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SKELTON - IN - CLEVELAND
Plaque from Stanghow Lane School, New Skelton.
STANGHOW LANE SCHOOL commemorated old pupils who died in the war on the above plaque. It bears the following nine names which do not appear on any of the other Skelton memorials.
The village War Memorials include only those who were living there at the outbreak of War.
ALCOCK H.
BECKLEY L.
BEWICK N.
CARVER R.
CHALLIS H.
DUNN S.
GODSMARK William E.
["Soldiers Killed in the Great war" shows that he was 3109 Pte Godsmark of our local Battalion. the 1/4th Yorkshire Regiment and that he was killed in action on the same day as his brother 3159 Thomas A Godsmark, also killed in action.
This was the 16th of September 1916 during the Battle of Flers de Courcelettes, a part of the Battle of the Somme, when a great many were killed and wounded.
The family had moved to Lingdale, N Yorks.
The brothers have no known grave and are remembered in France on the Thiepval Memorial.]
NAISBITT H.
RODGERS C.
8th February -
SKELTON WHARTON HALL HOSPITAL FINALLY CLOSED.
The Red Cross Hospital,Wharton Hall, Skelton, has been finally closed.
To commemorate the event Mrs Wharton, vice president, arranged a service of song.
During the evening Lt Col Wharton presented the DCM Medal to Corporal Bosomworth of North Skelton, who won it by good work in France.
Since it has been opened the Skelton Hospital has been enlarged and it finally accommodated 36 patients.
Much good work has been done there, for which thanks are due to the Commandant and the whole staff, who for four years have at all times worked so harmoniously.
The buildings were lent and maintained by Lt Col Wharton, who paid the Matron's salary.
25th February -
BENEFIT FOR DISABLED SOLDIER.
A Benefit Dance was held at the Institute, North Skelton in aid of W Jackson [Ferrets], a discharged soldier, who has been unable to follow his employment through disablement.
The function was organised by the Aged Peoples Fund and nearly &pound15 was raised.
SKELTON WAR MEMORIAL - FIRST IDEAS.
A Meeting of relatives of men fallen in the War from Skelton was held in the Skelton Literary Institute to consider the question of having a memorial provided to them.
It was decided that a monument be erected in the public cemetery at New Skelton and a roll of honour be placed in the Parish Church.
A Committee will carry out arrangements and appeal to the public for funds to defray the cost. [Of course the Memorial was eventually erected on Skelton Cross Green, but when the names became eroded a century later, no one for a time, especially the then Labour Council, would admit ownership.
The centenaries of First War events saw a new recognition of our local lads patriotism and sacrifice. Now the names have been re-entered to last for another century.]
Army units were still required to police the new areas that had been occupied in the War.
Amos Marley, of New Skelton after serving with the local 4th Yorks and being wounded in 1917 was with the 1st Yorks in Jerusalem.
D Company of the 1st Yorks Battalion, Green Howards in Jerusalem as part of the Army of occupation.
They had formed at Catterick Camp, N Yorks, shipped to Egypt via France and taken by train to Jerusalem.
Back Row - Punch Newman, Sgt Singleton, Bob Green [Skinningrove, N Yorks], Redvers Sharpe [Thornaby], Sgt Lawrence, Jackie Miller [Middlesbrough], Amos Marley [New Skelton, N Yorks], Tommy Abel [Eston]
Front Row - Jack Knights [Guisborough, N Yorks], Paddy Mulligan [Cannon St, Middlesbrough] Gordon Marriot, George Gill and Cpl Hogan.
Those who had enlisted for the duration of the War were now discharged.
This image and the photograph above of Amos Marley of the 4th Yorks has been kindly contributed by his Grandson, Kevin Harvey. of Brotton, N Yorks.
William Bellinger.
INFLUENZA.
On the suggestion of Dr W W Stainthorpe, Medical Officer of Health for the Cleveland area, the elementary schools in the Skelton District were yesterday closed for a fortnight because of the recurrence of influenza.
In some of the Mining centres diphtheria is also prevalent.
The Cleveland Coroner was today notified of the death of a child named Padgett, aged 20 months, whose parents live at 21 Bolckow St, North Skelton.
It was taken ill and died before medical aid could be obtained on Sunday night. Dr Botham, who was called in, expressed the opinion that death was due to acute influenza.
1 April -
NORTH SKELTON MINE DEATH.
William Bellinger, age 66, of Lingdale was killed by a fall of stone.
James Rooks.
26 April -
NEW SKELTON EX SOLDIER'S SUICIDE.
A verdict of 'Suicide, while temporarily insane', was returned at an inquest held at New Skelton this morning on the body of James Rooks, a returned soldier of New Skelton.
The deceased was found hanging in a closet in the yard at his home.
It was stated in evidence that since his return from the Army he had been unable to follow his former employment as a painter on account of ill-health and this had worried him a great deal.
On the 15th October 2008 an official Commonwealth War Graves stone was raised in New Skelton Cemetery and his name was added to the Skelton War Memorial. A webpage about this can be read - here.
5th March -
NORTH RIDING COUNTY COUNCIL ELECTION.
Skelton South.
Robert Raynor, Miner 345 votes, G Thompson, Mining Enginner, 215, Thomas Coatsworth, auctioneer, 140.
GOLDEN WEDDING OF MINE MANAGER.
Mr and Mrs Robert Ranson, of 1 Vaughan St, North Skelton, celebrate their golden wedding today.
Mr Ranson has been Overman and Undermanager at North Skelton Mine since August 1875, nearly 44 years and is still able to go to the Mine.
There have been 11 children, 7 of whom are married and living locally. The eldest son, R A Ranson is Undermanager of Bell Bros Kilton Mine.
Skelton Castle Hockey Team about this time or end of First War.
Back row second from Left, possible Alice Judson [nee Emmerson].
Front row Left her brother, Stephen Emmerson of Hollybush Farm - Front row, second from Right Edie Todd, Stephen's future Wife.
5th May -
A NEW CLEVELAND FOOTBALL LEAGUE PROPOSED.
To organise a Cleveland Football League for next season, a meeting was held at the Duke William Hotel, Skelton, Mr R Wood presiding.
Mr Hardwick and Mr McLean, two members of the North Riding Association and Mr Harry Dack, Miners' Agent, were also present.
It was resolved to proceed with the formation of a League. Belmont, South Skelton, Skelton Celtic, Lingdale Mine, Lingdale Institute intimated their willingness to join.
It was suggested that Brotton, Skinningrove, North Skelton, Loftus, Marske and Saltburn should be invited to complete the combination.
A Minor Leage is also contemplated.
29th May -
SKELTON 'COMRADES OF THE GREAT WAR'.
The Skelton and District Branch of the Comrades of the Great War held its first quarterly meeting at the Territorial Buildings, Skelton. [now Marlborough Ct.]
The venue was kindly lent to them by the Territorial Association to use as a Club, until such time as the reconstructed local unit will require it.
Major E Hamilton, President, gave &pound5 and hoped the Members would work well together in getting funds to rent or build a club of their own.
Capt Hubbard, DSO, MM, spoke about comradeship as he had seen in and about the battlefields.
Mr E Smith and his bandsmen turned out and played a good programme outside the Drill Hall.
13th June -
SKELTON NAVAL HERO - AWARD TO LEADING SEAMAN JOHN EDGAR PEAT.
DANGEROUS MINE MADE SAFE AT SALTBURN PIER.
Leading Seaman Peat of 3 Marske Lane, Skelton in Cleveland, has been awarded by the Admiralty, the Meritorious Service Medal.
His bravery was made known by the local MP, Sir Park Goff.
He described to the local Gazette the events that led to his award:-
I arrived home on 28 days' leave on the 18th March 1919.
On Friday, the 21st, I heard news that a Mine was floating towards Saltburn.
I walked from Skelton and reached the sands at 5.30 p.m.
The Mine had floated under and between the supports of the pier and was aground about 200 yards to the Marske side of the pier.
The tide was coming in and the Mine was rolling about very dangerously owing to its being buoyant
I got tools from the Zetland Garage and took off five horns and removed the detonator and a small cylinder of deadly explosive.
By doing this the Mine was absolutely safe.
The work was more dangerous because the Mine weighed about six hundredweight and was difficult to handle.
I received the Distinguished Service Medal for gallant conduct or in the words of the official court of inquiry, it was for conspicuous gallantry and meritorious service.
On April 25th, 1918, I was serving on a mystery ship called 'The Cowslip' and we were torpedoed in the Straits of Gibraltar.
The shi was broken in two and the stern was sinking rapidle, with a number of depth charges on board ready for firing.
Had the stern sunk in this condition all the crew would undoubtedly have been killed by the explosion of these charges.
I went from one half of the ship and render the charges safe, being injured while doing so.
We were eventually saved by an American steamer.
The Medal was awarded on Wednesday, April 9th, 1919, by Captain Nasmith. V.C. of HMS Lucia at South Bank.
12 July -
PEACE "A FARCE AND A MOCKERY" - GOVERNMENT'S BROKEN PLEDGES.
Peace celebrations evoked considerable comment at a meeting of the Skelton and Brotton Urban Council at North Skelton on Friday, which was presided over by Mr D W Dixon, JP.
The Deputy Clerk, Mr John R Battersbee, reported the receipt of a memorandum from the Local Government Board explaining that they would be prepared to sanction reasonablyeexpenditure from the rates to assist in defraying the cost of celebrating peace in the Council's area.
"They don't say a penny in the pound" observed the Chairman.
Coun W Frankland [New Skelton] declared that he could not see any reasons for having peace celebrations. There was no peace. And if money was spent it should be spent on the public good.
COUNCIL WARNED AGAINST HOUSING SPECULATION.
At the same meeting the provision of houses in the Skelton and Brotton area was discussed.
The Chairman explained that the present rateable value of the area would not be maintained.
The present rateable value of the Mines in the District was &pound104,000 and that of dwelling houses &pound300,000. He warned the Council against rushing into speculation in houses and mortgaging the finances of the district for future generations to meet.
On the proposal of Coun Saunders, seconded by Coun Hallimond, it was decided that a scheme for the erection of 39 houses at Brotton be approved and plans prepared.
The Chairman suggested the architect should include sketches of ferro-concrete buildings as well as houses of the ordinary brick type.
14th July -
NORTH SKELTON PITHEAD RE-CONSTRUCTED.
The whole of the men and boys at North Skelton Mine received notice to terminate their engagements on Saturday.
About 450 workers are affected.
The framework at the pithead is to be reconstructed and during the alterations the Mine will be laid idle for about a month.
The majority of the employees, if not the whole of them, will be found work at other Mines owned by the Bolckow and Vaughan Company.
Skelton Celtic, Charlton Rovers, South Skelton, Brotton, Lingdale, Loftus, Skinningrove, Normanby, Marske, Belmont and North Skelton have been accepted as members of the Cleveland Amateur League, which is to be confined to 12 clubs.
GOLF AND HOCKEY CLUB.
A general meeting in the Church Rooms, Skelton last night decided to form a Golf and Hockey Club and officials were elected for the ensuing year.
HOUSES CHANGE HANDS AT GOOD PRICES.
Several freehold lots in Boosbeck Rd, Skelton Green were sold for &pound280 each. The buyers were Mr J R Hewling, Skelton, No 59. Mr Payne, Skelton No 63. Mr Grattan, Skelton No 85. Mr Clarke, Skelton, No 2.
No 4 Boosbeck Rd was sold to Mr Barker for &pound165 and Mr Allison bought No 20 for &pound150.
No 9 East Parade, Skelton was purchased by Mr Baker for &pound170 and Mrs Dixon bought no 89 High St for &pound262.
Mr C Judson, Liverton bought Nos 14, 16, 18, 20 Thomas St, New Skelton for &pound700.
SKELTON MINING CAMP - SALE OF HUTS AND FITTINGS.
See Government advert below.
Because during the War all men of fighting age had volunteered, or after 1916, been conscripted into the Forces there was a shortage of labour to keep the local ironstone Mines working and the production of steel was of course vital to the War effort.
Men were brought in from other areas and housed in wooden huts. It not presently known where in Skelton these huts were located.
There is more information about this on the page for 1918, October.
6 August.
SKELTON NURSES HONOURED - LONDON GAZETTE.
War Office.
His Majesty the King has been graciously pleased to award the Royal Red Cross to the undermentioned Ladies in recognition of valuable nursing services under "The British Red Cross Society " or " Order of St. John of Jerusalem in England" rendered in connection with the war:...
Miss Barbara Private, Matron, " Wharton Hall," Skelton-in-Cleveland.
16th August -
NORTH SKELTON PITHEAD - NEW STEEL PULLEY FRAME.
It is expected that work will be resumed on Monday at North Skelton Mine, which has been closed for 3 weeks.
A new steel pulley frame has been erected and is now practically complete.
2nd September -
WAR CASUALTY FINALLY CONFIRMED DEAD.
235003 Pte FREDERICK BANNISTER , 4th Bn Yorkshire Regiment.
Family and War Service page.
SKELTON CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY - 44 HOUR WEEK ADOPTED.
The Quarterly general meeting was held in the Skelton Literary Institute.
Councillor M Ranson, Boosbeck was elected President.
Messrs JC Wilson, William Mott and John Jackson, Skelton were re-appointed on to the Committe of Management.
Mr W Hardwick, Skelton, was re-elected as Treasurer.
The Society adopted the 44 hour working week for the employees and it came into force on Monday.
The membership is now 2,000.
6 September -
HOUSING SHORTAGE IN SKELTON.
Referring to the housing question at a meeting of the Skelton and Brotton Urban Council Councillor W Frankland, New Skelton, said several houses in the Skelton District had two families in them and there was much overcrowding.
The need for more houses being provided was very urgent.
He knew of one case where two families had recently been turned out of a house by an order from the Magistrates.
A resolution was adopted urging the local Council to proceed at once with a housing scheme for Skelton.
It was the determination of the people of Skelton to ask for a public inquiry to be held respecting the housing conditions if the Council did not do something to remedy the deplorable state of affairs.
A site for erection of houses was now available and he proposed that the District Valuer be asked to proceed with negotiations for the purchasing of land from Col Wharton for building purposes.
7 October -
ATTACKED WITH A STICK ON THE HIGHWAY. ATTEMPTED TO GAG HIM.
William Jackson and John Johns, of Brotton were charged at Guisborough with assaulting Thomas Askew Coward, of Skelton, formerly an Instructor in dairy work under the North Riding County Council.
The attack took place on the highway, between Brotton and Skelton at about 11.30 p.m. on September 24th.
Complainant said that he was walking to Skelton, when he suddenly felt a blow on the head from behind and found himself surrounded by three men, who rushed him to the hedge.
He recovered himself and managed to get back into the middle of the road again, where snatching a stick from the hands of one of the men, he was able to hold them at bay for a time.
They, however, succeeded in forcing him into the hedge again and regaining the stick.
While one drew out a cloth and endeavoured to tie it over his mouth, the others continued to strike at him and he felt the stick crash down on his head.
He shouted for help, the men decamped and dazed and bleeding profusely from a wound in the head, he made his way to Skelton and informed the police of the affray.
Witness added that he identified the two men charged, but was unable to recognise the third man concerned in the affair.
Sgt Harrison told the Bench that he had seen the two defendants in conversation with complainant earlier in the evening at Brotton. There were no high words spoken, but the defendants appeared to have had some drink.
When questioned by the Police, Johns admitted being there, but said Jackson used the stick.
The latter, however, protested that he had never seen Coward before and today claimed Coward had made a mistake in identification.
The Chairman of the Bench in fining the defendants &pound3 each, said it was a serious matter if a man could not walk along the road without being attacked and it was a question as to whether they should go to Prison without the option of a Fine.
4 MILLION JOBS NEEDED.
Four million men returned to civilian life after the war and work was hard to find.
4th November.
THE POOR RATE. The Poor Rate for the following local Parishes were signed by the Guisborough Bench today - Tocketts 3s 8d, Skelton 2s 6d, Commondale 4s 2d, Westerdale, 4s.
These amounts are appreciable increases on the Rates for the past half year.
29th November.
DOWSON GROCERS BREAK UP. London Gazette.
Notice is hereby given, that the Partnership heretofore subsisting between us, the undersigned, Watson Teasdale Dowson, Amy Leicester Brown, and Eliza Annie Dowson, carrying on business as Drapers, Grocers and General Dealers, at [149-151] High-street, Skelton-in-Cleveland, in the county of York, under the style or firm of "DOWSON BROTHERS," has been dissolved by mutual consent as and from the first day of March, 1919. All debts due to and owing by the said late firm will be received and paid by the said Watson Teasdale Dowson....
Dec 12th -
GALE.
So great was the force of the gale on Tuesday evening that the weather vane was dislodged from the top of the Skelton Church tower and fell on to the roof of the Church.
MINE DEATH - HIT BY RUNAWAY TUBS.
A inquest was held yesterday afternoon at Lingdale on the body of Robert Husband, a Mines Deputy of Lingdale, who was killed at South Skelton Mines on Thursday.
James M Milligan, another Deputy at the Mine, gave evidence to the effect that he and Husband were working mates in the Mine.
Some wagons filled with ironstone broke away on an incline, where they were working.
They heard the wagons approaching and ran for safety.
He went one way and his mate took another direction and was caught by the wagons.
Husband was terribly injured about the head and chest and was partially covered by the contents of the wagons which upset upon him.
Death was practically instantaneous.
Alfred Wright, a Mines Horse Driver, and J Lynas, a Miner, testified to the wagons getting away from the place where Lynas was working.
North Skelton Band with Squire W H A Wharton and his second wife Elizabeth seated in the front row.
The photograph must have been taken in 1920 or prior, as seated with them is the Rev Mackworth-Drake, who left Skelton in this year.
Elizabeth died in 1926 and W H A Wharton in 1938.
Skelton Fire Brigade 1920's.
Middle row, right, John R Hewling. Front row, right, John Hewling.
Robert Warner Wheatley BA.
Rector of Skelton 1920 to 1947.
Rural Dean of Guisborough.
NEW PARSON.
The new rector at Skelton All Saints Church was Robert Warner Wheatley. BA. Rural Dean of Guisborough.
February -
BUFFALOES LODGING IN SKELTON.
The Provincial Grand Lodge of the Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes was formed in Skelton.
The RAOB have three tiers of organisation, Grand Lodge, Provincial and Minor Lodge.
The Skelton Lodge called themselves "Old Royal George". The Royal George Inn was at one time called this and the Lodge may well have originated there, but records show that it was run from a Working Mens' Club. The Skelton Lodge existed until at least 1926.
The medal shown here is called a "Jewel" and belonged to founder member, Herbert "Bert" Willie Riddiough, who lived at Hobdale Tce, Skelton.
Herbert was a second degree member or "Primo". The RAOB have 3 other ranks 1st [Brother], 3rd [Knight of Merit] and 4th [Right Honourable].
Herbert had been born in Shipley, Yorks and had come to this area with his wife Annie Eliza about 1899.
They had at least 10 children and later moved to Brotton, N Yorks.
He died in 1950, aged 74, and is buried with Annie in Brotton Cemetery.
NORTH SKELTON WAR MEMORIAL REQUESTED.
The Clerk of the local Council reported the receipt of a letter dated the 3rd of February 1920 from Mr Frank Ranson on behalf of the inhabitants of North Skelton.
This requested permission to erect a Memorial to the men who have fallen in the War.
RAOB "Jewel" and its owner, Herbert W Riddiough with his wife, Annie Eliza.
[Photographs were preserved by their daughter Doris "Dolly" Glover and kindly contributed by their Great Great Granddaughter, Julie Riddiough of Brotton.]
Mr Wharton had promised a site between the Wesleyan Church and Mr Dowson's shop on condition that the same be passed over to some public body and asking the Council to accept this responsibility.
The Memorial would be of White Sicilian Marble and 11 feet 3 inches in height.
It was proposed by Mr Gott and seconded by Mr Watson that consent be granted and it was carried unanimously.
WAR COMPENSATION FOR THE CO-OP FOR ARMY HUTS ON THEIR LAND.
See 1918 - Hut Sale.
Question in the House of Commons regarding compensation for huts used during the War.
Mr Waterson asked the Parliamentary Secretary to the War Office when the Skelton-in-Cleveland Co-operative Society may expect the compensation, as agreed upon, due to them for the use of fields;
"Is he aware that the Army representative has constantly been written to since the huts were removed, with no result; and, seeing that the War Office has withheld payment for so long, is it expected that interest on the money will be paid in addition ? "
Mr Hope - "I have been asked to answer this question."
It is anticipated that the awards of the Defence of the Realm Losses Commission upon the claims will be made in the course of next week, and payment will then be made immediately by the Ministry of Munitions.
The answer to the last part of the question is in the negative."
10th December.
COUNCILLOR HARD UP DUE TO STRIKE.
Letter from William Frankland, who was for some time a Skelton Councillor, to A R Cranmer, Skelton Sanitary Inspector and later Surveyor, asking for a loan to pay his mortgage as he is short of cash due to a 3 week strike at the Mine.
Back row players - Bob Copeland, Joe Williams, Fred Appleton.
Middle - Fred Tilley, Bringloe, Harry Davis of the New Inn. Players are Frank Ward, George Skipper, Ticker Ward.
Front players - Bob Fawcett, Gerard Sussans, Joe Robinson, Jimmy Reynolds and Sandy Bright.
[Photograph kindly donated by Alan Ward, son of Frank.]
Skelton Beck in 1920.
Next Page - 1921.
Previous Page - Memorials in other Countries.
Contents Page.


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Best of Erie 2020
Erie at Large
Jen Sorensen Cartoons
Just Toyin' Witcha
Spotlight EventsTheater
'Hunchback' Opening Ringing Out at Erie Playhouse
by Cara Suppa
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Friday, Aug. 10
Amisshapen, deformed bell-ringer, a beautiful, compassionate Roma woman, and a vengeful minister of justice converge in Paris in a musical retelling of Victor Hugo's gothic novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
The Erie Playhouse is bringing this tale to their downtown main stage, with 11 showings throughout the month of August, and a varied cast that includes Playhouse veterans and newcomers alike. Set in the early 1500s in Paris, Hunchback loosely follows Hugo's plot, centering on the life of protagonist Quasimodo and his yearning to experience life beyond the cathedral's bell tower, to which he is confined. A moment of courage, which compels him to step out among the people of Paris during a lively festival, brings the dancer Esmerelda to Quasimodo's rescue, while exposing her to the evil offices of Frollo, into whose care Quasimodo was relayed as a baby.
If this sounds familiar, despite a lack of exposure to 19th century French literature, there is a good chance you saw the 1996 animated film adaptation of the novel, produced by Disney, and upon whose songbook the musical is based — and has been expanded, with nine new songs (which did not appear in the movie) composed by the film's musical team of Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz. Hunchback was actually written in English, but translated into German for its first set of performances in Germany, where it ran for four years. It wasn't until 2014 that the musical began to be shown in the United States.
The Playhouse's principals include Will Steadman as Quasimodo, Jeff Lipiec as the villain Frollo, Domenic del Greco as the soldier Phoebus and, making her Playhouse debut, Amelia Wisinski as the tender-hearted but fierce Esmerelda. — Cara Suppa
7:30 p.m. (see website for full show listings with dates and times) // 13 W. 10 St. // $13.45 // erieplayhouse.org
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FREE Erie Philharmonic Concert: From Russia with Love
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Jan. 22nd, 5 PM to 8 PM
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Jan. 24th
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Juxtaposing the author's 1963 work with Raoul Peck's I Am Not Your Negro
From IRL to URL with the Erie Phil's Holiday Concert Tour of Homes
by Matt Swanseger12/1/2020, 2:43 PM
Download a link and enjoy beautiful holiday music and decor all December long
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by Matt Swanseger12/1/2020, 10:40 AM
Erieites invited to partake not only today, but every day
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Netflix miniseries is certainly one to check out
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DID IRISH MONKS BUILD THIS NEW ENGLAND CHAMBER CIRCA 700 AD?
Curious stone chambers dot the New England countryside. Are they all potato cellars built by farmers? Most archeologists insist that they are. But some seem too sophisticated for such a mundane application. One of these problematic chambers is built into a hillside at Upton, Massachusetts. J.W. Mavor, Jr., and B.E. Dix carefully measured and studied this chamber over a period of years. They give three reasons for asserting that it was really built by Europeans around 700 AD -- long before the Norse set foot on North America.
The sophisticated corbelling of the structure closely follows that seen in Irish and Iberic chambers, such as New Grange.
The long passageway is aligned with the summer solstice sunset, also a feature of some ancient European structures, but hardly of any concern to a New England farmer.
"Of all the enigmatic structures that we have seen in America, the Upton chamber stands out as one that could have been built under the influence of Irish monks in the 8th century."


text:
Matt Downin
Matt Downin, 28, who ran 2:18:48 at the ING New York City Marathon in 2003 and 2:18:50 in 2004, will return to the race for a third time on November 6
By Peter Gambaccini
Photo by Victah Salier
Matt Downin, 28, who ran 2:18:48 at the ING New York City Marathon in 2003 and 2:18:50 in 2004, will return to the race for a third time on November 6. Downin was third in the 10,000 at the USA Championships in 28:34.65. He set his personal 10,000 best of 28:08.04 in 2004 and was seventh in the 10,000 at the U.S. Olympic Trials in both 2000 and 2004. Downin was fourth in the USA 20K in New Haven on Labor Day in 1:01:17 and 30th in the World Half-Marathon Championships in Edmonton, Alberta on October 1 in 1:04:53. He was a two-time Big Ten Cross Country champion at the University of Wisconsin and was the 1994 Foot Locker Cross Country national champion while in high school in New Hampshire. Downin co-manages the Ridgewood Running Company in Ridgewood, New Jersey (part of a chain of six Running Company stores in New York and New Jersey), where he works 25 hours a week. "It's a great way to go in and kill a few hours in the day and take your mind off what you're doing and have a little fun," he finds.
Runner's World Daily: You've had a couple of 2:18s in the marathon. Are you ready to do better this November 6? Do you think there was a consistent element missing in those 2:18s?
Matt Downin: Well, certainly in both of the last two years, I felt like I was ready to run faster. And looking back, I still think I was ready to run quite a bit quicker than that, even on the hot days, and both of them were warm days in New York. Everybody says you give yourself a couple of minutes because it's New York, and then you get a hot day and you've got to give yourself another minute, whatever the heats does; who knows? Last year and the year before, I got injured four and five weeks out. Two years ago, it was an infected foot, and last year it was a calf injury. Both of those injuries were minor, but you lose four or five days of one week and you spend a couple more days getting back into it, and that period four or five weeks out from a marathon is "go" time training-wise. You lose those days and you're in trouble.
Certainly, the difference this year that I've shot for is that I was more consistent early, in July and August, building up to this thing, and I've avoided getting hurt, other than a small hamstring injury coming off the World Half Marathon Championships. But I'm absolutely fine. Hopefully that'll be the difference.
RWD: When you ran the other two New York City Marathons, did you feel you were doing alright in the first half of the race? Were you running out of gas at the end or were you having trouble earlier?
MD: Two years ago, I felt great through 15 miles. And the last 11 miles were brutal, absolutely horrible. Last year, I felt pretty good early. In the middle, I didn't feel great, but I felt "okay, I can probably gut this thing out" and I didn't fall apart quite as bad as I did the first year. But I didn't go out as hard, so I ended up running the exact same time. Certainly this year, I think there's something bigger and better in me at that distance, and my training indicates that I'm ready to be 1:06, 1:06:30 halfway and be able to run off that a little bit. You never know on race day of a marathon, but hopefully I can run somewhere in the 2:13 range - 2:13, 2:13:30.
RWD: Has all of your training for this period been in New York and New Jersey? And what was your reason for relocating to New Jersey--just to have some solid domestic situation and stability in your life for training?
MD: Yeah, that's one part of the answer. The other part is that I certainly felt like I was out in California for a few years and felt that where that group was taking me wasn't the direction I wanted to go athletically either. Rather than make that decision in 2007, the year before the Olympic Games, I felt like coming off the Olympic year was the best time to do it and try and figure out a new approach. I felt like that (the old approach and situation) had taken me as far as it was going to take me.
RWD: Can you characterize what you wanted to do differently?
MD: More specifically, there was an approach to training (in California) and it wasn't that it was wrong. I gave it a shot and it took me to running 28:08 and feeling pretty good about things. But I'm a very individual person and I wanted to be able to control my own training day to day a little more and not be influenced so much by the people around me. I love Deena (Kastor) and I love Meb (Keflezighi) and I love Ryan (Shay). It was a great group. But even in a great group, you can get caught up too much in the group and not be so much thinking about what you need every day. If I can say one thing that I've been successful at this year, it's waking up every morning and making sure that what I need to do that day gets done, and not necessarily doing something because the group is doing it. And certainly that can be to a detriment, too. That could definitely not always help.
RWD: Perhaps people shouldn't be surprised that even if you're in the same range of results as Ryan Shay, to name one person, it doesn't necessarily mean you're the same kind of athlete he is and doesn't mean you need to do the same things to get there, or that you have the same arc of development.
MD: Yep. Certainly.
RWD: What's your high weekly mileage been up to?
MD: This fall, it'll really been around 115ish. I've really always been a kind of low mileage guy. I've always done better, at every distance I've ever raced, not training the high mileage. When I was a 5000-meter runner, I was better off in the low 80s. As a 10,000-meter runner, my best performances were when I was only running 90, 95 miles a week. Something I was kind of experimenting with and kind of feeling I was better off doing this year was to not crank up the mileage real high for three or four weeks but be more consistent in that 95 to 110-mile range. But my long runs have been longer than they've ever been and my tempo runs have gone great and I felt better in all of the long hard efforts that I do. The big number (of miles) isn't there at the end of the week because I'm making sure that a couple of days are good recovery days.
RWD: You ran a 20k and a half-marathon during the buildup to New York City. Is that the most racing at that distance that you've done before a marathon?
MD: Yeah. The last two years, I'd run only the 20k. Actually, last year I'd also run a half-marathon, but I'd run conservatively, 1:07. I wanted to run marathon pace for a half-marathon. This year, I felt like I really wanted to go out and push one and try to go to the well on one. Ideally, that would have been World Champs.
RWD: Well, how do you feel about your performance at the World Half-Marathon?
MD: I wasn't very happy with it--not really upset, but my hamstring tightened up without three miles to go. It was a cold day. I lost contact with Ryan (Shay) and his group pretty early in the race, before 10K. Once you start moving backwards in those races, it's tough to get your momentum going back in the right direction. So it wasn't terrible, certainly; it was a PR for me at that distance, and 1:04:53 is nothing to get really upset about. And we ran great as a team, which is really cool. But it wasn't exactly what I went in hoping for.
RWD: You've been on World Cross Country, but would you say this half-marathon was the highest quality road race field you've been in?
MD: Yeah, certainly. When you look at it top to bottom, and depth around where Ryan was, you've got guys battling out on a nasty day at 1:03:20, 1:03:30 range. That's certainly better than any road race you're going to get here in the States, from a depth perspective and up front, too. We were 2:45 at the 1000-meter mark and we were buried in the pack. It's a lot like World Cross from the standpoint that those guys go out and get after it really fast, really early. Unfortunately, from a racing perspective, you have to make a choice, because obviously you're not talking about people who are going to go out and die. They go out really hard and then slow down a little bit, but not much. If you have a place goal in mind--15th or tenth or something like that--it's very hard to finish there when you let tenth place get so far in front of you, because the quality of athlete is so great that guys just don't come back. That's the way World Cross is. You know you don't want to go out and sprint the first mile, but if you don't, you're completely out of the race that you wanted to run. Unfortunately.
Ryan and I had talked beforehand. We both had a similar idea in mind. Our goal was to try to be conservative, but you got to get out a little bit, because you have to be with the people who run what you want to run. We figured we'd find the Japanese team because they'd run about what we wanted to run. They ran like clockwork, like we expected. It played out well for Ryan. Unfortunately, I was not having a great day.
RWD: Is the hamstring problem anything that's likely to be chronic?
MD: No, it's fine. I think it was a result of a cold nasty day. It started to get a little tight on me, which can happen in a race, and it just got worse and worse. It's fine now.
RWD: Now on the East Coast, are you often training by yourself or looking for others to train with?
MD: Actually, I was doing long runs with a group--Joe McVeigh, Jimmy Lynch, John Henwood and myself, and sometimes John Honerkamp. We got together a bunch of weekends in a row, going back to July, as a buildup of long runs. Joe is hurt now and Henwood and I have been racing every other week; he's been racing the weeks that I wasn't racing. So I actually haven't done a long run with those guys for a few weeks now, but that was a great group for a Sunday morning because we had a couple of veterans who were good about doing quality long runs. And of course Henwood is no slouch. We'd meet in Rockefeller State Park (in New York's Westchester County). That was the only long run I was doing with anyone. I always sort of kept my eye to the ground for someone who sounded like he'd be good to work out with, but I've got my own schedule now and it's one of those situations where it's kind of tough to get on someone else's. I like what I have going, and the year was successful for me. Obviously, there are still things I have to figure out and ways I can improve, but I'm hesitant to break a good thing I have going this year.
RWD: You were third behind Abdi Adbirahman and Meb Keflezighi at the USA Championships on the track, which must have pleased you to some extent. But after that, did you really think there was no point in seeking the "A" standard for the World Championships in Helsinki?
MD: I was fit, I was strong, and I was sharp, and I raced well that night, but I wasn't as fit as I'd been in previous years. And I knew how fit I would have to be to run 27:45. Had there been a doubt in my mind, I would have taken a shot at it, but I just didn't think there was any chance I was going to run that fast. I had three weeks to do it, so it was like recover and get right back on the track and take a shot on it. The stuff that was later on in the year was as important to me. It was important to make sure I had plenty of time to get ready for the marathon, and a buildup for Falmouth and the 20K also. So I just didn't see the benefit of even taking a shot at it. I'm certainly somebody who believes when you're fit, you race, and if you have a chance like that, you should take a shot at it. But I just didn't think there was anyway I was going to run it (the standard).
RWD: Next year, there's no Olympics, no World Championships. Are you already trying to figure out what your priorities are for 2006?
MD: Planning a wedding. We (he and fiancee Angie Stanifer) are getting married in April. I think in any career, and in any sports career, there's always a short-term goal, and a not so short-term goal, and a little further out and a little further out. In the back of their heads, everybody's always devising little plans and putting things on their mental calendar six months out and a year out and three years out. You never want to get stuck not having the Big Picture in mind. But certainly, if you do that too much, you lose focus on what's important and that's to get yourself ready for today and tomorrow and the day after that. If you don't live a little day to day, you don't get the things done that you need to get done.
I was thinking a little bit about what the Big Picture over the next three years should look like for someone who dreams of making an Olympic team.
RWD: And for you, would that be more likely in the marathon then in the 10,000?
MD: Um...no. Right now, I'm thinking 10,000. But a lot of that will depend on how they end up deciding to do the Marathon Trials.
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These cute and snuggly onesies for girls are just the thing for keeping your Sims warm this winter. This item has three variations and two recolourable parts but please note that the floral pattern is non-recolourable. Custom launcher and CAS thumbnails included.
Credits: TSR Workshop, Hair by Newsea.
Fantastic onesies for child, terrific idea, so cute, thank you!!!
Absolutely adorable and so beautifully done ! :wub.
Very sweet PJ's...the onesies are a cute idea!!


45 Deion Jones 12-11 57 43 100 13.5 - 56 5.0 - 37 2 - 26 3 5 6 . 1 . .
52 Kendell Beckwith 12-12 50 34 84 10.0 - 40 3.5 - 28 . 1 1 1 . 2 . .
33 Jamal Adams 12-12 47 20 67 5.0 - 7 . 4 - 30 6 10 1 1 - 0 1 . .
92 Lewis Neal 12-12 23 25 48 9.5 - 52 8.0 - 50 . 6 6 8 . 1 . .
18 Tre'Davious White 11-11 30 14 44 1.5 - 7 . . 7 7 . . . . .
49 Arden Key 12-9 20 21 41 6.5 - 36 5.0 - 33 . 1 1 9 1 - 0 . . .
57 Davon Godchaux 12-12 12 29 41 9.0 - 40 6.0 - 35 . 1 1 4 1 - 0 1 . .
29 Rickey Jefferson 12-9 21 15 36 1.0 - 7 1.0 - 7 1 - 21 3 4 . . . . .
91 Christian LaCouture 11-10 7 28 35 2.5 - 15 1.0 - 12 . 1 1 1 . 1 . .
2 Kevin Toliver II 12-8 24 11 35 2.0 - 5 . 1 - 0 5 6 . . . . .
13 Dwayne Thomas 10-9 24 10 34 3.0 - 7 . . 6 6 . . . . .
11 Lamar Louis 12-2 13 17 30 1.0 - 1 . . . . . . . . .
28 Jalen Mills 7-6 25 5 30 1.0 - 10 1.0 - 10 . 3 3 . . . . .
1 Donte Jackson 12-1 21 5 26 0.5 - 5 . 1 - 0 2 3 . 1 - 0 . . .
40 Duke Riley 12-0 12 12 24 0.5 - 1 . . . . . . . . .
97 Frank Herron 12-0 9 14 23 2.0 - 13 1.0 - 9 . . . 1 1 - 0 1 . .
46 Tashawn Bower 9-3 6 12 18 4.0 - 18 1.5 - 7 . 1 1 1 . 1 . .
23 Corey Thompson 9-3 8 7 15 . . . . . . . . . .
99 Greg Gilmore 12-1 4 9 13 1.5 - 10 1.0 - 8 . . . 1 . . . .
58 Sione Teuhema 7-0 7 6 13 2.0 - 2 . . . . 1 . . . .
48 Donnie Alexander 12-1 6 6 12 . . . . . . 1 - 0 . . .
35 Devin Voorhies 12-0 4 2 6 . . . . . . . 1 . .
5 Derrius Guice 12-0 4 2 6 . . . . . . . . . .
26 John Battle 12-0 1 4 5 . . 1 - 0 1 2 1 . . . .
24 Ed Paris 12-0 3 1 4 . . . . . . . . . .
4 Nick Brossette 9-0 2 1 3 . . . . . . 1 - 0 1 . .
94 Isaiah Washington 6-0 2 1 3 . . . . . . . 1 . .
34 Darrel Williams 12-0 1 2 3 . . . . . . . . . .
36 Cameron Gamble 9-0 2 . 2 . . . . . . . . . .
22 Ronnie Feist 5-0 . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . .
43 Tommy LeBeau 2-0 . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . .
98 Deondre Clark 4-0 . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . .
8 Trey Quinn 12-2 . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . .
81 Colin Jeter 12-9 1 . 1 . . . . . . . . . .
9 John Diarse 12-5 1 . 1 . . . . . . . . . .
6 Brandon Harris 12-12 1 . 1 . . . . . . . . . .
7 Leonard Fournette 12-12 1 . 1 . . . . . . . . . .
Total.......... 12-0 449 360 809 76 - 332 34 - 236 10 - 77 47 57 35 7 - 0 12 . .
Opponents...... 12-0 378 520 898 66 - 262 17 - 119 6 - 63 37 43 17 4 - 18 7 1 .


Paul Robeson (1898-1976) was an African-American singer, actor, and activist who sang the songs of his ancestors–and ours.
Later in life, Robeson used his popularity to affect social change, fighting for the integration of major league baseball, lobbying against South African apartheid, and supporting unions in America.
He also campaigned for the rights of Russian Jews while on tour in the USSR in 1949, and met with the Jewish writer and activist Itzik Feffer in Moscow. Soon after, Feffer was assassinated by the government–an event which spurred Robeson to perform Yiddish songs in his Russian concerts, in spite of a warning by the Soviet government not to get involved.
If anyone ever crafted their sadness into art, it was Robeson–a mournful and beautiful voice haunted by his own people's history, and the history of other peoples.
Not New Year's for Jews!


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Data Harmonization
"Consistent large-scale microdata that extend over many decades and span national boundaries with fine geographic detail provide a unique laboratory for studying demographic processes and for testing social and economic models." -Steven Ruggles, Demography , 2014.
Data harmonization refers to all efforts to combine data from different sources and provide users with a comparable view of data from different studies.This process is becoming more and more significant in demography and sociology research, since the needs of data harmonization is rapidly growing as the volume and the need to share existing data explodes.
Examples of Data Harmonization Efforts
University of Minnesota Population Center -- IPUMS Data
Steven Ruggles is the Professor of History at the University of Minnesota and the Director of the Minnesota Population Center. Professor Steve Ruggles has been working on a set of harmonized resources for demographic research:
IPUMS International, harmonized data from 1960 forward on people in 130 censuses from around the world.
IPUMS USA, harmonized data on people in the U.S. census and American Community Survey, from 1850 to the present.
IPUMS CPS, harmonized data on people in the Current Population Survey, every March from 1962 to the present.
North Atlantic Population Project, harmonized data from the 1800s censuses of Canada, Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, and the U.S.
Integrated Health Interview Series, harmonized data on people in the U.S. National Health Interview Survey, from the 1960s to the present.
American Time Use Survey, harmonized data from 2003 forward on how U.S. adults use their time.
Terra Populus, integrated data on world's population and environmental data, from 1960 to the present.
McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Canada
Dr. Isabel Fortier leads the DataSHaPER (Data Schema and Harmonization Platform for Epidemiological Research) program at the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center. DataSHaPER aims to facilitate the prospective harmonization of emerging biobanks. Also, she serves as a coordinator of data harmonization for the BioSHaRE (Biobank Standardization and Harmonization for Research Excellence in the European Union) project. Dr Isabel Fortier has been working on harmonizing of data across large European cohorts studies including UK Biobank, Lifelines, KORA, LifeGene, Estonian Genome Center, Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, National Child Development Study, and National FINRISK Study.
Jinkook Lee is an adjunct staff member at the RAND Corporation. Lee leads the research network of the Health and Retirement Studies around the world and she has developed the Survey Meta Data Repository with her colleagues at RAND. Also, she received a five-year grant in 2010 from the NIH entitled Harmonization of Cross-national Studies of Aging to the Health and Retirement Study .
Angrisani, M., Lee, J. (2012). Harmonization of Cross-National Studies of Aging to the Health and Retirement Study: Income Measures. RAND Corporation Working Papers .
Angrisani, M., Lee, J. (2012). Harmonization of Cross-National Studies of Aging to the Health and Retirement Study: Wealth Measures. RAND Corporation Working Papers .
Delavande, A., Lee, J., Yoong J. K. (2012). Harmonization of Cross-National Studies of Aging to the Health and Retirement Study: Expectations. RAND Corporation Working Papers .
Delavande, A., Lee, J., Yoong J. K. (2013). Harmonized LASI Pilot Data Documentation: Version A. RAND Corporation Working Papers .
Dewaard, J., Kim, K., Raymer, J. (2012). Migration systems in Europe: evidence from harmonized flow data. Demography , 49, 1307-33.
Fortier, I., Burton, P. R., Robson, P. J., Ferretti, V., Little, J., L'Heureux, F., Deschênes, M., Knoppers, B. M., Doiron, D., Keers, J. C., Linksted, P., Harris, J. R., Lachance, G., Boileau, C., Pedersen, N. L., Hamilton, C. M., Hveem, K., Borugian, M. J., Gallagher, R. P., McLaughlin, J., Parker, L., Potter, J. D., Gallacher, J., Kaaks, R., Liu, B., Sprosen, T., Vilain, A., Atkinson, S. A., Rengifo, A., Morton, R., Metspalu, A., Wichmann, H. E., Tremblay, M., Chisholm, R. L., Garcia-Montero, A., Hillege, H., Litton, J. E., Palmer, L. J., Perola, M., Wolffenbuttel, B. H., Peltonen, L., Hudson, T.J. (2010). Quality, quantity and harmony: the DataSHaPER approach to integrating data across bioclinical studies. International Journal of Epidemiology , 39, 1383-93.
Fortier, I., Doiron, D., Burton, P., Raina, P. (2011). Invited commentary: consolidating data harmonization--how to obtain quality and applicability? American Journal of Epidemiology , 174, 261-4.
Fortier, I., Doiron, D., Little, J., Ferretti, V., L'Heureux, F., Stolk, R. P., Knoppers, B. M., Hudson, T. J., Burton, P. R. (2011). Is rigorous retrospective harmonization possible? Application of the DataSHaPER approach across 53 large studies. International Journal of Epidemiology , 40, 1314-28.
Fortier, I., Doiron, D., Wolfson, C., Raina, P. (2012). Harmonizing data for collaborative research on aging: why should we foster such an agenda? Canadian Journal on Aging , 31, 95-9.
Granda, P., Wolf, C. and Hadorn, R. (2010) Harmonizing Survey Data, in Survey Methods in Multinational, Multiregional, and Multicultural Contexts (eds J. A. Harkness, M. Braun, B. Edwards, T. P. Johnson, L. Lyberg, P. Ph. Mohler, B.-E. Pennell and T. W. Smith), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. doi: 10.1002/9780470609927.ch17
Hu, P., Lee, J. (2012). Harmonization of Cross-National Studies of Aging to the Health and Retirement Study: Chronic Medical Conditions. RAND Corporation Working Papers .
Kashyap, R., Esteve, A., García-Román, J. (2015). Potential (Mis)match? Marriage Markets Amidst Sociodemographic Change in India, 2005-2050. Demography , 52, 183-208.
King, G. (2011). Ensuring the data-rich future of the social sciences. Science , 331, 719-721.
Kornrich, S., Furstenberg, F. (2013). Investing in children: changes in parental spending on children, 1972-2007. Demography , 50, 1-23.
McCaa, R., & Ruggles, S. (2002). The census in global perspective and the coming microdata revolution. Scandinavian Population Studies , 13, 7-30.
NIA Workshop Summary Report. (2012). Harmonization Strategies for Behavioral, Social Science, and Genetic Research: Workshop Summary.
Noble, P., VAN, R. D., Ruggles, S., Schroeder, J., Hindman, M. (2011). Harmonizing Disparate Data across Time and Place: The Integrated Spatio-Temporal Aggregate Data Series. Historical Methods , 44, 79-85.
Roberts, E., Ruggles, S., Dillon, L. Y., Gardarsdottir, O., Oldervoll, J., Thorvaldsen, G., Woollard, M. (2003). The North Atlantic Population Project: An overview. Historical Methods , 36, 80-88.
Ruggles S. (2014). Big microdata for population research. Demography , 51, 287-97.
Ruggles, S. (2005). The Minnesota Population Center Data Integration Projects: Challenges of harmonizing census microdata across time and place. Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, Government Statistics Section, Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association, pp. 1405-1415.
Ruggles, S.(2006). Linking historical censuses: a new approach. History and Computing , 14, 213-224.
Ruggles, S., Roberts, E., Sarkar, S., & Sobek, M. (2011a). The North Atlantic Population Project: Progress and prospects. Historical Methods , 44, 1-7.
Sevilla, A., Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., Gershuny, J. (2012). Leisure inequality in the United States: 1965-2003. Demography , 49, 939-64.
Shih, R. A., Lee, J., Das, L. (2012). Harmonization of Cross-National Studies of Aging to the Health and Retirement Study: Cognition. RAND Corporation Working Papers .
Sobek, M., Cleveland, L., Flood, S., Hall, P. K., King, M. L., Ruggles, S., Schroeder, M. (2011). Big Data: Large-Scale Historical Infrastructure from the Minnesota Population Center. Historical Methods , 44, 61-68.
Zissimopoulos, J., Lee, J., Carroll, J. (2012). Harmonization of Cross-National Studies of Aging to the Health and Retirement Study: Financial Transfer. RAND Corporation Working Papers .


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Paul's Note - October 5, 2018
Many of you read the story by Tony Davis that appeared in the Arizona Daily Star on Sunday about the closure of a water treatment plant that serves a large portion of the city including downtown, midtown and the northwest side.
The closure was prompted by the discovery of Perflorinated Compounds, known as PFCs, in a test well. This was discovered after officials had realized that the well was sampling from the wrong location. This led them to believe that a plant that had been designed to decontaminate TCE and 1,4-dioxane had also been taking PFCs out of the water as well.
This turned out not to be the case when they reconfigured the well to sample from the right location. They found that the water was 30 parts per trillion. That's below the federal standard of 70 parts per trillion, roughly 70 drops of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.
Still, we shouldn't diminish what that means. Exceedingly small amounts of substances like this in the body can cause diseases, and compounds like PFCs can build up in the body because they don't break down. This is a serious issue, and people in Tucson were rightly concerned when the story was published this weekend.
I know that Tucson Water has been taking this seriously. They shut down the treatment plant temporarily and wells that didn't meet Tucson Water's standards are still off-line. The water that is being delivered now is meeting Tucson Water's standard of 18 parts per trillion. The reason that the sampling was done in the first place was to ensure that our water was meeting this higher standard.
Both those stronger standards and the openness with which these issues are dealt with are due to the leadership of Tucson Water's director, Tim Thomure. He's been a valuable partner with the council not only on this issue, but broader issues with water resources in our community. I have full faith and confidence in him as our water director.
We've been given regular updates on issues around TCE, 1,4-dioxane and PFCs, the latest one came at the end of August. We've been kept informed as a council and the public has been kept informed through the media.
Most of the time when I write about water, I write about conservation and supply issues. The issue of contamination, however, has been a huge issue in our community for decades. I was barely a teenager when TCE contamination was front and center in the water dialogue in our community.
The issues around TCE contamination are what led to the building of treatment plants and the formation of the Unified Community Advisory Board. UCAB's is composed of both members of the community and government agencies. They've been serving as both a board to advise and supervise ongoing operations to clean up our groundwater, and as a way to keep the public informed. They meet quarterly and their meetings are open to the public. Their next meeting is on October 17 at 5:45 pm at El Pueblo Neighborhood Center, 101 W. Irvington.
PFCs, by the way, are used in a variety of household products. They are used in non-stick cookware, stain-resistant carpeting and even in clothes to make them waterproof. In this case, the contamination likely came from Davis-Monthan Air Force Base given where the chemical has been detected. A fire suppression chemical that was used on base for years had PFCs, and that product is no longer used by the Air Force.
There is recognition on the part of the Air Force about the effect these chemicals have had in the past, and they have been a partner in helping us clean up our water. I'd like to see other parts of our federal government show a similar concern.
Ostensibly, the Environmental Protection Agency should be a partner too, and they have been at the local level. Actions by that agency's and our country's political leadership have not been as helpful, particularly when it comes to PFCs.
Back in May, the federal administration sought to block a Health and Human Services report on the effects of PFCs on infants and nursing mothers. In May, he and White House officials denied access by reporters and the public to a summit meeting with EPA officials and industry on PFC regulation.
We need to keep vigilant as a city on this issue, but we also need to make sure that new policies from the federal government that don't encourage the use of these chemicals or weaken existing regulations on them.
How to Find Our Office and Contact Us
Paul Cunningham's Bio
Ward 2 Staff
7575 E. Speedway
ward2@tucsonaz.gov
Term Expires: December, 2019


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The Siamang - Issue Seven
The Siamang
(Symphalangus syndactylus) is a tailless, arboreal, black furred gibbon inhabits the forest remnants of Sumatra Island and the Malay Peninsula, and is widely distributed from lowland forest to montane forest, even a rainforest. Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park is the third largest protected area (3,568 km²) in Sumatra, of which approximately 2,570 km² remains under forest cover inhabit by 22,390 siamangs. The Siamang's melodious choir singing breaks the forest's silence in the early morning. The largest of the lesser apes, the Siamang can be twice the size of other gibbons, reaching 1 m in height, and weighing up to 14 kg.
The Siamang eats at least 160 species of plants, from vines to woody plants. It also eats flowers and a few animals, mostly insects. Although the Siamang can live up to 30+ years, the illegal pet trade takes a toll on wild populations. Poachers kill the mothers because mother Siamang are highly protective of their infants. A major threat to the Siamang is habitat loss due to plantation, forest fire, illegal logging, encroachment, and human development. Palm oil plantations have removed large areas of the Siamang's habitat in the last four decades. These and other illegal activities have devastated their remaining tropical rainforest especially in Sumatra.
Nicholas Wilczynski
"I don't trust this globalization," the man in a cowboy hat says, aiming his rifle sight across the Mojave desert, "Look at what Oregon got out of it."
"Well, nobody's talking about going to war with a country on the other side of the world. That was their mistake. Who knows anything about the fucking Japanese? It scared the shit out of them and they went all fascist. That's the problem with invisible enemies."
"But what is globalization if it's not fighting wars with countries on the other side of the world? I reckon that's about it. Even if the bullets are eee-co-nomic."
A head bobs out in the desert, out away from the canopy where these two men sit.
The rifle snaps.
"Did you hit him?"
The man in the cowboy hat shakes his head.
They have stars on their lapels, Texas Rangers, Immigration Division.
"Poor bastards," Zebediah says.
The man in the cowboy hat shakes his head again, "they're a bunch of goddamn fanatics is what they are."
Zebediah shakes his head, "These guys? These guys are trying to get away from the fanatics."
"These bastards are trying not to starve. Goddamn polygamists have too many kids and they live in a goddamn desert and the extras come in here and take good jobs away from good Texans because they work so goddamn cheap."
The rifle snaps again.
"Hah," says the man in the Cowboy hat, "got him."
Zebediah shakes his head and raises his own rifle, looking down the scope to try and confirm the kill.
"I ain't gonna take no shit from no fucking Quaker out here shooting Mormons either."
Zebediah looks up from the scope, "That's uncalled for."
"I thought the whole problem with you people was that you wouldn't shoot people."
Zebediah shrugs, "Times change."
Times had changed, Zebediah knew that much personally. He hadn't even been given a decade of life on his family's farm. The stark contrast of life in exile had been too much for him for another decade. Zeb hadn't started out shooting at Mormons, he started shooting at the Militia.
"Shit got real, didn't it?"
"Not in the Confederacy."
"Well," the man in the cowboy hat shrugs, "That really depends on where you go, doesn't it? Sure, Texas is fine, but Georgia and Florida are owned piecemeal by different Caribbean companies, and in Kentucky or Oklahoma, goddamn, you might as well be in Nebraska."
The cowboy takes a shot out of his flask and offers it to the Quaker who passes on it, leaving the cowboy grinning, "Hell if you went to D.C. Today you'd find that old Governor of yours all holed up in the mayor's office. If you could get past the security. But then again if a UAS hit squad could manage that then I'd guess he'd be at the World Court now."
"It's a publicity stunt," Zeb says.
"Sure, the UAS wants him in prison now, but who do you think built all those factories in the first place? Sure, Governor Stein militarized the industries, instituted a draft and prosecuted strikers as deserters. Sure he blew up the military budget hunting down Amish and putting them to industrial work or torturing them. But who did he do it for? Who benefited? Some asshole in Lima or Caracas."
The cowboy has sat through this with his eyebrow raised, now he says "You still crack me up with that rifle."
Zeb looks down the scope across the field. The desert shimmers in the boiling sun, Zeb pulls away from the scope and says, "Can you confirm what I'm seeing out there?"
What Zeb sees, hustling across the desert. Through what the driver had hoped would be an unmonitored stretch of border, is a Lexus four door sedan. Speeding across the desert at breakneck pace.
"Shoot it?" Zeb asks.
"Car like that? It'd be a shame."
Zeb shakes his head, "Stupid Texan."
"All I'm saying is that someone in a car like that, you shoot them up and someone's gonna come looking."
"The tires at least."
"Well," the cowboy shrugs, "I suppose that is a possibility."
He takes careful aim.
"The problem is you'll never hit the tire, a warning shot through the windshield is better."
The Texan doesn't say anything, he just exhales and lets the rifle bark out his response.
"It's just going too fast," Zeb says before the tire explodes and the car spins out wildly in the desert.
"Well," he continues, "nevermind."
Now they leave the shade of their tent, wandering out across the desert, marching with their rifles pointed upwards. The man in the Lexus is already out of it, inspecting the damage, pulling his trunk open. He has taken off his suit coat and rolled up his sleeves.
Zebediah turns to the Texan, "Is that a..."
The cowboy hushes him and starts jogging forward, "Excuse me, sir."
The dark skinned man looks at him confused for a second, "Hablamos Espanol?"
The cowboy is suddenly quiet, Zeb catches up to him, and looks between the two of them.
"Hablamos Espanol?" the man with a tie repeats, Zeb gives him a dumb look, "Bobo gringo."
"Sorry," Zeb says.
"My English is pretty rusty." the tie says, but his accent is practiced and smooth.
The cowboy falls all over himself, "Sir, we apologize for the tire, it's just that there are so many of those fucking Mormons trying to hop the border here."
The man in the tie shakes his head, "That's what I get for trying to cut out a couple hours. I have a flight out of Lubbock in four hours. The problem with building an airport in Deseret is that it gets run by fucking incompetent Mormons and they couldn't get me back to Bolivia, so I have to cross the border quick, do you need my papers?"
The rangers are taken aback, "No, not necessary," the cowboy says, "Can we help you with the tire?"
Zeb starts jacking the car up and the cowboy starts pulling the spare out of the trunk saying to the man with the tie, "I'm terribly sorry about the tire, this fucking Quaker made me do it."
The man in the tie grins, "It's a rental, don't worry. Besides, it was a hell of a shot."
The cowboy smiles bashfully, daring to make a brief eye contact with this fabled creature.
"So what were you doing in Deseret?"
"I was arranging for the construction of a sneaker factory. You can't imagine how cheap those crazy bastards will work for."
"Oh, I've seen them do it," the cowboy says, laughing. This is a rare opportunity, he refuses to waste it. He will bask in every second of this man's presence, "I bet the picking's even better over there."
"Absolutamente," says the man in the tie.
The cowboy just grins as he tries to put the man's tire back on, lining up the lug nuts and looking expectantly at the Quaker until he starts screwing them in.
"As I said, we're really sorry about all that. You know, times are tough."
The man in the tie has a confused look about him, as though times are not tough, as though it's all cheap labor and good times for him. He just wants to get back to La Paz or Lima or Caracas to spend his outrageous profits hitting on women at bars who are easily impressed by his money. After an awkward moment he smiles understandingly.
"You know," he says, "My family was originally from Virginia. We worked on somebody's plantation. Grandad left in the twenties though, headed south. Land of opportunity."
And he just gets in his car and starts speeding off, leaving the Quaker and the Cowboy quiet in his wake. The cowboy shakes his head, staring at it.
The Quaker laughs, "you got awfully excited about all that."
The cowboy shrugs, "Well, I don't think there's been a negro in the CSA in a half century."
Nicholas Wilczynski was born and raised in the United States Virgin Islands. His earliest and most cherished memories are of prolifically crafting graphic novels and poetry in the solitude of homeschooling in the Charlotte Amalie. He moved to North Carolina as a teenager, where he eventually graduated from a Christian High School, where he moved on to short stories and political articles (published on various websites) and was involved in the newspaper. For a short time he was a sponsored Halo player and wrote one of the most read blogs in Pro Halo, in addition to anti-war Halo fan fiction published on various websites. He currently studies Political Science at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro and continues to write subversive prose.


The novel takes place in February 1983. Clarice Starling, a young FBI trainee, being asked to carry out an errand by Jack Crawford, the head of the FBI division that draws up psychological profiles of serial killers. Starling is asked to present a questionnaire to brilliant forensic psychiatrist and cannibalistic sociopath, Hannibal Lecter. Lecter is serving nine consecutive life sentences in a Maryland mental institution for a series of brutal murders.
It is also revealed that Jack Crawford is hunting for a serial killer dubbed "Buffalo Bill", whose modus operandi involves kidnapping overweight women, starving them for about a week, and then killing and skinning them, before dumping the bodies in nearby rivers. The nickname was started by Kansas City Homicide, as a joke that "he likes to skin his humps." Throughout the investigation, Starling periodically returns to Lecter in search of information, and the two form a strange relationship in which he offers her cryptic clues in return for information about her unhappy childhood as an orphan.
When Bills sixth victim is found in West Virginia, Starling helps Crawford perform the autopsy. Starling finds a moth pupa in the throat of the victim, and just as Lecter predicted, she has been scalped. Diamond-shaped patches of skin have also been taken from her shoulders. Furthermore, autopsy reports indicate that Bill killed her within four days of her capture, much faster than his earlier victims. On the basis of Lecters prediction, Starling believes that he knows who Buffalo Bill really is. She also asks why she was sent to fish for information on Buffalo Bill without being told she was doing so; Crawford explains that if she had had an agenda, Lecter would never have spoken up.
Starling takes the pupa to the Smithsonian, where it is eventually identified as the Deaths-head Hawkmoth, which would not naturally occur where the victim was found.
In Tennessee, Catherine Baker Martin, the daughter of Senator Ruth Martin, is kidnapped. Within six hours, her blouse is found on the roadside, slit up the back: Buffalo Bills calling card. Crawford is advised that no less than the President of the United States has expressed "intense interest" in the case, and that a successful rescue is preferable. Crawford estimates they have three days before Catherine is killed.
After Starling leaves, Lecter reminisces on the past, recalling a conversation with Benjamin Raspail, a former patient whom he later murdered. Raspail, during that therapy session, explained the death of a sailor named Klaus at the hands of Raspails jealous former lover, Jame Gumb, who then used Klauss skin to make an apron. Raspail also revealed that Gumb had an epiphany upon watching a moth hatch. Lecters pleasant ruminations are interrupted when Dr. Frederick Chilton - the asylums administrator and Lecters nemesis - steps in. A listening device allowed him to record Starlings conversation, and Chilton has found out that Crawfords deal is a lie. He offers one of his own: If Lecter reveals Buffalo Bills identity, he will indeed get a transfer to another asylum, but only if Chilton gets credit for getting the information from him. Lecter insists that hell only give the information to Senator Martin in person, in Tennessee. Chilton agrees. Unknown to Chilton, Lecter has previously hidden under his tongue a paperclip and some parts of a pen, both of which were mistakenly given to him by untrained orderlies during his stay at the asylum. He fashions the pen pieces and paperclip into an improvised lockpick, which he later uses to pick his handcuff locks.
In Tennessee, Lecter toys with Senator Martin briefly, enjoying the womans anguish, but eventually gives her some information about Buffalo Bill: his name is William "Billy" Rubin, and he has suffered from elephant ivory anthrax, a knifemakers disease. He also provides an accurate physical description. The information is a red herring: bilirubin is a pigment in bile and a chief coloring agent in human feces, which the forensic lab compares to the color of Chiltons hair.
Starling tries one last time to get information from Lecter as he is about to be transferred. He offers a final clue - "we covet what we see everyday" - and demands to hear her worst memory. Starling reveals that, after her fathers death, she was sent to live with a cousin on a ranch that raised lambs and fattened unwanted horses for slaughter. One night, she was woken up by the sound of the screaming lambs and fled on a partially-blind pony. Starling and the pony were both sent to live in a Lutheran orphanage, where she spent the rest of her childhood. Lecter thanks her, and the two share a brief moment of connection before Chilton shooes her out of the room. Later on, she deduces from Lecters clue that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim.
Shortly after this, Lecter escapes by killing and eviscerating his guards, using one of their faces as a mask to fool paramedics. Starling continues her search for Buffalo Bill, eventually tracking him down and killing him and rescuing Catherine. She is made a full-fledged FBI agent, and receives a congratulatory telegram from Lecter, who hopes for her that "the lambs have stopped screaming".
1.Ed Gein, a Wisconsin man who robbed graves and murdered women in order to flay their bodies and make clothing out of them. Gein was also the inspiration for Norman Bates in the Alfred Hitchcock film Psycho and Leatherface in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre.
2.Ted Bundy, who killed dozens of women in the 1970s, often luring victims by pretending he was injured with a cast on his arm, a technique Gumb used to lure Catherine Martin into his van. Similar to Lecter, Bundy also offered to help investigators find other serial murderers by "giving insights" into their psychology while he was in death row, specifically about the Green River Killer.
3.Gary M. Heidnik, who held women captive in a deep hole in his basement.
4.Edmund Kemper, whose first victims were his grandparents, much like Buffalo Bill.
5.Albert Fish, a child molester and cannibal, also referred to as The Brooklyn Vampire. He travels to various places in America, such as Brooklyn, and molests, tortures, kills, and sometimes eats children.
The novel was a great success. Craig Brown of The Mail on Sunday wrote, "No thriller writer is better attuned than Thomas Harris to the rhythms of suspense. No horror writer is more adept at making the stomach churn". The Independent wrote, "Utterly gripping", and Amazon.com wrote, "driving suspense, compelling characters,...a well-executed thriller..." Childrens novelist Roald Dahl also greatly enjoyed the novel, describing it as "subtle, horrific and splendid, the best book I have read in a long time."
1.The novel won the 1988 Bram Stoker Award for Best Novel.
2.It was nominated for the 1989 World Fantasy Award.


text:
– tajna jednostka wojskowa cesarskiej armii japońskiej. Realizowała ona program badań i rozwoju broni biologicznej i chemicznej, zainicjowany przez generała-porucznika Shirō Ishii, prowadzony w czasie II wojny chińsko-japońskiej oraz II wojny światowej. Działalność Jednostki 731, a także innych, podobnych placówek badawczych, jest najbardziej znanym przykładem zbrodni wojennych, jakich dopuszczała się armia japońska. Oficjalnie jednostka miała nazwę .

Historia

Utworzenie Jednostki 731
W 1931 r., wykorzystując zbrojny incydent, który przeszedł do historii jako incydent mukdeński, wojska japońskie zajęły północno-wschodnią część Chin – Mandżurię. Pod przykrywką jednostki uzdatniającej wodę utworzono w 1932 r. Jednostkę 731. Początkowo kierował nią dr Masaji Kitano (w latach 1942–1944), później zastąpił go dr Shirō Ishii. Obóz znajdował się w Mandżurii, w miejscowości Pingfang w pobliżu miasta Harbin.

Jednostka 731 oraz pozostałe placówki działały w ramach i pod nadzorem japońskiej policji wojskowej Kempeitai. Razem z kolaboranckimi jednostkami pomocniczymi Kempeitai odpowiedzialna była za dostarczanie osób przeznaczonych do badań. Tworzyli oni specjalny Wydział Dostarczania Materiału Ludzkiego. Osoby, na których przeprowadzono eksperymenty, były przeważnie Chińczykami, Mandżurami, Koreańczykami lub tzw. białymi Rosjanami. Wśród nich znaleźli się także Europejczycy oraz Amerykanie. W żargonie strażników oraz naukowców nazywano ich pogardliwie maruta (, pol. "kłoda"). Transportowano ich w pozbawionych okien wagonach więziennych Koleją Chińsko-Mandżurską. Więźniowie byli przetrzymywani początkowo w twierdzy Zhongma. Kiedy w 1936 r. doszło do ucieczki więźniów, laboratorium przeniesiono do Pingfang.

Eksperymenty oraz użycie bojowe broni biologicznej
Ishii – już podczas otwarcia ośrodka w Pingfang – mówił bez ogródek, do czego ma służyć: "Misją od Boga każdego medyka jest blokowanie choroby i jej eliminacja, lecz zadanie, nad którym będziemy tu pracować, jest całkowitą odwrotnością tej reguły". Eksperymenty były dokonywane w sposób bestialski. Przeprowadzano wiwisekcje, sztucznie wywoływano choroby, truto więźniów fosgenem lub cyjankiem potasu, zakażano wąglikiem, symulowano rany wojenne, wywoływano celowe udary, zawały serca oraz dokonywano aborcji. Oprócz tego na więźniach testowano nowe rodzaje broni takie jak granaty czy miotacze ognia. Każda śmierć była uważnie obserwowana i opisywana przez członków oddziału. Szczątki poddawane były kremacji, a ich prochy wsypywano do rzeki Sungari.

W czerwcu i lipcu 1942 Japończycy rozpoczęli w prowincji Zhejiang rozsiewanie zarazków dżumy i cholery za pomocą zrzucanych z powietrza woreczków z zakażonymi pchłami i ziarnem. Ziarno zwabiło szczury, które następnie rozniosły insekty na ludzi.

Koniec Jednostki 731 oraz okres powojenny
Pod koniec wojny (gdy do Mandżurii wkroczyły oddziały Armii Czerwonej) wydano rozkaz zniszczenia kompleksu i placówek satelickich oraz likwidacji pozostających przy życiu więźniów, aby zatrzeć ślady eksterminacji Szacuje się, że w obozie zginęło około 300 000 ludzi. Według innych badań całkowita liczba ludzi, którzy stracili życie za sprawą eksperymentów wyniosła około
750 000.

2 września 1945 r. doszło do oficjalnej kapitulacji Japonii. Generał Douglas MacArthur, wódz naczelny alianckich sił okupacyjnych, potajemnie udzielił immunitetu części naukowców biorących udział w zbrodniach, w zamian za wyniki badań. Rząd USA uznał bowiem te informacje za cenne z uwagi na brak możliwości prowadzenia podobnych badań w krajach Zachodu.

W 2018 r. nazwiska 3607 członków jednostki zostały upublicznione przez Archiwa Narodowe Japonii.

Wydziały
Jednostka 731 była podzielona na osiem wydziałów:
 Wydział 1: odpowiadał za badania nad wykorzystaniem dżumy, cholery, wąglika, tyfusu i gruźlicy; ich działanie było testowane na żywych ludziach. W tym celu zbudowano podlegające mu więzienie, mogące pomieścić od 300 do 400 osób.
 Wydział 2: odpowiadał za badania związane z polowym wykorzystaniem broni biologicznej, zwłaszcza za produkcję urządzeń przeznaczonych do rozsiewania zarazków.
 Wydział 3: odpowiadał za produkcję pocisków zawierających środki biologiczne. Mieścił się w Harbinie.
 Wydział 4: odpowiadał za produkcję pozostałych środków bojowych.
 Wydział 5: odpowiadał za szkolenie personelu.
 Wydziały od 6 do 8: jednostki odpowiadające za wyposażenie, sprawy medyczne i administracyjne.

Pozostałe oddziały badawcze
Oprócz Jednostki 731 istniały inne instytucje "badawcze". Pozostałe główne placówki na Dalekim Wschodzie były rozlokowane m.in. w:
 oddział 543 (Hailar),
 oddział 100 (Changchun),
 oddział 1644 (Nankin),
 oddział 1855 (Pekin),
 oddział 8604 (Guangzhou).

W Anda (koło Harbinu) testowano i produkowano bomby biologiczne. W Changchun (oddział 100) prowadzono eksperymenty z karbunkułem i zatruwaniem żywności. W Guangzhou (oddział 8604) więźniów obozu rozmyślnie głodzono, a wybranych zarażano tyfusem i dżumą. W laboratoriach mieszczącego się w Pekinie oddziału 1855 japońscy naukowcy wypracowali metody rozpuszczania ciał chemikaliami.

Istniały także mniejsze filie na Malajach, Singapurze i Hiroszimie. Zdarzały się przypadki, że eksperymenty medyczne przeprowadzano na alianckich jeńcach, w "warunkach polowych", na południowo-wschodnim Pacyfiku.

Szefowie Jednostki 731

Jednostka 731 w kulturze popularnej
 1952 – Powieść wojenna Statek 1092 polskiej pisarki Wandy Melcer
 1960 – Powieść Leśne Morze polskiego pisarza Igora Newerlego
 1965 – Powieść sensacyjna czeskiego pisarza Ludvika Součka pt. Krotitelé ďiablů (wydanie polskie Poskromiciele diabłów wyd. Iskry, Warszawa 1967), mówiąca m.in. o tajnych japońskich laboratoriach broni B w Mongolii.
 Trzy pierwsze filmy z czteroczęściowej serii Hei tai yang 731 (ang. Men Behind the Sun) – wyprodukowana w Hongkongu seria filmów opowiadające o eksperymentach w Jednostce 731.
 1988 – Man Behind the Sun, reżyseria: Tun Fei Mou
 1992 – Laboratorium diabła (Man Behind the Sun 2: Laboratory of the Devil), reżyseria: Godfrey Ho
 1994 – Man Behind the Sun: A narrow Escape, reżyseria: Godfrey Ho
 1994 – Utwór "Breeding House" powiązany z płytą "Balls To Picasso" brytyjskiego wokalisty Bruce'a Dickinsona porusza tematykę jednostki.
 1995 – Dwa odcinki serialu Z Archiwum X (trzeci sezon): Nisei (odcinek 9) oraz 731 (odcinek 10).
 2001 – Japoński film dokumentalny Japońskie diabły (ang. Japanese Devils, chin. 日本鬼子 Riben Guizi)
 2004 – Francuski film dokumentalny Japońskie eksperymenty na ludziach (fr. Kizu, les fantômes de l'unité 731)
 2008 – Rosyjski film dokumentalny Philosophy of a Knife
 2009 – Utwór Unit 731 na płycie World Painted Blood, thrashowej grupy Slayer.
 2011 – Powieść "Spirala" – Paul McEuen
 2011 – opowiadanie s-f "Człowiek, który zakończył historię: Dokument" – Ken Liu
 2011 – powieść "Testament Damoklesa" – Marcin Wełnicki
 2015 – "Jednostka 731. Okrutne eksperymenty w japońskich laboratoriach wojskowych" (Relacje świadków); aut. Hal Gold; Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego; wyd. I, Kraków 2015, .

Zobacz też
 bataański marsz śmierci
 eksperymenty medyczne i pseudomedyczne w Auschwitz
 Josef Mengele
 Kolej Śmierci
 masakra nankińska

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

 Jednostka 731 w literaturze, komiksie i filmie

Broń biologiczna
Zbrodnie wojenne oddziałów armii japońskiej
Broń chemiczna
Mandżukuo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
7 wonders of South Africa
Limpopo Province travel info
Limpopo facts
Capital: Polokwane
Area: 119606 km² (9,8% of South Africa)
Languages: Sotho, Tsonga, Venda
Place to visit: Waterberg biosphere
Age Dependency Ratio: 4,8
Life Expectancy: 62,7 years
Literacy: 61,7%
GGP: R9 076 million (3,7% GDP) GGP/Capita:R2133
Human Development Index: 0,4
Established in 1898 to protect the wildlife of the South African Lowveld, this area of nearly two million hectares has been the flagship of South Africa's parks ever since. Having recently incorporated Gonarezhou National Park in Zimbabwe and Limpopo National Park in Mozambique to form the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, it's now larger than Lesotho. The Park has a greater number of species than any other game sanctuary in Africa. The world-renowned Kruger Park is home to an impressive number of species: 336trees, 49 fish, 34 amphibians, 114 reptiles, 507 birds and 147 mammals. Among them are more than 8 000 elephants and around 600 white rhinos. A real plus is the excellent accommodation both within Kruger and along its boundary in the many private concession areas.
The lovely setting of this town, at the foot of the Soutspansberg mountains, makes it one of the province's premier tourist destinations. The town is renowned for its arts and crafts. About 35 km to the south, on the N1, a sign marks the line of the Tropic of Capricorn.
The newly launched Mapungubwe National Park is destined to become a major tourist attraction along with other destinations of bargain holidays from On The Beach. One of South Africa's most amazing regional treasures was revealed recently, after decades of secrecy and already predictions are made of enormous international tourism potential. Mapungubwe (meaning the Sacred Hill of the Jackal) and its amazing archaeological finds have been public knowledge for decades but the rich heritage of the site was only officially recognized this year. Now the newly launched Mapungubwe National Park is destined to become one of the main tourist attractions of South Africa.
Mapungubwe provides tangible proof by way of the rich fossil deposits, Bushman rock art and gold artefacts of ancient civilizations that once flourished there. It is accepted to have been forerunner of Greater Zimbabwe and most likely played a major role in building the world famous Zimbabwe Ruins. Central to all is Mapungubwe Hill where the oldest, and the first known, African kingdom was established. About 1350 years ago an unidentified but undeniably powerful king build his royal abode on top of the hill.
He had his people carry at least 20 000 tons of soil in leather bags up the sheer cliff faces to level the top of the hill. That enabled him to build the rest of the royal kraal and plant crops there. Holes can still be seen chiseled into the solid rock for the hardwood supports of his palace. It is thought the king's power might have come from mystical abilities to make rain. Unlike the present hot and dry climate, in those days the area seemed to have enjoyed a lush and fertile vegetation. He deliberately settled on top of the hill to establish his uncontested royal status. Archaeological diggings have shown the existence of the tribe of about 5000 people that kept cattle and goats and were the first to keep dogs. They traded hides and ivory as well as other products for glass beads with merchants from India, other Asian areas and even China. The traders were thought to have made their way inland from the Mozambican coast.
The town is two kilometers from the Phalaborwa gate to the Kruger National Park, giving access to the less developed northern section of the Kruger National Park. In the far north of the park, at Thulamela, archaeologists have discovered a site of an ancient civilization where gold smelting took place around 1300 AD. Phalaborwa is a major mining centre. Here you can see a two kilometre-wide open cast copper mine - the widest man-made hole in Africa. At the Hans Merensky Country Club - one of the country's premier golf courses - the fairways are sometimes invaded by wildlife.
Polokwane/Pietersburg
This bustling city, founded in the gold rush days of the 1 880s, boasts museums, art collections and a bird sanctuary. Just five kilometers to the south is the Polokwane Municipal Nature Reserve, home to rhino, zebra, giraffe and gemsbok. Nearby is the Bakone Malapa Open-air Museum, providing insight into the ancient traditions of the North Sotho people. Polokwane is a good base for exploring the Limpopo Province. Head east along the R71 for Tzaneen, an agricultural centre, Duiwelskloof, an attractive, historic town and the nearby Modjadji Cycad Reserve.
Nearby is the Tshakuma Traditional Village, where sculptors and craftsmen of the VhaVenda people create unique souvenirs. The VhaVenda have a rich, mystical culture. Many beliefs are centred around the Thathe Vondo Forest, on the R523 between Thohoyandou and Makhado. The Dzata Ruins are the remains of the Royal Kraal of VhaVenda, dating back to 1400.
Belabela / Warmbaths
The thermal springs of this resort, some 112 km north of Pretoria, have been popular for more than a century. Nearby is the Marakele National Park, accessible to 4x4 vehicles. The park is part of the Waterberg Biosphere Resource Centre, a region of mountains, rivers, streams and swamps. Elephant, white and black rhino, leopard, buffalo and more than 300 species of bird, including a large colony of Cape Vultures, live here.
Limpopo Top Attractions
Valley of the Olifants This great fruit bearing river valley is an access point to the Kruger Park, via the picturesque Abel Erasmus Pass.
Haenertsburg a pretty village in the misty Magoebaskloof mountains near Tzaneen, famous for its flowering azaleas and cherry trees.
The Soutpansberg a densely forested and beautiful mountain range, not far from the Limpopo River, offering many nature reserves, hiking trails and splendid scenery.
The Waterberg mountains, a relatively undiscovered haven in the bushveld, popular among nature lovers, hunters and wildlife enthusiasts.
Limpopo, until recently known as the Northern Province. Named after the great Limpopo River that flows along its northern border, this province is rich in wildlife, spectacular scenery and a wealth of historical and cultural treasures. The Great North Road from Pretoria was first carved by the creaking wheels of ox wagons. Today, when you follow the footsteps of the Voortrekkers, you'll travel on fast, safe roads and enjoy every modern amenity as you go. Known as the Great North, the Limpopo province is land of legend. Ruins and relics abounds in ancient forests, sparkling trout waters, hot mineral springs and waterfalls. Much of it has remained unchanged for centuries, offering unlimited opportunities for the enjoyment of untamed Africa. Limpopo is home to ancient lands and pre-historic secrets. This is home to Modjadji, the fabled Rain Queen, the Stone Age and Iron age relics of and the treasures of Mapungubwe that date back to time immemorial.
South Africa Provinces
Mapungubwe NP
Limpopo photos
"Majestic Baobab trees are a characteristic element of the Mapungubve National Park
Giraffe Kruger National Park
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Pipe Dreams
Whilst the chap above may look like he has been blowing on the bagpipes rather too much, actually he was part of the Earth Mars Glenelg twinning party from yesterday, as noted in my post, Speed bonny boat.
From the BBC report on the celebration, we glean that the director of Nasa's Mars exploration programme, Doug McCuistion (wonder where his ancestors came from?), was unable to make the journey as planned and instead answered questions via a satellite link. He was asked if there were any aliens, and replied that, "Well, that's what we hope to find out: that Mars was once able to support life". He also noted that by 2030, or 2040, humans should have landed on the red planet and taken Curiosity back to an Earth museum.
The star appearance was former Nasa astronaut, Bonnie Dunbar, who again has a Scottish seed. Bonnie told of her childhood and how she was motivated by a book called The Angry Planet, written by another Scot, John Keir Cross. During her performance, she discussed how she hopes to debunk suggestions that the 1969 Moon Landing was faked, and of her hopes that youngsters in the audience would become the engineers and scientists of the future, helping humans to get to Mars.
Now, whether or not the landings were faked, or whether Neil Armstrong (another with Scottish roots here) did indeed plant a masonic flag on the alleged surface of the Moon, Bonnie's surname highlights another cosmic coincidence, or perhaps synchronicity. For just under 13 miles from the place Dunbar, sits North Berwick. Jeff Nisbet, in his Pyramids of Scotland revisited, centres his theories around this very place, in the process throwing up some symbolic masonic numerology/cosmology and connections to Sirius, whilst not forgetting Uri Geller and his purchase of Lamb Island, where he believes returning Egyptian princess, Scota, stashed her loot:
"I had demonstrated how Orion's stars, acting with Sirius, an important star in Egyptian cosmology, dictated the locations of several sacred sites connected to the Knights Templar, the order of warrior monks exterminated in 1307 for reasons that still spark controversy. One of those sites, Rosslyn Chapel, would later capture worldwide attention in Dan Brown's "The Da Vinci Code."
It's all about colonisation and seed sowing, both futuristically and historically.
Nasa - masonic conspiracy
Labels: glenelg, mars, nasa
its one big game for the mega rich.They have the knowledge the wealth the excitement.It really is a wonderful world if u have money and connections.Wait a minute,isnt that what jimmy saville had.Look what he did the sicko.I am only jokin but am just sayin maybe its cool to have simon cowells money but maybe he has done a load of bad things to get it.So maybe when they have the wealth n power its a bigger more evil prison worse than the prison ,experienced by a simple pleb like myself.
Synchronicity everywhere!
Jimbo said...
Early in August there was the Martian "Coronation Rock" (Coronation Stone) followed by the August 24th Glenelg naming on Mars.
Doesn't the palindrome g-l-e-n-e-l-g state the obvious "as above-so below?"
You may have to put me up to speed here - I was expecting a Wales bent this whole time.
Thanks Anon, my understanding is that in order to practice "black magic", one must also do "good things" to compensate. Cowell is Scottish too, by the way.
Aang, cheers, also see the April Jones/ Led Zeppelin connection.
Jimbo, the Wales' news is cyclical, no doubt we are due another burst soon. As long as the fundamental architecture is ready for the "Age of Aquarius", that will suffice I imagine. Note on that regard the referendum for Scottish "independence" and the Royal Bank of Scotland, now 84% UK state controlled. Note that RBOS was originally a Hanoverian bank, whilst the Bank of Scotland Jacobean. It will be money that catapults Wills to the top, global financial meltdown with a new universal currency. My guess is that an (independent) Scotland will be the backbone of that. Bear in mind that if the current UK government fails/falls out, the referendum will be brought closer than 2014. Note too that the referendum is to be due to be held on the anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn, the link to the left to mythamorph has some important info on that battle - alleged Knights Templars, Sirius (again)etc.
Savile is asvile or as evil.as above so below.
Soz I pad is a bit trigger happy
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Speed bonny boat
Digging Jimmy Savile