text:
// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

// Functions for comparing Arrow data structures

#include "arrow/compare.h"

#include <climits>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <type_traits>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include "arrow/array.h"
#include "arrow/array/diff.h"
#include "arrow/buffer.h"
#include "arrow/scalar.h"
#include "arrow/sparse_tensor.h"
#include "arrow/status.h"
#include "arrow/tensor.h"
#include "arrow/type.h"
#include "arrow/type_traits.h"
#include "arrow/util/bit_block_counter.h"
#include "arrow/util/bit_util.h"
#include "arrow/util/bitmap_ops.h"
#include "arrow/util/bitmap_reader.h"
#include "arrow/util/checked_cast.h"
#include "arrow/util/logging.h"
#include "arrow/util/macros.h"
#include "arrow/util/memory.h"
#include "arrow/visitor_inline.h"

namespace arrow {

using internal::BitmapEquals;
using internal::BitmapReader;
using internal::BitmapUInt64Reader;
using internal::checked_cast;
using internal::OptionalBitBlockCounter;
using internal::OptionalBitmapEquals;

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Public method implementations

namespace {

bool CompareArrayRanges(const ArrayData& left, const ArrayData& right,
                        int64_t left_start_idx, int64_t left_end_idx,
                        int64_t right_start_idx, const EqualOptions& options,
                        bool floating_approximate);

class RangeDataEqualsImpl {
 public:
  // PRE-CONDITIONS:
  // - the types are equal
  // - the ranges are in bounds
  RangeDataEqualsImpl(const EqualOptions& options, bool floating_approximate,
                      const ArrayData& left, const ArrayData& right,
                      int64_t left_start_idx, int64_t right_start_idx,
                      int64_t range_length)
      : options_(options),
        floating_approximate_(floating_approximate),
        left_(left),
        right_(right),
        left_start_idx_(left_start_idx),
        right_start_idx_(right_start_idx),
        range_length_(range_length),
        result_(false) {}

  bool Compare() {
    // Compare null bitmaps
    if (left_start_idx_ == 0 && right_start_idx_ == 0 && range_length_ == left_.length &&
        range_length_ == right_.length) {
      // If we're comparing entire arrays, we can first compare the cached null counts
      if (left_.GetNullCount() != right_.GetNullCount()) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    if (!OptionalBitmapEquals(left_.buffers[0], left_.offset + left_start_idx_,
                              right_.buffers[0], right_.offset + right_start_idx_,
                              range_length_)) {
      return false;
    }
    // Compare values
    return CompareWithType(*left_.type);
  }

  bool CompareWithType(const DataType& type) {
    result_ = true;
    if (range_length_ != 0) {
      ARROW_CHECK_OK(VisitTypeInline(type, this));
    }
    return result_;
  }

  Status Visit(const NullType&) { return Status::OK(); }

  template <typename TypeClass>
  enable_if_primitive_ctype<TypeClass, Status> Visit(const TypeClass& type) {
    return ComparePrimitive(type);
  }

  template <typename TypeClass>
  enable_if_t<is_temporal_type<TypeClass>::value, Status> Visit(const TypeClass& type) {
    return ComparePrimitive(type);
  }

  Status Visit(const BooleanType&) {
    const uint8_t* left_bits = left_.GetValues<uint8_t>(1, 0);
    const uint8_t* right_bits = right_.GetValues<uint8_t>(1, 0);
    auto compare_runs = [&](int64_t i, int64_t length) -> bool {
      if (length <= 8) {
        // Avoid the BitmapUInt64Reader overhead for very small runs
        for (int64_t j = i; j < i + length; ++j) {
          if (BitUtil::GetBit(left_bits, left_start_idx_ + left_.offset + j) !=
              BitUtil::GetBit(right_bits, right_start_idx_ + right_.offset + j)) {
            return false;
          }
        }
        return true;
      } else {
        BitmapUInt64Reader left_reader(left_bits, left_start_idx_ + left_.offset + i,
                                       length);
        BitmapUInt64Reader right_reader(right_bits, right_start_idx_ + right_.offset + i,
                                        length);
        while (left_reader.position() < length) {
          if (left_reader.NextWord() != right_reader.NextWord()) {
            return false;
          }
        }
        DCHECK_EQ(right_reader.position(), length);
      }
      return true;
    };
    VisitValidRuns(compare_runs);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const FloatType& type) { return CompareFloating(type); }

  Status Visit(const DoubleType& type) { return CompareFloating(type); }

  // Also matches StringType
  Status Visit(const BinaryType& type) { return CompareBinary(type); }

  // Also matches LargeStringType
  Status Visit(const LargeBinaryType& type) { return CompareBinary(type); }

  Status Visit(const FixedSizeBinaryType& type) {
    const auto byte_width = type.byte_width();
    const uint8_t* left_data = left_.GetValues<uint8_t>(1, 0);
    const uint8_t* right_data = right_.GetValues<uint8_t>(1, 0);

    if (left_data != nullptr && right_data != nullptr) {
      auto compare_runs = [&](int64_t i, int64_t length) -> bool {
        return memcmp(left_data + (left_start_idx_ + left_.offset + i) * byte_width,
                      right_data + (right_start_idx_ + right_.offset + i) * byte_width,
                      length * byte_width) == 0;
      };
      VisitValidRuns(compare_runs);
    } else {
      auto compare_runs = [&](int64_t i, int64_t length) -> bool { return true; };
      VisitValidRuns(compare_runs);
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  // Also matches MapType
  Status Visit(const ListType& type) { return CompareList(type); }

  Status Visit(const LargeListType& type) { return CompareList(type); }

  Status Visit(const FixedSizeListType& type) {
    const auto list_size = type.list_size();
    const ArrayData& left_data = *left_.child_data[0];
    const ArrayData& right_data = *right_.child_data[0];

    auto compare_runs = [&](int64_t i, int64_t length) -> bool {
      RangeDataEqualsImpl impl(options_, floating_approximate_, left_data, right_data,
                               (left_start_idx_ + left_.offset + i) * list_size,
                               (right_start_idx_ + right_.offset + i) * list_size,
                               length * list_size);
      return impl.Compare();
    };
    VisitValidRuns(compare_runs);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const StructType& type) {
    const int32_t num_fields = type.num_fields();

    auto compare_runs = [&](int64_t i, int64_t length) -> bool {
      for (int32_t f = 0; f < num_fields; ++f) {
        RangeDataEqualsImpl impl(options_, floating_approximate_, *left_.child_data[f],
                                 *right_.child_data[f],
                                 left_start_idx_ + left_.offset + i,
                                 right_start_idx_ + right_.offset + i, length);
        if (!impl.Compare()) {
          return false;
        }
      }
      return true;
    };
    VisitValidRuns(compare_runs);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const SparseUnionType& type) {
    const auto& child_ids = type.child_ids();
    const int8_t* left_codes = left_.GetValues<int8_t>(1);
    const int8_t* right_codes = right_.GetValues<int8_t>(1);

    // Unions don't have a null bitmap
    for (int64_t i = 0; i < range_length_; ++i) {
      const auto type_id = left_codes[left_start_idx_ + i];
      if (type_id != right_codes[right_start_idx_ + i]) {
        result_ = false;
        break;
      }
      const auto child_num = child_ids[type_id];
      // XXX can we instead detect runs of same-child union values?
      RangeDataEqualsImpl impl(
          options_, floating_approximate_, *left_.child_data[child_num],
          *right_.child_data[child_num], left_start_idx_ + left_.offset + i,
          right_start_idx_ + right_.offset + i, 1);
      if (!impl.Compare()) {
        result_ = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const DenseUnionType& type) {
    const auto& child_ids = type.child_ids();
    const int8_t* left_codes = left_.GetValues<int8_t>(1);
    const int8_t* right_codes = right_.GetValues<int8_t>(1);
    const int32_t* left_offsets = left_.GetValues<int32_t>(2);
    const int32_t* right_offsets = right_.GetValues<int32_t>(2);

    for (int64_t i = 0; i < range_length_; ++i) {
      const auto type_id = left_codes[left_start_idx_ + i];
      if (type_id != right_codes[right_start_idx_ + i]) {
        result_ = false;
        break;
      }
      const auto child_num = child_ids[type_id];
      RangeDataEqualsImpl impl(
          options_, floating_approximate_, *left_.child_data[child_num],
          *right_.child_data[child_num], left_offsets[left_start_idx_ + i],
          right_offsets[right_start_idx_ + i], 1);
      if (!impl.Compare()) {
        result_ = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const DictionaryType& type) {
    // Compare dictionaries
    result_ &= CompareArrayRanges(
        *left_.dictionary, *right_.dictionary,
        /*left_start_idx=*/0,
        /*left_end_idx=*/std::max(left_.dictionary->length, right_.dictionary->length),
        /*right_start_idx=*/0, options_, floating_approximate_);
    if (result_) {
      // Compare indices
      result_ &= CompareWithType(*type.index_type());
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const ExtensionType& type) {
    // Compare storages
    result_ &= CompareWithType(*type.storage_type());
    return Status::OK();
  }

 protected:
  template <typename TypeClass, typename CType = typename TypeClass::c_type>
  Status ComparePrimitive(const TypeClass&) {
    const CType* left_values = left_.GetValues<CType>(1);
    const CType* right_values = right_.GetValues<CType>(1);
    VisitValidRuns([&](int64_t i, int64_t length) {
      return memcmp(left_values + left_start_idx_ + i,
                    right_values + right_start_idx_ + i, length * sizeof(CType)) == 0;
    });
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename TypeClass>
  Status CompareFloating(const TypeClass&) {
    using T = typename TypeClass::c_type;
    const T* left_values = left_.GetValues<T>(1);
    const T* right_values = right_.GetValues<T>(1);

    if (floating_approximate_) {
      const T epsilon = static_cast<T>(options_.atol());
      if (options_.nans_equal()) {
        VisitValues([&](int64_t i) {
          const T x = left_values[i + left_start_idx_];
          const T y = right_values[i + right_start_idx_];
          return (fabs(x - y) <= epsilon) || (x == y) || (std::isnan(x) && std::isnan(y));
        });
      } else {
        VisitValues([&](int64_t i) {
          const T x = left_values[i + left_start_idx_];
          const T y = right_values[i + right_start_idx_];
          return (fabs(x - y) <= epsilon) || (x == y);
        });
      }
    } else {
      if (options_.nans_equal()) {
        VisitValues([&](int64_t i) {
          const T x = left_values[i + left_start_idx_];
          const T y = right_values[i + right_start_idx_];
          return (x == y) || (std::isnan(x) && std::isnan(y));
        });
      } else {
        VisitValues([&](int64_t i) {
          const T x = left_values[i + left_start_idx_];
          const T y = right_values[i + right_start_idx_];
          return x == y;
        });
      }
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename TypeClass>
  Status CompareBinary(const TypeClass&) {
    const uint8_t* left_data = left_.GetValues<uint8_t>(2, 0);
    const uint8_t* right_data = right_.GetValues<uint8_t>(2, 0);

    if (left_data != nullptr && right_data != nullptr) {
      const auto compare_ranges = [&](int64_t left_offset, int64_t right_offset,
                                      int64_t length) -> bool {
        return memcmp(left_data + left_offset, right_data + right_offset, length) == 0;
      };
      CompareWithOffsets<typename TypeClass::offset_type>(1, compare_ranges);
    } else {
      // One of the arrays is an array of empty strings and nulls.
      // We just need to compare the offsets.
      // (note we must not call memcmp() with null data pointers)
      CompareWithOffsets<typename TypeClass::offset_type>(1, [](...) { return true; });
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename TypeClass>
  Status CompareList(const TypeClass&) {
    const ArrayData& left_data = *left_.child_data[0];
    const ArrayData& right_data = *right_.child_data[0];

    const auto compare_ranges = [&](int64_t left_offset, int64_t right_offset,
                                    int64_t length) -> bool {
      RangeDataEqualsImpl impl(options_, floating_approximate_, left_data, right_data,
                               left_offset, right_offset, length);
      return impl.Compare();
    };

    CompareWithOffsets<typename TypeClass::offset_type>(1, compare_ranges);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename offset_type, typename CompareRanges>
  void CompareWithOffsets(int offsets_buffer_index, CompareRanges&& compare_ranges) {
    const offset_type* left_offsets =
        left_.GetValues<offset_type>(offsets_buffer_index) + left_start_idx_;
    const offset_type* right_offsets =
        right_.GetValues<offset_type>(offsets_buffer_index) + right_start_idx_;

    const auto compare_runs = [&](int64_t i, int64_t length) {
      for (int64_t j = i; j < i + length; ++j) {
        if (left_offsets[j + 1] - left_offsets[j] !=
            right_offsets[j + 1] - right_offsets[j]) {
          return false;
        }
      }
      if (!compare_ranges(left_offsets[i], right_offsets[i],
                          left_offsets[i + length] - left_offsets[i])) {
        return false;
      }
      return true;
    };

    VisitValidRuns(compare_runs);
  }

  template <typename CompareValues>
  void VisitValues(CompareValues&& compare_values) {
    internal::VisitBitBlocksVoid(
        left_.buffers[0], left_.offset + left_start_idx_, range_length_,
        [&](int64_t position) { result_ &= compare_values(position); }, []() {});
  }

  // Visit and compare runs of non-null values
  template <typename CompareRuns>
  void VisitValidRuns(CompareRuns&& compare_runs) {
    int64_t i = 0;
    const uint8_t* left_null_bitmap = left_.GetValues<uint8_t>(0, 0);
    // TODO may use BitRunReader or equivalent?
    OptionalBitBlockCounter bit_blocks(left_null_bitmap, left_.offset + left_start_idx_,
                                       range_length_);

    while (result_ && i < range_length_) {
      const auto block = bit_blocks.NextBlock();
      if (block.AllSet()) {
        if (!compare_runs(i, block.length)) {
          result_ = false;
          return;
        }
      } else if (block.NoneSet()) {
        // Nothing to do
      } else {
        // Compare non-null values one at a time
        for (int64_t j = i; j < i + block.length; ++j) {
          if (BitUtil::GetBit(left_null_bitmap, left_.offset + left_start_idx_ + j)) {
            if (!compare_runs(j, 1)) {
              result_ = false;
              return;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      i += block.length;
    }
  }

  const EqualOptions& options_;
  const bool floating_approximate_;
  const ArrayData& left_;
  const ArrayData& right_;
  const int64_t left_start_idx_;
  const int64_t right_start_idx_;
  const int64_t range_length_;

  bool result_;
};

bool CompareArrayRanges(const ArrayData& left, const ArrayData& right,
                        int64_t left_start_idx, int64_t left_end_idx,
                        int64_t right_start_idx, const EqualOptions& options,
                        bool floating_approximate) {
  if (left.type->id() != right.type->id() ||
      !TypeEquals(*left.type, *right.type, false /* check_metadata */)) {
    return false;
  }

  const int64_t range_length = left_end_idx - left_start_idx;
  DCHECK_GE(range_length, 0);
  if (left_start_idx + range_length > left.length) {
    // Left range too small
    return false;
  }
  if (right_start_idx + range_length > right.length) {
    // Right range too small
    return false;
  }
  if (&left == &right && left_start_idx == right_start_idx) {
    return true;
  }
  // Compare values
  RangeDataEqualsImpl impl(options, floating_approximate, left, right, left_start_idx,
                           right_start_idx, range_length);
  return impl.Compare();
}

class TypeEqualsVisitor {
 public:
  explicit TypeEqualsVisitor(const DataType& right, bool check_metadata)
      : right_(right), check_metadata_(check_metadata), result_(false) {}

  Status VisitChildren(const DataType& left) {
    if (left.num_fields() != right_.num_fields()) {
      result_ = false;
      return Status::OK();
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < left.num_fields(); ++i) {
      if (!left.field(i)->Equals(right_.field(i), check_metadata_)) {
        result_ = false;
        return Status::OK();
      }
    }
    result_ = true;
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename T>
  enable_if_t<is_null_type<T>::value || is_primitive_ctype<T>::value ||
                  is_base_binary_type<T>::value,
              Status>
  Visit(const T&) {
    result_ = true;
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename T>
  enable_if_interval<T, Status> Visit(const T& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const IntervalType&>(right_);
    result_ = right.interval_type() == left.interval_type();
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename T>
  enable_if_t<is_time_type<T>::value || is_date_type<T>::value ||
                  is_duration_type<T>::value,
              Status>
  Visit(const T& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const T&>(right_);
    result_ = left.unit() == right.unit();
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const TimestampType& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const TimestampType&>(right_);
    result_ = left.unit() == right.unit() && left.timezone() == right.timezone();
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const FixedSizeBinaryType& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const FixedSizeBinaryType&>(right_);
    result_ = left.byte_width() == right.byte_width();
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const Decimal128Type& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const Decimal128Type&>(right_);
    result_ = left.precision() == right.precision() && left.scale() == right.scale();
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const Decimal256Type& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const Decimal256Type&>(right_);
    result_ = left.precision() == right.precision() && left.scale() == right.scale();
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename T>
  enable_if_t<is_list_like_type<T>::value || is_struct_type<T>::value, Status> Visit(
      const T& left) {
    return VisitChildren(left);
  }

  Status Visit(const MapType& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const MapType&>(right_);
    if (left.keys_sorted() != right.keys_sorted()) {
      result_ = false;
      return Status::OK();
    }
    result_ = left.key_type()->Equals(*right.key_type(), check_metadata_) &&
              left.item_type()->Equals(*right.item_type(), check_metadata_);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const UnionType& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const UnionType&>(right_);

    if (left.mode() != right.mode() || left.type_codes() != right.type_codes()) {
      result_ = false;
      return Status::OK();
    }

    result_ = std::equal(
        left.fields().begin(), left.fields().end(), right.fields().begin(),
        [this](const std::shared_ptr<Field>& l, const std::shared_ptr<Field>& r) {
          return l->Equals(r, check_metadata_);
        });
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const DictionaryType& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const DictionaryType&>(right_);
    result_ = left.index_type()->Equals(right.index_type()) &&
              left.value_type()->Equals(right.value_type()) &&
              (left.ordered() == right.ordered());
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const ExtensionType& left) {
    result_ = left.ExtensionEquals(static_cast<const ExtensionType&>(right_));
    return Status::OK();
  }

  bool result() const { return result_; }

 protected:
  const DataType& right_;
  bool check_metadata_;
  bool result_;
};

class ScalarEqualsVisitor {
 public:
  explicit ScalarEqualsVisitor(const Scalar& right,
                               const EqualOptions& opts = EqualOptions::Defaults())
      : right_(right), result_(false), options_(opts) {}

  Status Visit(const NullScalar& left) {
    result_ = true;
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const BooleanScalar& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const BooleanScalar&>(right_);
    result_ = left.value == right.value;
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename T>
  typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<FloatScalar, T>::value ||
                              std::is_base_of<DoubleScalar, T>::value,
                          Status>::type
  Visit(const T& left_) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const T&>(right_);
    if (options_.nans_equal()) {
      result_ = right.value == left_.value ||
                (std::isnan(right.value) && std::isnan(left_.value));
    } else {
      result_ = right.value == left_.value;
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename T>
  typename std::enable_if<
      (std::is_base_of<internal::PrimitiveScalar<typename T::TypeClass>, T>::value &&
       !std::is_base_of<FloatScalar, T>::value &&
       !std::is_base_of<DoubleScalar, T>::value) ||
          std::is_base_of<TemporalScalar<typename T::TypeClass>, T>::value,
      Status>::type
  Visit(const T& left_) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const T&>(right_);
    result_ = right.value == left_.value;
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename T>
  typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<BaseBinaryScalar, T>::value, Status>::type
  Visit(const T& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const BaseBinaryScalar&>(right_);
    result_ = internal::SharedPtrEquals(left.value, right.value);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const Decimal128Scalar& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const Decimal128Scalar&>(right_);
    result_ = left.value == right.value;
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const Decimal256Scalar& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const Decimal256Scalar&>(right_);
    result_ = left.value == right.value;
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const ListScalar& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const ListScalar&>(right_);
    result_ = internal::SharedPtrEquals(left.value, right.value);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const LargeListScalar& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const LargeListScalar&>(right_);
    result_ = internal::SharedPtrEquals(left.value, right.value);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const MapScalar& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const MapScalar&>(right_);
    result_ = internal::SharedPtrEquals(left.value, right.value);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const FixedSizeListScalar& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const FixedSizeListScalar&>(right_);
    result_ = internal::SharedPtrEquals(left.value, right.value);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const StructScalar& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const StructScalar&>(right_);

    if (right.value.size() != left.value.size()) {
      result_ = false;
    } else {
      bool all_equals = true;
      for (size_t i = 0; i < left.value.size() && all_equals; i++) {
        all_equals &= internal::SharedPtrEquals(left.value[i], right.value[i]);
      }
      result_ = all_equals;
    }

    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const UnionScalar& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const UnionScalar&>(right_);
    if (left.is_valid && right.is_valid) {
      result_ = left.value->Equals(*right.value);
    } else if (!left.is_valid && !right.is_valid) {
      result_ = true;
    } else {
      result_ = false;
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const DictionaryScalar& left) {
    const auto& right = checked_cast<const DictionaryScalar&>(right_);
    result_ = left.value.index->Equals(right.value.index) &&
              left.value.dictionary->Equals(right.value.dictionary);
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const ExtensionScalar& left) {
    return Status::NotImplemented("extension");
  }

  bool result() const { return result_; }

 protected:
  const Scalar& right_;
  bool result_;
  const EqualOptions options_;
};

Status PrintDiff(const Array& left, const Array& right, std::ostream* os);

Status PrintDiff(const Array& left, const Array& right, int64_t left_offset,
                 int64_t left_length, int64_t right_offset, int64_t right_length,
                 std::ostream* os) {
  if (os == nullptr) {
    return Status::OK();
  }

  if (!left.type()->Equals(right.type())) {
    *os << "# Array types differed: " << *left.type() << " vs " << *right.type()
        << std::endl;
    return Status::OK();
  }

  if (left.type()->id() == Type::DICTIONARY) {
    *os << "# Dictionary arrays differed" << std::endl;

    const auto& left_dict = checked_cast<const DictionaryArray&>(left);
    const auto& right_dict = checked_cast<const DictionaryArray&>(right);

    *os << "## dictionary diff";
    auto pos = os->tellp();
    RETURN_NOT_OK(PrintDiff(*left_dict.dictionary(), *right_dict.dictionary(), os));
    if (os->tellp() == pos) {
      *os << std::endl;
    }

    *os << "## indices diff";
    pos = os->tellp();
    RETURN_NOT_OK(PrintDiff(*left_dict.indices(), *right_dict.indices(), os));
    if (os->tellp() == pos) {
      *os << std::endl;
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  const auto left_slice = left.Slice(left_offset, left_length);
  const auto right_slice = right.Slice(right_offset, right_length);
  ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(auto edits,
                        Diff(*left_slice, *right_slice, default_memory_pool()));
  ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(auto formatter, MakeUnifiedDiffFormatter(*left.type(), os));
  return formatter(*edits, *left_slice, *right_slice);
}

Status PrintDiff(const Array& left, const Array& right, std::ostream* os) {
  return PrintDiff(left, right, 0, left.length(), 0, right.length(), os);
}

bool ArrayRangeEquals(const Array& left, const Array& right, int64_t left_start_idx,
                      int64_t left_end_idx, int64_t right_start_idx,
                      const EqualOptions& options, bool floating_approximate) {
  bool are_equal =
      CompareArrayRanges(*left.data(), *right.data(), left_start_idx, left_end_idx,
                         right_start_idx, options, floating_approximate);
  if (!are_equal) {
    ARROW_IGNORE_EXPR(PrintDiff(
        left, right, left_start_idx, left_end_idx, right_start_idx,
        right_start_idx + (left_end_idx - left_start_idx), options.diff_sink()));
  }
  return are_equal;
}

}  // namespace

bool ArrayRangeEquals(const Array& left, const Array& right, int64_t left_start_idx,
                      int64_t left_end_idx, int64_t right_start_idx,
                      const EqualOptions& options) {
  const bool floating_approximate = false;
  return ArrayRangeEquals(left, right, left_start_idx, left_end_idx, right_start_idx,
                          options, floating_approximate);
}

bool ArrayRangeApproxEquals(const Array& left, const Array& right, int64_t left_start_idx,
                            int64_t left_end_idx, int64_t right_start_idx,
                            const EqualOptions& options) {
  const bool floating_approximate = true;
  return ArrayRangeEquals(left, right, left_start_idx, left_end_idx, right_start_idx,
                          options, floating_approximate);
}

bool ArrayEquals(const Array& left, const Array& right, const EqualOptions& opts) {
  if (left.length() != right.length()) {
    ARROW_IGNORE_EXPR(PrintDiff(left, right, opts.diff_sink()));
    return false;
  }
  const bool floating_approximate = false;
  return ArrayRangeEquals(left, right, 0, left.length(), 0, opts, floating_approximate);
}

bool ArrayApproxEquals(const Array& left, const Array& right, const EqualOptions& opts) {
  if (left.length() != right.length()) {
    ARROW_IGNORE_EXPR(PrintDiff(left, right, opts.diff_sink()));
    return false;
  }
  const bool floating_approximate = true;
  return ArrayRangeEquals(left, right, 0, left.length(), 0, opts, floating_approximate);
}

namespace {

bool StridedIntegerTensorContentEquals(const int dim_index, int64_t left_offset,
                                       int64_t right_offset, int elem_size,
                                       const Tensor& left, const Tensor& right) {
  const auto n = left.shape()[dim_index];
  const auto left_stride = left.strides()[dim_index];
  const auto right_stride = right.strides()[dim_index];
  if (dim_index == left.ndim() - 1) {
    for (int64_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
      if (memcmp(left.raw_data() + left_offset + i * left_stride,
                 right.raw_data() + right_offset + i * right_stride, elem_size) != 0) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }
  for (int64_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
    if (!StridedIntegerTensorContentEquals(dim_index + 1, left_offset, right_offset,
                                           elem_size, left, right)) {
      return false;
    }
    left_offset += left_stride;
    right_offset += right_stride;
  }
  return true;
}

bool IntegerTensorEquals(const Tensor& left, const Tensor& right) {
  bool are_equal;
  // The arrays are the same object
  if (&left == &right) {
    are_equal = true;
  } else {
    const bool left_row_major_p = left.is_row_major();
    const bool left_column_major_p = left.is_column_major();
    const bool right_row_major_p = right.is_row_major();
    const bool right_column_major_p = right.is_column_major();

    if (!(left_row_major_p && right_row_major_p) &&
        !(left_column_major_p && right_column_major_p)) {
      const auto& type = checked_cast<const FixedWidthType&>(*left.type());
      are_equal = StridedIntegerTensorContentEquals(0, 0, 0, internal::GetByteWidth(type),
                                                    left, right);
    } else {
      const int byte_width = internal::GetByteWidth(*left.type());
      DCHECK_GT(byte_width, 0);

      const uint8_t* left_data = left.data()->data();
      const uint8_t* right_data = right.data()->data();

      are_equal = memcmp(left_data, right_data,
                         static_cast<size_t>(byte_width * left.size())) == 0;
    }
  }
  return are_equal;
}

template <typename DataType>
bool StridedFloatTensorContentEquals(const int dim_index, int64_t left_offset,
                                     int64_t right_offset, const Tensor& left,
                                     const Tensor& right, const EqualOptions& opts) {
  using c_type = typename DataType::c_type;
  static_assert(std::is_floating_point<c_type>::value,
                "DataType must be a floating point type");

  const auto n = left.shape()[dim_index];
  const auto left_stride = left.strides()[dim_index];
  const auto right_stride = right.strides()[dim_index];
  if (dim_index == left.ndim() - 1) {
    auto left_data = left.raw_data();
    auto right_data = right.raw_data();
    if (opts.nans_equal()) {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        c_type left_value =
            *reinterpret_cast<const c_type*>(left_data + left_offset + i * left_stride);
        c_type right_value = *reinterpret_cast<const c_type*>(right_data + right_offset +
                                                              i * right_stride);
        if (left_value != right_value &&
            !(std::isnan(left_value) && std::isnan(right_value))) {
          return false;
        }
      }
    } else {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        c_type left_value =
            *reinterpret_cast<const c_type*>(left_data + left_offset + i * left_stride);
        c_type right_value = *reinterpret_cast<const c_type*>(right_data + right_offset +
                                                              i * right_stride);
        if (left_value != right_value) {
          return false;
        }
      }
    }
    return true;
  }
  for (int64_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
    if (!StridedFloatTensorContentEquals<DataType>(dim_index + 1, left_offset,
                                                   right_offset, left, right, opts)) {
      return false;
    }
    left_offset += left_stride;
    right_offset += right_stride;
  }
  return true;
}

template <typename DataType>
bool FloatTensorEquals(const Tensor& left, const Tensor& right,
                       const EqualOptions& opts) {
  return StridedFloatTensorContentEquals<DataType>(0, 0, 0, left, right, opts);
}

}  // namespace

bool TensorEquals(const Tensor& left, const Tensor& right, const EqualOptions& opts) {
  if (left.type_id() != right.type_id()) {
    return false;
  } else if (left.size() == 0 && right.size() == 0) {
    return true;
  } else if (left.shape() != right.shape()) {
    return false;
  }

  switch (left.type_id()) {
    // TODO: Support half-float tensors
    // case Type::HALF_FLOAT:
    case Type::FLOAT:
      return FloatTensorEquals<FloatType>(left, right, opts);

    case Type::DOUBLE:
      return FloatTensorEquals<DoubleType>(left, right, opts);

    default:
      return IntegerTensorEquals(left, right);
  }
}

namespace {

template <typename LeftSparseIndexType, typename RightSparseIndexType>
struct SparseTensorEqualsImpl {
  static bool Compare(const SparseTensorImpl<LeftSparseIndexType>& left,
                      const SparseTensorImpl<RightSparseIndexType>& right,
                      const EqualOptions&) {
    // TODO(mrkn): should we support the equality among different formats?
    return false;
  }
};

bool IntegerSparseTensorDataEquals(const uint8_t* left_data, const uint8_t* right_data,
                                   const int byte_width, const int64_t length) {
  if (left_data == right_data) {
    return true;
  }
  return memcmp(left_data, right_data, static_cast<size_t>(byte_width * length)) == 0;
}

template <typename DataType>
bool FloatSparseTensorDataEquals(const typename DataType::c_type* left_data,
                                 const typename DataType::c_type* right_data,
                                 const int64_t length, const EqualOptions& opts) {
  using c_type = typename DataType::c_type;
  static_assert(std::is_floating_point<c_type>::value,
                "DataType must be a floating point type");
  if (opts.nans_equal()) {
    if (left_data == right_data) {
      return true;
    }

    for (int64_t i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
      const auto left = left_data[i];
      const auto right = right_data[i];
      if (left != right && !(std::isnan(left) && std::isnan(right))) {
        return false;
      }
    }
  } else {
    for (int64_t i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
      if (left_data[i] != right_data[i]) {
        return false;
      }
    }
  }
  return true;
}

template <typename SparseIndexType>
struct SparseTensorEqualsImpl<SparseIndexType, SparseIndexType> {
  static bool Compare(const SparseTensorImpl<SparseIndexType>& left,
                      const SparseTensorImpl<SparseIndexType>& right,
                      const EqualOptions& opts) {
    DCHECK(left.type()->id() == right.type()->id());
    DCHECK(left.shape() == right.shape());

    const auto length = left.non_zero_length();
    DCHECK(length == right.non_zero_length());

    const auto& left_index = checked_cast<const SparseIndexType&>(*left.sparse_index());
    const auto& right_index = checked_cast<const SparseIndexType&>(*right.sparse_index());

    if (!left_index.Equals(right_index)) {
      return false;
    }

    const int byte_width = internal::GetByteWidth(*left.type());
    DCHECK_GT(byte_width, 0);

    const uint8_t* left_data = left.data()->data();
    const uint8_t* right_data = right.data()->data();
    switch (left.type()->id()) {
      // TODO: Support half-float tensors
      // case Type::HALF_FLOAT:
      case Type::FLOAT:
        return FloatSparseTensorDataEquals<FloatType>(
            reinterpret_cast<const float*>(left_data),
            reinterpret_cast<const float*>(right_data), length, opts);

      case Type::DOUBLE:
        return FloatSparseTensorDataEquals<DoubleType>(
            reinterpret_cast<const double*>(left_data),
            reinterpret_cast<const double*>(right_data), length, opts);

      default:  // Integer cases
        return IntegerSparseTensorDataEquals(left_data, right_data, byte_width, length);
    }
  }
};

template <typename SparseIndexType>
inline bool SparseTensorEqualsImplDispatch(const SparseTensorImpl<SparseIndexType>& left,
                                           const SparseTensor& right,
                                           const EqualOptions& opts) {
  switch (right.format_id()) {
    case SparseTensorFormat::COO: {
      const auto& right_coo =
          checked_cast<const SparseTensorImpl<SparseCOOIndex>&>(right);
      return SparseTensorEqualsImpl<SparseIndexType, SparseCOOIndex>::Compare(
          left, right_coo, opts);
    }

    case SparseTensorFormat::CSR: {
      const auto& right_csr =
          checked_cast<const SparseTensorImpl<SparseCSRIndex>&>(right);
      return SparseTensorEqualsImpl<SparseIndexType, SparseCSRIndex>::Compare(
          left, right_csr, opts);
    }

    case SparseTensorFormat::CSC: {
      const auto& right_csc =
          checked_cast<const SparseTensorImpl<SparseCSCIndex>&>(right);
      return SparseTensorEqualsImpl<SparseIndexType, SparseCSCIndex>::Compare(
          left, right_csc, opts);
    }

    case SparseTensorFormat::CSF: {
      const auto& right_csf =
          checked_cast<const SparseTensorImpl<SparseCSFIndex>&>(right);
      return SparseTensorEqualsImpl<SparseIndexType, SparseCSFIndex>::Compare(
          left, right_csf, opts);
    }

    default:
      return false;
  }
}

}  // namespace

bool SparseTensorEquals(const SparseTensor& left, const SparseTensor& right,
                        const EqualOptions& opts) {
  if (left.type()->id() != right.type()->id()) {
    return false;
  } else if (left.size() == 0 && right.size() == 0) {
    return true;
  } else if (left.shape() != right.shape()) {
    return false;
  } else if (left.non_zero_length() != right.non_zero_length()) {
    return false;
  }

  switch (left.format_id()) {
    case SparseTensorFormat::COO: {
      const auto& left_coo = checked_cast<const SparseTensorImpl<SparseCOOIndex>&>(left);
      return SparseTensorEqualsImplDispatch(left_coo, right, opts);
    }

    case SparseTensorFormat::CSR: {
      const auto& left_csr = checked_cast<const SparseTensorImpl<SparseCSRIndex>&>(left);
      return SparseTensorEqualsImplDispatch(left_csr, right, opts);
    }

    case SparseTensorFormat::CSC: {
      const auto& left_csc = checked_cast<const SparseTensorImpl<SparseCSCIndex>&>(left);
      return SparseTensorEqualsImplDispatch(left_csc, right, opts);
    }

    case SparseTensorFormat::CSF: {
      const auto& left_csf = checked_cast<const SparseTensorImpl<SparseCSFIndex>&>(left);
      return SparseTensorEqualsImplDispatch(left_csf, right, opts);
    }

    default:
      return false;
  }
}

bool TypeEquals(const DataType& left, const DataType& right, bool check_metadata) {
  // The arrays are the same object
  if (&left == &right) {
    return true;
  } else if (left.id() != right.id()) {
    return false;
  } else {
    // First try to compute fingerprints
    if (check_metadata) {
      const auto& left_metadata_fp = left.metadata_fingerprint();
      const auto& right_metadata_fp = right.metadata_fingerprint();
      if (left_metadata_fp != right_metadata_fp) {
        return false;
      }
    }

    const auto& left_fp = left.fingerprint();
    const auto& right_fp = right.fingerprint();
    if (!left_fp.empty() && !right_fp.empty()) {
      return left_fp == right_fp;
    }

    // TODO remove check_metadata here?
    TypeEqualsVisitor visitor(right, check_metadata);
    auto error = VisitTypeInline(left, &visitor);
    if (!error.ok()) {
      DCHECK(false) << "Types are not comparable: " << error.ToString();
    }
    return visitor.result();
  }
}

bool ScalarEquals(const Scalar& left, const Scalar& right, const EqualOptions& options) {
  bool are_equal = false;
  if (&left == &right) {
    are_equal = true;
  } else if (!left.type->Equals(right.type)) {
    are_equal = false;
  } else if (left.is_valid != right.is_valid) {
    are_equal = false;
  } else {
    ScalarEqualsVisitor visitor(right, options);
    auto error = VisitScalarInline(left, &visitor);
    DCHECK_OK(error);
    are_equal = visitor.result();
  }
  return are_equal;
}

}  // namespace arrow

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Is setting up in a life of crime economically viable?
Leaving aside such moral concepts such as the fact that crime is wrong and that the victims of crime suffer, there is a financial way of considering crime as a business and asking the question: Does Crime Pay?
In a basic childish sense, at first it seems as if crime must pay. After all, you're not having to work for the money, and instead you're stealing it off someone who already has the money. So, it looks like crime does pay and it's an easy way to make money. However, it's not quite as simple as that and there are things to consider. These are things which criminals often don't consider, and that's why they end up doing so badly.
Is crime an easy way to Get Rich? There is a popular myth that criminals are rich. In movies it's typical to see big-time crooks as immensely wealthy and living a life of luxury, well at least until they are shot dead as part of the plot scriptwriting.
The thing is that in the practical reality, criminals are generally not rich. Even those criminals who are not in jail are surprisingly impoverished. There is a good reason for this, which I'll explain later in the page. So, you'll just have to be patient and read the rest of it first.
800,000 - 2,000 = 798,000 profit.
in which case crime pays, or at least it does in this theoretical example.
Except in reality most potential crimes aren't like that. For example, I know someone took a knife and threatened a shopkeeper and made off with the cash that was in the cash register. There was £300 in the cash register, and the robber probably had a 40% chance of getting away. On being caught, though, the penalty was a couple of years in jail.
120 - 12,000 = -11,880 (a loss of 11,880).
This is calculated approximately, assuming that going to jail represents a loss of income stacking shelves in a local supermarket at a wage of 10,000 per year.
Notice how in these crime profitability calculations the potential gain has to be multiplied by the probability of getting away with it, and the potential loss has to be calculated in financial terms and multiplied by chance of getting caught.
There was a case in 2011 where two bank robbers smashed their way into three banks, small local branches of well-known highstreet banks, and they timed it just when the security guards were moving boxes of cash about. They stole half a million pounds, which was a surprisingly large amount because banks don't actually have that much cash around generally, unlike in the movies. The two robbers got away with it and escaped to Spain where they were living-it-up quite well. What they didn't realise is that the chance of being caught was starting to stack up as their presence was noticeable in Spain, and meanwhile in the UK the police were taking it seriously and piecing together bits of evidence in a proper detective work manner. As Spain and the UK are part of Europe, the countries communicated and the thieves were caught and extradited to the UK, where they were tried and put in jail for 11 years and 8 years.
Now let's suppose the chance of being apprehended was 50:50, and the money stolen was the amount stated. As there were two robbers they'd either have to share the money between them or we'd have to add the jail sentences together to compare like-for-like.
...where J is the theoretical equivalent value of the jail sentence as a per-year pay equivalent.
This comes to a pro-rata figure of 250,000 divided by 19 = 13,158 pounds per year. Or to put it another way, the criminals were paid thirteen thousand pounds per year on a probability basis for the crime. So in that instance, the crime just about paid. How about that, in that case crime pays!? Most crimes don't pay.
There was a thief who robbed a fuel station in Panama and was running away with a few hundred dollars, but was then shot dead. From the thief's perspective, their own life was probably worth more than a few hundred dollars divided by the reciprocal probability of being shot dead, so the crime did not pay. Crime in the UK seems much easier because the crooks have it too easy knowing the victims have no gun, and the chance of being shot dead is negligible. Also, although UK law is very tough on honest people who make mistakes, it's very lenient on criminals. However, the chance of being caught is quite high.
This, the chance of capture and conviction, is much higher than most criminals consider. Although it is sometimes possible to get away with a crime once, the probability of being caught is real. This is something they might choose to ignore, as it's not so easy to see as the real probability present in Russian Roulette where there's a bullet and a gun and a calculable one in six chance of a mishap. Repeat offenders find out the hard way, as the probability stacks up.
For a crime to pay and to be worth committing, the amount of money to be stolen has to be sufficiently high that when the probability of success is factored in, it exceeds the cost of the punishment (from the criminal's perspective) when the probability of being caught is factored in.
So, if you're considering a life of crime, this is something which you should calculate as a matter of planning; working out if the crime pays.
However, this type of intelligent thinking-ahead is something alien to the criminal mentality.
Criminals are poor financially because the philosophy of crime is a shortcut philosophy at every level, and that of-itself ends up with multiple problems in life. It's like a building that's been built shoddily. It might look good and it might not fall down today, but sooner or later catastrophe will occur. With the criminal mindset this is not a matter of "if", but "when". So, bearing in mind that criminals will always come unstuck sooner or later, it's far better to set up an honest business. The prospects of success are much better.
It's in the interests of society for crime not to pay. Although the government might actually like there to be plenty of crime so it gives them an excuse to impose autocratic laws on everyone and it sort-of justifies all that zero-tolerance nonsense and having systems set up to allow crime to flourish and allow people to be punished, society is not the government, and society would like to remove crime from society. Crime should not pay.
In the idea of making it so crime does not pay, it needs to be set up that the punishments are severe enough to outweigh the profits of crime even when the probabilities of evasion or capture are factored in.
As well as having severe enough punishments for actual crimes where there are victims, the probability of criminals being punished is greatly improved if law is on the side of the honest people rather than something the honest people have to fear. To that effect, prohibition should be abolished. Let honest people do what they want so long as it doesn't harm others. Crime Fighting is about cracking crime, not cracking down on people for doing what they want.


Evans Concrete Products are a key partner in a wide variety of upcoming projects across the UK ranging from new build commercial and residential, civil and structural engineering, hard landscaping and public art.
We have opportunities available across a range of departments. If you believe you have what it takes to excel as part of the Evans team contact us today.
Evans Concrete Products offer a dynamic and challenging workplace with an emphasis on innovation and continuous improvement. You will be part of an expert team of highly skilled, creative individuals working on a variety of impressive projects throughout the UK.


"Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters, and he that hath no money; come ye, buy, and eat, yea, come, buy wine and milk without money and without price.
"Wherefore do ye spend money for that which is not bread? and your labour for that which satisfieth not? hearken diligently unto me, and eat ye that which is good, and let your soul delight itself in fatness.
"Incline your ear, and come unto me: hear, and your soul shall live; and I will make an everlasting covenant with you, even the sure mercies of David.
Behold, I have given him for a witness to the people, a leader and commander to the people."
MEMORY GEM: "And almost all things are by the law purged with blood; and without shedding of blood is no remission." Heb. 9:22.
STUDY AIM: To show the sacrificial system was created before Moses wrote it, even before Creation.
STUDY HELP: Patriarchs and Prophets pp. 63-70, "The Plan of Redemption."
INTRODUCTION: "The sacrificial offerings were ordained by God to be to man a PERPETUAL reminder and a penitential acknowledgement of his sin, and a confession of his faith in the promised Redeemer. They were intended to impress upon the fallen race the solemn truth that it was sin that caused death. To Adam, the offering of the first sacrifice was a most painful ceremony... This scene gave him a deeper and more vivid sense of the greatness of his transgression, which nothing but the death of God's dear Son could expiate... A star of hope illumined the dark... future..." – Patriarchs and Prophets, page 68:1.
WHEN DID THE SACRIFICIAL SYSTEM ORIGINATE? Rev. 13:8.
NOTE --- "The plan of salvation had been laid before the creation of the earth; for Christ is 'the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world...' " – Patriarchs and Prophets, page 63:3.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE SACRIFICIAL SYSTEM? Heb. 9:18-22.
NOTE --- "The act of Christ in dying for the salvation of man would not only make heaven accessible to men, but before all the universe it would justify God and his Son in their dealing with the rebellion of Satan. It would establish the perpetuity of the law of God, and would reveal the nature and the results of sin." – Id., page 69:0.
WHEN WAS THE SACRIFICIAL SYSTEM FIRST ANNOUNCED? Gen. 3:15.
NOTE --- "To man the first intimation of redemption was communicated in the sentence pronounced upon Satan in the garden... This sentence, uttered in the hearing of our first parents, was to them a promise. While it foretold war between man and Satan, it declared that the power of the great adversary would finally be broken." – Id., page 65:4.
WHO OFFERED THE FIRST SACRIFICIAL ANIMAL? Gen. 3:21.
NOTE --- "To Adam, the offering of the first sacrifice was a most painful ceremony. His hand must be raised to take life, which only God could give. It was the first time he had ever witnessed death, and he knew that had he been obedient to God, there would have been no death of man or beast." – Id., page 68:2.
HOW DID THE FALSE SYSTEM OF WORSHIP BEGIN? Gen. 4:l-5.
NOTE --- "The sacrificial and religious worship of the two first born in the human family, reveals that the Saviour of the world had made known the divine plan of salvation to the family of Adam... Cain was not mindful of the commandment, and thus by presenting that which God had not required, went about to establish a religion of his own. .. The evidence cannot be denied that both forms of worship (true and false) were introduced at about the same time, and ran side by side... one is in harmony with God's book and law, and the other is not." – 2 S.R. 143:1.
IN WHAT WAY WAS THE ANIMAL SACRIFICIAL SYSTEM LIMITED? Heb. 10:3,4: CEASE? Dan. 9:27; Col. 2:14.
NOTE --- "The earthly (sacrifice)... could not give life of itself, because it was only a shadow of the true." – Id., page 268:0.
"This RITUAL LAW (earthly), with its sacrifices and ordinances, was to be performed by the Hebrews until type met antitype in the death of Christ, ('The entire system – priest, sacrifice, and service – was a type of Christ and His administration in the heavenly sanctuary...' 2 S.R. 187:3)... THEN all the sacrificial (lambs, bullocks, goats, etc.) offerings were to cease. IT IS THIS LAW that Christ (nailed).'... to his cross.' Col. 2:14." – Patriarchs and Prophets, page 365:1.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE EARTHLY SANCTUARY'S CONSTRUCTION AND SERVICE? Heb. 8:4,5.
NOTE --- "In the sanctuary construction and service, is revealed the plan of salvation. The first apartment, called the holy place, in which the high priest officiated daily with sacrifices and divers manners of gifts and washings, was a place for confession of sin. ALL OF WHICH WAS A SHADOW OF HEAVENLY THINGS CLEARLY REVEALING THE PLAN OF SALVATION…..The holy place was for the confession of sin, but the most holy for blotting out sin." – 2 S.R. 187:1, 2.
MEMORY GEM: "Neither by the blood of goats and calves, but his own blood he entered in once into the holy place, having obtained eternal redemption for us." Heb. 9:12.
STUDY AIM: (1) To understand that the real sacrificial system began after the cross; (2) that the atoning blood is Jesus' real blood, not symbolical.
INTRODUCTION: "After His ascension our Saviour began His work as our high priest.. . For eighteen centuries this work of ministration continued in the first apartment (holy place) of the sanctuary. The blood of Christ, pleaded in behalf of penitent believers, secured their pardon and acceptance with the Father, YET THEIR SINS STILL REMAINED UPON THE BOOKS OF RECORD... so before Christ's work for the redemption of men is completed there is a work of atonement for the removal of sin from the sanctuary... (in 1844) our High Priest entered the MOST HOLY, to perform the last division of His solemn work – to cleanse the sanctuary (of sins recorded there)... Soon. . . it will pass to the cases of the LIVING." – Great Controversy, pages 420, 421, 490.
WHEN DID THE SACRIFICIAL SERVICES BEGIN IN THE HEAVENLY SANCTUARY? Heb. 9:24.
NOTE --- "While the services in the earthly sanctuary were in operation, there could have been no services in the heavenly until after Christ ascended and became our High Priest... Therefore, when the services in the heavenly , the services in the earthly ceased." – 2 S.R. 187:4.
WHAT WORK DID CHRIST DO BEFORE 1844? AFTER 1844? G.C. 420, 421, 490. See Introduction.
WHAT SIGN WAS GIVEN THAT THE JUDGMENT OF THE LIVING IS HERE? Mark 13:28.
NOTE --- "The work of Christ as man's intercessor is presented in that beautiful prophecy of Zechariah concerning Him 'whose name is the Branch'." – Great Controversy, page 415:3.
"Zechariah 's vision of Joshua and the Angel (Branch) applies with peculiar force to the experience of God's people (S.D.A. and D.S.D.A.) in the closing (for the living) up of the great day of atonement. The remnant church will be brought into great trial and distress." – 5 Test., page 472:2.
"Who is to bring this revival and reformation, this great change? – The BRANCH... Here is seen an organization having a Leader and an under leader – the Lord and Joshua." – 1 T.G.r. 8:24,26.
NOTE --- "But an angel's life could not pay the debt; only He who created man had power to redeem him." – Patriarchs and Prophets, page 64:3.
WHAT DOES CHRIST, THE BRANCH PLEAD DURING THE JUDGMENT OF THE LIVING? John 1:29; Rev. 1:5.
DOES CHRIST OFFER HIS OWN BLOOD IN REALITY, OR SYMBOLICALLY? Zech. 13:1; 1 Pet. 1:19, 20.
NOTE --- "And what was done in type (offering of animal blood) in the ministration of the earthly sanctuary is done in reality (offering of Jesus' blood) in the ministration of the heavenly sanctuary." – Great Controversy, p. 420.
"Such prayer will bring before the Lord of hosts the wounds of Jesus AND THEN WILL FLOW FORTH AFRESH (not symbolical THE LIFE-GIVING BLOOD, symbolized by the flowing of the living water for Israel." – Patriarchs and Prophets, page 411.
WHAT IS THE LIFE OF THE CHURCH TODAY? Lev. 17:11; Psalms 36:9, Zech. 13:1.
NOTE --- "The efficacy of the blood of Christ was to be presented to the people with freshness (fresh-flowing blood of Jesus) and power, that their faith might lay hold upon its merits... THIS FAITH IS THE LIFE OF THE CHURCH." – Testimonies to Ministers, pages 92, 93.
STUDY AIM: To understand clearly that as Priest and Sacrifice, Jesus Christ The Branch, is fulfilling the demands of the Ceremonial Law as He officiates in the Heavenly Sanctuary at the appointed times.
INTRODUCTION: "I saw the Father rise from the throne, and in a flaming chariot go into the holy of holies within the veil, and sit down. Then Jesus rose up from the throne, and the most of those who were bowed down arose with Him. . . Those who arose when Jesus did, kept their eyes fixed on Him. He stepped into the chariot and was borne to the holiest, where the Father sat. There I beheld Jesus, a great High Priest, standing before the Father. . . I turned to look at the company who were still bowed before the throne; they did not know that Jesus had left it. (the foolish virgins realize too late that they did not follow the Lamb into the Sanctuary on the feast days, and thus they missed the benefits of His atoning blood and were left uncovered, naked, cast out). Satan appeared to be by the throne, trying to carry on the work of God. I saw them look up to the throne, and pray, 'Father, give us Thy Spirit.' Satan would then breathe upon them an unholy influence. . . " – Early Writings, pages 55,56.
WHAT LAW DEMANDS OUR DEATH? 1 John 3:4 Rom. 3:20; 6:23.
WHAT LAW PROVIDES A REMEDY FROM DEATH AND POINTS TO JESUS AS OUR LAMB AND HIGH PRIEST? Deut. 31:24; 30:16; 1 Cor. 15:51, 54-57; Heb. 9:22.
the law of ordinance could not give life of itself, because it was only a SHADOW of the true (Sacrifice – Jesus). Therefore, at the crucifixion of Christ it (animal sacrifice) ceased and the heavenly one (Christ's sacrifice), which was foreshadowed by the earthly, BEGAN. The literal sanctuary service of both temples were identical." – 2 S.R. pp. 267, 268.
"Jesus kept the ceremonial law when He began the atonement work in 1844." – God's Covenant, page 7.
"We find that Jesus fulfilled the ceremonial law when He was offered as the wavesheaf on the cross...(P.P. 539)...He continued to fulfill the ceremonial law when He offered the wavesheaf in the courts above. D.A. 785, 786." – Id., page 3.
WHO SINGS THE SONG OF MOSES? Rev. 14:3; 15:3.
WHAT IS THE SONG OF MOSES? Deut. 31:19,21,22,24.
NOTE --- "The sweetest melodies that come from human lips, --- justification by faith, and the righteousness of Christ." – R & H., April 4, 1895.
WHO FOLLOWS THE LAMB WITHERSOEVER HE GOES? Rev. 14:3,4 WHEN?
NOTE --- "In like manner the types which relate to the second advent must be fulfilled at the TIME pointed out in the SYMBOLIC (ceremonial) SERVICE. Under the MOSAIC SYSTEM (ceremonial) the cleansing of the sanctuary or the great Day of Atonement, occurred on the tenth day of the seventh Jewish month.., which in the year 1844 fell upon the twenty-second of October, was regarded as the time of the Lord's coming." – Great Controversy, p. 399, 400.
"The Hebrews were forever to keep holy, (1) not A seventh, but THE seventh, day of each week, the Sabbath; (2) the days from the fifteenth to the twenty-first day of the first month, the Passover week; (3) the fiftieth day after the sheaf of the first fruits was offered, the Pentecost (4) the tenth day of the seventh month, the Atonement (5) the days from the fifteenth to the twenty-first day of the same month, the Feast of Tabernacles and (6) the feasts of the new moons." – The Answerer Book No. 3, page 9.
ARE YOU, AS IN 1844, FOLLOWING THE LORD INTO THE SANCTUARY WHEN HE OFFICIATES ON THESE HOLY DAYS, OR ARE YOU FOLLOWING THE MAN OF SIN WHO THOUGHT TO CHANGE THESE HOLY DAYS (TIMES – DAN. 7:25)?
Who Changed The Ceremonial Law?
MEMORY GEM: "And he shall speak great words against the Most High, and shall wear out the saints of the Most High, and think to change times and laws." Dan. 7:25.
STUDY AIM: To understand that the ceremonial law is still binding today and that man, not God, changed the ceremonial system (Levitical law).
"Since these ordinances (her FEAST DAYS, her sabbaths, etc.) were part of 'a compacted prophecy of the gospel'... the ceasing of the ordinances therefore typifies ROME'S SUPPLANTING THE TRUTH." – The Latest News for "Mother", pages 25,26 (Paren. Theirs).
NOTE --- "When the Messiah dedicated the apostles to the priesthood, He washed their feet, See John 13:4-10. Here Jesus WAS FULFILLING THE CEREMONIAL LAW; but He didn't do away with it by nailing it to the cross, for He said… ye also ought to wash one another's feet..." – God's Covenant 3.
"It (the Lord's Supper) is to be preceded by the ordinance of foot washing as a preparation for this solemn service." – S.D.A. Church Manual p. 55.
WHAT LAW DETERMINED WHEN JESUS PRESENTED HIMSELF AS THE WAVE-SHEAF IN HEAVEN? Lev. 23:11.
NOTE --- "He was the antitype of the wave sheaf, and His resurrection took place ON THE VERY DAY when the wave sheaf was to be presented before the Lord." – Desire of Ages, pages 785, 786.
WHAT LAW PROVIDES FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE GOSPEL? Lev. 27:30; Numbers 18:21; Lev. 2:3; 10:13-15; 1 Cor. 9:14.
WHAT LAW PROHIBITS EATING UNCLEAN MEATS AND BLOOD? Lev. 11; 17:14; Acts 15:20.
WHAT IS THE BOASTFUL CLAIM OF THE POWER OF DANIEL 7:25? 2 Thess. 2:3,4.
NOTE --- "We Catholics do not accept the Bible as the only rule of faith. Besides the Bible we have the living Church, the authority of the Church, as a rule to guide us. We say, this Church instituted by Christ, to teach and guide men through life, has the RIGHT TO CHANGE THE CEREMONIAL LAWS of the Old Testament..." Peter R. Tramer, Editor, The Catholic Extension Magazine (1934).
WHERE IS THE GOSPEL FOUND? Deut. 31:9,24,26.
NOTE --- "The gospel is given in precept in Leviticus." – 6 Test. 392.
I am with much pleasure to inform you this my humble letter. Please I want to be among students who are personally investigating the teaching of the Davidian Seventh-day Adventists. First I was among the students who took the Bible course from the year 1958-60. So as soon as you receive this letter try and send me Bible course lessons.
Am trying to finish the Medical aid training course, and God has been so good to me, He allow the woman am working with to consent to give me 4 mornings off each week for me to leave___________ to attend School in__________ is very harrassing for me but I know the Lord is able to keep me. So to this end I solicit your prayers even as I am praying for you all.
With thanks I received the Sabbath School Lessons, your letter, the copy of The Entering Wedge, part two and At The 11th Hour.
Glory to God for these great mercies, that takes us with a giant step forward in knowledge and in grace, and who keeps us firm standing during the first waves of the sifting.
I can stress your words, dear secretary; Indeed, wonderful truths, budded in a wonderful way to us.
I see on the announcements on the Sabbath School Lessons a request for those interested in going to Israel... I'm offering to make one of the number required if I am acceptable in His sight. Would you please send me the Questionnaire mentioned in this notice and I will fill same out and return to the office.
Will you please send Tracts concerning the Book of Revelation. I have Tract #16. Thank you.
I the undersigned hereby apply for a parcel of land to unit to occupy a village in Israel. Please send me all particulars concerning same. I am hereby awaiting an early reply from you leaving with an anticipation of being there in Israel.
I must let you know. . . my ardent desire to be a correspondent member of the Branch. And get to know the Doctrine... If I find favour in you or with you – by the Grace of God – please send me a speedy answer with Tracts and Sabbath School Lessons and Morning Watch. Oh! how I am anxious to know of your Doctrine… There are many Adventists here in this Island. But no Shepherd's Rod or Branch here, I know of.
I thank you very much for the papers (The Miracle of the Transplanted Heart and The Star and the Trumpet) you posted to me... you should not think that I never liked the papers you posted or I did not receive them... I will be very happy if you could continue posting of such papers. I have great interest in them... try your possible best to post me this my request. For it will benefit we all if we do the work of the Lord which he has asked us to do.
I wish we can go to Mt. Carmel, to help you to translate in Spanish . . .the literature... Well, I hope and pray that everyone there be in good health and happy. God bless you all!
Please to pray for us that we may all endure to the end. The message of the Branch is full of truths the more we study the more we can see the truth. We are thankful to God for the Spiritual eyesight that He has given us. And I pray that He may always give so that we may be able to tell our brethren in church of this wonderful and last message which has come to us in such a time of need... Please to send literature for these sisters for me___and___, May God bless and keep you all.
I the undersigned hereby apply for a typist job in any of your office. I am possessing a College of Preceptors Statement of three subjects English Language, Arithmetic, Algebra. In Commerce, I am having Elementary English Language First Class Certificates. I have just sat Intermediate English Language, Intermediate Typewriting, Advanced English Language and Elementary Shorthand (Theory I). I am now awaiting the results.. .I hope to serve to the best of my ability if successful.
And listen to this message, from your Brethren the Branch.
Well there's an aiding message, and we're here to tell you so..
And it's up to you Dear Brethren what you decide to do.
About these new messages to ease your troubled mind.
And if you search sincerely God will make it plain to you.
To these aiding truths of which the Bible tell.
144,000 will be sealed one of them could be you.
The Branch will gather a multitude of all those who believe.
Blessed are these Sabbath-keepers with the seals upon their head.
And listen to this message, it may be your only chance.
"Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in. the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem ....and I will write upon him my new name."
All emphases and parentheses used throughout the Sabbath School Lessons are ours unless otherwise stated after the reference.
On March 4 and 5, Purim, the Festival of Deliverance, was joyfully celebrated by the residents of Mt. Carmel and their special guests from Arizona, California, Oregon, Baylor University in Waco, and Keene, Texas. The story of Esther, coupled with the prophecy of the deliverance of God's people from the death decree of Rev. 13, was presented by The Branch Elementary School in beautiful costumes and settings.
New Moon this month will be March 20 beginning at sundown on March 19, and for next month will be April 19 beginning sundown on April 18.
The Lord's Supper will be observed after sundown following Wednesday April 2. The Feast of Unleavened Bread will be celebrated for seven days following April 2 at sundown till sundown following April 9. All those wishing to attend Passover services at New Mt. Carmel should contact the office immediately.
Names and addresses of Second Tithers should continue to be sent to the office with the names and addresses of heirs or devisees of those who have passed away since 1962.
Further publications of V.T. Houteff's unpublished manuscripts will be mailed to Second Tithers who sign the "Waiver Form" sent out by Beard and Kultgen, Attorneys for Tom Street.
All who sign the "Claim", rather than the "Waiver", and give Tom Street (a gentile Sunday keeper) full charge and authority of the Second Tithe Fund and Property, and depend on him to return to them a portion of their Second Tithe (if any is left after it goes through a crooked lawyer's hands), are branded by Heaven as an Achan (he stole the tithe at Jericho, in the type – Joshua 7:18-26; Testimonies Vol. 3, page 269: Tract No. 4, page 43; and Timely Greetings Vol. 2, No, 6, page 22). These are classing themselves with Mrs. Carl Eakin (formerly Florence Houteff) in the antitype who stole the Second Tithe at New Mt. Carmel. God says CROSS OUT THE "CLAIM FORM" if you don't want to be an Achan, SIGN THE "WAIVER FORM" and be free of condemnation.
Applications for Questionnaires are still being accepted from those who wish to make up a ten-family unit (vanguard – Lev. of D.S.D.A., page 3) to occupy a village in Israel. Those interested should send their enquiries to The Branch Organic Agricultural Association, Rte. 7, Box 471-B, Waco, Texas 76705, U.S.A.


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text:
"""Client for interacting with the Google Cloud Storage API."""

from google.cloud._helpers import _LocalStack
from google.cloud.client import ClientWithProject
from google.cloud.exceptions import NotFound
from google.cloud.iterator import HTTPIterator
from google.cloud.storage._http import Connection
from google.cloud.storage.batch import Batch
from google.cloud.storage.bucket import Bucket

class Client(ClientWithProject):
    """Client to bundle configuration needed for API requests.

    :type project: str
    :param project: the project which the client acts on behalf of. Will be
                    passed when creating a topic.  If not passed,
                    falls back to the default inferred from the environment.

    :type credentials: :class:`~google.auth.credentials.Credentials`
    :param credentials: (Optional) The OAuth2 Credentials to use for this
                        client. If not passed (and if no ``_http`` object is
                        passed), falls back to the default inferred from the
                        environment.

    :type _http: :class:`~httplib2.Http`
    :param _http: (Optional) HTTP object to make requests. Can be any object
                  that defines ``request()`` with the same interface as
                  :meth:`~httplib2.Http.request`. If not passed, an
                  ``_http`` object is created that is bound to the
                  ``credentials`` for the current object.
                  This parameter should be considered private, and could
                  change in the future.
    """

    SCOPE = ('https://www.googleapis.com/auth/devstorage.full_control',
             'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/devstorage.read_only',
             'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/devstorage.read_write')
    """The scopes required for authenticating as a Cloud Storage consumer."""

    def __init__(self, project=None, credentials=None, _http=None):
        self._base_connection = None
        super(Client, self).__init__(project=project, credentials=credentials,
                                     _http=_http)
        self._connection = Connection(self)
        self._batch_stack = _LocalStack()

    @property
    def _connection(self):
        """Get connection or batch on the client.

        :rtype: :class:`google.cloud.storage._http.Connection`
        :returns: The connection set on the client, or the batch
                  if one is set.
        """
        if self.current_batch is not None:
            return self.current_batch
        else:
            return self._base_connection

    @_connection.setter
    def _connection(self, value):
        """Set connection on the client.

        Intended to be used by constructor (since the base class calls)
            self._connection = connection
        Will raise if the connection is set more than once.

        :type value: :class:`google.cloud.storage._http.Connection`
        :param value: The connection set on the client.

        :raises: :class:`ValueError` if connection has already been set.
        """
        if self._base_connection is not None:
            raise ValueError('Connection already set on client')
        self._base_connection = value

    def _push_batch(self, batch):
        """Push a batch onto our stack.

        "Protected", intended for use by batch context mgrs.

        :type batch: :class:`google.cloud.storage.batch.Batch`
        :param batch: newly-active batch
        """
        self._batch_stack.push(batch)

    def _pop_batch(self):
        """Pop a batch from our stack.

        "Protected", intended for use by batch context mgrs.

        :raises: IndexError if the stack is empty.
        :rtype: :class:`google.cloud.storage.batch.Batch`
        :returns: the top-most batch/transaction, after removing it.
        """
        return self._batch_stack.pop()

    @property
    def current_batch(self):
        """Currently-active batch.

        :rtype: :class:`google.cloud.storage.batch.Batch` or ``NoneType`` (if
                no batch is active).
        :returns: The batch at the top of the batch stack.
        """
        return self._batch_stack.top

    def bucket(self, bucket_name):
        """Factory constructor for bucket object.

        .. note::
          This will not make an HTTP request; it simply instantiates
          a bucket object owned by this client.

        :type bucket_name: str
        :param bucket_name: The name of the bucket to be instantiated.

        :rtype: :class:`google.cloud.storage.bucket.Bucket`
        :returns: The bucket object created.
        """
        return Bucket(client=self, name=bucket_name)

    def batch(self):
        """Factory constructor for batch object.

        .. note::
          This will not make an HTTP request; it simply instantiates
          a batch object owned by this client.

        :rtype: :class:`google.cloud.storage.batch.Batch`
        :returns: The batch object created.
        """
        return Batch(client=self)

    def get_bucket(self, bucket_name):
        """Get a bucket by name.

        If the bucket isn't found, this will raise a
        :class:`google.cloud.storage.exceptions.NotFound`.

        For example:

        .. literalinclude:: storage_snippets.py
            :start-after: [START get_bucket]
            :end-before: [END get_bucket]

        This implements "storage.buckets.get".

        :type bucket_name: str
        :param bucket_name: The name of the bucket to get.

        :rtype: :class:`google.cloud.storage.bucket.Bucket`
        :returns: The bucket matching the name provided.
        :raises: :class:`google.cloud.exceptions.NotFound`
        """
        bucket = Bucket(self, name=bucket_name)
        bucket.reload(client=self)
        return bucket

    def lookup_bucket(self, bucket_name):
        """Get a bucket by name, returning None if not found.

        You can use this if you would rather check for a None value
        than catching an exception:

        .. literalinclude:: storage_snippets.py
            :start-after: [START lookup_bucket]
            :end-before: [END lookup_bucket]

        :type bucket_name: str
        :param bucket_name: The name of the bucket to get.

        :rtype: :class:`google.cloud.storage.bucket.Bucket`
        :returns: The bucket matching the name provided or None if not found.
        """
        try:
            return self.get_bucket(bucket_name)
        except NotFound:
            return None

    def create_bucket(self, bucket_name):
        """Create a new bucket.

        For example:

        .. literalinclude:: storage_snippets.py
            :start-after: [START create_bucket]
            :end-before: [END create_bucket]

        This implements "storage.buckets.insert".

        If the bucket already exists, will raise
        :class:`google.cloud.exceptions.Conflict`.

        :type bucket_name: str
        :param bucket_name: The bucket name to create.

        :rtype: :class:`google.cloud.storage.bucket.Bucket`
        :returns: The newly created bucket.
        """
        bucket = Bucket(self, name=bucket_name)
        bucket.create(client=self)
        return bucket

    def list_buckets(self, max_results=None, page_token=None, prefix=None,
                     projection='noAcl', fields=None):
        """Get all buckets in the project associated to the client.

        This will not populate the list of blobs available in each
        bucket.

        .. literalinclude:: storage_snippets.py
            :start-after: [START list_buckets]
            :end-before: [END list_buckets]

        This implements "storage.buckets.list".

        :type max_results: int
        :param max_results: Optional. Maximum number of buckets to return.

        :type page_token: str
        :param page_token: Optional. Opaque marker for the next "page" of
                           buckets. If not passed, will return the first page
                           of buckets.

        :type prefix: str
        :param prefix: Optional. Filter results to buckets whose names begin
                       with this prefix.

        :type projection: str
        :param projection:
            (Optional) Specifies the set of properties to return. If used, must
            be 'full' or 'noAcl'. Defaults to 'noAcl'.

        :type fields: str
        :param fields:
            (Optional) Selector specifying which fields to include in a partial
            response. Must be a list of fields. For example to get a partial
            response with just the next page token and the language of each
            bucket returned: 'items/id,nextPageToken'

        :rtype: :class:`~google.cloud.iterator.Iterator`
        :returns: Iterator of all :class:`~google.cloud.storage.bucket.Bucket`
                  belonging to this project.
        """
        extra_params = {'project': self.project}

        if prefix is not None:
            extra_params['prefix'] = prefix

        extra_params['projection'] = projection

        if fields is not None:
            extra_params['fields'] = fields

        return HTTPIterator(
            client=self, path='/b', item_to_value=_item_to_bucket,
            page_token=page_token, max_results=max_results,
            extra_params=extra_params)

def _item_to_bucket(iterator, item):
    """Convert a JSON bucket to the native object.

    :type iterator: :class:`~google.cloud.iterator.Iterator`
    :param iterator: The iterator that has retrieved the item.

    :type item: dict
    :param item: An item to be converted to a bucket.

    :rtype: :class:`.Bucket`
    :returns: The next bucket in the page.
    """
    name = item.get('name')
    bucket = Bucket(iterator.client, name)
    bucket._set_properties(item)
    return bucket


Every object on the Moo can be uniquely identified by its serial number.  Some of our more important objects have been assigned reference names.
Below are <I>all</I> the Moo's references.  The ones in bold are system references, the rest are user-defined.


text:
Meghan Markle Seems To Have "American Wife Syndrome," Experts Claim
There are two sides to fame and popularity – besides loving fans, celebrities may also have annoying haters. They need no reason to convict and provoke others to start thinking like them. Although it is impossible to appeal to absolutely everyone, celebrities sometimes encounter such sharp criticism that they find very difficult to cope with.
Smiling Meghan Markle has recently become one of the most discussed and photographed women all across the globe. Some people are genuinely interested in her style, work, and experience as a mom. Others remain almost indifferent. At the same time, some people miss no blunders and mistakes she makes, ranging from embarrassing clothing choices, right through to accusations of squander.
As you know, Meghan and Harry moved to their new home, Frogmore Cottage, which had been previously renovated. Public dissatisfaction was caused by the amount spent on this update – about $3 million. It was believed that some of these funds were covered by taxpayers. But let's not forget that both the Duke and the Duchess are quite wealthy people who are fully capable of allowing themselves such expenses.
Публикация от Helen Kirwan-Taylor (@helenkirwantaylor) 27 Июн 2019 в 4:09 PDT
The Telegraph has recently shared an interesting theory. The journalists suggested that Meghan could have suffered the so-called "American Wife Syndrome," which she had picked up after moving from the States. It is something of a behavioral disorder after diving into a completely different environment. The castle renovation is a way to cope with stress and an attempt to create something remotely reminiscent of a past life.
It's believed that Americans are more demanding in everyday life than the British. Of course, we can't know for sure what exactly Harry and Meghan had invested in. At the same time, some netizens didn't miss the opportunity to share their opinions on the matter:
@Catherine McDermott:
Living in London isn't good for the health, and I can't blame anyone for wanting to get out, especially if they have children.😷 Meghan and Harry are lucky to have the choice.
@Brenda Momente:
She's an American commoner who's a divorced ex-actress/ what would she know about quaint English cottages – zero!
@Anthony J. Scilingo:
Happens all over America in posh suburbs...Victorian landmark razed for a "Stunning" and "New" McMansion.
@Mitch Owens:
The cottage still stands; it had previously been divided into five separate apartments and offices. Now is a house again. Much ado about nothing, methinks.
@Sheng Skimins:
Is this her mental health issue?
Let us also note that the "American Wife Syndrome" isn't a disease or a pathological condition. This term must have been coined due to differences in cultures and habits, as well as the need to adapt to new circumstances. Such dramatic changes couldn't go unnoticed by Meghan. In addition, the Sussexes didn't really damage the architectural heritage. You would have probably also wanted to create comfort in your new house.
By the way, the royal authors wrote that the Dukes shouldn't be so to blame for squander. For example, Rebecca English noted that the couple tried to reduce costs as much as possible. And Chris Ship recalled that the renovation of William and Kate's house cost $5.5 million in 2014.
Well, it isn't ethical to count other people's money, so we will leave these conversations to experts. But what do you think of the published theory about Meghan's excessive wastefulness? Share your thoughts in the comments.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: In django admin make object and refer from other object I don't know if it's even possible but i hope you can help me. These are my models:
class Aufgaben(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(
        verbose_name=_('name'), null=False, blank=False, max_length=255)

class Zusatzinfo(models.Model):
    info = models.TextField(
        verbose_name=_('info'), null=False, blank=False, max_length=1000)

class Person(models.Model):
#more fields
    aufgaben = models.ManyToManyField(Aufgaben, blank=True)
    zusatzinfo = models.OneToOneField(
        Zusatzinfo, verbose_name=_('zusatzinfos'), blank=True, null=True , related_name='zusatzinfo')

Some users should be able to add an "Aufgaben"-Object in the django admin page which belongs to an person. But they must not have access to the whole person model. So they should be able to create an "Aufgabe" and select the person to which it belongs. The same with "Zusatzinfo" but both dont have the same relation(onetoone, manytomany) so i dont know if it works the same(if it actually works). I hope i explained it well, if not feel free to ask.

A: I think you might have your relations backwards. If aufgaben can only be owned by 1 person that already exists, than models.ForeignKey should be set on the aufgabenmodel to person. Currently your saying that more than 1 person can have an aufgaben, and an aufgaben can have more than 1 person.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
The Load is an ebike built for a full day of running errands
By Garrett Hulfish April 14, 2017
In response to growing concern for the environment, bicycles have increased as a form of transportation between home and work, and for running errands. Modern technology has made this even easier with ebikes, so commuting doesn't have to leave riders sweaty. Yet eBikes mostly resemble road bikes, together with their limited storage options.
For a better all-around ebike, Riese & Muller, a German ebike manufacturer, has developed The Load. As its name implies, The Load features a large loading area that can handle a wide range of uses. This bike is built for shopping bags, pets, and everything in between.
The biggest feature is the storage platform and side walls in front of the handlebars. On its own, this isn't entirely innovative. Instead, the versatility is what sets it apart. For example, with heavier loads, swap out the load side walls for higher ones. Riding with children? Attach the double child seat or baby seat fastening so that children up to the age of 6 can ride under their parent's watchful eyes. If the weather calls for wind and rain, various covers and tarps offer protection for children and cargo. For added protection, a waterproof folding box can be secured with a padlock. And if all that cargo space isn't enough, a simple carrier can be easily installed above the rear wheel.
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Other features of The Load aim for safety and comfort. The full suspension keeps riders in full control while the adjustable seat and low cross bar allow just about anyone to ride it. For child safety, each seat features 5-point belts while the bike's frame offers side protection.
Powering The Load is the Bosch Performance drive and two 500-watt batteries. This system provides muscle strength assistance of up to 275 percent. Depending on the model, users can enjoy varying levels of speed and torque. With the Bosch Performance Cruise motor, riders can reach speeds of 15 miles per hour while the Performance Speed motor can go as high as 28 miles per hour. For higher pedal assistance up to 300 percent, the Performance CX motor will offer the necessary power.
The Load is available in four different frame colors: white, lime, cyan, and graphite black matte. For further customization, users can select from various contrasting colors for handles and pedals. There are five different models based on motor preference. Prices range from the Load Light at $5,300 to the Load Nuvinci HS at $6,160.
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2024 Chevrolet Silverado EV is an electric pickup built for work and play
Tesla pulls latest Full Self-Driving beta less than a day after release
iPhone camera can be damaged by motorcycle vibrations, Apple says
Watch Ford's robot test drivers take a car for an on-the-spot spin
The best cycling apps for Android and iOS
Like Braille for your ears, Action Audio wordlessly translates sports into sound
NASA rover tech looks set to revolutionize the humble bicycle tire
The best bike racks for your car
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Lime makes it even easier to ride one of its electric scooters
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The best telescopes


text:
'Entre - Act' 2000
Location: Cascade building, floor 1
Edith Imkamp van der Does de Willebois (1930), as her full name is, first studies at the Rijks Academie in Amsterdam, and then switches to Ateliers '63 at Haarlem for a half year. Among her teachers there are Wessel Couzijn, the founder, and Tajiri. That half year at the Ateliers has a decisive influence on her way of thinking and working.
Imkamp says: "I was really quite unhappy at the Rijks Academie. It was a course in which you were told 'That's allowed, and that's absolutely not'. The Ateliers were a great pleasure. I went to a car disposal facility along with Tajiri, extracted materials from car wrecks and immediately set about constructing and welding."
It was Couzijn who kindled her self-consciousness. Imkamp: "He told me: 'Edith, what you're making now someone else can make too. But where are you yourself? He persisted and really kicked me into freedom."
Edith Imkamp has developed a work method all of her own. She casts wax plates into cold water, making them solidify immediately. That gives her molds a rough and a smooth side, which she then polishes.
About her work she says: "I usually just start off and see where I end up. I believe my work is strongly based on nature: attraction and repulsion, the opening and closing of flowers; very organic. My works are abstract, but still comprise elements from the world of insects. A shield on legs is also quite a challenge, I've been grappling with that for years."
Links Edith Imkamp:
http://www.nijmegen.nl/kos/kunstwerk.aspx?id=305 http://www.artnet.nu/mnexpo.asp?exponr=42539
http://www.haagsekunstenaars.nl/cv/370/Edith+Imkamp
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Denhaag_kunstwerk_entr%27acte.jpg