A mail order wholesale drug corporation made sales of morphine sulphate to a physician in unusually large quantities, frequently, and over an extended period.
Held, that the evidence, from which it could be inferred that the seller not only knew the physician was selling the drug illegally but intended to cooperate with him therein, was sufficient to sustain the seller's conviction of conspiracy to violate the Harrison Narcotic Act. United States v. Falcone, 311 U. S. 205, distinguished. P. 319 U. S. 714.
Certiorari, 318 U.S. 749, to review the affirmance of a conviction for conspiracy to violate the Harrison Narcotic Act. See also 44 F.Supp. 623.
Petitioner, a corporation, was convicted of conspiracy to violate the Harrison Narcotic Act. [Footnote 1] It challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the conviction. Because of asserted conflict with United States v. Falcone, 311 U. S. 205, certiorari was granted.
Sections 1 and 2 of the Act [Footnote 3] over a period extending from 1933 to 1940. Foster was granted a severance, Black and Johnson pleaded guilty, and petitioner and Dr. Tate were convicted. Direct Sales alone appealed. The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. 131 F.2d 835.
The parties here are at odds concerning the effect of the Falcone decision as applied to the facts proved in this case. The salient facts are that Direct Sales sold morphine sulphate to Dr. Tate in such quantities, so frequently, and over so long a period it must have known he could not dispense the amounts received in lawful practice, and was therefore distributing the drug illegally. Not only so, but it actively stimulated Tate's purchases.
contact with him prior to 1933. Originally, he purchased a variety of pharmaceuticals. But, gradually, the character of his purchases narrowed, so that, during the last two years of the period alleged for the conspiracy, he ordered almost nothing but morphine sulphate. At all times during the period, he purchased the major portion of his morphine sulphate from petitioner. The orders were made regularly on his official order forms. The testimony shows the average physician in the United States does not require more than 400 one-quarter grain tablets annually for legitimate use. Although Tate's initial purchases in 1933 were smaller, they gradually increased until, from November, 1937, to January, 1940, they amounted to 79,000 one-half grain tablets. In the last six months of 1939, petitioner's shipments to him averaged 5,000 to 6,000 half-grain tablets a month, enough, as the Government points out, to enable him to give 400 average doses every day.
large group of physicians who had been convicted of violating the Harrison Act.
All this was not without warning, purpose, or design. In 1936, the Bureau of Narcotics informed petitioner it was being used as a source of supply by convicted physicians. [Footnote 4] The same agent also warned that the average physician would order no more than 200 to 400 quarter-grain tablets annually, [Footnote 5] and requested it to eliminate the listing of 5,000 lots. It did so, but continued the 1,000 and 500 lot listings at attractive discounts. It filled no more orders from Tate for more than 1,000 tablets, but continued to supply him for that amount at half-grain strength. On one occasion in 1939, he ordered on one form 1,000 half and 100 quarter grains. Petitioner sent him the 1,000, and advised him to reorder the 100 on a separate order form. It attached to this letter a sticker printed in red suggesting anticipation of future needs and taking advantage of discounts offered. Three days later, Tate ordered 1,000 more tablets, which petitioner sent out. In 1940, at the Bureau's suggestion, Direct Sales eliminated its fifty and ten percent discounts. But, on doing so, it translated its discount into its net price.
he sold at prices ranging from four to eight dollars per 100 half-grain tablets, and purveyors from him charged addicts as much as $25 per hundred.
"Petitioner's guilt was not made to depend at all upon any guilt of Dr. Tate growing out of his relationship to defendants other than petitioner, or upon whether these other defendants were linked with the Tate-Direct Sales conspiracy."
On the other hand, petitioner asserts this case falls squarely within the facts and the ruling in the Falcone case. It insists there is no more to show conspiracy between itself and Tate than there was to show conspiracy between the respondent sellers and the purchasing distillers there. At most, it urges, there were only legal sales by itself to Dr. Tate, accompanied by knowledge he was distributing goods illegally. But this, it contends, cannot amount to conspiracy on its part with him, since, in the Falcone case, the respondents sold to the distillers knowing they would use the goods in illegal distillation.
Petitioner obviously misconstrues the effect of the Falcone decision in one respect. This is in regarding it as deciding that one who sells to another with knowledge that the buyer will use the article for an illegal purpose cannot, under any circumstances, be found guilty of conspiracy with the buyer to further his illegal end. The assumption seems to be that, under the ruling, so long as the seller does not know there is a conspiracy between the buyer and others, he cannot be guilty of conspiring with the buyer to further the latter's illegal and known intended use by selling goods to him.
The Falcone case creates no such sweeping insulation for sellers to known illicit users. That decision comes down merely to this -- that one does not become a party to a conspiracy by aiding and abetting it, through sales of supplies or otherwise, unless he knows of the conspiracy, and the inference of such knowledge cannot be drawn merely from knowledge the buyer will use the goods illegally. The Government did not contend, in those circumstances, as the opinion points out, that there was a conspiracy between the buyer and the seller alone. It conceded that, on the evidence, neither the act of supplying itself nor the other proof was of such a character as imported an agreement or concert of action between the buyer and the seller amounting to conspiracy. This was true notwithstanding some of the respondents could be taken to know their customers would use the purchased goods in illegal distillation.
though not inadequate in some instances to sustain one that the seller knew the buyer would use the goods for illegal distilling. It must be taken also that the Government regarded the same evidence as insufficient to show the seller conspired directly with the buyer by selling to him with knowledge of his intended illegal use.
Whether or not it was consistent in making this concession and in regarding the same evidence as sufficient to show that the sellers knew of and joined the buyers' distilling ring is not material. Nor need it be determined whether the Government conceded too much. We do not now undertaken to say what the Court was not asked, and therefore declined to say, in the Falcone case -- namely, that the evidence presented in that case was sufficient to sustain a finding of conspiracy between the seller and the buyer inter sese. For, regardless of that, the facts proved in this case show much more than the evidence did there.
The commodities sold there were articles of free commerce, sugar, cans, etc. They were not restricted as to sale by order form, registration, or other requirements. When they left the seller's stock and passed to the purchaser's hands, they were not, in themselves, restricted commodities, incapable of further legal use except by compliance with rigid regulations, such as apply to morphine sulphate. The difference is like that between toy pistols or hunting rifles and machine guns. All articles of commerce may be put to illegal ends. But all do not have inherently the same susceptibility to harmful and illegal use. Nor, by the same token, do all embody the same capacity, from their very nature, for giving the seller notice the buyer will use them unlawfully. Gangsters, not hunters or small boys, comprise the normal private market for machine guns. So, drug addicts furnish the normal outlet for morphine which gets outside the restricted channels of legitimate trade.
This difference is important for two purposes. One is for making certain that the seller knows the buyer's intended illegal use. The other is to show that, by the sale, he intends to further, promote, and cooperate in it. This intent, when given effect by overt act, is the gist of conspiracy. While it is not identical with mere knowledge that another purposes unlawful action, it is not unrelated to such knowledge. Without the knowledge, the intent cannot exist. United States v. Falcone, supra. [Footnote 7] Furthermore, to establish the intent, the evidence of knowledge must be clear, not equivocal. Ibid. This because charges of conspiracy are not to be made out by piling inference upon inference, thus fashioning what, in that case, was called a dragnet to draw in all substantive crimes.
is the foundation of intent, the latter thereby also becomes the more secure.
The difference in the commodities has a further bearing upon the existence and the proof of intent. There may be circumstances in which the evidence of knowledge is clear, yet the further step of finding the required intent cannot be taken. Concededly, not every instance of sale of restricted goods, harmful as are opiates, in which the seller knows the buyer intends to use them unlawfully, will support a charge of conspiracy. [Footnote 8] But this is not to say that a seller of harmful restricted goods has license to sell in unlimited quantities, to stimulate such sales by all the high-pressure methods, legal if not always appropriate, in the sale of free commodities, and thereby bring about subversion of the other forms, which otherwise would protect him, and violation of the Act's other restrictions. Such a view would assume that the market for opiates may be developed as any other market. But that is not true. Mass advertising and bargain counter discounts are not appropriate to commodities so surrounded with restrictions. They do not create new legal demand and new classes of legitimate patrons, as they do for sugar, tobacco, and other free commodities. Beyond narrow limits, the normal legal market for opiates is not capable of being extended by such methods. The primary effect is, rather, to create black markets for dope and to increase illegal demand and consumption.
When the evidence discloses such a system, working in prolonged cooperation with a physician's unlawful purpose to supply him with his stock in trade for his illicit enterprise, there is no legal obstacle to finding that the supplier not only knows and acquiesces, but joins both mind and hand with him to make its accomplishment possible. The step from knowledge to intent and agreement may be taken. There is more than suspicion, more than knowledge, acquiescence, carelessness, indifference, lack of concern. There is informed and interested cooperation, stimulation, instigation. And there is also a "stake in the venture" which, even if it may not be essential, is not irrelevant to the question of conspiracy. [Footnote 9] Petitioner's stake here was in making the profits which it knew could come only from its encouragement of Tate's illicit operations. In such a posture, the case does not fall doubtfully outside either the shadowy border between lawful cooperation and criminal association or the no less elusive line which separates conspiracy from overlapping forms of criminal cooperation.
repetition, coupled with the seller's unlawful intent to further the buyer's project, would be wholly lawful transactions.
The pertinent provisions of the Harrison Act are set out in note 3 infra.
"It shall be unlawful for any person required to register under the provisions of this part or section 2551(a) to import, manufacture, produce, compound, sell, deal in, dispense, distribute, administer, or give away any of the aforesaid drugs without having registered and paid the special tax as imposed by this part, or section 2551(a)."
"It shall be unlawful for any person to purchase, sell, dispense, or distribute any of the drugs mentioned in section 2550(a) except in the original stamped package or from the original stamped package. . . ."
"It shall be unlawful for any person to sell, barter, exchange, or give away any of the drugs mentioned in section 2550(a) except in pursuance of a written order of the person to whom such article is sold, bartered, exchanged, or given, on a form to be issued in blank for that purpose by the Secretary."
"It shall be unlawful for any person to obtain by means of said order forms any of the aforesaid drugs for any purpose other than the use, sale, or distribution thereof by him in the conduct of a lawful business in said drugs or in the legitimate practice of his profession."
Thus, although there were more than 1,350 wholesale drug dealers in the United States from whom physicians might order narcotics (Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs for the Year Ended December 31, 1941, United States Treasury, Bureau of Narcotics), about 27% of the 204 doctors convicted were petitioner's customers.
Testimony in the record establishes that the practice in the profession is to give one-eighth or one-fourth grain doses, and only rarely one-half grain doses. Cf. United States v. Behrman, 258 U. S. 280, 258 U. S. 289. Furthermore, there was expert testimony to the effect that codein may be, and preferably is, used for the same medical purposes as morphine sulphate. During the period from 1934 to 1940, however, the record does not show that Tate ever ordered codein from petitioner.
This may be true, for instance, of single or casual transactions, not amounting to a course of business, regular, sustained and prolonged and involving nothing more on the seller's part than indifference to the buyer's illegal purpose and passive acquiescence in his desire to purchase, for whatever end. A considerable degree of carelessness, coupled with casual transactions, is tolerable outside the boundary of conspiracy. There may be also a fairly broad latitude of immunity for a more continuous course of sales, made either with strong suspicion of the buyer's wrongful use or with knowledge, but without stimulation or active incitement to purchase.
Cf. United States v. Falcone, 109 F.2d 579, 581, and compare Backun v. United States, 112 F.2d 635, 637; United States v. Harrison, 121 F.2d 930, 933; United States v. Pecoraro, 115 F.2d 245, 246.
Cf. Gebardi v. United States, 287 U. S. 112; see also 81 U. of Pa.L.Rev. 474.
Glasser v. United States, 315 U. S. 60, 315 U. S. 80; United States v. Manton, 107 F.2d 834, 839; United States v. Harrison, 121 F.2d 930, 934; Eastern States Retail Lumber Dealers' Assn. v. United States, 234 U. S. 600; Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States, 306 U. S. 208.


text:
Q: Switch Statement for Field Value I am trying to set up a customization that will dynamically display values in a series of fields using a switch statement.
If we focus on one field I have a String List
public static class SMSPlans
{
 public const string A = "A";
 public const string B = "B";
 public const string C = "C";
 public const string Z = "Z";
}

[PXDBString(2, IsUnicode = true)]
[PXDefault(SMSPlans.Z)]
[PXUIField(DisplayName = "SMS Plan Selected")]
[PXStringList(
 new string[]
 {
 SMSPlans.A,
 SMSPlans.B,
 SMSPlans.C,
 SMSPlans.Z
 },
 new string[]
 {
 "Plan A",
 "Plan B",
 "Plan C",
 "No Text Plan"
 })]

I would like to when this field is set to any one of the allowable values populate a series of fields with corresponding fixed values as shown in the image below (0 is default value currently would show up if any plan is selected)

I planned on using the formula functions and using a switch statement to set my desired value that would look like
[PXFormula(null,typeof(Switch<Case<Where<Current<UsrMPSMSPlanSelected, Equal<SMSPlans.A>>,0>))]

I am stuck however on:

*

*How I need to use the _RowSelect() or other event handlers

*What if any value would be stored in the database for these fields assigned by the switch statment

*finally is this switch structured correctly as it is not currently working

A: From what I can tell you have a few ways to handle this.
1) With PXFormula attribute tags - your Switch definition is mostly correct in the sample above but depending on where you have it the PXFormula definition itself is incorrect.    What I would do is put the PXFormula tag on the fields that need to be updated.
For example, if your field is UsrMinText use the following:
[PXFormula(typeof(Switch<Case<Where<UsrMPSMSPlanSelected,Equal<SMSPlans.A>>,{value if true},{value if false or more case statements}))]

2) Personally for this type of customization I would use an actual event method in the BLC to do this.   A good example of this is in the help guide for the events.
protected void Batch_ManualStatus_FieldUpdating(PXCache sender, PXFieldUpdatingEventArgs e)
{
    Batch batch = (Batch)e.Row;
    if (batch != null && e.NewValue != null)
    {
        switch ((string)e.NewValue)
        {
        case "H":
            batch.Hold = true;
            batch.Released = false;
            batch.Posted = false;
            break;
        case "B":
            batch.Hold = false;
            batch.Released = false;
            batch.Posted = false;
            break;
        case "U":
            batch.Hold = false;
            batch.Released = true;
            batch.Posted = false;
            break;
        case "P":
            batch.Hold = false;
            batch.Released = true;
            batch.Posted = true;
            break;
        }
   }
}

In either method, the value that will be stored in the database is whatever you specify in either the {True}/{False} values for PXFormula or the values specified in the actual switch methods.
One thing to remember is field order in the DACS is important.   I'd read through the training information and help guides for more information on this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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I am Lauren Trapanotto, the Democratic State Committeewoman for New York's 76th Assembly District, representing the Democrats of the district to the State Party.
I am often asked how I became involved in politics. As a lifelong Democrat and grassroots activist, it's hard to remember a time in my life when I wasn't engaged in some kind of political or local initiative. Advocating for progressive causes and giving back to my community has always been innate to me.
However, the 2016 Presidential Election was a turning point. Like many of my fellow Democrats, I was in shock and disbelief, wondering, "How did we let this happen?". It was a haunting reminder that we must never become complacent and that we must fight for progress, even in blue states like New York.
Since then, I have been dedicated to local political and community work. As part of a grassroots effort to break insiders' hold on the Democratic Party, I became a member of the Democratic County Committee. There I helped kick off a broad reform movement to open up the Party and limit the role of lobbyists and consultants in the leadership. I also joined the Executive Board of the Four Freedoms Democratic Club, which has been at the forefront of the movement to clean up our Party and is engaging progressive activists right here in the 76th AD. I intend to continue this work at the State level, as the State Committee has the potential to meaningfully shape the political landscape here in New York for the better.
I ran for Democratic State Committee in 2018 because I believe our Party has failed to live up to its values and that Democratic voters are taken advantage of by politicians. I challenged the longtime incumbent who had held the seat for decades and won on a platform of reform because we need a Party that is strong, active, and transparent. We need a Party that is as democratic as the values we as Democrats embody. We need a Party that never leaves voters behind.
As your State Committeewoman, I will be our community's advocate, working hard to break the hold establishment figures have and pushing the Party to take a stronger stance against bad actors in Albany. I will fight for reform, continue encouraging local activism, and be the progressive voice that we need.
I am honored to represent you, and I look forward to working with you and to seeing you around the community.
To receive updates on progress in the Party and community, please check out my Progress Blog, sign up to get my emails, follow me on Twitter (@LTraps23), "like" my Facebook page (@votelaurennyc), and follow my Instagram (@votelaurennyc).
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text:
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FILE - In this Wednesday, Jan. 8, 2020, file photo, Linda Evarts, an attorney for the International Refugee Assistant Project, speaks to the media outside the federal courthouse in Greenbelt, Md. A federal judge agreed Wednesday, Jan. 15, 2020, to block the Trump administration from enforcing an executive order allowing state and local government officials to reject refugees from resettling in their jurisdictions. U.S. District Judge Peter Messitte in Maryland issued a preliminary injunction requested by three national refugee resettlement agencies that sued to challenge the executive order. (AP Photo/Michael Kunzelman, File)
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In this Jan. 14, 2020, photo, residents walk at their volcanic ash covered village in Laurel, Batangas province, southern Philippines, as Taal volcano continues to spew ash. So far no one has been reported killed in the eruption, but the disaster is spotlighting the longstanding dilemma of how the government can move settlements away from danger zones threatened by volcanoes, landslides, floods and typhoons in one of the world's most disaster-prone countries. (AP Photo/Aaron Favila)
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This distorted set of constellations is what our distant ancestors saw in the night skies of 20,000 B.C. Humans have always used the brightest stars to trace patterns in the sky, but those stars are generally our closest neighbors in the galaxy and those with the highest proper motions.
We assume that the stars' positions in the heavens are eternal. But everything in space is in motion. As our Milky Way rotates, our sun is carried once around the galaxy every 250 million years, slowly drifting up and down through the galaxy's disk, like a horse on a carousel. The stars in the galaxy tug on one another gravitationally, which forces them to shift around. Astronomers know of many clusters of young stars that formed together and are now migrating through the galaxy as a group. And scientists can identify individual cluster members that have been ejected due to gravitational forces exerted by surrounding stars.
For the most part, the motions of stars are not obvious over the course of human life spans. However, the constellations formed by stars have altered in appearance over recorded history. Additionally, several stars located close to our sun noticeably change their location from one year to the next, and skywatchers with backyard telescopes can watch the progress of these stars.
Because stars can move in any direction in space, they can travel laterally (sideways), radially (towards or away from our solar system), or a combination of both those types of motion. Lateral motions change stars' coordinates on the sky, gradually rearranging our star maps. Astronomers can also measure the Doppler shifts of a star's spectrum to determine whether a star is approaching or receding from our solar system, but such radial motion won't alter a star's position in our sky.
Proper motion tends to be very small for distant stars and large for closer stars, although even nearby stars can have a proper-motion value of zero if they aren't moving sideways.
As instrumentation improved, astronomers found that some stars were changing their positions over time, so catalogs and charts had to be regularly updated and reissued — generally every five years. Eventually, star catalogs included the rate and direction that the stars moved. Nowadays, online digital star catalogs are hosted and updated by the U.S. Naval Observatory and other public organizations. Mobile astronomy apps and desktop planetarium software regularly download those catalogs and use the data to display each star in its correct position on any given date.
Many of our 88 modern constellations have their origins in Babylonian astronomy. Around 1370 B.C., those ancient astronomers took note of the relationship between the seasons and the stars and created the earliest known star catalogs: the Three Stars Each list and the Mul.Apin, both of which survive as stone tablets. That knowledge was later passed on to the ancient Greeks, who laid the foundations of modern Western astronomy. The modern zodiac constellations — including Taurus, the bull; Leo, the lion; and Scorpius, the scorpion — first appeared in those ancient texts.
In order to view the constellations in different eras, it helps to remove the foreground planets and local horizon — and disable daylight effects. This image shows the modern sky around the constellation Boötes with all of those elements removed. Long ago, the bright, naked-eye star Arcturus was much higher than the dimmer stars that represent the herdsman's legs. In the far-distant future, Arcturus will descend to sit directly between those stars!
Due to the action of stellar proper motion over millennia, the constellations we see today are altered from the star patterns that the Babylonians saw. In most cases, the changes are barely noticeable, but a few are readily apparent. Advanced astronomy apps such as SkySafari 6, Stellarium Mobile, and Star Walk 2 allow you to view the sky in different eras, so you can travel back in time to see the ancient sky and preview the skies our descendents will enjoy in the far future.
Some apps require you to manually enter the year that you'd like to see or scroll through the years sequentially. With SkySafari 6, you can easily jump through time. In this app, open the Settings menu. Under the Precession item, enable the Proper Motion option. (This change can be permanent. It won't affect your regular use of the app.) Under Coordinates, switch to Ecliptic. Under Horizon and Sky, disable Daylight and Horizon Glow and then disable "Show horizon and sky." For this demonstration, I also like to hide the planets. Make sure that the constellations' lines are displayed. Star names are optional.
Upon exiting the Settings menu, your app's display will show a dark sky, without any obscuring horizon, regardless of the time of day. Search and select a constellation. Ursa Major is a good choice, because everyone is familiar with this constellation's Big Dipper asterism. Use the Center icon to hold Ursa Major in place, and then open the time-flow controls.
In SkySafari 6, tapping the time-units box (located directly below the label for day of the week) opens a key pad you can use to change the time-step interval from the default value of 1. A time step of 1,000 years will reveal the slow wanderings of the stars when you tap the single-step or continuous-flow arrows — forward or backward.
The familiar Big Dipper is an asterism within the larger constellation of Ursa Major, the Big Bear. The panel on the left shows those stars in the year 20,000 B.C. The panel at right presents them in A.D. 20,000, about 18,000 years from now. In the interim, the bear has changed quite a lot, but the dipper, although distorted, is still easily recognizable, because most of the stars that form it were born together and are moving through the galaxy as a cohort.
While the app is configured this way, you can check out other examples of rapidly evolving constellations. Altair in Aquila, the eagle, and Arcturus in Boötes, the herdsman, are two bright, naked-eye stars that have relatively high proper-motion values (0.66 and 2.28 arc seconds per year, respectively). Two dimmer stars, named Tarazed and Alshain, flank Altair. In the modern sky, these stars form a bent line, with Altair in the middle — as if those flanking stars are the eagle's "ears." A thousand years ago, Altair sat directly between them, and in Babylonian times, Altair was "below" them, making the two flanking stars seem more like "antennae."
Altair, the brightest star in the constellation of Aquila, is another wandering star. It also marks one vertex of the Summer Triangle asterism. From left to right, these three panels reveal Altair's motion from the time of Babylonian astronomers, circa 1300 B.C. through A.D. 1018, to today. Compare Altair's position to those of the flanking stars Tarazed and Alshain. All three are visible during September evenings.
Arcturus is the very bright, orange star that sits at the base of the kite-shaped constellation Boötes. It's in the western early evening sky during September. The stars Zeta Boötes and Muphrid sit southeast and southwest of Arcturus, respectively, forming the herdsman's stubby legs. Arcturus is moving southward. Two millennia ago, it was much farther from those stars, and 3,000 years from now, Arcturus will sit between them — as if he's performing the splits!
Barnard's Star is located in the constellation Ophiuchus, which can be found in the southwestern sky during September evenings. At a visual magnitude of +9.53, the star is near the limit of visibility using 10 x 50 binoculars, but a backyard telescope can reveal this star to you. Your astronomy app will readily show the rapid motion of Barnard's Star across the sky.
The SkySafari 6 app's information page for each star includes details about any motion that star may be experiencing. The section titled Apparent Motion provides the east-west and north-south (i.e., R.A. and Dec.) components of motion, as well as the combined total. Barnard's Star moves 10.38 arc seconds per year across the sky, a small but significant amount. The inset photograph at right is a composite of five images taken from 2004 to 2008. The star also has a radial velocity of -106.7 km/s, which means that it is 3.367 billion kilometers closer to our sun every year. That's a bit more than the distance between Uranus and the sun.
Set your app's time to about 9 p.m. local time. Use the Search menu to find Barnard's Star (other catalog names for it include V2500 Ophiuchi and HIP87937), and then use the Center icon to put the star in the middle of the app's display. Zoom in until the nearby bright star 66 Ophiuchi (or 66 Oph) is visible near the edge of the display.
Open the time controls and tap the year to select that unit as the time increment. Now, when you press the arrow icons, time will flow forward or backyard one year at a time. Every year in the future, Barnard's star shifts toward the upper right, away from 66 Oph. When the astronomer Barnard measured his star in 1919, it was positioned to the lower right of 66 Oph.
To track the motion of Barnard's Star yourself, try to find it in your telescope (a GoTo system will help) and sketch the star field around it. Every year or so, take another look and sketch the star field again. Eventually, its path will become apparent. Astrophotographers can image the star field and create a multiyear composite to show the star's motion.
Barnard's Star is a faint red dwarf located in northeastern Ophiuchus, a few degrees to the upper left of the naked-eye star Cebalrai. The sky is shown here for 9 p.m. local time on Sept. 21, but this constellation is visible all through the summer and early autumn annually. The inset presents a detailed star field, with the blue circle representing the field of view through a backyard telescope at low magnification.
In upcoming editions of Mobile Astronomy, we'll highlight some autumn stargazing targets, discuss how to use mobile apps to plan and log your astronomical observations, and more. Until then, keep looking up!


text:
Q: Stop AltGr From Triggering Menu Bar Items? Introduction
The first MenuItem inside my MenuBar receives focus whenever I press down my AltGr key. This is by no means a wanted behavior—although it appears as though it's the default behavior offered by the MenuBar itself.
This gets slightly annoying since I'm on a Swedish keyboard—meaning both the [] and the {} are called upon using the AltGr key.
Problem
I'd like to remove the functionality whereas the first MenuItem inside the MenuBar gets activated upon pressing down AltGr on a keyboard.
Research
As usual I've been browsing around Stackoverflow in the hope to find an answer—but in vain. It's honestly not very surprising that no one has had this problem before due to the majority of Stackoverflow not actually using Swedish keyboard layouts.
Moreover
Perhaps someone has either seen a post like this somewhere—in that case, do mark this as a duplicate—in any other case, either point me and anyone who might come across this question in the right direction, or simply answer this question with a somewhat shallow example.

A: Looking at MenuBarSkin's constructor, it adds a scene event key handler which focuses the menu if any keypress involving Alt is not consumed by the time it reaches the scene:
        // put focus on the first menu when the alt key is pressed
        scene.addEventHandler(KeyEvent.KEY_PRESSED, e -> {
            if (e.isAltDown()  && !e.isConsumed()) {
                firstMenuRunnable.run();
            }
        });

I've worked around this by putting an event handler on the main content pane of my window, that looks for the key-pressed event of ALT_GRAPH and consumes it.  Since my handler goes before the scene handler, it should prevent the menu-focus behaviour from triggering.  Roughly:
tabPane.addEventFilter(KeyEvent.KEY_PRESSED, e -> {

        if (e.getCode() == KeyCode.ALT_GRAPH)
        {
            e.consume();
            return;
        }
});

I'm not sure if AltGr always shows up as ALT_GRAPH; I believe I have seen it show up as ALT with e.isControlDown() being true, but you could also consume that event if none of your menu shortcuts involve Ctrl+Alt (which I'm guessing they won't, as they would be triggered by AltGr since it maps to Ctrl+Alt on Windows).

A: I had exactly the same problem and based on above answer I was able to solve it by using below code:
mainAnchorPane.addEventFilter(KeyEvent.KEY_PRESSED, e -> {
        if (e.isAltDown() || KeyCode.ALT_GRAPH == e.getCode()) {
            e.consume();
        }
    });

On my environment when I pressed AltGr then event reported that Ctrl and AltGr buttons were pressed in this exact order. I didn't care about Ctrl but Alt was anoying so I kill both of my Alts with above code.


This organization studies a number of macro models of the U.K. economy. To quote, "The main purpose of the Bureau is to improve the accessibility of macroeconomic models of the UK economy, to promote general understanding of the properties of these models, and to undertake its own comparative and methodological research. The current portfolio comprises six models, two of which are "official" models (those of the Bank of England and HM Treasury); the other four are constructed and maintained by independent groups (London Business School, National Institute of Economic and Social Research, Oxford Economic Forecasting and Strathclyde University). All of these are implemented on the University's mainframe computer.
Currently, one can learn about the organization, read recent newsletters, and watch a demonstration of PC-Ready Reckoner, a PC program which summarizes three of their models. It should be quite useful as a teaching aid.


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Champions League Final
Champions League Final 2021 Tickets
May 29 Sat
Ataturk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
Champions League Final 2021 (29/05/2021)
Ataturk Olympic Stadium
Sell Champions League Final 2021 Tickets
Category 4Block: Behind Goal
Category 4Block: Behind Goal Lower Section
Category 2Block: Corners
Category 1Block: Centrally Positioned / Alongside Pitch
The 2020 UEFA Champions League Final will be the final match of the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League, the 65th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 28th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.
The Estádio do Sport Lisboa e Benfica in Lisbon, Portugal, will stage the 2019/20 UEFA Champions League final on Sunday 23 August 2020. Also known as the Estádio da Luz (Stadium of Light), the home of 37-time Portuguese champions Benfica was extensively rebuilt to host games (including the final) of UEFA EURO 2004, and more recently staged the 2014 UEFA Champions League final, in which Real Madrid beat city rivals Atlético 4-1 after extra-time to become European champions for a tenth time. The 2019/20 Champions League calendar has all the draw and match dates that lead to this season's showpiece.
Since the competition's rebrand in 1992/93, the final has been played in 14 countries and in 20 different cities. Munich, Saint-Denis, Athens, Rome, London, Milan and Madrid have all held the final twice, and the Estádio do Sport Lisboa e Benfica in Lisbon is set to be next on that list, having already hosted the final in 2013/14.
1992/93: Olympiastadion, Munich
1993/94: OACA Spyros Louis, Athens
1994/95: Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna
1995/96: Stadio Olimpico, Rome
1997/98: Johan Cruijff ArenA, Amsterdam
1998/99: Camp Nou, Barcelona
1999/00: Stade de France, Saint-Denis
2000/01: Stadio San Siro, Milan
2001/02: Hampden Park, Glasgow
2002/03: Old Trafford, Manchester
2003/04: Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen
2004/05: Atatürk Olimpiyat Stadı, Istanbul
2007/08: Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
2009/10: Estadio Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid
2010/11: Wembley Stadium, London
2011/12: Football Arena Munich, Munich
2013/14: Estádio do Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon
2014/15: Olympiastadion, Berlin
2016/17: Principality Stadium, Cardiff
2017/18: NSK Olimpiyskyi, Kyiv
2018/19: Estadio Metropolitano, Madrid
This season's round of 16 included seven clubs that have previously won the UEFA Champions League/European Cup: Real Madrid (13 wins), Liverpool (6), Barcelona (5), Bayern München (5), Juventus (2), Chelsea (1) and Dortmund (1). Liverpool and Dortmund have been eliminated, but the other five sides are still in contention.
Real Madrid hold the record for the most titles, winning 13 times since the inaugural European Cup season in 1955/56. Twenty-two sides in total have lifted the trophy, and since the competition's rebrand in 1992/93, 13 clubs have been crowned champions: Real Madrid (7 wins), Barcelona (4), Milan (3), Manchester United (2), Bayern München (2), Liverpool (2), Marseille (1), Ajax (1), Juventus (1), Dortmund (1), Porto (1), Internazionale (1), Chelsea (1).
1992/93: Marseille
1993/94: Milan
1994/95: Ajax
1995/96: Juventus
1996/97: Dortmund
1997/98: Real Madrid
1998/99: Manchester United
2000/01: Bayern München
2003/04: Porto
2004/05: Liverpool
2005/06: Barcelona
2009/10: Internazionale
2011/12: Chelsea
Milan 3-3 Liverpool (aet, Liverpool win 3-2 on pens – Istanbul, 2004/05)
An incredible second-half comeback saw Liverpool erase a three-goal half-time deficit to force extra time before beating Milan on penalties in an extraordinary decider. Paolo Maldini scored for Milan before Hernán Crespo struck twice to put the Rossoneri ahead. However, three goals in seven minutes from Steven Gerrard, Vladimír Šmicer and Xabi Alonso took the game to a shoot-out. Andriy Shevchenko's penalty was saved by Jerzy Dudek to give Liverpool victory.


Presents a novel VCSEL design which is monolithic, planar and combines the advantages of AlAs/GaAs DBRs and InP based active layers. The structure consists basically in the use of an active cavity sandwiched between two n doped semiconductor reflectors. A reverse biased n/sup ++//p/sup ++/ tunnel junction is used for the hole injection in the p region of the gain medium. The top mirror is based on GaAs/AlAs metamorphic layers directly grown on the InP active cavity in a 2" compatible process. Current localization is achieved thanks to a simple proton implantation step that destroys locally the electrical conduction in the tunnel junction. Thermal, electrical and optical properties of n type binary GaAs/AlAs mirrors are therefore fully exploited in this simple design.