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Home » About the TGA » TGA basics » Publications » TGA approved terminology for medicines
Approved names for chemical ingredients
See: TGA approved terminology for therapeutic goods
TGA approved terminology for therapeutic goods
This guidance provides information on approved names for chemical ingredients - Australian Approved Names (AANs).
On this page: Searching the list of AANs | If a chemical ingredient is not on the Approved List | Abbreviations for AANs | General guidelines for naming chemical ingredients | Naming of specific types of chemical ingredients
Searching the list of AANs
The Ingredients Table on our TGA Business Services website contains all approved names for ingredients used in therapeutic goods.
For more information on how to search for ingredients, refer to Appendix 3.1.1.
The inclusion of an AAN in the Ingredients Table:
indicates that the name is approved as the descriptor of the substance.
does not imply that the substance has been approved for use in a therapeutic good.
If a chemical ingredient is not on the Approved List
If there is no AAN for a chemical ingredient in your therapeutic good's formulation:
follow the process for a proposing a new ingredient name.
use the form - Proposed Australian Approved Name (AAN).
Abbreviations for AANs
Chemical ingredients with long names may be abbreviated in the literature, for example:
cyclohexanedimethanol is referred to as CHDM
diethanolamine is referred to as DEA
dimethyl sulfoxide is referred to as DMSO
hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triacetic acid is referred to as HEDTA
In your application for a therapeutic good or on medicine labels:
do not use these abbreviations in place of the Australian approved name
use the full Australian approved name (AAN).
General guidelines for naming chemical ingredients
INN is the preferred reference for AANs (see section 3.3 Ingredient naming references). If there is no INN (or other preferred reference) available for your chemical substance you can propose a new name. Use the following rules when proposing a new name:
use International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) naming conventions, e.g. 1-[3,3-dimethylcyclohexyl]-4-penten-1-one
unless the name includes a salt, ester or glycol suffix, form names by joining elements of the name together to form a single word, e.g. ethylcellulose rather than ethyl cellulose
capital letters are not generally used in chemical names except in the circumstances detailed below:
include the designator 'N-' in the name to indicate a constituent group attached to a nitrogen
where relevant, include stereochemical descriptors, such as 'R-' and 'S-'; 'd-', 'l-' and 'dl-'; and/or 'cis-' and 'trans-', in ingredient names, in accordance with IUPAC nomenclature. This increases the amount of information provided by the name and reduces ambiguity
use the designators 2-, 3-, 4-, for chemicals that include aromatic rings rather than o-, m-, p-, or ortho-, meta-, para-
use the designators n-, iso-, sec- and tert- to describe the branching of alkyl groups.
use Table 4 to identify the acceptable approach for these chemical groups.
Table 4: Names for miscellaneous chemical groups
Acceptable name
Unacceptable name/spelling/format
allyl propenyl, vinyl carbinyl
amyl pentyl
anisate methoxybenzoate
anthranilate aminobenzoate
cetyl hexadecyl
glycerol glycerin
nonanoate pelargonate
nonanoyl pelargonyl
nonanoic pelargonic
phenylpropionate hydrocinnamate
phenylpropionic hydrocinnamic
phenylpropionyl hydrocinnamyl
xylene xylol
Naming of specific types of chemical ingredients
In this section: Polymeric substances | Macrogols (polyethylene glycols - PEGs) | Carbomers | Derivatives | Salts | Starches | Alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters and acyl groups | Ethanol | Anions and cations | Amino acids, sugars and other chiral ingredients | Metals | Colour names | Radioactive pharmaceuticals | Stearates | Vitamin E substances | Waters of hydration
Polymeric substances
Polymeric substances are frequently identified by a name part and a number that indicates the grade of polymer by:
chain length or molecular weight
viscosity.
Some common examples are in Table 5.
Table 5: Polymeric substances identified by a name part and a number
Type of polymer
Macrogols Average molecular weight
Dimeticones Kinematic viscosity
Carbomers, nylons, polyacrylates Numbers indicate different chemical structures rather than different average polymer chain lengths; the numbering is not systematic, and the relevant references should be consulted to determine the structure
Macrogols (polyethylene glycols - PEGs)
The term macrogol is generally used by the pharmaceutical industry, whereas PEG is used in the chemical and cosmetics industries. 'Macrogol' will be used in AANs for polyethylene glycols (and their simple esters and ethers), rather than polyoxyl, polyoxyethylene, polyethylene glycol or PEG. This is consistent with INN terminology.
'Macrogol' is the INN for polymeric substances with the following general formula:
HOCH2(CH2OCH2)mCH2OH
INNs have also been assigned to simple esters and some simple ethers of macrogols. Examples are macrogol stearate and lauromacrogol.
INN definitions
The INN definitions state that each name is followed by a number indicating the average molecular weight of the:
macrogol portion of an ester or ether.
For example, macrogol 300 has an average molecular weight of about 300 (m = 5 or 6, giving a molecular weight of 282.3 or 326.4).
Average molecular weights
To prevent the creation of numerous macrogol names with only minor differences, such as macrogol 1500 and macrogol 1540, we will use average molecular weights in the ingredient name, rounded in the following manner:
Molecular weight for macrogols with shorter chain lengths is averaged to the nearest 50, up to a weight of 800. Following 800, the molecular weight is averaged to the nearest 100 up to 1500; then to the nearest 500 up to 8000 and so on.
Size of the polymer molecule
In AANs, the size of the polymer molecule will be based on the average molecular weight of the polymer chain, not the chain length. (Chain length, based on the approximate number of oxyethylene units, is generally used for PEG-based nomenclature.)
Where names are converted to macrogol from PEG, the chain length designating number will also be appropriately amended, and the reference will be shown as 'modified' e.g. International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary (modified) (ICIDM). The name listed in the reference is included as a synonym.
For example, all pure macrogols (macrogol 2000, etc.) will have references as 'modified', because the reference does not usually list the number.
Complex polymers with polyethylene glycol components
Where there are no INNs for more complex polymers with polyethylene glycol components, these are named according to the best available reference.
For example, macrogol poly(vinylalcohol) grafted copolymer is named using the British Pharmacopoeia, whereas acrylates/PEG-10 maleate/styrene copolymer is named using the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary.
Carbomers
When giving different names to carbomers, we follow the conventions of the USP. This approach relies on whether or not they are manufactured using benzene.
Ensure that you refer to the synonyms in the Ingredients Table, and/or the relevant USP references, to help determine the correct name for the substance.
Derivatives each have individual names to identify the salt or ester and distinguish the substances from the base.
For example, 'ibuprofen' and 'ibuprofen sodium' are two separate AANs.
If a derivative has an INN
If there is no INN (or other common reference)
Ensure you name derivatives in accordance with the conventions described in the WHO document International Non-proprietary Names Modified , which you can find on the WHO INN Publications page.
There is no need to specify the molar ratio of the salt if:
there is no INN or other common reference, and
the salt can exist in only one form.
For example, if an ingredient can only exist as a monosodium salt, use 'sodium' in the name (e.g. sodium benzoate).
Monohydrochloride would be stated as hydrochloride, whereas dihydrochloride would be stated as is.
If there is no preferred reference, and there is more than one possible stoichiometry for the salt (and the stoichiometry is not specified), the ratio is assumed to be 1:1.
Common examples are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, hydrochloride and hydrobromide.
Unmodified, naturally occurring starches are classified as herbal ingredients and have Approved Herbal Substance Names, e.g. maize starch*.
*Note: 'maize' is used to identify ingredients derived from corn.
Some starches (such as soluble potato starch) have been chemically modified, and are therefore classified as AANs.
Alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters and acyl groups
Alcohols, aldehydes, acids, esters and acyl groups should be named in accordance with references commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry, e.g. British Pharmacopoeia (BP), Merck Index.
If there is no suitable reference in the Reference Codes list on the Code Tables:
use the currently accepted International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature.
Where numbers are included in the name:
place them in the middle of the name rather than at the start, e.g. butan-1-ol.
The Ingredients Table has two entries relating to ethanol, both of which use the British Pharmacopoeia as a naming reference. However, both have other default standards that sponsors can choose to comply with:
'ethanol absolute' (BPM) which is subject to either:
'ethanol' (absolute alcohol) as described in the BP monograph of that title
'dehydrated alcohol', as described in the USP monograph of that title
'ethanol' (BPM) which is subject to either:
'ethanol (96 per cent)', as described in the BP monograph of that title
'alcohol', as described in the USP monograph of that title.
Anions and cations
The quantities of individual ions (or ion equivalents) may need to be stated on a medicine label, in addition to the statement of strength for ingredients. The medicine labelling Orders include these requirements for:
intravenous infusions (large-volume injections)
concentrated haemodialysis solutions.
All approved anions and cations have AANs and are available in the Ingredients Table.
Amino acids, sugars and other chiral ingredients
Many chiral substances, such as amino acids, can exist as either:
a single optical isomer (enantiomer) or
a mixture of isomers.
The reference quoted for the name defines the isomer or mixture.
Some substances of biological origin exist in nature exclusively as a single enantiomer. These include amino acids, sugars and lactic acid. For these substances the:
stereochemistry of the naturally occurring isomer isn't identified in the ingredient name, e.g. 'lysine' and 'glucose' are AANs, NOT 'l-lysine' or 'd-glucose'
designators, 'dl-' and 'd-' should be included in the names of amino acids that occur naturally in these forms, to distinguish them from the 'l' form. This is consistent with INN naming conventions and reduces ambiguity
designators 'R', 'RS' and 'S' are not used for chiral molecules, unless they are in the reference title or are required to distinguish between different approved names.
Use the common name for metals when naming metal salts or complexes. For example, use 'copper' and 'iron', rather than 'cuprous' or 'cupric', and 'ferrous' or 'ferric' as they are more readily understood by consumers.
If a single oxidation state occurs, include it in the name, e.g. copper (I), copper (II), iron (II), iron (III))
Where mixed oxidation states occur, use the names copper, iron, and so on; for example, iron phosphate.
Colour names
Do not include the Colour Index (CI) number for new ingredients that are colours.
Each colour and its lakes will have separate names.
For example, erythrosine and erythrosine aluminium lake are both approved names.
Radioactive pharmaceuticals
Use the INN format for radioactive ingredients, e.g. Iometin (131I); iometopane (123I)) noting that mass numbers in AANs are not in superscript format.
The term 'stearate' in the name of a salt or ester refers to mixtures of fatty acids that have as their major component(s) either:
stearic (octadecanoic) acid, or
palmitic (hexadecanoic) and stearic acids in varying proportions.
The term 'palmitostearate' is sometimes used where the mixture of fatty acids contains approximately equal quantities of palmitic and stearic acids.
Vitamin E substances
There are no INNs for vitamin E substances - that is, alpha-tocopherol and its derivatives. The USP and BP systems for naming vitamin E substances are different.
The AANs are essentially the same as the names specified in the USP monograph 'Vitamin E', with an additional hyphen, as demonstrated in Table 6.
Table 6: AANs and BP names for vitamin E substances
BP name
d-alpha-tocopherol RRR-alpha-tocopherol
d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate RRR-alpha-tocopherol acetate
d-alpha-tocopheryl acid succinate RRR-alpha tocopheryl hydrogen succinate
dl-alpha-tocopherol all-rac-alpha-tocopherol
dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate
dl-alpha-tocopheryl acid succinate alpha tocopheryl hydrogen succinate
Waters of hydration
Use the following approach for identifying waters of hydration, e.g. the waters of crystallisation of a substance:
if a hydration state is not included in the name, the ingredient is anhydrous. This policy is used even if the 'normal' state of the ingredient is hydrated.
Note: In a small number of cases, the term 'anhydrous' is retained in the ingredient name to avoid confusion, e.g. 'colloidal anhydrous silica' and 'hydrophobic colloidal anhydrous silica'.
there are separate names for each hydration state in which the substance occurs.
substances that occur with a mixed hydration state are called 'substance hydrate'.
This approach to ingredient naming is consistent with INN naming conventions. The objective is to provide an unambiguous name, without users needing to refer to other documents to determine which state of hydration is defined.
Exceptions to this approach
If the water is not part of the crystal structure then some substances may include the word 'dried' as part of their name, e.g. 'dried magnesium sulfate'.
Use on labels
Waters of hydration may be expressed differently on labels.
For information on how an ingredient is expressed on a medicine label, see the medicine labelling Orders and related guidance.
Category:Medicines, Therapeutic goods regulation
Tags:chemicals


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Paris Saint-Germain have issued a strong denial following reports the Ligue 1 leaders could be sanctioned over UEFA's Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations.
Along with a €60m fine - which was later reduced to €20m - PSG had their Champions League squad limited to 21 players in 2014-15, while spending restrictions were also imposed.
The French club's world record £198million purchase of Brazilian star Neymar and their subsequent acquisition of French striker Kylian Mbappe will likely become the next focus of UEFA's investigators. Javier Tebas, the president of La Liga, accused PSG of financial doping and "peeing in the swimming pool" and promised to formally complain to Uefa.
"The contract between PSG and the Qatar Tourism Authority has been carefully considered and a fair value, significantly below that submitted by the club, has been assigned", Uefa ruled at the time.
Uefa won't make a final decision before the end of the financial year at the end of Juve.
According to The Financial Times, the probe is also looking at whether some of the sponsorship money had come from "related parties" with financial or other links to the club's Qatari owners.
The Average True Range, a measure of volatility is at 0, however its weekly and monthly volatility is 43.12%, 32.69% respectively. The stock witnessed 58% gains, -59.28% declines and -99.38% declines for the 1-month, 3-month and 6-month period, respectively.
European football's governing body Uefa introduced FFP "break-even" rules in 2013, requiring clubs to balance their spending with their revenue.
Octagon are understood to have assessed the deal's benefit to the QTA is very much less than the money the QTA is paying PSG.
However, a probe into the club's financial situation by Uefa has found they "overstated" their so-called £2oom income from sponsors.
The club are understood to have commissioned their own independent valuation, and to be arguing the sponsorships are fair value, given the increased profile generated by the Neymar and Mbappé signings.
European football's governing body will discuss the case on Friday, April 20 in the latest of a series of meetings following the launch of the investigation a year ago.
There's unusual tidings afoot in the Champions League , and Real Madrid can't afford to assume they already have the tie won. Buffon clearly thought otherwise, and took his remonstrations against the English official too far.
This is over 2 weeks out...and many, many things can change, but we are giving you our read on it the way we see it this morning . Spring showers join the spring warmth in the area, and will be part of a wetter weather pattern going through the weekend.
Zacks Investment Research lowered Halcon Resources from a "hold" rating to a "strong sell" rating in a research note on Wednesday. Currently Halcon Resources (NYSE:HK)'s shares owned by insiders are 2.2%, whereas shares owned by institutional owners are 87.7%.
As per Friday, January 13, the company rating was upgraded by Piper Jaffray. (NASDAQ:EVOL) on Thursday, July 23 with "Buy" rating. Therefore 84% are positive. 23 are the (NASDAQ:SWKS)'s ratings reports on April 10, 2018 according to StockzIntelligence Inc.
Ronaldo stepped up and sent the ball into the top corner to put Los Blancos into the semi-finals with a 4-3 aggregate win. This Madrid side always give you chances, they just always expect to score more of them than their opponents.
The Brewers (7-6) will begin a three games series in NY against the Mets on Friday. Mayers allowed a home run on Sunday and had a scoreless outing before that.


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Understanding The Mobile Rule Of Three
By SlashGear Staff/Updated: July 17, 2012 10:56 pm EST
It's an interesting challenge. Lots of mobile devices that are all vying for the consumer pocket (and wallet). But just how many devices will consumers carry with them at any one time? The answer is important as that also helps define which devices will be successful and which ones will fail. Conventional wisdom holds that most consumers prefer to carry only a single device, and while that wisdom is correct it only tells a partial story. We've done some interesting research at Interpret that says there's more here than conventional wisdom would indicate and that consumers are willing to carry more than one device; however there's also an upper limit on that number.
What makes this all the more tricky is there's a lot of overlap in device functionality. Five years ago, mobile devices were easy to classify. Phones were for talking, cameras were for taking pictures and media players were for listening to music. Today's new converged devices raise the question of consumer preference to carry a single device vs. multiple standalone devices. We've discovered that even as there's consumer preference for a single device, consumers are actually willing to carry multiple devices as circumstances dictate. In fact, the curve for what consumers will carry is a not a linear curve downward starting with one as might be expected, but actually a bell curve balanced between one and three devices. Three, however, is an upper limit and there's a steep decline for consumers willing to carry four devices or more.
This willingness to carry multiple devices leads to what I like to call the mobile "rule of three". In order to be a part of the consumer mobile eco-system, device vendors must be certain to be a part of the top three devices consumers will carry with them. Devices that do not make it into the first three (and ideally the first two) are likely to be left behind and viewed as less important to consumers.
While it appears that there's a contradiction in terms of what consumers will carry and what they prefer to carry, I don't believe the two are at odds with each other. Rather, we are reaching a point where consumers will own and carry multiple devices based on context, always tending to carry the fewest devices possible at any given time. No less than needed and rarely more than three.
This contextual basis will mean that different devices fall into different parts of the consumer hierarchy based on their given mode. As the mobile space represents the place that is neither work nor home, consumers will use multiple devices that allow them to move in and out of both of these modes. The result is that there are scenarios that will make sense for consumers to carry a single converged device. For example a phone with integrated media player and camera might be the preferred device for taking to the gym to listen to music, or an evening dinner to capture casual photos. In contrast, a dedicated media player will be called for cross country flights and a dedicated camera for vacation trips or to capture important photographs.
Mobile devices are following two contradictory trajectories, with one class of devices fragmenting in terms of core functions creating new markets for standalone devices, while other converged devices are taking on new features and functions, rivaling standalone devices for features. Neither approach is universally correct and I think it's important that vendors creating mobile devices need to understand and focus on the contextual nature of consumer device use and find the core features to map into the first three device count of their mobile eco systems. So that leaves me with my question: how many devices are you willing to carry and what are they?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Okay, so its been germ central at my house. I have been in the kitchen for the past three or four days making something different each day to either boost my immune system or to make something soothing for my throat. Today's recipe was a delicious and soothing ginger, honey and lemon gummies recipe.
I don't have any fresh ginger root….so I'll have to use ginger tea.
I don't have a gummie mold. (I have numerous candy molds, but they all seemed to large for what I wanted). So I kept it super easy and simply poured this into a glass rectangle pan and sliced them into cubes.
With all of the I don'ts behind me…I moved forward with what I did have and am happy to say these came out quite delicious. So if you or someone in your house is feeling puny, consider these simple 4 ingredient gummies, which taste delicious and are soothing for your throat.
1. Place a tea bag of your favorite ginger tea in a cup. Pour 1 cup of near boiling water in the cup. Cover and let steep 15-20 minutes. The longer it steeps the stronger the flavor.
2. Pour the tea in a pan and add in the honey and lemon juice. Heat on medium, stir occasionally till the honey melts and all the ingredients are combined.
3. Remove from heat and gradually whisk in gelatin, till it has dissolved and the mixture is smooth.
4. Pour into a 6 x 9, 1 qt. glass pan. Place in refrigerator until set.
5. Remove pan from refrigerator. Using a sharp knife cut your gummies into your desired size. I cut mine into 48 squares. Keep stored in refrigerator.
That's it! Hope you enjoy these as much as I did.


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Collegamenti esterni

Calciatori del C.D. Rodelindo Román

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Volkswagen Jetta has always been one of the most popular and affordable option in the Volkswagen lineup, and things are only getting better for 2017. Car shoppers looking for a compact sedan with style are sure to enjoy the new features and simplified trim levels for the 2017 Volkswagen Jetta in Poughkeepsie NY. Read on to learn more about engine specs and what makes the new Jetta stand out.
If you would like to be one of the lucky drivers to get behind the wheel of the 2017 Volkswagen Jetta, give us a call or schedule a test drive appointment online. The experienced professionals at Volkswagen of Kingston are happy to answer your questions and get you started on the quick and easy financing process available here at Volkswagen of Kingston.
The 2017 Volkswagen Jetta GLI package is available exclusively on the SE trim. It includes sport-tuned suspension, a navigation system, powered sport seats, upgraded brakes, and parking sensors.
With the addition of infotainment and VW Car-Net connectivity, drivers of the 2017 Jetta can quickly and easily connect and utilize smartphones through apps like Apply CarPlay and Android Auto. Available on both the 5-inch and 6.3-inch touchscreen options.
The advanced SE trim adds features like blind spot and rear traffic monitoring, while other features like Forward Collision Warning and Autonomous Braking are available. Convenience and safety come in the form of Adaptive Cruise Control, offering you the most relaxing drive yet.
There are two different engines available for those looking to drive the 2017 Volkswagen Jetta. The first is the standard 1.4-liter turbocharged four-cylinder that produces 150 horsepower and 184 lb-ft of torque. The second engine available is a 1.8-liter turbocharged four-cylinder with a boosted 170 horsepower. The smaller standard engine gets up to 39 miles per gallon on the highway, while the larger and more powerful engine option still manages to achieve up to 36 miles per gallon. Whichever you choose, the Jetta is sure to save you money at the gas station.
Because of the simplified trim lineup, drivers of the 2017 Jetta can enjoy more of the latest high-tech features at lower trim levels. This means more affordable vehicles with exciting options that now come standard. Here is a list of the convenience features you'll find on the S-trim 2017 Jetta.


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ArticlesCorruptionNewsPoliticsTaxesUS News
Maryland Obamacare Exchange Investigation: "Flagrant Waste & Abuse of Taxpayer Monies"
Lily Dane March 11, 2014
A probe into how millions of dollars in federal money was spent on developing the Maryland health exchange will be launched by federal investigators.
The Maryland Health Benefit Exchange has had troubles since its launch on October 1. The site crashed on its first day, and has had ongoing problems, including feuding contractors and major software issues. Noridian Healthcare Solutions, the company the state hired to build the exchange for $193 million, had already been paid $68 million prior to being terminated in February.
Maryland officials initially said they expected total enrollments in private plans to be around 150,000 by the end of March. They later claimed that goal was an error and changed the figure to 75,000.
The actual number of enrollees as of March 1 was a whopping 38,000.
That's right – $68 million has been spent, and only 38,000 people have enrolled so far. A significant amount of public funding has been used to build and repair Maryland's exchange. The total cost of the state's site is expected to reach $261 million by 2015, with most of that funding coming from federal grants.
Rep. Andy Harris, a Baltimore County Republican and vocal opponent of the ACA, said officials with the inspector general for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services contacted him and indicated they will look into how the money was spent by the state.
Harris and Georgia Republican Jack Kingston requested the investigation in a letter to the Department of Health and Human Services. In the letter, Harris wrote that state officials ignored early warning signs and chose to "waste and abuse federal taxpayer money by opening up what they knew was a flawed exchange to the public."
In a public statement this morning, Harris said the investigation will "bring to light how hundreds of millions of dollars were wasted on one of the worst exchange rollouts in the country."
The investigation is expected to begin in a few weeks, and is the first of its kind to be revealed publicly. A few days ago, the U.S. Government Accountability Office said it would review the formation of state-based insurance exchanges for issues, but the Maryland investigation is different – it is being conducted by a federal inspector general. That type of probe is said to be more thorough and exhaustive. The Office of Inspector General has subpoena power and should have no trouble rapidly collecting documents from HHS — the federal agency that largely funded Maryland's site.
The inspector general's office will be investigating five areas listed by Harris and Kingston, who chairs the House Appropriations subcommittee that oversees HHS. Specifically, the IG will be looking at the contracting process and problems with Medicaid eligibility determination issues. Politico reports that Maryland "has already received a waiver from federal health officials to wait six months before conducting so-called re-determinations, a process in which some enrollees typically fall off the Medicaid rolls. State officials estimated that the cost of the delay would total about $30 million in 2014 and 2015."
The Baltimore Sun reports that high-ranking state officials have claimed they were unaware of the extent of the problems. Yet, emails and other documents show that the site's development had been troubled for months by technical problems and disputes between Noridian and a subcontractor.
Obamacare enrollments overall are estimated to be around 4 million as of the end of February, far short of the Obama administration's goal of 7 million.
Meanwhile, the government is said to be bailing out insurance companies that have suffered losses due to Obamacare – to the tune of $5.5 BILLION.
And, the IRS is already warning Americans about the impending "shared responsibility payment" non-compliant citizens can expect to pay when we file our 2014 taxes.
Broken exchanges, lower-than-expected enrollment numbers, constant changes to the law, people losing their coverage and doctors, abysmal approval ratings, and millions in wasted money – what else will it take for Dear Leader to admit Obamacare is a bust and repeal the entire law?
internal revenue serviceirslily daneobamacare
Previous Heartbreaking: 55 Things About America You May Not Know
Next Conservatives to Watch in 2014 - Or Teddy and the Cruzers
Lily Dane
Lily Dane is a staff writer for The Daily Sheeple. Her goal is to help people to "Wake the Flock Up!"


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<body class="article toc2 toc-left">
<div id="header">
<h1>WebAnno User Guide</h1>
<div class="details">
<span id="author" class="author">The WebAnno-MM Team</span><br>
<span id="revnumber">version 3.3.5</span>
</div>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_introduction">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="#_system_requirements">System Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="#sect_installation">Installation</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_run_as_java_application">Run as Java application</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_optional_configuration">Optional configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_run_using_docker">Run using Docker</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_quick_start">Quick start</a></li>
<li><a href="#_storing_data_on_the_host">Storing data on the host</a></li>
<li><a href="#_connecting_to_a_mysql_database">Connecting to a MySQL database</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_webanno_mm_guide">WebAnno MM Guide</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_set_up_your_project">Set up your project</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_create_a_new_project">Create a new project</a></li>
<li><a href="#_add_documents">Add documents</a></li>
<li><a href="#_add_media">Add media</a></li>
<li><a href="#_create_the_links">Create the links</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_using_the_partitur_view">Using the partitur view</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_open_the_project">Open the project</a></li>
<li><a href="#_the_annotation_view">The annotation view</a></li>
<li><a href="#_the_partitur_view">The partitur view</a></li>
<li><a href="#_explanation_of_the_partitur_view">Explanation of the partitur view</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_further_tips_tricks">Further tips & tricks</a>
<ul class="sectlevel3">
<li><a href="#_media_resource_jumps">Media resource jumps</a></li>
<li><a href="#_one_table_view">One table view</a></li>
<li><a href="#_switching_between_media_resources">Switching between media resources</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_introduction"><a class="anchor" href="#_introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This guide summarizes the functionality of WebAnno-MM from the user’s perspective.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
It is assumed that you plan to test the WebAnno standalone version or an already existing server installation of WebAnno. For information on how to set up WebAnno for a group of users on a server, please refer to the <a href="admin-guide.html">Administrator Guide</a>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All materials, including this guide, are available via the <a href="…">…WebAnno-MM homepage</a>.</p>
</div>
<div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_system_requirements"><a class="anchor" href="#_system_requirements"></a>System Requirements</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
<caption class="title">Table 1. Requirements for users</caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%;">
<col style="width: 50%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Browser</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Chrome</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
<caption class="title">Table 2. Other Requirements</caption>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%;">
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">please see <a href="https://webanno.github.io/webanno/documentation/">the official WebAnno Documentation</a> and select version 3.3.x for further Requirements</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="sect_installation"><a class="anchor" href="#sect_installation"></a>Installation</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_run_as_java_application"><a class="anchor" href="#_run_as_java_application"></a>Run as Java application</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All-in-one version which does not require a database server or servlet container to be set up.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By default, WebAnno creates and uses an embedded database. It is not recommended to use WebAnno in
such a configuration for production use. Instead, please configure WebAnno to use a database server
when using it in production. For more information, please refer to the <a href="admin-guide.html#sect_database">Administrator Guide</a>.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Get the stand-alone JAR from the <a href="https://webanno.github.io/webanno/downloads/">WebAnno downloads page</a> and start it simply with a <strong>double-click</strong> in your file manager. WebAnno stores its data in a folder called <code>.webanno</code> (<em>dot webanno</em>) within your home folder,</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can start with the <a href="https://webanno.github.io/webanno/downloads/">WebAnno downloads page</a>[example projects] to explore some of the functionalities.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_optional_configuration"><a class="anchor" href="#_optional_configuration"></a>Optional configuration</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Alternatively, you can start WebAnno from the command line, in particular if you wish to provide it with additional memory (here 1 GB) or if you want it to store its data in a different folder.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>java -Xmx1g -Dwebanno.home=/my/webanno/home -jar webanno-XXX-standalone.jar</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Mind to replace <code>/my/webanno/home</code> with path of a folder where WebAnno can store its data.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By default the server starts on port 8080 and you can access it via a browser at <code>http://localhost:8080</code> after you started it. You can add the parameter <code>-Dserver.port=9999</code> at the end of the command line to start the server on port 9999 (or choose any other port).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>WebAnno uses <a href="https://projects.spring.io/spring-boot/">Spring Boot</a>. If you need to set additional parameters of the embedded webserver of the stand-alone version, please refer to the <a href="https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/howto-embedded-servlet-containers.html">Spring Boot embedded container documentation</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_run_using_docker"><a class="anchor" href="#_run_using_docker"></a>Run using Docker</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_quick_start"><a class="anchor" href="#_quick_start"></a>Quick start</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you have Docker installed, you can run WebAnno using</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">docker run -it --name webanno -p8080:8080 webanno/webanno:3.3.5</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The command download WebAnno from Dockerhub and starts it on port 8080. If this port is not
available on your machine, you should provide another port to the <code>-p</code> parameter.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The logs will be printed to the console. To stop the container, press <code>CTRL-C</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To run the WebAnno docker in the background use</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">docker run -d --name webanno -p8080:8080 webanno/webanno:3.3.5</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Logs are accessible by typing</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">docker logs webanno</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
Use <code>docker run</code> only the first time that you run WebAnno. If you try it a second time, Docker
      will complain about the name <code>webanno</code> already being in use. If you follow Docker`s suggestion
      to delete the container, you will loose all your WebAnno data. Further below, we explain how
      you can store your data outside the container in a folder on your host.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When you want to run WebAnno again later, use the command</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">docker start -ai webanno</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>or for the background mode</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">docker start webanno</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_storing_data_on_the_host"><a class="anchor" href="#_storing_data_on_the_host"></a>Storing data on the host</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you follow the quick start instructions above, WebAnno will store all its data inside the docker
container. This is normally not what you want because as soon as you delete the container, all data
is gone. That means for example that you cannot easily upgrade to a new version of the WebAnno
docker image when one is released.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To store your data on your host computer, first create a folder where you want to store your data.
For example, if you are on Linux, you could create a folder <code>/srv/webanno</code>:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ mkdir /srv/webanno</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When you run WebAnno via Docker, you then mount this folder into the container:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">docker run -it --name webanno -v /srv/webanno:/export -p8080:8080 webanno/webanno:3.3.5</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_connecting_to_a_mysql_database"><a class="anchor" href="#_connecting_to_a_mysql_database"></a>Connecting to a MySQL database</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By default, WebAnno uses an embedded SQL database to store its metadata (not the texts and
annotations, these are stored in files on disk). For production use, it is highly recommended to
use a separate MySQL database instead of the embedded SQL database.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can do so by providing a second Docker for MySQL (see for example <a href="https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql/">this one</a>).
We provide a docker-compose example file, which combines the two containers. In order to use this, download <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/webanno/webanno/master/webanno-webapp/src/main/docker/docker-compose.yml">docker-compose.yml</a> and place it into any folder, change to that folder, and issue the commands</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">export WEBANNO_HOME=/srv/webanno
export WEBANNO_PORT=8080
docker-compose -p webanno up -d</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This will start two docker containers: <code>webanno_mysqlserver_1</code>, and <code>webanno_webserver_1</code>. You can check the logs of each by running</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">docker logs webanno_mysqlserver_1
docker logs webanno_webserver_1</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Two directories in your WebAnno home folder will be created: <code>mysql-data</code> and <code>webserver-data</code>. No data is stored in the containers themselves, you are safe to delete them with</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">docker-compose -p webanno down</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can also just stop or pause them, please see the <a href="https://docs.docker.com/compose/">docker-compose reference</a> for details.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
The settings within the docker-compose.yml file are just examples. Adjust the database URL, username, and password accordingly.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_webanno_mm_guide"><a class="anchor" href="#_webanno_mm_guide"></a>WebAnno MM Guide</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_set_up_your_project"><a class="anchor" href="#_set_up_your_project"></a>Set up your project</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For this example setup we will create a new project and add a document with the associated movie and audio resources to make use of the partitur view of webanno.
After this setup we will be able to annotate our document and at the same time watch the movie or hear the audio to create better annotations!</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_create_a_new_project"><a class="anchor" href="#_create_a_new_project"></a>Create a new project</h4>
<div class="openblock float-group">
<div class="content">
<div class="imageblock thumb right">
<div class="content">
<a class="image" href="./user-guide/images/01.png"><img src="./user-guide/images/01.png" alt="01" width="600"></a>
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 1. creating a project</div>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Navigate to Home → Projects</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Press the "Create"-Button</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Choose "annotation" as the project type</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Save the new project</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_add_documents"><a class="anchor" href="#_add_documents"></a>Add documents</h4>
<div class="openblock float-group">
<div class="content">
<div class="imageblock thumb right">
<div class="content">
<a class="image" href="./user-guide/images/02.png"><img src="./user-guide/images/02.png" alt="02" width="600"></a>
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 2. adding documents</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After saving the new project, a few new tabs should open.</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>From the new tabs select the "Documents"-Tab</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Choose HIAT Tei as the format</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Add your documents via the "Choose File"-Button</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Finally, press the "Import"-Button to upload your document</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_add_media"><a class="anchor" href="#_add_media"></a>Add media</h4>
<div class="openblock float-group">
<div class="content">
<div class="imageblock thumb right">
<div class="content">
<a class="image" href="./user-guide/images/03.png"><img src="./user-guide/images/03.png" alt="03" width="600"></a>
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 3. adding media</div>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Select the "Media"-Tab</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Choose a media resource or provide a URL linking to a media resource</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Press the "Add"-Button</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_create_the_links"><a class="anchor" href="#_create_the_links"></a>Create the links</h4>
<div class="openblock float-group">
<div class="content">
<div class="imageblock thumb right">
<div class="content">
<a class="image" href="./user-guide/images/04.png"><img src="./user-guide/images/04.png" alt="04" width="600"></a>
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 4. creating resource links</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We have uploaded the document as well as the associated resources. What is left to do is creating those associations / links.</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>In the "Media Resource"-Window select a media file</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In the "Document Resource"-Window select a document</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In the "Document Media Mappings"-Window press the "Add"-Button</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By now you should have created an association between the document and the media file! You can repeat this procedure to link for example a video and a audio resource to the document.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_using_the_partitur_view"><a class="anchor" href="#_using_the_partitur_view"></a>Using the partitur view</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In this section we will cover how to use the partitur view of webanno.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_open_the_project"><a class="anchor" href="#_open_the_project"></a>Open the project</h4>
<div class="openblock float-group">
<div class="content">
<div class="imageblock thumb right">
<div class="content">
<a class="image" href="./user-guide/images/05.png"><img src="./user-guide/images/05.png" alt="05" width="600"></a>
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 5. opening the project</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We start by opening the project that we just created.</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Navigate to Home → Annotation</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A window called "Open document" should open. Choose your project and the document you added in the previous part.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Press the "Open"-Button</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_the_annotation_view"><a class="anchor" href="#_the_annotation_view"></a>The annotation view</h4>
<div class="openblock float-group">
<div class="content">
<div class="imageblock thumb right">
<div class="content">
<a class="image" href="./user-guide/images/06.png"><img src="./user-guide/images/06.png" alt="06" width="600"></a>
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 6. annotation view</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After opening the project the annotation view should open. As this guide is about the partitur view of webanno we won't go through the details of this view. Moreover, in case you already used webanno you should be familiar with this view.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Still, there is one important thing to mention. You should have noticed little titled "Play"-Buttons above the documents text. These buttons correspond to the sections in your document.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_the_partitur_view"><a class="anchor" href="#_the_partitur_view"></a>The partitur view</h4>
<div class="openblock float-group">
<div class="content">
<div class="imageblock thumb right">
<div class="content">
<a class="image" href="./user-guide/images/07.png"><img src="./user-guide/images/07.png" alt="07" width="600"></a>
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 7. jumping between partitur and annotation view</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To open the partitur view you need to press one of those mentioned buttons. It is helpful to note that by pressing the button you will jump to the associated section in the partitur view.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To jump back to the annotation view you can click any section name displayed in the partitur view.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_explanation_of_the_partitur_view"><a class="anchor" href="#_explanation_of_the_partitur_view"></a>Explanation of the partitur view</h4>
<div class="openblock float-group">
<div class="content">
<div class="imageblock thumb right">
<div class="content">
<a class="image" href="./user-guide/images/08.png"><img src="./user-guide/images/08.png" alt="08" width="600"></a>
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 8. partitur view</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The partitur view consists of 4 components:</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>The media player. Here you can watch or listen media resources depending on the type. It is possible to use videos or audios as a media resource.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The annotated document view. Here you can see the document text with their annotations displayed as a table. Each column represents a segment in the document whereas each row represents an annotation type for a speaker. The rows are orderd by the speakername.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The Tier display. Here you can select which annotation types should be shown in the document view. Selecting or deselecting annotation types will update the document view.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The settings menu. Here you can change some preferences.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This section ends with this explanation. By now you should be able to navigate between annotation view and partitur view and know the basic functionality of the partitur view.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_further_tips_tricks"><a class="anchor" href="#_further_tips_tricks"></a>Further tips & tricks</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_media_resource_jumps"><a class="anchor" href="#_media_resource_jumps"></a>Media resource jumps</h4>
<div class="openblock float-group">
<div class="content">
<div class="imageblock thumb right">
<div class="content">
<a class="image" href="./user-guide/images/09.png"><img src="./user-guide/images/09.png" alt="09" width="600"></a>
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 9. jumping in the media resource</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As you already know you can watch or listen to the documents associated media resource in the partitur view. You can even jump to every section in the document view to hear the exact phrase you are reading.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To do this just press the little play button in the header row of the section you are reading.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_one_table_view"><a class="anchor" href="#_one_table_view"></a>One table view</h4>
<div class="openblock float-group">
<div class="content">
<div class="imageblock thumb right">
<div class="content">
<a class="image" href="./user-guide/images/10.png"><img src="./user-guide/images/10.png" alt="10" width="600"></a>
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 10. setting up the one table view</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As default the text and annotations in the document view are divided into many tables so they don't exceed a certain character limit. You can adjust this character limit in the settings panel.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>However, by setting the character limit to zero, the whole document text and annotations will be displayed in one table.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_switching_between_media_resources"><a class="anchor" href="#_switching_between_media_resources"></a>Switching between media resources</h4>
<div class="openblock float-group">
<div class="content">
<div class="imageblock thumb right">
<div class="content">
<a class="image" href="./user-guide/images/11.png"><img src="./user-guide/images/11.png" alt="11" width="600"></a>
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 11. switching media resources</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In case you associated more than one media resource with a document you can switch between those media resources in the settings panel.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Just choose the media resource you want to display and hit the "Save"-Button.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Version 3.3.5<br>
Last updated 2018-09-28 09:42:03 CEST
</div>
</div>
</body>
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Home » Resources » Blog » Is prescribing social care the answer to NHS woes?
Is prescribing social care the answer to NHS woes?
Caroline Gardner CBE FRSE
Caroline Gardner, FCPFA, FRSE; Auditor General for Scotland from 2012 to 2020.
Currently in Scotland, between 25% and 50% of GP appointments focus on non-medical issues, such as social isolation, financial struggles, and bereavement. Social prescribing, also known as community referral, allows GPs, nurses and other healthcare workers to signpost patients to support outside of health services, through community organisations, local support groups and holistic hubs.
If we adopted a social prescribing model in Scotland, we could reduce the intense pressure on health services due to delayed medical procedures and appointments during Covid-19, as well as growing mental health issues fuelled by the pandemic.
78% of GPs reported prescribing antidepressants to patients, despite believing that an alternative treatment would be more appropriate.
I was chair of the 'inclusive public service' working group for the Royal Society of Edinburgh's Post-Covid-19 Futures Commission, and we published a report in partnership with Support in Mind Scotland (SiMS), urging decision-makers in Scotland to adopt a social prescribing approach to healthcare as a priority.
For our report, we spoke to those who are already delivering, facilitating and accessing support through community referral. One study in the report found that a huge 78% of GPs reported prescribing antidepressants to patients, despite believing that an alternative treatment would be more appropriate. Due to long waiting lists or lack of resources, GPs felt they had no other way to help their patients.
Currently, those who are struggling with mental health problems will likely visit their GP and have a short appointment to talk about their concerns. Resources are stretched, and so they may be added to a waiting list for further treatment or prescribed medication, which may not do anything to help them.
If we adopted social prescribing, the individual would be put in touch with someone in their local area who understands the complexities of their situation and has knowledge of local resources. It may result in matching them with a friend to talk to, or integrating them in a local activity group.
Feedback from those who have accessed social prescribing is positive, indicating that the model is helping to embed community-level, non-clinical and person-centred care. However, there is still more to do to embed these principles into Scotland's health and wellbeing support systems.
A 2019 enquiry by the Scottish Parliament's Health and Sport Committee found that social prescribing had considerable potential for preventing long-term conditions and dependence on pharmaceutical prescriptions. Despite this study, the approach has not been rolled out nationally, due to a lack of funding and awareness.
Social prescribing is not a 'quick fix' for the issues facing the Scottish public service environment after the pandemic. But, if real leadership, resource and investment is paired with widespread and meaningful change, it could be the answer to providing real relief to our overstretched NHS.
Caroline Gardner, FCPFA, FRSE was the Auditor General for Scotland from 2012 to 2020 and was a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh's Post-Covid-19 Futures Commission, which recently published its Reimagining Scotland report.
This article originally appeared in The Times on 1 December 2021.
The RSE's Perspective blog series offers personal views from our Fellows on a variety of issues. These views are not those of the RSE and are intended to offer different perspectives on a range of current issues.
RSE Fellows elected to the Academy of Medical Sciences
Curiosity is the gift that keeps on giving