Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate image quality and radiation dose using a 100 kVp tube voltage scan protocol compared with standard 120 kVp for coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA).
Background Concerns have been raised about radiation exposure during coronary CTA. The use of a 100 kVp tube voltage scan protocol effectively lowers coronary CTA radiation dose compared with standard 120 kVp, but it is unknown whether image quality is maintained.
Methods We enrolled 400 nonobese patients who underwent coronary CTA: 202 patients were randomly assigned to a 100 kVp protocol and 198 patients to a 120 kVp protocol. The primary end point was to demonstrate noninferiority in image quality with the 100 kVp protocol, which was assessed by a 4-point grading score (1 = nondiagnostic, 4 = excellent image quality). For the noninferiority analysis, a margin of −0.2 image quality score points for the difference between both scan protocols was pre-defined. Secondary end points included radiation dose and need for additional diagnostic tests during follow-up.
Results The mean image quality scores in patients scanned with 100 kVp and 120 kVp were 3.30 ± 0.67 and 3.28 ± 0.68, respectively (p = 0.742); image quality of the 100 kVp protocol was not inferior, as demonstrated by the 97.5% confidence interval of the difference, which did not cross the pre-defined noninferiority margin of −0.2. The 100 kVp protocol was associated with a 31% relative reduction in radiation exposure (dose-length product: 868 ± 317 mGy × cm with 120 kVp vs. 599 ± 255 mGy × cm with 100 kVp; p < 0.0001). At 30-day follow-up, the need for additional diagnostic studies did not differ (13.4% vs. 19.2% for 100 kVp vs. 120 kVp, respectively; p = 0.114).
Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) has emerged as a useful diagnostic imaging modality for the noninvasive assessment of coronary artery disease with accepted clinical indications in selected patient groups (1). With the constantly increasing number of coronary CTA-capable scanners worldwide, the volume of coronary CTA scans performed is likely to increase. Although the individual risk for radiation induced cancer is small relative to the gain of diagnostic information for most coronary CTA studies, coronary CTA will contribute to the overall burden of medical radiation exposure (2). Accordingly, new strategies to obtain diagnostic coronary CTA images with the lowest possible radiation exposure need to be developed and validated before they will become widely applied.
Coronary CTA is usually performed with an X-ray tube voltage of 120 kVp. Data acquisition at a reduced tube voltage of 100 kVp is possible and has been suggested as an effective means to lower radiation dose in nonobese patients without compromising diagnostic coronary CTA image quality (3). However, recent studies have demonstrated an infrequent use of this dose-reduction strategy in daily practice (4), which is most likely explained by 1) a lack of awareness regarding this strategy; 2) a lack of scientific data demonstrating maintained image quality and level of diagnostic confidence; and 3) lack of standardized recommendations concerning its use in clinical practice. Consequently, the primary objective of this randomized study was to demonstrate the noninferiority of a 100 kVp scan protocol for coronary CTA in terms of image quality when compared with the conventional 120 kVp scan protocol. The secondary objectives were to compare radiation doses for coronary CTA and clinical outcome with the use of a 100 kVp and 120 kVp scan protocol.
The PROTECTION II (Prospective Randomized Trial on Radiation Dose Estimates of Cardiac CT Angiography in Patients Scanned With a 100 kVp Protocol) study is an international, multicenter, investigator-driven study that randomly allocated patients undergoing clinically indicated coronary CTA for suspected coronary artery disease at 8 study sites to either a 100 kVp or a 120 kVp tube voltage scan protocol. Patients with stable sinus rhythm and a body weight of <90 kg or body mass index of <30 kg/m2 were eligible for this study. Exclusion criteria were patients with known coronary artery disease, extensive coronary artery calcifications with an Agatston score equivalent of >800 units (if calcium scoring has been performed), coronary CTA for noncoronary indication, and non–electrocardiography (ECG)-triggered or non–ECG-gated coronary CTA studies. The study protocol had been approved by the local ethics committee. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient before enrollment in the study.
Patients were randomly assigned to a 100 kVp or a 120 kVp tube voltage scan protocol by means of sealed envelopes. Separate randomization blocks were used for the participating institutions to allow for a comparable number of patients for each computed tomography (CT) manufacturer. At 8 participating study sites, the following 64-slice CT systems were used: LightSpeed VCT (1 site) and LightSpeed VCT XT (1 site [GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin]); Somatom Sensation 64 (1 site) and Somatom Definition (2 sites [both Siemens Medical Solutions, Forchheim, Germany]); and Aquilion 64 (3 sites [Toshiba Medical Systems, Otawara-shi, Tochigi, Japan]).
The administration of beta-blockers was recommended to obtain heart rates <60 beats/min and 70 beats/min in patients studied with single-source and dual-source CT systems, respectively. Coronary vasodilation with the use of oral nitrates was also recommended. Before randomization, a localizer was acquired for planning of subsequent scan ranges and, if indicated, a nonenhanced scan for coronary artery calcium scoring was performed. Coronary CTA was carried out with scanner settings and with the contrast injection protocols at the discretion of the local study investigator. Randomization envelopes, which were opened before the coronary CTA, determined the tube voltage (100 kVp or 120 kVp). The study protocol recommended leaving all scan parameters including the level of the tube current unchanged. The use of other strategies for radiation dose reduction, including ECG-controlled modulation of the tube current in ECG-gated spiral data acquisition or an ECG-triggered sequential scan technique was recommended when appropriate.
After data acquisition, the local study investigators reconstructed the axial images as established at the study site and as needed for clinical decision making. Image reconstruction including the selection of the cardiac phase with the lowest motion, the applied reconstruction kernel, and technique were at the discretion of the investigator. The study protocol asked to send all available axial data sets that had been reconstructed for clinical decision making to the study core laboratory for analysis of image quality.
The primary end point of the study was image quality, assessed with an image quality score. Secondary end points included radiation dose and quantitative image quality parameters. Furthermore, the need for subsequent cardiac tests including stress testing (stress echocardiography, stress nuclear cardiac perfusion imaging, or stress cardiac magnetic resonance) and invasive coronary angiography within 30 days after coronary CTA was assessed as clinical end point. The follow-up protocol after coronary CTA consisted of a telephone interview at 30 days.
All data sets were evaluated in the coronary CTA core laboratory by 2 experienced operators (F.H. and T.M.) who were unaware of the assigned scan protocol. The data sets were made anonymous and were randomly assessed to avoid any bias. The operator's expertise included 3 years (F.H.) and 5 years (T.M.) of coronary CTA interpretation with >500 coronary CTA studies per year. The data sets were assessed on axial slices, multiplanar reformations, and thin-slab maximum intensity projections.
Image quality of 4 main coronary arteries (left main, left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right coronary artery) was determined based on a 4-point grading system (Fig. 1) (5), as follows: score 1, nondiagnostic: impaired image quality that precluded appropriate evaluation of the coronary arteries due to severe motion artifacts, extensive coronary calcifications, severe image noise, or insufficient contrast; score 2, adequate: reduced image quality because of artifacts due to motion, image noise, or low contrast attenuation, but sufficient to rule out significant stenosis; score 3, good: presence of artifacts caused by motion, image noise, coronary calcifications, or low contrast, but fully preserved ability to assess the presence of luminal stenosis as well as the presence of calcified and noncalcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque; score 4, excellent: complete absence of motion artifacts, strong attenuation of vessel lumen, and clear delineation of vessel walls, with the ability to assess luminal stenosis as well as plaque characteristics.
Representative examples for the different image quality scores. The examples show curved multiplanar reformations of right coronary arteries of different patients: (A) displays "excellent" image quality, (B) "good" image quality, (C) "adequate" image quality, and (D) "nondiagnostic" image quality.
Each coronary artery, including their side branches with a minimum diameter of at least 1.5 mm, was assigned a score from 1 to 4 by 2 experienced observers; and image quality was determined by averaging the scores of the 4 coronary arteries, avoiding intrapatient correlations. In case of disagreement between the 2 observers, final assessment was made by an experienced third reader. In addition, coronary CTA studies with an assigned score of 1 in any coronary artery were defined as nondiagnostic studies.
Signal intensity, image noise, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio were quantified as objective image quality parameters. All measurements were performed (by F.H.) on reformatted axial images with a slice thickness of 1.0 mm to allow for comparable measurements between different CT systems. Signal intensity was derived from the mean CT attenuation values (Hounsfield units) averaged from 2 circular regions of interest (size >7 mm2) in the proximal segments of the left and right coronary artery lumen. Image noise was defined as the averaged standard deviations of the CT attenuation values within these 2 regions of interest. The signal-to-noise ratio was calculated as mean CT attenuation values of the left and right coronary arteries divided by the image noise. The contrast-to-noise ratio was defined as the difference between the mean CT attenuation values of the proximal coronary arteries and the mean density of the left lateral ventricular wall, which was divided by image noise.
The study investigators obtained the parameters relevant to radiation dose including volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP) from the scan protocol generated by the CT system after each coronary CTA study. The effective dose of coronary CTA can be estimated by a method proposed by the European Working Group for Guidelines on Quality Criteria in CT (6). The effective dose is derived from the product of the DLP and an organ weighting factor for the chest as the investigated anatomic region. This organ weighting factor (k = 0.014 mSv · mGy−1 · cm−1) is averaged between male and female models. This weighting factor is considered to be derived from the most self-consistent and reliable data set (7).
The objective of the study was to assess the noninferiority of a 100 kVp to a 120 kVp scan protocol. Sample size calculation was based on a margin of noninferiority for image quality score set at −0.20. In the absence of published data, this margin was selected because we consider a larger difference as clinically relevant. Based on core laboratory data of the PROTECTION I (Prospective Multicenter Study On Radiation Dose Estimates Of Cardiac CT Angiography In Daily Practice) study (5), the assumed common standard deviation (SD) was 0.65. With a power of 80% and a 1-sided α-level of 0.025, we estimated that 167 patients in both groups were needed to show the noninferiority of the 100 kVp scan protocol. To compensate for unforeseeable scanning problems, we aimed to enroll a total of 400 patients (200 in each treatment arm). Sample size calculation was performed with nQuery Advisor (Statistical Solutions, Cork, Ireland). The analysis of primary and secondary end points was planned to be performed on an intention-to-diagnose basis. Results are expressed as counts (or proportions in percent) or as means (± SD). Continuous and categorical variables were analyzed with a 2-sided t test and chi-square test as appropriate. Pearson correlation coefficient was determined to quantify the agreement of observer 1 and 2 for image quality ratings before adjudication by the third observer. Univariable and multiple-variable linear regression models with backward elimination were used to identify predictors for image quality. The "R Project for Statistical Computing" was used for statistical analysis (7). Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
A total of 400 patients were enrolled between January and October 2007 in 8 participating institutions: 202 patients were randomly assigned to a 100 kVp scan protocol, and 198 patients were randomly assigned to a 120 kVp scan protocol. Patient and coronary CTA characteristics are shown in Table 1. With a mean body weight of 72.9 ± 10.6 kg and a mean height of 1.70 ± 0.08 cm, the overall mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2 (median BMI [interquartile range]: 22.9 kg/m2 [22.9 to 22.9 kg/m2]). Both groups were well matched regarding the used 64-slice CT systems, heart rate, and scan length. The majority of scans were performed with a retrospectively ECG-gated spiral data acquisition, whereas prospectively ECG-triggered sequential scan protocols were used in 6.8% of patients. The ECG-gated spiral and ECG-triggered sequential scan protocols were evenly distributed in the 100 kVp and 120 kVp scan protocols. No significant differences were observed regarding patient characteristics or coronary CTA protocols between groups.
The assessment of the image quality score correlated well between the 2 primary image readers (correlation coefficient: 0.869; p < 0.0001). The mean image quality score was 3.30 ± 0.67 in the cohort scanned with 100 kVp, and 3.28 ± 0.68 in the cohort scanned with 120 kVp (p = 0.742) (Fig. 2). As a consequence, diagnostic noninferiority of the 100 kVp protocol was demonstrated since the upper margin of the 1-sided 97.5% confidence interval did not cross the pre-defined noninferiority margin of −0.2 score points (p < 0.001) (Fig. 3). The mean image quality scores for each coronary artery are summarized in Table 2.Figure 4 shows representative examples of 2 coronary CTAs acquired at 100 kVp (Fig. 4A) and 120 kVp (Fig. 4B).
Image quality score and estimated radiation dose in the 100 kVp (gray bars) and 120 kVp (black bars) tube voltage coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) scan groups.
Noninferiority of the 100 kVp scan protocol depicted as the difference in image quality score between the 100 kVp scan protocol and 120 kVp scan protocol.
Representative images of curved multiplanar reformations of coronary computed tomography angiography scans acquired at 100 kVp (A) and 120 kVp (B). Identical window level settings were applied.
Motion artefacts and low contrast were the main reasons for a nondiagnostic image quality score (score = 1) in 97% and 3% of nondiagnostic coronary arteries, respectively. Extensive coronary calcifications and increased image noise were not identified as reasons for nondiagnostic image quality. Nondiagnostic coronary CTA studies (image quality score = 1 in any coronary artery) were observed in 15.3% and 16.2% of 100 kVp and 120 kVp scans, respectively (p = 0.823). In these patients, the mean heart rate was significantly higher than in patients with diagnostic coronary CTA image quality (64.7 ± 9.2 beats/min vs. 56.7 ± 7.0 beats/min for patients with nondiagnostic vs. diagnostic coronary CTA image quality, respectively; p < 0.0001).
In pre-specified subgroup analyses, no significant differences in image quality score were observed between the different 64-slice CT systems for 100 kVp versus 120 kVp scans, respectively (GE: 3.30 ± 0.58 vs. 3.21 ± 0.64, p = 0.431; Siemens: 3.24 ± 0.77 vs. 3.25 ± 0.70, p = 0.953; and Toshiba: 3.36 ± 0.63 vs. 3.37 ± 0.69, p = 0.907). Furthermore, no significant differences in image quality score were observed between retrospectively ECG-gated spiral and prospectively ECG-triggered sequential data acquisitions for 100 kVp versus 120 kVp scans, respectively (ECG-gated spiral: 3.32 ± 0.67 vs. 3.28 ± 0.69, p = 0.628; and ECG-triggered sequential: 3.11 ± 0.61 vs. 3.24 ± 0.53, p = 0.543). Finally, no significant differences in image quality scores were observed between different BMI categories, stratified according to the third BMI quartile for 100 kVp versus 120 kVp scans, respectively (<27.1 kg/m2: 3.35 ± 0.66 vs. 3.30 ± 0.66, p = 0.501; and ≥27.1 kg/m2: 3.17 ± 0.68 vs. 3.23 ± 0.72, p = 0.657).
Table 2 shows the results for the radiation exposure with both scan protocols. The mean CTDIvol was significantly lower for the 100 kVp scan protocol (42.6 ± 19.5 mGy) than for the 120 kVp scan protocol (62.6 ± 26.1 mGy, p < 0.0001). Similarly, the mean DLP was significantly lower for the 100 kVp scan protocol (599 ± 255 mGy · cm for the 100 kVp protocol vs. 868 ± 317 mGy · cm for the 120 kVp protocol, p < 0.0001). This corresponds to a relative 31% reduction in estimated radiation dose for the 100 kVp tube voltage scan protocol (p < 0.0001) (Fig. 2). In the subgroup analysis, the 100 kVp scan protocol relatively reduced the DLP by 31% and 39% with retrospectively ECG-gated spiral and prospectively ECG-triggered sequential data acquisitions, respectively (DLP ECG-gated spiral: 629 ± 236 mGy · cm vs. 908 ± 288 mGy · cm, p < 0.0001; and DLP ECG-triggered sequential: 183 ± 78 mGy · cm vs. 299 ± 62 mGy · cm, p = 0.0002) for 100 kVp versus 120 kVp scans, respectively.
Thirty-day clinical follow-up was completed in all patients. During follow-up, 27 patients of the 100 kVp group underwent additional testing for suspected obstructive coronary artery disease (20 patients with invasive coronary angiography, 4 patients with stress nuclear cardiac perfusion imaging, and 3 patients with stress cardiac magnetic resonance). In the 120 kVp group, 38 patients underwent subsequent additional tests (32 patients with invasive coronary angiography, 4 patients with stress nuclear cardiac perfusion imaging, and 2 patients with stress cardiac magnetic resonance). Consequently, the need for additional tests did not differ significantly between both groups (13.4% vs. 19.2% for 100 kVp vs. 120 kVp scan protocols, respectively; p = 0.114). No significant differences in image quality score were observed between patients with and without need for additional diagnostic testing (with additional diagnostic testing: 3.28 ± 0.54 vs. 3.32 ± 0.60, p = 0.759; and without additional diagnostic testing: 3.30 ± 0.68 vs. 3.27 ± 0.70, p = 0.633) for 100 kVp versus 120 kVp scans, respectively.
Quantitative image quality data that were analyzed as secondary end points are summarized in Table 3.Figure 5 illustrates representative measurements of 2 coronary CTAs acquired at 100 kVp (Fig. 5A) and 120 kVp (Fig. 5B). While signal intensity and image noise increased significantly with the 100 kVp scan protocol, a significant reduction of the signal-to-noise ratio was observed (11% relative reduction; p = 0.003). Similarly, the 100 kVp scan protocol displayed a trend toward a lower contrast-to-noise ratio (8% relative reduction; p = 0.060).
Quantitative measurements of signal intensity (mean) and image noise (SD) in representative axial images of coronary computed tomography angiography scans acquired at 100 kVp (A) and 120 kVp (B). Identical window level settings were applied.
The results of the univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis are summarized in Table 3. In the univariate analysis, the height of the patient, administration of beta-blockers for coronary CTA, heart rate, and image noise were identified as predictors for image quality. In the multivariate analysis, applying a backward elimination model only heart rate was identified as strong predictor for image quality. Importantly, neither the tube voltage nor the estimated radiation exposure was identified as important factors predicting the image quality score.
In this prospective randomized study, we compared coronary CTA scan protocols employing either a 100 kVp or a 120 kVp tube voltage concerning image quality in normal weight to nonobese patients with suspected coronary artery disease. We could demonstrate that the use of a 100 kVp scan protocol for coronary CTA resulted in a similar and noninferior image quality when compared with the conventional 120 kVp scan protocol, while at the same time the estimated radiation dose was significantly lower.
Exposure to ionizing radiation has been criticized as a major limitation of coronary CTA (8). However, a recent worldwide radiation dose survey indicated that coronary CTA is associated with a median dose of 12 mSv (4), which needs to be compared with radiation doses of approximately 9 mSv and of as high as 41 mSv for sestamibi and thallium myocardial rest-stress nuclear scans, respectively (9). Accordingly, the mean radiation dose of 12.2 ± 4.4 mSv in the control group of the current study compares well with previous reports on estimated coronary CTA radiation dose. Within the last few years, a variety of strategies have been proposed to reduce the exposure to ionizing radiation during coronary CTA, including automated exposure control (10), ECG-controlled tube current modulation (3,11), and prospectively ECG-triggered sequential ("step-and-shoot") data acquisition (12–14). In pediatric CT, a reduced tube voltage has been shown to decrease ionizing radiation without affecting diagnostic image quality (15). Lowering tube voltage results in a considerable reduction in radiation dose, because under ideal conditions radiation dose varies in proportion to the square of the tube voltage (16). A reduced tube voltage of 100 kVp has also been proposed for coronary CTA in nonobese patients as an effective means for radiation dose reduction (3); and several small nonrandomized studies have yielded encouraging results with a 100 kVp scan protocol for coronary CTA in terms of reduced radiation exposure and image quality (17,18). Similarly, the nonrandomized PROTECTION I dose survey indicated a preserved image quality with the 100 kVp scan protocol, while radiation exposure was considerably reduced (4). In this dose survey, the 100 kVp scan protocol was applied in only 5% of patients, which is likely explained by the facts that 1) the scan protocols recommended by CT manufacturers usually apply 120 kVp; and 2) it has not previously been clarified whether the level of diagnostic confidence and image quality are maintained with a 100 kVp scan protocol. Accordingly, the current randomized study compared a variety of end points germane to coronary CTA image quality when comparing 100 kVp and 120 kVp scan protocols. Designed as a noninferiority study, the image quality score, which was the primary study end point, did not differ significantly between both groups. Furthermore, the noninferiority analysis clearly demonstrated that the image quality of a 100 kVp scan protocol is not inferior to that of the conventional 120 kVp protocol, and thus, the level of diagnostic confidence is maintained with the 100 kVp scan protocol. Moreover, the finding of diagnostic equivalence of both scan protocols is supported by the nonsignificant difference in the clinical need for subsequent tests during follow-up.
In the current study, the mean exposure to ionizing radiation was significantly reduced from 12.2 mSv to 8.4 mSv with the 100 kVp scan protocol in nonobese patients, which translates into a 31% relative reduction in dose. These results are in keeping with previous nonrandomized studies (3). Furthermore, the results suggest that coronary CTA can be performed with a radiation exposure not dissimilar to that of invasive coronary angiography, which is likely to expose the patient to doses of approximately 7 mSv (9).
The 100 kVp scan protocol was associated with an increase in signal intensity and image noise. The increase in signal intensity is explained by the X-ray absorption characteristics of iodine, which are higher at lower kVp settings (19). With the concomitant increase in image noise, the resulting signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios were lower with the 100 kVp scan protocol. Image reconstruction was usually performed with the same reconstruction kernel for 100 kVp and 120 kVp images. It remains speculative whether dedicated 100 kVp image reconstruction kernels would improve image noise and consequently also signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios. Motion artifacts were the leading cause for nondiagnostic image quality, whereas increased image noise was not identified as reason for nonevaluability of the coronary arteries. Accordingly, our study demonstrates that while the observed changes in image noise and signal-to-noise ratio might influence the esthetic image quality, diagnostic image quality—as evaluated by the image quality scores—is not sacrificed. In fact, the current data support previous findings that a stringent control of the heart rate is of major importance for the level of diagnostic confidence and image quality in coronary CTA (20).
Numerous studies have shown the high diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice coronary CTA for the detection of significant coronary obstructions when compared with invasive coronary angiography. A recent meta-analysis of such studies, which applied primarily 120 kVp scan protocols, demonstrated sensitivity and specificity values of 97.5% and 91%, respectively, on a per-patient level (21). Although it would be desirable to demonstrate noninferiority of the 100 kVp scan protocol in terms of maintained sensitivity and specificity values, a sample size calculation yielded the need for enrolling >1,650 patients. Considering that the meta-analysis discussed in the preceding text included a total of only 875 patients who were enrolled in 13 studies comparing 64-slice coronary CTA and invasive angiography, the need for such a large patient population in a single study indicates the unfeasibility for such a noninferiority study protocol. Accordingly, we used the image quality score as alternative measure of noninferiority.
This study included patients with a low to intermediate risk for having obstructive coronary artery disease. Although the image quality was also comparable between 100 kVp and 120 kVp scans in the subgroup of patients with suspected coronary artery undergoing additional diagnostic testing during follow-up, it remains unproven if the current study results can be applied to patients being at high risk for having coronary artery disease or patients with advanced stages of coronary atherosclerosis.
The radiation dose associated with the localizer, the bolus timing scan, and with coronary calcium scoring, which is performed in some institutions before coronary CTA, was not assessed in the current study. However, compared with coronary CTA, the radiation dose of calcium scoring represents only a small fraction of the total dose of a cardiac CT study (22). Finally, the absence of calcium scores is recognized as limitation.
Based on the study findings, the use of a 100 kVp scan protocol is recommended for coronary CTA in nonobese patients with suspected coronary artery disease. It is important to realize that the 100 kVp scan protocol can be easily combined with other strategies for dose reduction, such as ECG-controlled tube current modulation, and prospectively ECG-triggered sequential data acquisition. The combination of such strategies will result in very efficacious dose reduction, when compared with standard spiral coronary CTA scan protocols.
Patient inclusion was limited to nonobese patients (body weight ≤90 kg or BMI ≤30 kg/m2), because image noise increases with increasing body mass. Patients above these inclusion criteria might still qualify for a 100 kVp tube voltage protocol depending on the individual chest wall attenuation. As pointed out before, the 100 kVp tube voltage scan protocol was applied in only 5% of the 2007 dose survey population in the PROTECTION I study (4). The impact of the current study findings are evident when realizing that 78.9% or 81.8% of the PROTECTION I patients would have qualified for a 100 kVp coronary CTA scan protocol if a threshold ≤90 kg for body weight or ≤30 kg/m2 for body mass index had been applied.
In conclusion, the PROTECTION II study demonstrates that image quality is maintained with the use of a 100 kVp tube voltage scan protocol for coronary CTA in nonobese patients with suspected coronary artery disease, while achieving a 31% relative reduction in estimated radiation dose. Consequently, the 100 kVp scan protocol should be considered for coronary CTA in all nonobese patients, in pursuit of the ultimate goal to obtain diagnostic coronary CTA images with the lowest possible radiation dose.
The authors highly appreciate the invaluable contributions of the coinvestigators of the participating institutions: Emanuele Casciani, MD, and Gianfranco Gualdi, MD (Rome, Italy); Josef Dietl, MD (Landshut, Germany); Guy Friedrich, MD (Innsbruck, Austria); José Antonio Fernandez-Villameytide, MD, and José María Richard, MD (Oviedo, Spain); Xavier Allomar, MD, and Ruben Leta, MD (Barcelona, Spain); Tobias Pflederer, MD (Erlangen, Germany); and Eva Hendrich, MD, and Albrecht Will, MD (Munich, Germany). We are indebted to the medical and technical staffs operating in the CT units and catheterization laboratories of the participating institutions for their important contributions.
This study was supported by an unrestricted financial research grant from Siemens Medical Solutions, Forchheim, Germany. All data and information in this manuscript were controlled by the authors. Drs. Hausleiter and Achenbach reported receiving research grants from Siemens Medical Systems unrelated to the current study. Dr. Achenbach was supported by a grant from the German "Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung" (BMBF 01 EV 0708). All other authors report that they have no relationships to disclose.
Revision received August 5, 2010.
(2007) Computed tomography-an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 357:2277–2284.
Bongartz G, Golding SJ, Jurik AG, et al. European Guidelines for Multislice Computed Tomography. Funded by the European Commission; EUR 16262 EN.
CT dosimetry: The measurement, reporting and management of radiation dose in CT. http://www.aapm.org/pubs/reports. Accessed August 1, 2010.
(2008) Reduction of radiation dose estimates in cardiac 64-slice CT angiography in patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Invest Radiol 43:253–260.
(2008) Radiation dose estimates in dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography. Eur Radiol 18:592–599.
(2009) Prospective ECG-triggered sequential scan protocol for coronary dual-source CT angiography: initial experience. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 25:231–239.
(2002) Dose optimization in pediatric CT: current technology and future innovations. Pediatr Radiol 32:729–734, discussion 751–4.
(2008) Radiation dose of cardiac dual-source CT: the effect of tailoring the protocol to patient-specific parameters. Eur J Radiol 68:385–391.
(1977) A quantitative theory of the Hounsfield unit and its application to dual energy scanning. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1:487–493.


text:
Il Taepodong-2, (대포동 2호 in coreano) noto anche come TD-2 o Taep'o-dong 2 è il progetto di missile balistico intercontinentale a due o tre stadi sviluppato dalla Corea del Nord come successore del precedente Taepodong-1.

Tecnica
Il progetto dovrebbe portare alla costruzione di due varianti diverse del missile: la prima, a due stadi, che è stata stimata avere un raggio d'azione di circa 4000 km ed una seconda, a tre stadi, che dovrebbe raggiungere una distanza di 4500 km. Il Taepodong-2 sarebbe quindi il missile con il raggio d'azione più grande dell'arsenale nordcoreano. Ogni stadio impiegherebbe un po' di più di 100 secondi a bruciare il carburante, quindi il missile brucerebbe completamente in 5-6 minuti. Secondo alcune altre fonti, alcune varianti future del missile dovrebbero avere un raggio d'azione di circa 9000 km. Per raggiungere questo risultato il missile dovrebbe avere un carico minore di 500 kg.

Secondo le dichiarazioni di Kim il Son, portavoce di uno dei migliori centri di ricerca nordcoreani, lo sviluppo del missile era iniziato già nel 1987.

I dettagli di pubblico dominio relativi alle caratteristiche del missile sono molto pochi. Lo stesso nome "Taepodong-2" è stato coniato da servizi segreti al di fuori della Corea del Nord che presumono si tratti del successore del Taepodong-1. Il primo stadio del missile è spinto da un propellente liquido (carburante TM-185 e ossidizzante AK-27I) ed è teleguidato a distanza ed il secondo usufruisce della spinta di un missile balistico a corto raggio Rodong.

Struttura

Operatività

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

 North Korea nuclear program and ballistic missiles - Taepodong2.com
 NKorea may be set for long-range missile launch: reports, February 2 2009

Missili balistici intercontinentali nordcoreani

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Edmunds.com's review says ". the Canyon's cabin comfort and features are far from basic. It's fundamentally refined, with very good noise isolation and effective climate control. The Canyon is easily up for long road trips — an unusual trait in a midsize pickup.". Great Gas Mileage: 24 MPG Hwy.
Thank you for your interest in this new Red Quartz Tintcoat 2018 GMC Canyon Crew Cab Short Box 4-Wheel Drive SLE with a 3.6L V6 Cylinder Engine engine and AUTOMATIC transmission for sale at North Star Buick GMC - Zelienople. If you have a question about this Canyon we're here to help. Give us a call at (724) 716-4092 or if you are in the Pittsburgh or Butler areas, come in for a test drive.
Shopping for a new GMC in the Pittsburgh area can be a lot easier when you shop at North Star Buick GMC - Zelienople. Check out the rest of our Canyon Inventory for Sale near Butler AND Pittsburgh and then come visit us in Zelienople, PA and test drive a new GMC Canyon today! Our finance department will work with you to ensure you get the best deal in Zelienople on a new car loan.


text: Q: Using the same object at the same time from the different Activity classes I use Handler to send/receive messages(data type integers) from the queue. At this moment I use the received data from the queue in Activity class. But I want to use this received data at same time in different Activity classes. How do I achieve this in Android?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Cast iron skillet cookie for two, a gingerbread cookie made in two mini 6" cast iron skillets. Each person gets their own personal sized gingerbread cookie in a mini cast iron skillet.
I partnered with ALDI to bring you these mini gingerbread skillet cookies for two.
I have good news, my fellow small-batch bakers and cooks! ALDI is answering our prayers for cute, high-quality, affordable bakeware for two. Starting tomorrow (12/5/2018), their new line of Crofton mini cast iron cookware is available in stores! It's all mini cast iron pieces and perfectly portioned bakeware for two! I'm overly excited, if you couldn't tell.
The line includes mini casserole dishes, mini cast iron pots, mini loaf pans, and these mini skillets (the ones here in my photos are just $5.99 each). They're only in stores for a limited time, so please, be like me and go buy all of the mini bakeware while you can!
So, naturally, the first thing I did is make a cast iron skillet cookie for two in the 6" cast iron skillets. But since I've shared a chocolate chip skillet cookie for two with you before (with ice cream on top, of course), I'm bringing you a gingerbread skillet cookie today.
This cast iron skillet cookie is packed with orange zest, ginger, and cinnamon;, and the brown sugar and molasses keeps it super moist and gives it that characteristic ginger cookie color and flavor. The spicy cookie goes great with a tall glass of cold milk (or nut milk, whichever you drink).
One of the things to remember when you're baking with cast iron is that you need to season the pan before the first use. For these mini 6" cast iron skillets, I gave them a quick rinse in hot water, rubbed them generously with oil and then placed them upside down in a hot oven for a few hours.
After the skillets cool, give them a quick wipe, and now they're ready to use! They're just waiting for their first skillet cookie experience.
I should tell you that I repeat this process of my cast iron skillets and cookware at least once a year, or anytime it loses its shine. If I notice food is starting to stick to the surface, I know that it needs another treatment.
These gingerbread skillet cookies are the perfect compromise in our house, because honestly, I'm not the greatest at sharing when it comes to dessert. I hide my favorite candy deep in the pantry from my husband, so I think you would agree with me that I need my own skillet cookie. One who hides sugar from their spouse should always make personal-sized desserts, right?
Another reason I love these cookies is that everyone in the house can enjoy them. My husband is mostly dairy-free, and I happily serve him these spicy little cookie skillets with a glass of cold vanilla almond milk to him. I also bake the cookies with unsweetened vanilla almond milk so that we can both enjoy them. It's so easy to make and enjoy dairy-free cookies and milk this holiday season, thanks to the vast selection at ALDI.
I hope these spicy little cookies in a warm skillet keep your cozy during the winter, and the powdered sugar sprinkled on top reminds you of the snow falling outside!
After you enjoy your cast iron skillet cookie, be sure to only wash your skillet with hot water, no soap! I sometimes sprinkle in coarse salt to help me 'scrub' the pan if I need to get it clean. I usually rub the skillets with butter very generously before baking a cast iron skillet cookie to prevent any sticking.
Two mini skillets of gingerbread cookies!
Preheat the oven to 350, and very generously butter two mini 6" cast iron skillets.
Next, place the butter in a microwave-safe bowl, and microwave on HIGH for about 20-30 seconds, until melted.
Once the butter is melted, stir in the sugar, brown sugar, molasses and almond milk. Stir very well for about 30 seconds to blend, and then stir in the egg white.
Next, sprinkle the flour, spices, and baking soda on top.
Stir the mixture until no streaks of flour remain.
Divide the batter between the two skillets.
Bake the gingerbread cookies in the lower part of the oven for 17-18 minutes, checking after 16 minutes. You want the batter to remain moist, and it can easily dry out in a hot skillet! The cookies will continue to cook after you pull them from the oven with the residual heat of the skillet.
Let the cookies cool slightly before dusting with powdered sugar and serving.
If we don't have a 6" skillet, do you have any alternative options? Looks so good but I don't have space for more pans!
I chilled the dough and formed them like regular cookies on a sheet, and they came out great! I made 5 large cookies out of it and baked for 20 minutes. Could possibly go less but I was worried about their size, lol.


Non-alcoholic beverages namely: carbonated soft drinks; non-carbonated soft drinks; mineral and aerated waters; powders, syrups and concentrates used in the preparation of non-alcoholic beverages. Advertising services, promotional services and marketing services, namely, retail store based advertising programs, retail store and special-event based product sampling programs, product sample distribution programs and coupon programs, print advertisements and television commercials all related to the distribution and sale of non-alcoholic beverages, and powders, syrups and concentrates used in the preparation of non-alcoholic beverages.
On Thursday, July 10, 2003, a canadian trademark registration was filed for QUAND C'EST OK, C'EST COKE by Coca-Cola Ltd. 335 King Street East, Toronto, ONTARIO, CANADA M5A1L1. The Canadian IP office has given the trademark application number of 1183954. The current status of this trademark filing is Registration published. The correspondent listed for QUAND C'EST OK, C'EST COKE is GOWLING WLG (CANADA) LLP of SUITE 2600, 160 ELGIN STREET, OTTAWA, ONTARIO, CANADA K1P1C3 The QUAND C'EST OK, C'EST COKE trademark is filed in the description of Non-alcoholic beverages namely: carbonated soft drinks; non-carbonated soft drinks; mineral and aerated waters; powders, syrups and concentrates used in the preparation of non-alcoholic beverages. , Advertising services, promotional services and marketing services, namely, retail store based advertising programs, retail store and special-event based product sampling programs, product sample distribution programs and coupon programs, print advertisements and television commercials all related to the distribution and sale of non-alcoholic beverages, and powders, syrups and concentrates used in the preparation of non-alcoholic beverages. .
(1) - Non-alcoholic beverages namely: carbonated soft drinks; non-carbonated soft drinks; mineral and aerated waters; powders, syrups and concentrates used in the preparation of non-alcoholic beverages.
(2) - Advertising services, promotional services and marketing services, namely, retail store based advertising programs, retail store and special-event based product sampling programs, product sample distribution programs and coupon programs, print advertisements and television commercials all related to the distribution and sale of non-alcoholic beverages, and powders, syrups and concentrates used in the preparation of non-alcoholic beverages.


text:
Chris Lake & Solardo – Free Your Body (Original Mix)
When two of the biggest names in house music team up, chances are the resulting track is going to be a big one, to say the least. "Free Your Body" is the outcome of a collaboration between noted DJs and producers in Chris Lake and Solardo, released on Lake's imprint Black Book Records. The guys have each been known to make an infectious tune or two in their solo efforts, but now combine their talents for a track with a relentless groove and tech house beats.
Lake, a native of London who is now based in Los Angeles, has played the song at EDC Mexico, Coachella in Indio, Spring Awakening Music Festival in Chicago, Escape: Psycho Circus, and EDC Orlando.
Solardo, made up of Mark Richards and James Elliot of Manchester, have their own label in Sola which has been on a roll the past month. Their imprint has released Dillon Nathaniel's "Do It Again" EP and Paolo Martini and Federico Ambrosi's "Gravity" EP in the past few weeks.
Malaa, Tiesto, Kryder, Benny Benassi, Oliver Heldens, W&W, Martin Garrix, Wax Motif, EDX, Pete Tong, Gregor Salto, Diplo, Cash Cash, Annie Mac, Danny Howard, CID, Alison Wonderland, Jauz, Valentino Khan, Roger Sanchez, Robbie Rivera, BIJOU, Thomas Gold, Golf Clap, and The Aston Shuffle have all played the song.
Chris Lake – Facebook / Twitter / Instagram / Soundcloud
Solardo – Facebook / Twitter / Instagram / Soundcloud
Tags : 2019, Alison Wonderland, Annie Mac, Beatport, Benny Benassi, BIJOU, Black Book Records, CA, California, Cash Cash, Chicago, Chris Lake, CID, dance, Danny Howard, deep, Dillon Nathaniel, Diplo, Do It Again, download, EDC, EDC Mexico, EDC Orlando, edm, EDX, Electric Daisy Carnival, electro, England, EP, Escape, Facebook, Federico Ambrosi, festival, Florida, Free Your Body, Golf Clap, Gravity, Gregor Salto, house, IL, Illinois, Instagram, iTunes, Jauz, Kryder, LA, London, Los Angeles, Malaa, Manchester, Martin Garrix, Mexico, mix, music, OC, OC EDM, official, Oliver Heldens, Orange County, original, Orlando, Paolo Martini, Pete Tong, Psycho Circus, record label, Robbie Rivera, Roger Sanchez, SoCal, SoundCloud, Southern California, Spotify, Spring Awakening, Spring Awakening Music Festival, stream, tech, techno, The Aston Shuffle, Thomas Gold, Tiesto, Twitter, UK, United Kingdom, Valentino Khan, video, W&W, Wax Motif, YouTube
Chris Lake & Solardo - Free Your Body (Noizu Remix) | Orange County EDM says:
[…] of the tracks that has been going off in Noizu's sets lately is his remix of "Free Your Body" by Chris Lake and Solardo. The Los Angeles based artist give us his bouncy tech house take […]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
2011 60 VOLVO C30 1.6 D2 R-DESIGN 3d 113 BHP
BLUETOOTH | PARKING SENSORS | CRUISE CONTROL
£30.00 12m Tax
£0.00 6m Tax
Leather/T-Tec Cloth Seats
Just Been Serviced
HP £5000.00 £0.00 £5000.00 £6555.72 £378.00 £10.00 5.5% P.A. 13.8% APR 49 mths £0.00 £132.64 x 47 £321.64 Apply
Other Volvo cars in Peterborough
Used Volvo C30
Used Volvo cars in Peterborough
With a reputation for strength, performance and reliability, Volvo's line-up of hatchbacks, estate cars, crossovers and 4x4s has plenty to offer. Save money on the Swedish car of your dreams by taking a close look at the used Volvo models for sale in Peterborough right here at Car Mart. We regularly stock a wide range of pre-owned Volvos, including stylish saloons like the S90 through to practical and highly capable vehicle such as the XC60. Speak to a member of the team today to discover more about the full range of vehicles on offer and to arrange a test drive in the model of your choice. Rest assured that all our used cars come fully inspected, meaning you can drive away with complete peace of mind.
Finance is available to UK residents aged 18 years or older, subject to status. Terms & Conditions apply. Indemnities may be required. Other finance offers may be available but cannot be used in conjunction with this offer. We work with a number of carefully selected credit providers who may be able to offer you finance for your purchase, commission may be received. We are only able to offer finance products from these providers. Postal Address: Car Mart, Station Bridge, Yaxley, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire PE7 3EL. Find contact details here.


Image Title: Zoe Modern Black Platform Bed With Storage Intended For Prepare 17. Post Title: Black Platform Bed. Filename: zoe-modern-black-platform-bed-with-storage-intended-for-prepare-17.jpg. Image Dimension: 323 x 230 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Pietro Johns. Uploaded Date: Sunday - September 30th. 2018 14:45:28 PM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: homedit.com. Floyd Platform Bed Black West Elm Within Prepare 5. Amazon Com Greatime Platform Bed Queen Black Kitchen Dining Intended For Remodel 0. Queen Size Modern Platform Bed Frame In Black Ebony Finish Regarding Plan 10. Nexera 346006 Platform Bed Black Queen Amazon Ca Home Kitchen Pertaining To Designs 1. Amazon Com DHP Maven Platform Bed With Upholstered Faux Leather And Black Decor 13. Gardenia Black 8 Pc King Platform Bedroom Sets Throughout Bed Plan 18. South Shore Step One King Size Platform Bed In Pure Black 3070248 With Regard To Decor 4. Modern Black Wood King Size Platform Bed Frames Zin Home Throughout Designs 8. DHP Maven Platform Bed With Upholstered Faux Leather And Wooden Slat Inside Black Prepare 19. Round Black Platform Bed Queen Size For Prepare 14.


text:
Lisa Lane Therapy
Fees and Availability
I Cannot Praise Lisa Enough..
I cannot praise Lisa enough her style, manner and exercises have helped to transform my life and I am so grateful to her for awakening what was inside me. I am so much happier now in life and I hope she is able to inspire the same in others.
Psychosexual Health
http://www.lisalanetherapy.co.uk/testimonials/i-cannot-praise-lisa-enough/
There is no doubt..
There is no doubt that if this year has been tough, but I can't say enough how much of a help, support and a true, honest voice you've been. You have allowed me to see what opportunities and adventures life has to offer. You have taught me a lot and I feel as though I have come a long way in the weeks we have worked together.
http://www.lisalanetherapy.co.uk/testimonials/there-is-no-doubt/
Lisa has helped me to develop..
Lisa has helped me to develop far more than I could have expected.
Being very apprehensive before visiting for the first time I didn't know what to expect, or what was expected or how to react.
Lisa helped to relax and reassure me of my worries. I cannot thank Lisa enough her softly spoken and kind words which encouraged me to explore myself in many ways, studying the relationships surrounding me and start to understand myself, expectations and how I can help ultimately me.
http://www.lisalanetherapy.co.uk/testimonials/satisfied-from-oxford/
Made with by 6xy. © 2017 All rights reserved.


A classic halter design nurse uniform with adjustable popper fasteners at the back of the neck, perfect for different size bust shapes.
A step through design to enable easy dressing.
Scattered pills and medical cross detail make this dress truly unique.
This delicious uniform is a perfect addition to your medical arsenal and it fits great into your overnight bag for those naughty house calls.
You might have to check your partner's pulse when you walk into the room wearing this luscious piece of clothing.
Revealing scoop neckline emphasizes your great cleavage to the max.


Did you know that one in five homes in NJ have a termite problem? In other words, your chance of having termites in your home right now is 20 percent. Should you get pest control services in Monmouth County for these pests? Learn more about them, so you can determine if you might have a termite problem in your NJ home.
Eastern subterranean termites are the type that NJ homeowners usually have in their home. These termites can easily enter homes through cracks and crevices, and they can also build mud tubes in these areas to keep going back and forth to their underground colony. Eastern subterranean termites can cause extensive damage in a short amount of time.
What can you do about termites in your home if you find signs that they're around? While there are termite treatments on the market for homeowners, you should go with professional termite control.
Having professionals handle termite infestations is the most effective way to ensure that these pests are entirely gone. Pest control experts know which treatment to use and how to use it properly to eliminate termite colonies. Keep in mind that these pests can come back if their colony isn't fully destroyed.
Don't give termites time to seriously damage your home. Contact Allison Pest Control to get more information on our pest control services in Monmouth County.


We're on Oprah's Favorite Things list for 2018!
We're so excited to be part of Oprah's Favorite Things 2018 with our Holiday Dippers! Frozen Eli's Original Plain Cheesecake on a stick, "spruced" up for the holidays, dipped in dark chocolate and hand-decorated with green-tinted white chocolate and sprinkled with white nonpareils to resemble Christmas trees in the snow. You'll get 7 Dippers per box. Enjoy frozen!
Pick up O, the Oprah Magazine on November 20th and get a head start on all of that holiday shopping.
Check Dessert Off Your List This Holiday Season!
From hosting to hostess gifting, from sending a cheesecake across the country to presenting one to your kid's teacher…with Eli's Cheesecake, you can cross dessert off your list!
We've transformed Eli's ever popular Cheesecake Dippers (frozen cheesecake dipped in chocolate, served on a stick) into festive treats, by hand-decorating them with either green-tinted chocolate and white nonpareils mimicking Christmas trees in the snow, or with a blue colored chocolate drizzle and white nonpareils, perfect for Hanukkah. Box of 7.
Amp up Santa's cookies and milk with Eli's traditional Coconut Macaroons, mini sized, hand piped and baked to a golden brown. Box of 12.
Give DIY a try with Eli's Cheesecake Cuties Holiday Kit: Two dozen 1″x 1″ frozen squares of original plain cheesecake come with supplies to hand-dip in dark chocolate and decorate with red, green, white and peppermint candies. Kit includes: parchment paper, dipping sticks, cellophane bags, ribbon, and gift tags. Box of 24. If DIY is not your thing, order Eli's chocolate-enrobed Cuties hand brushed with festive edible gold dust – the perfect hostess gift!
"Eli's is famous for having the best tofu-based vegan cheesecake in the country…" – Goop, Gwyneth Paltrow's Lifestyle Blog.
It's not the holidays without these festive flavors: Pumpkin, Peppermint and Egg Nog! Eli's has 7 pumpkin desserts…everything from Pumpkin Pie Cheesecake to Pumpkin Tarts. And the Eli's Holiday Party Pack: one 8″ Egg Nog Cheesecake, a rich and creamy cheesecake topped with egg nog mousse and sprinkled with nutmeg, and one 8″ Candy Cane Cheesecake, a white chocolate cheesecake topped with housemade chocolate ganache and sprinkled with crushed candy canes. Serves 24!
Shop our new catalog here!
The Association for Career and Technical Education (ACTE) and its Board of Directors is pleased to announce the ACTE Champion for CTE: Marc Schulman, the President of Eli's Cheesecake Company in Chicago, Illinois. The ACTE Champion for CTE award recognizes education leaders, business and industry executives, celebrities and thought leaders who support and champion career and technical education (CTE) programs as a vital part of developing a prepared, adaptable and competitive workforce.
Mr. Schulman will be recognized alongside other national ACTE award winners on November 28, 2018, at the annual ACTE Awards Banquet during ACTE's CareerTech VISION 2018 in San Antonio, Texas. VISION is ACTE's signature event, with more than 4,000 CTE professionals from across the country in attendance. For more information on the Excellence Awards and the Awards Banquet, visit http://www.acteonline.org/awards.
Illinois is celebrating its 200th birthday on August 26 – Constitution Day. Get the party started with a slice of FREE Eli's Original Plain Cheesecake at birthday parties throughout the state, featuring our grand cake cutting ceremony at the Illinois Bicentennial Plaza in Springfield, where you can enjoy a slice of our 300 lb. Bicentennial Cheesecake. Supplies are limited, so get there early! Visit Enjoy Illinois for times and details.
SAVE THE DATE: We're celebrating the Bicentennial all year long, with free cheesecake slice decorating at the Magnificent Mile Lights Festival in Chicago, November 16 & 17.
Today, Eli's hosted students from the Chicago High School for Agricultural Sciences (CHSAS) to celebrate the end of their Sustainable Agricultural Entrepreneurship Program partnering with Wright College and Eli's Cheesecake. The students took a weekly summer course at Wright College followed by lunch at Eli's Cheesecake featuring speakers from different fields in the food industry.
The CHSAS Students started the day with a tour of Eli's factory given by Vice President of Operations, Jeff Anderson followed by a Q&A where students asked questions about food sciences.
Afterwards, the students decorated their own cheesecake in the bakery with frosting, sauces and sprinkles. Congratulations to Eileen for winning the best-decorated cake!
Eli's was ecstatic to participate in the 38th Annual Taste of Chicago! Weare the only vendor who has served food at Taste of Chicago all of its 38 years. From Wednesday July 11 – Sunday July 15, our booth, located near the corner of Jackson and Columbus served: Original Plain Cheesecake with Strawberries (7 tickets), Turtle Cheesecake (9 tickets), Cookie Cheesecake Smoosh Made with Oreo® Topped w/ Vanilla Ice Cream & Chocolate Sauce (10 tickets), Chocolate Chip Crunch Dipper® (7 tickets), Taste Portion of Original Plain Cheesecake or Lemon Mixed Berry Cheesecake (4 tickets).
Eli's Cheesecake celebrated their 38th birthday, along with the 38th birthday of Taste of Chicago with a 1,000-pound Birthday Cheesecake,topped with a Giant Cherry Pie this year in honor of this year's celebrity cake cutters: cast members from the national tour of Waitress, playing at Broadway In Chicago's Cadillac Palace Theatre July 3-July 22, 2018.
At Noon, under the tent at Buckingham Fountain, Grant Park, we invited Taste visitors to watch the giant birthday cheesecake be lifted off the truck by a forklift, see Eli's pastry chefs put the final touches on the cake, and play cheesecake trivia games. After that, we began the Cake Cutting Ceremony, followed by a round of Happy Birthday led by Waitress cast members. Watch Laurel Boger, our Executive Pastry Chef prepare the Big Cake below!
We also had a Foodie Photo Challenge for people to participate in on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. See our three winners below! Winners were awarded Eli's Desserts and Gear.
Today is the first day Eli's was featured in Facebook Live videos by reporters from NBC Chicago, WGN and ABC7. You can see their posts below!


Ian Craig, England's Chief Schools Adjudicator, has called on councils to make random checks on 10% of school applications to cut fraud and set up hotlines to catch parents who 'cheat' to get their children into their chosen school.
As it's only Mr Craig's job to determine admissions arrangements, he really has only two options in the face of the estimated 4,200 fraudulent applications that were made in England: do nothing or act. In choosing the latter, he is advocating bringing in abhorrent impositions upon the freedom of the people of this country. This always happens when the state has a near monopoly on anything, fails to satisfy the demand, and people as a consequence dare to break the rules.
While I am reassured that only a tiny minority of parents apply dishonestly, I am also clear that every place gained by deception is denying another child their rightful place.
Mr Balls' cake is only so big, so we can only have so many 'good' state schools: bad luck if you don't live in the right area.
No child should be punished for their parents' actions, but neither should families on waiting lists be unfairly disadvantaged or delayed.
I have not an ounce of bad will towards parents who lie about where they live in order to get their children into the best schools possible. These are taxpayers that have been let down by the government's failure to deliver an adequate education for their children.
In an ideal world there would be no need to ask councils to investigate parents, because the system works best when everyone is honest and open in applying for school places.
What was it that Kant said about always treating people as ends in themselves, never as means to an end?
Newer PostWhy is American healthcare so expensive?


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Nationals Vs. Orioles: Nationals Drop Final Game of Series To Orioles 2-1
By Andrew Kinback May 22, 2011, 5:17pm EDT
Share All sharing options for: Nationals Vs. Orioles: Nationals Drop Final Game of Series To Orioles 2-1
The Washington Nationals began the Battle of the Beltway 2011 with lots of promise and offense. They finished with neither. The Nationals dropped the final game of a three-game series between the two teams by the score of 2-1 in what had to have been a heartbreaking finish for Nationals starter Jordan Zimmermann.
Zimmermann went six-innings giving up two runs on four hits and striking out five. It was more than a serviceable performance and yet another positive outing for the young right hander. His only mistake was giving up a seventh-inning home run to Vladmir Guerrero. It shouldn't have been a mistake that caused so much problems it couldn't be overcome, but unfortunately Zimmermann had the Nationals offense trying to back him up: the one that doesn't seem able to score runs.
The only run of the game for the Nationals came off a fourth-inning RBI single by Alex Cora. After that, the Nationals could not get runs across the plate. The final two outs of the game came on Roger Bernadina striking out and Brian Bixler then caught trying to steal second. It was a miserable way to end an aggravating series that was more than potentially winnable by the Nationals.
Manager Jim Riggleman getting thrown out on the first at-bat of the game for disputing an out call on Roger Bernadina obviously did not have desirable effects.
The Nationals fall to 21-25 and are making themsleves a nice little nook in the cellar of the NL East. The Nationals are now four games under .500, a hole no Nationals team has been ever to climb out of to get to .500 again.
Nationals Vs. Orioles: Nationals Offensive Woes Continue Against Orioles In 2-1 Loss
Nationals Vs. Orioles Rivalry Still A Major Work In Progress
Nationals Vs. Orioles Score: Nationals Leading Orioles In Close Game 1-0


text:
package org.apache.archiva.xml;

import org.junit.Test;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;

import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * XMLReaderTest
 *
 *
 */
public class XMLReaderTest
    extends AbstractArchivaXmlTestCase
{
    private void assertElementTexts( List<Node> elementList, String[] expectedTexts )
    {
        assertEquals( "Element List Size", expectedTexts.length, elementList.size() );

        List<String> texts = new ArrayList<>();
        for ( Node element : elementList )
        {
            texts.add( element.getTextContent().trim());
        }

        for ( int i = 0; i < expectedTexts.length; i++ )
        {
            String expectedText = expectedTexts[i];
            assertTrue( "Contains [" + expectedText + "]", texts.contains( expectedText ) );
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testNoPrologBasicRead()
        throws XMLException
    {
        Path xmlFile = getExampleXml( "no-prolog-basic.xml" );
        XMLReader reader = new XMLReader( "basic", xmlFile );

        List<Node> fruits = reader.getElementList( "//basic/fruits/fruit" );
        assertElementTexts( fruits, new String[] { "apple", "cherry", "pear", "peach" } );
    }

    @Test
    public void testNoPrologEntitiesRead()
        throws XMLException
    {
        Path xmlFile = getExampleXml( "no-prolog-with-entities.xml" );
        XMLReader reader = new XMLReader( "basic", xmlFile );

        List<Node> names = reader.getElementList( "//basic/names/name" );
        assertElementTexts( names, new String[] { TRYGVIS, INFINITE_ARCHIVA } );
    }

    @Test
    public void testNoPrologUtf8Read()
        throws XMLException
    {
        Path xmlFile = getExampleXml( "no-prolog-with-utf8.xml" );
        XMLReader reader = new XMLReader( "basic", xmlFile );

        List<Node> names = reader.getElementList( "//basic/names/name" );
        assertElementTexts( names, new String[] { TRYGVIS, INFINITE_ARCHIVA } );
    }

    @Test
    public void testPrologUtf8Read()
        throws XMLException
    {
        Path xmlFile = getExampleXml( "prolog-with-utf8.xml" );
        XMLReader reader = new XMLReader( "basic", xmlFile );

        List<Node> names = reader.getElementList( "//basic/names/name" );
        assertElementTexts( names, new String[] { TRYGVIS, INFINITE_ARCHIVA } );
    }

    // MRM-1136
    @Test
    public void testProxiedMetadataRead()
        throws XMLException
    {
        Path xmlFile = getExampleXml( "maven-metadata-codehaus-snapshots.xml" );
        XMLReader reader = new XMLReader( "metadata", xmlFile );
        reader.removeNamespaces();

        Element groupId = (Element) reader.getElement( "//metadata/groupId" );
        assertNotNull( groupId );
        assertEquals( "org.codehaus.mojo", groupId.getTextContent().trim() );
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Duplicator and Duplication • View topic - CD Duplication and CD Replication.
CD Duplication and CD Replication.
In here you will find information and and questions about up and coming Technology.
and Replication services. Apart from duplication and replication, we also deal in various on disc printing and packaging services. We have a very young and talented team to help you with all your CD/DVD related jobs, starting from concept to completion. we aim to provide you a service that is simply second to none.
It is a UK based company offering a range of new media oriented products and services including DVD and CD Replication, CD and DVD business card replication, mini CD and DVD replication, shaped CD and DVD replication and Flash cards.


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Tag Archives: Authors
Johanna Stein: Writer, Comedian
Johanna's YouTube, GoPro video "Momhead" was an overnight sensation, receiving 2,400,000 views in a few days. We discuss the steps that led to its success. The YouTube, GoPro video was featured on BuzzFeed, and subsequently Johanna was interviewed by major international news organizations.
Shortly after the video went viral Stein landed a deal to write a sitcom pilot for CBS.
The pilot is being produced with Will Arnett, and will be based on Stein's book "How Not to Calm a Child on a Plane."
I first met Johanna Stein when we were both performing at the Winnipeg Fringe Fetsival. We talk about how the Fringe was a launch pad for her career.
We also discuss the creative process that led her from doing stand up comedy to motherhood and then writing a book which served as the foundation for the viral video.
Johann Stein's website
Joahanna's book "How Not to Calm a Child on a Plane" on Amazon.
The YouTube video that went viral.
Check out episodes that also mention Authors, Comedy, Fringe, Winnipeg, Writing.
Elyse Friedman: Author
Elyse Friedman is a Toronto based writer. Her most recent book "The Answer to Everything" received great reviews. She's won a Gold National Magazine Award and has been short-listed for the Trillium Book Award and the Toronto Book Award.
She's also participated in Tarragon Theatre's Playwrights Unit and has written two feature films, one of which premiered at TIFF, the other at the Sundance Film Festival.
Reviewing "The Answer to Everything" the National Post's Sofi Papamarko wrote: "Tales about people searching for meaning in an empty culture and confusing universe aren't new, but Friedman tackles hers in a fiercely funny and original way."
The Toronto Star's Safa Jinje wrote: "The Answer to Everything is tragicomedy at its best. The novel is packed with sadness, but readers will mostly laugh."
Among other things we discuss why Elyse dropped out of high school at a time in her life when she was, in her words, "a crazy, hormonal, freaked out teenager."
In the interview Elyse answers questions submitted by podcast listeners, including one about her favourite dark and funny writers.
Links from the Podcast
elysefriedman.com
The Answer to Everything
Ryeberg Curated Videos
Check out episodes that also mention Authors, Comedy, Playwright, Playwrights, sheridan, Toronto, Writing.


text:
// Copyright 2019 The Chromium Authors
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

package org.chromium.weblayer;

import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
import androidx.annotation.Nullable;

/**
 * An interface for observing changes to the set of tabs in a browser.
 */
abstract class TabListCallback {
    /**
     * The active tab has changed.
     *
     * @param activeTab The newly active tab, null if no tab is active.
     */
    public void onActiveTabChanged(@Nullable Tab activeTab) {}

    /**
     * A tab was added to the Browser.
     *
     * @param tab The tab that was added.
     */
    public void onTabAdded(@NonNull Tab tab) {}

    /**
     * A tab was removed from the Browser.
     *
     * WARNING: this is *not* called when the Browser is destroyed. See {@link
     * #onWillDestroyBrowserAndAllTabs} for more.
     *
     * @param tab The tab that was removed.
     */
    public void onTabRemoved(@NonNull Tab tab) {}

    /**
     * Called when the Fragment the Browser is associated with is about to be destroyed. After this
     * call the Browser and all Tabs are destroyed and can not be used.
     */
    public void onWillDestroyBrowserAndAllTabs() {}
}


Ron Gonzales (@rongon2000) is President and CEO of the Hispanic Foundation of Silicon Valley. Previously, Ron served as Mayor of San José.
K.J. Bagchi (@kjbagchi) is the Senior Staff Attorney for Telecommunications, Technology, and Media at Asian Americans Advancing Justice | AAJC. K.J. has broad experience providing counsel and policy advice for elected members at the local, state and federal levels. He worked as Legislative Counsel at the D.C. City Council and for former Congressman Mike Honda. He has drafted legislation in a variety of areas including juvenile justice, immigration, and consumer protection. Through various roles, K.J. has developed programs, trainings, and conversations to embolden and empower the AAPI community in civic participation.
Jorge Fontanez (@CuriousJLuis) is the founder of Marca Studio and operates as senior strategist, innovator and problem-solver passionate about creating and launching digital engagement and storytelling programs. He has been working at the intersection of technology, sustainability and marketing for over 15 years and experiments with models of stakeholder engagement in his role as Clinical Professor of Marketing at the Bard MBA in Sustainability Program. Jorge is a First Movers Fellow since 2014 at the Aspen Institute Business and Society Program and collaborates with the Google Next Generation Policy Leaders influencing how tech policy affects communities of color.
Karina Cabrera Bell (@KarinaCBell) is the President of the Reach Mama Network and Host of the Reach Mama Podcast. Previously, she worked in the Obama White House, the U.S. Department of Energy, and in the U.S. Senate as Policy Advisor for New York Senator Kirsten Gillibrand.
Brian Woolfolk (@brianpwoolfolk) is the Founding Executive Director of Full Color Future–a new think tank and advocacy organization committed to changing the narrative about people of color in media, tech and innovation. He has been passionate about inclusive tech, telecom and media policy for more than 20 years, since he got his start on Capitol Hill.
Brian served as Democratic Counsel on the US House Judiciary Committee and advised Committee Members on the Telecommunications Act, media ownership diversity, and free speech issues. He also advised members and staff on constitutional, civil rights, antitrust, criminal justice and investigative issues. Prior to his Committee work, Brian served as legislative counsel to Congressman Robert C. (Bobby) Scott of Virginia, currently the Ranking Member of the House Education and Workforce Committee.
Brian has a B.A. in Criminal Justice from the University of Maryland and a J.D. from the William & Mary Law School. Brian currently serves as a Member of the William and Mary Board of Visitors (Trustees).
Cheryl A. Leanza (@cleanza) is the President of her consulting firm, A Learned Hand, LLC, www.alearnedhand.com. In this capacity she serves as policy advisor to the United Church of Christ's historic media advocacy arm and as the Co-Chair of the Leadership Conference of Civil Rights Media & Telecommunications Task Force. Her other clients have included the Progressive States Network, Leadership Conference Education Fund, National Federation of Community Broadcasters, Future of Music Coalition, Public Knowledge, and Native Public Media, among others.
Karan Chopra (@karchopra) a is Executive Vice President and Co-Founder of Opportunity@Work, where he provides leadership on strategic direction and execution of Opportunity@Work's priorities and the TechHire initiative. He co-founded Opportunity@Work because he believes that meaningful work is not just a matter of economic wellbeing but of individual dignity.
Before you build a lobbying presence in Washington, consider the fact that technology now touches almost every aspect of our lives. Accordingly, our policymaking has become more complex as companies develop new technologies and consumers use technology in ways that were unanticipated. What are the key issues that policymakers and businesses should be focused on as they seek to fine-tune their policy strategies?


"Victory" is an exhilarating setting of the Easter hymn tune by Palestrina for 3-5 octaves handbell choir. It is a piece of celebration, written to celebrate the life of a special ringer. It is appropriate for general worship, Lent, Easter and festival occasions. Written in chorale prelude style, it incorporates much of the original material with the familiar hymn tune occupying a lesser role. The spirit is one of joy and exuberance.


Some of you know immediately what I am referring to as some of you do it, you are parents.
No one really tells you as you embark on the journey that it will challenge you mentally in a way you have never before encountered.
No one tells you that you spend those early years trying to work out a routine that suits you both, as mother and child, then just as you think you have it the routine changes dictated by someone else, no one tells you how a child's sleep patterns or bowel habits can consume your every thought.
Nothing prepares you for the next step, the next stage, the next level of development ... as ... it is dictated by a little person, that one, or the ones, that your life revolves around now. Its a learn on your feet, fly by the seat of your pants gig at times.
Long story follows, get a cuppa.
My heart broke and mind boggled as my little girl just 5 lied to me in a most deceptive manner on Wednesday. Not only saying she was sick but mimicking the behaviours exhibited by her younger brother who had actually been sick earlier in the week.
I was meant to work on Wed and had committed to extra hours, welcome income at this time of the year.
She was not entirely convincing, but my son is not as advanced in communication skills, we did not actually realise he was sick until he vomited, so with this in mind and seeing her go back to bed and refuse breakfast, loaded with mother guilt about sending a potentially sick child to day care I gave her the benefit of the doubt.
Once Daddy and Brother headed off for the day things started to change.
Signs of hunger and Energy emerged and most notably many requests for recorded TV and ABC kids.
My Boss was most understanding as I rang and explained my situation to her, she gave me some extra time to think it through and spoke to me logically as a mother about it, without letting her need for me to be there play into it to heavily.
I went off for a shower ( where some of the best thinking comes from ) and came out asking her about her preferences for the days activity which indicated no level of sickness at all, but an aversion to go to Day care, I examined this more closely and it was not a dislike of Day care at all but rather a desperate want to not miss her favourite TV shows and not to have a brother weighing in on the decisions of what got watched !!!
OMGoodness what a rude slap in the face and lesson for me.
So off we went to day care after an open admission that a lie had been told and she had pretended to be sick - sob sob, we used the word lie! not a fib or little lie ... A LIE!
I let her know the ripple effect of what she had done and how it affected everyone in our family with a consequence for all of us. A consequence for her too, determined and delivered by both parents and accepted graciously by her. I did convey the seriousness of it, but was at the same time gentle about it.
I went off to work too. My boss was very understanding.
I told her my Daughter she had taught me a valuable lesson about the inappropriate value placed on TV here and that the TV watching habits of our household would be changing. Immediately.
It also got me thinking about the age appropriateness of what they were watching in more detail too.
The bees going about their busy day.
So yesterday at breakfast we ( mum and two kids ) made three lists.
1. Fun things to do at home with no TV or computer.
2. Fun things to do - not at home.
So yesterday we did not turn on TV at 8am as was our previous habit.
They watched one DVD of a half hour kids cartoon they like.
Later in the afternoon we watched 6 pre recorded TV shows that my kids like to watch and that are age appropriate.
In between times they played Lego, ate home made ice blocks, made things from paper Daughter played dollies.
As the afternoon rolled on Mr3 had a bit of a melt down showing me again how oblivious I had been to the TV watching routine I let them have.
Yesterday we had a nice day, a busy day, a good day. I'm the first to admit I'm far from a perfect parent ( what ever that is ) but I really felt like I had gotten it right yesterday.
Nothing fancy. Perfectly simple and simply perfect.
I'm looking forward to those lists we made getting dog eared and dirty as we roll into summer and by then it will have all changed and we will need to make new ones anyway.
Hope you have glorious weekends and you can take some time to lay in the shade of a tree, in the sun, listen to the birds and watch the bees.
Ahh Tammy, You poor thing. Thats one milestone I am not looking forward to at all! You handled it really well and should be proud of yourself.
L'il B is only 14 months and I am already worried about him and the TV. He only "watches" 1/2 hr/ day (max) or sesame street or bear in the big blue house and even then he is running around playing with toys as it's playing in the background (mostly when I know he's needy and i have to get dinner prepared). BUT what scares me is one of his first words is "Bih Bah" for big bear and he points at the TV and he also knows exactly what the remote controls are for. We never watch TV around him but I can see (and this was reempahiszed in your post) how easy it is to get your child into a habit that is hard to break.
Plus side to your story: the summer is coming and it'll be easy to get outside and do things. It'd be harder to break the TV habit in winter when you're inside a lot more often. I put a post up a week or so ago with a list of fun activities for children to play outside. I think it's under "bub-worthy" so check it out when you get some time although I'm sure you have it covered.
xo Have a great weekend. Meagan.
Ohhh, I hear you Tammy!! Funny we have just been through a similar experience.
You handled it very well! Definitely a reminder of the changing times, and definitely a reminder to enjoy the great outdoors!
Loved reading your post and sharing in your reflections on that parenting curve ball you encountered. What a full on couple of days you've had. I just loved the way you bounced back from it all and really empowered your children to discuss positive alternative (your list) and them made it happen.
It may very well be the most difficult job in the world but it sounds like you're really giving it your best.
I know exactly what you mean about the TV. Our days are so much nicer when I make sure the TV stays off for most of the day.
Tammy you did well. i am proud of you.
A friend who had 5 children in their teens....some of them really difficult....once asked me with a big sigh......."Why do we have to spend the best years of our lives saying "No!"?
We have rules now to. Its amazing how much fun you can have without the box!! Well done to you!
Like you have just shown - you are the parent and you make the decisions to what you think it enough. We all have different 'rules' but what is most important is you are the parent of these children and you decide what you think is right.
I find I have to really control the TV with one and the other has rare interest in it. When I push it to be off they often go off and produce these most amazing fun and games. Worth the effort!
What a wonderful honest post from a very sweet and concerned mom. You! I have tears of appreciation in my eyes for you. You have learned an important lessons and taken postive steps for happy times without the use of the TV. I am proud of you!
I started reading this on friday but had to stop after a few lines when I realised where it was going because i'd just witnessed the worst, most humungous 8 year old tantrum the world (at least I) had ever seen. Thankfully I just read it now and could cope just fine because last Friday is now history. All I can say is well done to you for handling it like a star. The tv is one powerful medium, the less the better I say.
Beautifully handled Tammy. There is no such thing as a perfect parent, we can only ever do what's right for our own family & if it's done with love, then that's all that matters.
My boy is 18 in January & it's a fantastic feeling to see your child ready to embark on adulthood as a decent, loving, intelligent person & know that you must have done a great job.
I keep reminding myself that as a teacher and now as a parent, I will expect the kids to make mistakes. In fact, at school we actively look at mistakes as a way to learn. Yet I so often find myself disppointed at my decisions or mistakes I have made as a parent. I am learning.... lots. Why do I not allow myself the scope to make mistakes and learn? Because it is about our kids, who we adore and protect and love beyond words. But they will survive us and our mistakes. Especially when we are - as you so beautifully demonstrated - reflective and committed to their well being. This must have been a hard post to write but it is inspiring Tammy. Your kids are lucky to have you.


text:
Q: Why do partially failed/failing switches fail to pass DHCP? I've noticed this several times: a switch starts to behave oddly.  Usually if the switch doesn't fail outright, what tends to get noticed is that DHCP doesn't work.
We had a Linksys SRW-224P fail today.  Systems which were still connected worked properly, until it came time to renew their DHCP lease.  Once the lease expired, they stopped working, but up until then we couldn't detect a failure.  This includes PoE VoIP phones -- they work fine until their lease is up, at which point they're done.
I've noticed this on the above-mentioned Linksys, three varieties of 3Com, and possibly half a dozen dumb switches.
What is it about DHCP that makes it sensitive to failing switches?

A: Perhaps you are looking at this from the wrong direction instead of asking why does DHCP not work maybe you should be asking why does TCP-based communication working on a unreliable network where there is packet loss or corruption.
TCP based communication is meant to be reliable and the protocol is designed to retry communication other protocols like UDP are not reliable.  DHCP just happens to be using UDP.  On a typical network most of what you see these days is TCP-based.  Its resilience properties may be what is be allowing you to continue to have communication over failing hardware.

A: I would say that DHCP is a little more complex than say http requests, but I would debate myself trying to claim that a way to find out if your switch is breaking is to check if DHCP requests are successful through it.  I'm pretty sure if you looked at your actual VOIP traffic, you'd notice packet loss.  VOIP (UDP) packet loss might be noticeable in a call depending on the % being dropped.  If a few get dropped it's no big deal, but with DHCP requests, these packets are actually important and since they don't get retransmitted it would break the request.
Might come in handy to understand all of the things DHCP does for you (via Cisco).

A: The ability to forward the bootp/dhcp helper request?
EDIT: Ok, since they are not layer 3 switches (probably should read this a bit more closely), they probably aren't involved in dhcp forwarding.

A: I've seen this behavior on two Netgear Smart Switches.  In both cases the switches were ignoring all broadcast traffic.  So the DHCP requests and replies were not being passed along.

A: DHCP is not just broadcast based.  It it "Request" based.  There is a connection to the network, then a request for an address on that network, then a reply sent from the DHCP server that either holds an address lease or reports a failure.  The request is repeated on the client internally, sending out the request every few seconds and waiting for a response.
However if that response is not recieved, if it is dropped, or if it simply isn't passed through the switching devices properly, you won't be able to get an address.  Check to make sure that your subnets are properly configured.  I've noticed that many like to use the x.0.x bits to hold only the static managed devices (switches and printers) while keeping computers and servers on the x.1.x or otherwise (this is just an example).  If you don't include the x.0.x in your subnet masking properly, you can end up with bitmasks that drop your dhcp requests, or misroute them.
Remember to include this x.0.x as the primary starting address, and then move on to set the subnetting as wide as you need with a masking that matches your dhcp in full; note that sume will set the subnetting with respect to the actual dhcp server, this is not useful, it creates packet leaks.  If you set your dhcp to not hand out the static portion, you still need to set it inside your subnet.
If you subnet your dhcp, you should reconfigure the masks, adding 1 to the bitmask alteration.  If you subnet 255.255.252.0 for your mask on your dhcp, you need to subnet 255.255.251.0 on your switches, to allow the requests for x.0.x address masks (static routes entered at the client) to carry the dhcp signal the same as the rest of the network.  Make sure your subnet masking allows the subnets that need to interact to see each other, even if only to pass the dhcp requests through.
You can separate network services on windows machines (and now macs) by setting workgroup or domain restrictions.  Access to services should be handled by login, not by vlan.  Login can control the address you receive if you know how to write the script into your servers, but that should only be done when absolutely necessary.  VLAN should only function to help a network tech track, trace and fix a problem by following the address masking scheme to a physical location.
Remember, you can bridge vlans of completely different masks, but this only allows them to see each other from a networking standpoint, not an access level.  If they need access to services, the vlans should all be bridged to a major interface and that interface should carry the full mask containing all vlans, while the vlan interfaces carry only primary mask 255.255.255.0 (or whatever vlan subnet you put accross it).

A: The only thing I can think of is that the switch might not be able to update its ARP cache correctly to reflect the newly-assigned IP.


The UCA Undergraduate Bulletin has been published in a "digital-first" format – i.e., a document designed for on-line and on-disk distribution rather than print delivery – since 2002, and pagination in this important document is long gone. The document has continued to evolve, however, and its referencing system requires another update. Beginning with the 2013-2014 annual issue, then, content within the Undergraduate Bulletin is properly referenced by (1) the issue year, (2) the page title (for example, this page's title is "Bulletin Reference Conventions") and, where relevant, section and subsection number.
A reference to the bulletin's description of the Academic Clemency policy would, then, for example, read Undergraduate Bulletin 2013-2014, "Academic Records," sec. 9 (jump to this reference: Academic Clemency); if one wished to refer specifically to the subsection describing the academic clemency request process, one would refer, at the end of the citation, to "sec. 9.2" (jump to this reference: Academic Clemency Process).


Thank Cat Mom is normally not into photoshopping; I know at least one certain black Britcat who suffers from his human's Photoshop addiction. However, I like my mighty paw on this picture – I'm a strong and dangerous Finnish girlcat, and everybody should be aware of my terror paw.
So I encouraged Mom to participate for the first time in Caturday Art, but little did I know… I didn't want her to show the original picture, revealing that I was just playing with a wand toy in my tunnel. Sigh.
A blog hop is a specific topic bloggers write about on a certain day. The blog hop (hopping from one blog to another) collects all links, and makes it easy to see how others have interpreted this topic. This posting is part of Athena and Marie's blog hop Caturday Art.
That paw is too cute to be scary- sorry. Cool art though. I just nominated your Mom for a quote challenge, if she wants to participate, but if you kitties keep her too busy, I understand.
Photoshop or not, we know to keep well away from that paw.
Thank you for telling us about the warning. Our information was entered incorrectly and hopefully the mom has fixed it now.
That looks like the mighty paw of doom in the first picture. The second photo? Weeeell…..
Isn't Caturday Art fun??? You did a pawsome job!
That came good Tessa. Wands and tunnels are two things every cat needs.
that photo is too cute!
We like that mighty paw!!
Wonderful art!!! the black and white is a little scary!!


Celebrating the end of another successful GoWeek!
It's been a few months since my last update, so you'll find a few various updates in this email...should be exciting!
This past year was a great year for GoCorps! We had a strong staff of 11 spread out from Los Angeles to Philadelphia. We were able to share about GoCorps to over 10,000 college students! At the end of May we held GoWeek in Minneapolis and had 19 new Goers and 1 new GoCorps staff begin the training for their support raising (they have already had over $500,000 committed for their various ministries they'll be joining this fall!).
This summer I, along with most of the GoCorps staff, will be spending time connecting with our current supporters and looking to invite more people to join our prayer and support teams. I have already been able to meet with a number of family and friends and have been blessed and encouraged by all of them! I'm looking forward to meeting with more of you and also new friends in the coming weeks.
On July 22, I will be heading down to Mexico for 5 days to help out with a high school camp with an intern our church had last summer. I will be sharing about Feed my Starving Children, a ministry our church supports. I'm excited for the opportunity to serve in this way and extremely blessed that GoCorps gives me time to be involved with missions through our church!
In just over a month GoCorps will be having a 2 day GoSummit with our partnering organizations. This is always a great time to get together to celebrate what God has done and also to plan on how to be more effective in reaching those in their 20s.
This coming fall for GoWeek 2 we will be meeting at a new location at Camp Victory in Minnesota. We're excited to be at a new location in such a beautiful setting! The camp setting will be quite different than our GoWeek 1 location in downtown Minneapolis! We currently have 14 who have committed to joining us, along with 4 others who have completed the process and are waiting to hear back from their sending organization.
Praise God that we have new staff joined GoCorps this year!
It has been a busy summer so far, but the warm weather and the opportunities to visit family and friends make all of the hours in the minivan worth it! We're looking forward to seeing more of you in the coming weeks. If you haven't heard from me about getting together please feel free to call (712.308.1303) or email me; I'd love to get together with you! Thanks again for all of your prayers and support!