Since their first designation as a subclass of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in 1985 (Osterbrock & Pogge 1985), narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) represented a source of new insights. By definition these AGN have a relatively low full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the permitted lines, specifically a FWHM(Hβ) < 2000 km s-1 and a flux ratio of [O III]/Hβ< 3 (Osterbrock & Pogge 1987; Goodrich 1989). Moreover, the presence in the optical spectrum of strong Fe II multiplets shows that the broad-line region (BLR) of these AGN is directly visible. The narrowness of the permitted lines cannot therefore be interpreted as due to obscuration, but instead to a low rotational velocity around a relatively low mass central black hole (106−8 M⊙, Mathur 2000). This low black hole mass, along with the high Eddington ratio (Boroson & Green 1992), is sometimes interpreted as a consequence of the young age of these sources (Grupe 2000; Mathur 2000). Therefore, NLS1s may be rapidly growing AGN and, if so, they are an excellent proxy to test the evolution of galaxies at low redshifts.
Although they are typically radio-quiet, a fraction of NLS1s are actually radio loud (7%) or even very radio loud (2.5%, Komossa et al. 2006). Few of these exhibit some extreme properties similar to those of blazars, such as flat radio spectra (αν ≤ 0.5, with Fν ∝ ν− αν) and high brightness temperatures (Yuan et al. 2008). After the discovery of γ-ray emission coming from these sources and detection by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (Abdo et al. 2009a,b,c; Foschini et al. 2010), NLS1s became the third class of γ-ray emitting AGN with a relativistic beamed jet, in addition to BL Lacs and flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs).
According to the unified model of radio-loud AGN, for each highly beamed source there are about 2Γ2 misaligned sources (Γ is the bulk Lorentz factor of the jet), also known as the parent population. In particular, the parent populations of BL Lacs and FSRQs are thought to be FRI and FRII radio galaxies, respectively (Urry & Padovani 1995), even though some exceptions are known (Kollgaard et al. 1992; Antonucci 2002). In a more recent and less biased picture, the reviewed association with parent sources is between BL Lacs and low excitation radio-galaxies (LERG), and between FSRQs and high excitation radio galaxies (HERG; Giommi et al. 2012). An akin picture for flat-spectrum radio-loud NLS1s (F-NLS1s) is not yet well established.
An initial hint regarding the parent population was provided by Foschini (2011, 2012), who first proposed steep-spectrum radio-loud NLS1s (S-NLS1s) as parent sources. This hypothesis was further supported by Berton et al. (2015), although a possible problem of numerical consistency was also pointed out, since the known S-NLS1s seem to be too few to represent the whole parent population. It is however possible that there is no need to include anything else in the parent population beside S-NLS1s. A GHz selected sample might show a lack of misaligned sources because the relativistic beaming increases the luminosity, and hence the visibility, of beamed sources. An example for this is shown by Urry & Padovani (1995). In their study on the radio luminosity functions (LFs), the observed densities of FSRQs and steep-spectrum radio-quasars (SSRQs) at 2.7 GHz are roughly the same, so one could expect the number of observed beamed and misaligned sources to be the same for NLS1s as well.
Alternatively the lack of sources might be real and could be explained with two different hypotheses (Foschini et al. 2010; Foschini 2011). The first hypothesis is based on the fact that the radio morphology of F-NLS1s is extremely compact on a parsec scale (e.g., Doi et al. 2011). Young sources, such as NLS1s, might have not developed radio lobes yet. The radio emission might be then strongly collimated and, when observed at large angles, the source would be invisible for present day observatories, appearing as a radio-quiet NLS1s (RQNLS1s). Another hypothesis is instead based on a different assumption on the nature of NLS1s. Some authors suggest that the narrowness of the permitted lines might be only an apparent effect (Decarli et al. 2008; Shen & Ho 2014). If the BLR has a disk-like shape, when observed pole-on the permitted lines would show little rotational Doppler broadening, and would appear narrower than at higher inclination. The NLS1s would then be nearly pole-on AGN. Increasin their observing angle instead, the permitted lines would become broader, and the source might appear as a broad-line or a narrow-line radio-galaxy (BLRG/NLRG), whether the line of sight intercepts the torus or not. Typically, NLS1s are hosted in disk-like galaxies (Crenshaw et al. 2003). If the host galaxy is also the same for F-NLS1s, the parent source would be disk-hosted BL/NLRG. These hypotheses were also investigated by Berton et al. (2015), who suggested that disk RGs with high Eddington ratio and low black hole mass may be parent sources, while RQNLS1s are not very good candidates.
There is, in any case, another possibility that must be considered. If radio lobes are lacking, RQNLS1s belong to the parent population, but lobes might instead only be developed on small scale. In this case, the source could appear as a compact steep spectrum object (CSS). The CSS represent an important portion of radio sources, showing a radio spectrum peaked at ~100 MHz and radio-jets entirely within the host galaxy (see the review by O'Dea 1998). Often they are thought to be closely connected with Gigahertz peaked-spectrum sources (GPS), and a widely used theory to explain their nature is the youth scenario (Fanti et al. 1995). Their age was determined in several ways, and found to be less than 105 yr (Owsianik & Conway 1998; Murgia et al. 1999). Their jets already developed radio lobes, and are typically still crossing the interstellar medium and interacting with it (e.g., Morganti et al. 2015, and references therein). As radio galaxies, they can be classified as HERG or LERG according, for example, to the ratio [O III]/Hα (Laing et al. 1994). The main difference between these classes is likely the accretion mechanism onto the black hole, with HERGs showing typically a more efficient accretion process (Hardcastle et al. 2007).
A link between NLS1s and CSS was suggested by many authors (Oshlack et al. 2001; Komossa et al. 2006; Gallo et al. 2006; Yuan et al. 2008; Caccianiga et al. 2014; Gu et al. 2015; Schulz et al. 2016). All the characteristics of NLS1s indeed closely recall those of CSS. As previously mentioned they are often considered young sources and at the same time their jet, when present, appears to interact with the medium (Marziani et al. 2003; Komossa et al. 2006). RLNLS1s can be classified as HERG, having an efficient accretion mechanism and strong high-ionization lines. Therefore CSS/HERGs might be part of their parent population under the assumption that radio lobes are already developed in RLNLS1s.
The aim of the present work is to study whether CSS/HERGs are suitable to be the parent population of F-NLS1s or not. The paper is organized as follows: in Sect. 2 we present the samples selection; in Sect. 3 we describe the black hole mass and Eddington ratio analysis; in Sect. 4 we present the V/Vmax test for the samples; in Sect. 5 we build the luminosity functions and study the incidence of relativistic beaming; in Sect. 6 we discuss our results; and, finally, in Sect. 7 we briefly summarize our work. Throughout this work we adopt a standard ΛCDM cosmology with H0 = 70 km s-1 Mpc-1, ΩM = 0.3 and ΩΛ = 0.7 (Komatsu et al. 2011).
Complete samples are required to carry out a reliable comparison between F-NLS1s and the putative parent population. The NLS1s sample must also have measured spectral indices, to select only flat-spectrum sources without including any S-NLS1s. The largest sample in the literature that meets our requirements is that of Yuan et al. (2008). It includes 23 very radio-loud NLS1s, and 21 out of 23 spectral indices are known. Their sample was selected from SDSS DR5, looking only for those sources whose radio loudness, calculated using the 1.4 GHz flux density, is above 100 at z< 0.8. The sample includes 15 flat-spectrum sources and 2 with unknown spectral index.
The Yuan sample should be statistically complete, because it is drawn from the already complete sample of Zhou et al. (2006). In any case, we independently tested its completeness. We first notice that Foschini et al. (2015), whose sample was selected with an accurate search in the literature, found all the very radio-loud objects in DR5 already included in the Yuan sample. The cumulative distribution of sources as a function of redshift nevertheless shows a flattening close to the upper z limit. This flattening in the distribution is likely caused by the lack of classification. The signal to noise ratio (S/N) of the optical spectra worsen with increasing distance, and even if very radio-loud sources typically have bright optical lines (such as [O III], e.g. de Bruyn & Wilson 1978), a correct classification is very difficult.
We tried to avoid this problem considering that the quasars distribution in SDSS appears to be complete up at 94.6% up to magnitude i< 19.1 (Richards et al. 2002). In the Yuan sample, all the flat-spectrum sources but one match this magnitude criterium when z< 0.6. We therefore decided to use this threshold as the upper redshift limit for our sample. This allows us to have a good degree of completeness in our sample. Using these criteria, 13 F-NLS1s remain. We also consider one more source with undetermined spectral index, which meets the redshift criterion, to test the stability of our results.
Our aim was to find CSS sources classified as HERGs, so we searched again in the literature for a suitable sample. We decided to use that of Kunert-Bajraszewska et al. (2010), who selected a sample of 44 low-luminosity compact objects with a radio luminosity at 1.4 GHz lower than 1026 W Hz-1 (in a cosmology with H0 = 100 km s-1 Mpc-1 and q0 = 0.5). In addition to this criterion, these sources have a flux density 70 mJy ≤ S1.4GHz ≤ 1 Jy and a radio spectral index αν> 0.7 between 1.4 and 4.85 GHz. Their radio-selected sample was later cross-matched with the SDSS DR7 spectroscopic archive, finding 29 sources at z< 0.9 (Kunert-Bajraszewska & Labiano 2010). Ten of these sources were classified as LERG, 12 as HERG, and 7 remained unclassified because they had a S/N ≲ 3. We tested the completeness of this sample as before. As in the F-NLS1s sample, the cumulative distribution finds a drop in the source counts above z ~ 0.6. Below this threshold, only one source is above the SDSS completeness limit of 19.1 mag. Therefore we decided to use the same limits again, this time considering only ten sources. Since both samples have the same redshift limit and they both have a lower limit in flux, including only bright radio sources, the comparison between them should be relatively unbiased.
As a control sample for the luminosity function, we decided to use the sample of 50 FSRQs used by Padovani & Urry (1992), which in turn are drawn from the work of Wall & Peacock (1985). The sources have a flux density above 2 Jy at 2.7 GHz, and Galactic latitude | b | > 10°. They also have a spectral index αν ≤ 0.5 between 2.7 and 5 GHz, and they were not classified as BL Lacs by Stickel et al. (1991). Padovani & Urry (1992) added one more source to the Wall & Peacock (1985) sample, because of its high optical polarization.
An important step to understand the relation between CSS/HERGs and F-NLS1s is to compare their black hole masses and Eddington ratio. Both these values were recently calculated for all our F-NLS1s by Foschini et al. (2015), therefore we adopt their values for our study. For CSS/HERGs we obtained the optical spectra from SDSS DR12. All of these sources were of type 2 or intermediate type AGN, therefore we could not use permitted lines to derive the black hole mass because the BLR is obscured. We then followed the procedure described by Berton et al. (2015) for type 2 and intermediate sources, deriving the stellar velocity dispersion σ∗ from the width of the [O III] lines core component. Once the blue wing is removed, the core component of [O III] should indeed be less affected by the jets/ISM interaction and typically dominated by the gravitational potential of the bulge stars (Greene & Ho 2005). This method provided good approximations for black hole mass both in elliptical- and disk-hosted radio galaxies. To obtain the bolometric luminosity, we used Eq. (7) of Berton et al. (2015), i.e., (1)The results are shown in Table 1. The logarithmic mean mass value for HERGs is 7.78 with a standard deviation of 0.66, while for F-NLS1s is 7.68 with a standard deviation of 0.44. The median values are 7.84 and 7.73, respectively. It is evident that the two distributions are very similar. We compared them by means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S). The null hypothesis is that the two distributions are originated from the same population. The rejection threshold for the K-S throughout this work is a p-value lower than 0.05. In the case of HERGs and F-NLS1s, we found a p-value of 0.95, thereby not allowing us to reject the null hypothesis. To directly compare this result with those found for other parent candidates by Berton et al. (2015), we also evaluated the product (2)where Dn is the deviation between the cumulative distributions and n and m are the number of elements in each sample. This value is useful to test the distance between the samples. A low value indicates that the null hypothesis can be rejected in the two samples. In our case this value is equal to 0.52, and the CSS/HERGs sample appears to be the closest to F-NLS1s and even closer than S-NLS1s.
The Eddington ratio distributions are also fairly close (K-S p-value 0.17, the null hypothesis is again the two distributions originated from the same population). The logarithmic median Eddington ratio is −1.31 for CSS/HERGs and −1.05 for F-NLS1s with a standard deviation of 0.89 and 0.23, respectively. These values are comparable to those of other NLS1s classes, but it is worth noting that the CSS/HERGs sample shows some outliers with lower accretion luminosities, hence a larger standard deviation. All these values are shown in Fig. 1 along with two more classes of sources already studied by Berton et al. (2015), namely, disk-hosted and elliptical-hosted radio-galaxies.
Logarithm of the BH mass vs. logarithm of the Eddington ratio. Black squares indicate F-NLS1s, red circles indicate CSS/HERGs, blue triangles indicate disk-hosted radio-galaxies and green stars indicate elliptical-hosted radio galaxies. The points of these last two samples are derived from Berton et al. (2015).
The good overlap in mass between F-NLS1s and CSS/HERGs is visible and we also point out that disk RGs have a similar mass distribution to CSS/HERGs (K-S p-value 0.15). On the contrary, the black hole mass of elliptical radio-galaxies is much larger. The K-S confirms this difference providing a p-value of 3 × 10-3, which allows us to reject the null hypothesis of the two distributions originated from the same population.
Another step to understand the relation between these sources is to check whether evolution is present in our samples or not. An useful tool to test evolution is the so-called V/Vmax test (Schmidt 1968). By definition, Vmax is the volume within which a source of luminosity L can be detected, while V is the spherical volume associated with each source. The luminosity of a source of detected flux F is L = 4πd2F, where d is the luminosity distance. If the flux detection limit is Fmin, the source can be detected up to (3)which corresponds to a redshift zmax. For a nonevolving population, the ratio between the spherical volume V, corresponding to the object redshift and Vmax, is expected to be uniformly distributed between 0 and 1 with an average value ⟨ V/Vmax ⟩ = 0.5. When ⟨ V/Vmax ⟩ > 0.5, the population is positively evolving with more (or more luminous) sources located at larger distances. If conversely ⟨ V/Vmax ⟩ < 0.5, the sample is negatively evolving.
To evaluate Vmax for each object, we used as dmax the smaller value between those derived from the radio detection limit (1 mJy for F-NLS1s, 70 mJy for CSS/HERGs, and 2 Jy for FRSQs), the spectroscopic limit for quasars in SDSS DR7 (19.1 mag) and the redshift upper limit of each sample, z = 0.6. The CSS/HERGs sample has also an upper flux limit, which translates into a lower redshift limit zmin. Therefore in this case we used the modified version of the test over the accessible volume Va (Avni & Bahcall 1980), which is defined as (4)where Vmin is the inaccessible inner part of the comoving volume due to zmin and V is the comoving volume of each source. The associated error in the V/Vmax test is , where N is the number of sources in each sample. To calculate both the luminosity distance from redshift and the comoving volume, we used the Cosmolopy tool developed for Python1.
The results are summarized in Table 2. The control sample of FSRQs shows a strong positive evolution at 5σ. This result is in agreement with that found by Padovani & Urry (1992) and many other authors. Indeed, FSRQs are known for having a strong evolution with time. Conversely, the V/Vmax result is consistent with the uniform distribution at 1σ for both F-NLS1s and CSS/HERGs. In particular the result for F-NLS1s does not change whether the two sources with undetermined spectral index are included or not. This is an indication that, at least up to z = 0.6, these sources do not have a strong evolution.
We performed a K-S test between the observed V/Vmax distributions in our sample and the theoretical uniform distribution. The null hypothesis is that the observed distribution is drawn from a uniform distribution. As reported in Table 2, the test confirms all the previous results, showing that the only sample where the null hypothesis is rejected is the FSRQs sample. Therefore, while the luminosity function of FSRQs is corrected for evolution and reported to z = 0, those of F-NLS1s and CSS/HERGs are not.
Results of the V/Vmax test.
The luminosity function (LF) describes the volumetric density of sources as a function of their luminosity. For flux-limited samples the LF is computed as in Peterson (1997) (5)where ΔL is the width of the luminosity bin, and A is the area of sky covered by the samples. In our cases, the area covered both by the DR5 and FIRST is ~1/7 of the whole sky, while the common area between DR7 and FIRST is ~1/6.
To compute the LF we divided the sources in bins of luminosity (L−ΔL/2, L + ΔL/ 2). In those samples that have a lower redshift limit, instead of Vmax we used the accessible volume Va. We assume that the only source of uncertainty in the LF is the error on the number counts per bin, hence we assumed a Poissonian statistics. The Poissonian statistics is not symmetric for small values (N ≲ 10); to evaluate the errors in the low statistic limit we used the values from Gehrels (1986).
Our aim was to determine the radio LF for each sample. We then calculated the luminosity at 1.4 GHz for each source from the peak flux of the FIRST survey. We performed a K-correction, using all the spectral indices we found in the literature. For the only F-NLS1 with unknown spectral index, we assumed a flat spectrum (αν = 0). We divided the luminosities in bins of 0.25 dex for the control sample, since there were enough data to fill each bin. In the other two cases, we used a binning of 0.5 dex for F-NLS1s and of 0.75 dex for HERGs. The LFs were fitted with a single power law (6)where K is a constant and α the slope of the power law. In the case of FSRQs, following Padovani & Urry (1992), we used a broken power law in the form (7)where Φb is the normalization factor, Lb is the break luminosity, and α and β are the two slopes. In the FSRQs sample we also applied a correction for luminosity evolution to bring each source to z = 0. For this purpose, we assumed the same cosmological evolution found by Padovani & Urry (1992), exp(−T/τ), where T is the lookback time and τ = 0.23 is the timescale of evolution in units of Hubble time. Using the spectral indices we also derived the 1.4 GHz flux for each FSRQ to enable a direct comparison with the other samples. All fits were performed using the generalized least squares method. The results are shown in Figs. 2 and 3 and summarized in Table 3.
Monochromatic radio luminosity function of FSRQs control sample at 1.4 GHz. The dashed line is the best fit with a broken power law.
Monochromatic radio luminosity functions at 1.4 GHz. Top panel: F-NLS1s; bottom panel: HERGs. Dashed lines indicate the single power law that is best fit. The light gray lines indicate the simulated luminosity functions obtained via Monte Carlo method, as described in the text.
Parameters of the luminosity functions.
To take into account the small size of F-NLS1s and HERGs samples, we decided to provide a further estimate of the errors using a Monte Carlo method. Starting from the observed luminosity functions, we generated two large samples of ~3 × 105 simulated F-NLS1s and of 2 × 106 simulated HERGs, using the same selection criteria of our samples. From these larger samples, we extracted a random number of F-NLS1s between 10 and 16, and a random number of HERGs between 7 and 13. We then evaluated on these new samples the luminosity function. This operation was repeated 1000 times. The simulated luminosity functions are plotted in light gray in Fig. 3. The spread in slopes obtained is also reported in Table 3.
Our FSRQs LF is in agreement with that obtained by Padovani & Urry (1992) when the cosmology they adopted is used. In F-NLS1s, the inclusion in the LF of the two sources with undetermined spectral index has a negligible impact, since neither the slope nor the coefficient of the LF are significantly affected (Table 3). In both cases, the scatter is fairly high, likely because of the low statistic. The slope of HERGs is steeper than that of F-NLS1s, which indeed have a nearly flat LF. In particular, the slope of F-NLS1s is close to that of FSRQs for luminosities below the break, even if the error on this slope is large. This result becomes more evident when the LFs of F-NLS1s and FSRQs are shown together, as in Fig. 4. The two LFs are very close in the region of 1043 erg s-1 and the LF of F-NLS1s appears to be an extension of that of FSRQs at lower luminosities.
Monochromatic radio luminosity functions of F-NLS1s and FSRQs at 1.4 GHz. The black squares indicate the F-NLS1s data points, the blue triangles indicate the FSRQs data points. The blue dashed line represents the broken power law best fit for FSRQs, and the black solid line represents the single power law that is best fit for F-NLS1s.
In order to compare the beamed sources with their parent population, we have to take into account the effect of beaming on the LF shape. We then added the relativistic beaming to the CSS/HERGs luminosity function. This cannot be carried out analytically, as explained by Urry & Shafer (1984) and Urry & Padovani (1991). We followed the procedure described by Urry & Shafer (1984) for a single power law. In analogy with that work, we defined as ℒ the intrinsic luminosity, where L is the observed luminosity. These two quantities are related via L = δpℒ, where δ = [ Γ(1−βcosθ) ] -1 is the kinematic Doppler factor of the jet and the exponent is p = 3 + α, where α is the intrinsic slope of the jet emission. The total flux emitted by the source is given by L = (1 + fδp)ℒu, where ℒu is the unbeamed luminosity and f is the ratio between the jet luminosity and unbeamed luminosity. The model is then evaluated numerically via (8)We used p = 3.7 because the typical slope of a synchrotron spectrum is α = 0.7. We also performed our calculations for different values of f (0.01 ≤ f ≤ 1) and bulk Lorentz factor, 8 ≤ Γ ≤ 15, which are values already observed in γ-ray emitting NLS1s (Abdo et al. 2009c; D'Ammando et al. 2012). To evaluate the Doppler factor we assumed the angle to vary between 0° ≤ θ ≤ θc, where θc is the critical angle for which δ(Γ,f,θc) = 1. Therefore all the sources with inclination θ appear as F-NLS1s. In the case of a simple power law, the resulting beamed LF is a broken power law.
We derived the maximum and minimum values allowable for the data from the analytical error bars. The errors in the models of beamed LF are evaluated by refitting such maximum and minimum values. These new fits were performed using the same functions adopted for the previous fitting of the data. We then added the relativistic beaming both to the best fit, the minimum, and maximum fit. The resulting parent+beaming model is shown in Fig. 5.
HERGs LF with relativistic beaming added for bulk Lorentz factor Γ = 10 and ratio f = 1. Black solid line indicates the model; red solid lines indicate the maximum and minimum values for the model. Black circles show F-NLS1s data, black dashed line shows the F-NLS1s LF best-fit, and blue dashed lines indicate the maximum and minimum values for F-NLS1s LF. The light gray lines denote the simulated LFs for F-NLS1s.
We evaluated the distance between the model and our data by means of the reduced chi-squared, to test our results. The results are shown in Table 4. We report the of the model and the lowest also considering the maximum and minimum curve. We also evaluated the model for several values of bulk Lorentz factor, to understand up to which values the model was still acceptable. We must underline that our hypothesis of constant Γ in all sources is likely unrealistic, and that a a power law distribution of Γ values is probably closer to reality (Lister & Marscher 1997; Liodakis & Pavlidou 2015). The inclusion of an additional parameter in the analysis is not statistically justified, however, given the large uncertainties on the observed LFs.
for the beaming model tested with different parameters.
As shown in Fig. 5, the best-fit power law for F-NLS1s and the model prediction are in good agreement, but there is a deviation at lower luminosities. In particular, the slope of the model in the region occupied by F-NLS1s is −1.52, while the slope of the measured LF is −1.17. The values of are not very close to 1, largely because of this deviation. We think that this discrepancy is due to a selection effect. Our F-NLS1s sample includes only very radio-loud NLS1s, therefore the resulting luminosity function might be underestimated in the low-luminosity region. Nevertheless, the beaming model and its errors are well included in the region where the simulated luminosity functions lies. Keeping all this in mind, the overlapping of the model with the observed function is quite satisfactory.
In Table 4 we report the values of calculated with the different values of Γ and f. We highlight that the closest between the model and data is observed in the sample which includes the two sources with undetermined spectral index, for a ratio f = 1.0 and Γ = 10, which translates in a slope of the model of −1.52. This value of f is significantly higher than that observed in FSRQs, which is between 10-3−10-2 (Padovani & Urry 1992).
The first result that must be highlighted is that the black hole mass distribution of CSS/HERGs is similar to that of F-NLS1s with typical values between 107 and 108 M⊙. Also the Eddington ratio is high, comparable to that of typical NLS1s, both radio loud and quiet. This result is expected if NLS1s and CSS/HERGs both have a radiatively efficient accretion mechanism, that is similar to that of FSRQs.
The K-S test revealed that the distributions of these quantities, both mass and Eddington ratio, in F-NLS1s and CSS/HERGs might be drawn from the same population. The most obvious interpretation of this result is that CSS/HERGs might actually be misaligned F-NLS1s. Of course this result is obtained for very small samples, so it must be taken with some caution. In particular the masses of CSS/HERGs, as they are derived using forbidden lines, must be considered only an upper limit. If the narrow-line region is perturbed because of interaction with the relativistic jet, the FWHM is indeed higher and leads to an overestimate of the mass. Nevertheless our findings are in good agreement with those of previous works, where the similarity between CSS/HERGs and NLS1s was already pointed out. For example Wu (2009b) found that a large number of CSS/GPS have a black hole mass between 107.5 and 108 M⊙, and the same conclusion was obtained by Son et al. (2012) again on CSS, both for HERGs and LERGs. Moreover the sample by Foschini et al. (2015), of which ours is a subset, revealed that on average F-NLS1s also have black hole mass between 107 and 108 M⊙. All these results seem to support our hypothesis.
The V/Vmax test shows that both F-NLS1s and CSS/HERGs have no significant luminosity and/or density evolution up to z = 0.6. Instead, FSRQs instead show a strong luminosity evolution, but the sample is extended to much larger distances. An interesting result we found is shown in Fig. 4, and it might point out that FSRQs and F-NLS1s are strictly connected to each other. F-NLS1s were suggested to be the low-mass tail of γ-ray emitting AGN, and in particular of FSRQs (Foschini et al. 2015, and references therein). Since the black hole mass and the jet power are connected (Heinz & Sunyaev 2003), the lower radio luminosity and jet power of F-NLS1s might be a consequence of the lower black hole mass. Therefore it is expected that F-NLS1s would be the low-luminosity tail of FSRQs LF, as we indeed observe. Of course, there might be some low-luminosity FSRQs that cannot be classified as NLS1s. The criteria for NLS1s classification is indeed based mainly on the Hβ width, which is not just a function of the black hole mass. Therefore not all low mass FSRQs can be classified as NLS1s, even if their black hole mass and radio emission are comparable.
An explanation for the low mass is the young scenario of NLS1s. If this is true, F-NLS1s might be the young counterpart of FSRQs in which the nuclear activity started only recently and in which the black hole (and possibly the host galaxy) is still (co-)evolving. A similar picture was already suggested for CSS sources years ago (Readhead et al. 1996; Fanti et al. 1995; O'Dea & Baum 1997). These likely young radio sources are thought to be an evolutionary phase that is going to evolve into the giant double sources. In particular, Kunert-Bajraszewska & Labiano (2010) also took into account the optical division into HERG and LERG, finding that the CSS/HERGs sources are likely going to evolve into FRHERG. Recently, Giommi et al. (2012) suggested that the two blazar classes, and hence their parent population, should be divided according to their low or high ionization, and that all the other classifications are physically irrelevant. If this is true, FSRQs can be identified as beamed HERGs, and F-NLS1s, which might be young FSRQs, should be the beamed version of young HERGs, so CSS/HERGs. In summary, the evolutionary picture for beamed sources might be simply F-NLS1 → FSRQ, and for their parent population CSS/HERGs → FRHERG. An evolutionary connection between F-NLS1s and FSRQs is then possible, where the former are still growing to become the latter. This hypothesis finds further support in our Fig. 5. When the relativistic beaming is added using the typical bulk Lorentz factor of γ-ray emitting NLS1s, CSS/HERGs LF reproduces well the data. Even if at low luminosities the model predicts a larger number of F-NLS1s that we do not observe, we think that this discrepancy might only be due to the selection criterion of our NLS1s sample. Keeping this caveat in mind, the model seems to indicate that CSS/HERGs might be good parent candidates.
In young radio sources such as CSS, the jet activity might be intermittent, and several outburst episodes might be induced by pressure radiation instabilities in the accretion disk, with a timescale of 102–105 yr (Czerny et al. 2009; Wu 2009a). A similar, strong variability is also observed in RLNLS1s (Foschini et al. 2012, 2015), providing further confirmation for this unified model. If CSS/HERGs are parent sources, the origin for these activity/inactivity phases in F-NLS1s might be the same. The radiation pressure instability is indeed one of the hypotheses that can account for the nonthermal emission and extended structures observed in some radio-quiet NLS1s (Doi et al. 2012), where the jet activity phase might have lasted for only a few years thereby leaving the observed structures (Ghisellini et al. 2004).
The inclusion of CSS/HERGs in the parent population of F-NLS1s might moreover rule out the vast majority of RQNLS1s as parent candidates. In fact, since CSS/HERGs display lobes that are already developed (Orienti 2016), this means that the extended radio emission form even in very young ages, which in turn implies the rejection of the radio-quiet hypothesis. This conclusion is in agreement with the results of Berton et al. (2016b), where the observed differences in narrow-line region properties points in the same direction.
Another aspect to consider is the role that S-NLS1s can play in this scenario. These sources are likely misaligned F-NLS1s (Berton et al. 2015), therefore for this picture to be coherent they should also be part of the larger class of CSS/HERGs. The sample we used in this work unfortunately does not include any type 1 AGN, so our data can reveal nothing on this issue, but this topic has already been investigated in the literature, particularly in recent years. Several authors found that at least some S-NLS1s can indeed be classified as CSS/HERGs (Caccianiga et al. 2014; Komossa et al. 2015; Schulz et al. 2016). In particular the extended survey by Gu et al. (2015) showed that the radio morphology of almost each one of their S-NLS1s closely recalls that of CSS. These results are therefore in agreement with our hypothesis, and seem to favor the scenario in which CSS/HERGs are the largest class of F-NLS1s parent sources. It is also reasonable that S-NLS1s are objects observed at intermediate angles between F-NLS1s and obscured (type 2) CSS/HERGs.
Still, it is not clear whether all type 1 CSS/HERGs are NLS1s. Few CSS/HERGs have lines with a FWHM(Hβ) > 2000 km s-1, and cannot be classified as NLS1s. It is then possible that the unification between CSS/HERGs and NLS1s is only in a statistical sense, that is CSS/HERGs and NLS1s are on average the same population, but with few exceptions likely connected to the NLS1s definition. If a more physical classification was used, such as black hole mass or Eddington ratio, the unification between these sources would show fewer outliers.
In any case, it is also possible that the BLR geometry has some impact on these outliers. If a flattened component in the BLR is present, sources with a large inclination should appear as broad-line AGN and not classifiable as NLS1s. The presence of some relatively high mass type 1 sources in a CSS/HERGs sample might then provide a clue to the BLR geometry. Anyway it is worth noting that in the sample of CSS by Son et al. (2012), the type 1 AGN have a BH mass always below 5 × 108 M⊙, and an average value of 8.9 × 107 M⊙. If these sources had a flattened BLR and were randomly oriented, some of these sources would show a much larger mass. Instead all the values are in good agreement with those of F-NLS1s, so they do not seem to have a flattened component in the BLR. In any case, a deeper study on a larger sample is necessary to better address this problem.
A possible objection to the identification of CSS/HERGs as the parent population of F-NLS1s is that their host galaxy might be different. In particular CSS, like many radio-loud AGN, are usually thought to be hosted by elliptical galaxies (Best et al. 2005; Orienti 2016) and triggered by merging activity (Holt 2009). Instead, NLS1s are generally believed to be hosted by spiral galaxies (Crenshaw et al. 2003) with a pseudobulge formed via secular evolution (Orban de Xivry et al. 2011; Mathur et al. 2012). Nevertheless, the K-S test we performed, along with other studies, seems to draw a more complicated picture.
CSS/HERGs have a black hole mass distribution closer to that of disk RGs than to that of elliptical RGs, typically showing lower black hole mass. This might be because of the young age of these sources, so perhaps the black hole is still growing to reach the mass value of typical elliptical. Nevertheless, the black hole mass is directly connected with the bulge dynamics, particularly with its stellar velocity dispersion (Ferrarese & Merritt 2000). So in principle a relatively low mass black hole should be hosted in the small bulge of a disk galaxy, rather than in a more massive elliptical. Therefore it is possible that CSS/HERGs are also hosted in disk galaxies, as NLS1s. An example of a disk host for a powerful CSS was found by Morganti et al. (2011). Moreover in a very large sample of AGN, Best & Heckman (2012) found that HERGs host galaxies have different properties than those of LERGs and, in particular, these authors found that they are bluer with lower mass, lower 4000 Å break, and a higher star formation rate. Such characteristics are reminiscent of those of a disk or star-forming galaxy.
Finally, we must underline that not much is known even about the host galaxies of F-NLS1s, mainly because of their high redshift. Few studies were performed on the closest F-NLS1, 1H 0323 + 342, and seem to suggest the presence of a disk and possibly of a pseudobulge (Antón et al. 2008; Hamilton & Foschini 2012; León Tavares et al. 2014). The WISE colors of F-NLS1s suggest that their host galaxy has a higher rate of ongoing star formation (Caccianiga et al. 2015), a feature that also reveals an "active" host and is likely different from giant "passive" elliptical galaxies. However, further studies on the host galaxy morphology are necessary to characterize F-NLS1s as a population.
In this paper we investigated the relation that exists between CSS sources with an HERG optical spectrum and F-NLS1s. Our aim was to understand whether the CSS/HERGs class can be part of the parent population of F-NLS1s. To do this, we analyzed the only two statistically complete samples of CSS/HERG and F-NLS1 available so far. First we calculated the black hole mass and Eddington ratio by means of the optical spectrum, and then we studied their radio luminosity functions along with that of a control sample of FSRQs.
The black hole masses are tipically between 107.5 and 108 M⊙ in both samples, and the Eddington ratio is around ~0.1. We performed a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test on the samples to compare their black hole mass distributions. Our results, in agreement with previous studies in the literature, seem to confirm that the two distributions might be drawn from the same population and, hence, that CSS/HERGs are good candidates for parent sources.
The luminosity functions seem to support the same scenario. A first result is that F-NLS1s might be the low-luminosity (and low-mass) tail of FSRQs, confirming the results of Abdo et al. (2009a) and Foschini et al. (2015). The addition of relativistic beaming to CSS/HERGs luminosity function revealed that CSS/HERGs might actually be F-NLS1s with the jet viewed at large angle, and thus belonging to the parent population. In this framework, RLNLS1s with a steep radio spectrum are sources observed at intermediate angle between F-NLS1s and CSS/HERGs with a type 2 (absorbed) optical spectrum.
Our results also seem to be consistent with an evolutionary picture in which F-NLS1s and CSS/HERGs are the young and still growing phases of FSRQs and FRHERG, respectively. A more detailed study is required on a larger sample of sources. In particular, new spectral indices are necessary to effectively compare CSS/HERGs and F-NLS1s. New large surveys at different frequencies, such as VLASS, might be helpful to improve our knowledge about these sources. Also SKA, with its unprecedented sensitivity, will likely provide an incredible amount of information to greatly deepen our understanding of RLNLS1s (Berton et al. 2016a).
We thank M. L. Lister and R. Antonucci for helpful suggestions and discussions. We thank our referee Vasiliki Pavlidou for helpful comments that improved the quality of the paper. GT is partially supported by the PRIN-INAF 2014 with the project Transient Universe: unveiling new types of stellar explosions with PESSTO. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC Grant agreement No.  (PI: S. J. Smartt) and STFC grants ST/L000709/1. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED), which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Funding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the US Department of Energy Office of Science. The SDSS web site is http://www.sdss.org. SDSS-III is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS-III Collaboration including the University of Arizona, the Brazilian Participation Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon University, University of Florida, the French Participation Group, the German Participation Group, Harvard University, the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, the Michigan State/Notre Dame/JINA Participation Group, Johns Hopkins University, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, New Mexico State University, University of Portsmouth, Princeton University, the Spanish Participation Group, University of Tokyo, University of Utah, Vanderbilt University, University of Virginia, University of Washington, and Yale University.


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Posted on 07/07/2016 by Eric Wilmoth — No Comments ↓
Part 2: As Above, So Below
We're Gonna' Have To Shaman The $#@! Out of This…
In Part 1, we demonstrated how our current comprehension of physics leads many physicists to the conclusion that our local reality-frame may be part of a wider—perhaps infinite—Fractalverse. In this second installment, we will shed some light on how our ancestral traditions share compelling connections with this scientific rationality for fractalversal cosmology.
This will then pave the way for the following phases of our discussion…
…where we will arrive at a sense for what all this may actually mean for personal, social and, yes—spiritual development.
So, let's begin.
Pick any age-old civilization, any culture, and it's no surprise that they all believe in other realms. Well-before we had any astronomical awareness that certain celestial bodies were concrete, physical planets like our own, our ancestors—somehow or other—considered 'Earth' to be but a fraction of a wider web of 'worlds.' Heaven & Hell…the afterlife…the so called 'Dreamtime' of native Australians—these are but a few of the plethora of other planes of existence told of in our various heritages.
From the comfort of our present 'enlightenment' it's all-too-easy to dismiss these metaphysical domains as mythology, or as the efforts of early man to explain forces and phenomena they did not understand. I suggest, however, that we suspend our disbelief long enough to imagine—just imagine—that these accounts have merit beyond even the radical proposals made by the likes of ancient alien theorists.
Remaining rooted in our established grasp of prevailing, cutting edge physics, I maintain that we can appreciate these extra-dimensional abodes to be—quite possibly—as real as you or I…
…though, by the time we're through, we may need to revisit how we define what 'real' is.
The Collective Unconscious & The Hero's Journey
Joseph Campbell and Carl Jung are two paragons of contemporary philosophy and psychology, who posited that there is a reason for this ubiquitous presence of such otherworldly terrains in our multitudes of myths.
Joseph Campbell (left) & Carl Jung
Jung conveys to us the concept of the Collective Unconscious…an archetypal awareness that is somewhat subjective, yet resides in our shared subconscious. This is a sort of intuitive 'idea-space'…operating 'below' active thought…quietly informing our cognitive consciousness.
This image of an intermutual, mass-mindscape hints at our common origins. It bespeaks of the governing forces that have brought us all into being…and which continue to shape us and our communal culture, even now.
Similarly, Campbell's work focused heavily on what is known as comparative mythology—a sort of literary anthropology which reveals how our various religions, legends and lore plainly depict analogous characters, journeys and outcomes…
…suggesting that there is a core impulse in our humanity which we are striving to express.
This led him to the insight of the 'Monomyth'…the notion that—in a sense—all of these tales essentially tell the same, primal story…that of The Hero's Journey.
Source; artist unknown
(Not the info-graphic type? The video below nails it…)
(Ah…what the heck…here's one more quick vid, if you're interested.)
Along these lines, just as the 'telephone game' distorts a 'seed' message over time, Campbell's view is that this initial narrative of the Monomyth branched out and expanded over the eons, as migratory routs took humans to all corners of the globe. Our previously mutual mythology thereby evolved along unique paths…mutating from one generation to the next. This then gave birth to the rich diversity of folklore we have today…all of which continue to point at the same root archetypes and lessons for our collective, holistic well-being.
For many of us, these postulates ring true. Clearly our family ancestry is one-and-the-same, and when we pause long enough to remember that we are all children of the cosmos, we see that the same information that instructs the stars to burn, the planets to form and the trees to grow, so too shapes our psyche, our emotions, our dreams and aspirations…not to mention, our joint history…
…which is still unfolding right in front of us, of course.
As part of the fabric of existence, we, ourselves have—locked within our subconscious being—that very patterning preeminence that gave rise to all there is. Through the millennia, there are those who have pierced the veil of our temporal conditioning to apprehend visions of such gnostic proportions…
…recognizing that reality is not strictly limited to the linear landscape of tangible matter which we call home.
"The day science begins to study non-physical phenomena, it will make more progress in one decade than in all the previous centuries of its existence."
Nikola Tesla (attributed), Serbian American inventor and the father of modern electricity.
The Multiverse In Gods' Eyes
Art by Sand-Rae
In the Hindu/Vedic faith, for example, the surety that all forms undergo a birth…life…death…rebirth cycle evokes the sense that our egoic, corporeal coil is but a fleeting fragment of a far grander journey…a transit which transcends the limitations of mortal matter.
Artist unknown
While most people are familiar with the idea of individual spirits reincarnating, what they may not realize is that Vedic cosmology considers this to be a process that applies to all forms, as an intrinsic trait of time and space. According to this view, existence itself emerges from 'No-Thing'…
…then, one day, withdraws—
—back to this eternal void—
—only to be reborn…
…in endless repetition.
This is obviously the same cosmogonical model as what physicists refer to as the 'Big-Crunch'—whereby, the momentum of the universe's expansion eventually wanes, allowing gravity to gradually draw all matter back together…until it finally collapses down to the same, super-dense singularity that birthed the 'Big Bang' to begin with…
…at which point, it would—once again—blast apart into another, newborn universe.
It's important to note, that since our observations show the expansion of the universe to be speeding up, this has relegated the 'Big-Crunch' hypothesis to an unlikely culprit for our fate. That said, it's worth mentioning that given the extensive infrastructure of Inflation Theory (see Pt. 1), there could be countless bubble universes that behave this way. Furthermore, presuming they exist, they too would still constitute an additional form of multiversal continuity…
…albeit, one that manifests linearly, in relation to itself.
What's fascinating, is that India's ancient texts make numerous references to existence being such a milieu of infinite universes, exactly as Inflation Cosmology predicts.
One such passage, in the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, reads:
"Indeed, no one can say how many kinds of creation, or universes or ages are there and in each universe how many Brahmâs, Visnus or S'ivas exit. O king of gods, the servants hold that it is possible to count the particles of sand or the currents of rain water but no one can count the Indras…Like The pores of Mahâ-Visnu, the universes are count-less, which contain many gods like yourself."
Brahma Vaivarta Purana, translated by Rajendra Nath Sen, (p310 ~1922
Maha-Visnu; artist unknown ~ Source
Another verse, from the Bhagavata Purana:
"There are innumerable universes besides this one, and although they are unlimitedly large, they move about like atoms in You. Therefore You are called unlimited."
Bhagavata Purana (6.16.37)
These and a host of other writings are quite revealing. Here we witness affirmation not only of multiversality and quantum, multiplicity of Being, but also of the macrocosmic composition of the cosmos being reflected in the microcosm of the individual…and vice versa. It conveys the notion that beyond being one with nature, the totality of that veritable vastness is expressed within us…that we ourselves are as expansive and diverse as the whole of creation…
…should we choose to see it.
"Our psyche is set up in accord with the structure of the universe, and what happens in the macrocosm likewise happens in the infinitesimal and most subjective reaches of the psyche."
Carl Jung, The Rhizome and the Flower: The Perennial Philosophy, Yeats and Jung (Pg. 72), By James Olney
The array of insights which Indian cosmology has in common with our evolving, scientific grasp of the cosmos does go deeper. In the interest of brevity, however, I will simply emphasize that these archaic assertions cannot be dismissed as mere myth. Modern science has finally begun to echo the conclusions which these folks came to long ago…a fact which should not escape our attention.
"After the conversations about Indian philosophy, some of the ideas of Quantum Physics that had seemed so crazy suddenly made much more sense."
Werner Heisenberg, German physicist and one of the many fathers of quantum mechanics, Pride of India (2006) by Samskrita Bharati. p.56
Heart Chakra (left), and the Star of David
Studying comparative religion, it's apparent that—despite marked differences—a number of intriguing corollaries can be drawn between the Hindu faith and that of the Abrahamic traditions. For the moment, though, let us solely focus on their shared sense of the Supreme Being…
…as timeless…boundless…
…ever-present and Absolute…
…illimitable…
…with neither beginning nor end.
According to the Pew Research Center, these two cultural branches of humanity account for roughly 70% of our global worldview…forming a fairly dominant, collective-conscious conviction when it comes to conceptualizing the Ultimate.
With this in mind, it is remarkable that with every passing day, the observations of our natural world are leading physicists to strengthen their consideration that the scaffolding of the cosmos may itself be infinite (type 1 multiverse). Balance that with the probabilistic profundities proffered by quantum physics, and it's no wonder that it leads some scientists to nervously describe such prospects as brushing rather intimately with the domain of the metaphysical…
…while plenty more have begun to openly embrace such transcendental views.
Imagining that the 'universe' is never-ending is one thing…but the idea of 'no beginning'—something that is truly without origin? Our limited, conditioned perspectives have a hard time coming to grips with such implications.
And yet, confronting the possibility that Spacetime is such a singularity is precisely what physicists are grappling with—begging the same, existential questions that wise-ones and philosophers have wrestled with since…
…well, since the beginning.
Jewish mystics strove to decipher this and other difficult mysteries via the occult discipline of the Kabbalah.
The Æternal, unmanifest Godhead…
…juxtaposed by the terminable, mortal toil of Man…
…the Laws of Nature…
…the Enigma of Existence…
…and our purpose within it—
—these are the sort of ontological questions which those who work through the Kabbalah seek to divine…
…and key to these studies is what's often referred to as The Tree of Life.
Kabbalistic Tree of Life ~ Source
Consisting of 10, primary spheres known as the Sephirot (and an 11th, obscured), this sacred, geometric circuitry describes the attributes of God and Creation, and the means by which mankind may investigate and relate to these wonders. Each Sephirah corresponds to ideal aspects of God and constitutes a unique plane of perception…
…delineating different dimensions of consciousness, if you will.
Essentially, it is a matrix of manifestation…allowing self-awareness to arise and align with the Divine. Likewise, this spiritual lattice is encoded with a clue that it is but a microcosmic model of a Supreme Superstructure.
When we review Alan Guth & Andrei Linde's inflationary forecast (Pt. 1)—
—that of a prodigious. branching 'tree' of bubble universes—
—it's hard not to draw the correlation between this Hebraic, rarefied arrangement of reality and where the physics is leading us.
"Cosmology brings us face-to-face with the deepest mysteries…with questions that were once treated only in religion and myth."
Carl Sagan, Astrophysicist, Cosmos, episode 10: The Edge of Forever
"Science is not only compatible with spirituality; it is a profound source of spirituality."
Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark
It's worth a brief note…
…that when you include the subject of String Theory in our efforts to map the Fractalverse and a Theory of Everything, the math indicates that—beyond simply our four, familiar dimensions—Spacetime may consist of six or seven extra dimensions which our finite faculties cannot yet detect. This would give us a total of ten or eleven dimensions in all…
…which makes the arcane architecture of the Sephirot markedly more intriguing.
Mirror, Mirror…in My Mind…
Evoking Campbell's concept of the Monomyth, this Tree of Life motif emerges again and again throughout our histories. India, China, Ancient Egypt, Mesoamerica—these regions and more have their own lore in which this Axis of Mundi is key.
This 'world axis' typically unites our world with the 'heaven's above' and the underworld below…
…forming a vast, multidimensional bridge between worlds.
None, though, are as telling as Yggdrasil, the Nordic World Tree…particularly when its geometries are held alongside the Semitic Sephirot.
Needless to say, the uncanny resemblance between these two systems speaks volumes.
Literally denoting an expansive, cosmic tree, Yggdrasil consists of nine separate worlds—with Midgard, or 'Middle Earth', at its center.
Image from the book Creed Of Iron – Wotansvolk Wisdom,
by Ron McVan (pg 81)
While perhaps less esoteric than the Sephirot, this cosmological configuration of multiversality still contains loads of layered ciphers for those inclined to explore them.
Case-in-point, is the legend of how Odhin—the many-visaged godhead of the Norse Pantheon—hung, upside-down, from a bough of Yggdrasil for nine days and nights, in an act of ritual, self-sacrifice…
…to conceive the mysterious Runes of Creation.
The Runes—angular algorithms unto themselves—are effectively the DNA of Yggdrasil. Like the Sephirot, they form and describe the underlying fabric of reality, including the psychosomatic construct of consciousness itself.
Bearing this in mind…
…we may begin to gain an appreciation for how such primal, geometric arrangements spoke to our forefathers.
Sacred GeomeTree ~ The Language of The Cosmos
By now, hopefully it's apparent how essential these geometric formulas are to the fundamental framework of our ancestors' grasp of what's what.
They weren't no dummies.
They understood that the building blocks of nature are axiomatically geometric—comprising universal, immutable patterns—and that coherent consciousness was no exception to these rules.
It's no wonder, then, that geometry itself has been dubbed sacred by those that recognize its immense majesty…and the innumerable, subtle secrets it holds.
Here, we have examined at most a single snowflake on the tip of the proverbial, incalculable iceberg. An infinitude of fortunes await the courageous of heart…
Or, take a minute and chill out with this lovely piece…
Before we wrap this $#@! up…
…it's worth citing that—much like our Hindu, Hopi and Christian 'mythologies'—this World Tree of the Nordic paradigm encounters a destructive event of apocalyptic proportions, known as Ragnarök…
…which is then followed by the [re]birth of a new Earth. As with the aforementioned traditions, there is the suggestion that such a birth, life, death, rebirth phenomenon is part of a endless cycle of being and becoming. This would indicate that beyond any sort of ultimate, eschatological judgement day, the living world has a built-in process of everlasting renewal…a primordial principle which promotes perpetual evolution.
Also, it is noteworthy that—like the Celtic and other Indo-European creation stories—Odhin and his kin fashioned the first man and woman from trees. Given our acute interest in asserting that these significantly similar Tree of Life formations are early divinations of the Fractalverse—this origin story of mankind's photosynthetic ances-tree is a perceptive vision most valuable…
…since it discerns humanity as a direct, biological extension of that hallowed, geometric genome—
—An Arboreal, multidimensional matrix.
Trees "
To bring this discussion full circle, the archetype of the Tree of Life has become somewhat synonymous with the phrase, "As above, so below." This saying, handed down to us from the antiquity of Hermetic wisdom, is a lesson intended to impart to us how the microcosmic mechanics of nature mirror the anatomy of the macrocosmos—and vice versa.
In part 1 of this series, we established how this insight is at the heart of our efforts to reveal the Fractalverse.
Large-scale gravitational waves have now been detected 'above,' in the macro-realm—physically verifying the phenomenon. This, in turn, invigorates our hunt for the remnants of their reflection…
…operating at the quantum scale, 'below.' Should these wee roots be exposed, Inflation Theory will effectively be validated…making fractalversal cosmology a virtual certainty.
Moreover, as we demonstrate that the canopy of modern scientific inquiry into this subject distinctly parallels the foundation of our varied, esoteric underpinnings, it beckons us to acknowledge that these diverging disciplines are—in actuality—two halves of the same whole.
Just as the spiritual scientists of the distant past envisioned existence as a great, cosmic-tree—connecting our world with countless others—today, Inflation Cosmogony arrives at basically the very same assertion.
Some may dismiss this as convenient coincidence…but to me and many others, it's all-too-clear that the harmony of this accord is a song too sweet to ignore.
…it is worth noting how these rich, multidimensional traditions of our ancestors continue to move us to this day…not only as factors of faith, but also as parables that perpetually propagate throughout our popular culture.
Thor of Asgard, for example, appears before us through comics, novels and a variety of flicker media…
…the eternal war between Heaven and Hell confronts most of us daily, through every facet of our lives…
…and the ever-present Superman is but a messiah-like amalgamation of multitudes of influences from Jewish lore…
…continuously leaping from one 'fictional' universe to another…
…repeatedly revised according to his destiny to fight a never-ending battle for Truth and Justice…
…all the while, hinting at our own struggle to become our idealized selves.
Again and again these timeless tales are retold…
…endlessly regaling and inspiring…
…speaking to something deep within us…
…reminding us of the monomythic Hero's Journey…
…of our collective unconscious…
…and of our voyage of evolution through the Fractalverse.
The only question is…
…what are we trying to tell ourselves?
"A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: The hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man."
Joseph Campbell, The Hero With a Thousand Faces
from "A Fractal Life" by Valerie Jamieson in New Scientist (November 2004) [source: Wikiquote]
We'll use this lens of pop-culture to help bring into focus the harebrained hypothesis of how an infinite array of worlds may already be affecting us…
…challenging our assumptions about reality itself…
P.S. ~
Here's a little parting gift, for all that heavy reading! Enjoy!
Do you Dig it? If so, please make a contribution. Archetypal Images relies on your $upport to keep up the good work!
This entry was posted in Awakening, Cosmology, Fractalverse, Genetics, Meta, Multiverse, Quantum Physics, Sacred Science, Spiritual Evolution, Tree of Life, Video and tagged Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Ann Arbor, As Above So Below, Axis Mundi, Carl Jung, Collective Consciousness, Creation Story, Evolution, Fractal Cosmology, Fractalverse, Hermetics, Hero's Journey, India, Infinity, Inflation Cosmology, Joseph Campbell, Kabbalah, Many Worlds Interpretation, Monomyth, Multiverse, Quantum Physics, Runes, Sacred Geometry, Spiritual Awakening, Superman, Thor, Tree of Life, Vedic Cosmology, World Tree, Yggdrasil by Eric Wilmoth. Bookmark the permalink.
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Welcome to Centaur Riding School. Centaur is a family operation in Navan, Ontario started in 1970. The School was officially launched in 1973.
Since then, thousands of people have been introduced to horses at Centaur. For some, horses have also become a life-long passion. Across Canada one can find former Centaur students who now hold prominent positions in the riding community, or who have started their own riding schools, or who have competed at prestigious events, or who now simply enjoy their own horses at home on the farm. If you are just as curious as I am to find out where everyone is at now, please contact me with your recent news and email addresses. We will post this information on this website for our "Virtual Class Reunion!"


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Q: Pulseaudio complains about a lack of "org.bluez" and does not play any sound. How to fix? My pulseaudio (5.0) on arch (Linux 3.17.2-1-ARCH) does not play any sound.
When running the daemon explicitly as pulseaudio -vvvv --log-target=stderr, I get the error message
GetManagedObjects() failed: org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.ServiceUnknown: The name org.bluez was not provided by any .service files

How do I fix this?

A: As explained in https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=172491, this is a problem with semi-installed (as in, not installed at all, but modules still exist) bluetooth support. If you deactivate bluetooth fully in your /etc/pulse/default.pa, by commenting out the following lines:
### Automatically load driver modules for Bluetooth hardware
#.ifexists module-bluetooth-policy.so
#load-module module-bluetooth-policy
#.endif

#.ifexists module-bluetooth-discover.so
#load-module module-bluetooth-discover
#.endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Agatha Christie meets Fawlty Towers as audience members find themselves guests at cantankerous Clarissa's surprise party. Someone is about to die, but who will it be?
With excitement, intrigue and foul play - trickery is most definitely afoot.


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GeometryElementary Geometry for College StudentsFor Review Exercises 7 to 11, use the given information to name the segments that must be parallel. If there are no such segments, write "none." Assume A-B-C and D-E-F.(use the drawing from Exercise 6.) ∠ 8 ≅ ∠ 5 ≅ ∠ 3
For Review Exercises 7 to 11, use the given information to name the segments that must be parallel. If there are no such segments, write "none." Assume A-B-C and D-E-F.(use the drawing from Exercise 6.) ∠ 8 ≅ ∠ 5 ≅ ∠ 3
Chapter 2.CR, Problem 11CR
For Review Exercises 7 to 11, use the given information to name the segments that must be parallel. If there are no such segments, write "none." Assume A-B-C and D-E-F.(use the drawing from Exercise 6.)
∠ 8 ≅ ∠ 5 ≅ ∠ 3
Chapter 2.CR,
Find the extreme values of f subject to both constraints. 18. f(x, y, z) = z; x2 + y2 = z2, x + y + z = 24
In Problems 37-42, use the derivative to locate critical points and determine a viewing window that shows all ...
Walking Versus Running The oxygen consumption (in milliliter per pound per minute) for a person walking at x mp...
Evaluate the integral. 65. sin2x1+cos4xdx
Find the prime factorization of each number: 90
Explain why the formula for sample variance is different from the formula for population variance.
Vertical Line Test: Domain and Range Use the Vertical Line Test to determine whether the curve is a graph of a ...
a In the Midpoint Rule for triple integrals we use a triple Riemann sum to approximate a triple integral over a...
]14. Many animals, including humans, tend to avoid direct eye contact and even patterns that look like eyes. So...
Simplify the expressions in Exercises 97106. 32/331/6
In Exercises 23 to 40, let U {p, q, r, s, t}, D = (p. r, s, t}, E = {q, s), F = {p, t}, and G = {s}. Determine ...
Evaluate expressions in Exercises 3756, rounding your answer to four significant digits where necessary. 9+16
Identify all variables in the research situations listed below and classify them by their level of measurement....
Graphical, Numerical, and Analytic Analysis In Exercises 61-64, use a graphing utility to graph f on the interv...
Proof Prove that Simpsons Rule is exact whenapproximating the integral of a cubic polynomial function, and demo...
A vehicle with a particular defect in its emission control system is taken to a succession of randomly selected...
Show by means of an example that limxa [f(x) + g(x)] may exist even though neither limxa f(x) nor limxa g(x) ex...
Simplify the algebraic expressions in Problems 15-34 by removing parentheses and combining similar terms. Objec...
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Solve the equations in Exercises 126. x69x4=0
For each of the following equations, solve for (a) all degree solutions and (b) if 0360. Do not use a calculat...
Evaluate the integral. 10102exsinhx+coshxdx
True or False Label each of the following statements as either true or false. Let A be a nonempty subset of a g...
Convert the following percents to reduced fractions, mixed numbers, or whole numbers. 22. 75%
Solving a Differential Equation In Exercises 1522, find the general solution of the differential equation. dydx...
True or False: An initial-value problem specifies y(x0) = y0 and y(x1) = y1 in the statement of the problem.
Writing a Vector-Valued Function In Exercises 13-16, represent the line segment from Pto Qby a vector-valued fu...
True or False: f(x)=x2(x+1)x is continuous for all real numbers.
How many distinct five-digit numbers can be made using the digits 1, 2, 2, 2, 7?
Express each volume as indicated. Round each answer to the same number of significant digits as in the original...
Area In Exercises 83-86, use a graphing utility to graph the region bounded by the graphs of the equations. The...
Applications Use scientific notation to compute each answer. Write all answer in scientific notation. New way t...
Suppose that at the beginning of 2004 you invested 10,000 in the Stivers mutual fund and 5000 in the Trippi mut...
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Define primary and secondary sources and explain how each plays a role in the process of finding a research ide...
Identify the general purpose of a hypothesis test and explain how the test accomplishes the researchers goal.
An ambulance service responds to emergency calls for two counties in Virginia. One county is an urban county an...
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text:
Home TV Shows Keiynan Lonsdale Wants Kid Flash To Team Up With A Legends Of...
Keiynan Lonsdale Wants Kid Flash To Team Up With A Legends Of Tomorrow Star
The stars of the "Arrowverse" are back to work on their respective sets, and Keiynan Lonsdale has been stepping up his game as Kid Flash now that Barry Allen is locked away tightly in the Speed Force. All of the DC shows on the CW will be going through big changes, and at some point they will come together for the next "Arrowverse" crossover.
Related: Fan Favorite Character To Be Recurring Guest On The Flash Season 4
The annual crossover is always fun, but it's also fun when the writers throw in smaller crossovers along the way. It's certainly not unusual to see characters from "Arrow" on "The Flash" or characters from "Legends of Tomorrow" make appearances on other shows. The team ups make for some interesting moments, and Keiynan Lonsdale has a team up in mind for Kid Flash.
Lonsdale recently took to Twitter to share a picture with Franz Drameh, aka Jax, aka one half of Firestorm, and he called for Kid Flash and Firestorm to share a scene together.
https://twitter.com/KeiynanLonsdale/status/886506964724985856
With the way the Legends broke time in the season 2 finale, it definitely looks like they're going to need some extra help. Perhaps Kid Flash is the right person to join the crew once this whole Flash/Speed Force business gets sorted out.
DC's "Legends of Tomorrow" will return for season 3 on Tuesday, October 10.
After the defeat of Eobard Thawne and his equally nefarious Legion of Doom, the Legends face a new threat created by their actions at the end of last season. In revisiting a moment in time that they had already participated in, they have essentially fractured the timeline and created anachronisms – a scattering of people, animals, and objects all across time! Our team must find a way to return all the anachronisms to their original timelines before the time stream falls apart. But before our Legends can jump back into action, Rip Hunter (Arthur Darvill) and his newly established Time Bureau call their methods into question.
With the Time Bureau effectively the new sheriffs in town, the Legends disband – until Mick Rory (Dominic Purcell) discovers one of them in the middle of his well-deserved vacation in Aruba. Seeing this as an opportunity to continue their time traveling heroics, Sara (Caity Lotz) wastes no time in getting the Legends back together. We reunite with billionaire inventor Ray Palmer (Brandon Routh), the unconventional historian-turned-superhero Nick Heywood (Nick Zano), and Professor Martin Stein (Victor Garber) and Jefferson "Jax" Jackson (Franz Drameh), who together form the meta-human Firestorm.
Once reunited, the Legends will challenge the Time Bureau's authority over the timeline and insist that however messy their methods may be, some problems are beyond the Bureau's capabilities. Some problems can only be fixed by Legends.
Previous articleMark Hamill Couldn't Believe That Darth Maul Was Killed Off So Quickly
Next articleSteve Rogers Reportedly Getting A New Identity In Avengers: Infinity War


Republican presidential hopeful Michele Bachmann met with Joe Arpaio, the Arizona lawman who has called himself "America's Toughest Sheriff" at his office Wednesday afternoon, as one of her rivals, Mitt Romney, was campaigning nearby at a retirement community... Arpaio's aide Chad Willems said the sheriff received several calls from Bachmann prior to Wednesday's meeting, and that he's also been called by Rick Perry and Mitt Romney.
Arizona's Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio told WND he has assigned a five-member "Cold Case Posse" to investigate the authenticity of Barack Obama's birth certificate.
The members of Cold Case Posse won't be identified, but I suppose the people who made up Donald Trump's "team of investigators in Hawaii" have been hard up for work since Trump got bored with that particular publicity stunt. Also, Arpaio tells Jerome Corsi – who is to the birther investigation what Walter Duranty was to coverage of the Soviet Union – that "if a complaint is legitimate, I don't dump it into the wastebasket." Does any Phoenix resident want to test this theory and ask for an investigation of David Icke's "reptilian rulers of the world" hypothesis? There's just as much evidence that Obama is a shape-shifting lizard – which would pose real eligibility issues – as evidence that he's not really American.


text:
Sponsored Lit Mags - W
The MacGuffin
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About this Magazine:
The MacGuffin, a national literary magazine from Schoolcraft College in Livonia, Michigan, is a collection of the best poetry, fiction, and creative non-fiction.
Organization (if applicable): Schoolcraft College
Address 1: 18600 Haggerty Road
City: Livonia
State Code: MI
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Website: www.schoolcraft.edu/macguffin/
Facebook: Facebook
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Genres: fiction, nonfiction, poetry, art
Simultaneous Submissions: yes
Postal Submissions: yes
Email Submissions: yes (see website)
Online Submissions: no
Reading Period: year-round
Response Time: 1-4 months
Payment: copies
Contests: yes (see website)
Issues Per Year: 3
Average Pages: 160
Sample Copy (postpaid): $6
Copy Price: $9
Subscription (individuals): $22
Publisher's description: The MacGuffin, established in 1984, is a national literary magazine published by Schoolcraft College in Livonia, Michigan. Our 6 x 9" perfect-bound publication features high-quality poetry, fiction, and creative non-fiction. It also features artwork, including prints, drawings, and black and white photos. The material ranges from traditional to experimental. With its fresh and eclectic content, The MacGuffin attracts a variety of people with many different interests. We publish three issues yearly.
Each year, The MacGuffin offers the National Poet Hunt Contest, with a first place prize of $500 and two honorable mentions. All winning poems, including honorable mentions, are published in the Winter issue of The MacGuffin. Past judges have included Terry Blackhawk, Jim Daniels, Thomas Lynch, and Dorianne Laux. Visit our website or send SASE for contest guidelines.
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text:
Pat Braxton
IC-US-MA-BostonMetro
Blues;Jazz
https://www.patbraxton.com
https://patbraxton.com/epk-bio/
The Pat Braxton Band
Pat Braxton is an award-winning Jazz singer. Born was born in New Jersey, Pat grew up in Boston, and now lives in Milton. She is a member of the Recording Academy (The Grammys®). She has released three album projects: THEM THERE EYES (2010), GOD BLESS THE CHILD (2012), and PAT BRAXTON LIVE AT SCULLERS (2013). Her current releases include LADY IN BLUE, A Tribute to the Music of Memphis Minnie (2022), PAT BRAXTON (2022) and THE LADY OF THE DAY (2022).
Pat is quickly becoming a thrilling and engaging woman in Jazz as a vocalist, composer, recording artist and entertainer. So much so that she has been Awarded three New England Music Awards: Best Female Jazz Artist 2012 and 2013 and Best Jazz CD/Single (2013). She was nominated at The London Urban Music Awards and the Boston Music Awards in the Jazz category.
"As far a I can remember, I have always loved to entertain people and put a smile on their faces. I started singing and performing before I could read .It was a lot of fun and still is!" That's how Pat Braxton describes the beginning of her interest in music. Showcasing her talent throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Italy and Asia and has included performances that The Blues Alley in (Washington DC), Scullers Jazz Club (Boston), Ocho Rios International Jazz festival (Kingston, Jamaica), Jersey Shores Jazz and Blues, Boston Seafood festival, Boston Green Fest, Coal Shed Festival Yarmouth NS, Boston Jazz Fest, International Jazz Cruises, and a host of other venues. She captivates her audiences everywhere with her personality and charm.
Pat has often been compared to Billie Holiday and her voice and facial features are strikingly similar. Pat was one of the vocalists chosen to perform at the Urban League's 90th Anniversary Gala Event, which was held at the Boston Seaport Hotel .Pat has worked The Whispers ,Herb Reed and Platters,The Temptations Revue , The Stylistics and a host of others artist .. Pat Braxton's presence, and emotional appeal continues to thrill and audiences of all ages, backgrounds, and cultures. So, if you like Billie Holiday, you will love Pat. She brings you back in time like no other Jazz artist of this day and age.The My Face Song was nominated for a Grammy.
Pat Braxton Vocals
Callum McKenzie / Erena Terakubo Sax
Rich Johnson Bass
Eros Lamb Drums
Matt Savage / Frank Wilkins Keys
Contact Pat Braxton: pat@patbraxton.com
Contact Media Manger: Carolyn Johnson at carolyn@patbraxton.com


text:
Q: How to find out if a Type implements an interface in Java? This seems to be very easy, but I was not able to solve it for days now... I must be too stupid, and so I hope to get some help here (couldn't find the answer though).
I simply want to know if a given Type implements some interface. For example, does type X implement the Serializable interface? It should give true for types X like JComponent.class, and false for Thread.class.
Or, stated differently, can an object of type X be cast to the given interface?
I tried instanceof and isAssignableFrom, but nothing seems to work.
EDIT:
Ok, maybe I really was too stupid :-( I have tried the following:
This code does not compile:
    Type t1 = JComponent.class;
    Type t2 = Thread.class;
    Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(t1);
    Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(t2);

This code yields true for both t1 and t2 (which makes sense, of course):
    Type t1 = JComponent.class;
    Type t2 = Thread.class;
    Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(t1.getClass());
    Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(t2.getClass());

(And similar things with instanceOf do not work either.)
But what DOES seem to work is this:
    Type t1 = JComponent.class;
    Type t2 = Thread.class;
    Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom((Class<?>) t1);
    Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom((Class<?>) t2);

As a Type that implements an interface should always be a Class (right?), the cast should work in all cases... (EDIT: There is an even simpler solution - I used the wrong method for retreiving the constructor parameters (getGenericParameterTypes); using just getParameterTypes gives a list of Class objects rather than Type objects and there is no problem at all.)
Thank you for the very quick help!
Lukas

A: No, both instanceof and isAssignablefrom() work. Try the following example:
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>(); // it is serializable
System.out.println(list instanceof Serializable); // should print true
System.out.println(Serializable.class.isAssignableFrom(list.getClass())); // should print true too

EDIT
Concerning to the second question. Yes, you can use both techniques to check whether the object can be cast.

A: object instanceof object_interface will yield true


text:
Q: How to make alarm ring to the set time event after device is switched off and switched on? I've created alarm for each event in calendar while created. It works fine. Now if i set an event for 6pm and if i switch off and switch on the device, the alarm is ringing suddenly when the device is switched on. the alarm is not ringing for the event set time. My code for OnBootReceiver as follows:
@Override
  public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent)
  {
      AlarmManager mgr=(AlarmManager)context.getSystemService(Context.ALARM_SERVICE);
      Intent i=new Intent(context, AlarmReceiver.class);
      PendingIntent pi=PendingIntent.getBroadcast(context, ap.id1,i, 0);
      mgr.setRepeating(AlarmManager.ELAPSED_REALTIME_WAKEUP,SystemClock.elapsedRealtime(),PERIOD,pi);
  }

A: First of all save that timings in one databse
call a broad cast reveiver class like below
use below code in manifest file
<receiver android:name=".main.SampleOnBootReceiver">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED" />
            </intent-filter>
        </receiver>

in above code SampleOnBootReceiver is acalss which extends from BroadcastReceiver.
in that class u take alaram time from saved databse and set the alaram


Elizabeth Arden was the founder, owner, and operator of Elizabeth Arden, Inc., a cosmetics and beauty corporation. She used modern mass marketing techniques to bring her cosmetic products to the public, committed to an approach that emphasized a natural beauty. Her slogan was "To be beautiful and natural is the birthright of every woman." She also opened and operated a chain of beauty salons and beauty spas. She was also noted for her passion for owning race horses; a horse from one of her stables won the Kentucky Derby in 1947. She lived from December 31, 1884 - October 18, 1966. Her cosmetics and beauty products brand continues today.
Her father was a Scottish grocer in the outskirts of Toronto, Ontario when Elizabeth Arden was born as the fifth of five children. Her mother was English and died when Arden was only six years old. Her birth name was Florence Nightingale Graham — named, as many of her age were, for Britain's famous nursing pioneer. The family was poor, and she often worked odd jobs to add to family income. She began training as a nurse, herself but abandoned that path.
Arden began to formulate, manufacture, and sell her own cosmetic products. She went to France in 1912 to learn beauty practices there. In 1914 she began expanding her business under the corporate name, "Elizabeth Arden." In 1922, she opened her first salon in France, thus moving into the European market.
In 1918, Elizabeth Arden married. Her husband, Thomas Lewis, was an American banker, and through him, she gained American citizenship. Thomas Lewis served as her business manager until their divorce in 1935. She never permitted her husband to own stock in her enterprise, and so after the divorce, he went to work for the rival firm owned by Helena Rubinstein.
In 1934, Elizabeth Arden converted her summer home in Maine into the Maine Chance Beauty Spa, and then expanded her line of spas nationally and internationally. In 1936, she worked on the movie Modern Times, and in 1937, on A Star Is Born.
Arden's company came out with a bold red lipstick color during World War II, to coordinate with women's military uniforms.
In 1941, the FBI investigated allegations that Elizabeth Arden salons in Europe were being opened as cover for Nazi operations.
In 1942, Elizabeth Arden married again, this time to the Russian Prince Michael Evlonoff, but this marriage lasted only until 1944. She did not remarry, and she had no children.
In 1943, Arden expanded her business into fashion, partnering with famous designers. In 1947, she became a racehorse owner.
Elizabeth Arden's business eventually included salons in the United States and Europe, with a presence in Australia and South America as well -- more than a hundred such Elizabeth Arden salons. Her company manufactured more than 300 cosmetic products. Elizabeth Arden products sold for a premium price as she maintained an image of exclusivity and quality.
The French government honored Arden with the Légion d'Honneur in 1962.
Elizabeth Arden died in 1966 in New York. She was buried in a cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York, as Elizabeth N. Graham. She had kept her age a secret for many years, but on death, it was revealed to be 88.
In her salons and through her marketing campaigns, Elizabeth Arden stressed teaching women how to apply makeup and pioneered such concepts as a scientific formulation of cosmetics, beauty makeovers, and coordinating colors of eye, lip, and facial makeup.
Elizabeth Arden was largely responsible for establishing makeup as proper and appropriate — even necessary — for a ladylike image, when before makeup had often been associated with lower classes and such professions as prostitution. She targeted middle age and plain women for whom beauty products promised a youthful, beautiful image.
Women known to use her cosmetics included Queen Elizabeth II, Marilyn Monroe, and Jacqueline Kennedy.
In politics, Elizabeth Arden was a strong conservative who supported Republicans.
One of Elizabeth Arden's trademarks was to dress always in pink.
Her best-known products include the Eight Hour Cream and Blue Grass fragrance.


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Image Title: Magnetic Door Kick Plate Wayfair Within Design 0. Post Title: Magnetic Kick Plate. Filename: magnetic-door-kick-plate-wayfair-within-design-0.jpg. Image Dimension: 310 x 310 pixels. Images Format: jpg/jpeg. Publisher/Author: Vance Armstrong. Uploaded Date: Friday - October 19th. 2018 04:04:06 AM. Category: Architecture. Image Source: bhg.com. Magnetic Kick Plate 6 Inches By 34 Oil Rubbed Bronze Pertaining To Plans 19. Home Depot Kick Plate Door Plates Magnetic For Decorations 1. Magnetic Front Door Kick Plates Ideas Regarding Plate 5. Magnetic Door Kick Plate Wayfair Within Design 0. Front Doors Print Kick Plate For Door 142 Magnetic Brass Pertaining To Prepare 2. Kick Plates Magnetic On The Hillman Group Within Plate Decorations 10. Plaid Puppy Silhouette Magnetic Kick Plate Deck The Door Decor Within Designs 16. Door Kickplate Brass Kick Plates For Front Doors S Magnetic Regarding Plate Idea 12. Magnetic Kick Plate Door Plates For In Idea 7. Magnetic Merry Christmas Kick Plate Pinterest With Plans 14.


text:
/*
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

/*
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *         http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.scavi.brainsqueeze.codefight.challenge;

import com.scavi.brainsqueeze.codefight.challenge.PrimeClimb;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;

/**
 * Created by Scavenger on 6/18/2017.
 */
public class PrimeClimbTest {
    @Test
    public void test1() {
        String result = new PrimeClimb().primeClimb(60);
        Assert.assertEquals("2235", result);
    }

    @Test
    public void test2() {
        String result = new PrimeClimb().primeClimb(20);
        Assert.assertEquals("225", result);
    }

    @Test
    public void test6() {
        String result = new PrimeClimb().primeClimb(4782969);
        Assert.assertEquals("314", result);
    }

    @Test
    public void test8() {
        String result = new PrimeClimb().primeClimb(15154747);
        Assert.assertEquals("101227661", result);
    }

    @Test
    public void test11() {
        String result = new PrimeClimb().primeClimb(2147117569);
        Assert.assertEquals("463372", result);

    }

    @Test
    public void test13() {
        String result = new PrimeClimb().primeClimb(2147483647);
        Assert.assertEquals("2147483647", result);

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Rescheduled date. All tickets purchased for the October 12th show will be honored.
On-field postgame concert after the Philadelphia Phillies host the Cincinnati Reds. Game time is 4:05pm - the concert will begin at the conclusion of the game. Your game ticket is also your concert ticket - no additional purchase required.
Pre-sale begins Wednesday, March 6th at 10am local time and ends Thursday, March 7th at 10pm local time. Use offer code OUTLAW2019 to access tickets. Public on-sale starts March 8th.
Pre-sale begins Wednesday, March 6th at 10am local time and ends Thursday, March 7th at 10pm local time. Use offer code OUTLAW2019 to access tickets. Public on-sale starts March 15th.
All proceeds will help support The Center's artistic, educational, and community programs.
Avett Guild pre-sale starts Tuesday, April 9 at noon local venue time. Public on-sale Friday, April 12.
Stay tuned for lineup and on sale info.


It's not easy being an actor, and having said that, everybody's an actor. Do you know what I mean? Paris Hilton's an actor, which is kind of scary. But if you want to honor your craft and yourself, strive for the nobler instincts.