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The Udzungwa Mountains is a vast (over 16,000 km2) mountainous range partially covered in rain forest. The altitudinal gradient of forest cover is unique and spans in some forests from 300 to over 2000 m a.s.l. About 1/5 of the area is protected as Udzungwa Mountains National Park while other important forests are protected as Kilombero Nature Reserve, Uzunwga Scarp Nature Reserve and a number of smaller Forest Reserves.
The area holds exceptional levels of biodiversity and represents the largest and biologically richest block of the Eastern Arc Mountains, which is well known as one of the most important biodiversity hotspots on earth.
The Udzungwas are exceptional importance for primate diversity and conservation, holding two endemic primate species, the Udzungwa red colobus (Procolobus gordonorum) and the Sanje mangabey (Cercocebus sanjei), both IUCN Endangered, and one near-endemic genus and species, the kipunji (Rungwecebus kipunji), IUCN Critically Endangered. In addition, at least nine other species of primates are present in the Udzungwas, including six nocturnal primates (galagos).
Among the vertebrates, the Udzungwas hold 46 Eastern Arc endemic species of which 20 are Udzungwa-endemic, and 36 species of Eastern Arc endemic and near-endemic trees. These are among the highest scores for all sites in the Eastern Arc Mountains.
A number of new, unique vertebrate species have been discovered in the last 15 years, including the aforementioned kipunji, the Udzungwa forest partridge Xenoperdix udzungwensis, the rufous-winged sunbird Cinnyris rufipennis, the shrew Congosorex phillipsorum, the giant sengi, or elephant-shrew Rhynchocyon udzungwensis, and several amphibians and reptiles.
A unique community of forest antelope has been studied in recent years and includes the largest population of the Tanzanian endemic and IUCN-Endangered Abbott's duiker Cephalophus spadix, one of Africa's rarest duiker.
The Udzungwas provide invaluable ecosystem services to the local and national economy. Specifically, through water catchment and consequent hydro-electric production, Udzungwas produce one-third of the electricity in Tanzania.


15-Apr-2013 - Quartet Records has re-released L'Assoluto Naturale in its definitive edition. One of the most memorable scores by Ennio Morricone in the late sixties is back! Although best known for his collaborations with other directors, the name of Ennio Morricone was asociated with Mauro Bolognini in a total of fifteen films over more than three decades. L'Assoluto Naturale is one of his most celebrated collaborations, with a main theme that became immediately an absolute classic. The album was released on LP by Cinevox in 1969, and reissued on CD several times in Italy and Japan. Here the score is released in complete form for the first time, with a very improved sound mastered by Claudio Fuiano and Dániel Winkler from the first generation master tapes, courtesy of Cinevox.


You are holding a red marker, how come blue is coming out lol. i love you ellen, you are awesome!!!
So nobody realizes that at the end ellen got a red marker that drew in blue??
The best interview in Ellen.
49,000 of these likes came from Drake.
Who is this Jonah hill version 2.0?
At the very end of the video Ellen uncaps a red marker and writes in blue???
omg, too funny I am crying. Love it.
All I hear from Kevin is George Beard from Captain Underpants but as an adult!
No! My eye! 😂 I can't even!
This interview is brilliant! Kevin and Josh are hilarious together! Ellen's laugh is everything!


text:
Analysis and Classification of Ornaments in North Indian (Hindustani) Classical Music
Title Analysis and Classification of Ornaments in North Indian (Hindustani) Classical Music
Authors Pratyush
North Indian Classical Music also known as \Hindustani Classical Music" is one of the oldest music cultures still being performed actively. Although the technologies related to Music analysis have taken a giant leap over the past few years, not much has been researched related to the expressiveness of Hindustani Classical Music.
In the current work, we have tried to analyze & classify the four major types of ornaments present in the Hindustani music viz. Kan, Meend, Andolan and Gamak based on the micro variations of the pitch information of Hindustani Music. The choice of research based on the pitch data was made because of the fact that Hindustani music is primarily monophonic and melody based, as such the \Time Series" analyses techniques could be applied to the pitch data for analysis of Hindustani Music.
AutoCorrelation Function and Dynamic Time Warping has been used to classify the four different ornaments. Kan-Meend vs. Andolan-Gamak has been classified with a success rate of 88.7% while Kan vs. Meend with 85.4% and Andolan vs. Gamak with 86.8%
Apart from the methodology for analyzing & classifying the ornaments described in the current text, while undertaking the current work, a new method to correct "Octave Errors" in Hindustani Music was also developed.
Final publication https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1163664

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Yu Gwan-sun, icon of Korea's fight for independence
"Even if my fingernails are torn out, my nose and ears are ripped apart, and my legs and arms are crushed, this physical pain does not compare to the pain of losing my nation," Yu Gwan-sun wrote while in prison. "My only remorse is not being able to do more than dedicating my life to my country."
Yu became known as Korea's Joan D'Arc after she was tortured to death at age 17 for opposing Japanese colonialism a century ago.
The Korean Peninsula came under Japanese military rule in 1905, three years after Yu was born, and was formally annexed in 1910.
The young Yu was a student at Ewha Haktang in Seoul, the first modern educational institution for women in Korea, when peaceful protests against the Japanese rule started on March 1, 1919. On that day, Yu and her classmates joined thousands of people on the streets, shouting "Long Live Korea!"
Inspired by US president Wilson's right of national self-determination speech at the Paris Conference a few months earlier, the uprising began with the Declaration of Independence, read by Korea's 33 national leaders at the Taehwagwan restaurant in downtown Seoul. It declared "the independence of Korea and the liberty of the Korean people" and proclaimed the illegality of Japan's 1910 annexation of the country.
Mass demonstrations took place across the country, starting what became known as the March 1st movement. The colonial government, in response, ordered all schools to be closed on March 10. Yu returned to her hometown Cheonan – about 53 miles south of Seoul in South Chungcheong Province – spreading word of the independence movement and inspiring others to join.
On April 1, Yu was attending a peaceful protest at Aunae Marketplace, in her hometown, when the Japanese military police fired at the crowd, killing 19 people, including her parents. She was captured and incarcerated at the notorious Seodaemun Prison in northern Seoul. There, she continued to express her support for Korea's independence, speaking against the Japanese government and organising a rally in the prison to commemorate the first anniversary of the March 1st movement.
She was eventually transferred to an underground cell where she was brutally tortured and beaten. "Japan will fall," she wrote shortly before dying on September 28, 1920, of the severe injuries she sustained.
The independence movement was crushed by Japan a year after it started. Although it didn't result in Korea's independence – which would come in 1945 – the March 1st movement remains the first and largest national protest rally against foreign domination in Korean history. In the year it lasted, up to 2 million Koreans had participated in demonstrations around the country.
As today Korea commemorates the 100th anniversary of the movement, the government is honouring freedom fighter Yu Gwan-sun with the country's highest distinction, the Republic of Korea Medal.
Alia Chebbab
Chibok Girls Activist Aims To Be Nigeria's First Woman President
*UPDATED* Wendy Carrillo, From Undocumented To Running For Congress
In Israel, Jewish and Arab women call for peace
Funmilayo Kuti, Mother of Africa
The Women Who Fought For The Right To Bear Children
What the Kavanaugh Vote Means For Women And Democracy
"We've yet to exploit women's X factor"


text:
Tipula didolos är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Alexander 1962. Tipula didolos ingår i släktet Tipula och familjen storharkrankar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Storharkrankar
didolos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A student reported their laundry stolen at 4:38 p.m. in the University Commons Building A.
A non-student was arrested for drinking in public and was issued a trespass warning at T Deck at 5:34 p.m.
A Georgia State student was arrested in Library Plaza around 9 a.m. on a charge of marijuana possession.
A Georgia State student was arrested in the University Lofts parking deck at 11:38 a.m. for reckless driving.
Arrest me? While I'm at a picnic?
A non-student was arrested for an outstanding warrant in Hurt Park at 1 p.m.
A faculty member reported a theft of less than $1,500 in Classroom South at 9:46 a.m.


text:
União da Serra este un oraș în Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazilia.

União da Serra


The Osman Seating Collection boasts a stately persona with distinct midcentury modern style. Though statuesque and slender-lined, each piece in the group remains wholly comfortable dressed in buttery leather upholstery over plump foam cushions. This handcrafted modern seating range offers the best in optimal comfort and fine aesthetics.


De La Salle University, Philippines is pleased to announce that the Research and Advanced Studies, Gokongwei College of Engineering will organize the 13th International Student Conference on Advanced Science and Technology (ICAST) to be held at De La Salle University on November 28 – 30, 2018.
ICAST has been serving to promote international exchange among graduate students and young researchers in various fields of the advanced science and technology, since we had the first conference in Kumamoto in 2008. The past ICAST held in abroad took place in Peking University (China), Ewha Womans University (Korea), Ege University (Turkey), Shandong University (China), University of Seoul (Korea), Blaise Pascal University (France), Institut Tecknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) (Indonesia), and National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology (Taiwan). Active participation of students not only in presentation but also in management of the conference is vital to ICAST. This year, the program includes Research Session and General Session. Participation of undergraduate students is encouraged as well.
The presenter can have an option to present through either oral or poster presentation.
Deadline for registration is November 28, 2018. Details of payment will be announced later.
• The Research Session consists of eleven (11) different fields/topics of presentation and will be presented during the Parallel Sessions.
• The General Session gives students an opportunity to present their opinions and ideas on issues related to energy, environment, natural disasters, and challenges of the society in fields of science and technology.
• The Poster Session gives students an opportunity to showcase their creativity while presenting their research. The posters will be printed and posted in or near the conference venue for participants and guests to view.
1. Prepare an abstract with a maximum of 250 words, following the downloadable template for short abstract attached.
4. If you wish to present in the General Session, please select "General Session" in the Field of Presentation.
OR If you wish to present in the Research Session or in the Poster Session, please select one (1) or more field of presentation.
*Note: Please follow the file name format in step 2.
5. If the abstract is accepted, the presenter will be given a registration number.
1. Prepare a two-page extended abstract, following the downloadable template for extended abstract attached.
Prepare a ready-to-print 24in. x 36in. poster in PNG or PDF format.
Ensure that the poster must have a good resolution so that it will have a better quality when printed.
*NOTE: Additional bank charges may be incurred and must be shouldered by the participant.
**Incomplete payment will NOT be acknowledged.
Account Name: De La Salle University Inc.
*Number of participant: for bulk payment and sharing of receipt.
12:45 – 13:00 Venue preparations for parallel sessions (Click to view the complete details).
and his forces repelled the invaders for 27 days, until May 6, 1942, when they were forced to surrender Corregidor Island to Lieut. Gen. Homma Masaharu. U.S. forces regained the island in 1945.
On Corregidor Island are the Pacific War Memorial, numerous gunneries, and the Malinta Tunnel, which served as a supply depot, hospital, and MacArthur's headquarters. Since the mid-1950s, the island has been the site of a military training camp in counter guerrilla tactics.


Tapas Tuesday at Salazar OTR!
What are you doing tonight? Nothing? Run down to Salazar OTR for Tapas Tuesday. Every Tuesday, Salazar features a brand-new menu of tapas — everything from gazpacho blanco (made with almonds and grapes) to Spanish-style charcuterie and everything in between. It's always delicious, always different, and always reasonably priced — including cocktail specials! Tapas run $4-6 and cocktail specials are $5: my favorite thing to do is order a round of tapas and a side of Sixteen Bricks bread with marrow butter to make a meal with The Better Half or a friend.
Last week, with a bit of free time before I Love Lucy at the Aronoff, I tried the steak carpaccio (pictured above) and a cocktail that's a play on a pina colada — rum, coconut, lime and pineapple foam. So light and delicious — I wish they'd add it to the regular menu!
Head down with an open mind and try something new and delicious at one of the best restaurants in the city.


text:
Justia Patents Bicyclo Ring System Having The Six-membered Hetero Ring As One Of The CyclosUS Patent for Heterocyclylbenzonitriles Patent (Patent # 6,395,683)
Heterocyclylbenzonitriles
Aug 22, 2000 - Bayer Aktiengesellschaft
The invention relates to new heterocyclylbenzonitriles of the general formula (I) in which R1, R2, R3 and Het have the meanings given in the description, new processes and new intermediate products for their preparation and their use as herbicides.
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This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/445,500, filed on Nov. 15, 1999, now abandoned, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/153,715, filed on Sep. 15, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,420, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/727,501, filed on Oct. 21, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,925, which is a 371 of PCT/EP/95/01441 filed on Apr. 18, 1995.
The invention relates to new heterocyclylbenzonitriles, processes and new intermediate products for their preparation and their use as herbicides.
It is already known that certain heterocyclylbenzonitriles, such as, for example, the compounds 2,5-difluoro-4-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3-methyl-2H-indazol-2-yl)-benzonitrile and 4-[5-(t-butyl)-2-oxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl]-2,5-difluoro-benzonitrile, have herbicidal properties (cf EP-A 370332, Examples 2 and 7; cf. also EP-A 364797 and EP-A 558999). However, the activity of these compounds which are already known is not completely satisfactory in all fields of use, especially when low amounts are applied and at low concentrations.
The new heterocyclylbenzonitriles of the general formula (I)
in which
R1 represents hydrogen or halogen,
R2 represents hydrogen, or represents formyl, or represents in each case optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylsulphonyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl, cycloalkylsulphonyl, arylalkyl, arylcarbonyl, arylalkylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylsulphonyl, arylalkylsulphonyl or heteroarylsulphonyl,
R3 represents in each case optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl or heteroaryl and
Het represents one of the heterocyclic groupings listed below (bonded via N)
wherein, in each case, where appropriate,
A represents C1-C4-alkanediyl which is optionally interrupted by SO2 and
Q represents oxygen or sulphur, and wherein the heterocyclic groupings mentioned in each case are optionally substituted once to four times by identical or different radicals from the series consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-halogenoalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-halogenoalkoxy or phenyl, and
R represents a radical from the series consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-halogenoalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-halogenoalkoxy or phenyl,
have now been found.
It has furthermore been found that heterocyclylbenzonitriles of the general formula (I) are obtained by a procedure in which
(a) anhydrides of the general formulae (IIa) to (IIg)
Q has the abovementioned meaning, are reacted with aminobenzonitriles of the general formula (III)
R1, R2 and R3 have the abovementioned meanings,
if appropriate in the presence of a diluent and if appropriate in the presence of a reaction auxiliary,
or by a procedure in which
(b) halogenated heterocyclylbenzonitriles of the general formula (IV)
Het and R1 have the abovementioned meanings and
X1 represents halogen, are reacted with sulphonamides of the general formula (V)
R2 and R3 have the abovementioned meanings,
if appropriate in the presence of a diluent and if appropriate in the presence of an acid acceptor.
The new heterocyclylbenzonitriles of the general formula (I) are distinguished by a potent herbicidal activity.
Surprisingly, the compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention show a considerably more potent action against weeds, coupled with a good tolerance with respect to crop plants, such as, for example, barley, than the structurally similar compounds 2,5-difluoro-4-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3-methyl-2H-indazol-2-yl)-benzonitrile and 4-[5-(t-butyl)-2-oxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl]-2,5-difluoro-benzonitrile known from the prior art.
In the definitions, the saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chains, such as alkyl, alkenyl or alkinyl, are in each case straight-chain or branched.
Halogen in general represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine, in particular fluorine or chlorine.
The invention preferably relates to compounds of the formula (I) in which
R2 represents hydrogen, or represents formyl, or represents alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylsulphonyl having in each case up to 6 carbon atoms and in each case optionally substituted by halogen, cyano, C1-C4-alkoxy or C1-C4-alkoxy-carbonyl, or represents cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl or cycloalkylsulphonyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl part and, where appropriate, 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl part and in each case optionally substituted by halogen, cyano or C1-C4-alkyl, or represents phenylmethyl, phenylcarbonyl, naphthylcarbonyl, phenylmethylcarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, phenylsulphonyl, naphthylsulfonyl, phenylmethylsulphonyl, thienylsulphonyl, pyrazolylsulphonyl, pyridinylsulphonyl or pyridinylmethylsulphonyl (which are in each case optionally substituted by halogen, cyano, C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-halogenoalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-halogenoalkoxy or C1-C4-alkoxycarbonyl),
R3 represents alkyl, alkenyl or alkinyl having in each case up to 10 carbon atoms and in each case optionally substituted by halogen, cyano or C1-C4-alkoxy, or represents cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl having 3 to 8 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl part and, where appropriate, 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl part and in each case optionally substituted by halogen, cyano or C1-C4-alkyl, or represents aryl or arylalkyl having 6 or 10 carbon atoms in the aryl part and 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl part and in each case optionally substituted by halogen, cyano, nitro, carboxyl or carbamoyl, by C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-alkylthio, C1-C4-alkylsulphinyl or C1-C4-alkylsulphonyl (which are in each case optionally substituted by fluorine and/or chlorine), or by dimethylaminosulphonyl, diethylaminosulphonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl or diethylaminocarbonyl, or by C1-C4-alkoxy-carbonyl (which is optionally substituted by halogen, methoxy or ethoxy), or by phenyl, phenyloxy or phenylthio (which are in each case optionally substituted by halogen, cyano, methyl, methoxy, trifluoromethyl and/or trifluoromethoxy), or represents heterocyclyl or heterocyclylalkyl having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms and/or 1 to 2 oxygen or sulphur atoms in the saturated or unsaturated heterocyclyl part and, where appropriate, 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl part and in each case optionally substituted by halogen, cyano, nitro, carboxyl or carbamoyl, or by C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-alkylthio, C1-C4-alkylsulphinyl, C1-C4-alkylsulphonyl or C1-C4-alkoxycarbonyl (which are in each case optionally substituted by halogen) or by phenyl, phenoxy or phenylthio (which are in each case optionally substituted by halogen, cyano, C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-halogenoalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy and/or C1-C4-halogenoalkoxy), and
wherein in each case, where appropriate,
Q represents oxygen or sulphur, and wherein the heterocyclic groupings mentioned are in each case optionally substituted once to three times by identical or different radicals from the series consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-halogenoalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-halogenoalkoxy or phenyl and
R represents a radical from the series consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, C1-C4-alkyl, C1-C4-halogenoalkyl, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-halogenoalkoxy or phenyl.
The invention particularly relates to compounds of the formula (I) in which
R1 represents hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine,
R2 represents hydrogen, or represents formyl, or represents methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s- or t-butyl, propenyl, butenyl, propinyl, butinyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, n-, i- or s-butoxy, acetyl, propionyl, butyroyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n- or i-propoxycarbonyl, methylsulphonyl, ethylsulphonyl, n- or i-propylsulphonyl or n-, i-, s- or t-butylsulphonyl, in each case optionally substituted by fluorine, chlorine, cyano, methoxy, ethoxy, methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl, or represents cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylcarbonyl, cyclobutylcarbonyl, cyclopentylcarbonyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclopropylsulphonyl, cyclobutylsulphonyl, cyclopentylsulphonyl or cyclohexylsulphonyl, in each case optionally substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, methyl, ethyl or n- or i-propyl, or represents phenylmethyl, phenylcarbonyl, phenylmethylcarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, phenylsulphonyl, phenylmethylsulphonyl, thienylsulphonyl, pyrazolylsulphonyl or pyridinylsulphonyl (which are in each case optionally substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s- or t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl),
R3 represents methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s- or t-butyl, propenyl, butenyl, propinyl or butinyl, in each case optionally substituted by fluorine, chlorine, cyano, methoxy or ethoxy, or represents cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl or cyclohexylmethyl, in each case optionally substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, methyl, ethyl or n- or i-propyl, or represents phenyl or phenylmethyl, in each case optionally substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, nitro or carboxyl, or by methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s- or t-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulphinyl, ethylsulphinyl, methylsulphonyl or ethylsulphonyl (which are in each case optionally substituted by fluorine and/or chlorine), or by dimethylaminosulphonyl or dimethylaminocarbonyl, or by methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl (which are in each case optionally substituted by fluorine, chlorine, methoxy or ethoxy), or by phenyl or phenoxy, or represents thienyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl or pyridinylmethyl, in each case optionally substituted by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano or nitro, or by methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s- or t-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulphinyl, ethylsulphinyl, methylsulphonyl, ethylsulphonyl, methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl (which are in each case optionally substituted by fluorine and/or chlorine), or by phenyl or phenoxy, and
A represents methylene, dimethylene or trimethylene and
Q represents oxygen, and wherein the heterocyclic groupings mentioned are in each case optionally substituted once or twice by identical or different radicals from the series consisting of hydroxyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, nitro, methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, or phenyl and
The abovementioned definitions of radicals given generally or in preferred ranges apply both to the end products of the formula (I) and also correspondingly to the particular starting substances or intermediate products required for the preparation.
These definitions of radicals can be combined with one another as desired, that is to say also between the stated ranges of preferred compounds.
If, for example, dimethylmaleic anhydride and 4-amino-5-fluoro-2-(bis-methylsulphonyl)-amino-benzoitrile are used as starting substances, the course of the reaction in process (a) according to the invention can be outlined by the following equation:
If, for example, N-(4-cyano-2,5-difluoro-phenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide and methanesulphonamide are used as starting substances, the course of the reaction in process (b) according to the invention can be outlined by the following equation:
Formulae (IIa) to (IIg) provide general definitions of the anhydrides to be used as starting substances in process (a) according to the invention for the preparation of the compounds of the general formula (I). In the formulae (IIa) to (IIg), Q preferably or in particular has that meaning which has already been mentioned above as preferred or as particularly preferred for Q in connection with the description of the compounds of the formula (I).
The starting substances of the formulae (IIa) to (IIg) are known organic synthesis chemicals.
Formula (III) provides a general definition of the aminobenzonitriles furthermore to be used as starting substances in process (a) according to the invention. In the formula (III), R1, R2 and R3 preferably or in particular have those meanings which have already been mentioned above as preferred or as particularly preferred for R1, R2 and R3 in connection with the description of the compounds of the formula (I).
The starting substances of the formula (III) are not yet known from the literature; however, they are the subject of a prior patent application which has not previously been published (cf. DE-P 4335438 of 18.10.1993).
The aminobenzonitriles of the formula (III) are obtained by a procedure in which corresponding halogen compounds of the general formula (VI)
R1 has the abovementioned meaning and
X3 represents halogen (in particular fluorine or chlorine), are reacted with sulphonamides of the general formula (V)—above—if appropriate in the presence of an acid acceptor, such as, for example, sodium hydride, potassium carbonate or potassium t-butylate, and if appropriate in the presence of a diluent, such as, for example, N-methylpyrrolidone or dimethyl sulphoxide, at temperatures between 100° C. and 200° C.
Possible diluents for carrying out process (a) according to the invention are the customary organic solvents. These include, in particular, aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic, optionally halogenated hydrocarbons, such as, for example, benzine, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, petroleum ether, hexane, cyclohexane, methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachloride; ethers, such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran or ethylene glycol dimethyl or diethyl ether; ketones, such as acetone, butanone or methyl isobutyl ketone; nitriles, such as acetonitrile, propionitrile or benzonitrile; carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid or propionic acid; carboxylic acid amides, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylformanilide, N-methyl-pyrrolidone or hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide; esters, such as methyl acetate or ethyl acetate, sulphoxides, such as dimethyl sulphoxide, or sulphones such as tetramethylene sulphone.
If appropriate, process (a) according to the invention can be carried out in the presence of a reaction auxiliary. Reaction auxiliaries which are preferably used are inorganic or organic acids, such as, for example, acetic acid, methanesulphonic acid, benzenesulphonic acid or p-toluenesulphonic acid, anhydrides, such as, for example, acetic anhydride, or acid chlorides, such as, for example, acetyl chloride. It is also possible to remploy other dehydrating agents, such as, for example, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or acylation catalysts, such as, for example, 4-dimethylamino-pyridine, as reaction auxiliaries.
The reaction temperatures can be varied within a substantial range in carrying out process (a) according to the invention. The reaction is in general carried out at temperatures between 0° C. and 200° C., preferably at temperatures between 20° C. and 150° C.
Process (a) according to the invention is in general carried out under normal pressure. However, it is also possible to carry out the process under increased or reduced pressure—in general under between 0.1 bar and 10 bar.
For carrying out process (a) according to the invention, the particular starting substances required are in general employed in approximately equimolar amounts. However, it is also possible to use one of the two particular components employed in a larger excess. The reactions are in general carried out in a suitable diluent in the presence of a reaction auxiliary, and the reaction mixture is stirred at the particular required temperature for several hours. Working up in the process according to the invention is in each case carried out by customary methods (cf. the preparation examples).
Formula (IV) provides a general definition of the halogenated heterocyclylbenzonitriles to be used as starting substances in process (b) according to the invention for the preparation of the compounds of the general formula (I). In the formula (IV), Het and R1 preferably or in particular have those meanings which have already been mentioned above as preferred or as particularly preferred for Het and R1 in connection with the description of the compounds of the formula (I); X1 preferably represents fluorine, chlorine or bromine, in particular fluorine or chlorine.
The starting substances of the formula (IV) are known and/or can be prepared by known processes (cf. EP-A 364797; preparation examples).
Formula (V) provides a general definition of the sulphonamides furthermore to be used as starting substances in process (b) according to the invention. In the formula (V), R2 and R3 preferably or in particular have those meanings which have already been mentioned above as preferred or as particularly preferred for R2 and R3 in connection with the description of the compounds of the formula (I).
The starting substances of the formula (V) are known organic synthesis chemicals.
Possible diluents for carrying out process (b) according to the invention are the customary organic solvents. These include, in particular, aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic, optionally halogenated hydrocarbons, such as, for example benzine, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, petroleum ether, hexane, cyclohexane, methylene chloride, chloroform or carbon tetrachloride; ethers, such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran or ethylene glycol dimethyl or diethyl ether; ketones, such as acetone, butanone or methyl isobutyl ketone; nitriles, such as acetonitrile, propionitrile or benzonitrile; amides, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylformanilide, N-methyl-pyrrolidone or hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide; esters, such as methyl acetate or ethyl acetate, sulphoxides, such as dimethyl sulphoxide, and alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, n- or i-propanol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.
Process (b) according to the invention is preferably carried out in the presence of a suitable acid acceptor. Possible acid acceptors are all the customary inorganic or organic bases. These include, for example, alkaline earth metal or alkali metal hydrides, hydroxides, amides, alcoholates, acetates, carbonates or bicarbonates, such as, for example, sodium hydride, sodium amide, sodium methylate, sodium ethylate, potassium tert-butylate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium acetate, ammonium acetate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate, as well as basic organic nitrogen compounds, such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, pyridine, N-methylpiperidine, N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, diazabicyclooctane (DABCO), diazabicyclononene (DBN) or diazabicycloundecene (DBU).
The reaction temperatures can be varied within a substantial range in carrying out process (b) according to the invention. The reaction is in general carried out at temperatures between 0° C. and 200° C., preferably at temperatures between 10° C. and 150° C.
Process (b) according to the invention is in general carried out under normal pressure. However, it is also possible to carry out the process under increased or reduced pressure—in general under between 0.1 and 10 bar.
For carrying out process (b) according to the invention, the particular starting substances required are in general employed in approximately equimolar amounts. However it is also possible to use one of the two particular components employed in a larger excess. The reactions are in general carried out in a suitable diluent in the presence of an acid acceptor, and the reaction mixture is stirred at the particular required temperature for several hours. Working up in the process according to the invention is in each case carried out by customary methods (cf. the preparation examples).
The active compounds according to the invention can be used as defoliants, desiccants, agents for destroying broad-leaved plants and, especially, as weed-killers. By weeds, in the broadest sense, there are to be understood all plants which grow in locations where they are not wanted. Whether the substances according to the invention act as total or selective herbicides depends essentially on the amount used.
The active compounds according to the invention can be used, for example, in connection with the following plants:
Dicotyledon weeds of the genera: Sinapis, Lepidium, Galium, Stellaria, Matricana, Anthemis, Galinsoga, Chenopodium, Urtica, Senecio, Amaranthus, Portulaca, Xanthium, Convolvulus, Ipomoea, Polygonum, Sesbania, Ambrosia, Cirsium, Carduus, Sonchus, Solanum, Rorippa, Rotala, Lindernia, Lamium, Veronica, Abutilon, Emex, Datura, Viola, Galeopsis, Papaver Centaurea, Trifolium, Ranunculus and Taraxacum.
Dicotyledon crops of the genera: Gossypium, Glycine, Beta, Daucus, Phaseolus, Pisum, Solanum, Linum, Ipomoea, Vicia, Nicotiana, Lycopersicon, Arachis, Brassica, Lactuca, Cucumis and Cucurbita.
Monocotyledon weeds of the genera: Echinochloa, Setaria, Panicum, Digitaria, Phleumr Poa, Festuca, Eleusine, Brachiaria, Lolium, Bromus, Avena, Cyperus, Sorghum, Agropyron, Cynodon, Monochoria, Fimbristylis, Sagittaria, Eleocharis, Scirpus, Paspalum, Ischaemum, Sphenoclea, Dactyloctenitu Agrostis, Alopecurus and Aperi.
Monocotyledon crops of the genera: Oryzao Zea, Triticum, Hordeum, Avena, Secale, Sorghum, Panicum, Saccharum, Ananas, Asparagus and Allium.
However, the use of the active compounds according to the invention is in no way restricted to these genera, but also extends in the same manner to other plants.
The compounds are suitable, depending on the concentration, for the total combating of weeds, for example on industrial terrain and rail tracks, and on paths and squares with or without trees planted. Equally, the compounds can be employed for combating weeds in perennial cultures, for example forest, decorative tree plantings, orchards, vineyards, citrus groves, nut orchards, banana plantations, coffee plantations, tea plantations, rubber plantations, oil palm plantations, cocoa plantations, soft fruit plantings and hopfields, in lawns, turf and pasture-land, and for the selective combating of weeds in annual cultures.
The compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention are particularly suitable for selectively controlling monocotyledon and dicotyledon weeds in monocotyledon and dicotyledon crops both by the pre-emergence and by the post-emergence method.
The active compounds can be converted into the customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, suspensions, powders, dusting agents, pastes, soluble powders, granules, suspension-emulsion concentrates, natural and synthetic materials impregnated with active compound, and very fine capsules in polymeric substances.
These formulations are produced in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compounds with extenders, that is liquid solvents and/or solid carriers, optionally with the use of surface-active agents, that is emulsifying agents and/or dispersing agents and/or foam-forming agents.
In the case of the use of water as an extender, organic solvents can, for example, also be used as auxiliary solvents. As liquid solvents, there are suitable in the main: aromatics, such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or parins, for example petroleum factions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols, such as butanol or glycol as well as their ethers and esters, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents, such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, as well as water.
Suitable solid carriers are: for example ammonium salts and ground natural minerals, such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as highly disperse silica, alumina and silicates, suitable solid carriers for granules are: for example crushed and fractionated natural minerals such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite and dolomite, as well as synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks; suitable emulsifying and/or foam-forming agents are: for example non-ionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates as well as protein hydrolysis products; suitable dispersing agents are: for example lignin-sulphite waste liquors and methylcellulose.
Adhesives such as carboxymethylcellulose and natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latexes, such as gurn arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, as well as natural phospholipids, such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids, can be used in the formulations. Further additives can be mineral and vegetable oils.
It is possible to use colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyes, such as alizarin dyes, azo dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
The formulations in general contain between 0.1 and 95 per cent by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.5 and 90%.
For combating weeds, the active compounds according to the invention, as such or in the form of their formulations, can also be used as mixtures with known herbicides, finished formulations or tank mixes being possible.
Possible components of the mixtures are known herbicides, such as, for example, anilides such as, for example, diflufenican and propanil; arylcarboxylic acids such as, for example, dichloropicolinic acid, dicamba and picloram; aryloxyalkanoic acids such as, for example, 2,4 D, 2,4 DB, 2,4 DP, fluroxypyr, MCPA, MCPP and triclopyr; aryl-oxy-phenoxy-alkanoic esters such as, for example, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fluazifop-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl and quizalofop-ethyl; azinones such as, for example, chloridazon and norflurazon; carbamates such as, for example, chlorpropham, desmedipham, phenmedipham and propham; chloroacetanilides such as, for example, alachlor, acetochlor, butachlor, metazachlor, metolachlor, pretilachlor and propachlor; dinitroanilines such as, for example, oryzalin, pendimethalin and trifluralin; diphenyl ethers such as, for example, acifluorfen, bifenox, fluoroglycofen, fomesafen, halosafen, lactofen and oxyfluorfen; ureas such as, for example, chlortoluron, diuron, fluometuron, isoproturon, linuron and methabenzthiazuron; hydroxylamines such as, for example, alloxydim, clethodim, cycloxydim, sethoxydim and tralkoxydim; imidazolinones such as, for example, imazethapyr, imazamethabenz, imazapyr and imazaquin; nitriles such as, for example, bromoxynil, dichlobenil and ioxynil; oxyacetamides such as, for example, mefenacet; sulphonylureas such as, for example, amidosulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, triasulfuron and tribenuron-methyl; thiocarbamates such as, for example, butylate, cycloate, di-allate, EPTC, esprocarb, molinate, prosulfocarb, thiobencarb and tri-allate; triazines such as, for example, atrazine, cyanazine, simazine, simetryne, terbutryne and terbutylazine; triazinones such as, for example, hexazinone, metamitron and metribuzin; others such as, for example, aminotriazole, benfuresate, bentazone, cinmethylin, clomazone, clopyralid, difenzoquat, dithiopyr, ethofumesate, fluorochloridone, glufo-sinate, glyphosate, isoxaben, pyridate, quinchlorac, quinmerac, sulphosate and tridiphane.
Mixtures with other known active compounds, such as fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, nematicides, bird repellants, plant nutrients and agents which improve soil structure, are also possible.
The active compounds can be used as such, in the form of their formulations or in the use forms prepared therefrom by further dilution, such as ready-to-use solutions, suspensions, emulsions, powders, pastes and granules. They are used in the customary manner, for example by watering, spraying, atomizing or scattering.
The active compounds according to the invention can be applied either before or after emergence of the plants. They can also be incorporated into the soil before sowing.
The amount of active compound used can vary within a substantial range. It depends essentially on the nature of the desired effect. In general, the amounts used are between 10 g and 10 kg of active compound per hectare of soil surface, preferably between 50 g and 5 kg per ha
The preparation and use of the active compounds according to the invention can be seen from the following examples.
PREPARATION EXAMPLES Example 1
A mixture of 0.76 g (5 mmol) of 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, 1.15 g (5 mmol) of 4-amino-5-fluoro-2-methylsulphonylamino-benzonitrile and 10 ml of acetic acid is heated under reflux (about 120° C.) with a spatula-tip of 4-dimethylamino-pyridine for 30 hours and is then concentrated. The residue is digested with a mixture of water, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate and the product obtained as crystals is isolated by filtration with suction.
0.60 g (33% of theory) of N-(4-cyano-2-fluoro-5-methylsulphonylaminophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide of melting point 113° C. is obtained.
A mixture of 0.80 g (3.0 mmol) of 3-(4-cyano-2,5-difluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-oxazolin-2-one, 0.36 g (3.3 mmol) of ethanesulphonamide, 0.46 g (3.3 mmol) of potassium carbonate and 50 ml of dimethylsulphoxide is stirred at 120° C. for 3 hours and then poured onto ice-water, acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid and shaken with methylene chloride. The organic phase is separated off, dried with sodium sulphate and filtered. The solvent is carefully distilled off from the filtrate under a waterpump vacuum.
0.60 g (57% of theory) of 3-(4-cyano-2-fluoro-5-ethylsulphonylamino-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-oxazolin-2-one is obtained as an oily residue.
The compounds of the formula (I) listed in the following Table 1, for example, can also be prepared analogously to Examples 1 and 2 and in accordance with the general description of the preparation processes according to the invention.
TABLE 1 Examples of compounds of the formula (I) (I) Example Melting No. Het R1 R2 R3 point (° C.) 3 F H C2H5 90 4 F CH3 C2H5 126 5 F H C2H5 160 6 F H C2H5 132 7 F H C2H5 139 8 F H C2H5 (amorphous) 9 F CH3 C2H5 154 10 F H C2H5 75 11 F H CH3 233 12 F H CH3 188 13 F H CH3 146 14 F H CH3 139 15 F H C2H5 208 16 F H C2H5 125 17 F H CH3 185 18 F H CH3 194 19 F H CH3 205 20 F H C2H5 197 21 F H CH3 228 22 F H C2H5 176 23 F H CH(CH3)2 205 24 F H 201 25 F H CH3 110 26 F H C3H7-n 27 F —COCH3 C2H5 28 F CH3 CH3 29 F —SO2CH3 CH3 30 Cl H C2H5 31 F CH2COOCH3 CH3 32 F H CF3 33 F H CF3 34 F —SO2CH3 CH3 35 F H CF3 36 F —SO2CH3 CH3 37 H —SO2Et CH3 38 H H Et 39 H —SO2CH3 CH3 40 H H CH3 41 F H CH3 135 42 F H CH3 135 43 F H CH3 93 44 F H CH3 150 45 F —SO2C2H5 C2H5 210 46 F CH3 C2H5 142 47 F —SO2CH3 C2H5 196 48 F —SO2C2H5 C2H5 196 49 F —CH2COOC2H5 C2H5 193 50 F —SO2C2H5 C2H5 164 51 F H CH3 52 F H C2H5 Starting Substances of the Formula (III) Example (III-1)
A mixture of 92.4 g (0.6 mol) of 4-cyano-2,5-difluoro-aniline, 60 g (0.60 mol) of methanesulphonamide, 166 g of potassium carbonate and 80 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone is heated at 180° C. for 10 hours. After cooling, the mixture is stirred into 5 liters of water and the resulting solution is washed twice with 400 ml of ethyl acetate each time. The aqueous phase is then covered with a layer of 300 ml of ethyl acetate and acidified with 10% strength hydrochloric acid. The product obtained as crystals is then isolated by filtration with suction.
70 g (51% of theory) of N-(5-amino-2-cyano-4-fluoro-phenyl)methanesulphonamide of melting point 238° C. are obtained.
Starting Substances of the Formula (IV) Example (IV-1)
A mixture of 2.0 g (16 mmol) of 4-isopropyl-oxazolin-2-one, 2.5 g (16 mmol) of 2,4,5-trifluoro-benzonitrile, 2.8 g (20 mmol) of potassium carbonate and 50 ml of dimethyl sulphoxide is stirred at 60° C. for 15 hours, subsequently diluted to about three times the volume with water and acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The organic phase is separated off, diluted with methylene chloride, dried with sodium sulphate and filtered. The filtrate is concentrated and the residue is recrystallized from isopropanol.
0.80 g (19% of theory) of 3-(4-cyano-2,5-difluoro-phenyl)-4-isopropyl-oxazolin-2-one of melting point 83° C. is obtained.
The compounds of die formula (IV) listed in the following Table 2 for example, can also be prepared analogously to Example (IV-1).
TABLE 2 Examples of the compounds of the formula (IV) (IV) Melting Example No. Het R1 X1 point (° C.) (IV-2) F F 103 (IV-3) F F 168 USE EXAMPLES
The following compounds are used as comparison material in the use examples below:
2,5-Difluoro-4-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-3-methyl-2H-indazol-2-yl)-benzonitrile (known from EP-A 370332, Example 2).
4-[5-(t-Butyl)-2-oxo-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl]-2,5-difluoro-benzonitrile (known from EP-A 370332, Example 7).
Pre-emergence Test
Solvent: 5 parts by weight of acetone
Emulsifier: 1 part by weight of alkylaryl polyglycol ether
To produce a suitable preparation of active compound, 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amount of solvent, the stated amount of emulsifier is added and the concentrate is diluted with water to the desired concentration.
Seeds of the test plants are sown in normal soil and, after 24 hours, watered with the preparation of the active compound. It is expedient to keep constant the amount of water per unit area. The concentration of the active compound in the preparation is of no importance, only the amount of active compound applied per unit area being decisive. After three weeks, the degree of damage to the plants is rated in % damage in comparison to the development of the untreated control. The figures denote:
0%=no action (like untreated control)
100%=total destruction
In this test, for example, the compounds according to Preparation Examples 3 and 5 show, with a good tolerance and and amounts applied of 125 g/ha with respect to crop plants, such as, for example, barley (0%), a potent action against weeds, such as Abutilon (100%), Amaranthus (100%), Chenopodium (90-100%), Datura (80-100%), Galinsoga (95-100%), Portulaca (100%) and Solanum (80-100%).
Example B
Post-emergence Test
Test plants which have a height of 5-15 cm are sprayed with the preparation of the active compound in such a way as to apply the particular amounts of active compound desired per unit area. After three weeks, the degree of damage to the plants is rated in % damage in comparison to the development of the untreated control. The figures denote:
In this test, for example, the compounds according to Preparation Examples 1, 3 and 5 show, when applied in amounts of 30 g/ha and with a very good tolerance with respect to crop plants, such as, for example, barley, a very potent action against weeds, such as Abutilon (100%), Amaranthus (100%), Chenopodium (95%), Galium (90-95%) and Veronica (100%)
1. A heterocyclylbenzonitrile of formula (I)
R 1 represent hydrogen or halogen;
R 2 represents hydrogen, formyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylsulphonyl having in each case 1 to 6 carbon atoms and which may be substituted in each case by halogen, cyano, C 1-4 -alkoxy or C 1-4 -alkoxy-carbonyl, or represents cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylcarbonyl or cycloalkylsulfonyl having 3 to 6 carbon atoms in the individual cycloalkyl moieties and, which may have 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety and which may be substituted in each case by halogen, cyano, or C 1-4 alkyl, or represents phenylmethyl, phenylcarbonyl, naphthylcarbonyl, phenylemethylcarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, phenylsulfonyl, naphthylsulfonyl or phenylmethylsulphonyl, which may be substituted in each case by halogen, cyano, C 1-4 -alkyl, C 1-4 -halogenalkyl, C 1-4 -alkoxy, C 1-4 -halogenoalkoxy or C 1-4 -alkoxycarbonyl;
R 3 represents alkyl, alkenyl, or alkinyl having in each case 1 to 10 carbon atoms and which may be substituted in each case by halogen, cyano or C 1-4 -alkoxy, or represents cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl having 3 to 8 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl moiety and, which may have 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety and which may be substituted in each case by halogen, cyano or C 1-4 -alkyl, or represents aryl or arylalkyl having 6 or 10 carbon atoms in the aryl moiety and which may be substituted in each case by halogen, cyano, nitro, carboxyl or carbamoyl, by C 1-4 -alkyl, C 1-4 -alkoxy, C 1-4 -alkylthio, C 1-4 -alkylsulfinyl or C 1-4 -alkylsulfonyl which may be substituted in each case by fluorine or chlorine, or by dimethylaminosulfonyl, diethylaminosulfonyl, dimethylaminocarbonyl, diethylaminocarbonyl, or by C 1-4 -alkoxy-carbonyl which may be substituted in each case by halogen, methoxy or ethoxy, or by phenyl, phenyloxy or phenylthio which may be substituted in each case by halogen, cyano, methyl, methoxy, trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethoxy, and
Het represents
which is bonded via N
wherein,
Q represents oxygen or sulphur.
2. The heterocyclylbenzonitrile of claim 1 wherein,
R 1 represent hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine;
R 2 represents hydrogen, formyl, methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl, propenyl, butenyl, propinyl, butinyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n- or i-propoxy, n-, i-, or s-butoxy, acetyl, propionyl, butyroyl, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n- or i-propoxycarbonyl, methylsulphonyl, ethylsulphonyl, n- or i-propylsulfonyl or n-, i-, s- or t-butylsulfonyl, which may be substituted in each case by fluorine, chlorine, cyano, methoxy, ethoxy, methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl, or represents cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclopropylcarbonyl, cyclobutylcarbonyl, cyclopentylcarbonyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclopropylsulfonyl, cyclobutylsulfonyl, cyclopentylsulfonyl or cyclohexylsulfonyl, which may be substituted in each case by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, methyl, ethyl or n- or i-propyl, or represents phenylmethyl, phenylcarbonyl, phenylmethylcarbonyl, phenoxycarbonyl, phenylsulfonyl or phenylmethylsulfonyl, which may be substituted in each case by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s- or t-butyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl;
R 3 represents methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl, propenyl, butenyl, propinyl or butinyl, which may be substituted in each case by fluorine, chlorine, cyano, methoxy, ethoxy or represents cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl or cyclohexylmethyl, which may be substituted in each case by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, methyl, ethyl or n- or i-propyl or represents phenyl or phenylmethyl, which may be substituted in each case by fluorine, chlorine, bromine, cyano, nitro or carboxyl, or by methyl, ethyl, n- or i-propyl, n-, i-, s-, or t-butyl methoxy, ethoxy, methythio, ethythio, methylsulphinyl, methylsulphonyl or ethylsulphonyl which may be substituted in each case by fluorine or chlorine, or by dimethylaminosulphonyl or dimethylaminocarbonyl, or by methoxycarbonyl or ethoxycarbonyl which may be substituted in each case by fluorine, chlorine, methoxy or ethoxy, or by phenyl or phenoxy, and
Q represents oxygen.
3. A method for controlling unwanted vegetation which comprises applying to such vegetation or to a locus from which it is desired to exclude such vegetation an herbicidally effective amount of the compound of claim 1.
4. A herbicidal composition which comprises of an herbicidally effective amount of the compound of claim 1 and a diluent.
5221318 June 22, 1993 Fischer et al.
5681794 October 28, 1997 Andree et al.
0 364 797 April 1990 EP
0 370 332 May 1990 EP
0 558 999 September 1993 EP
Cram & Hammond, "Organic Chemistry", McGraw Hil Book Co., NY (1964) 2nd ed., pp. 565-567.
Assignee: Bayer Aktiengesellschaft (Leverkusen)
Inventors: Mark-Wilhelm Drewes (Langenfeld), Roland Andree (Langenfeld), Kurt Findeisen (Leverkusen), Wilhelm Haas (Pulheim), Andreas Lender (Wuppertal), Karl-Heinz Linker (Leverkusen), Otto Schallner (Monheim), Markus Dollinger (Leverkusen), Hans-Joachim Santel (Leverkusen)
Primary Examiner: Patrica L. Morris
Attorney, Agent or Law Firm: Norris McLaughlin & Marcus
Current U.S. Class: Bicyclo Ring System Having The Six-membered Hetero Ring As One Of The Cyclos (504/246); Ring Nitrogen Is Shared By The Two Cyclos (546/121)
International Classification: A01N/4348; C07D47106;


text:
Q: I can only find one horizontal asymptote in this function... how to find the negative asymptote? Function in question is:
$$f(x) = \frac{2x}{\sqrt{x^2 + 4}}$$
I used the technique of dividing both top and bottom by the largest $x$, which is $x$ for the top and $\sqrt{x^2}$ on the bottom, which are MOSTLY equivalent:
$$f(x) = \frac{2}{\sqrt{1 + \frac{4}{\sqrt{x^2}}}}$$
In this form it's easy to see that as $x$ gets infinitely positive, the horizontal asymptote becomes $2$.  However, I know that $-2$ is also a horizontal asymptote because $\sqrt{x^2}$ will produce the same numerical result either way and is confirmed on the graph of the function.
I'm not sure if I simplified it incorrectly, but I'm not sure how to prove that $-2$ is also a horizontal asymptote because no matter what I do, dividing by $x$ in the numerator leaves the numerator as a constant, and I keep getting only positive $2$ as an answer.
Thanks!

A: When $x < 0$,
$$
\sqrt{x^2+4} = -x \sqrt{1+\frac{4}{x^2}}
$$
and for for large $|x|$, this goes to $-x$ so the asymptote is $\frac{2x}{-x} = -2$.

A: It's an odd function, so $y=2$ being a horizontal asymptote to the right implies $y=-2$ is a horizontal asymptote to the left.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Kadee Wirick Smedley
About Kadee
Writing on the Beautiful Ordinary
T is for Titillating Tales of Terror (or Real-Life Scary Stories my Family Tells, in honour of Halloween)
The view from Cape Meares Lighthouse State Park. Not at all terrifying...in the daylight.
A certain sparkly vampire family made its fictional home in a temperate rainforest town, 250 miles north of the socked-in coastal village that my own family calls home.
There is a marked spookiness that descends on all coastlines along with the dark. The only horror movie I could tolerate watching as a kid was called "Lady in White", which was about a grief-stricken ghostly mother who jumped from a cliff into the ocean every night she re-realized her daughter had been killed. (Goosebumps are popping up all over my skin as I write this...do you know who hates thinking about scary things? ME!!!) While that story was set on the other side of the country, it laid beautiful ground in my childhood imagination for strange things to happen on the coastal cliffs of my adolescence and adulthood.
When I was in my early twenties, my brother (born with considerable more nerve than I) reported spooky happenings to which he and his friends had been witness. They would purposefully go to get themselves scared at a nearby state park, complete with misty, dramatically descending cliffs, a non-working lighthouse, and a tree (known as the Octopus Tree) that was rumoured to have housed the bodies of recently departed First Nations people for the first night after their death.
Scary, right?
The strangest part of this already strange and beautiful place were the deer (at least in his experience), because the deer there did not act like ordinary deer. The park and its surrounding area is not well lit and prone to fog, so trips there at night were always made with caution to not hit any wildlife.
But, five or six times, the cars in which my brother and his friends travelled were not so much dangerous as endangered. When they came upon the deer that roamed the misty forest by the cliffs, the encounters were anything but normal. Instead of freezing up or running away out of fright, as deer tend to do, the deer would get aggressive. The drivers would have to move their cars away from the deer, getting out of the deer's way (!) instead of the other way round. It was, as he says, "like the deer were trying to defend something."
One night, this Warrior Deer behaviour reached its pinnacle when, with about ten people spread between two cars, one lone deer came out onto the road. As the headlights of the car flashed into the face of the animal, it stared into eyes of the driver of the first car for a few seconds before running into it, throwing its body against the front of the car as if to say "Get out, you don't belong here!"
It was with these strange encounters in mind that I went at sunset with my newly engaged fiancé to this same state park to take pictures. Matt hadn't heard any of the stories or local legends, but they weighed on my mind as we passed through the open gate of the park. I thought for the briefest of moments about telling Matt what I had heard. But something held me back; I thought that talking about the stories might make both of our imaginations run rampant.
The sunset was beautiful. To watch and photograph it, we descended from a spot in the park affectionately nicknamed "Suicide Point" by my siblings and I (!) and carefully traversed a narrow wedge of land to a cliff that juts out to the sea. Once the sun set, I started feeling anxious about getting back...and again, opted not to tell Matt, as he was still taking pictures of the last crimson and orange streaks on the horizon.
By the time we came back to Suicide Point and clambered through the brush to the official path, it was dusk. As we approached the Octopus Tree, my skin began to crawl: not because of its appearance, but because I thought I heard groans coming from the woods around it.
But I am the scarediest of scaredy cats, so did I say anything? No sirree, I did not. Because as long as I didn't say anything or draw attention to the groans, I could keep on believing it was all in my head.
Two or three moans and groans later, Matt's ears picked up the sound. He looked at me and grinned. "Sasquatch?" he asked, jokingly. I gritted my teeth in a nervous smile in response and pushed out something like a laugh.
"What's the matter?" he asked.
"I'll tell you later," I replied.
Even at this point, with Matt hearing groans near a tree that probably didn't but maybe did house the corpses of the dearly departed of our Aboriginal brothers and sisters, I was trying to talk myself down. Maybe there were people in the woods being goofy and playing tricks on us? Maybe there was a family nearby and the kids were hiding and groaning, trying scare us? This was nicer to believe, so I just walked a little faster, holding Matt's hand and trying not to squeeze it as hard as my fear compelled me. Someone else was here. Someone was being silly. It was all in my head.
The path away from the Octopus tree descends gradually into a large parking lot for tourists wanting to see the lighthouse and the tree and the beautiful views.
But there were no cars there. Not a soul. And at this point Matt, naive as he was to the legends and mysteries of the place, started getting nervous too. He had heard the moans and groans. If no one else was here, who was making them?
The gates to the park close at sunset, or so a sign affixed to them says. We drove out as quickly as we could to avoid being locked in. As we passed safely through the still-open gate, I began to tell Matt what I had heard about this place. He tried to make light of it, and I tried to relax as we got back out onto the main road.
But, as we turned onto it, a deer emerged from the woods and came onto the road.
And stared at us.
And didn't move.
And I can't tell you how long we stared at it or it stared at us, but the standoff ended when the deer ran at our car!
And then Matt and I collectively freaked out, he in his calm, cool way and me in my frantic, noisy screeching way. Somehow we got around the deer, somehow we made it back onto the highway, and somehow we drove as quickly as the dark would allow back towards town and home.
If you can believe it, we have never gone there at night again. Because maybe the tree is just a tree and maybe the cliffs are just cliffs and maybe the deer are just deer but...
Well, who really knows?
I read this last one with fascination. I have never been the least bit afraid of Cape Meares or the surrounding area, and I can't recall ever hearing any of the stories you mention. I've never been approached by an aggressive deer, and I can't remember ever hearing moaning after dark or noticing anything weird about the Octopus Tree (other than the obvious weirdness of its shape). In fact, this is one of my most beloved places on the coast, and is a place I was so excited to share with the family I created. How funny that we grew up viewing the same area so very differently.
I should say that I purposefully go there as often as I can when we are home for a visit...but I make sure it's daytime. Have you ever done a nighttime visit? I don't recommend it, obviously, but maybe it would be creeper?
God Letters
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Is 'Avengers: Infinity War' the Most Expensive Film Ever Made?
By Brandon Katz • 04/23/18 11:38am
Marvel's 'Avengers: Infinity War.' Film Frame..©Marvel Studios
Back in March, we felt like having a little bit of fun with Avengers: Infinity War (which may or may not be the Star Wars of our generation) and attempted to make a way-too-early box office prediction without any tracking data or financial information. We came up with an opening weekend between $210 million and $235 million for an eventual worldwide total between $1.4 billion and $1.8 billion.
Again, this was just for fun, and we have no idea how accurate our projections will end up being. But one thing is for certain: Avengers: Infinity War is going to need to make a whole bunch of money to cover Disney's costs of making and marketing the mammoth production (and hopefully upgrading Hawkeye's weaponry).
At one point, a report made the internet rounds that both Infinity War and Avengers 4 would set Disney/Marvel back a combined $1 billion. According to The Wall Street Journal, the decade-in-the-making feature actually carries a budet "close to $300 million." Major film studios typically spend half of the production budget on marketing, which may actually be low-balling it for Infinity War.
Update 4/30: Avengers: Infinity War broke all sorts of box office records in its opening weekend as it set the stage for the major players to exit after 2019's Avengers 4.
All in all, this is easily one of the most expensive films ever made, but is it the most expensive?
No, that distinction still belongs to Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, the fourth entry into Disney's Johnny Depp-led series, which cost an astounding $378.5 million. Here's a loose top-five:
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides ($378.5 million)
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End ($300 million)
Justice League ($300 million)
Avengers: Infinity War ($300 million)
Avengers: Age of Ultron ($279.9 million)
How did Infinity War's price tag climb so high?
For starters, the massive production requires hundreds and hundreds of employees running around making sure the titanic operation is running smoothly. That's not cheap. Even more costly is the fact that the movie features nearly every major character the Marvel Cinematic Universe has to offer.
Talent costs money.
Robert Downey Jr. earned around $50 million for 2012's The Avengers once box office bonuses and backend compensation were factored in, a number that climbed to $75 million for 2015's Avengers: Age of Ultron. It's been rumored that he'll take in a startling $200 million for Infinity War, but that remains unconfirmed.
Downey is Marvel's biggest box office draw, so it's understandable why other cast members, such as Chris Evans and Scarlett Johansson, aren't making the same money. But you can bet they've all received significant pay raises as the franchise has continued to dominate multiplexes around the world. A huge chunk of that $300 million budget is reserved for the stars.
Avengers: Infinity War has been racking up the dough since it hit theaters on April 27. But how will it continue to fare now that Deadpool 2 is opening? Stay tuned.
Filed Under: Movies, Entertainment, disney, Marvel, Box Office, Johnny Depp, Robert Downey Jr, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers
SEE ALSO: The Damning Truths 'Westworld' Reveals About America's Mass Shooting Addiction


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ENE Memo
ENE Memo: August 8, 2016
ENE Memo: July 25, 2016
ENE Memo: July 4, 2016
ENE Memo: June 27, 2016
ENE Memo: June 6, 2016
ENE Memo: May 30, 2016
ENE Memo: May 9, 2016
ENE Memo: April 25, 2016
ENE Memo: April 4, 2016
ENE Memo: March 28, 2016
ENE Memo: March 7, 2016
ENE Memo: February 29, 2016
ENE Memo: February 8, 2016
ENE Memo: January 25, 2016
ENE Memo: January 4, 2016
ENE Memo: December 21, 2015
ENE Memo: December 7, 2015
ENE Memo: November 30, 2015
ENE Memo:November 9, 2015
ENE Memo: November 2, 2015
ENE Memo: October 26, 2015
ENE Memo: October 5, 2015
ENE Memo: September 28, 2015
ENE Memo: September 7, 2015
ENE Memo: August 31, 2015
ENE Memo June 30, 2014
ENE Memo June 9, 2014
ENE Memo May 26, 2014
ENE Memo December 23 2013
From the Head: 9/22
Calendar: 9/22
News and Information: 9/22
Kudos: 9/22
Funding Opportunities: 9/22
Priorities 2014-15: Innovative Programs
Goal 2 in our current strategic plan is to Set the Pace in Innovative Programs by offering a full suite of undergraduate and graduate programs that set the global standard in engineering education grounded in and contributing to cutting-edge scholarship and research. The transformation of engineering begins when we challenge the fundamental assumptions behind engineering education and strive to create engineering programs that: diversify engineering; (b) embed creativity, innovation, and social responsibility and (c) enrich the student experience.
Commencing last spring and accelerating over the summer, we have undergone a major series of refinements in the ENGR 131/132 sequence based on feedback from students and other evidence of the performance of these two courses. In the five years since these courses were first introduced we have made a number of improvements. However the current changes that have been implemented this fall represent the first major iteration that has taken place.
We need to remember that at the time these courses were introduced they represented a major leap forward in how our first-year students were introduced to engineering. We applied principles of active and collaborative learning in a purpose designed learning environment. We were bold and it took considerable courage to make these changes. Before Purdue had the IMPACT program, ENE had implemented active learning at scale; for 25% of all first-year students at Purdue. This change was not easy; it came at some considerable cost. But it was worth the pain. At the SEFI 2014 conference in Birmingham, UK, last Tuesday the Purdue FYE courses were called out publicly by a representative from a large European company on an Industry Panel as being an exemplar of how design and teaming can be introduced early in an engineering program. Our pioneering efforts in innovative programs are truly appreciated and lauded, globally. Now the university is interested in learning about how we "flipped" the classroom in ENGR 131/132. Thus our innovative approaches are also being recognized locally.
The current expansion in engineering at Purdue affords us an opportunity to strategically grow our BS in Multidisciplinary Engineering. This is not growth for the sake of growth but a way to infuse the inherent interdisciplinarity at the core of ENE into this program and thereby have it owned more broadly in our school. We need to begin to envision MDE 2020. I believe that our bachelor's degrees in Multidisciplinary Engineering and Interdisciplinary Engineering Studies are uniquely placed to attract and retain a more diverse set of students to Purdue engineering. Diversity is used here to include not only traditionally underrepresented groups but also individuals from the more traditionally represent populations who do not chose engineering; for example males who have dispositions or backgrounds not typically seen in current students. Since its inception in 1969 the interdisciplinary engineering program has provided pathways for individuals who did not chose to take one of the conventional degree tracks. They have also been an incubator for new thematic areas including biomedical engineering and ecological and environmental engineering.
A strategic priority this year is to get a graduate certificate in engineering education on the books. This program is aimed primarily at PhD students in the other engineering disciplines in Purdue. The goal is to have a significant number of future engineering faculty graduate from Purdue who have not only undertaken research in cutting edge technical areas but who also have a deep understanding of learning and teaching theory and practice and are better prepared to embark on a career as a faculty. In 30 years time, people will look back on the transformation that has taken place in engineering education nationally and point to a generation of new faculty, educated at Purdue, who were the leaders of this change. ENE has a unique opportunity to catalyze this transformation.
The ENE graduate program is ten years old in 2015. By any measure it has been an outstanding success. We have graduated over 40 alums, the program has matured, courses have evolved, new specialized courses have begun to emerge and the masters program has been activated. With this anniversary of the program around the corner and the growth in faculty numbers, it seems to be an opportune time for us to reflect on the graduate program and explore ways that we can take this first-of-type and best-in-class program to the next level.
We have made major strides in achieving our strategic goal to set the pace in innovative educational programs; translating educational research to practice. We must build on this successful foundation to realize the full potential of ENE to contribute to the transformation of engineering education based on scholarship and research.
Sept. 22: REM/OSHA begin conducting safety inspections of ARMS (office self-audit)
Sept. 25: ENE Research Seminar, ARMS B071, 3:30-4:20pm
Sept. 27: Homecoming (Armstrong Atrium), 9-11am
Sept. 29: TULIP, ARMS 1314, 1:30-3:00pm
Oct. 1: Faculty Meeting, ARMS B098B, 9:30-10:20am
Oct. 1: Associate Professors Meet with Head, ARMS B098B, 10:30-11:20am
Oct. 2: ENE Research Seminar, ARMS B071, 3:30-4:20pm
Oct. 16: ENE Research Seminar, ARMS B071, 3:30-4:20pm
Oct. 17: ENE Staff Meeting, ARMS B1103, 8:30-9:20am
Oct. 22: TULIP, ARMS B098B, 1:30-3:00pm
Oct. 22-25: FIE Madrid
Oct. 29: Faculty Meeting, ARMS B098B, 9:30-11:20am
Oct. 29-30: ENE Graduate Program Open House, Armstrong Hall
Nov. 6-7: ENE Industrial Advisory Council, meeting Nov. 7, Dunville Room (ARMS 3041), 8am-3:30pm
Nov. 6: ENE Research Seminar, ARMS B071, 3:30-4:20pm
Nov. 7: College of Engineering Staff Awards, Location (TBA) 6:30pm.
Nov. 12: Faculty Meeting, Wang Hall, 9:30-11:20am
Nov. 13: ENE Interdisciplinary Colloquium, ARMS Atrium, 3:30-5pm
Nov. 17: TULIP, ARMS 1314, 1:30-3:00pm
Nov. 19: Faculty-PhD Matching, ARMS B098B, 9:30-11:20am
Nov. 20: ENE Research Seminar, ARMS B071, 3:30-4:20pm
Nov. 26-28: Thanksgiving
Dec. 4: ENE Research Seminar, ARMS B071, 3:30-4:20pm
Dec. 10: Faculty Meeting, ARMS B098B, 9:30-11:20am
Dec. 10: TULIP, ARMS B098B, 1:30-3:00pm
Dec. 21: Commencement
*Lunch Gatherings (every Wednesday, Noon-1:00) ARMS 1314
REM/OSHA will be conducting safety inspections of Potter and Armstrong Halls beginning today, September 22nd. All parts of the buildings may be included, such as laboratories, offices, hallways, common spaces, closets and mechanical rooms. If any violations are found, the department will be issued a grace period to correct the problem before REM returns for a follow-up inspection a few weeks later.
Please perform a quick self-audit of your workspace. The office safety self-audit checklist is a great tool to use for making sure everything is in compliance.
If you have any questions, contact Patrick La Petina.
If you are available to volunteer at the ENE table for Homecoming, please email Mike Loizzo. We will be in the atrium from 9-11am, Saturday, Sept. 27. You can stay the entire time or in 30-minute increments. We would also like ENE faculty or staff members on the Lower Level to provide tours of and/or answer questions about the i2i facilities.
...to David Radcliffe on being made a Fellow of SEFI, Société Européenne pour la Formation des Ingénieurs (European Society of Engineering Education) at the annual SEFI meeting in Birmingham, UK. Very few people outside Europe receive this award and it reflects well on ENE.
...to Monica Cardella, Sean Brophy, Senay Purzer, Morgan Hynes, Elizabeth Gajdzik and Terri Sanger for representing ENE and INSPIRE during the Wang Hall dedication festivities Friday.
...to the ENE Preeminent Teams (represented by Monica Cardella and Matt Ohland) for the outstanding presentations they made September 4. The Lifelong Learning Access & Diversity for Broadening Participation team advanced to round two and will present its ideas to the panel October 9.
Selected Funding Opportunities:
Preproposals and rankings to the EVPRP should be e-mailed to EVPRPlimited@purdue.edu. Purdue's open limited submission competitions, limited submission policy, and templates for preproposals may be found at http://www.purdue.edu/research/vpr/rschdev/lsid1.php. For any case in which the number of preproposals received is no more than the number of proposals allowed by the sponsor, the EVPRP will notify the PI(s) that an internal competition will be unnecessary.
NSF Cultural Anthropology Program This program supports basic scientific research about the causes, consequences, and complexities of human social and cultural variability. The program accepts proposals for a variety of project types: Senior Research proposals (that is, research proposals from scholars with Ph.D.s or equivalent degree); proposals for Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grants; Cultural Anthropology Scholars awards (for research-related, post-Ph.D. training); and Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Grants proposals. Deadline: January 15.
NSF Political Science Program The program supports scientific research that advances knowledge and understanding of citizenship, government, and politics. Research proposals are expected to be theoretically motivated, conceptually precise, methodologically rigorous, and empirically oriented. Substantive areas include, but are not limited to, American government and politics, comparative government and politics, international relations, political behavior, political economy, and political institutions. Deadline: January 15.
DOD-DARPA Simplifying Complex in the Scientific Discovery (SIMPLEX) DARPA is soliciting innovative research proposals in the area of mathematical systems of representation and analysis as applied to complex phenomena. Proposed research should investigate innovative approaches that enable revolutionary advances in science, devices, or systems. Deadline: November 6.
DOD-DARPA Space/Time Analysis for Cybersecurity (STAC) The STAC program seeks new program analysis techniques and tools for identifying vulnerabilities related to the space and time resource usage behavior of algorithms, specifically vulnerabilities to algorithmic complexity and side channel attacks. The STAC program seeks advances along two main performance axes: scale and speed. Deadline: October 28.
Limited Submissions:
Preproposals should be e-mailed to EVPRPlimited@purdue.edu. Purdue's open limited submission competitions, limited submission policy, and templates for preproposals may be found at http://www.purdue.edu/research/vpr/rschdev/lsid1.php.
Limited Submission: Amgen Foundation Grants The Amgen Foundation seeks to advance science education, improve quality of care and access for patients, and support resources that create sound communities where Amgen staff members live and work. The foundation considers request for funding where the purpose of the grant is to support a charitable, educational, scientific or literary purpose. Amgen Foundation grants range from $10,000 to multi-million dollar commitments. Only one funding request is allowed per year.
Internal Deadline: Contact EVPRPlimited@purdue.edu by September 29.
Sponsor Deadline: Rotating
Funding Resources:
The EVPRP website includes a link entitled Funding Resources. This link includes sections containing Internal and External Funding Resources. Additionally, there is a link for Search Tools and Alerts. Those who would like assistance in setting up their Pivot E-mail funding alerts may want to take advantage of our tutorial, which may be found on the Search Tools and Alerts link.
The newest issues of Research Development and Grantwriting News are available at: http://www.purdue.edu/research/vpr/rschdev/external.php.
Another resource for corporate and foundation funding opportunities is the University Development Office.
**Purdue faculty and research staff: To directly receive this newsletter in your inbox, please sign up for the listserv here: https://lists.purdue.edu/mailman/listinfo/weeklyfundingopps. Only purdue.edu e-mail addresses will be accepted. **
NSF Dear Colleague Letter: Opportunity to Request Instrumentation Funding for Midscale Level Instrumentation in Physics Division The Physics Division has established a special Midscale Instrumentation Fund that enables Program Officers to include an instrumentation allotment in awards beyond the level that might be feasible otherwise. This Fund does not constitute a separate program to which PIs can apply directly. Rather, anyone needing specialized equipment should request funding for that equipment as part of a regular proposal to a disciplinary program in the Division.
NSF Dear Colleague Letter: Announcement of Intent to use Asynchronous Review Mechanism for Proposals submitted to the Physics Division
Request for Information: Institutes for Manufacturing Innovation The Department of Defense (DoD) wishes to consider input from Industry and Academia as part of an effort to select and scope the technology focus areas for future Institutes for Manufacturing Innovation (IMIs). DoD wishes to consider input from industry and Academia as part of an effort to select and scope the technology focus areas for future Institutes for Manufacturing Innovation (IMIs). Responses due by October 10.
NASA Space Technology Research Development Demonstration and Infusion-2015 NASA will be releasing an umbrella NASA Research Announcement (NRA) titled "Space Technology Research, Development, Demonstration, and Infusion-2015 (SpaceTech-REDDI-2015)" in October 2014.
NIH Notice of Intent to Publish Funding Opportunity Announcement for Environmental Influences during Windows of Susceptibility in Breast Cancer Risk (UO1)
NSF Major Research Instrumentation program is anticipated to release a revised solicitation in late September.
As always, we appreciate your sharing this information with your faculty. Please contact Sue Grimes (sgrimes@purdue.edu), Kristyn Jewell (kristynj@purdue.edu), or Perry Kirkham (pkirkham@purdue.edu) with any questions.
To suggest content for future issues of ENE Memo, contact Mike Loizzo or David Radcliffe by midday Friday for the following week's issue.
Shortcut URL: http://eng.purdue.edu/jump/b35645


Virko Baley (b. Ukraine, 1938) moved to the United States as a child, studying piano in Los Angeles with Rosina Lhevinne and Earl Voorhies, and graduating from the Los Angeles Conservatory (now the California Institute of the Arts). Settling in Las Vegas 1970, founded the composition program the University of Nevada, and founded and directed the Las Vegas Chamber Players, which presented a major contemporary music festival and grew into the Nevada Symphony Orchestra, of which he was music director and conductor from 1980 to 1995. Under his leadership the orchestra became a major force in contemporary music in America, presenting the first American performances of numerous works by Soviet composers. He also was music director NEXTET (2001-2016) and created with his colleague Jorge Grossman the annual composers' conference at UNLV. Always in close touch with composers of Russia and Ukraine, Baley promoted them through performances and extensive writings on modern Ukrainian music. He is a frequent guest conductor internationally and has conducted most of the important orchestras of the former USSR. He has also been principal conductor of the Kiev Cameral and Producer and Music Advisor of the International Ukrainian Music Festival (Kyiv Music Fest) and its associated Marian and Iwanna Kots International Composition Competition. Virko Baley is now a Jacyk Fellow at Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute and Distinguished Professor of Music, Composer-in-Residence at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. He received a 2007 Grammy Award as recording co-producer for TNC Recordings and the prestigious Academy Award in Music 2008 from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. His music, published by Troppe Note Publishing Co., Las Vegas, appears on numerous labels.
A prolific composer, Baley has received many important commissions and awards and has recorded both his music and that of composers of the United States and the former Soviet Union. In 1989 he co-produced and composed the musical score for the film "Swan Lake: The Zone," by the celebrated Ukrainian director Yuri Illienko. Winning two top awards, it was the first Ukrainian film ever to receive a Cannes prize. In 2013, his magnum opus Holodomor (Red Earth. Hunger) an opera about the Ukrainian famine 19320-33) was performed in a chamber concert version in Las Vegas and New York, later repeated in Kyiv. In the winter of 2019, it is scheduled to receive its fully staged premiere at the Lviv Theater of Opera Ballet in Ukraine.
The New Juilliard Ensemble, led by founding director Joel Sachs and in its 26th season, presents music by a variety of international composers who write in the most diverse styles. The ensemble appears annually at MoMA's Summergarden and was a featured ensemble four times at the Lincoln Center Festival. It has premiered some 100 compositions. In 2009, N.J.E. collaborated with Carnegie Hall's Ancient Paths, Modern Voices festival; in 2011, with Carnegie's Japan/NYC festival; in 2012, with its Voices from Latin America festival, and in 2014, its festival UBUNTU: Music and Arts of South Africa. A highlight of the 2013-14 season was a collaboration with the Royal Philharmonic Society's Bicentennial Celebration with the U.S. premieres of works by Magnus Lindberg and Judith Weir. It has also participated in collaborations with London's Royal Academy of Music and the Franz Liszt Music University in Budapest.
Concerts N.J.E.'s 2017-18 regular season included music by John Woolrich, Gerald Barry, Raminta Šerkšnytė, Akira Nishimura, Mauricio Kagel, Giya Kancheli, Shuci Wang, Liu Sola, Salvatore Sciarrino, Kolbeinn Bjarnason, Alejandro Cardona, and Jonathan Dawe.
The New Juilliard Ensemble performs in Juilliard's Focus festival; recent Focus festivals have included: China Today: A Festival of Chinese Composition (2018); Our Southern Neighbors: The Music of Latin America (2017); Milton Babbitt's World: A Centennial Celebration (2016); and Nippon Gendai Ongaku: Japanese Music Since 1945 (2015). The 2019 festival, entitled "On the Air," is a salute to the European and Canadian broadcasters who have commissioned some 8000 compositions and broadcast them.
On November 5, Dr. Sachs will give a faculty recital in Morse Hall, featuring Charles Ives's rarely heard Piano Sonata No. 1. He also plays the program on Saturday, October 13 at St. John's Smith Square, London, as part of a year-long American music festival, and at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne on November 22.
One of the most active presenters of new music in New York, Dr. Sachs founded the New Juilliard Ensemble in 1993. He produces and directs Juilliard's annual Focus! Festival and has been artistic director of Juilliard's concerts at New York's Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) since 1993.
Henry Cowell, which was published by Oxford University Press in 2012. He often appears on radio as a commentator on recent music and has been a regular delegate to Netherlands Music Days and other international music conferences.
A graduate of Harvard, Dr. Sachs received his Ph.D. from Columbia University. In 2011, he was made an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa at Harvard University for his work in support of new music and received the National Gloria Artis Medal of the Polish Government for his service to Polish music. In 2002, he was given Columbia University's Alice M. Ditson Award for his service to American music.
Stella Chen, a native of Palo Alto, California, has performed with the London and Lausanne Chamber Orchestras, Welsh National Symphony Orchestra, Harvard-Radcliffe Orchestra, Medellín Philharmonic Orchestra, and Boston Youth Symphony, among others. Recipient of Harvard's Robert Levin Award to "an extraordinarily gifted undergraduate musician," she was also the top prize-winner at the Tibor Varga competition (Switzerland) and the youngest-ever prize-winner at the Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists, which is held in various countries. Chen has presented recitals at venues including the Kennedy Center, The Greene Space at WNYC/WQXR (which was broadcast live on WQXR), and Juilliard. She graduated from the joint Harvard/New England Conservatory Program; at Harvard, she majored in psychology. She is now a C.V. Starr doctoral fellow at Juilliard, studying with Li Lin, Donald Weilerstein, and Catherine Cho; former teachers include Itzhak Perlman and Miriam Fried.


The BNJ publishes articles about the specialist fields within naturopathy, such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, homeopathy and osteopathy. Other specialist fields may be suggested to the editorial board for consideration. Articles may be grouped together into content collections. If any member would like to submit an article please ask an editor for author privileges on this site. If any non-member would like to submit an article, please send it to the editorial board. The BNJ does not guarantee to publish all submissions, or they may be edited for content, grammar and spelling.
The International Congress on Naturopathic Medicine is coming to London!


Just in time for the winter holidays, Niobesnuppa shares with us another whimsical aspect of Scandinavian folklore: the Nisser. I absolutely adore the cute, European-folk-style outfits. The shawls, vests, and intricate skirts and dresses are just wonderful!
This game features a figure from Scandinavian folklore known as a "nisse" in Norwegian and Danish, "tomte" in Swedish and "tonttu" in Finnish. They are little gnome-like people who wear red hats and live in barns, very often depicted as tiny old bearded men with tiny old apron-wearing wives, but younger nisser exist too. Nisser are very often featured in Nordic Christmas cards and Christmas decorations and they are never depicted without their iconic red hats. The nisser have many similar folkloric counterparts in other countries as well, most notably in England, Scotland and Germany.
Nisser are known for being mischievious trouble-makers. They are said to have magic powers, can make themselves invisible and are incredibly strong for their size, able to lift a cow with one hand. These creatures are very easy to offend, typically by not putting out food for them, making major changes around the farm, not treating the animals well or even just things like swearing too much. In the old days Scandinavian farmers would put porridge with a pat of butter on, out in the barn around Christmas to please the nisser, because a displeased nisse will curse you and pull tricks on you and make your animals sick, while a pleased nisse will take care of the farm animals for you and make sure no harm comes to them.
This is yet another dressup game based on Scandinavian folklore. However, in this one I've been more laid-back when it comes to mythical accuracy and included a lot of unorthodox colours and modern accessories so people can make themselves more easily. Choose whether you want to dress up a girl, a boy, or both, then click on the character to open their menu.
God Jul! That means Merry Christmas in Norwegian.
This maker is TOO CUTIE PIE!! I mean I kinda feel sad for the little elf kids but THEY ARE SO CUTE!
I really like the fact that you can choose boy if you made a girl, make the boy, swtich back to girl, then switch to both they save the look!
WOOK AT THE WIDDLE KITTY! :3 :3 :3 :3 :3 I WUV IT!!!
@Niobesnuppa I love your art!
in love with these games!!
Made Cosette and Jean Valjean, and a French Nisse telling a Sami Nisse Les Misérables.
@DollDivine: full-screen link redirects to the Doll Divine homepage.
The last background is very clever!