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The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850 was a set of articles written by Karl Marx for the newspaper Neue Rheinische Zeitung in 1850.  The works were collated and republished in 1895 by Friedrich Engels.

Contents of the articles
In these works Marx analyzes the class issues and the economic relations which drove forward the social and political upheavals, which took place in France in 1848.  He focuses extensively on the argument that the conflict was not between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, but between different factions within the bourgeoisie.  Specifically, he identifies conflicts between the industrial bourgeoisie, whose wealth and income are dependent upon the production and sale of goods; and the financial bourgeoisie, whom he identifies as bankers and stock market speculators.

Manipulated public policy
Marx identifies a political system where the individuals responsible for the development of public policy and the direction of public funds, were the same individuals whose investments stood to be affected by these decisions.  The result of this, he claims, was that public policy was manipulated for the sake of self enrichment, giving the example of extensive railroad projects being developed with public funds under the direction of legislators who were also the main investors in these endeavors.

Marx asserts, however, that, while this situation was deemed intolerable to the industrial bourgeoisie, they were not in any position to take serious action against it.  The industrial bourgeoisie still occupied a comparatively privileged position within society and government and this fact, Marx argues, placed them in essentially the main camp as the financial bourgeoisie.

Public revolt
Where Marx identifies the change in the situation that made the public revolt possible is in a set of financial crises further afield that had deleterious effects on the economic situation in France. Specifically, he identifies a set of crop failures in 1845 and 46, and then a more general economic crisis which gripped England in the late 1840s.  This crisis saw a wave of bankruptcies and factory closures throughout Britain and it was in the midst of the aftershocks that this crisis sent across the European continent, Marx asserts, that the February Revolution took place.

Marx asserts in these works that England, in that time, was setting the tone for bourgeois society in general, and blames this on the nature of the trade imbalances which then existed.  He paints a picture of France exporting most of its consumer goods to England, while England exports most of it consumer goods further abroad.  In the same way he interprets the crises which effect England afterwards going on to effect the continent.

Thus, he claims, the general economic crisis in England led to a general economic crisis in France, and that this crisis was the cause of the revolution of February 1848.  This prompts him to demonstrate why no such revolution occurred in England and for this he offers the explanation that England was more thoroughly industrialized.  England, he claims, needed no revolution because the industrialists already constituted such a great power, socially and politically, that they were able to confront the runaway power of speculative finance directly.  France, however, was still far more heavily agrarian, while the industrialist class, though wealthy and powerful in its own right, did not wield sufficient power to carry through such a confrontation.  It was only in the aftermath of the above mentioned economic crises that the industrial bourgeoisie found themselves forced to align themselves with the agrarian classes against the financial bourgeoisie.  Thus Marx concludes that, in spite of the proletarian character and slogans of the revolution the proletariat were used mostly as a prop, and that as soon as the new republic was established the proletariat were more or less ejected from the circles of power.

Analyses
Marx goes on to describe how this use of the proletariat as a prop to dethrone the financial bourgeoisie on the behalf of the industrial bourgeoisie left the bourgeoisie so disillusioned and alienated as to fall into support for Louis Bonaparte, a man who Marx speaks of very disparagingly.  He argues that Bonaparte's lack of character was central to his popularity as he was able to signify different things to different constituents and therefore build a broad base of support among groups that, according to Marx, share few mutual goals and interests.

Finally, Marx draws together the analyses of the political upheavals in France and the economic crises triggered, originally, in England and spreading outward to the continent; and from these analyses builds the argument that these upheavals in France, which seemed like a grand political shift in one nation, marked only minor change within the superstructure of a social and economic system which was multinational in character.

References

1895 non-fiction books
1850 documents
Books by Karl Marx

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August 9, 2017 December 10, 2018 Chrissy Stroop Christian Right, Evangelicalism
Of Megachurches and their Mini-Mes, or, What's the Deal with "Relevant" Christianity?
Before really getting into this post, I'd like to thank all of you readers for bearing with me with respect to the paucity of new content delivered over the last month, much of which I spent traveling:
In Indiana (where I visited family); in the Pacific Northwest (where I stayed with Tori Glass's family, hiked Multnomah Falls with an ex-Evangelical I had last seen in person when I was four years old but who found me through my ex-Evangelical work on Twitter, and finally made my pilgrimage to the original Starbucks store at Pike Place Market, where I paid homage to the angel Covfefe); and in Northern California (where I stayed with my friend Elspeth Olson's family, did a little research into the history of Russian Christian influence on American anti-Communism at the Hoover Institute Archive back at Stanford, saw friends, participated in a panel discussion through DiveIn, and recorded a guest appearance on one of my favorite podcasts, Sunday School Dropouts).
I'm getting settled back in ahead of the upcoming academic year here in Tampa, FL now, although my home Wi-Fi connection deciding to break last Friday and only getting restored earlier today has complicated things a bit. Nevertheless, expect more content soon, as I will be back into a routine and have lots of ideas (please also feel free to let me know what you'd like to see covered, in comments, on Twitter, or through the contact form on this site).
I didn't do a lot of Twitter threading over the past month either, but yesterday I took to Twitter to thread my take on the following question posed by @SighlenceDogood in a discussion of what we came to call #PulpitFacepalms (a new hashtag well worth checking out, in my view): "Why do evangelical pastors try so hard to make their sermons, prayers, etc. so pop-culturally relevant? So much that it hurts."
https://twitter.com/SighlenceDogood/status/894960258405113856
From about age 12, I grew up with precisely that kind of Evangelicalism, which is in-your-face with its "coolness." It is often associated with the word "relevant," too. See, for example, the godawful (pun quasi-intended) Evangelical magazine of that name if you want to dive head first into contrived Christian hipsterism. Also highly recommended are Emily Joy's fiery takedowns of Relevant Magazine articles on Twitter. Those threads are solid gold! A little teaser:
OKAY SO. First of all I'm glad @RELEVANT is using precious technological airtime to shame people for desiring a good sex life with a spouse
— Emily Joy (@emilyjoypoetry) May 19, 2017
Second of all, OBVIOUSLY #purityculture misrepresented sex. Also, everything else about life & relationships. That's what we've been saying.
Anyway, my autobiography coincides with a lot of this "relevant" nonsense. And thereby hangs a tail, one that I contextualized yesterday on Twitter within the big picture of the historical and sociological development of American Evangelicalism over the last few decades. This ended up being a pretty large thread, which I recommend reading on Twitter if you can, as that will likely be a smoother reading experience than reading it here. Nevertheless, I'm also going to copy the entire thread below so that those who may not be on Twitter can read it, or those who find Twitter confusing can read it all in one separate place.
Somehow there are two tweets labeled "36." I'm not quite sure how that happened; sorry. I also apologize for the awkwardness of so many embedded tweets, but I thought this would be worth sharing here even if I'm not able to take the time to retype the entire thing in paragraph form right now. If you are on Twitter, check out the responses to this thread too. Some of them are very insightful!
1. From about age 13 I was in this megachurch-inspired "relevant" branch of Evangelicalism. Ultimately about numbers. Theorized as follows. https://t.co/dHjSh44T6F
— Christopher Stroop (@C_Stroop) August 8, 2017
1-a. Some caveats. 1. Threading from my phone, so bear with me on slowness. 2. Mainline churches also experiment w/ "contemporary" services.
2. Next, some context. Evangelicals are obsessed with "reaching the unchurched." This is an ideological imperative to "spread the good news"
3. And church leaders of all kinds are wary of declining church attendance. They're afraid of secularization *and*for their livelihoods.
4. Conservative Evangelicals have long bragged that unlike mainliners who "water down" their Christianity, they're not declining. But.
5. Anxiety is part and parcel of a fundamentalist mindset, and so is zero sum thinking. There are perennial concerns about the youth.
6. Also, with the "rise of the nones," decline is beginning to catch up to some Evangelical denominations. https://t.co/vmrXhhsx4J
7. So, being anxious that church as most people experienced it would be too boring, some Evangelicals decided essentially to rebrand.
8. The origins lie some decades back. The most famous and influential non-denominational megachurch in the U.S. was founded in 1975.
9. I am, ofc, talking about Willow Creek Community Church outside Chicago, founded and still headed by Bill Hybels: https://t.co/seu57Z8bfa
10. Hybels first planned to go into business, brought a corporate mentality to his "calling." Entrepreneurs are lionized in these churches.
11. And that corporate mentality is one reason for the emphasis on growth of particular congregations to massive sizes. pic.twitter.com/2dtcZPlqfx
12. It's a bit of an aside, but since that time the "hottest" parts of Evangelicalism really have been Weber's Protestant ethic run amok.
12-a. Did you know that you can buy Christian breath mints? Distributed exclusively by Oriental Trading Company. https://t.co/snRJ58oGJ2 pic.twitter.com/D5mFhTiC89
12-b. How about Christian board games? Derivative of secular board games, only more didactic and lamer. Score! https://t.co/hvOUijslUU
13. And we're not even talking about the prosperity gospel here, folks. Sure, people in these churches might read The Prayer of Jabez. pic.twitter.com/8lu3b8hIsq
14. But by and large they'd reject the prosperity theology of Paula White, Creflo Dollar, even Benny Hinn and Joel Osteen, if asked.
15. This most recent wave of corporatization of Evangelicalism occurred along with the (re)organization of the Christian Right as we know it
16. So in addition to numbers, that meant coalition building, which naturally requires a deemphasis on technical theological doctrine.
17. That puzzle piece helps explain how we get to a situation of not only "bad ecumenism," but pushing "relevance." https://t.co/sPUbALj0Uf
18. Hybels was a pioneer. It was the early 90s when the whole non-denominational "relevant" thing really took off and my family got into it.
19. I need to take a lunch break. I'll get into these churches' branding strategies and how that intersects with my story in a bit.
20. Okay, so back to megachurches, their Mini-Mes, and the language of "relevance," "seeker sensitivity," and "hipster" Christianity.
21. As @smellin_coffee points out in replies to this thread, the origins of megachurch run deeper than Hybels founding Willow in 1975.
22. And of course the corporatization of the churches has deeper roots in anti-Communist Xtianity as well; you can read @KevinMKruse on that
23. But the period in which the megachurch aesthetic really took over much of Evangelical America was the 1990s.
24. And it was some time in 1992 when my dad, then an Independent Christian Church music minister, got a (phone) call from God. Sort of.
25. So the phone call was technically from Pastor Ron Clarkson, who headed a megachurch-inspired "church plant" in Colorado Springs, CO.
26. We lived in Fishers, Indiana, a north suburb of Indianapolis. Dad is interesting and talented. Wanted more room for creativity in church
27. So he liked the idea of what Pastor Ron Clarkson described. He did not, however, think an interstate move would be best for the family.
28. But then Ron played the ultimate Evangelical trump card. He asked if Dad would just "pray about it." #YouDontKnowEvangelicals? Hold on.
29. When you agree to "pray about" an opportunity, there's a really good chance it will turn out to be "God's will." God's funny that way!
30. After some weeks of deliberation and prayer, it turned out God *had* called us to move to Colorado Springs! How about that? pic.twitter.com/OEF3YXXwG0
31. Perhaps you think of Colorado Springs as an Evangelical dystopia. It wasn't always that way. The early 1990s are when it transformed.
32. My family got there in 1993. Guess what organization also got established in Colorado Springs in 1993? Focus on the Family!
33. And remember Pastor Ted Haggard, the homophobic sometime head of the National Association of Evangelicals outed by a male sex worker?
34. He'd been in Colorado Springs since the mid-1980s, but he was increasing in influence in the 1990s, and was a part of the city's shift.
35. And remember what I said about coalitions and "bad ecumenism" above? It has something to do with how prominent Pentecostals now are.
36. A bit of an aside, but Pentecostals and other charismatics were looked at askance by more "respectable" Evangelicals when I was a kid.
36. By 2003, a charismatic like Ted Haggard could rise to the top of the NAE, a position that always has the ear of Republican leaders.
37. Anyway, my dad became music pastor at this church plant (under the umbrella of The Missionary Church), Community Church in the Rockies.
38. What's a church plant? Glad you asked. It's a corporate-style approach to the creation of new churches to "reach the unchurched."
39. You "plant" a new church, see, with seed funding from some bigger structure, and you try to make it grow to where it's self-supporting.
40. Been quickly Googling trying to figure out if ol' CCR (not a bad acronym), which met back then at Rampart High School, is still around.
41. I couldn't immediately confirm one way or another; I just found this. Notice the language of "seeker driven": https://t.co/F8vLCnJK2L
42.What was distinctive about CCR and the many Willow Creek-inspired churches like it? To get back to the point of the thread, "relevance."
43. You could wear jeans to church! Even shorts! The "sermon" was called a "message"! It had bullet points! We had dramas! And rock music!
44. This church, attended by people like then Focus on the Family executive Kurt Leander, claimed to be "not your grandma's church."
45. The "messages" were "relevant" to apply to your everyday life, see? Now your homophobia and anti-abortion mania could be "cool."
46. There's a lot about this aesthetic/approach that you could label "phony," or at least "disingenuous." The church was "seeker sensitive?"
47. Ok… If that means coffee, rock music, sophisticated sound and light design, and not having to choose b/w predestination and free will.
48. What it did not mean is that you could actually think it was okay to be gay, vote for Democrats, or be pro-choice, and stay in the club.
49. I ran the light board, sometimes. And drank coffee on the catwalk. Rampart High had a nice catwalk. I'd drink coffee up there. Anyway…
50. This is what it was like on the inside. And this kind of often deceptive stuff and outreach could get people in the door.
51. And what this ultimately amounts to is an effective rebranding, the thought leaders behind which were savvy about marketing.
52. They weren't only savvy about marketing, either. They thought in thoroughly corporate terms, and translated them into Christianity.
53. Church plants are sort of entrepreneurial experiments. Church service execution is slick. And then theres are the "small groups."
54. They effectively keep you "on message,"make sure your closest friends are fellow church members, and "plug you in" to volunteering, etc.
55. Oh and if you rock the boat ideologically? Expect to be "ghosted." https://t.co/oG6KaHxLSK
56. We did not rock the boat at CCR. But Ron Clarkson got on a pastoral power trip and threatened Dad's and the youth pastor's job security.
57. So they went back to Indiana and started a church plant together. That one failed, and ended with some bad blood.
58. But that's another story. I hope this thread has conveyed at least some sense of what the "relevant," "seeker sensitive" thing is about.
Tagged #PulpitFacePalms, #YouDontKnowEvangelicals, A/V, Anti-Communism, Audio, autobiography, Bill Hybels, Business and Christian Anti-Communism, California, Capitalism, CCR, Childhood, Christian Right, Christian Right Instittutions, Christianity, Christopher Stroop, Church planting, Church Plants, Colorado, Colorado Springs, Community Church in the Rockies, Conservatism, Conservative Christianity, Coolness, Corporate Christianity, Corporate Church, Corporatization of Christianity, Covfefe, Culture Wars, DiveIn, Education, Emily Joy, Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship, Evangelicalism, Evangelicals, Ex-Evangelicals, Exvagelical, Faith, Fishers, Focus on the Family, Free Enterprise, God's Will, GOP, Hipster Christianity, Homophobia, Hoover Institution Archive, Humor, Indiana, James Dobson, Leaving Conservative Christianity, LGBTQ Rights, Marketing, Megachurch, Megachurch aesthetic, Megachurches, Multnomah Falls, Oregon, Pacific Northwest, Podcasts, Politics, Portland, Project, Relevance, Relevant, Religion, Religion and Politics, Ron Clarkson, San Francisco, Seattle, Seeker Sensitive, Seeker Sensitivity, Stanford, Starbucks, Summer, Sunday School Dropouts, Ted Haggard, Theology, Tori Glass, Travel, Twitter, Washington, Websites, Willow Creek, Willow Creek Community Church
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Writer, Scholar, Ex-Evangelical View all posts by Chrissy Stroop
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Music Labels are Ramping Up Enforcement of Unlicensed Music in Brand Social Media Posts
An important reminder: Brands cannot use commercial music tracks, without explicit, specific permission for such, in their social media posts, even if those tracks are available as options within the post creation tools.
This comes amid a rising amount of copyright infringement cases being filed against brands for using unlicensed music in their promotions, as they lean into trends, particularly in short-form video, which rely on music cues and elements.
Which could land you in very hot water if you're not careful.
As reported by Bloomberg Law:
"Energy drink maker Bang achieved enormous marketing success through its aggressive and flashy social media strategy that used popular influencers to advertise its drinks on TikTok and Instagram Reels. But the company didn't obtain a license to use the music in more than 100 of its videos, and it was hit with copyright lawsuits from all three of the major US record labels. A federal judge this year ruled in favor of the labels in two of those cases."
That's just one example – Bloomberg also notes that Warner Music recently sued UK-based makeup company Iconic London for copyright infringement in their TikTok and Instagram posts as well.
The increasing enforcement of copyright for social media usage flags a new focus for the major labels. In recent years, big recording companies have employed entire teams to scour the online landscape for unlicensed usage of their clients' work.
That's been most present on YouTube, where labels had up till recently been able to claim revenue on any video that used their licensed music, providing an additional revenue stream within itself. YouTube has since changed its process, and now gives creators the opportunity to remove violative segments of their uploads, as opposed to simply reverting ad revenue to the labels. But the increased emphasis on music copyright infringement has made this a higher priority for rights-holding organizations.
And TikTok is now their key focus.
The short-form video platform has become a key avenue for music promotion, with popular tracks playing a big part in many viral trends, and even sparking entire careers off the back of TikTok momentum.
Which has then led to TikTok providing more, easier ways to add tracks into your clips. But for marketers, you need to know the rules around such, in order to avoid falling foul of the law, and costing yourself big time in the process (note: the aforementioned Bang energy drinks has now filed for bankruptcy).
So what are the rules?
As per TikTok:
"If a business account chooses to use sounds beyond what is available in the Commercial Music Library for their promotional content, they need to obtain the appropriate commercial license and ingest the sound on to TikTok for their use."
Also important:
Business Accounts cannot duet, react, or stitch with user videos that use sounds from the general music library
So you can use music in your promotions, so long as it comes from TikTok's Commercial Music Library of licensed audio tracks.
You can't use the well-known pop songs or the tracks available to regular users in your brand promotions, unless you have explicit, direct permission for that exact usage.
In reading the specifics of the Bang energy drinks case, it seems that Bang was using a personal profile in the app for its business, not a business account, which meant that all of the pop songs available to regular users as music options were also available in is composition flow. That led Bang to believe that it was allowed to use them in its clips.
Which it was not, and the judge ruled that the company was liable for copyright infringement.
In other words, you can't argue that you misunderstood the regulations, or that the platform enabled you to use the tracks – it's on you to understand the licensing and permission requirements for using commercial tracks.
Essentially, if you're using the latest song by Drake as your soundtrack, Drake's team would at least require the opportunity to approve such usage. They might not want his music associated with your brand, and as a business owner, you can understand how such associations can be important from a branding perspective.
Keep that in mind, and ensure you read the regulations, and you can avoid falling foul of the law in this respect.
Related Topics:brandEnforcementLabelsMediaMusicpostsrampingSocialUnlicensed
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EntirewebNewsBot
Twitter's looking to give users a broader set of emoji reactions for their DMs, while also, potentially, enabling personalization of your quick reactions display in the app.
As you can see in these mock-ups, shared by Twitter designer Andrea Conway, Twitter's testing a new search option within the reaction pop-up in DMs which would enable you to use any other emoji as a reaction to a message.
An extension of this would also be the capacity to update the reactions that are immediately displayed to whatever you choose.
It's not a game-changer by any means, but it could provide more ways to interact via DMs, and with more interactions switching to messaging, and more private exchanges, it could be a way for Twitter to better lean into this trend, and facilitate a broader array of response options in-stream.
Twitter's working on a range of updates as it looks to drive more engagement and usage, including tweet view counts, updated Bookmarks, a new 'For You' algorithm, and more. Elon Musk has said that he can envision Twitter reaching a billion users per month by next year, but for that to happen, the platform needs to update its systems to show people more of what they like, and keep them coming back – which is what all of these smaller updates, ideally, build to in a broader approach.
But that's a pretty steep hill to climb.
Last week, Twitter reported that it's now up to 253 million daily active users, an increase on the 238 million that it reported in July last year. Daily and monthly active usage is not directly comparable, of course, but when Twitter was reporting monthly actives, its peak was around 330 million, back in 2019.
As noted in the chart, Twitter switched from reporting monthly active users to daily actives in 2019, but looking at the two measurements, it's hard to imagine that Twitter's monthly active usage is any more than 100m over its current DAU stats.
That means that Twitter has likely never reached more than 350 million active users – yet Musk believes that he can best that by close to 200% in a matter of months.
Seems unlikely – even at current growth rates since Musk took over at the app, Twitter would only be looking at around 500 million users, optimistically, by the end of 2024.
If it can maintain that. More recent insight from Twitter has suggested that user activity has declined since those early post-Musk purchase highs – but maybe, through a range of updates and tweaks, there could be a way for Musk and Co. to maximize usage growth, beyond what seems possible, based on the stats.
We'll find out, and as it pushes for that next level, you can expect to see more updates and tweaks like this, with enhanced engagement in mind.
With consumers obsessed over the price of a dozen eggs, could conspicuous consumption-driven influencer marketing falling out of favor? That is the question brands might be considering after the
backlash that cosmetics brand Tarte is receiving after a sponsored trip to Dubai. "Influencers were called out for appearing not …
Read the whole story at Marketing Brew »
Twitter has taken its next steps towards facilitating payments in the app, with The Financial Times reporting that the company has begun applying for regulatory licenses in US states, the next legal requirement for providing payment services in the app.
Payments, which Elon Musk has a long history in, could be another way for Twitter to generate revenue, by enabling transactions between users, from which it would then take a small percentage. Musk has repeatedly flagged his vision for payments as part of his broader push to make Twitter into an 'everything app', which would provide more functionality and usage benefits.
As reported by FT:
"In November, Twitter registered with the US Treasury as a payments processor, according to a regulatory filing. It has now also begun to apply for some of the state licenses it would need in order to launch, these people said. The remainder would be filed shortly, in the hope that US licensing was completed within a year, one of the people said."
From there, Twitter would also look to establish agreements with international regulators to enable payments in all regions.
As noted, payments are a part of Elon's broader plans for a more functional app, which would replicate the utility of China's WeChat, which is used by Chinese citizens for everything from ordering groceries, to buying public transport tickets, to paying bills, etc. WeChat has become such a crucial connective element, that it formed a key part of China's COVID response, with authorities using the app as a means to manage COVID positive citizens and restrict their movement.
Musk isn't ideally looking to use Twitter as a control device (I don't think), but the broader concept is to add in more and more functionality, in order to both generate more income for the company, and make the app a more critical element in the interactive landscape.
Twitter's already exploring several options on this front.
Several app researchers have uncovered mock-ups for Twitter Coins in the back-end of the app.
Via Twitter coins, users would be able to make donations to creators in the app, through on-profile tipping, but beyond that, Twitter's also exploring options like unlockable tweets, paywalled video, and more, as it seeks to embed broader usage and adoption of in-app payments.
A big opportunity also exists to facilitate remittance, or sending money to family and friends, which is a key use case in many regions. Remittance payment services often charge processing fees, and various social apps have been trying to find new ways to facilitate such without the same costs, with the idea being that once people are moving their money in-app, they'll then be more likely to spend it in the same place.
Thus far, social platforms that do offer payments haven't been able to embed this as a use case – but maybe, with Musk's experience, knowledge and connections, he might be able to make this work in tweets.
Elon, of course, got his start in payments, with his first company, an online bank called X.com, being bought out by PayPal in 1999, his first big business win. And while his focus has since shifted to electric cars and rockets, Musk has keen understanding of the digital payments space, and how it can be adapted for varied usage.
According to reports, Musk told Twitter investors in May last year, that his aim was to see Twitter bring in about $1.3 billion in payment revenues by 2028.
That would give the company a sorely needed boost. After Musk's cost-cutting efforts, which have resulted in the reduction of around 70% of Twitter staff, the company could be on track to potentially break even this year, or close, but a lot has to go right to get the platform back on track. And with advertisers continuing to back away from Twitter spend, it's not looking good, while subscriptions to Twitter Blue are unlikely to provide much relief, at least at this stage.
As such, the shift into payments can't come fast enough, though it'll still be some time before we see the possibility of in-app payments.
Also, while Musk has made it clear fiat currency will be the main focus of this push in its initial phase, cryptocurrencies could also, eventually, be included. The price of Dogecoin, Musk's favorite crypto offering, rose to a 24-hour high after news broke of Elon's expanded payments plan.
Will payments be the answer to Twitter's revenue woes? Maybe, if Elon's vision for billions in payments revenue comes to fruition – and with his previous track record, you can't dismiss the notion entirely.
But it'll take time, many approvals, and many more steps before we reach the next stage.


Geoscientists from Heidelberg University have discovered accumulations of magma in the Andes sufficient to have set off a super-eruption but which, in fact, did not. Such eruptions, which expel enormous quantities of magma, are the largest volcanic events on earth. Together with colleagues from the USA, researchers from the Institute of Earth Sciences discovered that magma volumes of supervolcanic proportions have been continuously accumulating in the Altiplano-Puna region since the last super-eruption nearly 2.9 million years ago. These magmas, however, did not reach the surface to trigger a catastrophic eruption but instead slowly cooled at depth and hardened into plutonic rock. The results of the research were published in the journal Geology.
"A supervolcanic eruption spews out more than 1,000 cubic kilometres of magma, which accumulated over time in reservoirs close the earth's surface," explains Prof. Dr Axel Schmitt of the Institute of Earth Sciences. "In turn, these reservoirs are fed from deeper layers in the earth's crust and the underlying mantle. During an eruption, the overlying rock layers collapse into the empty magma chamber and form depressions, known as calderas, of up to 100 kilometres in diameter." Axel Schmitt indicates that there have been at least seven super-eruptions in the Altiplano-Puna region within the last ten million years, the most recent one about 2.9 million years ago. What remains unclear is why no further major eruptions have occurred since then and whether the region can now be considered inactive for such events.
Prof. Schmitt reports that model calculations demonstrated that zircon formation is only possible over such protracted durations if the inflow of magma amounted to approx. one cubic kilometre over 1,000 years, which is unusually high for a relatively small volcano. "This means that over a long period of time a magma volume of supervolcanic proportions must have accumulated under the five lava domes, which then solidified into plutonic rock at depth." The volcanologist explains that the lack of a major volcanic eruption does not necessarily indicate that magmatic activity has come to a complete halt. Perhaps the rise in magma from deeper regions merely slowed during the last 2.9 million years, forming an enormous body of rock known as a pluton.
"However, our results also show that a relatively small increase in the long-term magma recharge from about one to five cubic kilometres in 1,000 years would recreate conditions favouring a catastrophic supervolcanic eruption. A new super-eruption in the Altiplano-Puna region would be possible, but only after a long lead time," explains Prof. Schmitt.
Researchers from Oregon State University and the University of California in Los Angeles also contributed to the research.
Note: The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Heidelberg University.


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Home Wealth > News > Turkeys Dogan Plans To Use 700 Million Cash Pile For Acquisitions
Turkey's Dogan plans to use $700 million cash pile for acquisitions
Aydin Dogan is following the business model of Sweden's Kinnevik, an investment holding firm managing assets in various industries.
BLOOMBERG/KEREM UZEL
Turkish billionaire Aydin Dogan plans to use the $700 million cash pile he gained from the sale of his media business on domestic and overseas acquisitions, reported Bloomberg.
The 83-year-old's holding company, which owns and operates Trump Towers in Istanbul, is looking at domestic manufacturers of car parts, chemicals and packaging as well as global assets to expand its steel-wire maker Celik Halat ve Tel Sanayii and steering-systems producer Ditas Dogan Yedek Parca.
Caglar Gogus, Ditas Dogan Yedek Parca's CEO, said, "We're in hot talks for four or five assets in car parts, chemicals and packaging industries, we're in no rush but can complete one deal this year or in the first quarter of next year."
Dogan Sirketler Grubu Holding, which has interests in energy, real estate and tourism, is seeking new avenues of growth after it sold its media assets last year for almost $1 billion. The holdings, which included CNNTurk TV station and Turkey's most influential daily newspaper, had put the tycoon in constant battle with President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
"We want Dogan Holding to have assets not only with strong dividend potential but also with strong capital gains potential, the group isn't considering assets valued less than $50 million, added Gogus.
Dogan Holding, a 33 per cent shareholder in a hydropower producer which earlier this year restructured debt, is also considering more renewable energy investments. The plans to use its Galata Wind unit to increase power capacity to more than 400 megawatts from 265 megawatts.
The group acquired Trump Towers year from an associated firm for TRL 850 million ($150 million) and revamped the mall to attract more young entrepreneurs.
Dogan Holding is also said to be in talks to buy the distributor of Mitsubishi vehicles to add to its stable that already sells Suzuki, Piaggio and Paccar vehicles. The firm has also applied for a licence to start an investment bank after years of being absent from the banking industry.
Dogan Holding is aiming to raise the international investor ownership in its free float to as much as 80 per cent from around 50 per cent through non-deal roadshows planned for the UK in November 2019 and Prague in December 2019.
RELATED STORIES: TRUMP TOWERS AYDIN DOGAN CNNTURK TV STATION DOGAN HOLDING


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2010, 111mins, R
Director: John Alan Simon
Actors: Jonathan Scarfe, Shea Whigham, Katheryn Winnick, Alanis Morissette
Berkeley record store clerk Nick Brady (Jonathan Scarfe) begins to experience strange visions from an entity he calls VALIS that cause him to uproot his family and move to Los Angeles where he becomes a successful music company executive. With the help of best friend, science-fiction writer Philip K. Dick himself (Shea Whigam) and a mysterious woman named Silvia (Alanis Morissette), Nick finds himself drawn into a dangerous political-mystical conspiracy of cosmic proportions. The story is set in an alternate reality America circa 1985 under the authoritarian control of President Fremont, a Nixon-like clone (Scott Wilson).
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Long before Sudoku hit the scene there were Logic Grid Puzzles. Developed by Lewis Carroll (besides writing Alice In Wonderland, he was also a mathematician and logician), these logic puzzles rely on deducing a complex solution from only a few pieces of information! You're probably thinking, "Whoa, that sounds really nerdy!" And you're right. But it's also really addicting. With only a few clues, you'll be able to fill in the entire 6 grid puzzle after you put your brain to work.
Plus, these types of word problems and logic puzzles are showing up with increasing regularity on standardized academic tests like the SAT, LSAT, MCAT and GRE. So beyond just being a fun past time, they're also a great way to prepare yourself for higher level learning.
The app is free, and includes a starter pack of puzzles so you can see if Logic Grid Puzzles are your kind of fun. If they are - there are already more packs with many more puzzles in place you can purchase from within the app - and I'm hard at work writing more puzzles to add in as soon as possible.
Sudoku and Ken Ken puzzles are fun, but I think you'll agree that solving word problems pushes your brain in ways those math based puzzles don't!


Robert Peters filed and completed a Quiet Title Action for us on a Tax Deed property this year. Quiet Title actions can drag out longer than necessary unless your attorney is well versed in Quiet Title actions and is really on top of the service and response/default timelines. Robert and his Paralegal, Michelle did a great job of meeting the servicing challenges that cropped up in our case and of pushing the bank we served to respond within the allotted time. If left up to the bank, they would have dragged out their response for months. Because Robert understands the process and the law, the bank was not permitted to tie up or drag out the process.


And yet when we talk about the benefits of using Self Directed Teams it is all too tempting to 'leap' directly into using them for your organization. We suggest instead taking the time to look first and truly assess whether your organization is ready to adopt the concept. The SDVN Readiness Assessment can help you to do this.
Embarking on the process of incorporating a self directed volunteer team into your organization is not a process to be taken lightly. An honest constructive look inward into your own organization and it's readiness to start this journey will greatly mitigate against unforeseen risks. Remember that performing a readiness assessment test is not something that need, or should, be completed alone. To perform a thorough examination other stakeholders will need to be involved in the process. Doing so will indirectly help communicate to them how the model will work and help to garner support.
i.e. How will the current staff 'buy in' to the idea of engaging volunteers in new roles? Are they open to moving from traditional volunteer roles to more autonomous ones? How will your supervisory staff react to the change?
i.e. Are there mechanisms in place to facilitate volunteers receiving feedback, coaching and accountability? Does your organization have clear attainable standards set for both staff and volunteers?
i.e. Do you have the physical space to accommodate volunteer team meetings? What resources are you willing to invest into the volunteer teams to aid them?
i.e. What are your overall recruitment plans/strategies? Are the roles that you are seeking to fulfill flexible enough to allow for non-traditional time commitments from volunteers such as one-time events or variable working hours/days.
i.e. Is there some level of pre-service training required by some of the volunteers? Is there a suitable management system in place with volunteers prepared to supervise other volunteers/programs/projects/areas/ etc.
i.e. Does your management style encourage personal empowerment? How willing is your organization to allow volunteers a high degree of autonomy? is your organization willing to involve volunteer teams in decision-making and regard them more as partners than subordinates?
i.e. Will volunteers have some choice in how they are recognized? Will personal development opportunities be available to volunteers? Are you willing to recognize the efforts of volunteers in official company literature?
i.e. Do you have staff currently willing to devote a sufficient amount of time to volunteer engagement? Are you willing to set clear communication channels to and from volunteer teams as well as offer both training and evaluation?
As mentioned above, one of the easiest ways to get a true constructive look into the readiness of your organization is to complete our Readiness Assessment Test. This tool will give you a 'score' regarding your readiness as well as offer advice and provide tools to assist you in increasing your readiness. In this way you need not wonder just how much water is in your well. We can help you determine just how wet it is before you leap.


LeanBenchmark™ is an online business improvement tool developed by KPS Ltd.
At KPS we work closely with organisations helping them increase performance by tapping into the (often hidden) capabilities of their people and teams. We have a number of long standing clients in both the manufacturing industry and service based sectors.
With our team of highly experienced specialists, we provide a broad range of Management Support and Operational Training to small and medium sized businesses. We also Project Manage and deliver comprehensive Lean Transformation programmes for larger organisations including a number of NHS hospital trusts.
In addition, we have developed a successful Best Practice Network across the South East with the Government sponsored Manufacturing Advisory Service, this has delivered over £10m of value added to Business Members in three years.
Why not see how KPS can work with your team to increase Productivity, Profits and overall Business performance.
For more information and to arrange a free consultation please contact us now.
How can Lean Benchmarking help you?
The performance 'gap analysis' produced through benchmarking is personalised to your organisation. This ensures valuable staff time and scarce resources can be directed and targeted more effectively, delivering real benefits to the bottom line.
Benchmarking is the process used to compare an organisations processes and Lean competencies with others in a similar industry or business sector.
Essentially, LeanBenchmark™ takes a 'snap shot' of your Current Performance, compares results with others and through the resulting gap analysis clearly highlights the future Potential Performance and the most appropriate focus for improvement.
As a member of the British Quality Foundation established in 1993, KPS uphold the principles of the Foundation whose mission is to be a leader in helping organisations of all kinds to improve their performance and achieve sustainable excellence.
The British Quality Foundation (BQF) is Europe's largest corporate membership organisation promoting performance improvement and excellence.
The Foundation promotes business excellence through numerous activities, but at the core of all the programmes is the Excellence Model. Thousands of organisations in the UK now use this Model to plan their improvements and monitor progress through regular self assessment.
Sponsor and Key Members of the Foundation help sponsor the UK Excellence Award, an annual award which, over the past ten years, has established itself as the UK's premier business prize.
Why can you trust the LeanBenchmarkTM database?
Maintaining the quality and integrity of the LeanBenchmark™ database is fundamentally important to both us and our customers. LeanBenchmark™ users can be confident that the comparative data can be relied upon as the data base is maintained and managed by highly experienced Lean specialists at KPS. The data is regularly checked ensuring the information provided is reasonable and is for a credible organisation.


This workshop will teach participants central concepts of rhetoric and argumentation that can aid in generating useful debate that fosters open dialogue towards understanding and problem solving.
MIT's Nathan Matias asks, how will the role of data science in democracy be transformed as software expands the public's ability to conduct our own experiments at scale?
The post office's once indispensable role in fostering civic discourse has been challenged by the Internet and mobile telephony. How is it coping?
How does the persistence and ubiquity of surveillance in our digitizing world affect what it means to be a citizen?
Bloggers' unprecedented participation and the 2004 campaign's huge virtual audience represents a quiet yet astounding change at the intersection of information, politics, culture and society.
As old media die, new forms are emerging, but it's not clear they will serve such vital civic functions.
The series of talks on the 9/11 terrorist attacks was sponsored in part by Comparative Media Studies.


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Football Recaps: Week 7
FootballUncategorized October 21, 2015 Josh Mathews
Meadowbrook 21, Matoaca 14 In what was perhaps one of the most thrilling games of the weekend, Meadowbrook (3-4) knocked off Matoaca (5-2) on...
Meadowbrook 21, Matoaca 14
In what was perhaps one of the most thrilling games of the weekend, Meadowbrook (3-4) knocked off Matoaca (5-2) on the strength of two key turnovers and a last-second goal line stand.
Running the wildcat with Jamison Harrison at quarterback most of the fourth quarter, Matoaca trailed 21-14, and drove to the one-yard line with 45 seconds left. On the Warriors' last attempt at the end zone, defensive tackle Michael Crewe Jr. burst through the line for the Monarchs and Kevin Williams made the tackle to secure the Monarch's third victory of the season.
Meadowbrook was able to gain an advantage on two key Matoaca miscues. The first was an errant snap that sailed over the holder's head on a field goal attempt. Matthew Hodges scooped up the ball and returned it 75 yards for a touchdown. The second mistake was a punt return that was dropped by the Warriors and recovered by Dontez Braxton that set up a Jace Miller touchdown to give the Monarchs the lead in the 4th quarter.
Miller, a senior had his biggest game of the season, rushing for 183 yards and a touchdown. Jordyn Hunter also found the end zone for Meadowbrook. In addition to his defensive touchdown, Hodges finished with eight tackles and two sacks. Darryl White had six tackles.
Matoaca was led by Jamison Harrison with 140 yards rushing and 70 yards passing while running the wildcat. His touchdown toss was to B.J. Flowers. Cade Driskill also scored a touchdown on a goal line plunge.
Matoaca has a tough match-up with Hopewell (5-2) this Friday on the road at 7:30p.m. while Meadowbrook travels to Thomas Dale (6-1) for what should be a slugfest at 7p.m.
Thomas Dale 52, Petersburg 6
Thomas Dale's defense helped to create short fields for their offense all night long in Petersburg last Friday. The result, a victory where the Knights cruised, 52-6 over the Crimson Wave.
Things were interesting in the first quarter and the game was kept close, but then the Knights turned things up on both sides of the field in the route.
Statisically, Thomas Dale's defense led the way. Linebackers Sam Stark and Max Oxendine had 15 and 10 tackles respectively. Traquan Booker added six tackles.
Booker led the way in the run game as well, tallying 58 yards and two scores. Brian Bullock caught two passes for 100 yards and two scores, thrown by quarterback Matt Lawton. Trent Williams also hauled in a touchdown reception from Gabe McCollin.
Thomas Dale (6-1) hosts Meadowbrook (3-4) this Friday for the "Route 10 Rivalry." Game time is 7p.m.
L.C. Bird 34, Cosby 6
The Titans kept things interesting for a while against L.C. Bird, trailing by just 15 to start the fourth quarter before two late touchdowns by the Skyhawks to put things away.
The Skyhawks (7-0) defense bent but didn't break, however, they did give up a touchdown when Riley Doyle passed to Jeff Combs for a 21 yard score. The touchdown is the only of the season so far to be scored on the first team's defense.
L.C. Bird's defense was still dominant. The Skyhawks allowed just 78 total yards and just 4 rushing yards to the Titans, who fell to 3-4.
Running back J.B. Wright rushed for 141 yards and two touchdowns, while Jalen Elliott was 7-12 passing for two touchdowns. Tight end DeMarco Scott and full back Rayshard Ashby caught those touchdowns.
Ashby led the defense with 12 tackles, a sack and a forced fumble. Isaiah Moore totaled eight tackles, four of them for a loss of yards and a sack.
The Skyhawks will enjoy homecoming festivities this week that will culminate with a match-up against George Wythe (0-7). Game time is 7:30p.m.


Sterling College will soon have a new space to hold classes and demonstrations. Just before the start of the fall semester, students in the School of the New American Farmstead will be designing and building a timber frame structure on the campus in Craftsbury Common to be used as an outdoor classroom.
The course is led by visiting faculty Makaio Maher of Green Timber Works and Sterling College faculty Rick Thomas, Charlie Ryland and Tony VanWinkle.


Xuron Oval Head Micro Shear Flush Cutter Pliers Made In The USA Lifetime warranty, Light Touch return springs for reduced effort. Ergonomically shaped Xuro-Rubber grips designed for maximum comfort. Non-glare bright finishes or glare eliminating black finishes that reduces eye strain. Xuron tools are also very light weighing as little as 1.9oz.


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S. 3036 (111th): National Alzheimer's Project Act
This bill has 4 versions. Select a version to view:
Feb 24, 2010: Introduced Dec 6, 2010: Reported by Senate Committee Dec 8, 2010: Passed the Senate Dec 17, 2010: Passed Congress
Compare to a different version to see how the bill has changed:
(Select Other Version) Feb 24, 2010: Introduced Dec 6, 2010: Reported by Senate Committee Dec 17, 2010: Passed Congress
Compare this bill to another bill:
(Select) H.R. 4689 National Alzheimer's Project Act (IH) S. 1555 Office of the National Alzheimer's Project Act (IS)
Government Publishing Office
The text of the bill below is as of Dec 8, 2010 (Passed the Senate).
This is not the latest text of this bill. Read the latest text.
Close Comparison
2d Session
S. 3036
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
To establish the National Alzheimer's Project.
This Act may be cited as the National Alzheimer's Project Act .
The National Alzheimer's Project
Definition of Alzheimer's
In this Act, the term Alzheimer's means Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.
There is established in the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services the National Alzheimer's Project (referred to in this Act as the Project ).
Purpose of the Project
The Secretary of Health and Human Services, or the Secretary's designee, shall—
be responsible for the creation and maintenance of an integrated national plan to overcome Alzheimer's;
provide information and coordination of Alzheimer's research and services across all Federal agencies;
accelerate the development of treatments that would prevent, halt, or reverse the course of Alzheimer's;
improve the—
early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease; and
coordination of the care and treatment of citizens with Alzheimer's;
ensure the inclusion of ethnic and racial populations at higher risk for Alzheimer's or least likely to receive care, in clinical, research, and service efforts with the purpose of decreasing health disparities in Alzheimer's; and
coordinate with international bodies to integrate and inform the fight against Alzheimer's globally.
Duties of the secretary
oversee the creation and updating of the national plan described in paragraph (2); and
use discretionary authority to evaluate all Federal programs around Alzheimer's, including budget requests and approvals.
National plan
The Secretary of Health and Human Services, or the Secretary's designee, shall carry out an annual assessment of the Nation's progress in preparing for the escalating burden of Alzheimer's, including both implementation steps and recommendations for priority actions based on the assessment.
There is established an Advisory Council on Alzheimer's Research, Care, and Services (referred to in this Act as the Advisory Council ).
Federal members
The Advisory Council shall be comprised of the following experts:
A designee of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
A designee of the Administration on Aging.
A designee of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.
A designee of the Indian Health Service.
A designee of the Office of the Director of the National Institutes of Health.
The Surgeon General.
A designee of the National Science Foundation.
(viii)
A designee of the Department of Veterans Affairs.
(ix)
A designee of the Food and Drug Administration.
A designee of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Non-Federal members
In addition to the members outlined in subparagraph (A), the Advisory Council shall include 12 expert members from outside the Federal Government, which shall include—
2 Alzheimer's patient advocates;
2 Alzheimer's caregivers;
2 health care providers;
2 representatives of State health departments;
2 researchers with Alzheimer's-related expertise in basic, translational, clinical, or drug development science; and
2 voluntary health association representatives, including a national Alzheimer's disease organization that has demonstrated experience in research, care, and patient services, and a State-based advocacy organization that provides services to families and professionals, including information and referral, support groups, care consultation, education, and safety services.
The Advisory Council shall meet quarterly and such meetings shall be open to the public.
The Advisory Council shall advise the Secretary of Health and Human Services, or the Secretary's designee.
The Advisory Council shall provide to the Secretary of Health and Human Services, or the Secretary's designee and Congress—
an initial evaluation of all federally funded efforts in Alzheimer's research, clinical care, and institutional-, home-, and community-based programs and their outcomes;
initial recommendations for priority actions to expand, eliminate, coordinate, or condense programs based on the program's performance, mission, and purpose;
initial recommendations to—
reduce the financial impact of Alzheimer's on—
Medicare and other federally funded programs; and
families living with Alzheimer's disease; and
improve health outcomes; and
annually thereafter, an evaluation of the implementation, including outcomes, of the recommendations, including priorities if necessary, through an updated national plan under subsection (d)(2).
The Advisory Council shall terminate on December 31, 2025.
Agencies both within the Department of Health and Human Services and outside of the Department that have data relating to Alzheimer's shall share such data with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, or the Secretary's designee, to enable the Secretary, or the Secretary's designee, to complete the report described in subsection (g).
The Secretary of Health and Human Services, or the Secretary's designee, shall submit to Congress—
an annual report that includes an evaluation of all federally funded efforts in Alzheimer's research, clinical care, and institutional-, home-, and community-based programs and their outcomes;
an evaluation of all federally funded programs based on program performance, mission, and purpose related to Alzheimer's disease;
priority actions based on the evaluation conducted by the Secretary and the Advisory Council to—
improve health outcomes;
implementation steps; and
priority actions to improve the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, care, institutional-, home-, and community-based programs of Alzheimer's disease for individuals with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers; and
an annually updated national plan.
The Project shall expire on December 31, 2025.
Passed the Senate December 8, 2010.


text:
Q: SQL query modification to get count of real return products Have few DB tables like order_products and return_products
return_products table columns:
    id, rma_id, order_id, product_id, order_nr, comment, admin_comment, add_date
order_products table columns:
    id, order_id,  product_id, quantity, price, sum
return products every row to each product, but order_products, have quantity column
and for now have SQL query like this to get orders depending on what product searching:
SELECT `id`, `saved`
FROM `orders`
WHERE 1 AND (`id` IN(
    SELECT `order_id`
    FROM `order_products`
    WHERE `product_id` IN (1,2,3,4,5)))
BY id DESC
LIMIT 0, 30

And now need to check if order and product id is in return and return_products tables
i.e.
if searching product with id 2 in orders I need to check if that product exists in return table, what count and if count equals to order_products quantity, dont need to show that order in list, but if return quantity is less than order_products quantity than need to show (order_products.quantity - COUNT(return_products))

A: No relation to order table there, but you have the logic for the order_products / return_products quantity comparison.
select op.product_id, op.quantity, count(rp.id)
from order_products op
left join return_products rp on rp.product_id = op.product_id --maybe need to join on order_id too ? Not really clear
group by op.product_id, op.quantity
--where op.product_id in (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
having op.quantity <> count(rp.id)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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The strange business of book design
April 9, 2018 October 15, 2018
Industry Insights is a new GSP blog series. Each week, we hope to bring some publishing knowledge to our avid readers. This could include anything from writing tips and how to get noticed by publishers, to designing your own e-book cover. A new industry insight will be posted every Monday evening – so stay tuned for more over the semester!
This week's Industry Insight was written by Mark Davis.
Mark Davis coordinates the Publishing and Communications program in the School of Culture and Communication at the University of Melbourne. He was previously a book designer who has designed books for Random House, Melbourne University Publishing, Allen & Unwin, Penguin Books, Lothian Books, and Periplus, among other publishers.
Book design is a strange business.
You take people who have been schooled in the visual arts and thrust them into the bookish world of words and authors, where they have the crucial task of designing something that will be pleasurable to use and look at – and most of all will sell lots of copies. Do designers actually read the book? Most of the time, no. During the fifteen or so years in which book design was my full-time role, I only ever read one manuscript start to finish — Ray Parkin's HM Bark Endeavour, published by MUP. Ray was in his eighties, was Australia's most famous former prisoner of war after Weary Dunlop and the manuscript was his life's work. Reading it was the least I could do. But most of the time I would read just enough to get a sense of the authorial voice, which for me was always essential when it came to choosing a typeface. Does the voice have the delicacy and charm of say, Monotype Bembo, the quiet authority of Garamond, or the no-nonsense stridency of Sabon? These are important questions that require considerable pondering. Ray was definitely Apollo, a beautiful, understated yet durable typeface that isn't used enough, with non-aligning figures and stunning fractions – just right for a book about a sea voyage with lots of navigation data and imperial measurements to do with rope gauges, mast heights, sail dimensions, ration amounts and so on.
When you say, 'book design' most people think of covers – but these, of course, are the least of it. A big craft, art, or cookbook can have a hundred or more page spreads to be designed individually, dozens of photos to be taken (designers don't take the pictures but generally art direct the shoot) and perhaps a few dozen instructional illustrations to commission. The cover is just a single piece of artwork with a barcode in the back corner. Albeit from the publisher point of view a very important one. 'Doing the cover', from the designer and publisher point of view, can be what literary theorists call a very 'overdetermined' process. Different approaches are tried and often fail. Titles change, upsetting carefully calibrated layouts. PDFs fly back and forth. Nerves fray. My approach as a cover designer and as a designer more generally, was always pragmatic. That might seem an odd thing to say — isn't all book production pragmatic; a means to an end? Well, yes, but the thing is, as I intimated at the start, book designers to some degree inhabit a world apart from the practical contingences of books, words, editors and authors. This is because they belong to the world of visual things. We see differently. Indeed, if you'll pardon the conceit, we don't just see, we actually observe. By which I mean that navigating the world, for designers, is about noticing things: their colour, shape, texture, and visual meaning. Most people see reductively; only as much as they need to see to not trip over things, not get hit by moving objects, and to notice a friend across the street. For designers the world is a kaleidoscope of wonder, full of visual associations, aesthetic histories and their attendant emotions. And because of this many designers see themselves as artists. There is a spectrum, in fact, from 'art designers' to more commercially oriented designers. The former see clients as a kind of patron commissioning them to do great works. For the latter the satisfaction comes from creating a pleasing object that resonates with the market.
I always placed myself at the commercial end of the spectrum. Often commerce and art met. HM Bark Endeavour is a beautiful object and, oddly enough, for a pragmatic commercially-oriented designer I won several awards for my work. But winning awards always came second. What came first was selling books. Lots of books. And being very, very hard-nosed about the process and overcoming whatever obstacles were put in the way of any given project. Perhaps one of my favourite projects was Kaz Cooke's Real Gorgeous. The publisher arrived on my doorstep one Easter morning close to tears with an armload of paper, a CD rom, and a project that was a half-edited, half-designed mess. That armload of paper, it turned out, were page proofs from the first designer, who had just been sacked. That morning. Would I take over the project? Oh, and by the way, the book is due out in September. A cancelled Easter trip later we had new pages. Then a cover. The book launched on time and by the end of the year sales were heading towards 50 000 copies. We did a second edition in a smaller format and sales took off again. Watching those numbers come in told me we'd met the market. Knowing that young women who the author and publisher believed wanted a non-confronting, useful book about body image, were literally buying it by the truckload was far more gratifying than designing a cover you might want to hang in a gallery. And it won a big prize at the book design awards that year as well. Bonus.
But the challenge of getting a product into as many homes as possible was always the thing that most drove me as a designer. Along the way you sometimes have to challenge your client and take them places they mightn't have thought of going. You also have to keep the author and their agent happy — they don't generally get final say (since all the commercial risk is with the publisher) but you can't publish a book that the author doesn't feel happy to hold up in public. And when you get it right there's not much in publishing that's quite so satisfying. ••
Posted in: Industry Insights | Tagged: book design, Books, design, how to..., industry insights, publishing
Open and Shut
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Do you know which are the 'moments that matter' when connecting with the 'always-on' digital consumer in Singapore? Get a comprehensive view of the way they consume digital media across multiple devices and screens in today's cross-platform environment. Dive into trend data to see shifts in media habits spurred by the accelerating adoption of mobile devices and the impressive growth in digital video viewing. Finally, understand how, where and when the content is consumed to optimise content creation, advertising, media planning and marketing budget allocation.
For more information or to discuss multi-country report packages, contact your local Nielsen representative or Anand.Kalidasan@nielsen.com.


Enjoying the sea life of rhodes island,Pavlos had a big love for watersports and especially waterskiing.
Since the year 2000 he owned a water ski school at Faliraki Bay including all the major water activitys like banana boat,rings,e.t.c.
After his first meeting with the orca boat he decided to go to the next step and start focusing on getting a boat like that.
The dream came true at the year 2008 and since then he is organizing and driving the extreme boat at the seas of rhodes isl.


text:
HEAT DISSIPATION APPATATUS AND METHOD
A heat dissipation apparatus and method for dissipating heat from a heat source includes a thermal conductive element bonding to the heat source to transfer heat energy generated by the heat source and a vibration source located on the thermal conductive element to accelerate heat transfer to the edges of the thermal conductive element to perform heat exchange with external cooling air and improve cooling efficiency.
Huang, Chiang-cheng (Yuanli Township, TW)
Sun, Chien-chung (Taipei, TW)
165/80.3
257/E23.099
H05K7/20
20070039715 System and method for seasonal energy storage February, 2007 Brett
20050115697 Refrigerator-oven June, 2005 Landry et al.
20070079952 Bus heater system April, 2007 Mun
20100031660 SYSTEM AND ASSEMBLIES FOR PRE-HEATING FUEL IN A COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANT February, 2010 Narayan et al.
20090159243 NANO TUBE LATTICE WICK SYSTEM June, 2009 Zhao et al.
20030141045 Heat pipe and method of manufacturing the same July, 2003 Oh et al.
20080230205 Process of Control of the Storage of Thermal Energy in the Ground and Associated System September, 2008 Seguin et al.
20090173479 Louvered air center for compact heat exchanger July, 2009 Huang
20080271874 THERMAL ENERGY EXCHANGER November, 2008 Gietzen
20070109746 Liquid cooling of electronic system and method May, 2007 Klein
20100006255 ENERGY RECUPERATION SYSTEM January, 2010 Bilodeau
LEO, LEONARD R
RABIN & BERDO, P.C. (Washington, DC, US)
1. A heat dissipation apparatus for dissipating heat from a heat source, comprising: a thermal conductive element bonded to the heat source for transferring heat energy generated by the heat source, the thermal conductive element having a plurality of radiation fins arranged in a radial manner; and a vibration source located on the thermal conductive element, on a junction of the radiation fins, to accelerate transfer of the heat energy to edges of the thermal conductive element to perform heat exchange with external cooling air, thereby improving cooling efficiency
2. The heat dissipation apparatus of claim 1, wherein the vibration source has a vibration direction parallel with the bonding direction of the thermal conductive element on the heat source.
3. The heat dissipation apparatus of claim 1, wherein the vibration source is a micro motor.
4. The heat dissipation apparatus of claim 3, wherein the micro motor includes an eccentric rotor for generating vibration energy.
5. The heat dissipation apparatus of claim 4, wherein the rotor includes a spindle and a weight coupled on one end of the spindle.
6. The heat dissipation apparatus of claim 1, further including a fan disposed to blow air on said thermal conductive element.
7. 7-12. (canceled)
13. A heat dissipation method for dissipating heat from a heat source, comprising: bonding a thermal conductive element to the heat source for transferring heat energy generated by the heat source to the thermal conductive element, the thermal conductive element having a plurality of radiation fins arranged in parallel; and mounting a vibration source onto the thermal conductive element, on a lateral side of the radiation fins, for accelerating transfer of the heat energy to edges of the thermal conductive element, to perform heat exchange with external cooling air, thereby improving cooling efficiency.
14. The heat dissipation method of claim 13, wherein the vibration source has a vibration direction parallel with the bonding direction of the thermal conductive element on the heat source.
15. The heat dissipation method of claim 13, wherein the vibration source is a micro motor.
16. The heat dissipation method of claim 15, wherein the micro motor includes an eccentric rotor for generating vibration energy.
17. The heat dissipation method of claim 16, wherein the rotor includes a spindle and a weight coupled on one end of the spindle.
18. The heat dissipation method of claim 17, further including a fan disposed to blow air on the thermal conductive element.
24. The heat dissipation method of claim 13, wherein the radiation fins are arranged in an inclined manner.
25. A heat dissipation apparatus for dissipating heat from a heat source, comprising: a thermal conductive element bonded to the heat source for transferring heat energy generated by the heat source, the thermal conductive element having a plurality of radiation fins arranged in parallel; and a vibration source located on the thermal conductive element, on a lateral end of the radiation fins, to accelerate transfer of the heat energy to edges of the thermal conductive element to perform heat exchange with external cooling air, thereby improving cooling efficiency.
26. The heat dissipation apparatus of claim 25, wherein the vibration source has a vibration direction parallel with the bonding direction of the thermal conductive element on the heat source.
27. The heat dissipation apparatus of claim 25, wherein the vibration source is a micro motor.
28. The heat dissipation apparatus of claim 27, wherein the micro motor includes an eccentric rotor for generating vibration energy.
29. The heat dissipation apparatus of claim 28, wherein the rotor includes a spindle and a weight coupled on one end of the spindle.
30. The heat dissipation apparatus of claim 25, further including a fan disposed to blow air on said thermal conductive element.
The present invention relates to a heat dissipation apparatus and method adopted for use on a heat source of electronic devices to facilitate heat dissipation of the heat source and maintain normal operation of the heat source.
With the processing speed of the central processing unit (CPU) of the computer increasing constantly, heat energy generated by the CPU during operation also increases tremendously. In the past, CPU cooling was overlooked. As a result, the CPU generates a lot of heat energy and operates at high temperature. Not only the performance of the CPU suffers, its life span also shortens.
At present the general approach to resolve this problem is to add a radiator in contact with the CPU. The heat energy of the CPU transfers to the radiator, and the radiator has radiation fins to dissipate the heat energy. Heat may be transferred by conduction, convection and dissipation, and the radiator mentioned above dispels heat from the CPU by conduction. Namely a solid substance is used as a medium of heat transfer to dissipate heat. Conductive heat transfer is faster than other heat transfer methods. This is because the electrons of the medium molecules that have absorbed enough heat energy jump to a higher energy level and hit the electrons of the neighboring medium molecules. Further, the heat energy is transferred to the neighboring medium molecules, while the electrons that release the heat energy return to a lower energy level. Therefore, the heat energy may be transferred and dispelled.
The radiator generally has two types: one has dissipation fans, and the other does not have the dissipation fans. The radiator with a dissipation fan can generate cooling airflow to the radiation fins to increase cooling speed of the convection. It uses fluid as a heat transfer medium to dispel heat. It generally has a better cooling efficiency than the radiator without the dissipation fans.
On the heat dissipation methods for the CPU set forth above, the radiator is a solid substance, while the air is a fluid one. The distance between the medium molecules of the radiator is shorter that that of the air molecules. Most radiators are made of metal, and have more free electrons to transfer heat energy (because the medium molecules are confined in crystal lattice and cannot move). Hence heat transfer by conduction is faster than by convection.
However, in order to improve the performance of the dissipation fan, the dissipation fan usually is installed close to the radiator. Some even are mounted on one side or the top end of the radiator. This approach adds a heavy load to the CPU and increases the damage probability of the CPU.
Some conventional radiators alter the design of radiation fins or change the material of the radiation fins to improve cooling efficiency.
In view of the aforesaid problems, the primary object of the present invention is to provide a heat dissipation apparatus and method to improve cooling efficiency for a heat source and maintain normal operation of the heat source.
In order to achieve the foregoing object, the heat dissipation apparatus and method of the invention is for use on a heat source of electronic devices to dissipate heat from the heat source. A thermal conductive element is bonded to the heat source to transfer heat energy generated by the heat source. A vibration source is mounted onto the heat source to accelerate heat transfer from the thermal conductive element to the edges thereof to perform heat exchange with external cooling air, thereby improving cooling efficiency.
The vibration source is a micro motor, which has an eccentric rotor to generate vibration energy. A fan may be added to further improve cooling efficiency.
The foregoing, as well as additional objects, features and advantages of the invention will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a first embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus of the invention used on a CPU;
FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the first embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the second embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus and a fan of the invention used on a CPU;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the third embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus of the invention used on a CPU;
FIG. 5 is an exploded view of the third embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the fourth embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus of the invention used on a CPU;
FIG. 7 is an exploded view of the fourth embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the fifth embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus of the invention used on a CPU;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the sixth embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus of the invention used on a CPU; and
FIG. 10 is an exploded view of the sixth embodiment of the invention.
Refer to FIGS. 1 and 2 for the first embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus of the invention used on a CPU. The heat dissipation apparatus according to the invention aims to dissipate heat from a heat source 11, which may be a heat-generating element of electronic devices. In a computer system, a CPU is the element that generates the most heat. In the first embodiment, a CPU is used as a heat source 11 for an example. The heat source 11 is bonded to a thermal conductive element 12. The thermal conductive element 12 shown in the drawings has radiation fins arranged in a radial manner. Heat energy generated by the heat source 11 is transferred to the thermal conductive element 12 by conduction. After the medium molecule of the thermal conductive element 12 that is in contact with the heat source 11 has absorbed enough heat energy, the electrons of the medium molecule jump to a higher energy level and hit the electrons of the neighboring medium molecule in the thermal conductive element 12, to transfer the absorbed heat, then return to a lower energy level until the heat energy is transferred to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. The heat dissipation apparatus of the invention further includes a vibration source 30 located on the thermal conductive element 12 at the juncture of the radiation fins. The vibration source 30 is a micro motor with an eccentric rotor to generate vibration energy, to accelerate heat transfer from the heat source 11 through the radial radiation fins to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. Hence, after the medium molecule has absorbed vibration energy, its electrons can jump to a higher energy level by absorbing a little more energy and hit the electrons of the neighboring medium molecule to transfer the absorbed heat energy and return to a lower energy level until the heat energy is transferred to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. Then heat exchange with the external cooling air may be performed. By repeating the heat transfer quickly in this manner, the cooling efficiency increases.
Since the CPU, namely the heat source 11, can't fully withstand vibration from a vertical direction, the vibration direction of the vibration source 30 may be set in parallel with the bonding direction of the thermal conductive element 12 on the heat source 11, so that vibration of the vibration source 30 does not produce a harmful effect on the CPU or heat source 11. Of course, if the heat source 11 is in other form, the vibration direction of the vibration source 30 may be set differently.
Refer to FIG. 3 for a second embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus and a fan of the invention used on a CPU. The fan 20 is added to one side of the thermal conductive element 12, to channel outside cooling air rapidly through the thermal conductive element 12, to perform heat exchange between the edges of the thermal conductive element 12 and the external cooling air, to improve cooling efficiency. Of course, the fan 20 may also be mounted above the thermal conductive element 12.
Refer to FIGS. 4 and 5 for the third embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus of the invention used on a CPU. The heat dissipation apparatus according to the invention aims to dissipate heat from a heat source 11, which may be a heat-generating element of electronic devices. In a computer system, a CPU is the element that generates the most heat. In this embodiment, a CPU is used as a heat source 11 for an example. The heat source 11 is bonded to a thermal conductive element 12. The thermal conductive element 12, shown in the drawings, has parallel radiation fins. Heat energy generated by the heat source 11 is transferred to the thermal conductive element 12 by conduction. After the medium molecule of the thermal conductive element 12, that is in contact with the heat source 11, has absorbed enough heat energy, the electrons of the medium molecule jump to a higher energy level and hit the electrons of the neighboring medium molecule in the thermal conductive element 12, to transfer the absorbed heat, then return to a lower energy level until the heat energy is transferred to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. The heat dissipation apparatus of the invention further includes a vibration source 30 located on the thermal conductive element 12. The vibration source 30 is a micro motor with an eccentric rotor to generate vibration energy, to accelerate heat transfer from the heat source 11 through the parallel radiation fins to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. The heat transfer to the edges may be accomplished rapidly because the vibration source 30 is located on a lateral end of the radiation fins. Hence, after the medium molecule has absorbed vibration energy, its electrons can jump to a higher energy level by absorbing a little more energy and hit the electrons of the neighboring medium molecule, to transfer the absorbed heat energy and return to the lower energy level, until the heat energy is transferred to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. Then heat exchange with the external cooling air may be performed. By repeating the heat transfer quickly in this manner, the cooling efficiency increases.
Since the CPU, namely the heat source 11, can't fully withstand vibration from a vertical direction, the vibration direction of the vibration source 30 may be set in parallel with the bonding direction of the thermal conductive element 12 on the heat source 11, so that vibration of the vibration source 30 does not produce a harmful effect on the CPU or heat source 11. Of course, if the heat source 11 is in other form, the vibration direction of the vibration source 30 may be set differently. And a fan may be added to further improve cooling efficiency.
Refer to FIGS. 6 and 7 for the fourth embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus of the invention used on a CPU. The heat dissipation apparatus according to the invention aims to dissipate heat from a heat source 11, which may be a heat-generating element of electronic devices. In a computer system, a CPU is the element that generates the most heat. In this embodiment, a CPU is used as a heat source 11 for an example. The heat source 11 is bonded to a thermal conductive element 12. The thermal conductive element 12 shown in the drawings has parallel radiation fins. Heat energy generated by the heat source 11 is transferred to the thermal conductive element 12 by conduction. After the medium molecule of the thermal conductive element 12 that is in contact with the heat source 11 has absorbed enough heat energy, the electrons of the medium molecule jump to a higher energy level and hit the electrons of the neighboring medium molecule in the thermal conductive element 12, to transfer the absorbed heat, then return to a lower energy level until the heat energy is transferred to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. The heat dissipation apparatus of the invention further includes a vibration source 30 located on the thermal conductive element 12. The vibration source 30 is a micro motor with an eccentric rotor to generate vibration energy to accelerate heat transfer from the heat source 11 through the parallel radiation fins to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. Hence, after the medium molecule has absorbed vibration energy, its electrons can jump to a higher energy level by absorbing a little more energy and hit the electrons of the neighboring medium molecule to transfer the absorbed heat energy and return to a lower energy level until the heat energy is transferred to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. Then heat exchange with the external cooling air may be performed. By repeating the heat transfer quickly in this manner, the cooling efficiency increases.
Refer to FIG. 8 for a fifth embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus of the invention used on a CPU. In this embodiment the thermal conductive element 12 has radiation fins located thereon in an inclined manner to increase the heat dissipation area and improve cooling efficiency. A vibration source 30 is provided and located on a lateral side of the radiation fins.
Refer to FIGS. 9 and 10 for the sixth embodiment of the heat dissipation apparatus of the invention used on a CPU. The heat dissipation apparatus according to the invention aims to dissipate heat from a heat source 11, which may be a heat-generating element of electronic devices. In a computer system, a CPU is the element that generates the most heat. In this embodiment, a CPU is used as a heat source 11 for an example. The heat source 11 is bonded to a thermal conductive element 12. The thermal conductive element 12 shown in the drawings has parallel radiation fins. Heat energy generated by the heat source 11 is transferred to the thermal conductive element 12 by conduction. After the medium molecule of the thermal conductive element 12 that is in contact with the heat source 11 has absorbed enough heat energy, the electrons of the medium molecule jump to a higher energy level and hit the electrons of the neighboring medium molecule in the thermal conductive element 12, to transfer the absorbed heat, then return to a lower energy level until the heat energy is transferred to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. The heat dissipation apparatus of the invention further includes a vibration source 30 located on the thermal conductive element 12. The vibration source 30 is a micro motor with an eccentric rotor. The rotor includes a spindle 31 and a weight 32 coupled on one end of the spindle 31, to generate vibration energy, accelerating heat transfer from the heat source 11 through the parallel radiation fins to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. Hence, after the medium molecule has absorbed vibration energy, its electrons can jump to a higher energy level by absorbing a little more energy and hit the electrons of the neighboring medium molecule to transfer the absorbed heat energy and return to a lower energy level until the heat energy is transferred to the edges of the thermal conductive element 12. Then heat exchange with the external cooling air may be performed. By repeating the heat transfer quickly in this manner, cooling efficiency increases.
Since the CPU, namely the heat source 11, can't fully withstand vibration from a vertical direction, the vibration direction of the vibration source 30 may be set in parallel with the bonding direction of the thermal conductive element 12, so that vibration of the vibration source 30 does not produce a harmful effect on the CPU or heat source 11. Of course, if the heat source 11 is in other form, the vibration direction of the vibration source 30 may be set differently. A fan may also be added to further improve cooling efficiency. The vibration source 30 may also be mounted on a lateral side of the radiation fins.
By means of the construction set forth above, the heat source is bonded to a thermal conductive element 12, to transfer heat energy, and a vibration source is mounted on the thermal conductive element to accelerate heat transfer of the thermal conductive element to the edges thereof to perform heat exchange with external cooling air, therefore cooling efficiency increases.
The vibration direction of the vibration source may be in parallel with the bonding direction of the thermal conductive element on the heat source. The vibration source is a micro motor including an eccentric rotor to generate vibration energy. The rotor may include a spindle and a weight coupled on one end of the spindle. A fan may be added on one side of a thermal conductive element to further improve cooling efficiency.
While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been set forth for the purpose of disclosure, modifications of the disclosed embodiments of the invention as well as other embodiments thereof may occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to cover all embodiments, which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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People may face consequences while filling Income Tax Returns if not linked their Aadhaar with PAN clarified the Income Tax Department. Today, August 31, 2017 is the last date for linking your Aadhaar with PAN.
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text:
Dewilder oder DeWilder ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Audrey DeWilder (* 1988), französische Schauspielerin
 Éric Dewilder (* 1964), französischer Fußballspieler und -trainer

Siehe auch:
 Devilder


We lost our dear friend Andrew Priest on Tuesday, January 18th. There will be a memorial service at Culleys on Riggins Road in Tallahassee 2pm, Saturday, January 22nd; followed by a gathering at The Warehouse pub on Gaines street at 4pm.
Thank you to everyone who has expressed interest in helping Tracie and Gloria. I have set up a schedule on "Take Them a Meal" so that anyone who wishes to can sign up to take either Tracie or Gloria a meal. At this time Tracie would like meals three times a week; Gloria would like meals only on Tuesday's. If this changes, I'll edit the website.
You may be getting this and you live out of town or will be unable to provide a meal. That's fine- I'm sending this to many different email groups in the hope that I don't miss anyone. Please feel free to pass this along. And thank you for being a part of Andrew's life.
You can access the meal schedule by visiting TakeThemAMeal.com and locating the schedule by recipient last name (Priest) and password (Dude). This will work for either Tracie or Gloria.
If you can, please plan on eating with Gloria or Tracie. Tracie especially will be feeling the effect of a lonely house so a little evening company may be just what she needs. When you call to set up a drop off time for either Gloria or Tracie you can ask to see if they mind you staying for dinner. I also know they both like wine.