not be utilized. \end{tablenotes}
\end{table}

\section{Mobility-Aware Caching Content Placement}

In this section, we present two specific design examples for mobility-aware
caching content placement, including caching at BSs and caching at
UTs. Sample numerical results will be provided to validate the effectiveness
of utilizing user mobility patterns in wireless caching design problems.

\begin{figure}
\centering \subfigure[Caching at BSs]{ %
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.5\textwidth}%
 \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{Model_BS} %
\end{minipage}\label{trace-1} }\centering \subfigure[Caching at UTs]{ %
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\textwidth}%
 \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{model_D2D} %
\end{minipage}\label{trace-1-1} } \caption{Wireless Caching Networks. BS caching is shown in (a), where a user
requests a file and passes by BSs numbered \{1, 2, 5, 2, 3\} in sequence.
The user can obtain the requested file by collecting data from these
BSs. D2D caching is shown in (b), where UT 1 requests a file, and
it has not stored the file in its own cache. After a period of time,
UT 1 encounters UT 3 which stores the requested file, and it downloads
the file from UT 3.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Mobility-Aware Caching at BSs}

\textcolor{black}{We first consider utilizing the cell sojourn time
information to design caching content placement at BSs, which may
be macro BSs or femto-cell BSs. A sample network is shown in Fig.
\ref{trace-1}. For simplicity, we assume the downlink rate for each
user is the same while passing by each BS, and cell sojourn times
are estimated based on available data. Mobile users will request files
in the file library based on their demands, which is assumed to follow
a Zipf distribution. Both uncoded and coded caching schemes are considered.
In the uncoded case, we assume that each file is either fully stored
or not stored at each BS. In the coded case, rateless fountain codes
are applied, where each BS may store part of a coded file, and the
whole file can be recovered by collecting enough coded message of
that file \cite{cache_coding_Placement}. When a mobile user requests
a file, the user will try to collect the requested file while passing
by each BS. The proportion of the requested file that can be downloaded
from a BS is limited by the transmission rate and the sojourn time
in this cell, as well as the proportion of the requested file stored
at this BS. We aim to minimize the cache failure probability, which
is the probability that the mobile users cannot get the requested
files from cached contents at BSs. The coded caching placement problem
can be formulated as a convex optimization problem, while the uncoded
caching placement can be obtained by solving a mixed integer programming
(MIP) problem.}

\textcolor{black}{We evaluate the performance of the proposed mobility-aware
caching strategies based on a real-life data set of user mobility,
which was obtained from the wireless network at Dartmouth College
}\footnote{\textcolor{black}{D. Kotz, T. Henderson, I. Abyzov, and J. Yeo, \textquotedblleft CRAWDAD
dataset dartmouth/campus (v. 2009-09-09),\textquotedblright{} Downloaded
from http://crawdad.org/dartmouth/campus/20090909, Sept. 2009.}}\textcolor{black}{. Following caching placement strategies are compared: }
\begin{itemize}
\item \textcolor{black}{{Mobility-aware coded caching strategy}, which
is the proposed coded caching strategy obtained by solving a convex
optimization problem.}
\item \textcolor{black}{{Mobility-aware uncoded caching strategy}, which
is the proposed uncoded caching strategy obtained by solving an MIP
problem.}
\item \textcolor{black}{{MPC strategy}, which is a heuristic caching strategy,
for which each BS stores the most popular contents \cite{videoAmazon}. }
\end{itemize}
\textcolor{black}{The comparison is shown in Fig. \ref{BScachingdesign},
where a larger value of the Zipf parameter $\gamma_{p}$ implies the
requests from mobile users are more concentrated on the popular files.
We see that the mobility-aware caching strategies outperform the heuristic
caching strategy, and the performance gap expands with $\gamma_{p}$,
which demonstrates the value of the mobility information. Moreover,
the coded caching strategy performs better than the uncoded caching
strategy, which validates the advantage of coded caching.}

There are many interesting problems for further investigation. For
example, the user trajectory can be utilized to consider variant download
rates, which will affect the amount of data obtained in different
cells. In addition, based on the user trajectory, it is possible to
jointly deal with the caching problem and interference management.
Another challenge is that many BS caching problems are typically NP-hard,
and thus time-efficient sub-optimal algorithms are needed.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering \includegraphics[width=3.4in]{BScaching} \caption{Comparison of different BS caching content placement strategies, with
6 BSs and a file library of 100 files, while the caching storage capacity
of each BS is the size of one file.}
\label{BScachingdesign}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Mobility-Aware Caching at UTs}

In this subsection, we will focus on caching at UTs. We consider taking
advantage of average inter-contact times among mobile users to improve
the caching efficiency at UTs. An illustrative example is shown in
Fig. \ref{trace-1-1}.\textcolor{blue}{{} }\textcolor{black}{The locations
of contact times in the timeline for any two mobile users are modeled
as a Poisson process, as in \cite{exintercontactmodel}, where the
intensity is estimated from the history data. For simplicity, the
timelines for different pairs of mobile users are assumed to be independent,
and each file is assumed to be either completely stored or not stored
at each UT. Mobile users will request files in the file library based
on their demands, which is assumed to follow a Zipf distribution.}
When a mobile user generates a request, it will first try to find
the requested file in its own cache, and will then wait for encountering
users storing the requested file. The \emph{delay time} is defined
as the time between when a user requests a file and when it encounters
the first user storing the requested file. We assume that if the mobile
user stores the requested file or its delay time is within a pre-determined
delay threshold, it will be served via D2D links; otherwise, it will
get the file from the BS. To offload the traffic from BSs and encourage
proximal D2D transmissions, we set the objective as to maximize the
\textit{\textcolor{black}{data offloading ratio,}}\textcolor{black}{{}
which is the fraction of users that can get requested files via D2D
links. }This turns out to be a challenging problem and falls in the
category of monotone submodular maximization over a matroid constraint,
which can be solved by a greedy algorithm with an approximation ratio
as $\frac{1}{2}$.

The performance of mobility-aware caching at UTs is evaluated based
on a real-life data set, which was collected at the INFOCOM conference\footnote{J. Scott, R. Gass, J. Crowcroft, P. Hui, C. Diot, and A. Chaintreau,
CRAWDAD dataset cambridge/haggle (v. 2009\nobreakdash-05\nobreakdash-29),
downloaded from http://crawdad.org/cambridge/haggle/20090529, doi:10.15783/C70011,
May 2009. } \cite{reallifedata}. Considering that most requests may occur in
the daytime, we generate average inter-contact times according to
the daytime data during the first day of the conference. The following
caching placement strategies are compared:
\begin{itemize}
\item {Mobility-aware greedy caching strategy}, which is the proposed
caching strategy using a greedy algorithm.
\item {Mobility-aware random caching strategy}, which is similar to the
random caching strategy proposed in \cite{D2D}. In this strategy,
each UT caches files according to a Zipf distribution with parameter
$\gamma_{c}$. The optimal value of $\gamma_{c}$, which maximizes
the expected fraction of users that can get requested files via D2D
links, is obtained by a line search.
\item {MPC strategy}, which is the same as the one used in Fig. \ref{BScachingdesign}.
\end{itemize}
Based on the data during the daytime in the second day of the conference,
the performance of three caching strategies are compared in Fig. \ref{D2Dcachingdesign}
by varying the file request parameter. \textcolor{black}{It shows
that both mobility-aware caching strategies significantly outperform
the MPC strategy, and the performance gain increases as $\gamma_{c}$
increases. Furthermore, the mobility-aware greedy caching strategy
has a better performance than the mobility-aware random caching strategy,
since the former strategy incorporates average pairwise inter-contact
times more explicitly and allows more optimization variables. Through
extensive simulations, we also observe that, as the number of users
increases, the data offloading ratio using mobility-aware caching
strategies increases, while the MPC strategy remains the same. Meanwhile,
using mobility-aware strategies, the data offloading ratio increases
as the user mobility increases, and the greedy caching strategy always
outperforms the random one. }This implies that a better utilization
of user mobility patterns can further improve the caching efficiency.

While this initial study provides promising results, lots of challenges
remain. For example, since the number of mobile users in a CCWN is
usually very large, collecting the pairwise inter-contact times will
cause a high overhead. One potential solution is to decompose the
large number of mobile users into several social groups, and then
design caching content placement at UTs based on the inter-contact
times of mobile users within the same social group. Moreover, coded
caching strategies can also be applied, which is a prominent approach
to further optimize the caching efficiency.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering \includegraphics[width=3.4in]{D2Dcaching_3} \caption{Comparison of different caching content placement strategies at UTs
with 78 mobile users and a file library consisting of 1000 files,
while each UT can cache at most one file.}
\label{D2Dcachingdesign}
\end{figure}

\section{Conclusions and Future Directions}

In this paper, we conducted a systematic study that investigated the
exploitation of user mobility information in cache-enabled CCWNs.
Useful spatial and temporal mobility properties were identified and
linked to key caching design problems. Through two design examples,
the advantages and effectiveness of mobility-aware caching were demonstrated.
To fully exploit mobility information in CCWNs, more works will be
needed, and the followings are some potential future research directions.
\begin{itemize}
\item \textit{Joint caching content placement at the wireless edge}: In
practice, many caching systems consist of more than one layer of caches,
which leads to a more complicated hierarchical caching architecture.
In CCWNs, while most existing works, as well as our discussion in
this paper, treated caching at BSs and UTs as separate problems, a
joint design of caching at both BSs and UTs will be essential to further
improve the system performance.
\item \textit{Dynamic user caching capacities}: Unlike BSs, the caching
capacities at UTs may not be fixed, since they are related to storage
usages of mobile users, which are different from user to user and
are changing over time. It is thus important to investigate how to
adaptively cache according to the dynamic user caching capacities,
while also taking user mobility into consideration.
\item \textit{Big data analytics for mobility information extraction}: With
the explosive growth of mobile devices, collecting user mobility information
will generate huge amounts of data. Thus, big data analytics to extract
the required mobility information is another challenge in mobility-aware
caching. Meanwhile, accurate prediction is also critical. Though some
existing user mobility models can predict the future mobility behavior
via historical data, e.g., the Markov chain model in \cite{MVchain}
can jointly predict the cell transition and cell sojourn time, more
works will be needed, e.g., on how to predict the user trajectory.
\textcolor{black}{It is also important to investigate how different
mobility models will affect the performance of caching strategies.}
\item \textit{Privacy issues}: In order to take advantage of the user mobility
pattern, some personal information, e.g., home locations and work
place locations, may be divulged in the collected mobility information.
This will certainly cause some concerns on the privacy issues. Thus,
how to extract the useful user mobility information without touching
the individual privacy is important. Location obfuscation and fake
location injection mechanisms may serve as potential approaches for
anonymous traces.
\end{itemize}
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Join our hosts Fr. Michael Sopoliga and Fr. Joseph Bertha, two Ruthenian priests, as they explore the Eastern churches of the Catholic Church.
Through discussion, photos and chant we will better be able to follow the Holy Father in his expressed desire that the Church breathe with "two lungs."
Former guest on The Abundant Life ("Discovering the Byzantine Rite", "Art, Architecture & Worship In the Byzantine Catholic Church" and "A Byzantine Catholic Christmas).


I was privileged to serve as Director of the Communication Research Center (CRC) at Boston University from 1994 to the end of December 2015. Here are some reflections about the evolution of the CRC from 1959 to 2015.
The CRC was first established as part of Boston University in 1959.
From its launch and throughout the 1960s and 1970s, researchers affiliated with the CRC made pioneering contributions to the body of knowledge about the effects of television on children and other salient issues of that era.
Ninety-one married male subjects with children were assigned to one of six experimental conditions, involving exposure to taped messages on the Civil Defense fallout shelter programs, varied in terms of high and low anxiety appeal directed at the subject, his family, and "members of society in general." As in earlier studies, high anxiety appeals were found less effective than low anxiety appeals when these were directed at the subject himself, but high anxiety appeals were found more effective when directed at the subject's family. The study was directed by Professor Frederick A. Powell, and is fully reported in Communication Research Center Report No. IO. The Center has also announced the completion of two studies, directed by Daniel L. Griffin and Frederick A. Powell, of impact, readership, and reactions elicited among college student samples by a series of varied college newspaper advertisements of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States. The studies involved certain departures in readership testing, and are fully reported in Communication Research Center Reports No. ii and I2" (pp. 158-164).
"An Order-Effect Hierarchy" in Primary-Recency is a proposal for hierarchical classification of variables which have been shown "to induce primary or recency effect" in persuasive communication. Written by Ralph L. Rosnow, Robert F. Holz, and Jack Levin, the report is now in press for the Journal of Social Psychology and is available from the Center (CRC Report 13). Recommendations for Research Related to the Communication of Gerontological Information, written by F. Earle Barus for the Gerontology Branch, Division of Chronic Diseases, identifies problems in the title topic and proposes four research projects designed to study these problems" (p. 499).
The Communication Research Center (School of Public Communication, Boston University, Boston 02215) has announced the completion of a study entitled "One-sided versus Two-sided Communication under Indirect Awareness of Persuasive Intent.
The study deals with whether "subjects in a laboratory opinion change study might become aware of an experimenter's persuasive intent even in the absence of an explicit forewarning, and, if they should become aware, whether their opinions would be manifested any differently after exposure to a one-sided as opposed to a two sided persuasive communication." The Center has also announced completion and forthcoming publication of a study entitled "Consonant and Dissonant Communications as Positive and Negative Reinforcement in Opinion Change," by John F. Corrozi and Ralph Rosnow, and of a study on the effects of awareness in a "before-after opinion change experiment" by Robert F. Holz and Ralph Rosnow" (p. 501).
Sometime in the 1980s, CRC research activities ceased and the reasons for this are not very clear.
Upon my arrival to BU in 1993, I noticed that the sign outside the College of Communication main building located at 640 Commonwealth Avenue listed the various academic departments housed within, and among them it listed "Communication Research Center". When I inquired about how I could get involved in the CRC, I was told by then-Dean Brent Baker, who had recently arrived at COM, that it was news to him that such an entity existed in the College of Communication. Dean Baker encouraged me to investigate the history of the CRC. I discovered that not much in terms of CRC history was left behind by its prior administrators who had themselves departed many years prior to my arrival. As I set out on a mission to assemble whatever historical pieces existed about the CRC, I was asked by the Dean to investigate the possibility of re-launching it. In mid-1993, I put together a proposal for relaunching the CRC. In 1994 I was formally appointed as Director of the Communication Research Center and confirmed by the Boston University Board of Trustees, though there was no compensation for this position.
My journey as Director of the Communication Research Center began with the creation of a dedicated space for the CRC. I envisioned the space to consist of a computer lab that was also a telephone survey calling center, a hub for quantitative data analysis, and a conference room for research teams. Dean Baker asked me to propose the creation of this space to the COM alumni board. And the alumni responded positively by donating a total of $50,000. This gift led to the purchasing of 6 computers and the allocation and renovation of a then-office located in the 640 Commonwealth Avenue building (the same space in recent years began being used as the COM faculty/staff coffee lounge). In 1994, this office got equipped with desks and chairs and I personally installed the 6 computers and their corresponding servers in what became the physical space of the relaunched Communication Research Center.
For 4 years, the CRC consisted of myself and a few master's degree students who were interested in learning about research. We took on numerous research projects, both academic and applied, ranging from predicting the influence of political advertising on voting behavior, to understanding the motivations of whale watchers and their preconceptions about the National Marine Sanctuary program. We also took on BU-related research projects, for example, we analyzed BU's very first alumni satisfaction study conducted in 1998. During that period of time, in parallel with my work at the CRC, I was teaching a full load of graduate research methods at COM.
One of the graduate students who had been assisting me on the various research projects taking place at the CRC received a job offer from an industry that was not previously on my radar screen. The company making the offer was Chadwick Martin Bailey and the industry to which it belonged was "marketing research". The offer my graduate student received was 35% higher than Communication-based job offers previously acquired by our graduate students. I quickly learned that the marketing research industry was having a difficult time finding qualified employees, and the training that the graduate students were receiving at the CRC was equipping them with the types of knowledge and skills that the marketing research industry greatly valued. As a result of this new realization, I proposed and in 1997 got approval for a new academic concentration within the Department of Mass Communication, Advertising and Public Relations: Applied Communication Research. This concentration was primarily focused on providing students with the knowledge and skills needed for jobs in the marketing research industry.
With the encouragement and backing of Dean Baker, I proposed the expansion of the CRC to the then-Provost of Boston University. The Provost enthusiastically supported my plans by allocating the then-vacant basement of 704 Commonwealth Avenue and awarding me an internal grant of $500,000 for the construction of a new Communication Research Center. I was allowed to design a research center from scratch with the assistance of architects hired by BU. The 704 Commonwealth Avenue basement was gutted, the floors were jack hammered and a new research center got built. I oversaw the construction process of the new space of the CRC on a daily basis. The new CRC consisted of a 30-station telephone survey research lab with remote monitoring capabilities, a server room, a state-of-the-art focus group facility that also doubled as a small group research lab and a web-interface laboratory, a kitchen, a reception area, administrative offices, and bathrooms. In addition to the state-of-the-art tools used for the collection of computer-assisted telephone survey interviewing, the CRC also housed a custom-built first-of-its-kind eye-tracking machine that did not involve any headgear attachment and allowed unobtrusive measurement of eye gaze and pupil dilation while watching media content. Additional tools included a machine that allowed researchers to capture the electrodermal response and other such physiological measures stemming from exposure to mediated messages.
In the year 2000 we inaugurated the new state-of-the-art space of the CRC at 704 Commonwealth Avenue. The position of Associate Director was created and I asked my then-colleague Dr. Kumiko Aoki to fill it. From the year 2000 and until 2002, while still teaching a full load of classes, I embarked on an experiment in CRC funding by adopting a research company-like operations model. The influx of research contracts to the CRC led the then- Provost to allocate an operational budget for the CRC. This operational budget covered a modest stipend for me and full salaries for two full-time staff members consisting of a contract administrator and a project manager.
I spent endless hours securing research contracts and then carrying out research projects that rivaled those conducted by large commercial research organizations. I also continued to do the type of academic research that was facilitated by having a newly expanded CRC.
One of the studies that we conducted during this period of time was among the first to investigate the benefits of using web surveys, a mode of data collection that was recently introduced. The report stemming from this study was published in the proceedings of the American Statistical Association: https://www.amstat.org/sections/srms/proceedings/ papers/2000_159.pdf). Another study that we conducted was among the first to develop a structural equation model of the process involved in web shopping. Web shopping was, at the time, a newly introduced means for consumers to shop.
The CRC was also commissioned by the Office of the Provost to conduct BU's first Freshmen retention study. I designed the study, my team conducted a literature review of student retention, we identified predictors of student dropout, and we developed survey measures that captured the various predictors. Through the CRC survey lab we conducted a telephone survey of students who had dropped out from BU. The data was analyzed and the results pinpointed the factors that influenced a Freshman's decision to drop out from BU, described the characteristics of Freshmen students who are most prone to dropping out from BU and detailed the sequence and timing of events that typically precede a student's decision to drop out. This information was used for developing early intervention programs that would increase Freshmen retention.
The CRC also conducted a customer satisfaction analysis for what used to be called "Sargent Camp", a BU-affiliated outdoor facility in New Hampshire that encompassed buildings suitable for department retreats and outdoor team building exercises. As was the case for the Freshmen retention study, all phases of research resulted in the pinpointing of those clients most satisfied and those least satisfied with the services provided by "Sargent Camp" and potential clients whose needs are currently unmet by "Sargent Camp's" competition and who could thus be served by "Sargent Camp".
A consulting project undertaken at the CRC during that period of time exemplified the type of innovation that can be achieved by bringing together researchers from various disciplines and having them focus on the same problem and the efforts that I exerted to involve researchers from academic units from across the BU campus. The problem in this case was trying to explain what determines the success level of new product launches. The client for this project was Schneider PR. The study began with a literature review of the factors that were found to affect product launches, this was followed by the development of customized measures that captured the variation of each construct that was identified in the literature review, and the carrying out of a hybrid mail/web survey of vice presidents of marketing at hundreds of companies.
After obtaining the survey data, I engaged the services of a faculty member from the Department of Mathematics to do the mathematical modeling and a faculty member from the Computer Science division of Metropolitan College to help develop a software simulator. The simulator allowed the user to interface with the mathematical model by entering details about various aspects of a planned product launch and then simulating the likely success of a product launch based on all the things that this user anticipated doing in preparation for the launch. The simulator not only gave the user the likelihood for the product launch to succeed, but also allowed the user to change what they anticipated doing in order to increase the chances that the launch will succeed. As end of project deliverables, Schneider PR received a technical report about the factors that affect the success of product launches, including the derived mathematical model, and a software application that allowed Schneider PR to help its clients simulate the outcome of the launch efforts that they are planning. Joan Schneider and her colleague Jeanne Yocum subsequently released a book partially based on the findings of the study that we had conducted for her: New Product Launch: 10 Proven Strategies.
Two years after I began my experiment of running the CRC as a business-like operation, I realized that there was a significant mismatch between the pace needed to run a business-like operation and the pace at which a university operates. While the business-like operation needed to be running in sprint mode, the pace of all support services within a university ran at turtle speed. I thus came to the conclusion that a business-like operation was not a good fit inside a university setting. In 2002 I informed the then-Provost that the business model experiment that I had initiated needed to end as it was not sustainable. The Provost agreed with my assessment. The CRC's operational budget was discontinued thus ending the modest stipend I was receiving, also ending the presence of the 2 full-time staff members, and the CRC's new mission became solely focused on educating students and fostering faculty research.
This same mission of educating students and fostering faculty research remained until my resignation in 2015. To facilitate survey research at COM, in 2010, with the support of then-Associate Dean Tammy Vigil, I applied for and I received in 2011 a unique blanket authorization (a master protocol) from the Charles River Campus Institutional Review Board (IRB). This authorization allowed the creation of a first-of-its-kind college-level research review board at BU: The COM Research Review Board (RBB). The RBB shrunk the review time of anonymous survey projects submitted by COM faculty and graduate students from upwards of 6 months to less than 1 week.
My appointment as conference co-Chair of the 2013 World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR) brought increased international academic visibility to the CRC. As the person in charge of the WAPOR conference of 2013, I brought the WAPOR conference to the BU campus and along with it hundreds of leading researchers from various disciplines and from all around the globe.
I requested to change the name of the concentration in Applied Communication Research (ACR). ACR was the academic program that had stemmed from my work with graduate students at the CRC in the 1990s. The name change request underwent close scrutiny by various committees within BU but was finally approved. The new name beginning in Fall 2016 will become "Marketing Communication Research" a label that better describes what our students do after graduating.
I requested that my colleague Dr. Mina Tsay-Vogel be appointed as Associate Director of the CRC.
I resigned from the CRC effective December 31, 2015, thus ending my journey as Director of the CRC 21 years after it first began.
The CRC journey continues with a new team of co-Directors: Dr. Mina Tsay-Vogel and Dr. James Cummings. They will undoubtedly evolve the CRC's mission and take it in new and exciting directions.


Today's Sunday… a lazy Sunday. March has started and if feels like spring already. We have gone for a walk by the river side, we've seen two male pheasants fighting for a female… couldn't see her at all. She was probably hidding behind the bushes. We've heard all kind of little tinny birdies flying up and down and in circles… which reminds me about my Eurodisney Experience at the Space Mountain… but that is another story.
I want to shout: SPRING IS HERE!!!! FINALLY!
After the 1 1/2 hour walk, get back home and dust a chair at the terrace to seat and feel the sun in my face with a fresh delicious beer on the table. It's all about small pleasures :D.
Eggs are also small pleasures (except for the Ostrich one ;D). Absolutely delicious, healthy and easy to cook. Do you feel lazy after the second beer and don't know what to do for lunch?
Procedure: Pour a bit of olive oil in a non stick pan. Toast the bread in the toaster. Make the whole with a round mold. Place the toast in the pan and put the egg in the hole. When cooked, add some salt and place in the plate.
In another sauce pan pour a bit of oil, add the smashed garlic cloves, pour the mushrooms (previosly strained and dry), cook for 3 minutes aprox., add 2 little branches of thyme and some salt. Cook for 30 seconds.
Present in a flat large dish.
I have not had an ostrich egg before Nuria, I am sure it would make a hearty lunch in the Spring sunshine.
Si, si … perfecto. Sunday is a good day to be lazy and enjoy life's pleasures.
Love this idea for a lazy Sunday Nuria!
Isn't it lovely to have spring sunshine! We're not quite warm enough to eat outside… but close.


Our entry to Hellion Gallery's show at Music Fest Northwest. Over a dozen local artists created faux album covers for all the bands that were featured during the 2 day festival. Each artists was allowed to choose their favorite band, if available.
Hand painted on an actual 12″ album cover sleeve, it was our intentions to create something that looked and felt like your favorite LP lasting over a decade, tossed around, and repaired with tape. All the lettering are vintage letrasets.


A team led by the Council of Great Lakes Industries hosted a well-attended expert workshop last week in Ann Arbor, MI, that was focused on tools that industry can use to become better stewards of the region's water resources. I was pleased again to be sitting at the table debating the topic with an engaged and diverse group of basin stakeholders—industry, state and federal agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and nonprofits were all represented.
Throughout several years of GLPF-supported work, this team examined and tested a series of water stewardship tools (e.g. Alliance for Water Stewardship's International Water Stewardship Standard; Water Footprint Network methodology; Global Water Tool; Carbon Disclosure Project Water Disclosure Project, and others) and analyzed how well these tools—originally developed for water scarce regions—would work in a water rich region such as the Great Lakes. The team aimed to identify or develop a tool to reduce ecosystem impacts from water use and comply with industry needs.
The team piloted the tools in five high volume industrial facilities in the basin. Through their pilot work, they influenced the development of the final Alliance for Water Stewardship's (AWS) International Water Stewardship Standard and contributed to the global discussion on the applicability of water stewardship tools. Read more about the project here and here and visit the project website here.
Last week's workshop was one of many this team has held over the duration of the project, all of them well attended and all sparking lively debate about the role of industry in water conservation and stewardship in the Great Lakes region. The team leaders, Dale Phenicie and Kathryn Buckner, impressively demonstrated the power and value of a collaborative team by having many varied interests in the same room together actively engaged in go forward strategies and tackling difficult questions about what is next for industrial water stewardship in the Great Lakes.
How do these tools fit into a highly regulated region such as ours where industry must obtain permits and comply with local, state and federal laws for their water use and discharge?
How do you define water conservation/water stewardship in a water rich region?
Should conservation here be less about "gallons saved" and more about "valued added" to the ecosystem?
Where in the region would water stewardship tools, if applied by industry, provide the most impact?
This was the team's last GLPF-funded workshop. The project is winding down but the activity around industrial water stewardship is ramping up. This work has been successful in bringing diverse interests together and catalyzing a discussion that will continue to advance the sustainability of the basin's water resources.


Miss Jennifer Lawrence // #1 Fansite for Academy Award Winner, Jennifer Lawrence! » Blog Archive » UPDATE: MJ: Part 2 premiere announced for Moscow!
UPDATE: MJ: Part 2 premiere announced for Moscow!
Kinopoiskru have announced that Jennifer Lawrence and other cast members will attend a 'Mockingjay Part 2′ premiere in Moscow, Russia. The date is currently TBA.


text:
Q: Check Device Type For GPUImage GPUImage requires, for iPhone 4 and below, images smaller than 2048 pixels. The 4S and above can handle much larger. How can I check to see which device my app is currently running on? I haven't found anything in UIDevice that does what I'm looking for. Any suggestions/workarounds?

A: This is among the best device-detection libraries I've come across: https://github.com/erica/uidevice-extension
EDIT: Although the readme seems to suggest that the more up-to-date versions are in her "Cookbook" sources. Perhaps this one is more current.

A: For this, you don't need to check device type, you simply need to read the maximum texture size supported by the device. Luckily, there is a built-in method within GPUImage that does this for you:
GLint maxTextureSize = [GPUImageContext maximumTextureSizeForThisDevice];

The above will give you the maximum texture size for the device you're running this on. That will determine the largest image size that GPUImage can work with on that device, and should be future-proof against whatever iOS devices come next.
This method works by caching the results of this OpenGL ES query:
 glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE, &maxTextureSize);

if you're curious.
I should also note that you can provide images larger than the max texture size to the framework, but they get scaled down to the largest size supported by the GPU before processing. At some point, I may complete my plan for tiling subsections of these images in processing so that larger images can be supported natively. That's a ways off, though.

A: Here is a useful class that I have used several times in the past that is very simple and easy to implement,
https://gist.github.com/Jaybles/1323251

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I've been suffering with TMJ for almost two years. Sometimes it was painful to chew, I was unable to open my mouth all the way, and daily headaches were becoming the norm. When I could open my mouth, my jaw would make popping noises. My dentist told me he could make a mouth guard for $800 that I could wear at night. I purchased over the counter mouth guards with hopes of helping me to stop clenching my jaw while I slept, but it did not help. My chiropractor said he was not able to help and referred me to a Dentist who was a "TMJ specialist", which was not covered by insurance and looked to be time consuming and expensive endeavor. I remembered that a friend of mine told me she knew a Massage Therapist who was able to help with TMJ. Two weeks ago I contacted Emily Boudwin and scheduled an appointment. After just two sessions I have dramatic improvement. My mouth can open wide now and the popping is much less. I've not had a headache since I've seen her and she taught me massage techniques that I can do myself, in between sessions, that help my jaw relax! I'm very grateful for her knowledge and expertise with TMJ!


text:
Cargo ship suddenly sinks in Lake Superior
On this day in 1975, the SS Edmund Fitzgerald sinks in Lake Superior, killing all 29 crew members on board. It was the worst single accident in Lake Superior's history.
The ship weighed more than 13,000 tons and was 730 feet long. It was launched in 1958 as the biggest carrier in the Great Lakes and became the first ship to carry more than a million tons of iron ore through the Soo Locks.
On November 9, the Fitzgerald left Superior, Wisconsin, with 26,000 tons of ore heading for Detroit, Michigan. The following afternoon, Ernest McSorely, the captain of the Fitzgerald and a 44-year veteran, contacted the Avafor, another ship traveling on Lake Superior and reported that his ship had encountered "one of the worst seas he had ever been in." The Fitzgerald had lost its radar equipment and was listing badly to one side.
A couple of hours later, another ship made contact and was told that the Fitzgerald was holding its own. However, minutes afterward, the Fitzgerald disappeared from radar screens. A subsequent investigation showed that the sinking of the Fitzgerald occurred very suddenly; no distress signal was sent and the condition of the lifeboats suggested that little or no attempt was made to abandon the ship.
One possible reason for the wreck is that the Fitzgerald was carrying too much cargo. This made the ship sit low in the water and made it more vulnerable to being overwhelmed by a sudden large wave. The official report also cited the possibility that the hatches to the cargo area may have been faulty, leading to a sudden shift of the cargo that capsized the boat.
The Fitzgerald was eventually found 530 feet below the surface, 17 miles from Whitefish Bay, at the northeastern tip of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The ship had broken into two parts that were found approximately 150 feet apart. As there were no survivors among the 29 crewmembers, there will likely never be a definitive explanation of the Fitzgerald's sinking.
The Fitzgerald's sinking was the worst wreck in the Great Lakes since November 29, 1966, when 28 people died in the sinking of the Daniel J. Morrell in Lake Huron.
The disaster was immortalized in song the following year in Canadian folk singer Gordon Lightfoot's "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald."
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/cargo-ship-suddenly-sinks-in-lake-superior
DisastersShipwrecks
Playwright and activist hanged in Nigeria
Ken Saro-Wiwa, a Nigerian playwright and environmental activist, is hanged in Nigeria along with eight other activists from the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (Mosop). Saro-Wiwa, an outspoken critic of Nigeria's military regime, was charged by the government with ...read more
Sesame Street debuts
On this day in 1969, "Sesame Street," a pioneering TV show that would teach generations of young children the alphabet and how to count, makes its broadcast debut. "Sesame Street," with its memorable theme song ("Can you tell me how to get/How to get to Sesame Street"), went on ...read more
Remarque publishes All Quiet on the Western Front
On this day in 1928, the first installment of All Quiet on the Western Front, Erich Maria Remarque's acclaimed novel of World War I, appears in the German magazine Vossische Zeitung. Remarque (born Erich Paul Remark) was born in 1898 in lower Saxony to a family of French ...read more
Maryland gets a miracle in Miami
On November 10, 1984, at the Orange Bowl, the University of Maryland's backup quarterback Frank Reich throws six touchdown passes against the University of Miami in the second half, completing an improbable comeback. The Terrapins, who had been losing 31-0 at the half, ended up ...read more
Bush addresses the United Nations regarding terrorism
On this day in 2001, in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, President George W. Bush addresses the United Nations to ask for the international community's help in combating terrorism around the world. He also pledged ...read more
Osage Indians cede Missouri and Arkansas lands
In a decision that would eventually make them one of the wealthiest surviving Indian nations, the Osage Indians agree to abandon their lands in Missouri and Arkansas in exchange for a reservation in Oklahoma. The Osage were the largest tribe of the Southern Sioux Indians ...read more
Slaughterhouse-Five is burned in North Dakota
On this day in 1973, newspapers report the burning of 36 copies of Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut. Vonnegut's book was a combination of real events and science fiction. His hero, Billy Pilgrim, was a World War II soldier who witnessed the firebombing of Dresden, as had ...read more
Henry Wirz hanged
On this day in 1865, Henry Wirz, a Swiss immigrant and the commander of Andersonville prison in Georgia, is hanged for the murder of soldiers incarcerated there during the Civil War. Wirz was born in Switzerland in 1823 andmoved to the United States in 1849. He lived in the ...read more
Mary Anderson patents windshield wiper
On this day, the patent office awards U.S. Patent No. 743,801 to a Birmingham, Alabama woman named Mary Anderson for her "window cleaning device for electric cars and other vehicles to remove snow, ice or sleet from the window." When she received her patent, Anderson tried to ...read more
Birth of the U.S. Marine Corps
During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress passes a resolution stating that "two Battalions of Marines be raised" for service as landing forces for the recently formed Continental Navy. The resolution, drafted by future U.S. president John Adams and adopted in ...read more
Germans take Vichy France
On this day in 1942, German troops occupy Vichy France, which had previously been free of an Axis military presence. Since July 1940, upon being invaded and defeated by Nazi German forces, the autonomous French state had been split into two regions. One was occupied by German ...read more

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This locus encodes the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta type III receptor. Additionally we are shipping TGFBR3 Antibodies (147) and TGFBR3 Kits (22) and many more products for this protein.
Inhibition of genes for betaglycan and FIBP in granulosa cells in vitro suggests that they inhibit estradiol production in regressing subordinate follicles.
Data suggest a high potential of plasma sTBFbetarIII as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in breast cancer.
rs1192415 of TGFBR3 is associated with primary open angle glaucoma.
Inhibiting ectodomain shedding of TbetaRIII increased TGF-beta responsiveness and abrogated TbetaRIII's ability to inhibit breast cancer cell migration and invasion.
RS1805110 is not associated with Behcet's disease or idiopathic intermediate uveitis in Caucasian patients.
We have found that TbetaRIII is required for migration and invasion in vitro and xenograft growth in vivo.
Data indicate that TGF-beta2 (TGFB2) and TGF beta type III receptor (TGFBR3) are target genes of miR-193b in chondrogenesis.
TGFbetaR3 promotes apoptosis of cardiomyocytes via a p38 pathway-associated mechanism, and loss of TGFbetaR3 reduces myocardial infarction injury.
Study identified a novel major binding site for TGF-beta-like growth factors in TGFR-3. Findings potentially provide novel experimental insight into the general function of zona pellucida domain-containing proteins.
Pro-fibrotic cardiac effect of miR-328 was mediated by down-regulating TGFbR3 and up-regulating TGFb1.
These data reveal a critical, previously unrecognized role for TGFbetaR3 in vascular and osteoblast development during palatogenesis.
These data demonstrate that TbetaRIII regulates BMP-mediated signaling and biological effects, primarily through the ligand sequestration effects of sTbetaRIII in normal and cancerous mammary epithelial cells.
Glucocorticoids recruit Tgfbr3 and Smad1 to shift transforming growth factor-beta signaling from the Tgfbr1/Smad2/3 axis to the Acvrl1/Smad1 axis in lung fibroblasts.
TGFBR3 mediated suppression of cancer progression includes effects on the tumor immune microenvironment.
Loss of Tgfbr3 compromises the functions of TGFbeta2 in the differentiating fetal testis.
A novel reciprocal loop between miR-21 and TGFbetaRIII in cardiac fibrosis caused by myocardial infarction in mice.
These data suggest that Inhibins and TbetaRIII may function as a molecular pair regulating T cell development.
TGFBR3 can prevent hypoxia-induced injury in neonatal mice cardiac fibroblasts by negative regulation of TGF-beta signaling.
Data present the 2.0-A resolution crystal structure of the betaglycan ZP-C region in combination with a downstream region known as the external hydrophobic patch.
The expressions of TGF-beta3 and TbetaR-III in MEE were temporally correlated with critical events in palatogenesis.
This study provides evidence that the expressions of inhibin alpha subunit and betaglycan are inferior in cystic follicles, and this may be caused by the decrease in FSH in the presence of a cystic follicle.
This locus encodes the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta type III receptor. The encoded receptor is a membrane proteoglycan that often functions as a co-receptor with other TGF-beta receptor superfamily members. Ectodomain shedding produces soluble TGFBR3, which may inhibit TGFB signaling. Decreased expression of this receptor has been observed in various cancers. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene.


Cybercriminals can easily hack into an airline's e-ticketing systems, it has been revealed. They can modify boarding passes and abuse customers' data.
According to Wandera, a security company, multiple airlines' customers are at risk of having their private data hacked and accessed by cybercriminals. Wandera's research team have discovered that the e-ticketing systems used by big airlines send unencrypted check-in links to passengers. The cybersecurity firm discovered this vulnerability in December of last year. They then realized that unsecured travel-related details were being sent to one of their secured customers.
Researchers think that this might compromise customers' data and put passengers' data in jeopardy of modification by hackers. An attacker might even tamper with the details before printing out a boarding pass and attempting to board the plane using it. The company investigated further and found that many airlines experienced the same problem with their e-ticketing systems.
CEO Wandera, Eldar Tuvey had this to say: "We are finding more every week. But, we are not able to disclose who they are publicly before they have had a chance to fully secure their e-ticketing systems. We tried to assist the airlines that have responded to us after we disclosed our findings to them over 4 weeks ago. However, he also warns that many of those airlines have yet to fix the vulnerability although we remain on hand to offer them as much assistance as they need to investigate and fix the issue." Note that a total of 40 major airlines were later investigated and nearly a quarter appeared to be vulnerable.
Air Europa, Air France, Jetstar, KLM, Southwest, Thomas Cook, Transavia, and Vueling are some of the airlines whose e-ticketing systems were allegedly vulnerable too. Once the attacker gets his/her hands on the link address, the link redirects them to a site where they've logged in automatically to the check-in session for that flight.
According to researchers, these attackers can then make modifications to the booking and print off boarding passes. Plus, data such as names, email addresses, and passport numbers could be revealed. This is because they vary from airline to airline. Passengers, as a result, could discover seat changes and removal or addition of luggage. The exact nature of the data at risk depends upon which e-ticketing system the airline is using.
Airline travelers need to handle these check-in links, in the same manner, they handle passwords. Also, passengers should be aware of the security of the networks they are on when they using these e-ticketing systems. Airlines need to adopt a fully encrypted check-in model soon. They should also start asking for user authentication when booking data is accessible and editable. All in all, the cybersecurity measures implemented by major airlines is leaving a lot to be desired.
Orlando PD's Use of Amazon Rekognition – How Is it Being Guided?


Since Vertigo's announcement late Sunday there's been a lot of coverage in the comics and mainstream press about American Vampire, the upcoming monthly series whose first arc is co-written by none other than Stephen King.
But while we've seen several pieces of concept art by Rafael Albuquerque, I believe this is our first look at his cover for Issue 1, which debuts in March 2010. The art accompanies a brief Q&A in USA Today with writer Scott Snyder, who discusses the comic's development, King's involvement, and what he likes about Albuquerque's art.


It was Amir's 7th birthday on Sunday – HAPPY BIRTHDAY AMIR! As per our family tradition, we also have birthday cake for birthdays. I mean, does anyone NOT have that tradition? This year, Amir requested I make a black forest cake for his birthday. This might seem an odd choice for a 7 year old, but I think he was highly influenced by his father who requested a black forest cake 2 years ago.
This black forest cake is not like any I've made before though. It is entirely sweetened by fruit, no refined sugar in sight! Delicious moist layers of choc-cherry cake, with a thickened coconut cream and cherry chia jam sandwiched in the middle. Top that off with more coconut cream and cherries, and you've got yourself a delicious, healthy, vegan black forest cake!
I had actually imagined this cake having about 7 layers. I suggested to my son that I make his cake like a pancake-cake. He was not impressed :\ but anyway, that idea is still in the pipeline…it might make a feature later in the year for someone else's birthday! But for now, you might be interested in these black forest pancakes.
Layers of chocolate-cherry cake, with thickened coconut cream and cherry chia jam sandwiched in between. You won't believe this cake is vegan, wheat free, refined sugar free and oil free.
Mix together flour, cacao and bicarb.
Blend the bananas, cherries, water and extract (if using) until smooth.
Mix the wet mixture with the dry mixture.
Fold in the apple cider vinegar.
Transfer to a 20cm round cake tin, lined with baking paper.
Bake for 55 minutes, or insert a toothpick and if it comes out clean, the cake is ready.
Stir together all the cream ingredients until there are no lumps.
Bring to the boil while stirring. The cream will thicken.
Remove from heat and set aside until ready to assemble cake (note: it will thicken more as it cools).
Blend the cherries and chia seeds until broken down slightly - I do this on a low speed for about 30 seconds.
Let the jam sit for 10 minutes or longer, to thicken.
When the cake is cool, slice in half so you have 2 circles.
Place one circle on a serving plate.
Spread about half the cream on the cake.
Top with cherry chia jam.
Place the other cake half on top.
Spread the rest of the cream on top.
Top with the extra cherries.
Optional: dust with some icing sugar/stevia.
You may replace some of the water with a liquid sweetener such as maple syrup, if you have a sweet tooth!
Sharing this cake at #freefromfridays and Healthy Vegan Fridays.
Did you watch my video ^^ ? What did you think?
Do you also have to have cake for your birthdays too? (I think I was deprived of cake once I became a vegan when I was 12, so I always want to make sure my children don't experience that same deprivation…haha).
P.S. Have you liked Vie De La Vegan on Facebook yet?
This cake is so amazingly healthy! I love that it is all fruit sweetened and yet it looks so decadent! And yay for another video!! I just watched and commented over there too :) Seven layers would've been epic, but at least you have 2 more kids to try to talk into that idea hahah! But with how healthy this is it could pass for breakfast even if it's not actually made of pancakes!
Amir is so lucky you made him this most awesome cake for his birthday! Wow =) Looks super delicious and decadent and amazing.
My mouth is watering reading this. It sounds heavenly. I've never heard of cherry-vanilla extract, did you buy that or make it yourself?
A favourite cake in our house and one that is also always asked for on Birthdays, is chocolate courgette cake.
Thanks, I will take a look for that. My chocolate courgette cake is on the blog: http://www.afreefromlife.com/2015/02/16/hello-world/. You can use spelt flour and it works well and you don't need any frosting on, as it's just as nice, if not nicer (in my opinion), as is.


text:
from builtins import object
from pyglet.libs.darwin.cocoapy import *

# This class is a wrapper around NSCursor which prevents us from
# sending too many hide or unhide messages in a row.  Apparently
# NSCursor treats them like retain/release messages, which can be
# problematic when we are e.g. switching between window & fullscreen.
class SystemCursor(object):
    cursor_is_hidden = False
    @classmethod
    def hide(cls):
        if not cls.cursor_is_hidden:
            send_message('NSCursor', 'hide')
            cls.cursor_is_hidden = True
    @classmethod
    def unhide(cls):
        if cls.cursor_is_hidden:
            send_message('NSCursor', 'unhide')
            cls.cursor_is_hidden = False

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
@interface MSStarShape : _MSStarShape <NSCoding>
{
}
- (BOOL)shouldResetPointsOnResize;
- (id)inspectorViewControllers;
- (void)resetPoints;
- (id)defaultName;
- (struct CGRect)boundsForCursorPreview;
- (unsigned long long)decodingConversionForProperty:(id)arg1;
- (id)addContentToElement:(id)arg1 attributes:(id)arg2 exporter:(id)arg3 action:(unsigned long long *)arg4;
@end


This is the first time I've seen your OLW templates on your blog (I'm way behind on my blog reading) and I must say I love it! It makes achieving our monthly goals more fun to achieve. We're also PCSing in a few months, so don't mind if I borrow some of your goals. Thanks!
…had the same problem with the matte medium… So frustrating. But overall a fun assignment.
Well while I'm not happy to hear you had issues with it too, it makes me feel better knowing I wasn't the only one!


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Founder and CEO, G2 Esports
Carlos Rodriguez, better known in the esports industry as "ocelote", is a serial entrepreneur and former legendary esports player who has experienced esports from several different angles for the last thirteen years.
During his 9 years of professional player career, Carlos created what was considered the largest brand based off an individual player in esports called "oceloteWorld". Simultaneously, he went through remarkable levels of competitive and business success by consistently placing high in world championships in different games, becoming the captain of every teams he's been a part of, and, as his own agent, becoming the first active player to close individual sponsorship deals for and by himself. To top things off, Carlos became what was considered the largest streamer on both the own3d.tv and Twitch.tv video game live streaming platforms for a period of two years, averaging 20,000-30,000 concurrent viewers on every streaming session, now six years ago.
Today, Carlos is the founding CEO of G2 Esports, widely considered one of the most powerful brands and successful esports organizations in the world.
Esports Ownership: A New Challenger Approaches


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Japanese dream pop band The fin. to stage shows in Malaysia and Singapore
Japanese indie dream pop band The fin. is bringing their chillaxing music to Malaysia and Singapore this coming March and April.
Hailing from Kobe, Japan, the band which is currently based in London, consists of members Yuto Uchino, Ryosuke Odagaki, Takayasu Taguchi, and Kaoru Nakazawa.
Formed in 2010, the quartet band has a soothing synth pop-rock music style which is like a cross between M83 and Phoenix.
Having previously performed at several huge festivals in Japan like Fuji Rock, Viva La Rock, and Rising Sun, the band will be stepping into Malaysia and Singapore for the very first time.
The Singapore show will take place on 30 March 2017 at Millian Singapore, with Singaporean band Subsonic Eye as the supporting act, while the Malaysian leg will take place on 2 April 2017 at The Bee, Publika.
Tickets can be purchased at thefin.peatix.com and thefinkl.peatix.com with prices starting from SGD30 and MYR88.
Uncategorizedjapanesemusicnewsshowcasethe fin.videos - by admin
Netflix is looking for Asian foodie Instagrammers for "Chef's Table"
Avril Lavigne's sister is married to ONE OK ROCK's bassist


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All Latest Internet culture News
Bill Clinton uses viral meme of himself to wish Stevie Wonder a happy birthday
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Democratic candidates must experiment more, communicate differently to impress a new generation of voters
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Crowdsourcing is the best weapon in fight against fake news
BY David Rand and … 03/27/19 04:00 PM EDT
Have smartphones soured Americans on America?
BY Dennis Powell, opinion contributor 09/22/18 09:00 AM EDT
21 journalists in six countries jailed on charges related to 'fake news' in 2017
BY Julia Manchester 05/29/18 05:47 PM EDT
Donald Glover fans take over pro-Trump forum on Reddit, declare him 'The One True Donald'
BY Luis Sanchez 05/22/18 11:59 AM EDT
Free speech cannot be sacrificed to strike fake news
BY Sandeep Gopalan, opinion contributor 04/06/18 11:00 AM EDT
Authoritarian world leaders are adopting Trump's use of 'fake news': report
BY Jacqueline Thomsen 12/08/17 08:57 AM EST
Trump: Fox 'much more important' than CNN
BY Julia Manchester 11/25/17 05:44 PM EST
Air traffic controllers disciplined for Snapchatting on duty: report
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It's Time for You to Join the Debate
BY The Hill 07/13/07 02:31 PM EDT
Join The Hill's Congress Blog
BY The Hill 05/04/07 10:15 AM EDT


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UBC researchers reach $140 M licensing agreement for cancer drug
A new potential treatment for drug-resistant prostate cancer developed by researchers at UBC has been licensed by the Roche pharmaceutical company for more than $140 M, making the deal the most lucrative of its kind in UBC history. Researchers Paul Rennie and Artem Cherkasov of the Vancouver Prostate Centre developed the drug to help treat cancers that mutate and render conventional treatments ineffective. The terms of the new agreement will pay UBC and VCHRI an up-front payment of up to $140 M in US dollars. Yet Brad Wheeler, Technology Transfer Manager at the University-Industry Liaison Office, added that, "as much as that sounds—and it is a lot—the real money is in the royalties, which could exceed $140 million by quite a bit." UBC | Vancouver Sun
Colleges and universities fall short in sexual assault prevention and response, says government document
Canada's colleges and universities lack a coordinated focus on sexual violence prevention and response, according to a briefing note prepared by Status of Women Canada for then-minister Kellie Leitch last March, obtained by Metro under the Access to Information Act. "More could be done, particularly to encourage bystander intervention and involvement," it adds. The note also observes a lack of comparable national data, and suggests that the government may need to examine an approach like America's Clery Act, which compels institutions to release data about campus crime. The new federal government said it would not comment on the previous government's commitments, but that the new minister "will work with experts and advocates to develop a federal gender violence strategy and action plan." Metro
Queen's makes $10.7 M investment in sustainability
Queen's University has announced a $10.7 M contract with international energy services company Honeywell to enhance the sustainability of its operations. The contract is part of the institution's Energy Matters project, designed to reduce both its carbon footprint and energy bills. "Climate change is a significant global issue and Queen's is committed to doing its part to improve our environment through its operations," said Queen's Principal Daniel Woolf. The cost of the project will be funded by future savings, with full payback expected after 12 years. Queen's
YorkU enhances BEd in Technological Education
The Faculty of Education at York University will be developing an enhanced Bachelor of Education in Technological Education program with the aid of a $444 K grant over two years from Ontario's Technological Teacher Education Collaborative Initiatives Fund. YorkU will prioritize the use of this fund in online courses, part-time offerings, provision of greater access for Aboriginal students, instruction in the French language, and development of courses based on geographical need. Dean of the Faculty of Education Ron Owston said that "the grant will allow us to address key issues such as meeting the demand for quality teachers and developing innovating ways to educate future technological education teachers." New program pathways developed through the initiative are set to be introduced in the 2017-2018 academic year. YorkU | Inside Toronto
Camosun, BC partner to provide job-related language training
Camosun College has announced that it will partner with BC to provide English language training to new immigrants to Victoria who are looking for work in high-demand jobs. These job categories will cover the construction, engineering, and health sectors, among others. Camosun will use new funding from BC to enrol three cohorts of students in English for Career and Professional Integration, English for Construction and Engineering, and English for Health Careers. "Camosun is very pleased to receive this important funding and we look forward to working with the Ministry and our community partners on future project-based language training initiatives that support refugees and other immigrants in our community," said Camosun's VP Student Experience Joan Yates. Camosun
Canadian law schools investigate best way to implement TRC recommendations
In response to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's statement that all law students must learn more about Aboriginal peoples' interactions with the justice system, law schools have been examining the many ways that this statement and ensuing recommendations could be implemented. The Peter Allard School at UBC and the Bora Laskin Faculty of Law at Lakehead University have both established a mandatory course in Aboriginal law and intercultural training. Whether such a course is mandatory or optional, Aboriginal resource lawyer Merle Alexander explains that there is a practical aspect to being able to meet the growing demand for lawyers who are able to practice treaty law. "If students knew that taking Aboriginal law courses would be key to them getting a job," he said, "they would take the course." Globe and Mail
Striking UQAM teaching assistants reach tentative deal with province
Quebec has announced that it has reached a tentative agreement with striking student employees at the Université du Québec à Montréal. The group of nearly 3,000 teaching assistants and researchers represented by the union SÉTUE has been on strike since December 7th, and the union still needs to approve the agreement before it can come into effect. The striking employees have been without a contract since the end of 2013, according to CBC. CBC
SFU signs climate action pledge
Simon Fraser University has signed the Paris Pledge for Action, joining governments and institutions from around the world in its support for a new global agreement aimed at limiting temperature rise to less than two degrees Celcius. "This pledge is further evidence of SFU's commitment to promoting a safe and stable climate," said SFU President Andrew Petter. "Consistent with our new energy utilization policy, SFU will continue to reduce its own greenhouse gas emissions by making the goal of being powered entirely by renewable energy an institutional priority." SFU | Paris Pledge
American PSE enrolment declines for fourth straight year
American postsecondary enrolment has declined by 1.7%, the fourth straight annual decline, and an increase over the 1.3% decline last year, according to the latest data from the National Student Clearinghouse Research Center. The decline was driven particularly by decreases at four-year for-profit institutions (13.7% decrease) and two-year public institutions (2.4% decrease). The only sector to see a slight increase was four-year public institutions, at 0.4%. Declines for students older than 24 were much higher than for those 24 and under, particularly at two-year public institutions. The characteristics of the students and institutions seeing the largest declines suggest that they are driven by a slowly improving job market, according to Inside Higher Ed. Inside Higher Ed | Chronicle of Higher Education | Full Report
TIME examines Koch brothers' influence over US colleges
A pair of private foundations led by the billionaire Koch brothers contributed more than $23 M to US college and universities in 2014, reports TIME. Further, the high education-centred Charles Koch Foundation finished the 2014 fiscal year with $528 M in its accounts. With this level of financial power comes a certain level of control over the cultures of PSE institutions, adds the article's author, who argues that "almost all of the higher education programs the Koch foundations fund cleave to the brothers' philosophy of promoting free markets and laissez-faire capitalism in the United States." Perhaps the most disquieting aspects of this influence are "control over curriculum, and more recently, obtaining personal information about students." TIME


Down to earth & easy going. A bit of a romantic. Loves travel / exploring / adventure-riding. Loves to laugh and enjoy life through sharing in conversations and experiences.
Single and ready to meet some one who would like to chat first then go from there.
I am well educated and well traveled, and a single normal man. Riding motorcycle to west is in my bucket list and want to do it this summer. Looking for a lady to ride with me.


Easy To Assemble! The 6" Uni-fit™ top rails and 3" verticals eliminate the need for separate side and end rails - making assembly even easier!
Durable and Strong! Doughboy uses more top rails and vertical legs to create a more stable pool. Our heavy gauge steel bottom rails are stronger than competitive stainless steel and plastic rails!


text:
Minnesota Foodshed
Minnesota Cooks Farm-to-Table Directory
Farmer-Restaurant Partnerships
Minnesota Cooks Calendar
The Farmer and the Chef Book
Minnesota Cooks Day
Farm Fresh Road Trip
Join Minnesota Farmers Union
Minnesota Farmers Union (MFU), a grassroots farm organization, has been an instrumental force behind the local food movement in Minnesota. In 2003, MFU created Minnesota Cooks™, a program devoted to celebrating and cultivating partnerships between Minnesota's dedicated family farmers and talented chefs, cooks and restaurant owners who feature farm-fresh foods on their menus.
The idea that farms and restaurants could work together directly to support and help each other succeed was still far from mainstream back in 2003, but that didn't stop Minnesota's innovative food and farming communities from galvanizing and forging powerful business relationships centered on local foods. Since its inception, Minnesota Cooks' mission is to emphasize the importance of supporting locally grown and made-in-Minnesota foods and products and help grow local food markets. Throughout our 19 years we're proud to have highlighted over 150 farms and 150 restaurants, bakeries, wineries, distilleries and other businesses committed to local food in the Minnesota Cooks program.
Through our one-day event at the Minnesota State Fair, our popular Minnesota Cooks calendar, the Emmy Award-Winning public television program Farm Fresh Road Trip, and our newly released book, The Farmer and The Chef: Farm Fresh Minnesota Recipes and Stories, Minnesota Cooks strengthens the fabric of Minnesota's farms, restaurants, households and economy by connecting consumers and wholesale buyers with farmers and their products. Minnesota Cooks ultimately demonstrates how the local food market is a viable economic opportunity for many family farmers.
Claudine Arndt
Claudine Arndt is the manager of Minnesota Cooks, acting as the team lead. She is the author of the stories featured in the annual Minnesota Cooks calendar and the primary author of the stories in The Farmer and the Chef: Farm Fresh Minnesota Recipes & Stories. Also a part-time nutrition counselor and owner of Wellness with Claudine, she encourages others to choose quality, local foods whenever possible as part of their health journey.
www.wellnesswithclaudine.com
Katie Cannon
Katie Cannon is the photographer for the Minnesota Cooks™ program, the public television program Farm Fresh Road Trip and The Farmer and The Chef: Farm Fresh Minnesota Recipes and Stories. Her photography business, Katie Cannon Photography, focuses on lifestyle photography of food, families, farms and travel.
www.katiecannonphotography.com
Anne Schwagerl
Anne Schwagerl joined the Minnesota Cooks team in January 2020 as a Farmer Consultant, assisting with project development and big picture decision-making. Anne is also the newly elected Vice President of Minnesota Farmers Union (November of 2021) and the outgoing State Secretary. She and her husband, Peter, operate a diversified grain and livestock operation near Browns Valley, MN. Their family operates nearly 400 acres and grows certified organic corn, soybeans, small grains, and alfalfa, as well as a pastured pork and laying hen operation. Prior to returning home to farm, Anne earned her bachelor's degree in Geography at Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, MN and worked in the field of nonprofit grant management at National Geographic Society and United Way. Anne currently serves on the board of governors of Farmers Union Industries has recently completed the WFO-GYMNASIUM Young Farmer Leader Training. She is the Next Generation Representative on the National Farmers Union Board of Directors.
Minnesota Cooks™
A program of Minnesota Farmers Union
305 Roselawn Ave. E. #200
Email: mncooks@mfu.org
Farm-to-Table Directory
The Farmer and the Chef
Minnesota Farmers Union
© Copyright Minnesota Farmers Union. All rights reserved. All photos copyright Katie Cannon Photography.


Not to sound ungrateful, but we're not totally sold on this cell phone business.
Luckily, that's nothing a little technology can't handle.
Introducing the Bad Decision Blocker, an iPhone app that might just end the drunk dial once and for all.
Whoever your particular target of choice is, we're guessing you know going into the evening exactly which numbers you shouldn't be calling—but that forbidden fruit seems so much sweeter after a few drinks.
So before you head out for the night, plug the siren song's digits into Bad Decision Blocker and take a vow of silence. The number will temporarily disappear from your phone and the only regrettable late-night calls you'll make will involve East Village pizza.
We're guessing the eight hours until morning will be enough, but you can commit to up to a week of radio silence if you've got an itchy trigger finger. And when the time's up, just check back in with the app to load the quarantined digits back into your contacts.
Hopefully you'll be ready to face technology by then.