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Whats in Green Tea
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Rooibos Health
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Rooibos and Green Tea - Antioxidants are hot topics in the health news these days, and the herbal tea called rooibos (pronounced ROY-boss) is becoming popular because it is marketed as a healthy beverage with high levels of antioxidants.
We are happy to be providing the first blends of Rooibos and green tea that we know of. The Rooibos plant (Aspalathus linearis (Burm. f.) Dahlgren, Fabaceae) is a South African flowering shrub used to make a mild-tasting tea that has no caffeine, very little tannin, and significant amounts of polyphenol antioxidants. Although the tea is new to many Americans, it has been made in the Cedarberg mountain region of South Africa for generations. International demand for rooibos has been increasing since trade sanctions against South Africa were lifted following the demise of apartheid in the 1990s.
Here we provide a profile of Rooibos tea including:
- Botanical description
- Brief history
- Vitamin & mineral content
- Antioxidant Content:
* Phenolic Acids
* Quercetin & Luteolin
* Aspalathin & Nothofagin
* Orientin and Rutin
- Antioxidant Comparisons
- Caffeine & Tannin Info
- Iron Absorption
- Research
- Mutagens & Rooibos
- Unfermented v.s. Fermented Rooibos
- Mutagenic Properties
- Whole food v.s. Isolated Antioxidant
- Irradiation
- Brain lipid peroxidation
- Colic allergies & other ailments
- Immune function
- The Bottom Line
- Acknowledgements & References
Note: Click here for Rooibos processing information and Rooibos preparation information links.
Rooibos: Botanical Description - Rooibos is a shrubby legume that is indigenous to the mountains of South Africa's Western Cape.1-3 The genus Aspalathus includes more than 200 species native to South Africa.
The type of A. linearis that is cultivated commercially for tea is the Red type, also known as the Rocklands type;1-6 native to the Pakhuis Pass in the northern Cedarberg region6 It grows erect, up to 1.5 m (about 5 feet) in height. It has a single basal stem that divides just above the ground surface into multiple thin branches that carry bright green, needle-like leaves of about 10—40 mm (0.4—1.6 inches) in length.7 The plant produces small yellow flowers in spring through early summer6, and each flower generates a one-seeded leguminous fruit.4,5. Rooibos has adapted to coarse, nutrient-poor, acidic soil and hot, dry summers.4,5,8 In addition to differences in morphology and genetics, researchers have found differences in chemistry between various populations of A. linearis.6,9 Van Wyk, of the Department of Botany at Rand Afrikaans University, presented results of his tests on the different wild populations of rooibos, showing significant variations in the polyphenol profile by population.9
Rooibos: A Brief History - More than 300 years ago, indigenous inhabitants of the mountainous regions of South Africa's Western Cape were the first to collect wild rooibos and use it to make tea.10
These people discovered that they could brew a sweet, tasty tea from rooibos leaves and stems that they cut, bruised with wooden hammers, fermented in heaps, and then sun-dried. Botanists first recorded rooibos plants in 1772 when they were introduced to the tea by the Khoi people10. Rooibos became a cultivated crop by the early 1930s, has been grown commercially since World War II, and now is exported to countries worldwide, In 1999, about 29 percent of South Africa's total rooibos sales were exported to 31 countries.10 The quantity of rooibos exported in 2000 was two and a half times greater than the quantity exported in 1999, and exports continue to grow10. Roughly 70 percent of the bulk rooibos that is exported goes through a partnership of private growers/processors and a cooperative of large and small farmers in the area. The rooibos is sold in a variety of products in Europe, Asia, and, increasingly, America. The Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) of South Africa ensures that all exported rooibos products pass a phytosanitary inspection and are certified to be free of bacteria and impurities.4,10 In order to pass these health and safety tests, rooibos producers steam pasteurize the tea as the final step before packing. Organic rooibos is also monitored by various international organizations that provide organic certification, such as the German firms Ecocert and Lacon. Rutgers University in New Jersey provides a quality control program for ASNAPP's Wupperthal tea program, evaluating parameters such as color, taste, aroma, pH, moisture content, cleanliness, total phenol content, and antioxidant capability for tea samples collected from the industry in general and from all the growers in the Wupperthal tea program.11 Data from their analyses are made available to the farmers and also to prospective buyers via product specification sheets.
Click Table 5
Rooibos: Vitamins & Minerals - Despite some promotional claims that rooibos is a source of vitamin C, Joubert says it is not. "We have tested both the traditional rooibos and green rooibos, and vitamin C was not present," she says.22
With the exceptions of fluoride and copper, the trace amounts of minerals in rooibos are not enough to make the tea a meaningful dietary source of minerals for the average consumer. As shown in Table 5, the nutritional labeling that is given on some packages of rooibos tea and on some websites of distributors4,5 indicates that the amounts of iron, potassium, zinc, calcium, and magnesium in a 200 ml serving of rooibos tea are all less than 1 percent of the U.S. reference daily intake (RDI). A 200 ml serving of rooibos provides over 5 percent of the RDI of fluoride for adults and over 7 percent of the RDI for copper (see Table 5). Marc S. Micozzi, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Policy Institute for Integrative Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland, notes that when rooibos is used as a fluid replacement throughout the day, as is done with some athletes in South Africa, it does provide measurable amounts of several minerals and electrolytes.58
Antioxidants in Rooibos - Free radicals (unstable molecules with a lost an electron) can damage the DNA in cells, leading to cancer. They can oxidize cholesterol, leading to stroke, clogged blood vessels, heart attack.
Antioxidants can bind to free radicals before the free radicals cause harm.Some antioxidants are called polyphenols because these substances contain a phenolic ring in their chemical structure. Polyphenols are common in plants; they act as pigments and sunscreens, as insect attractants and repellants, and as antimicrobials and antioxidants.12,13 The polyphenol group is further divided into subgroups such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. Polyphenols can also be classified as monomeric (molecules containing a single unit) or polymeric (larger molecules containing more than one unit). As described in this section, laboratory studies have found that rooibos tea contains polyphenol antioxidants, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, that are potent free radical scavengers.
Flavonoids: The polyphenol antioxidants identified in rooibos tea include the monomeric flavonoids aspalathin, nothofagin, quercetin, rutin, isoquercitrin, orientin, isoorientin, luteolin, vitexin, isovitexin, and chrysoeriol.14-19 Currently, rooibos is the only known natural source of aspalathin.15 Nothofagin is similar in structure to aspalathin and has only been identified in one other natural source besides rooibos: the heartwood of the red beech tree (Nothofagus fusca (Hook F.) Oerst, Nothofagaceae), which is native to New Zealand. 20
A recent analysis of fermented rooibos measured the levels of all the flavonoids listed above except nothofagin (see Table 1).19 Of the 10 flavonoids measured, the three that occurred in largest amounts were aspalathin, rutin, and orientin, followed by isoorientin and isoquercitrin. Nothofagin was identified by mass spectrometry but was not quantified because a standard was not available. The amount of nothofagin in fermented and unfermented rooibos was estimated to be about three times less than aspalathin in one study.20 Aspalathin and nothofagin arepresent in relatively large amounts in unfermented rooibos tea,19,20 but some of the aspalathin and nothofagin oxidizes to other substancesduring fermentation; thus, fermented rooibos contains less aspalathin and nothofagin than unfermented rooibos. 20 The change in polyphenol composition is the reason the tea changes color with fermentation.20
Phenolic Acids - Rooibos also contains phenolic acids that have been shown to have antioxidant activity.14,18,21 Like flavonoids, phenolic acids are polyphenol substances that are found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
The phenolic acids identified in rooibos tea, in decreasing order of antioxidant activity as measured in one study21 with the commonly used 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, include caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-coumaric acid.14,18 Using the DPPH assay, caffeic acid was just as active an antioxidant as the most potent flavonoids tested (quercetin, isoquercitrin, and aspalathin).21
Total Polyphenol Content: Despite some promotional claims, a serving of rooibos tea has less total polyphenols than the same size serving of green or black tea. Serving size varies, but for comparison purposes a 150 to 200 ml serving is often used (about 3/4 of a standard baking measuring cup). Elizabeth Joubert, Ph.D., specialist researcher at South Africa's ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij and a rooibos expert, says that the total polyphenol content of an average 150 to 200 ml serving of rooibos tea can be as much as 60 to 80 mg, depending on factors such as the brewing time and amount of leaves used.22 For comparison, one study found that brewing black tea leaves for 1 to 3 minutes at a concentration of 1 g leaves per 100 ml water resulted in black tea that contains 128 to 199 mg of polyphenols per 200 ml serving of tea.23 The types of polyphenols in rooibos tea are different than those in green and black teas, so the potential health benefits of the teas cannot be compared solely on their total polyphenol content. Rooibos tea does not contain epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is a polyphenol in green tea that has shown anticarcinogenic and antioxidant capabilities, but many of the polyphenols in rooibos tea are also strong antioxidants.
Quercetin and Luteolin - Two flavonoids in rooibos tea, quercetin and luteolin, are potent antioxidants. Test tube studies demonstrate these antioxidants can cause cancer cells to "commit suicide," (Apoptosis).24-27
Quercetin decreased primary tumor growth and prevented metastasis in a model of pancreatic cancer.25 Luteolin and quercetin inhibited proliferation of thyroid28 and colon29 cancer cells, respectively, in vitro. Quercetin inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in colon cancer cells, which may help prevent colon cancer.30,31 Both luteolin and quercetin can block the formation of lipid peroxides.32-34
Although studies like these show quercetin and luteolin are strong antioxidants, researchers haven't yet determined whether enough of either of these two flavonoids are present in rooibos tea and absorbed by the body to have beneficial effects. As shown in Table 1, recent analysis of fermented rooibos found considerably more quercetin than luteolin,19 but even quercetin was present in much lower amounts than aspalathin, orientin, and rutin.
Based on the data in Table 1, a 150 ml serving of fermented rooibos tea made with 2.5 g of tea leaves has about 0.27 mg of quercetin; for comparison, one study found that C. sinensis contains 1.5 to 3.75 mg of quercetin per 150 ml serving of tea.35 A previous study36 found 1.5 mg of quercetin per 150 ml serving of fermented rooibos, but that may be an upper limit. Joubert says that the 1.5 mg estimate is probably high,22 but emphasizes that these estimates will vary with parameters such as the brewing time and the amount of water and tea leaves used. At any rate, the amount of quercetin per serving of rooibos is a small percentage of the total polyphenol content per serving of rooibos.
Aspalathin and Nothofagin- A unique polyphenol that is one of the most abundant monomeric flavonoids in rooibos tea,19,20 aspalathin seems to contribute to the antioxidant capabilities of rooibos,21 but aspalathin is
not as well studied as quercetin and luteolin. Nothofagin is similar in structure to aspalathin and may have similar antioxidant capabilities.
Joubert says that chief research technologist Petra Snijman of the Program on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC) at the Medical Research Council of South Africa recently developed a way to isolate pure aspalathin and nothofagin from rooibos. Joubert says, "According to unpublished in vitro studies done at ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, aspalathin compared well with quercetin in terms of antioxidant activity, except in a fat medium where quercetin demonstrated much higher potency than aspalathin. What is important in these comparative studies is the test environment. Relative efficacy will depend on the test system used (the polarity of the medium, the type of free radical that needs to be scavenged, etc.)."22
Joubert co-authored a study21 that found aspalathin compared well to other antioxidants with the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The study measured the antioxidant capability of many of the flavonoids and phenolic acids found in rooibos tea and compared them to several reference standards such as alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). The percent inhibition of the DPPH radical by quercetin, isoquercitrin, aspalathin, rutin, luteolin, and alpha-tocopherol was 98.27, 91.99, 91.74, 91.18, 90.85, and 75.10, respectively (using a 0.25 mole ratio of antioxidant to DPPH). All of the flavonoids tested showed potent hydrogen donating abilities with DPPH except for vitexin, which only had a 7.26 percent inhibition even at a 0.5 mole ratio to DPPH.
According to the data in Table 1, a 150 ml serving of fermented rooibos made with 2.5 g of tea leaves has about 3 mg of aspalathin; since the amount of nothofagin was measured to be three times less than aspalathin in one study,20 a 150 ml serving of fermented rooibos has on the order of 1 mg of nothofagin. A serving of unfermented rooibos has considerably more aspalathin and nothofagin than an equal serving of fermented rooibos because a portion of these flavonoids oxidizes to other substances during fermentation.20
Orientin and Rutin - Orientin and rutin are two of the other most abundant monomeric flavonoids in rooibos,19 and both have been associated with health benefits. Orientin is a potent free radical scavenger. It
reduced by half the number of cancer-associated changes in cells of human blood exposed to radiation.38 When mice were exposed to radiation, orientin protected against lipid peroxidation in the liver and also reduced damage to the bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract.39.40 Rutin, a flavonoid found in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Polygonaceae) and some fruits and vegetables, seems to help maintain the strength of capillary walls; oral rutin as well as oral and topical o-(beta-Hydroxylethyl)-rutoside (HR) have been used to treat hemorrhoids, varicose veins, and the lower leg edema associated with venous insufficiency and venous hypertension.41-46According to the data in Table 1, a 150 ml serving of fermented rooibos tea made with 2.5 g of tea leaves has about 2.5 mg of orientin and 3.2 mg of rutin.
Total Antioxidant Capability: Green Tea v.s. Rooibos v.s. Black Tea - Although the 10 flavonoids in Table 1 above are important because they are known to have antioxidant properties, they only represent a small
percentage of the total polyphenol content of a serving of fermented rooibos tea. A 150 to 200 ml serving of rooibos can have up to 60 to 80 mg of total polyphenols,22 and Table 1 shows that a 150 ml serving of fermented rooibos made with 2.5 g of leaves has about 14 mg of the 10 flavonoids in the table. Many other polyphenols are present, but they have not all been identified or quantified.
To assess the antioxidant capability of rooibos tea as a whole, researchers compared the antioxidant activity of rooibos tea extracts to that of green and black tea extracts with the DPPH radical scavenging assay as well as the beta-carotene bleaching method.47 All the teas showed strong antioxidant activity with both methods. Using the DPPH method, the ranking from highest to lowest antioxidant activity was green tea (90.8 percent inhibition), unfermented rooibos (86.6 percent), fermented rooibos (83.4 percent), and black tea (81.7 percent). Green tea was significantly higher than the others (P < 0.05), but the other three teas did not differ from each other significantly with respect to DPPH inhibition. Using the beta-carotene bleaching method, the ranking was green tea, black tea, fermented rooibos, and unfermented rooibos. The relative ranking varies with the type of test because the substance to be tested will have different reactivity to the different oxidizing agents used. These tests only measure the antioxidant capability of substances outside of the body and don't provide data on whether the antioxidants are absorbed by the body and effective after the food is consumed.
In this study, all the tea extracts were diluted to the same amount of soluble solids rather than to the amounts of solids found in the teas.47 This method allows a comparison of antioxidant capability on a mass equivalent basis, but does not reflect a comparison of the antioxidant strength of equal volume servings of the teas. Although the soluble solid content varies with the method of tea preparation, it usually decreases in the order green tea, black tea, unfermented rooibos, fermented rooibos.47 The percent of soluble solids represented by polyphenols is similar for the four teas and the DPPH antioxidant activity is similar on a mass equivalent basis, so the DPPH antioxidant capability of equal-sized servings will decrease in the order of the soluble solid content.47 Black and green teas have over twice as much soluble solids as rooibos tea when prepared conventionally, so over two 200 ml servings of rooibos tea would need to be consumed to receive the same antioxidant benefit (as measured by DPPH) as one 200 ml serving of black or green tea (or the rooibos would need to be brewed to twice the standard concentration).47 This result agrees with the data given previously for 60 to 80 mg polyphenols for a 150 to 200 ml serving of rooibos tea22 as compared to 128 to 199 mg polyphenols for a 200 ml serving of black tea.23 The studies referenced above show that rooibos tea contains antioxidants that have positive effects when tested as isolated substances and that the tea as a whole has good antioxidant activity in vitro. So, do all these antioxidants in rooibos tea lead to health benefits for tea drinkers?
Zero Caffeine And Low Tannin - Several other health advantages of rooibos tea that are often mentioned are its zero caffeine content and its low tannin content. Because rooibos is naturally caffeine-free, it does not have to be
subjected to a decaffeination process and, therefore, does not lose any of its polyphenol content (as occurs when green and black teas are decaffeinated). The zero caffeine content also means rooibos can be enjoyed by those who want to avoid the stimulating effects of caffeine and can be consumed in quantity by those who want to use it as a fluid replacement. Rooibos only has about 4.4 percent tannin content,51 which means that it does not have the astringent taste associated with C. sinensis and will not become bitter even after long steeping times. Rooibos tea can be a good alternative to C. sinensis for people who prefer the milder taste of a less astringent herbal tea or for those who have digestive problems with tannin-rich beverages. And as Micozzi observes, some people can receive a higher total antioxidant intake from rooibos than from green or black tea because the low tannin content and caffeine-free nature of rooibos allow it to be consumed in larger quantities.58
Iron Absorption - Other disadvantages have been attributed to tannins; they can bind to non-heme iron (iron from non-meat sources), reducing iron absorption, and they can decrease the metabolism and
utilization of proteins.62-69 Black and green teas reduce the amount of non-heme iron absorbed by the body when the tea is consumed at the same time as the iron source.62,66 These effects do not cause problems for most people, but they can cause problems for people who have nutritionally marginal diets or low intake of heme iron sources (meats).69
Other polyphenol-rich beverages besides C. sinensis teas can also inhibit iron absorption. One study found that the inhibition of iron was 79 to 94 percent for black tea, 84 percent for peppermint tea,73 percent for hot cocoa, and 47 percent for tea of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L., Asteraceae).62 The teas still inhibited iron absorption to the same degree even if milk was added to them. Some of these beverages contain only low levels of tannins, but other polyphenols in foods and beverages can also reduce iron absorption.62,64 The ability of polyphenols to chelate prooxidant metal ions might provide some antioxidant protection, but it can also be a disadvantage by decreasing absorption of necessary dietary minerals such as iron.64
The low tannin content of rooibos is sometimes used to infer that rooibos tea won't inhibit iron absorption, but that conclusion is not automatic since rooibos is rich in other polyphenols that might decrease iron absorption. In one small study, three groups of 10 young healthy men were given an oral dose of iron, followed by rooibos tea, C. sinensis tea, or plain water.71 Iron absorption was measured to be 7.25 percent for rooibos tea, 1.70 percent for C. sinensis tea, and 9.34 percent for plain water. The result for C. sinensis was significant (P < .0001), but the data for rooibos did not reach statistical significance (that is, the data for rooibos were not good enough to determine whether this result can be generalized to the whole population or whether the result was just chance). More studies are needed to better document the effect of rooibos on iron absorption, but this study implies that rooibos might not inhibit iron absorption nearly as much as C. sinensis tea.
Research: Rooibos Research in Live Animals and Animal Cells - Several other health advantages of rooibos tea that are often mentioned are its zero caffeine content and its low tannin content. Because rooibos is
naturally caffeine-free, it does not have to be Laboratory studies have demonstrated potential health benefits of rooibos in vitro (in test tubes) and in vivo (in live animals), but human studies have not been conducted. Much more research is needed, but the studies so far look intriguing. Although rooibos does contain active antioxidants, many of the other health claims made for rooibos tea are not well documented (based only on anecdotal evidence) or are not supported by science. Researchers are still investigating many of these claims to evaluate all the potential benefits of rooibos.
Fermented Rooibos against Mutagens - Researchers found that fermented rooibos tea reduced cancer-associated changes in animal cells induced by the mutagens benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) and
mitomycin C (MMC) both in vitro and in vivo.48 The in vitro part of the study measured chromosomal aberrations in animal cells caused by exposure to the mutagens. The cells were treated with tea extract either at the same time as the mutagen or after the mutagen. Some of the tests used rat liver microsomal enzyme, called S9, to provide metabolic activation of the mutagen; B(a)P requires metabolic activation, but MMC can act with or without it.
Both green tea and rooibos tea suppressed aberrant cells caused by B(a)P and MMC in the presence of S9, but rooibos showed a greater suppression of aberrant cells than did green tea (see Table 2). In fact, when the cells were exposed to B(a)P and S9 simultaneously with rooibos tea, the highest concentration of rooibos tea (1000 microgram/ml) completely inhibited the aberrant cells, bringing their percentage down to the level of the controls that were not exposed to any mutagen. Also, rooibos tea suppressed aberrant cells caused by MMC both with and without the presence of S9, but green tea showed no suppression without S9. Treating the cells simultaneously with the mutagen and tea extract caused a greater protective effect than treating the cells with tea extract following exposure to the mutagen (compare Tables 2 and 3).
In the in vivo part of this study, mice were given oral doses of tea and an injection of B(a)P or MMC.48 The researchers measured the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETs), which are cells with damaged DNA that may lead to cancer. In one experiment, a single oral dose of tea (1 ml of 0.2 percent green tea or 0.1 percent rooibos tea) was given 6 hours prior to an injection of MMC and the number of MNRETs was counted at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the MMC. Rooibos tea and green tea provided similar inhibition of the frequency of MNRETs. After 48 hours, rooibos tea reduced the level of MNRETs by about 34 percent, and green tea reduced the level by about 38 percent. When the mice received the single dose of tea either after the mutagen or 24 hours prior to the mutagen, neither green tea nor rooibos tea reduced the frequency of MNRETs.
When the teas were given as one oral dose daily for 28 days and then the mutagen was injected on day 29, both rooibos tea and green tea reduced the frequency of MNRETs caused by B(a)P. Daily doses of 0.2 percent green tea reduced MNRETs by about 62 percent 48 hours after B(a)P exposure, and daily doses of 0.1 percent rooibos tea reduced MNRETs by about 49 percent. Daily doses of 0.1 percent rooibos tea reduced MNRETs by about 34 percent 48 hours after MMC exposure, but daily doses of green tea did not provide a significant reduction with MMC (Table 1) & (Table 2).
Fermented vs. Unfermented Rooibos on Mutagenic Properties - Another study found that both fermented and unfermented rooibos tea exhibits antimutagenic properties in vitro as measured by the Salmonella typhimurium
mutagenicity assay with several different mutagens; the antimutagenic activity was stronger against the metabolically activated mutagens 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) than it was against three direct-acting mutagens.51 Further research showed that the fermentation process causes a decrease in the antimutagenic and antioxidant activity of rooibos tea as measured by the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (with 2-AAF), the hydrogen donating ability (assessed with DPPH), and the superoxide anion radical scavenging assay.52 The researchers suggest that fermented rooibos may show less antioxidant and antimutagenic activity because it has less polyphenols than unfermented rooibos. One analysis showed that polyphenols represent about 41 percent of the total solid matter in unfermented rooibos tea extract, but only about 30 percent of the total solid matter in fermented rooibos tea extract.51
One of the authors of both these studies is senior research scientist Jeanine Marnewick of the Program on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC) at the Medical Research Council of South Africa. She says, "Rooibos showed protective effects against DNA damage when tested in an in vitro assay as well as in an in vivo animal system." 53 The in vitro studies found unfermented rooibos was generally more protective against DNA damage than fermented rooibos. But Marnewick says her group's research shows that fermented rooibos has a stronger effect against some mutagens. She says, "Both the fermented and unfermented rooibos showed a significant protection, and we're busy elucidating the mechanisms."53 She is currently evaluating the protective effect of rooibos on liver, esophageal, colon, and skin cancer induced in live animal models. The studies are in the early phases and she cautions, "Very little is known about the effect of rooibos on cancer development." 53
Joubert also adds a cautionary note, saying that many questions about rooibos still need to be answered.22 She says that researchers need to determine which of the antioxidant substances in rooibos tea are absorbed by the body and how much tea is needed to produce a measurable benefit. She also emphasizes that no human studies have been conducted yet.
Whole Foods vs. Isolated Antioxidants - The full benefits of teas are likely to come from a combination of all the antioxidants in them rather than from just one substance. Quite a few studies have found that isolated
antioxidants don't have as positive an anticancer effect as the mixture of antioxidants found in natural food sources; whole apple extracts were better than pure quercetin at inhibiting the growth of cancer cells in vitro,13,54 tomato powder was better than pure lycopene at extending the life of rats with prostrate tumors,13,55 and freeze-dried strawberries exhibited better anticancer properties in animals than did pure ellagic acid.13,56 Also, white and green tea extracts demonstrated better antimutagenic properties in vitro than mixtures of nine polyphenols found in the teas (mixed according to their relative proportions in the teas).57 Researchers believe these results indicate that other substances in the whole food products besides the identified antioxidants probably contribute to the total anticancer effect of the food, and that the relative amounts of all these substances could be important. Different teas have different mixtures of antioxidants, and they will protect against different mutagens. Sorting out all of these interactions will take time.
Fermented Rooibos against Irradiation - Several other health advantages of rooibos tea that are often mentioned are its zero caffeine content and its low tannin content. Because rooibos is naturally caffeine-free, it does not have to be
Fermented Rooibos against Irradiation: Another research group found that extract of fermented rooibos tea reduced cancerous transformation of mouse cells exposed to x-rays in vitro.49 The amount of protection correlated with the dose of rooibos, and an extract concentration of 10 percent reduced the cell transformations to a level similar to the spontaneous level of the controls. Interestingly, green tea in equivalent concentrations did not show any detectable protective effect. In another study, fermented rooibos tea reduced cell damage in live mice that were exposed to irradiation two hours following a single dose of rooibos administered by gastric intubation.34
Fermented Rooibos against Brain Lipid Peroxidation - Rats given fermented rooibos tea daily ad libitum (free access) from the age of 3 months to 24 months had greatly reduced age-related lipid peroxide
accumulation in four areas of their brains compared to rats that drank plain water.50 Increases in lipid peroxides in the brain may damage neuronal cells and contribute to age-related diseases.50 The lipid peroxide levels were evaluated by measuring the amounts of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in eight regions of the brain. The 24-month-old rats that had been drinking plain water had significantly higher TBARS in the frontal cortex, occipital cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum compared to 5-week-old rats, but the 24-month-old rats that had been drinking rooibos tea had no increase in TBARS in those four areas of the brain. The TBARS of the 24-month-old rooibos group were similar to the TBARS of the young 5-week-old group (see Table 4). The authors give a bar chart that summarizes the TBARS data for each area of the brain.50 The TBARS values in nmol/g for 24-month-old rats without rooibos tea, 24-month-old rats given rooibos tea, and 5-week-old rats, respectively, were approximately 120, 80, 80 in the frontal cortex; 115, 70, 80 in the occipital cortex; 80, 40, 50 in the hippocampus; and 115, 80, 85 in the cerebellum. The authors say these results suggest that the administration of rooibos tea protected several regions of the rat brain against lipid peroxidation accompanying aging. Magnetic resonance images taken of the brain were consistent with the TBARS data (Table 3).
Colic, Allergies, And Other Ailments - Distributors of rooibos tea often suggest it can help allergies, sleep problems, digestive problems, headache, and other ailments,4,5but these claims have not been verified by
scientific research. If the indigenous people of the Cedarberg region used rooibos tea medicinally, that tradition was lost and rooibos was just enjoyed as a good-tasting beverage until the recent interest in its health benefits.10 Many of the health claims for rooibos tea began in 1968 when a South African woman, Annekie Theron, found that rooibos tea eased her infant's colic.10 As the story goes, she found no documentation on the benefits of rooibos and began her own experiments with local babies who had colic and allergies.10 She concluded that rooibos helped these babies, and she published a book in 1970 titled Allergies: An Amazing Discovery. Since then, she patented a rooibos extract that is now used in cosmetic products, and she started her own line of health and cosmetic products.10 Today, South African physicians recommend rooibos for infant colic.59 South Africans also use it to calm digestive upset in adults, to help induce sound sleep, and topically to sooth eczema, skin allergies, and diaper rash.59 Not enough research has been done to know if these folk remedies really are effective or to identify the substances in the tea that might be responsible for any observable benefits. Joubert says the tea does seem to help infant colic, but no formal studies have been done.22
Immune Function - An in vitro and in vivo study showed that rooibos might enhance immune function, but very little research has been done on this topic.60 One study found that a polysaccharide in
rooibos leaves may have antiviral activity against the HIV virus, but the polysaccharide had to be chemically extracted from the leaves and is not found in tea made by steeping the leaves in water.61 There's no evidence that rooibos tea fights the HIV virus.
The Bottom Line - Rooibos tea has become popular because of its fruity, sweet taste and its caffeine-free, low tannin, antioxidant-rich status. Although more research is needed, rooibos appears to be safe and free of
side effects. The antioxidants present in rooibos may help protect against free radical damage that can lead to cancer, heart attack, and stroke. Unfermented (green) rooibos has a higher amount of polyphenols than traditional fermented rooibos and generally demonstrates higher antioxidant and antimutagenic capabilities in vitro. Future research should reveal whether the antioxidant benefits of rooibos observed in vitro and in animals translates into health benefits for humans.
Acknowledgements - Excerpted from: HerbalGram, The Journal of the American Botanical Council Issue: 59 Page: 34-45 Thanks to Elizabeth Joubert, Ph.D., specialist researcher at South Africa's ARC Infruitec-
Nietvoorbij, and Jeanine L. Marnewick, senior research scientist at the Program on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis (PROMEC) at the Medical Research Council of South Africa, for their quotes and technical input, as well as for providing copies of several research papers. Their expertise on rooibos has contributed much valuable information to this article. Lorenzo Bramati, Ph.D., research scientist at the Instituto Tecnologie Biomediche CNR in Italy, provided helpful input and copies of several research papers. Erica Renaud, a member of the quality control program for ASNAPP (Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products) at the Center for New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products at Rutgers University provided valuable input and photos. Marc S. Micozzi, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Policy Institute for Integrative Medicine, offered helpful review and comments. Rooibos Ltd./SunnRooibos also provided valuable insight and photos.
Laurie Erickson, a freelance writer in Mountain View, California, is interested in the medicinal and horticultural aspects of herbs. She began investigating rooibos out of personal curiosity and has no financial connections with the rooibos industry. Her educational background includes a B.S. in Environmental Earth Science and an M.S. in Geomechanics from Stanford University. She has also written the medical website <http://www.tendinosis.org> and has been published in the garden section of several newspapers.
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Dahlgren R. Revision of the genus Aspalathus II. The species with ericoid and pinoid leaflets. 7. Subgenus Nortieria, with remarks on rooibos tea cultivation. Bot Notiser 1968;121,165-208.
Dahlgren R. Aspalathus. In Flora of Southern Africa. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. 1988;16(3,6)1-430.
Rooibos Limited (www.rooibosltd.co.za)Rooibos Ltd. is the largest producer/distributor of rooibos in South Africa.)
Red Bush Tea (www.redbushtea.com) Text discusses the tap root; also see photo of rooibos seedling with tap root on this site.
Van Wyk B-E, Van Oudtshoorn B, Gericke N. Medicinal Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, South Africa. 1998. 304 p. Online condensed version available at <http://www.african-medicines.com>.
Van der Bank M, Van der Bank FH, van Wyk B-E. Evolution of sprouting versus seeding in Aspalathus linearis. Plant Syst Evol 1999;219(1,2)27-38.
Muofhe ML, Dakora FD. Nitrogen nutrition in nodulated field plants of the shrub tea legume Aspalathus linearis assessed using 15N natural abundance. Plant and Soil 1999;209(2)181-6.
Van Wyk, B-E. Presentation at the 28th Annual Conference of the South African Association of Botanists at Rhodes University, 2002. Summary at <www.herbsforafrica.co.za/features/recent-herb-research.asp>.
WESGRO, Western Cape Investment and Trade Promotion Agency, Cape Town, South Africa, website: <www.wesgro.org.za>. Wesgro Background Report: The Rooibos Industry in the Western Cape. April 2000 (updated April 2001).
Renaud, E. Center for New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products, Rutgers University, New Jersey. Quality control program for ASNAPP (Agribusiness In Sustainable Natural African Plant Products, website: <www.asnapp.org>). Personal communication. Dec 2002.
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Koeppen BH, Roux DG. C-glycosylflavonoids. The chemistry of orientin and iso-orientin. Biochem J 1965;97:444-8.
Koeppen BH, Smit CJB, Roux DG. The flavone C-glycosides and the flavonol O-glycosides of Aspalathus acuminatus (Rooibos tea). Biochem J 1962;83:507-11.
Ferreira D, Marais C, Steenkamp JA, Joubert E. Rooibos tea as a likely health food supplement. In Proceeding of Recent Development of Technologies on Fundamental Foods for Health; Korean Society of Food, Science and Technology: Seoul, Korea 1995:73-88.
Bramati L, Minoggio M, Gardana C, Simonetti P, Mauri P, Pietta P. Quantitative characterization of flavanoid compounds in Rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) by LC-UV/DAD. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50(20):5513-9.
Joubert E. HPLC quantification of the dihydrochalcones, aspalathin and nothofagin in rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) as affected by processing. Food Chem 1996;55(4):403-11.
Von Gadow A, Joubert E, Hansmann CF. Comparison of antioxidant activity of aspalathin with that of other plant phenols of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis), alpha-tocopherol, BHT and BHA. J Agric Food Chem 1997;45:632-38.
Joubert, E. Personal communication. First reference Nov 2002, all other references Aug 2002.
Hakim IA, Hartz V, Harris RB, Balentine D, Weisgerber UM, Graver E, Whitacre R, Alberts D. Reproducibility and relative validity of a questionnaire to assess intake of black tea polyphenols in epidemiological studies. Cancer Epidem Bio & Prev 2001; 10:667-78.
Lee LT, Huang YT, Hwang JJ, Lee PP, Ke FC, Nair MP, Kanadaswam C, Lee MT. Blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity by quercetin and luteolin leads to growth inhibition and apoptosis of pancreatic tumor cells. Anticancer Res 2002;22(3):1615-27.
Mouria M, Gukovskaya AS, Jung Y, Buechler P, Hines OJ, Reber HA, Pandol SJ. Food-derived polyphenols inhibit pancreatic cancer growth through mitochondrial cytochrome C release and apoptosis. Int J Cancer 2002;98(5):761-9.
Yamashita N, Kawanishi S. Distinct mechanisms of DNA damage in apoptosis induced by quercetin and luteolin. Free Radic Res 2000;33(5):623-33.
RoyChowdhury A, Sharma S, Mandal S, Goswami A, Mukhopadhyay S, Majumder HK. Luteolin, an emerging anti cancer flavonoid, poisons eukaryotic DNA topoisomerase I. Biochem J 2002;366(Pt 2):653-61.
Yin F, Giuliano AE, Van Herle AJ. Growth inhibitory effects of flavonoids in human thyroid cancer cell lines. Thyroid 1999;9(4):369-76
Mori H, Niwa K, Zheng Q, Yamada Y, Sakata K, Yoshimi N. Cell proliferation in cancer prevention; effects of preventive agents on estrogen-related endometrial carcinogenesis model and on an in vitro model in human colorectal cells. Mutat Res 2001;480-481:201-7.
Mutoh M, Takahashi M, Fukuda K, Matsushima-Hibiya Y, Mutoh H, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K. Suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 promoter-dependent transcriptional activity in colon cancer cells by chemopreventive agents with a resorcin-type structure. Carcinogenesis 2000;21(5):959-63.
Mutoh M, Takahashi M, Fukuda K, Komatsu H, Enya T, Matsushima-Hibiya Y, Mutoh H, Sugimura T, Wakabayashi K. Supression by flavonoids of cyclooxygenase-2 promoter-dependent transcriptional activity in colon cancer cells: structure-activity relationship. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000;91(7):686-91.
Rifici VA, Schneider SH, Khachadurian AK. Lipoprotein oxidation mediated by j774 murine macrophages is inhibited by individual red wine polyphenols but not by ethanol. J Nutr 2002;132(9):2532-7.
Hirano R, Sasamoto W, Matsumoto A, Itakura H, Igarashi O, Kondo K. Antioxidant ability of various flavonoids against DPPH radicals and LDL oxidation. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2001;47(5):357-62.
Shimoi K, Masuda S, Shen B, Furugori M, Kinae N. Radioprotective effects of antioxidative plant flavonoids in mice. Mutat Res 1996;350(1):153-61.
Hertog MG, Hollman PC, Van De Putte B. Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids in tea infusions, wine and fruit juices. J Agric Food Chem 1993;41:1242-6.
Snyckers FO, Salemi G. Studies of South African Medicinal plants. Part 1. Quercetin as the major in vitro active component of rooibos tea. JSA Chem Inst 1974;27:5-7.
Hillis WE, Inoue T. The polyphenols of Nothofagus species — II. The heartwood of Nothofagus fusca. Phytochem 1967;6:59-67.
Vrinda B, Uma Devi P. Radiation protection of human lymphocyte chromosomes in vitro by orientin and vicenin. Mutat Res 2001;498(1-2):39-46.
Uma Devi P, Ganasoundari A, Rao BS, Srinivasan KK. In vivo radioprotection by ocimum flavonoids: survival of mice. Radiat Res 1999;151(1):74-8.
Uma Devi P, Ganasoundari A, Vrinda B, Srinivasan KK, Unnikrishnan MK. Radiation protection by ocimum flavonoids orientin and vicenin: mechanisms of action. Radiat Res 2000;154(4):455-60.
Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Incandela L, Geroulakos G, Griffin M, Lennox A, DeSanctis MT, Acerbi G. Flight microangiopathy in medium-to-long distance flights: prevention of edema and microcirculation alterations with HR (Paroven, Venoruton; 0-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides): a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2002; 7 Suppl 1:S17-20.
MacLennan WJ, Wilson J, Rattenhuber V, Dikland WJ, Vanderdonckt, Moriau M. Hydroxyethylrutosides in elderly patients with chronic venous insufficiency: its efficacy and tolerability. Gerontology 1994;40(1):45-52.
Gouny AM, Horovitz D, Gouny P, Sauvage E, Nussaume O. Effectiveness and safety of hydroxyethyl-rutosides in the local treatment of symptoms of venous insufficiency during air travel. J Mal Vasc 1999;24(3):214-20.
Titapant V, Indrasukhsri B, Lekprasert V, Boonnuch W. Trihydroxyethylrutosides in the treatment of hemorrhoids of pregnancy: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai 2001;84(10):1395-400.
Nocker W, Diebschlag W, Lehmacher W. A 3-month, randomized double-blind dose-response study with 0-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside oral solutions. Vasa 1989;18(3):235-8.
Cataldo A, Gasbarro V, Viaggi R, Soverini R, Gresta E, Mascoli F. Effectiveness of the combination of alpha tocopherol, rutin, melilotus, and centella asiatica in the treatment of patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Minerva Cardioangiol 2001;49(2):159-63.
Von Gadow A, Joubert E, Hansmann CF. Comparison of the antioxidant activity of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis) with green, oolong and black tea. Food Chem 1997;60(1):73-7.
Sasaki YF, Yamada H, Shimoi K, Kator K, Kinae N. The clastogen-suppressing effects of green tea, Po-lei tea and Rooibos tea in CHO cells and mice. Mutat Res 1993;286(2):221-32.
Komatsu K, Kator K, Mitsuda Y, Mine M, Okumura Y. Inhibitory effects of Rooibos tea, Aspalathus linearis, on X-ray-induced C3H10T1/2 cell transformation. Cancer Lett 1994;77(1):33-8.
Inanami O, Asanuma T, Inukai N, Jin T, Shimokawa S, Kasai N, Nakano M, Sato F, Kuwabara M. The suppression of age-related accumulation of lipid peroxides in rat brain by administration of rooibos tea (Aspalathus linearis). Neurosci Lett 1995;196(1-2):85-8.
Marnewick JL, Gelderblom WC, Joubert E. An investigation on the antimutagenic properties of South African herbal teas. Mutat Res 2000;471(1-2):157-66.
Standley L, Winterton P, Marnewick JL, Gelderblom WC, Joubert E, Britz TJ. Influence of processing stages on antimutagenic and antioxidant potentials of rooibos tea. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49(1):114-7
Marnewick JL. Personal communication. Aug 2002.
Eberhardt MV, Lee CY, Liu RH. Antioxidant activity of fresh apples. Nature 2000;405(6789):903-4.
Hadley CW, Miller EC, Schwartz SJ, Clinton SK. Tomatoes, lycopene, and prostate cancer: progress and promise. Exp Biol Med 2002;227(10):869-80.
Stoner, JD, Kresty LA, Carlton PS, Siglin JC, Morse MA. Isothiocyanates and freeze-dried strawberries as inhibitors of esophageal cancer. Toxicol Sci 1999;52(2 Suppl):95-100.
Santana-Rios G, Orner GA, Amantana A, Provost C, Wu SY, Dashwood RH. Potent antimutagenic activity of white tea in comparison with green tea in the Salmonella assay. Mutat Res 2001;495(1-2):61-74.
Micozzi, MS. Personal communication via email. June 2003.
Morton JF. Rooibos tea, Aspalathus linearis, a caffeineless, low-tannin beverage. Econ Bot 1983;37(2):164-73.
Kunishiro K, Tai A, Yamamoto I. Effects of rooibos tea extract on antigen-specific antibody production and cytokine generation in vitro and in vivo. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001;65(10):2137-45.
Nakano M, Itoh Y, Mizuno T, Nakashima H. Polysaccharide from Aspalathus linearis with strong anti-HIV activity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1997;61(2):267-71.
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Grace must be personal. If grace is God's determined effort to share His heart with us, then grace is intimate. For all its profound infinity, the simple target of grace is our heart.
Grace is God's determination to share His heart with us in hopes that we will respond to Him with our heart. Grace is God pouring out His heart upon us as if He had nothing else to do. Grace is an exotic expression of God's wild, lavish, furious love for us, the objects of His affection.
Grace invites a response from us on any level, in any tongue, with any accent, from whatever dark corner we hear His voice reach. While grace is profound in its scope and intent, it is only meaningful if acknowledged.
Grace becomes personal when individually appropriated. Grace becomes eternal for me when I respond to God's overture with my heart.
With my nod of commitment, a bond connects God's heart (grace) to my heart, made new through salvation's regeneration. Two hearts—God's and mine—connected through reciprocity. The God of the universe in league with me! The created functioning as the Creator conceived. Man restored and God satisfied through the touch of grace.
This definition of grace is not cyclical; it is linear. For the infinity of eternity, God's overture of grace, and my positive response, will carry us forward. This definition of grace is beyond theology, philosophy, or logic.


This article is well put together, with TONS of links regarding every one of these topics and more. As a diabetic with plaque build up in my arteries, this is definitely something that I have to acquire a taste for!
Are YOU a green tea'er?? Let me know your favorite brands, and whether or not you like it hot or cold. There is one part in this article that says adding milk cuts all these wonderful benefits by 90%!!! Guess y'all better stay away from the milk! haha!
How are you feeling today, Cher? I hope it's a quick recovery! I brought my 3 tea bags of the green into work today. I'm nuts for it!
yeah.. i'm not a tea drinker, so that option might just work out for me!!
Although there was one point in the article that stated milk products cut the goodness of green tea by 90%.
I'll have to look into it more! Thanks Cuppypower and welcome!
Healthy BBQ - An Oxymoron?


As a company director or person wanting your own business, building a solid foundation is your priority. Without a firm foundation the walls of your business can become compromised with debt etc and collapse resulting in bankruptcy. So first on your to do list is to put together a well thought out business plan.
A business plan is not something you simply throw together to use for let's say a business loan and then chuck it away. No! It's a tool that you should use to develop and give direction and drive to your business.
So you want your own business! Perhaps you already have one? The suggestions provided within our sensible business practice series can help you build and progress your business whether new or existing, while helping to avoid unnecessary issues. This is not a silver bullet to all problems however it's a step in the right direction.
There are many aspects to running a business and while they're generally quite different, it's best to assume that each part is no less important than any other until you've established and understand what's required to know otherwise.


And may happiness fill your heart each day your whole life through. - Irish Blessing" An appropriate beginning to bring blessings to everyone because the prevailing weather around the world has certainly brought various disasters forth upon its inhabitants. Between hurricanes, floods, forest fires, early snow storms, and earthquakes, many evacuations have been ordered in a large segment of our earth. Some warnings came too late and the losses have been mourned. Yet, authors mostly set their words to the task of cheering the hearts of others, and by doing so, encourage their own way as well. There are still things that are brought to mind by such devastation, and the steps to prevent tragedy or to empower oneself with necessary action can result.
Hence, Bud Lemire's poems "A Will" and "Dead Resident" which reflect some of Bud's good advice and are practical and timely. His "Rockin' Delta County" is in a much lighter vein.
Bruce Clifford's poems for October are "Safe Sailing," "What Will Be," and "Out of Control." Since he resides in Florida which saw much of the brunt of two hurricanes in a row last month, seems the source of his inspiration could be that weather.
John I. Blair sent these poems: "Appearances," "Greeting The Morning Sun," "Naren," "Waxing Moon," and "Hearth." The latter will warm your heart.
Some authors respond by focusing on the recognition of the beauty that still exists in each moment. Dayvid Clarkson confides his personal attempts to dwell peacefully and shares advice to help others in his column "Reflections of the Day." Judith Kroll's column "On Trek" proposes a regime of peace and love and requests same in her plea to "Dear Universe." "Introspective" discloses a medical breakthrough in China -- Thomas F. O'Neill tells all about chemical surgery to repair embryo's.
Rod Cohenour serves up a cooler weather treat with 'Pollo Poblano Chowder,' one of his wife's tried and true recipes, in"Cooking With Rod." Mattie Lennon's column "Irish Eyes" lauds an Irish Policeman and mentions a few instances as evidence.
"Armchair Genealogy" by Melinda Cohenour finishes her extensive research and compilation of the "Much Maligned Man..." who is part of your editor's and her family tree, Sidney Washington Creek.
LC Van Savage in her column "Consider This," urges everyone to elevate their outlook by improving their mindset and thinking what pretty is. She also has a story "The Saga of The Traveling Chair" this month.
See you in November !!!
Word of mouth is much like that old party game called "Rumors" where details become fuzzy and are transmitted with slight variations, but the family lore in this instance is very clear on the important issue: Joe Hamilton was a drunk and when he drank he beat his wife. Details vary, but the salient facts are that Sid's daughters and their significant others joined him, his lady friend Mrs. Davis and her friend at the annual Democratic picnic. Rain concluded the festivities. Sid and the two ladies had tickets to board a train for the ladies' hometown of St. Louis. Some time between the pleasant picnic and family time together, and before Sid and the ladies could board the train, word got back to Sid that Joe was drunk and was beating on Jennie again. Sid detoured from the train to make sure his daughter was okay. The confrontation that ensued resulted in his death. Contrary to the statement above that the "bullet entered his heart", the coroner's report is that the bullet entered Sid's left lip and angled slightly upward, exiting through the back of his head. His death was instantaneous – a blessing for all of us who have come to love, honor, and respect the man.
Welcome to Autumn! The best time of the year for warm food, fun festivities, and feasts fit for kings – all in the manner I love – Nuevo Mexico!
Rinse, dry, season and grill chicken breasts. Permit to cool, then dice. Set aside.
Blacken Poblano pepper on all sides, place in plastic bag while still warm, let set a few minutes, then remove tough outer skin, split open, de-stem, de-seed and dice. Set aside.
In large pot on medium heat, melt half stick of butter, add vegetable oil. When pan is hot, add onion and bell pepper and permit to caramelize. When onions are transparent, add carrot, celery and garlic. Stir and season with pepper. Sprinkle about a tablespoon of the flour over vegetables and stir. Do not permit to burn.
Add remaining butter and stir to melt. To remaining flour add 2 Tbsp water and whisk. Add this roux to pot and stir. Heat and stir at least one minute to permit roux to cook. Season with pepper and cumin. Add milk (or chicken broth) and heavy cream to pot, stir. Lower heat and permit chowder to simmer until carrots are softened. Stir occasionally to prevent scorching. Chowder should thicken.
Add chicken, Poblano pepper and corn. Permit to heat thoroughly. Then add cream of cheddar soup. Stir well.
Serve with hot flour and corn tortillas, Tortilla chips, butter and garnish offerings of cilantro leaves, shaved cheeses, green onion and sour cream. Salad and iced tea finish this meal nicely.
* pol·lo ˈpoi-ō,ˈpälō/ noun; chicken (as used in the names of Italian, Spanish, or Mexican dishes).
For your life to be as meaningful as possible, engage in spiritual practice if you can. It is nothing more than acting out of concern for others. If you practice sincerely and with persistence, little by little, step by step you will gradually reorder your habits and attitudes so as to think less about your own narrow concerns and more about others' – and thereby find peace and happiness yourself.
Sometimes I lose sight of this wonderful and miraculous world that I live in. Sometimes it is important to take a few minutes and reconnect with this unexplainable fantastic journey that we are on. Between transferring patients, I do have some wait time.
I have a few spots that I find recharge me. This picture was taken at Swy a Lana lagoon in Nanaimo. (See pic below) Here is how I reconnected. I noticed that the plant had leaves with what appeared to be the imprints of feathers on them. I wondered how the plant formed them and in what order. How did it know when to change colours or end the feather tips. Each plant is individual so it cannot be inherent. Decisions had to be made. The geraniums presented the same intricate but unique patterns. I did not let the majesty of this rumination cause me to close my mind and not allow my thoughts to go further. By accepting the unexplainable without due consideration will not lead you any closer to your authentic self.
Do not accept common knowledge without examine the phenomena for yourself. Travel with the plants, pay attention, and focus on what is happening around you. And as that plant was perfect at that moment so was I. We both knew we would change but at that moment we were both creations of this divine intelligence.
The mist gently rolls in across the lake and wraps me in a serene embrace. To some, the mists are troubling, swirling, disconcerting, and ever-changing. The mist is the mist. How we perceive it is how we were taught. When we release what we were taught then we can see the true essence of the mist. The mist is the mist. When we unlearn we release all preconceived notions of what should be and see what is truly there.
I humbly knock upon the door of the dream realm. A quiet voice intones, "Welcome dear one. Enter with an open heart and open mind." I sense it is time for a new adventure, to learn a new language, to hear the stories of my dreams. My soul fills knowing that this wondrous voyage will never end. It is both serene and exciting at the same time. I will let go of the outcome not trying to control. I will let the Divine guide my steps. Yes, I will falter, yet will not chastise myself for my stumbles. I will arise each time and learn to love myself more. My wish for you is an open heart and open mind. As a wheel has many spokes please know they all lead to the center.
" In An Garda Siochana . . . loyalty is prized over Honesty."--Judge Peter Smithwick.
Since I saw you last I attended two nights of culture at its best; singing, music and storytelling, at Blessington, County Wicklow and Brittas, County Dublin. I also read a book which should appear on the bestsellers list. If it doesn't there is something wrong somewhere.
One of the most famous whistle-blowers of recent times is Garda Sergeant Maurice McCabe. His story is told in a recently published book "A Force for Justice" by award-winning journalist Michael Clifford. Michael was Print Journalist of the Year in 2014 and Newspaper Industries Journalist of the Year 2016. He has written many non-fiction bestsellers and crime fiction novels.
When Maurice McCabe's detractors referred to him as a "stickler" it wasn't meant as a compliment but all right-thinking people know that it means a person who insists on doing the right thing, and insists that others do it, unyieldingly.
In 2002 a penalty points system was introduced for a number of motoring offences, the most prominent being speeding. This system along with the establishment of the Road Safety Authority in 2006 led to a incredible reduction in road deaths. When Sergeant Maurice McCabe discovered that a large number of Fixed Charge Notices were being cancelled by senior officers he did some digging. The results have been well documented . He showed that he was not part of the "blue glue" which enabled Gardai to stick together when they closed ranks.
Martin Callinan retired in 2014 and his successor, Commissioner Noreen O Sullivan, retired in August 2017. The commission on the Future of Policing in Ireland has warned the government not to appoint a new commissioner too quickly. It could be six months before the next commissioner is appointed. But what sort of a person do we want in the position? Sunday Independent journalist Eoghan Harris put it in a nutshell, " What the Garda needs right now is a fearless Irish cop cut from the same cloth as Maurice McCabe".
Maurice McCabe and his family have traveled a horrific journey and Michael Clifford brings the reader every step of the way with them.
May each of us fill ourselves with love. True love, and let it shine. Once filled with love, we will love each other, animals, the earth. We will no longer need to hate,hurt or destroy to have the peace we all seek.
For love to stop the greed and brotherhood to stop the blood.
Why are the "leaders" acting rather smug.
Did compassion lose it's meaning somewhere along the way?
Is it more about the game some people wanna play?
In the world's first, Chinese's researches in China, have performed precise "chemical surgery" on human embryos to remove disease.
Out of the three billion "letters" of our genetic code a team of researchers at Sun Yat-sen University used a technique called base editing to correct a single error.
The team says the approach may one day treat a range of inherited diseases. This research is on the forefront of locating inherited errors and correcting them chemically.
According to the researchers the potentially life-threatening blood disorder beta-thalassemia is caused by a change to a single base in the genetic code - known as a point mutation. These point mutations cause many life threatening inherited disorders.
The team in China have discovered a way to edit them back.
The researchers scanned the DNA for the error in the disease beta-thalassemia then converted a G to an A, correcting the genetic fault.
The team of researchers are the first to demonstrate the feasibility of curing genetic disease in human embryos by the base editor system.
The study opens new avenues for treating patients and preventing babies being born with beta-thalassemia, and other inherited diseases.
The experiments were performed in tissues taken from a patient with the blood disorder and in human embryos made through cloning. Their research is revolutionizing science using base editing an advance on a form of gene-editing known as Crispr.
When the body tries to repair a genetic break, it deactivates a set of instructions called a gene. It is also an opportunity to insert new genetic information into the gene.
Base editing works on the DNA bases themselves to convert one into another. The researchers describe the approach as "chemical surgery".
The new technique is more efficient and has fewer unwanted side-effects than Crispr. They have stated that about two-thirds of known human genetic variants associated with disease are point mutations. Base editing has the potential to directly correct, or reproduce for research purposes, many pathogenic mutations.
Some Americans are critical of the Chinese researchers and question why they did not do more animal research before jumping to human embryos.
The critics are also using the Chinese scientific advancements as the latest example of the rapidly growing ability of scientists to manipulate human DNA. It provokes deep ethical and societal debates about what is and is not acceptable in efforts to prevent disease.
The critics are now calling for international regulations to be put in place on how future research is conducted on human embryos. In the meantime, there will be far more debates, covering the ethics, and how this genetic research on the human genome should be regulated.
In many countries, including China, mechanisms do need to be established for regulation, and for long-term oversight on how genetic research is being conducted on a global scale.
Sometimes our old world feels like an awfully dark place, does it not? Oh I know---if we just think positive thoughts everything will be all perfect again. That's fine if it works for you, and I'll certainly give it a try, but it's hard to bend one's thinking in that direction when we hear, read and see the daily news. Things seem to be in such chaos, violence, sadness, sickness and fear, and so many people are suffering, most whom do not deserve to.
Have you ever noticed how pretty cream is when poured into iced coffee? How it swirls and undulates in the dark liquid? Really pretty, I think. And have you ever walked behind a little girl with long strawberry-blond hair and the sun is shining on it? Gorgeous. Some women pay good money to get that look from a salon, but on a sweet child playing in the sun, that hair color is really pretty.
Want to know what else is awfully pretty? Looking through a row of green house plants on a shelf in front of a window when it's snowing outside. How pretty! Those green leaves against the white snow---soothing. Makes one remember that summer promises to one day reappear. Sunlight landing on a crystal goblet. Those little green glass eyes on tiny stuffed animals. Butterfly wings under a magnifying glass. All those thousands of minuscule stitches on a quilt made by a lady 200 years ago. A sleeping baby's eyelashes against her chubby cheeks. The color of a cut-open avocado. And Key Lime Pie. And apricots. And an alligator's eye. And a black horse's coat in the sunshine. And a newborn pine cone. And clover. And moss, and speaking of moss, have you ever gotten way down and close to it and seen how beautiful it is? Like a tiny lush forest. And isn't the color of the undersides of mushrooms truly pretty?
Isn't it pretty when a car's oil drips into a rain puddle on the street? Or when dripped water creates star bursts on inked paper? Or when a police car's gorgeous flashing blue lights reflect on someone else's car at night?
Isn't it pretty when trees bend and dance for summer winds? Isn't it pretty when a little child smiles widely at you from its mother's shopping cart? Isn't the white cream in Oreo cookies pretty? Any painting by Grandma Moses.
Aren't the shiny iridescent gleamings on black beetles' wings pretty? And oh my, the prettiness of possum feet, and mice feet, and the clumsy, tripping comic baby elephant's feet. So pretty. And pale aqua sugar free glassy cough drops---so pretty. The bellies of inchworms.
Have you ever been out west on the plains after a rainstorm? The smell then is very pretty and the views of course are beyond pretty.
And pretty is sweet music coming unexpectedly from somewhere as we walk along the street. The flash of red on a speeding red-winged blackbird. An old woman's straw hat with spring flowers in the headband. The edges of a lake on a hot still summer day. A big glass bowl of jelly beans. Pretty.
I suspect about now you're just starting to go into a sugar coma. Sorry about that. But while I was writing this and you were reading, we didn't even once think about the bad things out there, did we? See? It worked. Ha! Tolja.
Went hunting for a house to buy.
Of a space to make a garden.
Half as long as a football field is wide.
A fireplace big enough for logs.
And all we had to do was nourish it.
passing away. It was their time to go, most likely.
everywhere to check on me if I wasn't seen in awhile.
is in need for those who don't have one..
On the fiery ball that greets me every dawn.
I cannot take exposure unprotected.
Could sizzle us in moments.
Terror has a place in worship.
of course finding much more than just rocks.
long. Rock Delta County and smile!
.Click on author's byline for bio and list of other works published by Pencil Stubs Online.
Squirrels tuck noses deep in fur.
I an even younger one.
Has wrought so many changes.
Whom we took pride in.
Succumbing to the frailties of age.
But lingering in our thoughts.
There can be no argument.
Victims of violence, accident, war?
Before someone passes, a Will should be made.
even when it is planned good, things can go wrong.
you pass, everything will fall into place perfectly.
This is a story about a day in the life of an innocent chair, a simple, upholstered, somewhat shabby, comfortable blue twenty-year-old chair, that went, quite against its will, on a one-day furlough but managed to return back home, battered but still sittable.
We have a friend who is in the process of moving to Maine. She owns a pleasant home but for a while had very few furnishings, so we offered her our comfy blue chair since it wasn't being used too often. She was grateful and told us she'd return it when her own furniture began to fill up her new home. So, we trapped a visiting male to haul it out of our home and put it into hers. Seemed to be a good deal all around.
In time, our friend accumulated enough of her own furnishings and she told us we could have "Old Blue" back again and she'd make arrangements to get it to our home.
When all her furnishings and possessions were in place, our friend asked a relative and his wife, "Mr. and Mrs. X." to take a few usable items in their truck to a place that took unused things and donated them to people in need. But something got lost in translation and the Xs also mistakenly took the blue chair, tossed it into their truck with everything else, and drove off. When the Xs realized they'd taken Old Blue by mistake, they called me immediately, fairly hysterical, apologizing a lot and telling me they'd already dropped the chair off at the donation place. However, she'd called them, spoke with one "Percival" who said that because the place would close in a few minutes, he'd put a note on the chair and we could come for it the following Monday. Mrs. X. went on to explain that Percival told them he was the manager there, to not worry, happens all the time, he'd take care of it and would be sure to put a big note on the chair explaining the situation and that we could come for it. Exhale. Chair saved.
Monday came. I called the place to say we'd be coming over. No chair said they. No note, and creepily, no Percival. Furthermore, the manager was a woman and said she was the only manager there and had been for years.
Hmmmm. After much puzzlement, I called back, got the lady manager who again repeated that "they'd looked all over the entire shop and there was not a single chair of that description—in fact no chairs were in the store at all." Really?
Well, when I find myself in an unsolvable situation, I dump it on poor Mongo. I asked him if he'd mind driving over there and taking a look himself. He obliged me as he usually does and yes, guess what? He walked in the door and the chair was standing straight in front of him, about 2 yards away, waiting to be rescued and taken back home.
Feeling slightly ticked off, I again called the lady manager of the donation place and said, icily I hoped, "how odd that you told me twice my chair was not there, and yet my husband found it instantly when he entered your store." Her answer? "Well, there was no note on it." What?? "I'm confused," says I. "If you didn't have the chair, then what do you mean when you say there was no note on it---I mean if it wasn't there. How does one read an attached note on a chair that does not exist?" "Well," says she again, "there was no note." I think this lady manager has missed her calling. She'd make an excellent spy. She obviously confesses to nothing.
So Mongo loaded the chair into the trunk of his car and drove off. He obediently stopped at a red light not far from the Shoppe of Invisible Chairs, and when the light turned to green, he accelerated. I guess he had temporarily forgotten the Law of Inertia, because our poor old chair flipped out of the trunk and landed in 2 lanes of angry traffic. He had to pull off that roadway, park, and walk back into traffic, and pick the thing up. It is bulky and heavy but I imagine his adrenaline was working pretty well at this point, and after holding up those annoyed drivers for a full 2 minutes, managed to wrassle the chair back into his car's trunk. Oh, and before he left, I'd asked him to bring bungee cords, but, well, after 58 years of marriage, hearing can get a little selective and besides, what do cranky old wives know from bungee cords, anyway?
Now that chair is safely back in its original spot in our living room having come full circle, a bit more battered now, but still comfortable and so willing to serve. One day we'll buy a new chair and then I'll again call on the kind and helpful Percival the Manager who isn't to ask him to send a truck from his store to pick up that traveling chair and to donate it to someone who needs it. But, I ask myself, scratching my head, who is/was the mysterious non-existent Percival? The Guardian Poltergeist of Chairs, or what?


The Board of Directors of Associated Banc-Corp (NASDAQ:ASBC) today declared a regular cash dividend of 29 cents, payable Feb. 15 to shareholders of record Feb. 6. It is the company's 148th consecutive quarterly cash dividend.
Associated also announced today its Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 5 percent of Associated's outstanding shares, or approximately 6.4 million shares. Repurchases of shares may be accomplished through accelerated share repurchase programs. When combined with the shares remaining under a previously announced repurchase authorization, the company now has authorization to repurchase approximately 7.8 million shares.


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ABOUT | VOLUNTEER | EXHIBIT | PRESS | REGISTER
2018 Sponsors & Media Partners
Vice President of Worldwide Licensing & Interactive,
As Vice President of Worldwide Licensing & Interactive for Paramount Pictures, Josh Austin is responsible for extending Paramount's current theatrical releases, and classic studio properties to a wide range of consumer touchpoints including mobile and video gaming platforms, virtual reality, and all forms of traditional licensed merchandise. Mr. Austin is a leader in the interactive and licensing space, identifying lifestyle trends — in film, TV, sports, toys, fashion, etc. — and then negotiating and overseeing their evolution across game and merchandise platforms.
Since joining Paramount in 2012, he has developed a number of notable and successful interactive products, including mobile and console games based on studio jewels Mission:Impossible, The Godfather, and Mean Girls as well as new VR game/experiences based on horror franchise Paranormal Activity and the new film Ghost in the Shell, among many others.
Prior to joining Paramount, he managed business development and licensing efforts for global game publishers THQ, SEGA and Capcom Entertainment, securing premier properties from Lucasfilm, Disney/Pixar, Warner Bros., Sony Pictures, Sanrio, Mattel, the WWE, MotoGP, NFL, MLB, NBA, Nickelodeon, Marvel, and others for development in the interactive space. He also managed merchandising partnerships for THQ and Capcom's broad portfolio of renowned original content. Austin holds a bachelor's degree from University of California, Los Angeles, and resides in Calabasas with his wife and four young children.
All session by Josh Austin
Virtual Hollywood: what are the major Hollywood Studios doing to embrace VR/AR?
VRTL was co-founded by Sunny Dhillon and Ned Sherman. VRTL Summit is produced by Digital Media Wire, Inc., a media company that owns and produces conferences and events, publishes daily newsletters, and operates the popular www.digitalmediawire.com news and community portal.
Email us at info@digitalmediawire.com


Chico's FAS has named Diane Ellis President of the Chico's brand, effective November 1, 2016.
Ellis will oversee all business activities for Chico's and will report to Chico's FAS President and CEO Shelley Broader.
Previously, Ellis served as CEO of The Limited.She has more than 35 years of retail experience.
Chico's FAS announced today that Diane Ellis has been appointed President of the Chico's brand, effective November 1. She will replace Cinny Murray, who left the company in September after serving as the brand's president for eight years. Ellis will report to Chico's FAS President and CEO Shelley Broader.
Ellis, a retail executive with more than 35 years of experience, will oversee all business activities for Chico's. She previously served as CEO of The Limited, where she was instrumental in driving the company's growth and business transformation over the past three years. Prior to The Limited, she was President and COO at Brooks Brothers, where she was responsible for leading the stores, e-commerce, information technology, human resources, sourcing, product development, finance, supply chain and planning functions in support of the global operations of the brand.
Prior to her role at Brooks Brothers, Ellis was the founding partner of Lighthouse Retail Group; Managing Director for the Retail Strategy Practice at PricewaterhouseCoopers; and the Director of Merchandise Planning, Allocation and Inventory Control at Filene's. Ellis is a member of the Board of Directors of Stage Stores.


which wheel stand do you use to make your wheels?
I use an upside down bike! I had plans of building one out of wood, as the Roger Mussons books suggests but I never actually got around to it. If I built wheels every week then I would, but the upside down bike has worked so far!


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oh Wilkie Collins. It's been so long since I've read A Woman In White. What a great writer.


Daniel Levin walks past a small gallery of photos — candid shots of a brooding James Dean, the iconic Hollywood actor who captivated audiences before his untimely death in 1955.
"Dean loved snow cones," Levin said, pointing to a black-and-white photo of the star, standing next to his race car eating one of the frozen treats.
The world knows Dean as the symbol of teenage angst, garnering a cult-like following, although he starred in only three films before his death at the age of 24. But racing cars, Levin said, was his true passion.
Today and Sunday starting at 11 a.m., the El Segundo-based company, Premiere Props, will auction off more than 1,000 Hollywood movie props, costumes and rare posters, but the main draw is a never-before-seen collection of candid photos of Dean at his first race in Palm Springs in March 1955.
In one shot, Dean is leaning against his white Porsche 356 Speedster, lighting a cigarette; in another, he adjusts his sunglasses, while tinkering with his car's engine before the race.
Gus Vignolle, founder of MotoRacing magazine, took the photos of Dean after his teenage daughter told him Dean was destined to become a star.
Vignolle's daughter, Janis "Zaz" Vignolle Clark, was sifting through her late father's belongings when she uncovered the 33 negatives and black-and-white photographs. The negatives are still in excellent condition. Whoever wins the auction for each photo will also be granted the rights to reproduce them, said Levin, the company's executive vice president of marketing.
Clark was scheduled to give a talk about the photos and her photojournalist father's interactions with Dean at Saturday's auction, but she died last month.
Mel Felix, a longtime close friend of Clark's, will step into her place today. Felix said Clark, just 13 at the time, was with her father at the race, which Dean won.
Felix said Dean's short racing career wasn't highly publicized.
For Levin, discoveries like that of the Dean collection are why he joined the company when it was founded 15 years ago.
Levin thought back to Clark walking into the building a few months ago, the negatives and photos in hand.
"That's what I love. You just don't know who is going to walk in the door," he said.
Premiere Props is under contract with several major movie studios and production companies to market, archive, store and auction movie props and costumes.
Levin holds a big auction every four months. People can come in person or watch the show and bid online.
"We're the only auction company that does a full show. It's like 'QVC' meets 'Access Hollywood,' " Levin said.
This weekend's auction will feature a Roman army shield from "Cleopatra," a gorilla soldier head from "Planet of the Apes," strands of hair from Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe and a poster from "A Clockwork Orange" signed by director Stanley Kubrick, among hundreds of other items.
Fans of all ages and incomes can find something of interest at Premiere Props, Levin said, with items starting at $50 and some selling for up to $100,000.
Levin expects the Dean photos to sell for from $2,000 to $8,000 each.
Premiere Props is at 128 Sierra St. in El Segundo. You can also watch the auction and bid online at hollywoodliveauctions.com.


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Modern geometric quilt bedding set with effortless style and easy care attitude. Off white soft cotton is channel stitched in taupe with intricate embroidery to create a subtle diamond pattern. Add this fresh lightweight quilt set to your bedding ensemble for a layered look. Set includes quilt coverlet and coordinating shams. Available in full/queen and king size sets. Also available in sky blue and ivory.


Limerick the home city of Terry Wogan, Richard Harris, Frank McCourt, the Irish finance minister Michael Noonan and Irish rugby greats Paul O'Connell and Keith Woods has lost focus, come under pressure and the city centre has become tired as a destination to visit, invest and live. Having recently completed a successful piece of work for Waterford city centre plus previous work in Limerick in 2008, Colliers International were asked at very short notice to lead a discussion with 16 Limerick decision makers and influencers from the private and public sectors.
Roger Hobkinson, who leads Colliers International management consulting in Ireland, including the Destination Consulting branded service, and Aiden McDonnell, Head of Retail, wowed the audience with their appreciation of Limerick's issues, their grasp of strategic and detailed property context, plus the actions needed to revitalise the city centre and its property offer. Feedback was excellent from the Limerick team and Colliers International were asked to write our thoughts and a proposal to help Limerick's position for the future.


KAIST (which, like the SAT, officially means nothing, but at one point meant the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) was originally proposed as part of a US Agency for International Development mission back in 1970. That committee was chaired by Frederick Terman, Stanford's former provost and the "father" of Silicon Valley. It was charged with developing a plan for creating a university-industry hub that would spur Korea's knowledge industries and assist the country in its economic development plan.
For those interested, the full report has been posted by Robert Laughlin, a professor of physics at Stanford and a former president of KAIST. Below, you can see part of the influence on Terman on the school in the form of the lecture hall named in his honor. (Rumor has it that there is a statue of him on campus, but alas, I have not yet found it despite repeated attempts to do so).


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Elgar's enigma is "a total distraction," says Martyn Brabbins
by Clive Paget on March 2, 2017
The British conductor talks about the importance of mystery in his new Elgar disc, Limelight's Recording of the Month.
The Enigma Variationsseems to have few, if any, antecedents in Elgar's output or in European classical music. Can you trace its origins, or is it simply unique?
There are so many things that are totally unique about the Enigma Variations. That is one of the reasons it continues to be performed, loved by listeners, and recorded so many years after it first appeared. Having said that, the form – variations on a theme – had been around for a long time. One interesting example is the Dvořák Symphonic Variations, which is the piece I conducted when I won the Leeds Conducting Competition!! Unlike the Enigma, that piece has 32 variations!
Enigma is perhaps Elgar's most performed and recorded orchestral work. Did you approach it with any specific personal musical agenda?
Not really… I approach every recording in the same way. Wanting to give a true and honest presentation of a composer's intentions.
What are the main challenges facing a conductor in the work?
Gosh, there are so many! One important challenge is to maintain a sense of unity and a coherent structure, while...
Jennifer Pike on the agony and ecstasy of English violin music
The violinist discusses Elgar and Vaughan Williams, and why we don't hear their sonatas nearly often enough.
Diving into Elgar's seascape
Michael Quinn talks to two of today's brightest mezzo-sopranos, Kathryn Rudge and Elīna Garanča, about their very different readings of Elgar's Sea Pictures.
John Bridcut on immortalising his musical heroes
The British filmmaker's composer portraits for the BBC are Limelight's Recording of the Month in August.
Composer of the Month: Sir Edward Elgar
Moody, paranoid and in later years creatively paralysed by depression, there was a dark side to Elgar that history tends to overlook.
Chamber, Classical Music
James Ehnes discusses our Chamber Recording of the Year
The Canadian violinist reveals the importance of Elgar in his life and why Respighi isn't for the living room. Access our paywalled content and archive of magazines, regular news and features for the limited offer of $3 per month. Support independent journalism. Subscribe now or log in to continue reading.
His or Her Majesty Requests
Music has always been great propaganda, but over the centuries Britain's royalty have turned it into an art form. Access our paywalled content and archive of magazines, regular news and features for the limited offer of $3 per month. Support independent journalism. Subscribe now or log in to continue reading.
Julian Lloyd Webber announces shock retirement
After a long and distinguished career, the "doyen of British cellists" is calling it quits. Access our paywalled content and archive of magazines, regular news and features for the limited offer of $3 per month. Support independent journalism. Subscribe now or log in to continue reading.
Discovering Elgar's loony tunes
What was Elgar doing in a mental institution in the 1880s? Writing polkas and quadrilles, apparently! Access our paywalled content and archive of magazines, regular news and features for the limited offer of $3 per month. Support independent journalism. Subscribe now or log in to continue reading.
May Issue of Limelight: Seven Wonders of Shostakovich
The secrets of Shostakovich, Elgar's Asylum music, Dame Kiri's farewell plus Emma Ayres on a bike…
Beyond the manuscript: the secret life of composers
"Composers Doing Normal Shit" on Tumblr has caused an Internet frenzy, highlighting the normality (and craziness) of musical lives. Access our paywalled content and archive of magazines, regular news and features for the limited offer of $3 per month. Support independent journalism. Subscribe now or log in to continue reading.
British music through the ages
From medieval to modern-day: the Mother Land's secret music evolution uncovered. Access our paywalled content and archive of magazines, regular news and features for the limited offer of $3 per month. Support independent journalism. Subscribe now or log in to continue reading.
Alisa Weilerstein: The cello's heiress apparent
As she prepares for her Australian concerts, the American cellist talks Shostakovich, Elliot Carter and playing Elgar for Daniel Barenboim. Access our paywalled content and archive of magazines, regular news and features for the limited offer of $3 per month. Support independent journalism. Subscribe now or log in to continue reading.
The Classic 100 20th Century masterpieces revealed!
ABC Classic FM's complete list of the Top 100 with commentary and performance footage. Access our paywalled content and archive of magazines, regular news and features for the limited offer of $3 per month. Support independent journalism. Subscribe now or log in to continue reading.
Classical Music, Film
Tribute to Ken Russell: his best classical music films
Insightful, shocking, lurid, masterful: eight examples of Russell's composer portraits on film. Access our paywalled content and archive of magazines, regular news and features for the limited offer of $3 per month. Support independent journalism. Subscribe now or log in to continue reading.