text:
Cricket and Corruption
There has been tremendous publicity and angry vitriol surrounding a recent admission of guilt by former Zimbabwean cricket captain Heath Streak regarding his conduct and association with an 'unnamed individual' who was allegedly interested in investing in cricket in Africa. Streak played 65 Tests and 189 one-day internationals for Zimbabwe between 1993 and 2005.
In his official statement Streak states, said individual was 'vetted and cleared through the usual protocols' before he engaged with him. He explains that he received an undisclosed amount of Bitcoin to assist in building and buying teams to participate in a future competition. Later, he claims, he only received a bottle of whiskey and a phone for his wife. Some months after this he was informed by someone on the ICC that the unnamed individual was involved in online betting and may have used some of the information passed by Streak for gambling purposes. Following an intensive two-year investigation of Streak's activities, it apparently became clear he had "unwittingly flouted some of the elements of the ICC ethics code." Streak states categorically "I was not involved in any match-fixing, spot-fixing or attempt to influence a game or share information from a changing room during a match at any given time in our relationship. This has been confirmed by the ICC itself in its own statement".
The punishment is severe; he has been banned from having any involvement in the game of cricket for eight years and there might be more to come. A move has been made by the Zimbabwe Sports and Recreation Commission to initiate a criminal prosecution.
"The Ministry has requested the National Prosecuting Authority to ascertain whether any of the criminal laws in Zimbabwe, particularly those relating to corruption, have been breached by Heath Streak in order that appropriate action is also taken locally by the NPA," the SRC board chairman said.
"It remains the Ministry and SRC's position that there is zero tolerance for corruption and bad governance in our sport and all such instances of corruption are hereby condemned in the strongest possible terms,'' the SRC further stated.
It supported Streak's ban from all involvement in cricket.
"In this respect, the decision of the ICC in relation to the banning of Heath Streak is fully supported and endorsed." The above decisions by the ICC and the SRC have been applauded by the international media and by cricket administrators everywhere.
I am not acquainted with Heath Streak, but I was dismayed some years ago to watch him launch into the political arena as a proud member of an organisation called Zimbabweans Against Sanctions. From this position he used his heft as a well-known sporting personality to join the call for the United States and the European Union to lift the targeted travel and financial restrictions imposed on certain individuals one of whom, ironically, was the late former Zimbabwe Cricket President Peter Chingoka.
Streak, somewhat disingenuously in my view, bearing in mind he comes from farming stock and had weathered the land invasions, blamed the country's lack of economic development on these so-called sanctions.
I reminded myself he was probably too young to know what real sanctions were. A little older he would have known that that was when the Royal Navy deployed warships to patrol the Mozambique Channel in an effort throttle his country, and the United Nations declared it a threat to world peace as a pretext to implementation of the most comprehensive economic sanctions ever imposed by the world body, aimed at stopping all imports and exports, to and from every country in the world. The 'sanctions' he was complaining about were and are in fact, restrictions placed on a small number of individuals who have been accused of human rights and other abuses. If he thought his actions might ingratiate him with the cricketing and political authorities, it appears he was mistaken.
Having said all that, I still look at this punitive action against him and the attendant international applause with a jaundiced eye.
From 1992 when Peter Chingoka took over as Board Chairman, cricket in Zimbabwe has lurched from one crisis to another thanks to an administration that has been characterised by endemic corruption and atrocious mismanagement. Millions has allegedly been stolen.
In March 2003 Captain Andy Flower and paceman Henry Olonga wore black arm-bands to protest the politics of the day following the land invasions and the poor administration of cricket. They both left the country soon thereafter.
In October 2007, Chingoka, who was due to give evidence in a Darrell Hair employment tribunal/racism controversy, was refused entry to Britain. In February 2008, the-then UK Culture Secretary Andy Burnham, refused to guarantee that Chingoka would be allowed entry to attend a London meeting of the ICC until a publication of a report by accountants KPMG on alleged corruption in Zimbabwean cricket. The ICC remained silent.
In an attempt to increase pressure, 30 players, including then captain Tatenda Taibu signed a petition calling on Chingoka and Managing Director Ozias Bvute, to resign. This was also ignored by the ICC.
Recently, four national players wrote to the ICC pleading with the body to intervene and save cricket in the country. They have been ignored and the signatories are, I gather no longer, eligible for selection.
The wilful complicity of the ICC has been an important component in the decline and near destruction of Zimbabwe cricket. The official reaction to this error of judgement – which appears more unethical than criminal – is puzzling. Could it be because Streak is white and therefore the perfect scapegoat and an opportunity for the responsible authorities to be seen to be doing something?
If the ICC members are serious about looking for corruption in the game, maybe they should use a mirror.
Is South African Cricket Doomed?
Quinton Capitulates
One thought on "Cricket and Corruption"
Alistair says:
8. May 2021 at 13:27
Exactly! Sick and tired of all their hypocricy!


text:
Q: How to store value in variables while looping list of dicts I want to solve the following problem. I have variable data_json which contain  json data of following structure
data_json =
"api": {"results": 402,
"fixtures":
[{"fixture_id": 127807,
"league_id": 297,
"round": "Clausura - Semi-finals",
"statusShort": "FT",
"elapsed": 90,
"venue": "Estadio Universitario de N)",
"referee": null,
"homeTeam": {"team_id": 2279,
             "team_name": "Tigres UANL",
             "logo": "url"},
"awayTeam": {"team_id": 2282,
             "team_name": "Monterrey",
             "logo": "url1"},
"goalsHomeTeam": 1,
"goalsAwayTeam": 0,
"score": {"halftime": "1-0",
          "fulltime": "1-0",
          "extratime": null,
          "penalty": null}},
 ....... another fixture-ids
 }
 }

 the same piece of data in another fixture_id

I need to extract values of each key:value pairs and save extracted values to variables. I need the following output
var fixture_id = fixture_id[value]
var league_id = league_id[value]
var round = round[value]
var statusshort = statusShort[value]
var elapsed = elapsed[value]
var venue = venue[value]
var referee = referee[value]
var home_team_id = homeTeam.team_id[value]
var home_team_name = homeTeam.team_name[value]
var home_team_logo = homeTeam.logo[value]
##the same for awayTeam dictionary

I tried looping on my json by following code
data_json_looping_on = data_json["api"]["fixtures"]
for id in data_json_looping_on:
    fixture_id = id["fixture_id"]
    league_id = id["league_id"]
    the same logic for each
    simple key value pairs. But when
    looping go up on dictionariy i tried
    following loop
    for item in id["homeTeam"]
          home_team_id = item["team_id"]

Here is Traceback of above code
 ------------------------------------------------
 TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
 <ipython-input-8-958a38c41236> in
 <module> 18 venue = item["venue"]
  19 referee = item["referee"] ---> 20
  for item in id["homeTeam"]: 21
  home_team_id = item["team_id"] 22
  print(home_team_id) TypeError:
  string indices must be integers
  ------------------------------------------------------

I tried another method
data_json_looping_on = data_json["api"]["fixtures"]
for id in data_json_looping_on:
      fixture_id = id["fixture_id"]
      league_id = id["league_id"]
      #the same for logic for each
      simple key value pairs.
      But when go up on
      home_team_id = id["homeTeam"]["team_id"]
      print(home_team_id)

Python arrise the following error
 ------------------------------------------------
     TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
     <ipython-input-5-1fe42572d5ae> in
     <module> 18 venue = item["venue"]
    19 referee = item["referee"] ---> 20
    home_team_id = id["homeTeam"]
    ["team_id"] 21 print(home_team_id)
    TypeError: string indices must be integers

How i can extract values of homeTeam and awayTeam dictionaries? If you have another logic of extracting give me your advise
Here is my real code
date_fixt = open("../forecast/endpoints/date_fixtures.txt", "r")
date_fixt_json = json.load(date_fixt)
data_json = date_fixt_json["api"]["fixtures"]
for item in data_json:
       fixture_id = item["fixture_id"]
       league_id = item["league_id"]
       event_date = item["event_date"]
       event_timestamp = item["event_timestamp"]
       firstHalfStart = item["firstHalfStart"]
       secondHalfStart = item["secondHalfStart"]
       round_count = item["round"]
       status = item["status"]
       statusShort = item["statusShort"]
       elapsed = item["elapsed"]
       venue = item["venue"]
       referee = item["referee"]
       for item in id["homeTeam"]:
           home_team_id = item["team_id"]
           print(home_team_id)

A: id["homeTeam"] and id["awayTeam"] aren't lists (there are no square brackets around them), they're just single dictionaries. So you don't need to loop over them.
date_fixt = open("../forecast/endpoints/date_fixtures.txt", "r")
date_fixt_json = json.load(date_fixt)
data_json = date_fixt_json["api"]["fixtures"]
for item in data_json:
       fixture_id = item["fixture_id"]
       league_id = item["league_id"]
       event_date = item["event_date"]
       event_timestamp = item["event_timestamp"]
       firstHalfStart = item["firstHalfStart"]
       secondHalfStart = item["secondHalfStart"]
       round_count = item["round"]
       status = item["status"]
       statusShort = item["statusShort"]
       elapsed = item["elapsed"]
       venue = item["venue"]
       referee = item["referee"]
       home_team_id = item["homeTeam"]["team_id"]
       print(home_team_id)
       away_team_id = item["awayTeam"]["team_id"]
       print(away_team_id)

A: Your json may be formatted improperly if it is thinking that "homeTeam" is reference to a string and not a dictionary.
try:
import json
data_json = json.loads(data_json)
home_team_id = id["homeTeam"]["team_id"]
away_team_id = id["awayTeam"]["team_id"]

The second issue may be that it's failing at:
fixture_id = id["fixture_id"]

because "fixtures" references a list. So you should also try:
fixture_id = data_json_looping_on[0]["fixture_id"]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


There are a number of things that you can do in order to keep your skin looking youthful and beautiful for a longer time however as the time flies you begin to age and fine lines start to become visible a lot more than you would want it to. If you do not want to have old looking skin than one of the best ways to get rid of this is to opt in for botox.
Although some people believe that botox is not a permanent solution and it will come to bite you later on because you will start to have beard growth and whiskers overnight, you need to understand that when botox is done in the professional way under the right people you will have perfect looking eyebrows for a long time without having to stress too much. One of the main reasons why it is extremely essential for you to ensure that the botox procedure is carried out under the right professional care is because these injections need to be monitored and the right dosage of Botox needs to be injected into your skin. If the professional injects too much into your skin then you will have extremely stressed out look and your face will always look like it is in shock.
However if very little botox is used then it will not work and your eyebrows will still be droopy and your lines will still be visible. Only professionals know exactly how much quantity of Botox is required in order for you to look naturally young without affecting your features too much. While some people believe that botox is a surgical procedure the truth is this is a non surgical procedure and it simply involves an injection that is injected into your skin so that your skin stretches out and becomes tighter.


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Total Serenity Serum instantly relieves, reduces and rebalances stressed skin for a healthier, calmer skin. Featuring super antioxidants as well as natural sea algae, this probiotic serum reinforces the skin's natural immune defenses with enhanced DNA protection and cell function, stabilizes collagen and elastin and strengthens skin structure. Enriched with Hyaluronic Acid, it replenishes the skin's natural hydration mechanisms, promoting a nourished, soothed and healthier skin.
Spread on clean skin twice a day, in the morning, followed by Probiotic Day Cream, and at night - followed by Harmonizing Night Cream.


text:
Q: Como verificar mais de um nivel de um objeto sem que o código fique visualmente feio? Tenho um objeto postCardImage ele é preenchido por um retorno que eu tenho na minha API, o problema é que preciso testar todo o objeto que retornou para entao atribui-lo.
Faço o teste assim:
postCardImage:
  post._embedded["wp:featuredmedia"] |
  post._embedded["wp:featuredmedia"][0] |
  post._embedded["wp:featuredmedia"][0].media_details |
  post._embedded["wp:featuredmedia"][0].media_details.sizes |
  post._embedded["wp:featuredmedia"][0].media_details.sizes.full |
  post._embedded["wp:featuredmedia"][0].media_details.sizes.full.source_url ? post._embedded["wp:featuredmedia"][0].media_details.sizes.full.source_url : ""

porem achei isso muito grande e feio, queria saber se nao teria um forma mais elegante de testar isso?
por exemplo:
 if(post._embedded["wp:featuredmedia"][0].media_details.sizes.full.source_url){
  console.log("objeto ok");
 }

Isso é um problema muito comum no meu dia a dia, porem ainda nao tive uma solução.
O que é preciso fazer para melhorar essa pergunta?

A: Você pode criar uma função para isso:
function get(obj, path) {
    const attributes = path.split('.');

    for (let attribute of attributes) {
        if (!obj.hasOwnProperty(attribute)) {
            return null;
        }

        obj = obj[attribute];
    }

    return obj;
}

Ela basicamente percorre o caminho de atributos que você deseja e se algum deles não existir retorna null. Pontos fracos desta solução é que se o valor desejado for null você não conseguirá distinguir se retornou o valor corretamente ou se retornou null porque não encontrou o atributo; outro é que como é utilizado o caractere ponto como separador, nenhum dos atributos pode possuí-lo no nome (isso pode ser contornado alterando o separador para outro caractere).

function get(obj, path) {
    const attributes = path.split('.');

    for (let attribute of attributes) {
        if (!obj.hasOwnProperty(attribute)) {
            return null;
        }

        obj = obj[attribute];
    }

    return obj;
}

const obj = {
    _embedded: {
        "wp:featuredmedia": [
            {
                media_details: {
                    sizes: {
                        full: {
                            source_url: 'Conteudo'
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        ]
    }
};

const existe = get(obj, '_embedded.wp:featuredmedia.0.media_details.sizes.full.source_url');
const naoExiste = get(obj, '_embedded.wp:featuredmedia.1.media_details.sizes.full.source_url');

console.log(existe, naoExiste);


The Belfast city centre Obel property complex is set to receive a £2m investment from its owners, leading commercial property agent Lisney has announced.
The cash injection will involve a major upgrade of Ireland's tallest building. Significant refurbishment works are set to be carried out to the common areas throughout the building.
As the appointed asset manager for the project, Lisney will oversee the programme of enhancement works which will lead to a limited number of apartments in the Donegall Quay development coming to market upon completion.
"This multi-million pound investment not only represents the most positive development in the local property market for many years, but also provides a major boost to the Northern Ireland economy.
"The Obel building helped reshape the Belfast skyline when it was first launched and the forthcoming refurbishment works will help the complex fulfil its full potential, becoming the pinnacle of city centre living for Belfast's young professionals.
"As the appointed asset manager for the project, we are already seeing very clear signs of the appetite which exists for living units at what is set to become one of the city's most iconic buildings.
The Obel is a 27-storey complex comprising of over 200 luxury apartments and 52,462 sq ft of grade A office accommodation, which is home to international law firm Allen & Overy and the Mount Charles-operated eaterie, Fed and Watered.
The Obel was first launched onto the market in 2005 when dozens of apartments were sold off-plan. Construction commenced in 2006 and was completed in 2011.
"Lisney is delighted to be asset managing this milestone investment project which will provide a real vote of confidence and shot-in-the-arm for the local property sector.
"There's no doubt the works which are set to take place will ensure the building will be of the highest possible specifications.


text:
DGP Sumedh Saini defends Bikram Majithia in drug racket case; Played off demand of CBI inquiry into allegation levels by Jagidh Bhola
January 9, 2014 | By Sikh Siyasat Bureau
Chandigarh/ Punjab (January 09, 2014): Punjab police chief DGP Sumedh Saini has come to the defence of Punjab cabinet minister Bikram Majithia, a senior politician belonging to the ruling Badal regime. Bikram Majithia has been named as patron of drug trade in Majha region of Punjab by drug-kingpin and former Punjab cop Jagdish Bhola, who is facing charges of drug smuggling and trade in a global drug racket related case.
Sumedh Saini addressing the media persons [File Photo]
Sumedh Saini who himself is facing serious allegations of carrying out mass level human rights abuses in Punjab during 1980-90s, is considered to be blue-eyed boy of Punjab CM Parkash Singh Badal.
Addressing a press conference, DGP Sumedh Saini did not favour handing over the case to the CBI. "Going by the fact that the Punjab Police has worked in tandem with the Intelligence Bureau, Border Security Force, Narcotics Control Bureau and Enforcement on the problem of drugs in the state, handing over the case to CBI will mean giving in to a baseless demand of a hardened criminal.
"It will take away the efforts of our team and remove focus from the investigation," he said.
Notably, Punjab Police chief dismissed allegations made by drug smuggler Jagdish Bhola over the "involvement" of Revenue Minister Bikram Singh Majithia in the exposed multi-crore drug racket, while describing it as ridiculous.
Sumedh Saini reportedly disclosed some facts related to the case. "The police recovered 100.9 kg heroin in 2011, 278.4 kg in 2012 and 416 kg in 2013. From Bhola alone, the recoveries included 28.5 kg heroin, 14.8 kg ICE, more than one tonne raw material for preparing ICE, 13 weapons and $900", he disclosed.
Sumedh Saini said that apart from Jagdish Bhola, the police had arrested 50 more persons who were under investigation. He also rubbished allegations of the involvement of Patiala SSP Hardayal Mann in any drug racket, as alleged by Jagdish Bhola.
It may be recalled that Jagdish Bhola, after one of his recent court appearances, had disclosed the name of Bikram Majithia as mastermind of drug racket. He had openly named Bikram Majithia before media and said that he would disclose name of another Badal Dal leader from Doaba region of Punajb who is involved in drug smuggling.
The demand for ordering CBI inquiry or a probe by sitting judge of the High Court is growing strong in wake of disclosure of Bikram Majithia's name. Various quarters, including the opposition Congress party, are emphasising the need of CBI inquiry into the matter.
But the Punjab government is attempting to undermine the matter. Various government officials, including Deputy Chief Minister Sukhbir Badal have ruled out CBI inquiry in to this matter.
In a press conference, Maheshinder Singh Grewal, newly appointed Advisor to the Chief Minister, said, "The Shiromani Akali Dal will not have the government ordering a CBI inquiry. Majithia's being open to any investigation in his private capacity only shows his conviction in transparency."
Related Topics: Bikram Majitha, Drug Addiction Problem, Jagdish Bhola, Punjab Police, Sumedh Saini

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


At Luquillo Beach hostel we try and keep things fun and friendly however, we ask all guests to be quiet in the bedroom and hall areas after 11 pm. We also expect all guests to be considerate and respectful to one another and to hostel staff and to comply with the hostel rules. Guests are expected to clean and return any kitchen items they use and offensive, drunken or rude behavior will not be tolerated and any guest acting in this manner will have their reservation cancelled and be asked to leave.
Check-in: at Luquillo Beach Hostel is strictly between 3:00 and 9:00 pm. Guests failing to check in by this time will automatically have their booking cancelled and will not be allowed access to the Hostel. Please remember that we are a family run business and do not have a 24-hour reception (although staff are available 24 hrs. for any emergency). In the event of a reservation being cancelled due to a guest's failure to check-in by 9:00 pm, the fee for the first night's accommodation will be charged.
Check-out: at 11:00 am. The hostel is closed to all guests between 11:00 am and 3:00 pm for cleaning. Please help us to maintain our high standard of cleanliness by vacating the hostel between these times. Thanks!
Luquillo Beach hostel has a 1-day cancellation policy. Cancellations must be made by 11am the day before the scheduled arrival date. Late cancellations and no-shows shall be charged. Sorry, no exceptions.
Luquillo Beach Hostel operates a sliding scale of charges for group booking cancellations. The amount charged depends on the amount of notice given (see below).
Due to the communal nature of hostel living, we are unable to accept families or groups with children under 12 years of age. We are sorry for any inconvenience this may cause.
Sorry! Luquillo Beach Hostel does not accept pets.


text:
Coherus Biosciences Appoints Mary Szela To Board of Directors
by Emily Wasserman |
Sep 26, 2014 7:55am
REDWOOD CITY, Calif., Sept. 24, 2014 /PRNewswire/ -- Coherus BioSciences, Inc., a late-stage biologics platform company focused on the global biosimilar market, announced today the appointment of Mary Szela, Chief Executive Officer of Melinta Therapeutics, Inc., to its board of directors.
"We are delighted to welcome Mary Szela to our team," said Denny Lanfear, President and Chief Executive Officer of Coherus. "Mary's experience in pharmaceutical sales and marketing will complement our team's proven product development capabilities, enhancing our cloning-to-commercialization expertise."
"Coherus has established a highly effective biosimilar development platform to gain regulatory approval of these complex biologics, and shares my personal desire to increase access to essential therapeutics to patients around the world," said Ms. Szela. "I look forward to working with the distinguished board of directors at Coherus to advance its collaborative business model and propel its pipeline of biosimilars to the market."
Ms. Szela has a 25-year history of creating growth, generating positive organizational change and inspiring high-performing teams. Ms. Szela joined Melinta Therapeutics as director in January 2013 and was named Chief Executive Officer in April 2013. Prior to that, she held a series of leadership positions at Abbott Laboratories, including Senior Vice President of Global Strategic Marketing and Senior Vice President of U.S. Pharmaceuticals, and was directly responsible for its $8 billion U.S. pharmaceutical business, where she directed the development and launch of more than eight new pharmaceutical products and multi-billion dollar sales growth for Abbott's Humira® product. In Abbott's Hospital Products division, she was responsible for Abbott's peri-operative, intensive care and pain management pharmaceutical business and the global One 2 One outsourcing business.
Ms. Szela also serves on the board of directors of Suneva Medical, Inc. and Melinta Therapeutics, and earned a Bachelor's degree in Nursing and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Illinois.
About Coherus BioSciences, Inc.
Coherus is a late-stage biologics platform company focused on the global biosimilar market. Headquartered in the San Francisco Bay Area and composed of a team of industry veterans with decades of experience in pioneering biologics companies, our goal is to become a global leader in the biosimilar market by leveraging our team's collective expertise in key areas such as process science, analytical characterization, protein production and clinical-regulatory development. Our commercialization partnerships include global pharmaceutical companies in Europe, Asia and Latin America.
Biosimilars are intended for use in place of existing, branded biologics to treat a range of chronic and often life-threatening diseases, with the potential to reduce costs and expand patient access. For additional information, please visit www.coherus.com.
CONTACT: Beth Jimison, 650-649-3526, [email protected]
Coherus BioSciences Logo.
Logo - http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20120507/SF01448LOGO
SOURCE Coherus BioSciences
Mallinckrodt strikes $20M RNAi pact with Silence Therapeutics
Mallinckrodt is teaming up with Silence Therapeutics to develop an RNAi program aimed at a group of proteins that play a part in promoting inflammation.
by Amirah Al Idrus Jul 19, 2019 9:50am
Emily Wasserman


text:
KidsRadio Registration
DONATION -SPENDE
AYEA 2019
Afro News
TopAfric e.V.
Afrodeutsch
Adoboli Detained, Faces Deportation to Ghana
Bezirkswahlen 2019: Zwischenergebnis
MoneyGram's sponsorship Award for Africans in Germany
TONOU-MBOBDA.
OFFENER BRIEF AN DAS UNIVERSITÄTS-KLINIKUM EPPENDORF Tonou- Mbobda ist nach den Angriffen von Sicherheitsbeamten der UKE gestorben!
Pressemitteilung -AYEA 2018
"Hamburg Refugees" Held Press Conference
AfD-Fraktionschefs Nikolaus Kramer
"Neger" -Zwischenruf im Landtag ist erlaubt
'Hoeneß can't preach water and drink wine'
1 Jahr Community Learning: Erfolg, Kritik und Zukunft
Afro News Categories
TopAfric
Latest Afro News
"Afrika Empfang" in Hamburg
"WEEKEND VYBEZ" ON RADIO TOPAFRIC AIRING ON SATURDAYS FROM 18.00 – 20.00
"World Igbo Conference" Hamburg 2013. A suceess story
'I love the independent spirit in Bremen'
13yr Old Boy Keeps Big Snake as Pet (VIDEO)
16yr Old Almost Looses Her Baby
16yr Old Nigerian From Hamburg Wins Germany's Next Top Model
1st October Independence Day of Nigeria
2 Killed in Boston Marathon Bombing
24yr Old Nigerian Footballer Dies on Pitch in Poland
AfricaCup-Egypt and Ghana enter the quarterfinals
African Olympians Playing For Different Nations
Alberta Hopes To Win Gold for Gold Coast in London
Anthony Joshua unified the WBA, IBF and WBO world heavyweight titles
Arsenal Will Keep Van Persie
Asafa Powell & Tyson Gay Test Positive For Steroids
Balotelli Fights Mancini
Balotelli Says "I Wont Pay Fine"
16 Signs That You May Have HIV
8 Reasons Why Sex is very Important!
Africa Day in Hohenhorst was Fun!
Akoto Dergross Addresses The Obesity Problem In The African Community in Germany
Female Greek Athlete Makes Racist Comment Towards Africans
Gas Leak Causes Train Delays in Hamburg, Germany
Ghanaians dying prematurely in Hamburg
Health care! Are Ghanaians in Germany doing the right thing?
Is it okay to smoke weed?
Let's Exercise Our Voting Rights In Germany
Effiya Ephya
'It's not just about my experience and my sympathy, it is about the community who needs a voice at the local assembly, we must therefore do everything necessary to be part of the political dispensation'.
Irene was a guest on the Effiya Ephya Show in the studios of Radio TopAfric. The interview was about the upcoming European and Hamburg district elections 'Bezirksversammlungswahl'. The elections are taking place on Sunday, 26 May 2019.
Born and bred in Hamburg-Billstedt, Irene Appiah is a mother and works with the Hamburg Ministry of Education 'Schulbehörde'. The seasonal politician is a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and is of African heritage, born in 1976 to Ghanaian parents.
She is contesting the Hamburg-Mitte local assembly elections and is seeking the assistance and support of the community to make it.
Question: Who can vote?
Irene:
Persons who are 16 years and above.
Persons who are registered in Hamburg-Mitte for at least six months.
Persons who hold an EU and/or German passport.
Question: Do you have what it takes to represent your people?
Yes, long before I entered into politics, I have been a community activist, representing my people, helping with complex bureaucratic issues. My background as a solicitor has been very useful. Besides it is no longer about me, but about us. We have the numbers and must therefore use it to our advantage.
If we are able to mobilise our people well, we can make it. I will then be in a better position to help create educational opportunities for children of African heritage, help establish extra classes, continue with the African Community Centre, which we have already started. Remember most of our people are facing accommodation problems; we can help address this properly.
Question: How can one vote for you?
The postal voting system 'Brierfwahl' is the most ideal and comfortable way of voting, all eligible voters have been sent voting documents. Those who have not received them could apply at their various district assemblies 'Bezirksamt – Wahldienstelle'. In my case Bezirksamt Hamburg-Mitte.
The documents include two voting sheets
1. Pink sheet, you can locate my name (Irene Appiah) on position six. Please, cross all five positions in front of my name.
2. Yellow sheet, my name (Appiah Irene) is placed at position 10, cross all five boxes for me. I will appreciate it most if people could take advantage of the postal voting.
Question: What should one do on the actual poll date?
On Sunday, the polling stations are open from 8.00 am till 18.00. Eligible voters are encouraged to go and cast their votes. As stated earlier, residents of Hamburg-Mitte, which comprises of the following townships:
Billbrook, Billstedt, Borgfelde, Finkenwerder, HafenCity, Hamburg-Altstadt, Hamm, Hammerbrook, Horn, Kleiner Grasbrook, Neustadt, Neuwerk, Rothenburgsort, St. Georg, St. Pauli, Steinwerder, Veddel, Waltershof and Wilhelmsburg, can vote for me.
In addition, those in Billstedt can also use the pink sheet to vote for me.
Question: What message do you have for your people?
I have been serving and representing the interests of the African community and will continue to do so. We have the numbers; we have the people and the competence to be relevant in Germany. Let's be politically active and participate in taking decisions that concern us. If we refuse and fail to exercise our voting rights, others will decide for us.
I am confident we won't allow this opportunity to escape us, go and vote, and vote for me.
One can reach Irene as follows:
w: www.spd-hh-mitte.de
f: Irene.appiah.5
New Germany Laws and Regulations in 2019
The African Courier/Femi Awoniyi
Many new laws and legislative changes, affecting employees, the unemployed, families and retirees, came into force on 1 January 2019. The African Courier takes us through some of the most important changes that we should know.
Minimum wage rises
The statutory minimum wage (der gesetzliche Mindestlohn) rises from 8.84 euros to 9.19 euros on 1 January 2019. From 2020, employers will have to pay at least 9.35 euros per hour.
Several industry minimum wages have also risen, for example, in the roofing trade, in the electrical trade, in the building cleaning trade, and in the temporary work and care sectors.
Because a job is subject to social insurance if the earnings limit of 450 euros per month is exceeded, those who want to avoid this would have to reduce the working time accordingly.
More time for filing tax return
From 2019, taxpayers will have two months longer to submit their annual tax return (Abgabe der Steuererklärung). Those who submit their tax returns themselves have time to file their returns for 2018 until 31 July 2019. For taxpayers represented by a tax advisor, the deadline will be extended from the end of the year to the 28th of February of the following year. For example, the tax return for 2018 will then be due latest 28 February 2020.
However, whoever does not submit the tax declaration on time must automatically pay a delay fine.
Higher tax allowance
Income tax is now payable only on an income of more than 9,168 euros (steuerlicher Freibetrag) per year – that is, 168 euros more than in 2018. For jointly assessed couples, the threshold rises to 18,336 euros.
Statutory health insurance for self-employed persons cheaper
For full-time self-employed persons with low incomes, the minimum premium in the statutory health insurance (gesetzliche Krankenkasse) has now been reduced from around 360 euros to about 156 euros per month. The reason: Since 1 January 2019, the minimum assessment basis (Mindestbemessungsgrundlage) for membership in the statutory health insurance for the self-employed has been reduced to 1,038.33 euros (it was 2,284 euro in 2018).
Making calls abroad becomes cheaper
Roaming charges have been history since 2017. Now phone calls and the sending of text messages to other EU countries will become cheaper this year. From mid-May 2019, the price of international calls will be capped at 19 cents per minute. SMS will cost a maximum of six cents.
CHANGES AND NEW LAWS FOR FAMILIES
More child benefit
Child benefit (Kindergeld) will be increased from 1 July 2019. Parents will get 204 euros/per child for the first and second child; 210 euros for the third child; and 235 euros a month for each additional child.
Higher tax deduction for children
The tax exemption for dependent children (Kinderfreibetrag) has been increased, starting from January, to 2490 euros or for both parents to 4980 euros when assessed together.
Child maintenance allowance rises
The alimony payments for children of separated parents (Unterhalt für Trennungskinder) have also been increased. From 1 January 2019, the minimum maintenance allowance payable for children under the age of seven will be 354 instead of the previous 348 euros per month. Seven to twelve-year-olds now get 406 instead of 399 euros. Children from 13 to 18 are entitled to a monthly allowance of 476 euros, it was formerly 467 euros. The minimum allowance for children of full age remains unchanged.
CHANGES FOR THE UNEMPLOYED
Increase in Hartz IV benefit
The standard rates for social assistance and unemployment benefit II (Sozialhilfe und Arbeitslosengeld II) have been increased. Single parents and persons living alone will now receive 424 instead of 416 euros. If you live with another needy person in the same household, you will receive 382 euros instead of 374 euros. The standard rate for children up to five years rises to 245 euros a month, and those from six to 13 years receive 322 instead of 316 euros.
Changes in Unemployment Benefit I
Previously, jobseekers must have held a job that made contribution to the unemployment insurance scheme for 12 months within the last 24 months prior to filing their application to be qualified to draw Unemployment Benefit I (Arbeitslosengeld I). From 1 January 2019, twelve months within the last 30 months are now sufficient to qualify for the benefit
Support for the long-term unemployed
For the long-term unemployed, state-funded jobs are now possible for re-entry into working life. Employers receive money from the state for five years to pay the employee: In the first two, labour costs are paid in full, and then the subsidy goes down by ten percentage points every year. Condition for qualification for the scheme is that the long-term unemployed is older than 25 years and has received Hartz IV for at least six years within seven years.
CHANGES FOR RETIREES
Increase in disability pension benefit
Disability pensioners will receive significantly more benefit if they retire from 2019. The pension (Erwerbsminderungsrente) will now be calculated as if the person concerned had worked until the standard retirement age – not like until now 62 years.
Pensioners pay more tax
Anyone who retires this year has to pay more tax on their pension income. From January 2019, the taxable portion of pension (Steuerpflichtiger Teil der Rente) increases from 76 to 78 percent. Thus, only 22 percent of the first full gross annual pension remains tax-free. This percentage applies only to persons retiring as from 2019.
© The African Courier/Femi Awoniyi
German base Nigerian; Funke Oshonaike is the most celebrated African Champion
Several years after ruling the continent, Nigeria's Olufunke Oshonaike yesterday turned the clock back to emerge as the new African champion in the women's single event of the 2016 ITTF Africa Senior Championships in Agadir, Morocco. As the second seeded player in the competition, Oshonaike has never beaten the young Egyptian in the last two years but the tide turned in favour of the Nigerian as the North African tasted the first defeat in the continent to surrender the title.
From the start of the encounter, Oshonaike took charge taking a 2-0 lead but the Egyptian restored parity at 2-2. Oshonaike then decided to play with a lot of caution and tactics which eventual confused her opponent who finally succumbed to the more experienced Nigeria.
To emerge as the new African Champion, Oshonaike won (7-11, 11-13, 11-5, 11-9, 7-11, 7-11).
An elated Oshonaike told SportingLife after the encounter that she never doubted her ability. "I knew it was going to be tough because being the African champion and she has been unbeaten in the last two years. I just told myself to go out there and have fun and show my experience and when it started working I gained more confidence. But when the match was 2-2 my coach, Segun Toriola told me not to give up and I kept on going and it worked for me at last. This victory means a lot to me that I can still become African champion despite my age.
"It shows that nothing is impossible regardless of age inasmuch as you put your mind at it. I am so happy despite the challenges of making it to Morocco. I feel great and I am so excited that I can still do it and this is also an inspiration for girls that no matter your age, you can achieve whatever you put your mind into in life," she said.
47 year old uncle having sexual relationship with 15 year old girl
A court in Germany has ruled that the parents of a 15-year-old girl cannot stop her having a sexual relationship with her 47-year-old uncle.
The girl, who has been named only as Josephine under German privacy laws, made headlines last year when she ran away with her uncle. She was 14 at the time.
When the couple were discovered in the south of France, Josephine told police she had run away voluntarily and was in love with the older man, who was her uncle by marriage. In common with several other European countries, the age of sexual consent in Germany is 14.
Josephine's parents sought a court order to prevent her being in contact with her uncle, on the grounds that the relationship was endangering her welfare.
But the teenager successfully challenged the order. The court ruled that as she is over 14 her own wishes have to be taken into account.
In their ruling, the judges said that Josephine risked "serious damage in her social-emotional and mental development" if she was prevented from further contact with the uncle. The judges emphasised that the decision in no way amounted to an endorsement or approval of the relationship.
"The court does not offer any opinion on the non-judicial question of whether a 47-year-old married man should return the love of a 14-year-old fired by adolescent affection and enthusiasm," they wrote. "The relationship may be socially undesirable and unacceptable, but it is not covered by criminal law, and not categorically forbidden."
The court case was the culmination of months of strife between the girl and her parents. When they forbade her from seeing her uncle on her return from France, she left home, stopped attending school and tried to stay in a government shelter. Her parents later had her admitted to a psychiatric hospital for five months. She refused to tell her parents the whereabouts of her uncle. The 47-year-old has children of his own, and has also been a foster parent.
The age of consent varies in different European countries. While it is 16 in the UK, Spain and the Benelux countries, other countries where it is only 14 include Italy, Portugal and Austria. In France it is 15, while in Ireland it is 17. There are provisions in German law to protect abuse of a minor who is over the age of consent by a much older partner, but only where the child concerned files a complaint with police.
"Basically, the law assumes that a 15-year-old is mature enough to decide about his or her sex life," Robert Ufer, a criminal lawyer, told Spiegel magazine.
Source: The Spiegel
Germany worried about Chinese takeovers
The more assertive noises coming out of Berlin are likely to dominate Economy Minister Sigmar Gabriel's trip to China in the coming days, putting to the test the oft-vaunted "special relationship" between the top export powers.
Germans have watched with unease as Chinese enterprises have swallowed up arecord number of homegrown tech companies this year, sparking fears of German knowhow and intellectual property being sold off to the highest bidder.The wave of acquisitions has also stoked grumbles over China's easy access to the country's open markets, often through state-backed companies, while foreign investors there face tight restrictions.
"Germans seem to be growing more and more sceptical about China, and consequently more willing to pursue a tougher approach to Beijing," said analyst Hans Kundnani from the German Marshall Fund. In the clearest sign yet that Berlin could be squaring up for a battle, the German economy ministry this week said it was taking a closer look at two planned Chinese takeovers -- effectively stalling both deals.
The moves have not gone unnoticed in Beijing and Gabriel will likely face some prickly questions when he leads a 60-strong business delegation on a five-day trip to China and Hong Kong from Tuesday.
'Paranoia'
Germany's first punch came last Monday when the ministry said it had withdrawn its approval for Grand Chip Investment's 670-million-euro ($730-million) purchase of chip equipment maker Aixtron, citing security concerns. German daily Handelsblatt said the surprise reversal came after US intelligence services warned that Aixtron products could be used for military purposes. The deal is now back under review, a process that could last three months.
Days later, the economy ministry said it was also reviewing the mooted sale of German firm Osram's general lighting unit to a Chinese buyer.
So far there has been little official reaction from Beijing. But a bylined commentary carried by the official Xinhua news agency was scathing, accusing Germany of "protectionist moves" that called into question "Berlin's sincerity in securing an open and transparent investment climate".
"It is time for Berlin to let go of its delusional "China threat" paranoia," it added.
Call for EU action
Chinese firms spent over 11 billion euros on German companies between January and October, a new record, according to accountancy firm EY. Included in that is the 4.6-billion-euro purchase of leading robot maker Kuka by Chinese appliance giant Midea, a deal that sparked particular alarm and which Gabriel had sought to thwart. Gabriel, also Germany's vice-chancellor, has since drawn up a list of proposals to give European Union governments greater powers to block takeovers by non-EU firms in strategic industries.
Crucially there has been no word yet on whether Chancellor Angela Merkel --who has championed close economic ties with Beijing -- approves of the idea. But Gabriel is likely to get a sympathetic hearing from at least some European peers.The new British government recently delayed the controversial Hinkley Point nuclear project over concerns about China's involvement, before eventually giving it the go-ahead.
In Brussels, an in-depth EU antitrust probe is holding up state-owned ChemChina's proposed mammoth takeover of Swiss seed maker Syngenta.
Level playing field:
Observers, however, say Germany is not about to close the door on China, one of its most important trade partners.
Rather, the latest manoeuvres should be seen as part of a growing debate about how "to get a level playing field" with China, Kundnani told AFP. Gabriel himself told reporters this week foreign investment with China could not be "a one-way street".
"We would like reciprocity," he said.
Foreign investors have long complained of the obstacles to doing business in China, such as the requirement to team up with local partners, while some sectors are completely off-limits. Friedolin Strack of the BDI federation of German industries said that despite the frustrations, German firms had benefited enormously from doing deals with China -- leaving Gabriel to tread a fine line during his visit.
"There are a lot of restrictions in Chinese markets," Strack told AFP. "Andwe should increase the political pressure and the pressure from businesses on China to remove these barriers.
"But if we say we are open only to those countries who are open with us, that would harm German companies."
Falko Droßmann hard on notorious Landlords
Falko Droßmann has taken a bold step against notorious landlords in Hamburg. The port city has been facing unprecedented accommodation challenges over the years. Demand far exceeding supply. The prices have become unbearable to the most vulnerable in the city.
Though the SPD government led by Olaf Scholz has been doing a lot to address the situation by making it easier for estate developers to build more houses, a notable few are still refusing to rent their empty apartments thus creating artificial shortages and pushing prices up.
The district chief executive of Hamburg –Mitte, Falko Droßmann has decided to dispose a landlord and to have his six apartments renovated and forcibly rented. The cost of renovation will be billed to the owner.
According to the plans the apartments will be handed over back to the owner after they are rented out. In addition, the tenants would have to receive secured contracts.
"Hamburg can no longer tolerate the strategic empty apartment's policies" says the energetic SPD politician. Hopefully other politicians will have the guts to initiate similar actions in their towns and cities, this is the first case so far in Hamburg.
A good leader always first and foremost think about the interest of his people.
Love expert Horst Wenzel, teaches how to appraoch German women
Horst Wenzel, dubbed 'Germany's number one love expert', has been volunteering his services to teach new migrants how to flirt and approach women.
The 27-year-old, who makes his living teaching wealthy but shy German men, has recently decided to offer his advice to young Syrian and Iraqi refugees in Dortmund, most of them from Middle Eastern countries, such as Iraq and Syria.
"Some German women are a bit racist towards us," said this Syrian refugee. "They don't know how refugees think or how they are living. Some people are getting the wrong idea."
"Don't tell them you love them at least for the first three months of your relationship, or they'll run away," he explained patiently. "German women don't like clinginess."
"Finding a relationship is the best way to integrate, and that's why I'm giving these classes," Wenzel said.
Wenzel usually charges 1,400 euros for a private one-day class, or 4,000 euros for a group. According to him, flirting is a large part of the integration process and hopes that the migrants will "fall in love with Germany".
While a part of the population is said to be against this project as it is conducted in a country where the migrant influx is already having deep political and social consequences, some German women seem receptive to the idea.
"Human touch, honesty, trust, that's what matters," insisted this local resident. "then I don't care whether he is from Syria or not."
According to reports, last year alone, around 890,000 people applied for asylum, with hundreds of thousands more applying this year.
Austin Ohaegbu
www.theafricancourier.de
Lost Hamburg Police Found Dead
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700.000 Ghanaians to elect a new President?
A Message to Ghanaians Home and Abroad
A Woman Maried To Two Men Legally!
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text:
Stig Pettersson (Suecia, 26 de marzo de 1935) fue un atleta sueco especializado en la prueba de salto de altura, en la que consiguió ser subcampeón europeo en 1962.

Carrera deportiva

En el Campeonato Europeo de Atletismo de 1962 ganó la medalla de plata en el salto de altura, con un salto por encima de 2.13 metros, siendo superado por el soviético Valeriy Brumel que batió el récord de los campeonatos con 2.21 metros, y por delante de otro soviético Robert Shavlakadze (bronce con 2.09 metros).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Atletas de Suecia
Deportistas de Estocolmo
Nacidos en Estocolmo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
A shotgun clause (or Texas Shootout Clause) is a term of art, rather than a legal term. It is a specific type of exit provision that may be included in a shareholders' agreement, and may often be referred to as a buy-sell agreement. The shotgun clause allows a shareholder to offer a specific price per share for the other shareholder(s)' shares; the other shareholder(s) must then either accept the offer or buy the offering shareholder's shares at that price per share.

Discussion

Typically, an exit clause is triggered in situations where a business partnership has severely deteriorated, and so the situation is often likened to a divorce. In the same way that drawn-out battles between a splitting couple can often leave children with emotional damage, so too can a business be damaged by drawn-out fighting between its owners. For this reason, experts in the area emphasize the importance of including an exit clause in a firm's shareholders' agreement in order to minimize the negative impact of a business-divorce. As with a prenuptial agreement, it is important to set out an exit clause early on in a business relationship when interests are still aligned and partners still like each other.

Shotgun clauses protect the interests of both or all parties regardless of their stake in the company. If one party decides to trigger the clause, it is in their best interest to make a well considered, fair offer - for if they make a low offer, their partner(s) may raise the resources to turn the offer against them, a counteroffer they would be bound to accept.

Process

The shareholder triggering the clause offers to buy the shares of the others at a specific price per share. The other shareholder(s) must then either accept the offer and sell their shares, or buy the triggering shareholders' shares at that same price. Alternatively, the clause can be structured so that the triggering shareholder offers to sell his shares at a specific price per share, and the other shareholders can then accept the offer or sell their shares to the triggering shareholder at the set price.

The timeline is generally very short, although there are no hard and fast rules. It would not be unusual to have 20 to 40 days to elect to sell or buy, and another 20 to 40 days to close. If the recipient of the offer does not respond in the allotted period of time, the offer is assumed to have been accepted.

Rationale

The clause is most applicable when both partners want to run the company, but not together, and an amicable buy-out cannot be reached. It serves as a sort of last resort method for solving these disputes, while also helping to ensure that a fair price is offered. When triggering a shotgun clause, the offering partner does not know whether they will end up buying or selling their shares, so the individual must – in theory – pick a price that they would find acceptable in either outcome, thus preventing large over- or under-valuations of the firm.

Financing

Shotgun clauses tend to favour people with cash readily available. Once a shotgun clause has been triggered, shareholders can often face difficulties obtaining traditional financing in order to buy the other shareholders' shares, due largely to the very short timeline of the transaction. Financing commitments from traditional banks typically take too long to obtain, and lenders often avoid situations where management conflicts are likely to disrupt the business. This means that owners facing a triggered shotgun clause are often forced to rely on their own resources if they wish to fend off being bought out. However, there are some private equity and venture capital firms that specialize in providing capital for shotgun situations.

Economics

In academic circles it has been argued that, under certain circumstances, these clauses are not economically efficient in that the partner who values the company most is not always the one that ends up buying the company. De Frutos and Kittsteiner suggest in their paper that in order to ensure an efficient outcome, there should not be a contractual obligation for the party who triggers the clause to name the price. Instead, they advocate including in the termination agreement a clause stating that the parties will negotiate for the right to be the person who chooses whether to buy or sell at the price specified by the other partner. They suggest that this negotiation take the form of an ascending auction where the shareholders bid for the right not to set the price per share. Each partner raises his/her bid continuously, but either partner can drop out of the auction at any time. The party that drops out becomes the one who must propose the price per share, but that person receives a payment from the other partner equal to the bid at which the auction ended.

References

 Cotter, John; "Shotgun Fund looks for bulletproof investments"; Toronto Business Journal; Vol 1 No 12, July 9, 2001.
 Middlemiss, Jim; "Fund shoots lights out of partnership disputes"; Lawyers Weekly; June 21, 2002; http://www.shotgunfund.com/news6-partnership-dispute.htm.
 The Shotgun Fund, , Oct. 27 2006.
 deFrutos, Maria and Kittensteiner, Thomas; "Efficient partnership dissolution under buy-sell clauses";ideas.repec.org, October 19, 2004.
 Middlemiss, Jim;"Shotgun Showdown" Financial Post, October 6, 2003. http://www.knowpreneur.net/resources/articles/fpost100603.pdf

Business terms
Shareholders


19. What rules of conduct apply in the housing facilities in the Pelsterstraat and the Oude Kijk in 't Jatstraat?
What rules of conduct apply in the housing facilities in the Pelsterstraat and the Oude Kijk in 't Jatstraat?
CUOS is responsible for the supervision of the housing facilities in the Pelsterstraat and the Oude Kijk in 't Jatstraat. The rules of conduct for the Pelsterstraat property you can find under this link, the rules of conduct for the property in the Oude Kijk in 't Jatstraat you can find here.


When the screen of Mythic Maiden appears, you will see some space which is like an attic, filled with different items, and to the right of the reels and the 30 paylines of this NetEnt Slot a mythic creature will be standing. It resembles very much a mask on top of a cylindrical structure, seemingly a chest with a padlock, and most likely that is a mummy. There are bound to be interesting developments in this game, so let us see what the Mythic Maiden in the game will be up to. Perhaps she is here, among the different items that have filled the attic. Do not be scared to explore the space there, because you will get wins as palatable rewards. You may be scared to search among items such as skulls, heads which have been cut off so long ago that they have shrunk. There are also spiders, the creatures inhabiting the attic. The treasure chests are the most pleasing symbols. You will also see a strange book, perhaps a book with spells. The letters symbols and the 10 symbol are very interesting, because they look like candles.
Both the Scatter and the Wild will shine in light. The Wild will replace all other symbols. All the lines on which that symbol comes out will pay 3x. The Wild will not substitute the Scatter, though. For the free spins, you will need minimum 3 Scatters. With 3 Scatters, you will grab a reward of 10 spins; for 4 Scatters, it will rise to 15 spins, and with 5 Scatters, it will amount to 30 spins. The mummy like Maiden, a mythic one, will open in the free spins. It will pamper you with multipliers which will range between 1x and 10x. And more spins will come in the round as an additional perk. The multipliers will be applied to all the wins, including the wins with Wilds.
The symbols which will shower payouts on you will comprise first of all the Head, which will reward you in groups from 2 to 5 symbols. For 2 symbols, the payout will be 5 coins, then you will get 70 coins for a combination of 3 symbols, 300 coins when 4 symbols come up, and 2,000 coins for a 5 symbols group. The Skull will provide payouts starting from 60 coins for 3 symbols, 200 coins for 4 symbols, and 1,000 coins will be brought by 5 symbols. The Book with the hand on it will reward you with 50 coins for 3 symbols, 150 for 4 symbols, and 500 for 5 symbols. The bug symbol will provide more sparing payouts, with 40 coins for 3 symbols, 100 for 4 symbols, and 200 c for 5 symbols. Finally, modest wins will come with the Treasure Chest symbol, with 25 coins for 3 symbols, 50 for 4 symbols, 150 for 5 symbols. The most modest wins will come with the letter symbols and with the symbol of 10. Besides the payouts, the thrills of the mystical world with the maiden which seems to be the center of developments will also make you dedicate yourself fully to the playing experience.


text:
Press group to NRA: 'It is un-American to threaten journalists'
by Brian Stelter @brianstelter September 5, 2017: 1:38 PM ET
Will NRA-backed Trump actually hurt the gun industry?
A trade group that represents The New York Times, the Associated Press and other major publishers is calling out the NRA, accusing the gun rights group of crossing a line and threatening journalists.
"We were taken aback by your recent criticism of The New York Times," the group Digital Content Next wrote in a letter to NRA spokesperson Dana Loesch on Tuesday.
In a viral video last month, Loesch harshly attacked the Times as an "untrustworthy, dishonest rag." She said her video was a "shot across your proverbial bow."
"We're going to laser-focus on your so-called honest pursuit of truth," Loesch said. "In short: We're coming for you."
The video received ample attention in conservative media circles. Fox News said the NRA was "targeting" the Times.
Loesch denied threatening the paper or its journalists. But Digital Content Next decided to speak out about the video and the NRA's ongoing anti-media campaign.
"It's your equal right to express your disagreement with viewpoints expressed by The New York Times or any other news organizations. The Constitution and its amendments are not ripe for cherry picking," the trade group said in Tuesday's letter. "However, when you use such incendiary language as 'we're coming for you,' it is our right to suggest in the strongest terms that your behavior is blatantly irresponsible as it may incite violence against journalists."
"Ninety-nine people out of a hundred would interpret this language as threatening and to suggest otherwise is disingenuous at best and dangerous at worst. Bottom line: It is un-American to threaten journalists," the letter said.
The letter was sent by Chris Pedigo, the senior vice president of government affairs at Digital Content Next.
The NRA did not immediately respond to a request for comment from CNN about the letter.
Dozens of big publishers are members of the association. The list includes 21st Century Fox, ABC, the BBC, the FT, Hearst, NBC, NPR, Time Inc., Tronc, Turner, USA Today, Viacom, and The Washington Post. (CNNMoney is part of Turner, which is a division of Time Warner.)
The association has previously expressed concern about media bashing by President Trump and other politicians. But Tuesday's letter goes further by engaging the NRA directly.
Without a Democratic president in power to be a focus of its messaging, the NRA has increasingly criticized media outlets like The Times. Analysts have speculated that the group is doing so to motivate existing members and recruit new members.
Michael Luo, editor of NewYorker.com, wrote last month that Loesch's web videos are "strikingly bellicose even by the standards of the association."
"It is, of course, perfectly within the prerogative of an advocacy group to stir anxiety and fear among its members or potential members for the sake of attracting donations," he wrote. "But gun owners, contemplating whether to re-up their forty-dollar annual memberships or hand over their credit cards for the first time, might consider the fact that they're being manipulated."
CNNMoney (New York) First published September 5, 2017: 12:24 PM ET


Open to all service providers in Port Alberni, self-care booths were available, plus demonstrations and health information from the participating vendors.
Anne Cappus provided demonstrations of her Zumba fitness class.
Pamela Gardner with Burnaby Orthopaedic and Mastectomy was visiting from the Lower Mainland, showing off products, taking measurement and doing fittings.
Myra Mack was available to provide hair cuts.


text:
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Ben Loftis is in his second season as a Strength and Conditioning Coach in the Padres organization. He has spent both seasons in the AZL. Prior to joining the Padres, he was a graduate assistant strength and conditioning coach at the University of Sioux Falls (June 2016-January 2018). He oversaw training of baseball, track and field, golf, and assisted with football. While coaching, he obtained his Master of Business Administration. Prior to Sioux Falls, he served as an assistant at the University of Arkansas (2015-2016) in Olympic Sports, primarily working with baseball. Prior to Arkansas, Loftis interned with football strength and conditioning at Iowa State University (Spring 2015). He received his Bachelor's in Exercise Science with a concentration in Strength and Conditioning from Northwestern College in Orange City, IA. While attending NWC, he was a member of the football team and also served as a student assistant strength coach. Loftis has his CSCS through the National Strength and Conditioning Association, a Level 1 Coaching Certification from the United States Weightlifting Association (USAW1) and is Reflexive Performance Reset (RPR) Level 1 certified.
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On coral reefs, damselfish defend their territories from invading herbivores and maintain algal turfs, from which they harvest filamentous algae. In southern Japan, intensive weeding of indigestible algae by Stegastes nigricans results in overgrowth by one filamentous alga, Polysiphonia sp. 1. Because this alga is highly susceptible to grazing and is competitively inferior to other algae, it survives only within the protective territories of this fish species, suggesting an obligate mutualism between damselfish and their cultivated alga. The wide distribution of damselfish species through the Indo-Central Pacific raises the question of whether this species-specific mutualism is maintained throughout the geographic range of the fish. To address this question, from all 18 damselfish species we conducted comprehensive surveys of algal flora within their territories throughout the Indo-West Pacific, and identified species of Polysiphonia using morphological examination and gene sequencing data.
Several species of the genus Polysiphonia were observed as a major crop in territories throughout the geographic range of S. nigricans. Polysiphonia sp. 1 occurred only in territories of S. nigricans in central areas of the Indo-Pacific. However, its occurrence was low from the Great Barrier Reef and Mauritius. In contrast, other indigenous Polysiphonia species, which formed a clade with Polysiphonia sp. 1, occurred in the territories of fishes from Egypt, Kenya, and the Maldives. The other Polysiphonia species in the clade only inhabited damselfish territories and were never found elsewhere.
Cultivation mutualism between the damselfish S. nigricans and algae of Polysiphonia was maintained throughout the Indo-West Pacific, although algal crop species and the mode of cultivation (e.g., presence/absence of selective weeding, the species composition of algal turfs) varied among localities. This finding implies that damselfish utilize indigenous Polysiphonia species in newly colonized habitats in different ways, and therefore the algal composition and means of cultivation have diverged.
Mutualism is widespread in nature, even between potentially antagonistic partners. Cultivation mutualism can be defined as relationships in which the consumer promotes the growth and net survival of the species it consumes. Most species engaging in cultivation mutualism are terrestrial, and these mutualisms usually involve fungi rather than primary producers (e.g., ant-fungal mutualisms [1–3]). Mutualisms between primary producers and herbivores, with the exception of crops and humans, typically involve either protection of a few plants that are much larger than the herbivores (e.g., ant-Acacia mutualisms [4, 5]) or facilitate pollination (e.g., fig-fig wasp mutualism [6, 7]), and are thus not considered cultivation mutualism in the strict sense. Therefore, the cultivation mutualism between the territorial damselfish Stegastes nigricans and algae of Polysiphonia on coral reefs  is noteworthy by virtue of being marine and because it involves photosynthetic algae.
On coral reefs, damselfishes individually defend territories from invading vertebrate/invertebrate grazers and maintain algal turfs, from which they obtain all of their food [9, 10]. These algal turfs are rich in biomass [11–14], are highly productive [12, 15], and are dominated by delicate, filamentous rhodophyta, especially members of the genus Polysiphonia [14, 16, 17]. These damselfishes browse mainly on the upright axes of filamentous algae [18, 19], digesting the material with a highly acidic stomach [20, 21], and absorbing the digested material in their long intestine with a slow gut turnover rate [22–25]. They have neither masticatory organs nor effective endogenous or exogenous carbohydrases for breaking down algal cell walls, and thus can only digest filamentous algae that have no cortical layer [19–21, 26, 27]. The algal turfs of the territorial damselfish, Stegastes nigricans, are a monoculture of the filamentous red alga, Polysiphonia sp. 1, in Okinawa, Japan, which is the northernmost range of this species . The fish intensively defends its territory against herbivores, weeds out indigestible corticated and/or calcareous algae, and harvests the filamentous alga. As a result, algal turfs within their small territories are dominated by only one algal species, Polysiphonia sp. 1, which is the most digestible alga species for this fish and is thus harvested by the damselfish as a staple food [19, 28]. This Polysiphonia sp. 1 is susceptible to grazing by territorial invaders and from competition from other algae, and therefore, inhabits only the territories of this damselfish species where other herbivores are chased away and other algae are weeded out [8, 29]. In this way, the fish and the alga are highly dependent on one another.
Reciprocal interactions between partners often vary geographically with the partners involved and the benefits received . The alga-farming damselfish, S. nigricans, is widely distributed throughout the Indo-Central Pacific , and it is unclear whether its relationship with Polysiphonia species is maintained throughout its geographic range. This fish neither sows nor transplants the algae, and it is proposed that water-borne diaspores (carpospores and tetraspores) of the algae germinate into sporophytes/gametophytes [32, 33]. However, little is known about the distribution and dispersal ability of Polysiphonia species. Damselfish larvae can potentially disperse over long distances, carried by currents during the pelagic larval stage, which lasts approximately 28 days [34, 35]. However, genetic differentiation has been observed between populations of damselfish in the Maldives and Guam in Micronesia, suggesting that long-distance dispersal is rare . The broad distribution of S. nigricans poses a question as to whether the cultivation mutualism occurring is also widespread. If so, is this partnership conserved throughout the geographical range of the fish? The composition of S. nigricans algal turfs have been reported from several sites covering a wide geographic distribution [14, 16, 37–39], however detailed and accurate classification of Polysiphonia to species level has thus far not been attempted. Morphological-based identification of filamentous red algae is highly problematic, mostly because they have a relatively simple morphology and exhibit extreme levels of phenotypic plasticity . However, molecular identification using 18S rDNA sequencing is known to agree with the species taxonomy based on anatomical data in Polysiphonia algae . The smallest difference between species was shown to be four bases in the 18S rDNA sequence , and as a result we used this criterion to distinguish species of Polysiphonia in this study. Thus, by determining the species identity of Polysiphonia algae using DNA sequencing data in concert with morphological characteristics, we explored the geographic pattern of the partnership between the fish and algal species, and detected the geographic distribution of the damselfish-algae mutualism.
We surveyed 320 territories of 18 damselfish species and thoroughly examined algae from each fish territory from coral reefs in Egypt, Kenya, Mauritius, the Maldives, Thailand, Borneo, the Okinawa Islands, and the Great Barrier Reef (GBR, Table 1). A total of 21 Polysiphonia genotypes were found among 211 territories of 15 damselfish species in the Indo-West Pacific (Fig. 1). These genotypes were different from each other by more than four bases in 18S rDNA, and therefore were treated as species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the collected Polysiphonia species detected four clades: A (including Polysiphonia sp. 1), B, C, and D, as shown in Fig. 1. Polysiphonia sp. 1, which had previously been found only within Stegastes nigricans territories in Okinawa, was discovered from territories of this damselfish species in Mauritius and the GBR, but nowhere else. Polysiphonia clade A species were seldom found outside territories of S. nigricans. In contrast, Polysiphonia sp. 3 of clade C occurred in the territories of 11 damselfish species and also outside damselfish territories throughout the study area. On the other hand, multiple species of Polysiphonia coexisted in the territories of S. nigricans and Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon in some localities. In general Polysiphonia algae were rarely found outside damselfish territories. In Okinawa, two species of Polysiphonia clades C and D occurred in 9.5% and 0.6% of these extra-territorial samples, respectively, although a very closely related Neosiphonia species that lacks a prostrate axis occurred in 37.3% of the extra-territorial samples.
Study sites and the number of samples collected.
- denotes the absence of the fish species at the site. Abbreviations of species in parentheses were used in Fig. 1.
Phylogeny of Polysiphonia algae found inside and outside the territories of 15 damselfish species. Each alga is denoted by the abbreviation of its damselfish host species that is shown in Table 1. 'Out' indicates algae collected outside damselfish territories. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of DNA samples including partially sequenced samples. Data presented as the scientific names of algae with accession numbers denote citations from the NCBI GenBank. Black blocks indicate the locations from which the algae were collected (EP, Egypt; KY, Kenya; MR, Mauritius; MD, the Maldives; TI, Thailand; BR, Borneo; OK, Okinawa; GB, the GBR). Gray blocks indicate areas inhabited by damselfish for which we have no data; blocks with slashes denote sites inhabited by damselfish where the alga was not found; open blocks indicate areas uninhabited by the fish. The tree was obtained using the ML method based on 1531 bp of 18S rDNA. Branches that collapse in MP, ML, and/or BI trees are presented as broken lines. Nodal support was assessed by the bootstrap value of MP and posterior probabilities of BI (above branches, MP/BI, respectively). Four abundant and widely-distributed damselfish species are listed on the right column, and their localities were linked with inhabitant Polysiphonia algae. Broad and narrow links indicate that the alga occurred in ≥ 50% or ≥ 25% of the territories of the damselfish species at these sites, respectively. Solid and broken lines indicate that the algal species occurred only within the territories of the fish species or that they also occurred in territories of other fish species and/or outside the damselfish territories, respectively.
Fig. 2 shows the percent composition of algae in the territories of four abundant and widely-distributed damselfish species, S. nigricans, S. lividus, Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus, and H. plagiometopon. Algal compositions of the territories differed among fish species (two-way ANOSIM, R = 0.51, p = 0.001), and among study sites (two-way ANOSIM, R = 0.51, p = 0.001). Algal turfs of these damselfishes were dominated by filamentous rhodophyta including Polysiphonia algae. Instead of Polysiphonia, a mixture of filamentous algae of the genera Neosiphonia, Herposiphonia, Anotrichium, and Ceramium comprised substantial portions of the algal turfs in all damselfish territories from all localities except for territories of S. nigricans in Okinawa. However, Polysiphonia species in clade A, to which Polysiphonia sp. 1 belongs, were consistently the staple species in S. nigricans territories at all study sites, although occupancy varied among study sites. Occupancy was higher in Okinawa than at the other sites (Tukey-Kramer test, Okinawa vs. all other sites, all p < 0.05). Polysiphonia sp. 1 (plain red bar in Figs. 1, 2) dominated S. nigricans territories in Okinawa, and also occurred in territories in Mauritius and the GBR. However, coverage of Polysiphonia sp. 1 in territories of S. nigricans were significantly higher from Okinawa than from Mauritius or the GBR (Fig. 3; Tukey-Kramer test, both pairs, p < 0.05). In Okinawa, S. nigricans depended exclusively on this algal species, forming monocultures, whereas in Mauritius and the GBR, Polysiphonia sp. 1 did not always occur in the territories of S. nigricans and did not dominate where it did occur.
Percent composition of algal turfs of four damselfish species in the Indo-West Pacific. (a) Stegastes nigricans, (b) S. lividus, (c) Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus, and (d) Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon. Colors and patterns of areas correspond to clades and species of Polysiphonia shown in Fig. 1, i.e., red, yellow, green, and blue indicate clades A, B, C, and D, respectively. Grey areas indicate composition of other algae. The numeral or hyphen (-) under each column indicates the number of samples or the absence of the fish species, respectively.
Geographic mosaic of partnerships between Stegastes nigricans and Polysiphonia algae in the Indo-West Pacific. The circle graphs indicate the biomass composition of algal species in territories of S. nigricans at our study sites. Colors and patterns correspond to the clades and species of Polysiphonia shown in Fig. 1, and grey indicates the presence of algae other than Polysiphonia spp. Light blue dots and black closed circles indicate the areas of coral reefs and S. nigricans, respectively.
From Egypt, Kenya, the Maldives, and the GBR, other species of clade A occurred in the algal turfs of S. nigricans. The Polysiphonia species that was dominant in territories of S. nigricans from Egypt was a sister branch of Polysiphonia sp. 1 (Fig. 1). However, the dominant Polysiphonia species from Kenya and the Maldives were not closely related to Polysiphonia sp. 1, and they also inhabited the territories of other damselfish species. Other damselfishes, i.e., Stegastes lividus, Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus, and H. plagiometopon, shared Polysiphonia sp. 3 (plain green bar in Figs. 1, 2) in most localities.
Throughout its geographical range, the territorial damselfish Stegastes nigricans maintained algal turfs that were consistently inhabited by local Polysiphonia species belonging to a single phylogenetic clade (clade A). Polysiphonia sp. 1 of clade A was common in the territories of S. nigricans from the central Indo-West Pacific, but not from Egypt, Kenya, or the Maldives, where other indigenous Polysiphonia species of clade A were utilized instead of Polysiphonia sp. 1 (Fig. 3). Two species of Polysiphonia that occurred in the territories of S. nigricans from Egypt and the GBR, and Polysiphonia sp. 1, were found only in S. nigricans territories. Additionally, two other Polysiphonia species were abundant and almost exclusively inhabited S. nigricans territories from the Maldives and Kenya. These results suggest that S. nigricans provides these Polysiphonia species with their sole or primary habitat, and harvests these filamentous algae as a staple food in all localities from the Indo-West Pacific. In this way, the mutualism between S. nigricans and its crop Polysiphonia species was maintained, but the partner Polysiphonia species varied among localities. Phylogenetic results suggest that shifts in crop algal species within clade A have occurred at least a few times in the West-Central Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the occurrence of Polysiphonia species in clade A in the territories of S. nigricans varied geographically, being highest in Okinawa, where the damselfish weed out algae other than the crop algal species. From Okinawa, where the relationship between the damselfish and Polysiphonia alga attains obligate mutualism, a single species of Polysiphonia dominated the territories of S. nigricans to form nearly pure monocultures, whereas other Polysiphonia species rarely coexisted within the territories. In the case of fungus-farming ants and termites, each colony is maintained as a monoculture of a genetically single cultivar [42, 43], and this is thought to be a key stabilizing factor in the mutualistic interaction on an evolutionary time scale . In the GBR and Mauritius, the coverage of Polysiphonia sp. 1 in territories was lower than in Japan, suggesting that the fish utilized not only this alga but also other algal species, as well as other resources such as detritus trapped in the algal turf [16, 37].
Conversely, from most locations the algal turfs of three other species of damselfishes, S. lividus, P. lacrymatus, and H. plagiometopon, were dominated by filamentous rhodophyta, and shared a generalist Polysiphonia species. This discrepancy in the structure of algal turfs between S. nigricans and other damselfish species is caused by differences in the inherent farming strategies of fishes, that is, intensive farming and extensive farming. In the intensive farming method, damselfish defend their small monoculture patch by selective weeding and vigorous exclusion of invaders. In contrast, in extensive farming, damselfish defend large but mixed-species algal turfs only by excluding invaders [16, 17, 28, 45].
The algal turfs of most damselfishes are known to be dominated by filamentous rhodophyta, but the dominant algal genera shift within the subclass Rhodymeniophycidae with geographic range as well as on much smaller scales such as reef zones on a coral reef [10, 17], and species-specificity has been known only between a damselfish, S. nigricans, and Polysiphonia sp. 1 in Okinawa . Extensive molecular phylogenetic analyses of algae enabled us to detect patterns between damselfish and Polysiphonia species at a species level, as this method is effective in detecting species interactions and coevolutionary processes in other mutualistic systems [46, 47]. More intensive research on algal turfs of damselfishes at each location, and species identifications of Polysiphonia algae using DNA sequences are needed to understand the partnerships between damselfish and Polysiphonia algae, their degrees of specialization in this cultivation mutualism system, and their geographic variations. Other than our study sites and focus species, Polysiphonia species are known to be abundant in the territories of damselfishes all around the Pacific, including those of S. apicalis in the Gulf of Thailand , S. lividus in Guam , S. nigricans, Neoglyphidodon nigroris, Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus, and P. dickii in Papua New Guinea [16, 17], Pomacentrus adelus, P. tripunctatus, and P. wardi in the GBR , S. nigricans in Fiji , S. fasciolatus in Tonga , and Microspathodon dorsalis in the Gulf of California , and even in the Atlantic (S. planifrons in Jamaica) . Studies of these species and locations would improve our understanding of mutualism between herbivorous fish and red algae on coral reefs.
The mutualism between a marine herbivorous fish, S. nigricans, and the filamentous rhodophyte Polysiphonia showed an asymmetric species-specific pattern in which indigenous Polysiphonia species exclusively inhabited the territories of S. nigricans, but not necessarily dominated the territories except in Okinawa. This mosaic pattern in the cultivation system is thought to be caused by differences in the history of interaction and coevolution between the fish and the algae and in the community of interacting organisms at each coral reef. Selective weeding by S. nigricans is a fundamental trait mediating this mutualism, and this maintains a near monoculture of Polysiphonia sp. 1 in Okinawa . Weeding behavior by S. nigricans has been observed 0.5 times per 10 minutes in Okinawa , and 0.7 times per 10 minutes in Kenya (n = 3 individuals, 1 observation each, our primary observation). In Kenya, however, three species of Polysiphonia coexisted with each other and with other algae in the territories. On the other hand, weeding behavior was not observed from the Maldives at least in our observation (n = 5 individuals, 1 observation each, our primary observation) where territories of S. nigricans were inhabited by two species of Polysiphonia. Further study on the variation in weeding behavior, its efficiency in local conditions, and its genetic basis are needed to explain this discrepancy among localities. With respect to local environments, sea urchins were more abundant inside territories of S. nigricans in Okinawa than in Kenya and the Maldives, and in Okinawa invading herbivores were also much more abundant than in Kenya (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Additionally, twelve species of territorial damselfishes coexist on reefs in Okinawa (Table 1). Therefore, the density, diversity, and composition of competitors may drive the selection mosaic . Further studies on population genetics of damselfishes and Polysiphonia algae, and measurement of fitness under interactions in each locality in this geographic range will reveal how geographic variation is structured and whether the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution is valid .
Geographic variation in the partnership and specialization between the cultivation mutualism participants has also been reported between a fungus-growing termite and its crop fungus [54, 55]. In this system, Microtermes termites are generalists and utilize genetically diverse symbiont fungi in South Africa, whereas the Microtermes species in western Africa (Senegal and Cameroon) are specialists and are associated with a single narrow lineage of fungi. The geographic patterns of mutualism are not obvious in fungus-growing attine ants or ambrosia beetles , but may be generally structured as observed from plant cultivation systems in humans .
This study revealed that the intensive-farming damselfish Stegastes nigricans maintains similar algal turfs dominated or subdominated by a clade of Polysiphonia species throughout a wide geographic range, but that the crop alga species varies among distantly isolated localities. These Polysiphonia species inhabited territories of fish species exclusively or nearly exclusively. Therefore, cultivation mutualism between S. nigricans and Polysiphonia algae was maintained throughout the geographic range of S. nigricans, with some algal shifts in crops occurring from the West Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. This damselfish-alga mutualism is a model system through which we can approach the origin, establishment, and coevolutionary processes of the cultivation system.
We collected Polysiphonia spp. and other algal species from the territories of 18 damselfish species from coral reefs at eight sites in the Indo-West Pacific from 2003 to 2006: Egypt (the Red Sea), Kenya, Mauritius, the Maldives, southern Thailand (the Andaman Sea), Sabah in Borneo, the Okinawan Islands in southern Japan, and the GBR in Australia (Table 1). Each algal sample was collected from each territory of damselfishes. We defined damselfish territory as the place where the territory holder fed on algae and defended against conspecific and heterospecific herbivores . Whether a site was located within or outside of a damselfish territory was determined by 20 min of observation immediately prior to sampling. To facilitate thorough sampling of algae from outside the territories of fishes in Okinawa, Japan, we set line transects from the beach to offshore areas, perpendicular to the shoreline, at 2, 4, and 10 reef flats around Okinawa Island (N 26°04-52', E 127°38'-128°19'), Ishigaki Island (N 24°19-36', E 124°04-20'), and Iriomote Island (N 24°15-25', E 123°40-55') . We set 1 × 1 m quadrats outside the territories at 50-m intervals along each transect and used a knife to scrape all of the algae and seagrass within the quadrats into mesh bags. In total, 158 samples were collected from outside damselfish territories.
Algal samples were immediately preserved in 100% ethanol. In the laboratory, samples were rinsed with distilled water, and all Polysiphonia algae were sorted under a microscope. Polysiphonia algae, including the small thalli of the algae, were classified into species using molecular data (see below). The percent composition of Polysiphonia species in algal turfs was quantified by spreading the algal samples evenly in a Petri dish marked with a grid, identifying the algae on fixed 100 crossing points using molecular data when necessary, and counting the occurrence of each algal species.
We extracted total DNA from field-collected, ethanol-preserved algae using Ampdirect® Plus (Shimadzu, Japan). A fragment of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the primers 5'-ACCTGGTTGATCCTGCCAG-3' and G07, and was directly sequenced using these two primers and four additional primers . Polysiphonia species can be classified at the species level using 18S rDNA sequences . All sequences were deposited in the DDBJ database [accession nos. AB505058-74].
Maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were conducted using PAUP* 4.0b10 , and Bayesian inference (BI) was conducted using MrBayes 3.2 . MP analyses employed the heuristic search option with TBR branch-swapping and 1000 random-taxon-addition replicates, identifying the 40 most parsimonious trees of length = 447, C.I. = 0.593, and R.I. = 0.770. Heuristic MP bootstrap analysis consisted of 1000 pseudoreplicates with 10 random-taxon-addition replicates per pseudoreplicate. The likelihood ratio test implemented in ModelTest 3.06  found the TrN + I + G model best fitting the sequence data, and this model was employed in a heuristic ML analysis. A heuristic search with 10 random-taxon-addition sequences and TBR branch swapping was performed. BI was performed based on the model HKY + I + G, which was selected by MrModeltest 2.3 , with 2,000,000 generations, sampling every 100 generations. The first 500 trees were discarded as burn-in after confirming chain stationarity from plots of likelihood against generation. The average standard deviation of split frequencies after 2,000,000 generations was 0.0033.
Algal composition of damselfish territories were analyzed using two-way ANOSIM  with fish species and study site as factors. The percent composition of Polysiphonia species and that of Polysiphonia clades in the territories of Stegastes nigricans were compared among locations using a Tukey-Kramer test. ANOSIM was conducted using PRIMER 6 (Plymouth Marine Laboratories, UK).
We thank N. Knowlton, W. M. Todd and two anonymous reviewers for critical review of the manuscript; S. Yasumura, WWF Japan, J. Toyoshima, the International Coral Reef Research and Monitoring Center, R. M. Pillay, C. Samyan, Mauritius Oceanography Institute, D. Kirugara, B. Orembo, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, K. Ikejima, Asian Institute of Technology, S. Senoo, Borneo Marine Research Institute, A. Iguchi, James Cook University, for field studies; M. Hori, T. Sota for laboratory studies. This work was supported by Research Fellowships of the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science for Young Scientists, and the Global COE Program A06 of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan.
HH carried out the design of the study, field surveys, the molecular phylogenetic study, data analyses, and manuscript composition. KW carried out molecular phylogenetic study and manuscript composition. MK participated in the design of the study and carried out manuscript composition. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.