text:
Home General N117b debt: I leave Fayose to God – Fayemi
N117b debt: I leave Fayose to God – Fayemi
Odunayo Ogunmola, The Nation Newspaper
Fayose and Fayemi
NEWS DIGEST – The Transition Committee set up by Ekiti State governor-elect, Dr. Kayode Fayemi, has revealed that the state's debt profile has ballooned to N117 billion under the administration of outgoing Governor Ayo Fayose.
The panel said the latest debt figure which was sourced from the Debt Management Office (DMO) was outside salary, pension and gratuity arrears, compensation to majority of owners of houses demolished for Ado-Ekiti flyover and debt owed contractors, among others.
According to DMO, the total debt left by Fayemi in 2014 was N18 billion which was disputed by Fayose who claimed his predecessor left N85 billion debt.
The revelation came to light Friday evening when the committee chaired by a former federal lawmaker, Senator Olubunmi Adetunmbi, submitted
its report to the governor elect at the Conference Hall of AB Hotel, Ado-Ekiti, the state capital.
The ceremony was witnessed by the deputy governor-elect, Chief Bisi Egbeyemi, wife of the governor-elect, Mrs. Bisi Fayemi, All Progressives Congress (APC) members in the House of Assembly, party leaders and members.
Adetunmbi revealed that the outgoing Fayose-led administration did not set up a committee of its own to interact with it and did not release any document to facilitate its assignment.
He said: "The sub-committees of this Transition Committee met with 76 interest groups including labour unions, interest groups, civil society bodies, development partners who assisted with information of what is going on in the outgoing administration.
"The report being submitted today represents the voice of the people that voted you (Fayemi) in and it contains what they want in the short
term, medium term and in the long term.
"As at the last time the DMO released official debt figures, Ekiti is owing N117 billion."
Responding, Fayemi said while he leaves the outgoing government to God, he is focused on making a difference in the life of the people of Ekiti State despite the challenges ahead.
He also urged the incoming House of Assembly to consider and enact a Transition Act that will stipulate the duties of an outgoing administration and an incoming administration to pave the way for seamless transfer of power.
Such law, according to him, is in operation in African countries like Ghana, Kenya, South Africa and other advanced democracies in other parts of the world.
Fayemi said: "The chairman (Adetunmbi) talks about liabilities, that is what government is all about, assets and liabilities, government is a continuum.
"We are not unmindful of the fact that there will be debts but we are focused on our agenda to make a difference in the lives of our people.
"So for us, we leave whatever that is done by the outgoing government to God and God will handle that in the best way possible.
"We want to focus on making the difference in the life of our people, so our people remain our priority.
"We hope some reason will prevail between now and inauguration day for the outgoing government to come up with the information this committee has been asking for since it was inaugurated."
Fayemi disclosed that he spoke with some development partners and investors willing to work with his government during a recent trip to China who demanded the report of the committee.
While commending the Adetunmbi-led panel for a job well done, Fayemi promised to study the report and ensure a thorough implementation in the interest of Ekiti people.
He expressed delight that the committee recommended agriculture as the number one focus to turn around the fortunes of the state in revenue
generation and job creation initiatives.
The governor-elect who promised to hit the ground running immediately he is sworn into office on October 16 also charged aspirants to national and state legislatures in the All Progressives Congress (APC) to familiarize themselves with the contents of the report.
Fayemi added that with the completion of the assignment of the Transition Committee, the Inauguration Committee now begins its assignment fully.
Ayodele Fayose
Ekiti State
Kayode Fayemi
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Q: How to handle external sub prototype with local AUTOLOAD in Perl I'm having an issue with the following scenario. I'm writting a class that uses AUTOLOAD somtimes to call functions from another module (not mine). This other module use a few functions where prototypes are defined. One example is this:
sub external_sub (\@$) { ... }

Those functions work correctly when imported directly from that module, with calls like the following:
my @arr = (1..10);
external_sub(@arr, 'something else');

Now, the problem I have when requiring that external module from my class at run time and importing that function, is that I can't find a way to pass the right arguments to it.
Inside my AUTOLOAD function, I count on @_ only, and I don't know if there's even a way in Perl to tell apart any array passed as first argument to AUTOLOAD. So, inside AUTOLOAD, the only options I can think so far to redirect the call are:
no strict 'refs';
my $sym = *{"ExternalModule\::$called_sub"};
*$AUTOLOAD = $sym;
goto &$AUTOLOAD;

...or something like:
no strict 'refs';
return &{"ExternalModule\::$called_sub"}(@_);

or several similar things using the symbol table. However, the problem is how I pass the arguments to that call. If in my code I have:
package main;

use strict;
use MyModule qw(:some_external_subs); # This will import *names only but will decide later from which modules to take the actual code refs

# Here I have imported the sub 'external_sub' as symbol but it won't be actually loaded until MyModule::AUTOLOAD decides which external module will actually use to import the code for that function:

my @arr = ('some', 'values');

my $result = external_sub(@arr, 'other_argument');

Then, that's the point where AUTOLOAD in my module will require an external module and pass the call to the actual prototyped sub external_sub(\@$). The problem is it will pass the received arguments as @_, where @arr and 'other_argument' are now all part of a single list.
Is there any way to resolve a situation like this? Is there a way to detect what the original arguments were before becoming @_?
Keep in mind I don't have control over the external module and the fact that it uses a prototyped function.
Thanks in advance for any comments!

A: To anyone having a similar problem, this is what I've found so far:

*

*You can only define prototypes at compile time, otherwise they are ignored.

*If you know the name of the function at compile time but plan on loading code for the symbol later (at run time), then you can just define the prototype without code:
sub some_sub(\@$);

*If you don't know the name of the function but you can get it dynamically ar compile time, then you can use Scalar::Util::set_prototype to declare the local prototype only:
package MyModule;
use strict;
use Scalar::Util qw(set_prototype);
my $protos;

BEGIN { # compile time
        my @functions;

        # Imagine you load here @functions with hashrefs containing name and proto values.

        no strict 'refs'
        for my $i (@functions) {
            # This defines the prototype without actually defining the sub
            set_prototype \&{"MyModule::$i->{name}"}, $i->{proto};
            # If I want to recall the name/proto later in AUTOLOAD:
            $protos->{$i->{name}} = $i->{proto};
        }
}

Since only the declaration of prototype is ready but not the definition of the subroutine itself, when that subroutine is called for the first time it will trigger your AUTOLOAD subroutine, where you can proceed to assign an actual coderef to the symbol. The coderef you use must have the same prototype as the one you declared to that name or you will receive an error of prototype mismatch. It's possible to assign the same prototype to that coderef using set prototype if necessary, just before assigning the coderef to the real symbol.
For example:
sub AUTOLOAD {
    our $AUTOLOAD;
    my $name = substr $AUTOLOAD, rindex($AUTOLOAD, ':') + 1;

    # Here I do my process and decide that I'll call OtherModule::some_sub for the name in $AUTOLOAD

    no strict 'refs';
    my $coderef = *{"OtherModule::some_sub"}{CODE};
    # Prototypes must match!
    unless (defined(prototype $coderef) and $protos->{$name} eq prototype $coderef) {
        set_prototype(\&$coderef, $protos->{$name});
    }
    *$AUTOLOAD = $coderef;
    goto &$AUTOLOAD;
}

If someone else knows of an actual way to alter prototypes at runtime and have them work as expected after that, I'll be more than happy to know about it!
Meanwhile, I hope this helps anyone facing a similar situation in the future.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


RSVP of the Capital Region – York County is seeking volunteer tutors for the York County School of Technology ABE/GED Program. Volunteers would need to have a bachelor's degree.
Additionally, RSVP and Jewish Family Services are seeking volunteer drivers to support those who need to be driven to appointments and various locations in York County.
Volunteer benefits include: transportation reimbursement, free supplemental liability insurance, recognition and appreciation events, paid assistance with clearances, and free, two-hour tutoring training.
Please contact Scott Hunsinger at (443) 619-3842 or yorkadamsfranklin@rsvpcapreg.org, or Beverly Strayer, tutor coordinator, at (717) 747-2130, ext. 5509, or bstrayer@ytech.edu.


Baby's first name and birth date are written on the frame.
This hand painted, personalized commemorative photo frame will be a treasured keepsake for many happy years to come. Featuring a cute, fuzzy bunny rabbit surrounded by yummy fresh carrots, this picture frame makes a perfect addition to any baby's nursery, (especially one with a farm theme!). Not only is this a unique birth/birthday gift, it is a truly special gift for christenings, baptisms and baby namings as well.
Made to order. Delivery in approximately 2-3 weeks.


Anyone thinking of buying this? I, for one, am considering it.
Doesn't t say if the screen is IPS?
Computer enthusiast, beginner programmer, political geek.
Yes, looks like it is high resolution but probably not a IPS screen.
Costco has a 7" Acer Iconia tablet for $99, with good specs and it does have an IPS screen. :-) Very tempting!
Don't go just by the type of screen, though. DPI count and resolution are more important for looking at a display. And of course, the processor and graphics specs of the tablet. I doubt $99 tablets are of very good quality. Remember that with a tablet, you're going to be seldom looking at it at awkward angles since it's handheld.
I did say that, and by and large, I'm happy with my iPad mini because of its lightness and comfort in holding it in one hand while reading and watching video on it. But that's as a consumption device, not a computer. This tablet looks like it could really be used as both with the convergence feature. Now that I'm using Ubuntu for most of my work, I can envision myself using such a tablet for work as well as casual email, browsing, document reading and viewing of documents. But I won't know until I've read more about it, and maybe not until I have tried it. It really does interest me, and I could see myself buying it on spec, as long as it can run the same apps that I can run on Ubuntu on a computer.
But to come back to your point, it might be easier to hold than a 10" iPad, but its unlikely to be as easy as an 8" mini.
Your answer pleases me. I can't see using it as a computer, not without a keyboard and mouse. And then you might as well use a notebook. I suppose in a way, it could be an inexpensive way to have a computer with a touchscreen though.
I agree about the keyboard and mouse. So here might be an example. Pack the tablet on a trip with accessible stuff on a plane, with keyboard and mouse packed away somewhere else. I arrive at a place I am visiting, either for work or a family visit. If work, take tablet to office and hook up to monitor, mouse and keyboard at office or if family visit, to a monitor, mouse and keyboard in the house. If travelling with no access to a desktop monitor, use the mouse and keyboard on occasions when you're doing work. Otherwise, stick with tablet in tablet mode. Leave laptop at home.
That's a good point. And it's a full computer without the price of a MS Surface Pro.


text:
Johannes Blaskowitz
Page views of Johannes Blaskowitzs by language »
Among MILITARY PERSONNELS »
In Russia »
Among MILITARY PERSONNELS In Russia »
Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz (10 July 1883 – 5 February 1948) was a German Generaloberst during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. After joining the Imperial German Army in 1901, Blaskowitz served throughout World War I, where he earned an Iron Cross for bravery. During WWII, Blaskowitz led the 8th Army during the Invasion of Poland and was the Commander in Chief of Occupied Poland from 1939 to 1940. Read more on Wikipedia
Since 2007, the English Wikipedia page of Johannes Blaskowitz has received more than 526,257 page views. His biography is available in 39 different languages on Wikipedia. Johannes Blaskowitz is the 174th most popular military personnel (down from 154th in 2019), the 163rd most popular biography from Russia (down from 149th in 2019) and the 12th most popular Russian Military Personnel.
Johannes Blaskowitz was a German general and military commander in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II.
Page views of Johannes Blaskowitzs by language
Among MILITARY PERSONNELS
Among military personnels, Johannes Blaskowitz ranks 174 out of 1,468. Before him are George Armstrong Custer, Paul Tibbets, Józef Poniatowski, Hans Krebs, Oskar Dirlewanger, and Akechi Mitsuhide. After him are Djemal Pasha, Matilda of Tuscany, Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, Aleksei Brusilov, Felix Steiner, and Walther von Reichenau.
Most Popular Military Personnels in Wikipedia
George Armstrong Custer
Paul Tibbets
Józef Poniatowski
Hans Krebs
Oskar Dirlewanger
Akechi Mitsuhide
Djemal Pasha
Matilda of Tuscany
Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
Aleksei Brusilov
Felix Steiner
Walther von Reichenau
Among people born in 1883, Johannes Blaskowitz ranks 26. Before him are Mohammed Nadir Shah, Semyon Budyonny, Theo van Doesburg, Pierre Laval, Maurice Utrillo, and Victor Francis Hess. After him are Celâl Bayar, Andrey Vyshinsky, Lon Chaney, Wang Jingwei, Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy, and A. S. Neill. Among people deceased in 1948, Johannes Blaskowitz ranks 15. Before him are Antonin Artaud, Andrei Zhdanov, Walther von Brauchitsch, Karl Brandt, Babe Ruth, and Folke Bernadotte. After him are Witold Pilecki, Ruth Benedict, Nikolai Berdyaev, Theodor Morell, Karl Gebhardt, and Maria Mandl.
Others Born in 1883
Mohammed Nadir Shah
Semyon Budyonny
Maurice Utrillo
Victor Francis Hess
Celâl Bayar
Andrey Vyshinsky
Lon Chaney
Wang Jingwei
Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy
A. S. Neill
Others Deceased in 1948
Andrei Zhdanov
Walther von Brauchitsch
Karl Brandt
Folke Bernadotte
Ruth Benedict
Nikolai Berdyaev
Theodor Morell
Karl Gebhardt
Maria Mandl
In Russia
Among people born in Russia, Johannes Blaskowitz ranks 163 out of 3,262. Before him are Viktor Zubkov (1941), Alexei Leonov (1934), Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia (1657), Alexey Stakhanov (1906), Raisa Gorbacheva (1932), and Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia (1690). After him are Witold Pilecki (1901), El Lissitzky (1890), Sergey Shoygu (1955), Felix Steiner (1896), Gala Dalí (1894), and Vladimir Tatlin (1885).
Others born in Russia
Viktor Zubkov
Alexei Leonov
Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia
Alexey Stakhanov
Raisa Gorbacheva
Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia
Sergey Shoygu
Gala Dalí
Vladimir Tatlin
Among MILITARY PERSONNELS In Russia
Among military personnels born in Russia, Johannes Blaskowitz ranks 12. Before him are Alexander Suvorov (1730), Konstantin Rokossovsky (1896), Vasily Chuikov (1900), Aleksandr Vasilevsky (1895), Semyon Budyonny (1883), and Andrey Vlasov (1901). After him are Felix Steiner (1896), Gotthard Heinrici (1886), Nikolai Vatutin (1901), Vasily Stalin (1921), Yermak Timofeyevich (1532), and Gerhard Barkhorn (1919).
Russian born Military Personnels
Alexander Suvorov
Konstantin Rokossovsky
Vasily Chuikov
Aleksandr Vasilevsky
Andrey Vlasov
Gotthard Heinrici
Nikolai Vatutin
Yermak Timofeyevich
Gerhard Barkhorn
Alfred Jodl
German General (1890–1946)
Friedrich Fromm
Friedrich Dollmann
General During World War Ii Who Commanded The 7th Army
Eduard Dietl
German Waffen-ss Commander, Ss-obergruppenführer
Lothar Rendulic
Austrian General (1887–1971)
Maximilian von Weichs
German Field Marshal
Hans-Jürgen Stumpff
German General
Heinrich von Vietinghoff
Georg-Hans Reinhardt
Eberhard von Mackensen
German General & War Criminal (1889-1969)
Rudolf Schmidt
Nazi German General
Walter Weiß
Hans von Salmuth
Otto Deßloch
Karl-Adolf Hollidt
Otto Wöhler
Franz Böhme
Austrian Ww2 General (1885-1947)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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MyAdventures
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Home > MyAdventures > Guest Blog: Adventure As Medicine
Guest Blog: Adventure As Medicine
|In MyAdventures
|By Stephen Richert
When you're 16 years old, you think that life goes on forever and that hospitals are just for visiting elderly relatives. The concept of mortality simply doesn't exist in reality—until you're struck down with a random autoimmune attack. Suddenly, you're waking up in ICU with no memory of the last three days or why you're strung up with tubes and shunts sticking out of your arms. Your friends are getting their driver's licenses, and you just got type 1 diabetes. Welcome to the rest of your life with a chronic illness that no one can see you struggle with and that most people don't really understand.
Leaving the hospital, I wasn't happy about what the rest of my life would look like. I didn't know any better at 16, but I decided to tell myself a different story. Everything down the road seemed like it was only a fabrication of what we created and believed, so I just changed the direction.
Courtesy: Stephen Richert
Adventure Literally is my Medicine
I got this notion in my head that I was destined to be a climber. I wanted to do the opposite of what the doctors and nurses told me I could do. Independence seemed like a fine thing, and where better to find that than in the mountains? It took years, seven to be exact, before I internalized this narrative that adventure was truly accessible to me. Many close calls and defeats occurred along the way, but I took comfort in the idea that this wasn't a disease limiting me—it was simply part of my climbing and that made the frustration seem worthwhile.
That mantra has been my guiding principle over the last 17 and a half years. I've climbed in the Bugaboos of British Columbia, the big walls of Zion National Park and Yosemite, crags in Idaho, and boulders in Bishop, California. I've also climbed in Kansas, Oklahoma, and other obscure areas I've come across in my travels. Adventure is the bigger picture into which everything else fits—or doesn't. Having that established has made life decisions simpler. Adventure literally is my medicine.
Adventure is often romanticized as an escape from the turmoil of life, bills, and the ugliness that feeds the 24-hour news cycle. As an adult with a wife and child to support, I decided a year ago to buy a tiny trailer and make the move to become a full-time road-dweller. I'd spent years traveling in four-to-six-month cycles, but never fully committed to making it a permanent lifestyle.
I had just put in my notice at a cubicle job that had promised me the world, but delivered mostly boundaries and limitations. I barely qualified for the loan that made the tiny, egg-shaped Scamp trailer officially our new home. My only thought at that time was getting out of the suburbs where I could never see the sky and out onto the road, where I would never have to read another HR memo.
Before we knew it, we were out there—skies for days. But, with freedom comes responsibility.
It's remarkably like life anywhere else. Ups, downs, sacrifices, and choices. Beauty and ugliness. Adventure isn't "out there"—it's in here.
This is the part they always leave out in those Tumblr memes. Someone smashes your car up and your insurance takes months to decide that it can't be fixed, and you're scrambling to find a couch to crash on and a ride to the grocery store. You're on an austerity budget, because your new freelance career hinges on being able to babysit your 2-year-old while editing video or writing proposals. Climbing? Oh, that would be nice, but weekends aren't a thing anymore, because now you've got to hustle in your free time to pay the bills.
To be fair, it hasn't been all frayed nerves and hateful scrambling to survive. There have been long days of climbing in the alpine. There have been magnificent nights painted by the Milky Way. There have been really wonderful and casual mornings spent enjoying coffee, watching the little one play in the dirt—evenings of rock scrambling as a family after dinner.
It's not all bad.
It's remarkably like life anywhere else. Ups, downs, sacrifices, and choices. Beauty and ugliness. Adventure isn't "out there"—it's in here. These days, I just want to climb more and make better films and photographs to empower people to find adventure as medicine for their own challenges. Full-timing probably isn't the best way for me to accomplish those things. Sometimes, the adventure gets in the way of the adventure.
I still believe that adventure is medicine—bitter medicine at times. Character building. Not because it's all fun and scenic. Those moments are sprinkled throughout, sure, but you'll work for them. It's not a vacation—but it is worth it.
Things I've learned that I'd like to pass onto others:
Budget carefully. Save up.
Adventure is not an escape from anything.
Get out of debt before trying to full time.
Have a means of providing for yourself proven and nailed down.
Avoid the combination of new variables (for instance, self employment and full timing).
Have a plan for what constitutes "time to bail."
Know what you're sacrificing for the lifestyle.
Have fun. It's not a default out on the road. It's a choice and probably the most important one you'll have to make over and over again.
Stephen Richert
Stephen Richert is an author, photographer and climber—and founder of LivingVertical.org, a blog and media website dedicated to adventure as medicine, drawing on his experience in steep, wild places with type 1 diabetes. He was diagnosed at 16 years old in 1999 and has still not accepted that life with a chronic illness should be anything less than spectacular. If you'd like to read his latest book about lessons from a harrowing night spent out in the open on a windswept summit in the Bugaboo Mountains titled "5 Minutes of Chaos (that changed my life)" you can get a copy at LivingVertical.org.
Read their other posts.
Family Memories from the Tetons
Photo Essay: Hike Yosemite's Half Dome
Lessons from a National Park Chief Ranger
Explore Like a Local: The Outdoor Mecca of North Conway, NH
A First-Timer's Guide to Acadia National Park, Courtesy of a Local
Explore Like a Local: Summertime Fun in Lake Placid, NY
Skiing the Whiteface Auto Road | Whiteface Veterans' Memorial Highway - goEast on Alpha Guide: Skiing in Tuckerman Ravine
Alpha Guide: Backpacking the Carter Range Traverse - goEast on Alpha Guide: The Presidential Traverse
How to Choose a Climbing Harness | Guide to Climbing Harnesses - goEast on Gear Checklist: Trad Climbing
Lost in the Dix Range | Survival and Rescue in the Dix Range - goEast on Alpha Guide: The Dix Range Traverse
Winter Prep – The Whites Room on The Backcountry Skier's Guide to Mount Moosilauke
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Abstract: Remember smoking? What's the new public health problem? In the US, we are currently entangled within three converging and intertwined complex problems: Cancer, Obesity, Aging. There are over 16 million cancer survivors living in the US as we speak. Over 50% of our society is overweight and/obese. Our society is aging and the age distribution is much older than a few years back. Cancer, obesity and aging share several risk factors, biological mechanisms and patterns. Given the multidimensionality and complexity of these issues, only a transdisciplinary approach will have the best chances of success in sustaining a health society. This talk will discuss the problems and potential transdisciplinary approaches—including math—to finding successful solutions.


text:
Bellum from the Legend of Zelda in the GA-HQ Video Game Character DB
Bellum, the Evil Phantom is the main antagonist in the Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass which was released in 2007 for the Nintendo DS. It did not appear in any other game so far.
Bellum is a large squid-like creature which consumes the Life Force of every living being in the world. It is one of the few antagonists in the Legend of Zelda Universe which are not related to Ganon or Demise.
Bellum from the Legend of Zelda Games: an Overview
Charactername: Bellum, the Evil Phantom Developed /Created by Nintendo
Gameseries: Legend of Zelda First seen on: Nintendo DS
First Game: Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass Year first seen in: 2007
Last Game: "" Birthplace:
Role(s) and Characteristics: Main Antagonist and Boss Weapons or Martial Arts Style:
Official Game Art like promotional Illustrations of Bellum
Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass (2007)
Bellum in Game-Art-HQ Art Projects
Bellum was drawn for our big Link's Blacklist Art Collaboration about the Monsters and Bosses in the Legend of Zelda games.
Gakoru from Belgium illustrated Bellum as the first artist for the Project!
Selected Fan Art and Cosplay Photos of Bellum


This paper by Richard Wolff, published alongside three others, is one of many proposals for a systemic alternative we have published or will be publishing here at the Next System Project. You can read it below, or download the PDF. We have commissioned these papers in order to facilitate an informed and comprehensive discussion of "new systems," and as part of this effort we have also created a comparative framework which provides a basis for evaluating system proposals according to a common set of criteria.
Contemporary capitalism no longer "delivers the goods"—understood as a rising standard of real wages—to the majority of people. That classic defense of its instability (recurrent bouts of unemployment, lost output, and wasted resources), its deepening economic, political, and cultural inequalities (as Thomas Piketty documents), and the attendant injustices are no longer plausible. In the U.S. since the 1970s, and especially since 2007, those who control the dominant capitalist enterprises and the resulting economic "development" made decisions that undermined the delivery of rising standards of living to the mass of people.
For the economic system to serve the people, the people need to be in charge.
Post 1945, key decision makers also made sure to disconnect government from what meager accountability to the mass of the citizenry it had before 1945. That was their response to the Great Depression, when, pressure from below forced the New Deal's combination of high taxes on wealth and business to fund mass relief from capitalist depression (via Social Security, unemployment compensation, and a massive federal jobs program). That disconnect enabled the computerization of the U.S. workplace, alongside the massive export of jobs to low-wage regions of the world, both without opposition, or even compensation, for the resulting dislocations and declines (e.g., Detroit).
Thus, one logical conclusion we draw from the economic reality and history summarized above is that attention must be paid to the who and why: who made the key decisions and why? The who is straightforward: large corporations' major shareholders (shareholding is highly concentrated in the U.S.) and the boards of directors they elect made the decisions. Profit rate and growth plus market share were why they made the key decisions. When, after the 1970s, computerization and job exports altered the long-term supply and demand balance of labor power, long-term real wage stagnation set in and lasts through the present. Meanwhile, those same factors contributed to steadily rising productivity, likewise through the present. The result was, and remains, fast deepening income and wealth inequality punctuated by debt bubbles, bursts, and resulting cyclical downturns.
Virtually all the laws, rules, and regulations imposed in the New Deal have been weakened, neutered, or eliminated. Capitalism's second worst depression has seen nothing remotely like the response from below that produced the New Deal. The turn to the government made from below by the New Deal coalition of the labor movements, socialist and communist parties—the victory then of reform over revolution as the strategy for the left to pursue—has now proved at best partial and temporary. To achieve a fuller and more durable outcome thus requires doing what the New Deal coalition did not do.
That is to change the who and why of key economic decision making at the basic enterprise level. For the economic system to serve the people, the people need to be in charge. Historical efforts to do that at the macro level through government either failed when confronted by determined private capitalist opposition, as in the U.S., or failed by giving too much power to too few in the government, as in the USSR.
We therefore propose reorganizing enterprises such that workers become their own bosses. Specifically, that means placing the workers in the position of their own collective board of directors, rather than having directors be non-workers selected by major shareholders. This is not primarily a matter of workers as owners of these enterprises (fine, but not required), nor primarily as managers (likewise fine, but not required). It is the tasks of direction—the decision making now assigned usually and primarily to corporate boards of directors and only secondarily to the major shareholders who choose them—that must be transferred to the workers collectively. We call such enterprises worker self-directed enterprises (WSDEs). They embody and concretize what we mean by economic democracy by locating it first and foremost inside the enterprises producing the goods and services upon which society depends. WSDEs represent the goal and their growth and proliferation represent the mechanism to transition from the present capitalist system to a far better next system.
The strategic focus, then, is not upon the government, as in traditional liberal and socialist thinking; it is rather more microeconomic than macroeconomic. Of course, winning government support of WSDEs and their proliferation would be helpful and sought after—perhaps by political parties rooted in and funded by an emerging WSDE sector within otherwise private or state capitalist economies. But the main emphasis would be on working people who either convert existing enterprises into WSDEs or start new enterprises as WSDEs.
Our core goal is the development of a major—and, if possible, prevailing—sector of the economy that is comprised of enterprises (offices, factories, farms, and stores) in which the employees democratically perform the following key enterprise activities: (a) divide all the labors to be performed, (b) determine what is to be produced, how it is to be produced, and where it is to be produced, and (c) decide on the use and distribution of the output or revenues (if output is monetized) therefrom.
A large portion of existing capitalistically organized enterprises would have to transition out of structures in which owners, top managers, or boards of directors perform the key enterprise activities mentioned above.
The means to achieve the transition would need to be several. Laws would need to be enacted or changed to facilitate the conversion of capitalistically organized enterprises into WSDEs, the formation of new WSDEs, and the functioning of WSDEs. School curricula would need to be changed and teachers be trained to explain, explore, and study WSDEs systematically as alternative-enterprise organizations alongside their traditional capitalist counterparts (corporations, partnerships, and family enterprises). Political parties and platforms need to emerge to represent the interests of WSDEs—the WSDE sector—in terms of state policies, much as now the Democrats and Republicans represent the interests of the capitalist sector.
The geographic scope is, generally speaking, the nation-state, although with two qualifications: (a) hopefully many nations will enable such a WSDE sector to emerge and flourish, and (b) a sizeable region within a nation could also serve as the place and space for a WSDE sector to exist. Temporal Scope Recognizing the large uncertainties, if there is a transition to the revised system about which you write, what would you suggest as a timeframe for the new system to take shape? Where on the spectrum from imminently practicable to purely speculative would you place your proposals? WSDEs already exist in many places, but WSDE sectors much more rarely. Transitions to economies in which WSDE sectors exist can begin as soon as social conditions make that possible.
Long-term capitalist development is the major force behind the change towards a significant or prevalent WSDE sector. The development has four key features: (a) its tendency towards deepening gaps between the rich and the poor, (b) its instability (business cycles), (c) its environmental unsustainability, and (d) the stark contradiction between capitalism and workplace democracy. Secondary forces include capitalist crises and social movements, both of which inspire agendas to transition from capitalist to WSDE sectors or enterprise organizations. The biggest obstacles to transition to economies with significant or prevailing WSDE sectors are political and ideological oppositions, and people's resulting fears to undertake transition to WSDE sectors (often experienced or expressed as disbelief in their feasibility).
Long-term capitalist development is the major force behind the change towards a significant or prevalent WSDE sector.
Ownership could, and likely would, be diversified among both workers and nonworkers in each WSDE. Central, regional, and local governmental bodies could be owners. Communities and neighborhoods could be collective owners. The workers in a WSDE could collectively own the means of production. They could likewise be owned by individuals and social institutions, such as schools and churches, functioning as active or passive investors and creditors. A WSDE's means of production could be owned by combinations of the above.
WSDEs' investment decisions occur via conjoint deliberation of both WSDEs and the democratic organizations of the residential communities interdependent and interactive with the WSDEs. Such conjoint decisions would cover both the raising of funds for the WSDE (from diverse sources such as WSDE members, or outside private and public investors) and the investment of those funds among alternative WSDE projects. By contrast, individuals' and private capitalists' decisions occur via the usual varieties of their profit motives. Because each WSDE within a city, state, or region, makes its decisions in coordination with equally democratic residential government, the coordination would require and entail a kind of parallel disciplining of WSDEs. In short, economic planning and decision making, now left to individual corporate boards of directors interacting in markets, would be democratically coordinated. What is the role of private profit and the profit motive? Who owns and controls economic surplus?
The surplus in WSDEs is strictly controlled by the worker-members. In WSDEs, the profit motive is reduced to one among other motives governing decisions, and is ranked below job security and social cohesion.
WSDEs can coexist with markets as a means of distributing resources (including labor power) and products. They can likewise coexist with other distribution mechanisms.
Planning for the WSDE is performed by the worker members. Planning for residential communities is done by their democratic procedures. Planning appropriate to their interdependence and interactions is done conjointly as well as democratically.
WSDEs would buy and sell in a market international economy. They could establish foreign subsidiaries (although Mondragon's experience with them is mostly unattractive). International integration in relation to WSDEs has not yet been theorized.
The primary loci of "economic life" (where social goods and services are produced or distributed) are enterprise, household, and residential communities at local, regional, and national levels. Various institutions can also function as such loci (churches, states, and agencies of the state).
Cooperation is the dominant theme of WSDEs. Competitions of various kinds are encouraged and incentivized; however, the rewards of competition are more social than individual, and, likewise, competition's costs are not borne by individuals. While this may somewhat reduce incentives to compete, it likewise reduces incentives for people to oppose or thwart competition.
Competitions of various kinds are encouraged and incentivized; however, the rewards of competition are more social than individual, and, likewise, competition's costs are not borne by individuals.
Given our focus on workers collectively directing the enterprises in which they work (functioning as their own board of directors), the question arises as to how such enterprises will distribute their products to one another and to the consuming public. Commodity or market exchange is one option. It would need to be organized and regulated so that the processes and results of exchange reinforce rather than undermine the WSDE structure of enterprises. Alternative distribution systems are also possible and would be installed with the same qualifications. Lastly, nothing in our analysis requires that all products be distributed via such mechanisms; some could be produced and become available as part of a commons. The same logic applies to unprocessed, generative resources, such as land.
The focus of our analysis is the organization of enterprises, not the ownership of them, their resource inputs, or their products. Thus, WSDEs are compatible—may coexist with—both private and public property in endlessly variable combinations. As noted above, for us, the question is that no matter what property regime is chosen in any society, it must be designed, regulated, and constrained to reinforce, not undermine, the WSDE structure of enterprises.
All sizes are in principle possible. The history of the Mondragon corporation shows the possibility of large size if accompanied by a certain disaggregation of WSDE units within a larger alliance.
The future of large capitalist corporations is to transform into either WSDEs or, as needed, into alliances of disaggregated WSDE units. In the latter case, divisions, subdivisions, and subsidiaries of large corporations would become allied WSDE units. The evolution of democratic governance would determine the division of powers among (a) large WSDEs and (b) the WSDEs allied within each large WSDE. Moreover, the enterprise-focused division of power would need to be extended and integrated with the division of power within, and among, the residential jurisdictions that interact with each WSDE.
We anticipate a shortening of the workweek. We expect that the WSDE form supports and encourages a certain line of democratic decision-making, and that production conditions will likely change in response to these questions: (1) do the changes make possible a diminution of work effort, and if so, (2) do we respond by sustaining the same effort as before the changes, thereby producing more output, or by reducing effort? In response to a technical improvement in productive efficiency (ratio of inputs to outputs), do we respond socially with more produce or more leisure? Our assumption is that progressively more leisure will be the choice and, thus, the workweek will shrink, although some changes in production conditions may temporarily reverse the decisions.
We envision a gradual reduction in GDP output in favor of more leisure time.
Where the size of WSDEs permit, all the workers will directly function as their own board of directors. No separate organization of workers into unions will be needed. Where the size of WSDEs yields a governing executive, however temporary or rotated among members of the enterprise, a union of all members not on that executive would be appropriate and necessary. Organized labor would comprise all such unions. Unions would organize and mobilize the views and demands of the members vis-à-vis the executive, chiefly to prevent its evolving into something separated from the members' needs and wants, as democratically formulated and presented.
What are the roles of economic growth and GDP as a measure of growth in your sys-tem? What is the priority of growth at the national and company levels?
GDP growth is not the major goal or measure of economic success in the post-capitalist economic system we envision. As described above, we envision a gradual reduction in GDP output in favor of more leisure time. Growth of technical efficiency, as well as ecological considerations, will enable sustained output with growing leisure, and may indeed extend to reduced output and thus even more leisure.
Money is a social medium and its expansions and contractions ought to be done by WSDE banks whose decisions—like those of all other WSDEs—would be coordinated with the democratic residential governance structures of the localities and regions with which they interact.
First and foremost, WSDEs make the decisions of how to distribute the net earnings of enterprises democratically. Major owners and top executives will not be in the position to decide on a distribution that favors them, an attribute at the root of growing inequality within capitalism.
The democratic distribution of enterprise net revenues will thus generate a personal distribution of income far less unequal than has been the capitalist norm. Since democratic worker decisions will also determine the range of wages and salaries for different enterprise tasks, we expect less inequality there as well. Finally, a job and decent income are considered rights for all citizens, while equality is a social goal. Hence, income and wealth distributions should become sharply less unequal.
The basic approach of our organization, Democracy@Work, envisages meaningful work and income flows for all citizens, alongside leisure time. The balance between the two would be itself democratically determined, as society evolves and efficiencies of production are realized. Individuals unwilling to work will be offered counseling or psychological support in order to realize their social obligation to help produce the democratically determined goods and services. Individuals unable, for physical or mental reasons, to do any of the myriad tasks developed in the society we envision, will be excused from labor and supported. Children are the joint obligations of their parents and the society as a whole, with people deciding democratically the balance between parental and communal child-rearing.
A job and decent income are considered rights for all citizens, while equality is a social goal.
Democracy@Work and the individuals staffing it emerged from social movements seeking full social equality for all ethnic, racial, gender, and religious groupings. These commitments remain, but Democracy@Work is focused chiefly on economics. Thus the priority for Democracy@Work is achieving the end to exploitation (capitalist and all other kinds) in the context of transitioning enterprises from capitalist to WSDE statuses. Secondarily, WSDEs seek to achieve much less inequality in income and wealth distributions among members of society, as well as strict equality across different ethnic, racial, and gender groups.
Community is conceived as the larger residential context with which enterprises interact in a codependent relationship. The goal is for democratically self-governed communities to share social decision making with democratically self-governed enterprises, to the extent that decisions by either impact the other. Health, wealth, and solidarity are then all considerations and criteria that will govern such conjoint decision making, alongside but not subordinate to enterprise profitability.
Transition from capitalistically organized enterprises to WSDEs will change values and consciousness; changes in the latter will react back upon enterprise organizations in an endless mutual transformation. Schools, media, and other social institutions will be major transmitters of cultural changes. However, our immediate goal is to concentrate on WSDEs as the new basic enterprise organization.
Advertising and consumerism will be obviated; all that will remain are mechanisms of informing the consuming public of what is available for purchase (if the market is the distributive mechanism) or available for consumption via other distributional mechanisms. The division of labor is presumed so that self-provisioning will be minimal except when pleasurable or recreational.
Leisure, as suggested above, is a goal of systemically and democratically deciding how to use technological advances: produce more or enjoy more leisure. The presumption is a tendential and deliberate increase in leisure versus work activities.
Our work is not specifically directed to environmental concerns. Indirectly, it is. For example, workers democratically decide whether to install a new technology that enhances profitability at the cost of pollution. They will take seriously the social costs of the pollution for themselves, family, and neighbors in ways that capitalists—driven by profits and capable of evading pollution's effects—would not. On balance then, enterprise decisions would show more respect for environmental concerns than comparable capitalist enterprises. The two different organizational structures weigh the costs and benefits of production differently and so reach different decisions on what and how to produce.
Not relevant to our chief concerns.
We challenge profit qua bottom line and substitute a long list of goals, criteria, and standards, which include environmental concerns and sustainability.
The trade-offs are to be decided by the conjoint deliberations of democratically organized residential communities and the WSDEs that interact with them.
Constitutional change would be needed only if and to the extent that the U.S. Constitution blocked or inhibited the social transition and conversion from capitalistic enterprises to WSDEs.
Liberty figures in our project as something enhanced for individuals by substituting the WSDE structure for the capitalistic structures now prevailing.
Our project locates production and the causes of income and wealth in WSDEs and their residential communities, which are also democratically self-governed. This social base thus has the people and the means to keep macro structures and the state accountable; it is thus the guarantor of democracy in a way capitalism could not be and has not been. Power is thus institutionalized as locally grounded in interactive and interdependent, productive and residential communities.
Production unit size would be constrained by what proves workable—qua WSDEs—in each industry. Collectivities of multiple WSDEs (e.g. Mondragon Cooperative Corporation) could exist so long as they respected the constraints and did not allow slippage back into the capitalist prehistory. Because our focus is on the enterprise more than the surrounding residential communities, theorization of specifics of centralization and decentralization has not been undertaken. The chief locus of power within collectivities of WSDEs would be at the level of each WSDE.
Does your work address issues of foreign policy, international relations, regional integration, military policy and spending, war and peace, i.e. the international context of the new system? At different political levels, what polity and what political conditions are implicit or explicit in getting to success?
Social movements need to include the social transition from capitalist to Worker Self-Directed Enterprises organizational units on their agendas for social change.
There is an ongoing critique of representative government and exploration of direct, "strong," and deliberative democracy. Does any of this figure in your framework? If so, how?
Yes, the notion of direct democracy is central to our project: bringing such a democracy into the internal organization of the enterprise (factory, office, or store as a WSDE) and of the functioning producer of goods and services not organized as a capitalist enterprise (public schools or government offices). The presumption is that equivalent direct democracy will characterize the residential communities with which WSDEs interact.
Not very central. The government is envisioned to be reduced to the function of coordinator, controlled and monitored by, as well as accountable to, the democratically organized enterprise and residential communities that produce and possess the social wealth and represent the voting majorities.
A minimal government share defined by the needs of the coordinating function and whatever activities are deemed appropriate for production at a social aggregate level. But even then, the social aggregate level—the government—would have its distinct units also organized as units like WSDEs.
Social movements need to include the social transition from capitalist to WSDE organizational units on their agendas for social change. We expect these movements to arise in critical opposition to various components and aspects of contemporary capitalism that have become intolerable for growing sections of existing capitalist societies. One of our tasks is to make the case that past reforms of capitalism have proved either incapable of changing the outcomes or else the recipients of enduring reactionary attacks. Thus, the more fundamental change from capitalist enterprise organization to WSDE is required to achieve and to secure adequate reforms—and thus belongs on the agendas of many social movements.
There are many past and present examples of worker and producer cooperatives that are close to what we mean by WSDEs. They are found in many countries and range from small to large (Mondragon). We stress the varieties and numbers of these examples to underscore that our project is NOT about a potential, future, utopian possibility, but rather the extension of a model that has attracted workers in many different circumstances, and that has proved successful in many of them.
The project of transition to worker cooperatives can align with other sorts of cooperatives (consumer cooperatives, sales cooperatives, and property-owning cooperatives) in a kind of generalized cooperative economy. Particularly for political purposes—to support legislation—this model can align with candidates or parties that advance the conditions needed for successful worker cooperatives to form and grow.


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Mount Vernon teen sentenced in fatal stabbing of cheerleading rival Kayla Green
Jonathan Bandler Rockland/Westchester Journal News
15-year old apologizes for stabbing 16-year old to death
Before being sentenced in the killing of 16-year old Kayla Green, a 15-old Mount Vernon teenager apologized to the victim's family.
Seth Harrison/lohud, Rockland/Westchester Journal News
The 15-year-old Mount Vernon girl who fatally stabbed cheerleading rival Kayla Green last year apologized in court Tuesday and said she wished there was more she could do than just say sorry.
"I am sorry my actions took away a big sister. I am sorry my actions took away a daughter," the defendant said in prepared remarks shortly before she was sentenced.
"I think of all the different choices I could have made that day that would have left Kayla alive and saved her family this heartache. But that is why everyone is here today, because I made bad choices."
Westchester County Judge Susan Cacace imposed the 3- to 9-year sentence she promised when the girl pleaded guilty to first-degree manslaughter last month. It will be served in a state juvenile detention center. The sentence was just below the maximum 3 1/3 to 10 years for a juvenile offender.
But the judge declined to grant her youthful offender status, citing not just the killing but a history of violent conduct and truancy in school. Cacace said the killing represented "an abject failure across the board."
"This death was avoidable," she said. "It's a travesty that this young girl lost her life during an unnecessary and violent attack."
The Journal News/lohud has not identified the defendant because of her age.
Green's relatives called both the sentence and the defendant's apology inadequate. They bemoaned that she will be out of custody in a relatively short time to be with her family when they can only be with Green at the cemetery.
"Justice did not occur today. Mockery did," Green's mother, Lavern Gordon, said in court. "My family is broken and our heart will never mend from this loss of my daughter."
Green and the defendant had been members of the Supreme All Stars, an independent cheer squad, before Green became a Mount Vernon High School cheerleader. She was a captain of the junior varsity team.
More:Who can change cycle of violence in Mount Vernon? Teens step forward in wake of death
On April 8, the city held a parade and City Hall ceremony to honor the boys' varsity basketball team for its undefeated season. Shortly after the ceremony, two blocks away, the fracas broke out as police officers tried but were unable to stop the fighting. At least two cellphone videos captured what happened.
Green and her friend Mainece Simpson were in a car on East Prospect Avenue near Gramatan Avenue. When the 15-year-old pulled open the back door, Simpson got out and was set upon by several girls. The defendant was pushed to the side by a police officer but quickly got back in the fray with a knife in her hand.
She stabbed twice at Simpson, who was also hit with a stick by someone else.
Green then got out of the car from the other side and joined the scrum. She was initially pushed aside but tried jumping back in before she was hit twice in the side of the head by another girl. The 15-year-old then stabbed down at Green's back, yanked her sweatshirt and stabbed under it.
Police officers drove Green to the hospital, where she died. The defendant fled and got rid of the knife. She was arrested that night in Dobbs Ferry.
She had posted videos of herself brandishing the knife on social media and Assistant District Attorney James Bavero said she was "determined" to attack Green that day. He called the killing "intentional, senseless and vicious."
"She took the opportunity when it was there to stab Kayla Green when she was vulnerable and when her back was to the defendant," Bavero said.
Relatives of the victims were upset last year when a grand jury did not indict the teenager on murder and attempted murder charges.
They cited the videos of the defendant dancing with the knife and stabbing Green in the back as well as a pattern of bullying.


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Centennial Cup schedule announced
CALGARY, Alta. – Hockey Canada has announced the official tournament schedule for the 2022 Centennial Cup, presented by Tim Hortons, set for May 19-29 in Estevan, Sask., marking the 11th time the prairie province has hosted Canada's National Junior A Championship.
The event is a partnership between Hockey Canada, the Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL), Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL), Hockey Saskatchewan and the City of Estevan. The 2022 tournament, the 50th edition, will be a 10-team tournament, with the host Estevan Bruins welcoming the champions of the nine CJHL leagues.
"On behalf of the local tournament organizing committee, the City of Estevan and the Estevan Bruins, we are looking forward to hosting Canada's National Junior A Championship in our community," said tournament co-chair Cory Prokop. "We are preparing to host a 10-team field for the first time in the event's long history, and know this will be 11 days of exciting hockey. We invite the entire country to come and cheer for your favourite team and to experience the hospitality of our community."
Twenty games highlight preliminary-round play at the Centennial Cup, presented by Tim Hortons, beginning May 19 when the champions of the Ontario Junior Hockey League and Superior International Junior Hockey League face off at noon MT. That game is followed by the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League and SJHL at 4 p.m. MT, with the champions from the Ligue de hockey junior AAA du Québec and Alberta Junior Hockey League wrapping up the opening day at 7:30 p.m. MT.
"We are looking forward to the entire nation being focused on this year's championship as a result of the participation of all nine leagues in the event, as well as our initial undertaking with Tim Hortons in the awarding of the Centennial Cup," said CJHL president Brent Ladds.
The host Bruins begin their quest for their first national championship on May 20 when they face off against the LHJAAAQ in their tournament opener. The quarterfinals and semifinals are set for May 27 and 28, followed by the championship game at 7:30 p.m. MT on May 29. TSN and RDS, Hockey Canada's official broadcast partners will broadcast the final, with all preliminary- and playoff-round games livestreamed at HockeyCanada.ca.
"The Centennial Cup, presented by Tim Hortons, is one of Canada's most prestigious national championships, and fans have the opportunity to experience the best Junior A hockey in the country," said Dean McIntosh, vice-president of events and properties for Hockey Canada. "It is an exciting time to announce the schedule and finally be one step closer to this year's tournament, a unique event with hockey fans being able to watch each of the CJHL's league champions in this competition."
Tickets are on sale for the 2022 Centennial Cup, presented by Tim Hortons; fans can purchase a 25-game full-tournament package for $210 at HockeyCanada.ca/Tickets.
For more information on the 2022 Centennial Cup, presented by Tim Hortons, please visit HockeyCanada.ca, or follow along on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.
CENTENNIAL CUP SCHEDULE LINK
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typhoon dujuan 2003
Thus, the inner eye tended to circulate due to the steering of the rotational … Physics, Solar To recognize such a pattern, also expected to occur in the orbiting eyewall mesovortices, is an important issue in applying single Doppler radar products in nowcasting. The mechanism in Dujuan's oscillated inner eywall is different from mesovortices, but it produced similar strong winds and has been suggested to be an important factor for local forecasting and nowcasting, in particular in terms of landfall. [12] The impact of the oscillation of the MIRV/MORV appeared in two ways. However, it should be noted not all strong typhoons have double eye walls. [7] Figure 1 is a snapshot of the radar reflectivity field of the 0.5°plan position indicator (PPI) at 1159 UTC 1 Sep 2003. [5] Concentric eyewalls and the associated eyewall replacement process have been well documented in Atlantic hurricanes, but little research exists regarding these phenomena in western North Pacific typhoons. Over the northern part of the South China Sea, Dujuan exhibited a double-eye-walled structure . The center of the outer ring is fixed at coordinate (0, 0). In the west Pacific, development of the double-eye-walled structure was not rare. Single Doppler radar observation of the concentric eyewall in Typhoon Saomai, 2006, near landfall. Thus, the inner eye was expected to experience more force from vertical wind shear than the outer ring. [11] Figure 6 shows the time series plot of the maximum inbound radial velocity (MIRV) and maximum outbound radial velocity (MORV) across the inner eye. The maximum MIRV (minimum MORV) occurred as the inner eye moved to the top of the arc at 1232 and 1352 UTC, while the minimum MIRV (maximum MORV) occurred during movement to the cusp of the arc at 1232 UTC. Composition and Structure, Atmospheric The present study examines a prominent double eyewall case, namely, Typhoon Dujuan (2003) as it neared the island of Taiwan. Vertical wind shear derived from the composite 10 surveillance dropsonde observations surrounded the typhoon displayed a significant northerly vertical shear (15 m s−1) from 700 to 300 hPa (Figure 3). Arrays indicate the direction of the orbit. Geophysics, Mathematical The ring of convection then propagates inward leading to a double-eye. Both Elise and Hope were intense typhoons with maximum winds near their centres exceeding 200km/h. Over the northern part of the South China Sea, Dujuan exhibited a double-eye-walled structure (Figure 1). Afterwards, the typhoon moved straight toward Hong Kong, still being the most powerful typhoon this year in this area. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. The classical concentric eyewall has deep convection within the inner eyewall surrounded by a nearly echo‐free moat, which in turn is surrounded by an outer ring of deep convection. This typhoon was unusual in that its double eye was not concentric. By the way, the study also documented a specific oscillated maximum inbound/outbound radial velocity pattern due to the orbiting inner eye. No eyewall replacement was observed to occur during the entire observed lifetime of the storm. The present study examines a prominent double eyewall case, namely, Typhoon Dujuan (2003) as it neared the island of Taiwan. Learn about our remote access options. The diameter of the inner and outer eyes are about 20km and 100km respectively. The wave number‐one instability [Nolan and Montgomery, 2000; Nolan et al., 2001] provides another mechanism for the oscillating displacement of the vortex center rotating around the vortex core, and thus offers a physical mechanism for the persistent, small‐amplitude trochoidal wobble present in typhoon tracks. Such large differences could enhance differential rotation in the moat region and result in an inactive, long‐lived inner eye and spiral band wrapping around the outer ring, very similar to the characteristics of the eyewall structure in the type 1 instability proposed by Kossin et al. NASA Goddard Space As a result, the maximum/minimum (Cmax/Cmin) speed of the inner eye motion occurred as the inner eye orbited to the direction (opposite direction) of the outer ring motion; where Cmax = −∣o∣ − ∣oi∣ and Cmin = −∣o∣ + ∣oi∣. Learn more. The MODIS instrument onboard NASA's Terra spacecraft captured this bird's-eye view of Typhoon Dujuan (Mandarin for azalea) as it was located just off the coast of China, near Hong Kong.
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(-) Remove Starting Grant (StG) (5) filter Starting Grant (StG) (5)
(-) Remove PE5 (0) filter PE5 (0)
(-) Remove LS2 (0) filter LS2 (0)
Project acronym MC2
Project Mixed-phase clouds and climate (MC2) – from process-level understanding to large-scale impacts
Researcher (PI) Trude STORELVMO
Summary The importance of mixed-phase clouds (i.e. clouds in which liquid and ice may co-exist) for weather and climate has become increasingly evident in recent years. We now know that a majority of the precipitation reaching Earth's surface originates from mixed-phase clouds, and the way cloud phase changes under global warming has emerged as a critically important climate feedback. Atmospheric aerosols may also have affected climate via mixed-phase clouds, but the magnitude and even sign of this effect is currently unknown. Satellite observations have recently revealed that cloud phase is misrepresented in global climate models (GCMs), suggesting systematic GCM biases in precipitation formation and cloud-climate feedbacks. Such biases give us reason to doubt GCM projections of the climate response to CO2 increases, or to changing atmospheric aerosol loadings. This proposal seeks to address the above issues, through a multi-angle and multi-tool approach: (i) By conducting field measurements of cloud phase at mid- and high latitudes, we seek to identify the small-scale structure of mixed-phase clouds. (ii) Large-eddy simulations will then be employed to identify the underlying physics responsible for the observed structures, and the field measurements will provide case studies for regional cloud-resolving modelling in order to test and revise state-of-the-art cloud microphysics parameterizations. (iii) GCMs, with revised microphysics parameterizations, will be confronted with cloud phase constraints available from space. (iv) Finally, the same GCMs will be used to re-evaluate the climate impact of mixed-phase clouds in terms of their contribution to climate forcings and feedbacks. Through this synergistic combination of tools for a multi-scale study of mixed-phase clouds, the proposed research has the potential to bring the field of climate science forward, from improved process-level understanding at small scales, to better climate change predictions on the global scale.
The importance of mixed-phase clouds (i.e. clouds in which liquid and ice may co-exist) for weather and climate has become increasingly evident in recent years. We now know that a majority of the precipitation reaching Earth's surface originates from mixed-phase clouds, and the way cloud phase changes under global warming has emerged as a critically important climate feedback. Atmospheric aerosols may also have affected climate via mixed-phase clouds, but the magnitude and even sign of this effect is currently unknown. Satellite observations have recently revealed that cloud phase is misrepresented in global climate models (GCMs), suggesting systematic GCM biases in precipitation formation and cloud-climate feedbacks. Such biases give us reason to doubt GCM projections of the climate response to CO2 increases, or to changing atmospheric aerosol loadings. This proposal seeks to address the above issues, through a multi-angle and multi-tool approach: (i) By conducting field measurements of cloud phase at mid- and high latitudes, we seek to identify the small-scale structure of mixed-phase clouds. (ii) Large-eddy simulations will then be employed to identify the underlying physics responsible for the observed structures, and the field measurements will provide case studies for regional cloud-resolving modelling in order to test and revise state-of-the-art cloud microphysics parameterizations. (iii) GCMs, with revised microphysics parameterizations, will be confronted with cloud phase constraints available from space. (iv) Finally, the same GCMs will be used to re-evaluate the climate impact of mixed-phase clouds in terms of their contribution to climate forcings and feedbacks. Through this synergistic combination of tools for a multi-scale study of mixed-phase clouds, the proposed research has the potential to bring the field of climate science forward, from improved process-level understanding at small scales, to better climate change predictions on the global scale.
Project acronym MemoMOFEnergy
Project Constructing polar rotors in metal-organic frameworks for memories and energy harvesting
Researcher (PI) Monique VAN DER VEEN
Host Institution (HI) TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT DELFT
Call Details Starting Grant (StG), PE8, ERC-2017-STG
Summary I seek to develop new ferroelectrics based on metal-organic frameworks with dipolar rotors. Ferroelectrics are targeted to be used as physically flexible memories and mechanical energy harvesters for biocompatible sensors and implantable monitoring devices. As ferroelectrics can store and switch their polarity, they can be used as memories. Via the piezoelectric effect, they can harvest mechanical vibrations. The materials most compatible with flexible substrates, are soft matter materials. However, these so far don't meet the requirements. Especially lacking is a combination of i) polarisation stability, ii) a sufficiently low energy barrier for polarisation switching and iii) fast switching. As energy harvesters, soft matter materials are hampered by low piezoelectric coefficients. The main objective of this proposal is rational design of ferroelectrics by obtaining a fundamental understanding of the relation between structure and properties. I will achieve this by uniquely synthesizing polar rotors into 3D crystalline scaffolds that allow to alter the rotors' nano-environement. I will achieve this via polar ligands in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The variability of MOFs allows to tune the nature of the hindrance towards rotation of the polar rotors. The tuneable flexibility allows to regulate the energy harvesting efficiency. Moreover, MOFs have already shown potential as biocompatible materials that can be integrated on physically flexible substrates. The research consists of i) synthesis of polar rotor MOFs with targeted variations, ii) reliable characterisation and computational modelling of the electronic properties, iii) nanoscopic insight in the switching dynamics. The approach allows to understand how ferro- and piezoelectricity are related to the materials' structure, and hence to develop materials with exceptional performance. My recent observation of the ferroelectric behaviour of a nitrofunctionalised MOF is the basis for this proposal.
I seek to develop new ferroelectrics based on metal-organic frameworks with dipolar rotors. Ferroelectrics are targeted to be used as physically flexible memories and mechanical energy harvesters for biocompatible sensors and implantable monitoring devices. As ferroelectrics can store and switch their polarity, they can be used as memories. Via the piezoelectric effect, they can harvest mechanical vibrations. The materials most compatible with flexible substrates, are soft matter materials. However, these so far don't meet the requirements. Especially lacking is a combination of i) polarisation stability, ii) a sufficiently low energy barrier for polarisation switching and iii) fast switching. As energy harvesters, soft matter materials are hampered by low piezoelectric coefficients. The main objective of this proposal is rational design of ferroelectrics by obtaining a fundamental understanding of the relation between structure and properties. I will achieve this by uniquely synthesizing polar rotors into 3D crystalline scaffolds that allow to alter the rotors' nano-environement. I will achieve this via polar ligands in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The variability of MOFs allows to tune the nature of the hindrance towards rotation of the polar rotors. The tuneable flexibility allows to regulate the energy harvesting efficiency. Moreover, MOFs have already shown potential as biocompatible materials that can be integrated on physically flexible substrates. The research consists of i) synthesis of polar rotor MOFs with targeted variations, ii) reliable characterisation and computational modelling of the electronic properties, iii) nanoscopic insight in the switching dynamics. The approach allows to understand how ferro- and piezoelectricity are related to the materials' structure, and hence to develop materials with exceptional performance. My recent observation of the ferroelectric behaviour of a nitrofunctionalised MOF is the basis for this proposal.
Project acronym REM
Project Resonant Electromagnetic Microscopy: Imaging Cells Electronically
Researcher (PI) Mehmet Selim HANAY
Host Institution (HI) BILKENT UNIVERSITESI VAKIF
Summary Microfluidics technology has been quite successful in fabricating small, low-cost devices with excellent analyte handling capabilities. However, the main detection paradigm in microfluidics has still been optical microscopy — which is a bulky and expensive technique. A chip-scale detection scheme that can provide multidimensional information is much needed for the widespread adoption of lab-on-a-chip technology. So far, successful capacitive and resonant electrical sensors have been deployed in the field; yet the focus of these sensors has been to obtain the electrical volume or location of a particle — which constitutes only a limited piece of information about the analytes. Here we propose to redesign and utilize resonant electrical sensors in a radically different way to obtain images of cells in a microfluidic channel. The technique proposed can also multiplex on-chip cytometry greatly, accomplish low-cost and high-throughput single-cell transit-time characterization, obtain not only the electrical but also the geometrical size of analytes, determine the dielectric permittivity of analytes, in addition to capturing 1D profile or 2D images of cells. At the basic science level, the project will enhance our understanding of the interaction of electromagnetic fields and living matter at the single cell level and may provide new insights on cell motility, growth and mechanics.
Microfluidics technology has been quite successful in fabricating small, low-cost devices with excellent analyte handling capabilities. However, the main detection paradigm in microfluidics has still been optical microscopy — which is a bulky and expensive technique. A chip-scale detection scheme that can provide multidimensional information is much needed for the widespread adoption of lab-on-a-chip technology. So far, successful capacitive and resonant electrical sensors have been deployed in the field; yet the focus of these sensors has been to obtain the electrical volume or location of a particle — which constitutes only a limited piece of information about the analytes. Here we propose to redesign and utilize resonant electrical sensors in a radically different way to obtain images of cells in a microfluidic channel. The technique proposed can also multiplex on-chip cytometry greatly, accomplish low-cost and high-throughput single-cell transit-time characterization, obtain not only the electrical but also the geometrical size of analytes, determine the dielectric permittivity of analytes, in addition to capturing 1D profile or 2D images of cells. At the basic science level, the project will enhance our understanding of the interaction of electromagnetic fields and living matter at the single cell level and may provide new insights on cell motility, growth and mechanics.
Project acronym SENTIENT
Project SCHEDULING OF EVENT-TRIGGERED CONTROL TASKS
Researcher (PI) Manuel MAZO ESPINOSA
Summary The advances in electronic communication and computation have enabled the ubiquity of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS): digital systems that regulate and control all sorts of physical processes, such as chemical reactors, water distribution and power networks. These systems require the timely communication of sensor measurements and control actions to provide their prescribed functionalities. Event-triggered control (ETC) techniques, which communicate only when needed to enforce performance, have attracted attention as a mean to reduce the communication traffic and save energy on (wireless) networked control systems (NCS). However, despite ETC's great communication reductions, the scheduling of the aperiodic and largely unpredictable traffic that ETC generates remains widely unaddressed – hindering its true potential for energy and bandwidth savings. To address this problem, I will take up the following scientific challenges: (1) the construction of models for ETC's communication traffic; (2) the design of schedulers based on such models guaranteeing prescribed performance levels. To reach these goals, I will employ scientific methods at the cross-roads between theoretical computer science, control systems and communications engineering. I propose to follow a two step approach that I have recently demonstrated: (i) modeling as timed-priced-game-automata (TPGA) the timing of communications of event-triggered control systems; and (ii) solving games over TPGAs to prevent data communication collisions and ensure prescribed performances for the control tasks. I will produce algorithms facilitating the efficient implementation of control loops over shared communication resources and increasing the energy efficiency of wireless NCS by orders of magnitude. The advances will be demonstrated on automotive and wireless water-distribution control applications, showcasing the potential economic impact from the reduction of implementation and maintenance costs on CPSs.
The advances in electronic communication and computation have enabled the ubiquity of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS): digital systems that regulate and control all sorts of physical processes, such as chemical reactors, water distribution and power networks. These systems require the timely communication of sensor measurements and control actions to provide their prescribed functionalities. Event-triggered control (ETC) techniques, which communicate only when needed to enforce performance, have attracted attention as a mean to reduce the communication traffic and save energy on (wireless) networked control systems (NCS). However, despite ETC's great communication reductions, the scheduling of the aperiodic and largely unpredictable traffic that ETC generates remains widely unaddressed – hindering its true potential for energy and bandwidth savings. To address this problem, I will take up the following scientific challenges: (1) the construction of models for ETC's communication traffic; (2) the design of schedulers based on such models guaranteeing prescribed performance levels. To reach these goals, I will employ scientific methods at the cross-roads between theoretical computer science, control systems and communications engineering. I propose to follow a two step approach that I have recently demonstrated: (i) modeling as timed-priced-game-automata (TPGA) the timing of communications of event-triggered control systems; and (ii) solving games over TPGAs to prevent data communication collisions and ensure prescribed performances for the control tasks. I will produce algorithms facilitating the efficient implementation of control loops over shared communication resources and increasing the energy efficiency of wireless NCS by orders of magnitude. The advances will be demonstrated on automotive and wireless water-distribution control applications, showcasing the potential economic impact from the reduction of implementation and maintenance costs on CPSs.
Project acronym SNOWISO
Project Signals from the Surface Snow: Post-Depositional Processes Controlling the Ice Core IsotopicFingerprint
Researcher (PI) Hans Christian Steen-Larsen
Host Institution (HI) UNIVERSITETET I BERGEN
Summary For the past 50 years, our use of ice core records as climate archives has relied on the fundamental assumption that the isotopic composition of precipitation deposited on the ice sheet surface determines the ice core water isotopic composition. Since the isotopic composition in precipitation is assumed to be governed by the state of the climate this has made ice core isotope records one of the most important proxies for reconstructing the past climate. New simultaneous measurements of snow and water vapor isotopes have shown that the surface snow exchanges with the atmospheric water vapor isotope signal, altering the deposited precipitation isotope signal. This severely questions the standard paradigm for interpreting the ice core proxy record and gives rise to the hypothesis that the isotope record from an ice core is determined by a combination of the atmospheric water vapor isotope signal and the precipitation isotope signal. The SNOWISO project will verify this new hypothesis by combining laboratory and field experiments with in-situ observations of snow and water vapor isotopes in Greenland and Antarctica. This will enable me to quantify and parameterize the snow-air isotope exchange and post-depositional processes. I will implement these results into an isotope-enabled Regional Climate Model with a snowpack module and benchmarked against in-situ observations. Using the coupled snow-atmosphere isotope model I will establish the isotopic shift due to post-depositional processes under different climate conditions. This will facilitate the use of the full suite of water isotopes to infer past changes in the climate system, specifically changes in ocean sea surface temperature and relative humidity. By establishing how the water isotope signal is recorded in the snow, the SNOWISO project will build the foundation for future integration of isotope-enabled General Circulation Models with ice core records; this opens a new frontier in climate reconstruction.
For the past 50 years, our use of ice core records as climate archives has relied on the fundamental assumption that the isotopic composition of precipitation deposited on the ice sheet surface determines the ice core water isotopic composition. Since the isotopic composition in precipitation is assumed to be governed by the state of the climate this has made ice core isotope records one of the most important proxies for reconstructing the past climate. New simultaneous measurements of snow and water vapor isotopes have shown that the surface snow exchanges with the atmospheric water vapor isotope signal, altering the deposited precipitation isotope signal. This severely questions the standard paradigm for interpreting the ice core proxy record and gives rise to the hypothesis that the isotope record from an ice core is determined by a combination of the atmospheric water vapor isotope signal and the precipitation isotope signal. The SNOWISO project will verify this new hypothesis by combining laboratory and field experiments with in-situ observations of snow and water vapor isotopes in Greenland and Antarctica. This will enable me to quantify and parameterize the snow-air isotope exchange and post-depositional processes. I will implement these results into an isotope-enabled Regional Climate Model with a snowpack module and benchmarked against in-situ observations. Using the coupled snow-atmosphere isotope model I will establish the isotopic shift due to post-depositional processes under different climate conditions. This will facilitate the use of the full suite of water isotopes to infer past changes in the climate system, specifically changes in ocean sea surface temperature and relative humidity. By establishing how the water isotope signal is recorded in the snow, the SNOWISO project will build the foundation for future integration of isotope-enabled General Circulation Models with ice core records; this opens a new frontier in climate reconstruction.


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While the introduction of electronic components in critical embedded systems (aerospace, automotive ...) contributes to improve their performance, it also involves a set of strong constraints regarding the reliability of these components and their robustness to stresses from the environment (temperature, electromagnetic interference, electrostatic discharge (ESD), fast transients ...).
Mastering these constraints, defined by industry standards and guidance, is an important economic issue for circuit designers of critical systems, because of the cost and time of compliance that results. It is based on modeling of failure modes and a fine prediction of risk at different levels of system design.
Our team works on these topics, particularly in the area of land and air transport applications.
Sonia Ben Dhia has been Distinguished Invited Speaker at IEEE Asia Pacific EMC Symposium in May 2018.
Veljko Tomasevic has defended his Phd on Monday the 27th of Februrary 2017. His work is entitled « Étude des couplages substrats dans des circuits mixtes «Smart Power» pour applications automobiles ». This work was part of AUTOMICS european research project related to sustrate coupling within automotive power circuits.
Chaimae Ghfiri, PhD student of ESE Team (advisors Sonia Ben Dhia and Alexandre Boyer) and IRT St Exupery, has been awarded the Best Paper Award (among 400 papers) after the Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility 2016, in May 2016 in Shenzhen (China). The title of her contribution was "Construction of an Integrated Circuit Emission Model of a FPGA". Full text is available here.
Marise Bafleur is chairman of ESREF 2015 organized in Toulouse from the 5th to the 9th of October 2015. It is the "26th European Symposium on Reliability of Electron Devices, Failure Physics and Analysis".
Alexandre Boyer has participated to the workshop in the field of electronic robustness, on the 15th of October 2014. His talk was entitled Modèles prédictifs pour assurer la compatibilité électromagnétique à long terme des systèmes électroniques embarqués.
For wireless applications, the systems must be autonomous in energy. Moreover, electrochemical storage is often precluded due to environmental, economical or managment (battery replacement) constraints, not to mention safety issues.
It is then necessary to rely upon environmental energy harvesting and storage.
Our work is specifically oriented towards aeronautic applications.
Marise Bafleur and Jean-Marie Dilhac have participated to PowerMEMS 2017 in Kanazawa (Japan) from the 13th to the 17th of November 2017. Marise Bafleur has given an oral talk while Jean-Marie Dilhac has delivered a tutorial within PowerMEMS School. The common topic has been the energy autonomy of embedded aeronautical systems and energy harvesting through thermo electrical generation.
March 2017: Marise Bafleur, Vincent Boitier and Jean-Marie Dilhac have participated to the kick-off meeting of 2Id0, a new project funded by investissements d'avenir "grands défis du numérique". They will work on energy autonomy of connected objects (Internet of Things). Partners are Airbus Safran Launchers, Altran Connected Solutions, AREVA NC, Areva NP, Arkema, CEA List, Idosens, Internet of Trust, Prove and Run, Snecma et Total.
December 2016: Jean-Marie Dilhac and Vincent Boitier have authored a book "Energy Autonomy of Batteryless and Wireless Embedded Systems - Aeronautical Applications" edited by ISTE Press and Elsevier. In this book, after presenting the issues associated with wireless sensor networks, they detail the results obtained by ESE team within the CORALIE projets , together with those of flight tests with Airbus A321 mentioned below in this page. March 2017: the French version of the book is released.
Within the frame of CORALIE project (Investissements d'Avenir), an energy harvesting system based on thermogeneration, for the powering of a sensor network, has been integrated into Airbus A380 MSN01 in May 2016. It will be fully tested during a flight test campaign next July. The above picture shows the thermogenerator and exchangers (LAAS), the energy management module (LAAS) and data logger (from Airbus Group Innovation and ASTUS) before integration.
In July 2014, Airbus department for in-flight tests has deployed with success on an Airbus A321 a photovoltaic system designed at LAAS-CNRS, in order to power outside sensors.
Below, a picture of the apparatus once bonded, while the A321 is on parking.
Below, a view of the system while in flight.


text:
Esdeveniments
 Lleó és la capital del regne d'Astúries
 Construcció de l'Alcázar de Sevilla
 Landó I escollit papa (en substitució d'Anastasi III).

Naixements
 Isma'il al-Mansur Bi-Nasrillah, califa

Necrològiques
 Alexandre
 Anastasi III

Anys del segle X

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Bernard Blier in Amici miei (1975).
Bernard Blier (11 January 1916 – 29 March 1989) was a French character actor. He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where his father, a researcher at the Pasteur Institute, was posted at the time.
His rotund features and premature baldness allowed him to often play cuckolded husbands in his early career. He is notable for being one of France's most versatile and sought-after character actors, performing interchangeably in comedies and dramas. His complete filmography includes 138 titles. He often appeared in Italian films too, particularly in the last decade of his life. He was awarded an Honorary César (the French Oscar) in 1989, 24 days before he died.
He is the father of director Bertrand Blier, he has appeared in a number of his son's films, most notably Buffet froid (1979).
↑ "Bernard Blier". unifrance.org. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
↑ "In the later stages of his career, Blier divided his time between France and Italy.". french_cinema.enacademic.com. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
↑ "He was awarded an honorary Cesar (the French Oscar) in 1989 for lifetime achievement.". rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bernard Blier.


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Behind her diminutive frame, Susie Bootja Bootja was a 'larger than life' character whose artistic practice epitomized the Balgo women's panache for experimentation. Her early figurative works predominantly featured waterholes with snake creators spouting 'living water' with a dual use of both traditional and western representations of country. At that time she would take the ear of anyone watching her paint and whisper reverently to them 'libbing water, this one…that shin-ake he been making libbing water' and then always startlingly, she would emphasise the inherent magic in this by making a gushing whoosh as if the snake was spouting water right there, in front of your eyes. Over time however, these figurative elements gave way to more abstracted forms and late in her career culminated in an innovative style of double-dotted colour fields representing the abundance of bush food.
Susie, like all Kukatja people, inherited ownership rights over specific sites and ancestral designs from both her father's and her mother's side. Her country lay around White Hills and Helena Springs (Kurtal), and Kangingarra waterhole where she spent her youth.
The depiction of water amongst both men and women painters at Balgo is a vital element in passing on knowledge of the location of permanent waterholes (living water) in this often harsh and forbidding landscape. The preciousness of water in the arid desert landscape and its spiritual essence, was a primary theme in the works of both Suzie Bootja Bootja's and her husband Mick Gill Tjakamarra, an important rainmaker, whose use of acrylic blue to depict water foreshadowed the influence of luminous acrylic colours in the Balgo community. Mick Gill was Susie's second husband. Her first, whom she met at the old mission at Balgo where she made bread for the dormitory children, was killed on a mustering trip due to inter-tribal conflict. She later eloped with Mick Gill, bearing him six children. A devoted couple, their artistic cross-fertilization was evident from the outset of the painting movement in Balgo, particularly in their avid adoption of blending traditional ochres with new paints available through the adult education centre in the late 1980's.
The women's desire to employ the full colour spectrum stemmed from their preoccupation with bush food and vegetation in its profusion that accentuates the colours of the desert landscape after rain. While Susie's concern for her mother and father's country was paramount in paintings, her depiction of bush food and the emblems of women's food gathering are speckled throughout her work. The importance of these paintings lie in their culturally regenerative properties, as if the artist were saying, 'I was born right here, right here,' as she did when introducing her works to a crowded gallery in 2002, just six months before her death in January 2003. Of all the female first generation Balgo artists, Suzie Bootja Bootja displayed the freest use of colour and expression in often startlingly beautiful works and could be said, more than any other, to have been a prime mover in the establishment of the art movement in her remote desert community.


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