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Questions tagged [monarchy]
A form of government where sovereignty is contained in a single individual.
How did the Holy Roman Empire govern itself during the Hohenstaufen dynasty? [on hold]
How did the Holy Roman Empire govern itself during the Hohenstaufen dynasty even when there's a time of war? Because it must've been hard to govern such a messy empire?
germany government monarchy holy-roman-empire
modified 4 hours ago
Mark C. Wallace♦
Have there been any efforts by the countries of Europe to restore their monarchies?
Have there been any effort, polls, referendum in Europe (especially Eastern ex-communist countries) to restore deposed monarchies, like in Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, etc.? Most Monarchies were deposed ...
europe monarchy royalty
answered Jul 12 at 15:05
Have there been instances of a monarchy being reintroduced after being abolished? [closed]
This question is partly inspired by this question. Abolishing monarchies is traditionally done via a revolution (I'm not aware of any instances of the converse). If the revolutions turn out violent, ...
John Dallman
When did Tsar Nicholas II become Tsar of Russia?
I'm having trouble understanding the technicalities of throne inheritance in the Tsardom. Did Nicholas II become Tsar after his fathers' death on the 1st of November 1894, or did he become Tsar after ...
19th-century russia monarchy
modified Jul 10 at 17:04
Elrond
Were any Kings/Queens who were monarchs as children good rulers?
I am listening to a history of England podcast, and so far (only up to 1405) All the monarchs who started as children have been pitiful leaders. Are there any (worldwide) that have turned out to be ...
modified Jul 6 at 23:17
C Monsour
How do kings secure their treasury? [closed]
What part of a King's administrative structure ensures that the Treasury functions as expected, without employees taking advantage of their position (like manipulating accounts and stealing treasure, ...
monarchy money
Sreram
Did the Russian Empire have a claim to Sweden? Was there ever a time where they could have pursued it?
Consider that Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp and the one that all Russian emperors after Catherine were descended from, would have been king of Sweden had his aunt not stolen the throne ...
19th-century russia monarchy sweden royal-succession
What other courts were similar to Louis XIV of France's court in Versailles?
After reading about feudalism in the Middle Ages it became apparent that lords lived on their lands far away from the king and provided military services themselves in exchange for said lands. However,...
france 17th-century monarchy versailles
modified May 20 at 9:48
sempaiscuba♦
Was Leo II of Armenia poisoned?
Leo II, also known as Leon II or Levon II, became the King of Armenian Cilicia from 1269/70 and was a vassal of the Mongols. Five of his 16 children by his highly regarded wife Keran (who later ...
middle-ages monarchy armenia
modified May 8 at 14:29
Lars Bosteen
Which European monarch of the middle ages died furthest from home?
After a lot of googling on this - and thinking the crusades might provide an answer - the best I've come up with is Louis IX of France who died in Tunis on the 8th crusade. That's 920 miles 'as the ...
middle-ages monarchy travel
Pieter Geerkens
Is it true that Cadwallon ap Cadfan married a half sister of Penda of Mercia?
It was stated by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his pseudo historical Historia Regnum Britannia that Cadwallon ap Cadfan married a half sister of Penda of Mercia. Did he get that from other sources? Is it ...
england monarchy anglo-saxons
modified May 7 at 1:19
Were Egyptian Pharaohs literate?
This video says scribes read letters to the king as the king was not literate. Can anyone comment on this
ancient-egypt monarchy education literature
modified Apr 19 at 13:27
Was the insanity of kings used as an argument against monarchy?
History has seen its share of mentally impaired monarchs. Some examples from the last centuries include King George III of the United Kingdom, Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, and Emperor Taishō of ...
monarchy republic
Hao Sun
How many female monarchs used masculine titles?
Historically there are examples of females using the same titles as males without gender modification, going back thousands of years. But I am not certain how many of these examples actually used the ...
MAGolding
Why are most monarchies in Europe of German descent?
When we look at existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: Royal Family of Belgium Royal Family of United Kingdom Royal Family of Denmark Royal Family of Liechtenstein Royal ...
europe germany monarchy royalty royal-succession
How did marrying off one's daughter help secure an alliance, in early medieval Europe?
Marriage between royal family was often a way to secure / strengthen an alliance between two monarchs. For example, according to Wikipedia Marriage between dynasties could serve to initiate, ...
diplomacy monarchy marriage early-medieval
modified Feb 22 at 11:56
Steve Bird
Aside from Henry VIII, did a king ever take part in a joust as an unknown knight (incognito)?
The unknown knight would seem to belong in the realm of fiction - witness Gareth in Le Morte d'Arthur and Wilfred in Ivanhoe, among others - but incognito knights fighting in jousts or melees were not ...
middle-ages monarchy early-modern sports
modified Feb 19 at 1:35
Why did the Queen of Hawai'i surrender, when two thirds of the registered voters were in favour of signing the new constitution in 1893?
While drafting a new constitution, the Cabinet refused to sign it, even though two thirds of the native Hawaiians were supporting it. The fear of bloodshed made her surrender. When the Queen would ...
monarchy kingdom hawaii
Why did the Kingdom of Hawaii remain stagnant during an invasion?
Back in 1893, the Marshal of the Kingdom of Hawaii was tipped that an imminent coup was coming, therefore the Marshal requested the Kingdom to be put under martial law. The queen denied the request ...
monarchy hawaii
0range
Why couldn't bastards inherit titles?
Why were bastards historically not able to inherit nobility or monarchy from their parents? What about being a bastard made one unfit to rule? For example William IV of the UK was succeeded by his ...
europe monarchy inheritance
modified Jan 29 at 18:49
Tom Au
When was King John of England given the name 'Dollheart', and who first used it?
As if being called 'Lackland' and 'Softsword' was not bad enough, King John also acquired the very unflattering-sounding name of Dollheart. This is mentioned on this University of Sheffield page, in ...
middle-ages england monarchy
Why were women monarchs allowed to rule in patriarchal societies? [closed]
It seems counter-intuitive to me that Elizabeth I was a powerful monarch at a time when women were considered inferior to men and when women didn't even have the right to vote in the UK until 1918. I ...
modified Jan 18 at 2:02
Yasskier
Was simply addressing the English monarch wrongly ever a punishable crime?
When addressing the Queen today, the correct form is "your/her Majesty" and for example not "your Royal Highness", or certainly not just "hey Lizzie". As far as I, understand failure to use the ...
england law monarchy
answered Jan 5 at 23:55
Schwern
When was the last time a reigning monarch personally participated in battle?
A similar question was asked about only British monarchs. The conditions in this question are the same, but for monarchs world-wide. For the sake of this question, tribal chiefs are not considered ...
war monarchy
Were there any plans to install a Western Roman Emperor after Belisarius reconquered the west?
Emperor Justinian I sent his general Belisarius to the west in 535 AD to reconquer the lost provinces of the Western Roman Empire after its fall in 476 AD. Did Justinian I have any plans to install a ...
roman-empire byzantine-empire monarchy
modified Nov 8 '18 at 17:37
Semaphore♦
Can the current monarch in UK be overthrown or otherwise replaced?
Having read a few discussions regarding the Plantagenets and the ascending line of the monarchy since, I became curious about whether another group/family had a 'more' legitimate claim to the throne (...
united-kingdom monarchy
modified Nov 8 '18 at 4:17
Samuel Russell
Did Constantine I of Cilician Armenia usurp the throne or did he rule legitimately?
The accounts concerning four brothers who became Kings of Cilician Armenia towards the end of the 13th century tell a tale of murder, usurpation and treachery, but who betrayed who and when is far ...
modified Sep 10 '18 at 2:03
Apart from the White Ship in 1120, have there been any other maritime disasters in which an heir to a throne and/or many notable people died?
In November 1120, a ship carrying three of King Henry I's children, including his only legitimate son and heir William the Atheling, struck a rock off the coast of northern France and sank. Also on ...
naval monarchy disasters
Was there a case where a king died while the heir to the throne was unborn?
I read this interesting passage in Wikipedia: when Queen Victoria succeeded her uncle King William IV, the wording of the proclamation even gave as a caveat: "...saving the rights of any ...
monarchy royal-succession
Which Kings of France visited England?
Every English King from Edward the Confessor (d. 1066) to Edward IV (d. 1483) was in France at some point during their lives, almost all during their reigns, and some were born there. These 'visits' ...
middle-ages france england monarchy early-modern
Polish king Sigismund II Augustus coronation
Sigismund II Augustus was born in 1520 and crowned at age 10 in 1530, while his father Sigismund I the Old was still alive. Could someone explain me the reason for this coronation? Sigismund II ...
poland monarchy renaissance
Did Edward VIII's abdication follow constitutional procedures?
Edward VIII abdicated the English throne after discussion with his Prime Minister. Edward informed Baldwin that he would abdicate if he could not marry Simpson. Baldwin then presented Edward with ...
law united-kingdom monarchy
modified Jun 15 '18 at 15:10
Who was the longest lived European monarch of the middle ages?
After a lot of googling, I'm still not sure about this. Finding the longest reigning monarchs is easy enough, but I'm less sure about the one who lived the longest. A good candidate would appear to ...
middle-ages europe monarchy records
What does King Henry III have on his lap in this illustration from a Matthew Paris chronicle?
In Abbreviatio chronicorum Angliae, the chronicler Matthew Paris (d. 1259) included drawings of the Norman and Plantagenet kings up to Henry III. The image below shows from L-R, top-bottom: Henry II, ...
middle-ages england identification monarchy
What was the name of the father of Mesha, king of Moab?
In English translations of the Mesha Stele, the opening words are "I am Mesha son of Chemosh-melekh, king of Moab the Dibonite". However, the truth is that the actual text of the Stele (rendered in ...
ancient-history monarchy archaeology historical-research names
Why are some monarchs sent to exile after a country is declared a republic?
Personally, I like monarchy. Monarchs are symbols of national unity and rich heritage. Just look at the British monarchy. It is a matter of their pride. And, I also think that countries like France, ...
What is the most number of brothers who became ruler of the same country?
While researching the Danish monarchy for another question on this site (the life expectancy of a Medieval European monarch), I came across the five sons of King Sweyn II who all became kings of ...
monarchy world rulers
JLK
What was the life expectancy of a Medieval European monarch?
Inspired by Who is the longest lived European monarch of the middle ages?. What was the life expectancy of monarchs during the middle ages in Europe? Preliminary research showed According to ...
middle-ages europe monarchy health
Is there a reason for a Queen's husband not to be referred to as King?
While watching the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II events going on recently, I noticed that the Queen's husband is referred to as 'Prince'-- not 'King'. Upon researching further, I found that ...
Why did the offices of Shogun and Emperor never merge?
The position of Emperor of Japan was, as I understand it, strictly hereditary, due to the necessity that the Emperor 'descend' from Amaterasu. Thus, the Shogun was not eligible to be Emperor, and ...
political-history japan monarchy medieval-japan
Why does the King of Spain still claim defunct titles like the King of Hungary?
I am reading the Wikipedia articles on the titles of the King of Spain (this and this) and I am confused why they list countless places that are not under Spanish rule and or are totally defunct as a ...
spain monarchy titles
Who was the first monarch? [closed]
I would like to understand how monarchs actually came about. Who was the first ever monarch (king or queen) of any country, ever? What date did they become monarch and how was it even decided to take ...
monarchy royalty
Who was the most recent pope to crown a king or emperor?
Charlemagne was crowned by Pope St. Leo III: But who was the most recent pope to crown a king or emperor?
catholic-church monarchy papacy
What was the most recent Catholic coronation ceremony of a king?
What was the most recent Catholic coronation ceremony of a king*? Karl of Austria's, December 1916? *excluding popes, who are both civil kings and heads of the Catholic Church
catholic-church monarchy royalty
Queen Anne of England died without surviving issue despite 17 pregnancies. Did any other monarch try so hard to produce an heir without success?
Queen Anne (reigned 1702 – 14) had seventeen known pregnancies but died without surviving issue. Only five led to live-born children and all of them died before she even ascended the throne. One son, ...
monarchy records childbirth
modified Dec 6 '17 at 9:17
How a kingdom or an empire formed? [closed]
I wonder at the beginning when people form a country, how do they choose their first ever king or queen? How is a monarchy formed?
What did Catesby and crew expect to do after the explosion?
In Britain, we are taught in school about the Gunpowder Plot, the events that led to it and to Fawkes's capture on November 5th 1605 under the Houses of Parliament and the gradual round-up of the co-...
england 17th-century monarchy revolution
Why did Francisco Franco never reestablish the Spanish monarchy?
Fransisco Franco, the dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975, was a monarchist. Yet for the entirety of his time in office, there was no king of Spain. Only in 1969 did he appoint Juan Carlos I to be ...
spain monarchy modern
modified Oct 8 '17 at 1:03
What was the reaction to English monarchs using the title "King of France"?
After the Hundred Years War (or "wars") the English had been wiped off France, but English monarchs kept using their official title "King of France". As I understand, this was to legalize their claims ...
france england international-relations monarchy early-modern
LamaDelRay
Why was Prince Philip given these specific titles before marrying Princess Elizabeth?
On the Wikipedia page for Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, it states: He married Elizabeth on 20 November 1947. Just before the wedding, he was created Baron Greenwich, Earl of Merioneth and Duke ...
united-kingdom monarchy great-britain
middle-ages × 13
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Appleford 28/10/2020 Chris MDL
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21/04/2012 - Warrington by Andy Parkinson
14/04/2012 - The Olive Branch 2 by Steve Vine
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30/03/2012 - Toton by porky
28/03/2012 - WARRINGTON ARPLEY by tom quayle
24/03/2012 - Cheshire Day Ranger by Andy Parkinson
23/03/2012 - Trent Lakelander by MJM
15/03/2012 - Warrington by mick collinson
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29/02/2012 - Warrington by john barrow
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15/01/2012 - Oakham by maggiemay
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27/11/2011 - Crewe Station by Rob Taylor
18/11/2011 - Chesterfield by 90 001
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18/11/2011 - Hasland by oldjumbo
18/11/2011 - Toton by karic_no_33
16/11/2011 - Leeds Station by D8000
10/11/2011 - Barnetby by BH124
09/11/2011 - Woodlesford by big neil
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24/09/2011 - Doncaster by Mick Glaves
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21/09/2011 - Wakefield Kirkgate by mick collinson
16/09/2011 - EMR Kingsbury by VFR-Andy
16/09/2011 - EMR Kingsbury by AndyB
13/09/2011 - Barnetby by Ian Turner
10/09/2011 - cherry willingham lincoln by pete davis
27/08/2011 - Birmingham New Street to Tamworth by Wild Swan
24/08/2011 - York by 47840 North Star
20/08/2011 - THE LIMESTONE COWBOY by HOWARD MILNE
10/08/2011 - Toton by Martin Polden
07/08/2011 - Toton Depot by markjp
07/08/2011 - Toton by Retrorailways
05/08/2011 - Trent Power Box by djf on tour
28/06/2011 - Toton Depot by brian h
30/05/2011 - Toton and Worksop by MJM
16/05/2011 - Runcorn, Crewe, Derby, Toton And Nottingham by Arriva_142
03/04/2011 - Toton Depot and Yards by dark glasses
02/04/2011 - Humber Explorer by MJM
27/03/2011 - Toton Depot and Yards by D8000
20/03/2011 - Toton by Llamafish
18/03/2011 - Toton TMD by karic_no_33
01/03/2011 - Toton TMD by Gloucester boy
27/02/2011 - Toton by Westonian
16/02/2011 - Toton depot and yard by dark glasses
09/02/2011 - Toton by Dorde Vranjes
29/01/2011 - Birmingham-Sheffield and return by alberta45562
25/01/2011 - Toton by Andrew_MK
19/01/2011 - Toton by Argyle
09/01/2011 - Toton by Andy Parkinson
28/12/2010 - Toton by manchester mart
24/12/2010 - My local patch 2010 by 50029
25/11/2010 - Toton by Dave Wragg
13/11/2010 - Toton Depot by Wild Swan
12/11/2010 - Toton by big neil
07/11/2010 - Toton Depot by Dave B
07/11/2010 - Toton Bank by pg
24/10/2010 - Toton Depot and Yards by Len 9001
04/09/2010 - Toton by pitbull1845
04/09/2010 - Toton by Steve Vine
04/09/2010 - Toton by MikeGTN
30/08/2010 - Toton by Big S
29/08/2010 - Toton by JohnF
28/08/2010 - Toton Depot / Yards by JamesZX6
21/08/2010 - Toton by David Robert
13/08/2010 - Toton Depot by Rod Pierce
07/08/2010 - Toton by Rotherham Daryl
02/08/2010 - Toton by Rob Taylor
22/07/2010 - Toton by sammy 2
21/07/2010 - Toton depot and yard by D.R.F.
14/07/2010 - East Midlands Day Ranger by Big S
06/06/2010 - Toton, Derby and Westbury by MJM
30/05/2010 - Toton by A Wood
30/04/2010 - Toton Depot and Yards by JohnF
20/12/2009 - Bristol Area 2009 by Stuart1983
10/10/2009 - Toton ( from Long Eaton side) by Dave B
26/09/2009 - Toton by emsden
25/07/2009 - Toton by rod sanders
05/06/2009 - Water Orton by mick vickers
22/05/2009 - Runcorn to Trowbridge by Jamie056
22/05/2009 - Runcorn, Crewe, Worcester, Bristol And Exeter by Arriva_142
22/05/2009 - TAMWORTH by mike01
19/05/2009 - Didcot by Blackcab Pete.
19/05/2009 - Didcot by JohnF
15/05/2009 - Cardiff Central by Perseverance
14/05/2009 - Pilning by Stuart1983
14/05/2009 - Didcot North Junction by Chris Lampard
11/05/2009 - Severn Tunnel Junction by Stuart1983
09/05/2009 - North Somerset Junction by MikeGTN
01/05/2009 - Westerleigh Oil Terminal by Laphroaig
29/04/2009 - Westerleigh foot crossing by Stuart1983
14/04/2009 - Cardiff Central by BH124
13/04/2009 - Margam Knuckle Yard. by D8000
10/04/2009 - Westbury, Bristol and South Wales by MJM
30/03/2009 - Salford by ejwigan
04/03/2009 - Leicester by Aladdin
02/03/2009 - Princes Risborough by phil s
28/02/2009 - Willesden Junction by Jim
27/02/2009 - Nuneaton Station by mick vickers
27/02/2009 - Wolverton by JohnF
27/02/2009 - Bletchley by Andrew_MK
27/02/2009 - L.B.76/555 by 87006
27/02/2009 - Mast 76/555 ( B3585 ) Long Buckby ) by TrackMan-113
26/02/2009 - East Midlands Parkway Station. by anton
25/02/2009 - Bedford Carriage Sidings by Marston Vale
21/02/2009 - Bromham (nr Bedford) by Andrew_MK
21/02/2009 - Clapham Jc. by HatterMick
20/02/2009 - Wolverton. by HatterMick
20/02/2009 - Wolverton by Andrew_MK
20/02/2009 - kingsthorpe (near northampton station) by Llamafish
19/02/2009 - Chesterfield by D A Z
18/02/2009 - Chesterfield by big neil
18/02/2009 - Peterborough Marholm Crossing by Dave B
10/02/2009 - Stockport overnight by John Ashton
31/01/2009 - Peak Forest by Texhorse
30/01/2009 - Water Orton by 50029
29/01/2009 - TAMWORTH by Argyle
28/01/2009 - Neville Hill by big neil
28/01/2009 - Leeds by spottermike
27/01/2009 - Cheddington by Andrew_MK
17/01/2009 - Toton by MDG
03/01/2009 - Doncaster Station by Jakko
02/01/2009 - Burton-on-Trent by M Burton
02/01/2009 - Burton-on-Trent by Marcus Burton
01/01/2009 - Immingham TMD by concrete bob
20/12/2008 - Darlington to London Kings Cross by Martyn nevatt
20/12/2008 - Killinghome by mike01
18/12/2008 - Newark Northgate by melrail
30/11/2008 - Toton by col06
20/11/2008 - TEES by Martyn nevatt
20/11/2008 - Tamworth and Derby by MJM
18/11/2008 - Keighley by EW60038
15/11/2008 - Doncaster by Bradley Carroll
05/11/2008 - Burton on Trent by big neil
04/11/2008 - Burton on Trent by Retrorailways
02/11/2008 - Hessle by SIMON6135
01/11/2008 - Doncaster by tupolev
30/10/2008 - Doncaster to Edinburgh by Jamie056
27/10/2008 - Doncaster Station. by D8000
27/10/2008 - Doncaster by drobins
25/10/2008 - melton ross area by dark glasses
25/10/2008 - Ulceby by mike01
24/10/2008 - Tees Yard by Martyn nevatt
22/10/2008 - Doncaster Station by hobbyhob
22/10/2008 - Doncaster by spottermike
22/10/2008 - Doncaster Yards by spottermike
17/10/2008 - Barnertby by mike01
16/10/2008 - Barnetby by Bradley Carroll
13/10/2008 - Barnetby Area by dark glasses
08/10/2008 - Barnetby by oldjumbo
08/10/2008 - Stainforth by dark glasses
02/10/2008 - Doncaster wabtec, carr,ten pound walk, donny stn by Tom Birch
02/10/2008 - Doncaster by 1008 Harrier
30/09/2008 - Newport by Argyle
22/09/2008 - Ashchurch by MH
20/09/2008 - KIDDIEMINSTER by ron powell
18/09/2008 - Tees Yard by Bradley Carroll
08/09/2008 - TAMWORTH by Rich010476
08/09/2008 - Chesterfield by Rich010476
04/09/2008 - Bescot Stadium by Bradley Carroll
04/09/2008 - Bescot by Retrorailways
02/09/2008 - Aldewarke by mick vickers
02/09/2008 - Bescot by 50029
23/08/2008 - Godnow Bridge by AJP
20/08/2008 - Doncaster by 67 002 special delivery
19/08/2008 - Doncaster by Jim
29/06/2008 - Toton by d1053wp
28/06/2008 - Toton by concrete bob
22/06/2008 - Toton by CWP
11/06/2008 - Toton by Stuart1983
11/06/2008 - Toton by Smifffy
02/06/2008 - North West Rover by berniethebolt
14/04/2008 - Doncaster by Tractor Man (7)
12/04/2008 - burn ecml by mike01
11/04/2008 - Cardiff Central by Terry Godfrey
02/04/2008 - Filton Abbey Wood by Terry Godfrey
29/03/2008 - Didcot Parkway by Chris Hatch
29/03/2008 - Westbury by Arriva_142
26/03/2008 - Water Orton by Bradley Carroll
25/03/2008 - Water Orton by GKB
25/03/2008 - Mountsorrel by Llamafish
25/03/2008 - Mountsorrel by col06
24/03/2008 - Southampton Area by MJM
15/03/2008 - Harlington (Beds) by mick vickers
15/03/2008 - Desborough MML by Gary Price
14/03/2008 - Stratford by spottermike
08/03/2008 - Marks Tey by Michael37
07/03/2008 - Southall by MikeGTN
03/03/2008 - Warrington Bank Quay and Yard by Arriva_142
22/01/2008 - Peak Forest by 60500
21/01/2008 - Rugby by mick vickers
10/01/2008 - Guide Bridge by Arriva_142
10/01/2008 - Leeds by Arriva_142
09/01/2008 - Washwood Heath by concrete bob
19/12/2007 - Nuneaton by AJP
18/12/2007 - Nuneaton by Dave Richardson
11/12/2007 - Rugby by Andrew_MK
11/12/2007 - D I R F T Daventry International Rail Freight Terminal by Andrew_MK
27/11/2007 - Romiley by John Ashton
25/11/2007 - THE YORK FESTIVE FLYER by alberta45562
15/11/2007 - Leeds Station by big neil
12/11/2007 - Smithy Bridge by adam
02/11/2007 - WATER ORTON - BIRMINGHAM by AndyB
02/11/2007 - WATER ORTON - BIRMINGHAM by VFR-Andy
01/11/2007 - Healey Mills by Rog50
25/10/2007 - Reading to Paddington (16:27 ~ 16:50) by Gridiron133
15/10/2007 - Manchester Victoria by John Ashton
14/10/2007 - Peak Dale by CWP
13/10/2007 - Warrington/PeakForrest by freightman
12/10/2007 - Althorpe by dark glasses
10/10/2007 - Tamworth Station by steved
05/10/2007 - Chesterfield by IAN DERRICK
28/09/2007 - Derby by Retrorailways
14/09/2007 - Barnetby by big neil
10/09/2007 - Colnbrook by 37180
30/08/2007 - Doncaster by adam
30/08/2007 - Doncaster Station by Bradley Carroll
29/08/2007 - Nottingham To Birmingham New Street by Graeme MacD
29/08/2007 - Start Barrow Hill then mainly Derby Station by Strettonpete
29/08/2007 - The Jolly Fisherman by AJP
29/08/2007 - Barrow Hill-Skegness by Dangerous Dave
29/08/2007 - York to Skegness and RTN by Jamie056
25/08/2007 - Peterborough stabling point by Alan Lyons
23/08/2007 - TAMWORTH by 50029
23/08/2007 - Kirk Sandall by AJP
21/08/2007 - Skelton Jcn. by IGH
06/08/2007 - Grantham by Suttonhammer
03/08/2007 - Barnetby by Mick C
02/08/2007 - Lincoln by AJC37
28/07/2007 - Didcot by Smifffy
26/07/2007 - Didcot by ChrisMDL
21/07/2007 - Peterborough Yards by Tractor Man (7)
17/07/2007 - Derby by tony kelly
16/07/2007 - Washwood Heath by D8000
12/07/2007 - york area by IGH
11/07/2007 - Colnbrook by Suttonhammer
10/07/2007 - Barnetby by Tractor Man (7)
07/07/2007 - Brocklesby Junction by dark glasses
06/07/2007 - Scunthorpe by Tractor Man (7)
30/06/2007 - Leeds by Tractor Man (7)
23/06/2007 - THRNBY TMD EWS by Martyn nevatt
22/06/2007 - tyne yard by parkandride
20/06/2007 - calder bridge jn [nr Wakefield] by mick collinson
20/06/2007 - Doncaster by Scottish Brummie
20/06/2007 - Doncaster Belmont Yard by Scottish Brummie
19/06/2007 - barnetby knabbs bridge and crossing by dark glasses
12/06/2007 - Monk Fryston by Jakko
10/06/2007 - Tees Yard/Thornaby by 33043
09/06/2007 - Thornaby Depot / Tees Yard by Aladdin
04/06/2007 - Thornaby Depot / Tees Yard by D.R.F.
03/06/2007 - thornaby by Jimmy Page - Willenhall
14/05/2007 - Thornaby Depot / Tees Yard by brian h
12/05/2007 - Teeside by AJP
12/05/2007 - thornaby by Tractor Man (7)
25/03/2007 - Thornaby TMD by philsve
16/03/2007 - TEES YDGP STORED LOCOS by Martyn nevatt
08/03/2007 - TEES YD GP EWS STORED LOCOS by Martyn nevatt
07/03/2007 - TEES YARD GP EWS STORED LOCOS by Martyn nevatt
26/02/2007 - TEES YDGP EWS C by Martyn nevatt
28/12/2006 - Warrington Bank Quay and yards by CheshireLines
23/12/2006 - Warrington station and Yards by rayswanringer
20/12/2006 - Warrington by John Ashton
14/12/2006 - SWINDON 2006 by Gridiron133
29/11/2006 - Overton, ECML by IGH
28/11/2006 - Warrington by Jimmy Page - Willenhall
25/11/2006 - York by mick collinson
25/11/2006 - Colton Junction by airdaler
18/11/2006 - Cheltenham Spa by Benbow
16/11/2006 - Newport by Stuart1983
13/11/2006 - Gloucester by leigh
12/11/2006 - Cheltenham by leigh
04/11/2006 - Newport by MikeGTN
02/11/2006 - Leicester by Mark Wallace
30/10/2006 - Newport by freightman
28/10/2006 - Newport (Overnight) by Tractor Man (7)
20/10/2006 - Hatfield and Stainforth by big neil
16/10/2006 - Appleby Crossing, Scunthorpe by Mike Gathercole
11/10/2006 - Doncaster by trickyal
09/10/2006 - Doncaster Station by AJP
07/10/2006 - Doncaster by Blackcab Pete.
07/10/2006 - Doncaster - Carlisle by AJP
04/10/2006 - Doncaster by mick vickers
02/10/2006 - Knottingley Station and Depot by big neil
02/10/2006 - thornes wakefield by ross
30/09/2006 - York by Tractor Man (7)
30/09/2006 - Leeds/York by freightman
29/09/2006 - thornaby by freightman
28/09/2006 - old denaby by ross
28/09/2006 - aldwarkejunction by ross
09/07/2006 - Acton Mainline by Tractor Man (7)
07/07/2006 - Lincoln by melrail
06/07/2006 - Barnetby by swintonblade
17/06/2006 - Didcot by daveer
14/06/2006 - birmingham area by Perseverance
20/05/2006 - Barnetby by dark glasses
05/05/2006 - Barnetby by 5051
25/04/2006 - Barnetby by airdaler
22/04/2006 - Barnetby by AJP
20/04/2006 - Doncaster by sammy 2
20/04/2006 - Doncaster by hedgehog
19/04/2006 - Doncaster by A ALLAN
07/04/2006 - Lincoln Station by Beno
06/04/2006 - Burton-on-Trent by sturev
06/04/2006 - Nottingham Lenton Junction by djf on tour
06/04/2006 - Stenson Junction by 60500
05/04/2006 - Barnetby.trip by freightman
31/03/2006 - Ulceby by Mike Gathercole
29/03/2006 - thornaby by Martyn nevatt
26/03/2006 - THRNBYTMD EWS by Martyn nevatt
25/03/2006 - Doncaster by Young Leader
22/03/2006 - Stamford to Doncaster by freightman
21/03/2006 - Barnetby by 50029
20/03/2006 - primrose bridge by ross
14/03/2006 - Nr Gloucester by MH
11/03/2006 - Newport Godfrey RD. by D8000
09/03/2006 - Rugby by djf on tour
06/03/2006 - Dowlow Quarry by rayswanringer
03/03/2006 - Stamford/London trip by freightman
25/02/2006 - Bescot and Saltley by stecobbley
24/02/2006 - march by 31B
17/02/2006 - Dore by Tractor Man (7)
13/02/2006 - belle vue wakefield by ross
09/02/2006 - Buxton aera by sammy 2
05/02/2006 - Peak Forest by rayswanringer
31/01/2006 - Doncaster Station by Tractor Man (7)
14/01/2006 - Peak Forest by steve37g
14/01/2006 - Toton TMD by steve37g
04/01/2006 - Doncaster by blue lightening
03/01/2006 - Toton Depot by djf on tour
09/12/2005 - Gloucester Station by 37425
06/12/2005 - Didcot by Andy's still alive
21/11/2005 - Margam, Cardiff and Newport by Michael Wright
19/11/2005 - Green Lane, Cardiff by 37425
14/11/2005 - primrose bridge rotherham by ross
05/11/2005 - Bescot depot and yards by D8000
03/11/2005 - Rugby station and yards by mick vickers
29/10/2005 - Bescot station and Yards by tractorman
29/10/2005 - Bescot by jf 43185 4 the love of trains
24/10/2005 - Bescot by Richard Jeeves
23/10/2005 - Rugby/banbury by freightman
16/10/2005 - TOTON (11;05 ~ 11:25) by Gridiron133
15/10/2005 - Peterborough stabling point by Dave Richardson
11/10/2005 - peterborough by Alan Lyons
11/10/2005 - Peterborough stabling point by Ian Anderson
11/10/2005 - Ely Station by Dave Richardson
04/10/2005 - Stockport by Mike Gathercole
24/09/2005 - Please Choose a Location by martin rayton
20/09/2005 - Peak Forest by big neil
16/09/2005 - Normanton by adam
07/09/2005 - Derby by allhailtherail
23/08/2005 - Stourton (Leeds) by 9002KOYLI
16/08/2005 - TAMWORTH by Martian
14/08/2005 - Peak Forest by Young Leader
09/08/2005 - Bletchley by mick vickers
05/08/2005 - Warrington Bank Quay by chandley
04/08/2005 - PRESTON - DIDCOT by A ALLAN
02/08/2005 - Warrington Bank Quay by Bill Whittaker
30/07/2005 - Warrington by MikeGTN
29/07/2005 - Warrington by MJM
28/07/2005 - South Wales by Perseverance
22/07/2005 - Nuneaton by 50029
19/07/2005 - Water Orton by Big Man
19/07/2005 - out on a west mids by adam jacko
14/07/2005 - Llandeilo Junction by 37425
10/07/2005 - Margam Depot & Knuckle Yard by Gadge
27/06/2005 - Derby Station by 66502
27/06/2005 - Shipton by IGH
17/06/2005 - Newport by Young Leader
16/06/2005 - SLOUGH by GACCC
08/06/2005 - Derby stn by mick collinson
07/06/2005 - Thornaby Depot and Yards by big neil
04/06/2005 - Cardiff Central by djf on tour
03/06/2005 - Durham Station by TBOT
02/06/2005 - Briton Ferry by 37425
01/06/2005 - Doncaster Station by Dan Holland
23/05/2005 - Warrington Bank Quay and Arpley Depot by Chris Dearson
16/05/2005 - Warrington station and Yards by Ged869
02/05/2005 - Warrington Arpley Depot and Yards by 37425
02/05/2005 - Warrington Arpley Depot and Yards by D8000
23/04/2005 - Healey Mills by Gadge
21/04/2005 - Chesterfield by Rotherham Daryl
19/04/2005 - Stockport Station by Sammy
07/04/2005 - Healey Mills Yards by D.R.F.
23/03/2005 - Aylesbury by deepcar
18/03/2005 - swindon (1:10 - 2:10am) by Gridiron133
16/03/2005 - Swindon by Amir
14/03/2005 - Wakefield Kirkgate by mick vickers
12/03/2005 - Healey Mills by mick collinson
12/03/2005 - Huddersfield to Wakefield via Healey Mills by GKB
11/03/2005 - Barnetby Le Wold by Rob Terrace
08/03/2005 - Warrington Bank Quay by ady
02/03/2005 - Carlisle by DG
01/03/2005 - Carlisle by Morty
27/02/2005 - Warrington Bank Quay and Arpley Depot by Bill Whittaker
26/02/2005 - Warrington to Buxton by CheshireLines
02/02/2005 - Warrington Bank Quay and Arpley Depot by big neil
10/01/2005 - Thornaby MPD by Martyn nevatt
20/12/2004 - Ashchurch Railway Station by TGM
18/12/2004 - Elford by Marcus Burton
26/10/2004 - Crewe Station. by D8000
22/10/2004 - Warrington depot and bank quay by b1gneil
08/10/2004 - Abbotswood by lickeyman
05/10/2004 - Toton TMD by Gridiron133
28/09/2004 - Monk Fryston by IGH
14/08/2004 - Didcot 14/08/04 by shed 66107
11/08/2004 - Doncaster by John S
28/07/2004 - Barnetby by McGrid
22/07/2004 - Barnetby by Jonny Williams
19/07/2004 - Everywhere, Ashchurch stn. Northway near the station and places. by TGM
17/07/2004 - Derby stn by sherrif
16/07/2004 - Newport Station / Godfrey Rd & ADJ by 37425
02/07/2004 - Warrington by 37324 The Growler
21/06/2004 - Winwick by Diddle e dum
20/06/2004 - WIGAN& WARRINGTON by A ALLAN
19/06/2004 - northampton-carlisle and return by Llamafish
04/06/2004 - Cardiff Station by McGrid
03/06/2004 - Newport Station by Wainnock09
02/06/2004 - Thornaby Depot and yard immediately around depot. by 51L
29/05/2004 - Newport Station by Tony White
19/05/2004 - Aschurch railway station by TGM
15/05/2004 - Cardiff Central by boso
14/05/2004 - York Station by big neil
05/05/2004 - Longhedge Junction by lgwsteve
29/04/2004 - Ealing Broadway by Andrew_MK
21/04/2004 - Railworld Footbridge (Peterborough) by Alan Lyons
17/04/2004 - BEDWORTH by BeduthBob
15/04/2004 - Various by Winston
14/04/2004 - Wandsworth Road by Andrew_MK
11/04/2004 - LEICESTER TMD by clanger
07/04/2004 - Derby to ipswich and return by bolt hole bob
31/03/2004 - Doncaster Station by 37324 The Growler
24/03/2004 - Clay Cross by barcap
21/03/2004 - Thornaby TMD by 51L
16/03/2004 - Severn tnl jnc by freightman
16/03/2004 - wootton bassett by 37324 The Growler
13/03/2004 - Saltley by Wainnock09
13/03/2004 - TAMWORTH by Gadge
08/03/2004 - Newport by D380
19/02/2004 - Thornaby Station and Depot , and Tees Yard by big neil
16/02/2004 - York by whistler
12/02/2004 - Nottingham Midland by djf on tour
02/01/2004 - Warrington Arpley Yard by stuart
01/01/2004 - Warrington Arpley Yard by D380
19/12/2003 - Crewe station and depot by D.R.F.
16/12/2003 - Between Nuneaton & Crewe by Dorde
19/10/2003 - Immingham TMD by Jim
17/10/2003 - Barnetby by Old Albert Flintstone
17/10/2003 - others from the past 5 years (locos) by tom quayle
04/10/2003 - Doncaster Station by McGrid
27/08/2003 - Ealing Broadway by Mick C
02/06/2003 - Newport by 37324 The Growler
20/05/2003 - Stafford, Over Night. by D8000
22/04/2003 - Barnetby by 37324 The Growler
25/03/2003 - Derby by STEVEF
27/02/2003 - North Staffs Junction (near Stenson Junc.) by Marcus Burton
20/02/2003 - Southampton by MJM
14/02/2003 - ACTON YARD by D8000
24/01/2003 - Doncaster by Mike Gathercole
10/01/2003 - Willington by Marcus Burton
03/01/2003 - Newport by Marcus Burton
07/12/2002 - Motherwell by AJP
13/11/2002 - Gobowen Railway Station(Shropshire) by D.R.F.
24/06/2002 - Newport by manchester mart
08/04/2002 - Tees Dock - Lackenby by 51L
29/03/2002 - thornaby by Texhorse
22/02/2002 - Bescot by Jim
11/12/2001 - Tees Yard/Thornaby Depot by 31B
06/10/2001 - Barnetby by Jim
08/08/2001 - Doncaster Railway Station by D.R.F.
14/07/2001 - Saltley Depot by D8000
24/06/2001 - Saltley by manchester mart
22/06/2001 - York - Skelton Bridge by 51L
21/06/2001 - Thornaby Station and Depot , and Tees Yard by 51L
24/05/2001 - Tollerton by IGH
04/03/2001 - Peterborough MPD by 31B
24/10/2000 - Barnetby by 31B
31/08/2000 - Bristol - Liverpool Return by MJM
21/05/2000 - Saltley by 37425
01/04/2000 - Runcorn to East midlands area by CheshireLines
26/03/2000 - Clay Cross Junction by Tom 91
06/02/2000 - LEICESTER STATION. by anton
29/10/1999 - Barnetby by Simon Tacey
04/09/1999 - Bescot by MJM
05/06/1999 - Knottingley Depot. by D8000
02/09/1998 - Cardiff by 31B
02/08/1998 - Warrington by sammy 2
09/05/1998 - Brocklesby Junction / Melton Ross / Barnetby by 31B
07/04/1998 - Milford Junction by 31B
07/04/1998 - Milford Junction (Monk Fryston) by 51L
01/01/1998 - uk wide by jf 43185 4 the love of trains
11/07/1994 - Margam by 37425
01/07/1994 - Newport Godfrey Rd. And Station. by D8000
17/05/1994 - Cardiff Pengam Sidings. by D8000
30/03/1994 - Dawlish by CheshireLines
05/02/1994 - Exeter by aldo
15/01/1994 - Margam Depot. by D8000
09/01/1994 - Margam by MJM
08/01/1994 - Llanelli by 37425
25/09/1993 - Reading by manchester mart
16/08/1993 - SWINDON-DIDCOT-OXFORD by Andy L
27/07/1993 - Cardiff by Michael37
20/02/1993 - Oxford by CheshireLines
16/01/1993 - Eastleigh by mammoth47085
27/07/1992 - Reading by MJM
23/07/1992 - Cardiff Central to Birmingham New Street by Perseverance
20/07/1992 - Newport-Cardiff by Perseverance
22/05/1992 - Duffryn by Barney Staples
22/04/1992 - Pangbourne by MJM
18/03/1992 - Avon/Thames/Solent Day Rover by MJM
16/12/1991 - Eastleigh by MJM
14/09/1991 - Leicester by Perseverance
14/07/1991 - Toton Depot by Mavmaramis
13/07/1991 - Toton by Sammy
26/05/1991 - Loughborough by manchester mart

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
airstrike
Russia's Putin predicts global 'chaos' if West hits Syria again
The statement came as Washington prepared to increase pressure on Russia with new economic sanctions.
Two Palestinians dead in 'day of rage', US isolated at UN
Two Palestinians were killed during clashes as Israeli airstrikes hit the Gaza Strip.
Syrian child rescued from rubble after Idlib airstrike
A Syrian child is pulled out of the rubble of a building said to have been targeted by a Russian air strike in the rebel-held city of Idlib.
May 31, 2016 | 06:18 pm PT
Dozens killed in air strikes on Syria refugee camp
At least 28 people, including women and children, were killed when air strikes hit a camp for internally displaced persons in Syria's Idlib province near the Turkish border on Thursday, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said.The number of dead at the camp near the town of Sarmada was expected to rise because of the number of seriously injured people, the Observatory said.Footage posted on social media showed tents in the refugee camp in flames and fire crews attempting to extinguish the flames.The White House on Thursday condemned the strike."There is no justifiable excuse for carrying out an air strike against innocent civilians who have already once fled their homes to escape violence," said White House spokesman Josh Earnest at the daily press briefing.
May 5, 2016 | 11:39 pm PT
Syrian journalist hit by airstrike shrapnel
A television journalist suffers serious facial injuries after an air strike north of Aleppo, Syria, on Thursday (April 14). The correspondent, Ebrahim al-Khateeb, is from the opposition-affiliated Orient News channel, was delivering a piece to camera near Handarat to the north of Aleppo, when there was a loud explosion. A piece of shrapnel was briefly seen flying into the reporter's face. The reporter was taken to hospital with blood streaming from his face. Orient News, which is based in Dubai, says al-Khateeb is now in a stable condition. Syrian government forces and their allies are focused on the area around Handarat Camp, overlooking an important access point held by rebels into the city of Aleppo, which is split into zones held by the government and opposition. Fighting near Aleppo has been escalating for two weeks, mostly to the south of the city where government forces backed by Lebanon's Hezbollah and other militias have been waging fierce battles with rebels including Nusra Front fighters.


"I am pleased to report that the Group continues to thrive in the buoyant London property market. Evidence of the strong demand for the typical Telford Homes product is exemplified by the recent launch of Vibe, our development of 101 homes in Dalston, E8. To date, 79 of the 81 apartments in the first release have been sold bringing total Group open market sales to over 275 since 1 April 2014. This compares favourably to the 515 contracts exchanged during the year to 31 March 2014. Sales continue to both UK and overseas customers seeking high quality homes to live in or as an investment to satisfy ongoing tenant demand.
"Recent measures outlined by the Bank of England to maintain prudence in the mortgage market are welcomed by the Group. There are not enough homes being built to meet demand for somewhere to live in London and affordability constraints will act as a natural break on rampant price inflation unless mortgage lending becomes uncontrolled as it did in 2006 and 2007. This is not the case today and, given the clear messages from both the Bank of England and mortgage providers along with the lower loan to value mortgages required by the Group's typical customers, the Board remains confident of longer term stability in its areas of operation.


I was recently in New York to reunite with Kimberly from Eat Sleep Wear and Wendy from Wendy's Lookbook.
We had so much fun earlier this year in Rome with Bulgari and became very close. I missed them so much after that incredible trip! It was great having the team back together in New York.
We styled some holiday inspired looks from our own closet with the B.zero1 collection from Bulgari.
I wore a 1950s taffeta skirt I got at a flea market when I was 13. One of my all-time favorite vintage finds. You can never go wrong with a swingy skirt and a ballet leotard!
I wore an amazing necklace, diamond bracelet, and black ceramic bangle from the B.zero1 collection.
The vibe that day was insanely fun. We opened some champagne and played around styling the jewelry!
I've been really excited to share the pictures from that day with you, hope you love them as much as I do!
Disclosure: This post was created in collaboration with Bulgari and Style Coalition.


The implementation of ICD-10 codes will have a financial impact on all practices. Practitioners will need to prepare for situations ranging from software errors that prevent reimbursements to the cost of staff training.
This requires a strategic plan that addresses the potential for multiple problems that will directly affect a clinic's financially security and well-being.
A practice's cash flow depends on coders/billers obtaining the best turnaround times on claims and that may not happen in the early months of ICD-10 implementation.
The reim bursement process will undoubtedly experience slow-downs and clinicians would do well to have sufficient cash reserves on hand to pay the bills and staff during the growing pains the new system is sure to suffer.
It's best to acquire a business line of credit or a business credit card with a 0% APR for six to nine months to help tide over the first few months after ICD-10 is enforced.
Some practice owners will be fortunate to have staff training provided by vendors. Those who aren't will be required to locate competent contractors who can provide the specialized training and education required for the implementation.
Everyone within the practice will require training. This includes the billers/coders as well as clinicians, who will need to modify clinical documentation to justify the increased specificity with the ICD-10 coding system.
Without enough training, bills will keep coming back to practitioners to fix, which will delay the entire payment process.
Practitioners who are considering outsourcing will want to weigh the costs of training for in-house services against hiring an outside firm to handle those duties.
Coders/billers will need substantial training to minimize the disruption of reimbursements.
Experienced billers/coders are already in short supply and it may be better for the practice financially to hire a specialist who has already undergone training.
Maintaining security is a very real concern, especially with the array of potential problems surrounding the transition.
Ensuring the security of patient information may include the purchase and installation of security software, while others may incur additional costs from vendors who are responsible for the system's integrity.
Mistakes, oversights or compliance issues can cost a practice dearly.
No one wants to hear that they're the target of a Recovery Audit Contractor (RAC). ICD-10 implementation errors could appear as an attempt at fraud or abuse, causing a stain on a clinician's reputation and disruption of the practice's operation.
The best way for a clinic to be prepared is for the clinician to improve their documentation standards with the increased specificity that is necessary to justify the use of the new ICD-10 codes.
A RAC intervention is a lengthy and costly process for a private practice owner. In fact, it has the potential to drive a practice out of business.
The implementation of ICD-10 coding will take a financial toll on practices of all sizes. Preparing for the transition requires that clinicians use all their deductive skills to identify areas where the coding change will have a financial effect and plan for every contingency.


text:
The One Percent Doctrine
Jacket of Ron Suskind's book,
· Cheney's One Percent Doctrine as stated in Suskind Book
· One Percent Doctrine as Purportedly State by Dick Cheney
· Summary of Book
· Criticism
o New York Subway Plot
o Abu Zubaydah
· See also
· References
· External links
· Excellent July 2, 2006, Article by John Allen Paulos [This item is not from Wikipedia]
Cheney's One Percent Doctrine as
stated by Ron Suskind in his book,
"Even if there's just a one percent chance of the unimaginable coming due, act as if it is a certainty. It's not about 'our analysis,' as Cheney said. It's about 'our response.' … Justified or not, fact-based or not, 'our response' is what matters. As to 'evidence,' the bar was set so low that the word itself almost didn't apply."
The One Percent Doctrine as stated by
Dick Cheney (from Wikipedia)
The title comes from an excerpted story from the book itself, in which Vice President Dick Cheney describes the Bush administration's doctrine on dealing with terrorism:
"If there's a one percent chance that Pakistani scientists are helping al-Qaeda build or develop a nuclear weapon, we have to treat it as a certainty in terms of our response. It's not about our analysis ... It's about our response."
The One Percent Doctrine (ISBN 0-7432-7109-2) is a nonfiction book by Pulitzer Prize winning journalist[1] Ron Suskind about America's hunt for terrorists since September 11th. On July 24th, 2006, it reached number 3 on the New York Times Best Seller list.[2]
It assesses the ways in which American counter-terrorism agencies are working to combat terrorist groups. In the narrative, Suskind criticizes the Bush administration for formulating its terrorism policies based on political goals rather than geopolitical realities.
The title comes from an excerpted story from the book itself, in which Vice President Dick Cheney describes the Bush administration's doctrine on dealing with terrorism:[3]
"If there's a 1% chance that Pakistani scientists are helping al-Qaeda build or develop a nuclear weapon, we have to treat it as a certainty in terms of our response. It's not about our analysis ... It's about our response."
The One Percent doctrine (also called the Cheney doctrine) was created in November 2001 (no exact date is given) during a briefing given by then-CIA Director George Tenet and an un-named briefer to U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney and then-National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice in response to worries that a Pakistani scientist was offering nuclear weapons expertise to Al Qaeda after the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attack. Responding to the thought that Al Qaeda might want to acquire a nuclear weapon, Cheney observed that the US had to confront a new type of threat, a "low-probability, high-impact event" as he described it.
Suskind makes a distinction between two groups engaged in the fight against terrorism: "the notables", those who talk to us about the threat of terrorism (Bush, Cheney, Condoleezza Rice, et al.), and "the invisibles", those who are fighting terrorists (the CIA analysts, the FBI agents and all the other foot soldiers).[3][4]
The book advances the theory that Abu Zubaydah, a "top operative plotting and planning death and destruction on the United States" as Bush described him, was an insignificant figure.[5]
According to the book, Osama bin Laden apparently wanted Bush reelected in 2004, and therefore issued a video message which, in the US media, was described as "Osama's endorsement of John Kerry." Why he wanted Bush in office remains unknown. In the book, unnamed CIA analysts speculate that this can be attributed to the view that the controversial policies Bush advocated would help recruit Jihadists and would cause the image of USA decline globally due to aggressive foreign policy.[6]
The book also mentions a plot to attack the 34th Street-Herald Square subway station in New York City in March 2003. But, 45 days before an al-Qaeda cell, who had monitored surveillance of the station, were to release deadly cyanide gas into the tunnels, Ayman al-Zawahiri and other terrorist leaders scrapped the plan because it wasn't as deadly as 9-11 and therefore wasn't notable enough to compete with the impact of 9-11.
Some of the claims made in Suskind's book have drawn criticism.
New York Subway Plot
Richard Clarke told ABC News he is wary of the report about the New York City subway plot. Clarke stated: "There's reason to be skeptical... Just because something is labeled in an intelligence report does not mean every word in it is true." He said the information describing the plot would have been just one of the hundreds of threats that would have been collected in 2003. According to Clarke, the specificity of the report also made it suspect, stating "Whenever you get reports that are this specific, they are usually made up." Clarke also called into question the notion that Ayman al-Zawahiri called off the attack, adding that he would be too isolated to have that kind of direct control over a plot inside the United States. He also believes the terrorists would have carried out the attack if the plot was as advanced as Suskind reported, stating "Frankly if there was a team in the United States that was ready to do this, they would have done it."[7]
An intelligence official who was briefed at the time that the authorities learned of the threat, and who wished to remain anonymous, told The New York Times that some in the intelligence community had been skeptical of the supposed plot, particularly of the idea that the plot had been called off by Mr. al-Zawahiri. The plot was said to involve the use of a relatively crude device for releasing the chemical gases. "This is a simple cyanide thing, two chemicals mixed together, and it releases cyanide gas..They'd be lucky if they killed everybody on one car — you can do that with a 9-millimeter pistol...None of it has been confirmed in three years, who these guys were, whether they in fact had a weapon, or whether they were able to put together a weapon, whether that weapon has been defined and what it would cause or whether they were even in New York", he told the Times.[8]
One former official told CNN that he agreed al-Zawahiri called off the attack but disagreed with Suskind that the terrorists were thwarted within 45 days of carrying it out. Two former officials told CNN the United States was familiar with the design of the gas-dispersal device and had passed the information to state and local officials, but added that the proposed timing of the attack was not as precise as Suskind wrote.[9]
A former CIA official told the New York Daily News that few top U.S. counterterrorism officials knew about the plot and many deny Suskind's claim that a panicky Bush White House sent "alerts through the government." One reason for the lack of alarm, according to the former official, was that soon after discovering Al Qaeda blueprints for a homemade cyanide sprayer, the feds learned Zawahiri had nixed the plot because "it wasn't big enough." The device was also an unreliable weapon of mass destruction. "Cyanide is sexy, but difficult to weaponize...They have fantasies of poisoning a water supply. You can't imagine how difficult that would be. Did they fantasize about a cyanide attack? Most likely", a senior counterterrorism official told the Daily News.[10]
New York Senator Charles Schumer told the Associated Press that while the threat was "serious enough to be taken seriously", the alleged plot was "never corroborated."[11]
Suskind also claims in the book that the al Qaeda's cell that would have carried out the attack is still in the United States. Intelligence sources, however, told CBS News that, as far as they know, there are no terrorist cells operating in the U.S. under the command of Zawahri or bin Laden.[12]
Abu Zubaydah
A counter-terrorism official who asked not to be named told the Washington Times, "A lot of information [in Suskind's book] is simply wrong." One inaccuracy, this official said, is the book's assertion that Abu Zubaydah, whom the CIA captured in Pakistan in 2002, was not a key al Qaeda figure, and was insane. The counter-terrorism official said Zubaydah is "crazy like a fox" and was a senior planner inside al Qaeda who has provided critical information on how Osama bin Laden's group works.[13]
John McLaughlin, former acting CIA director, has also stated, "I totally disagree with the view that the capture of Abu Zubaydah was unimportant. Abu Zubaydah was woven through all of the intelligence prior to 9/11 that signaled a major attack was coming, and his capture yielded a great deal of important information."[14]
Sources with direct knowledge of Zubaydah's interrogation told the New York Daily News that while they concede Zubaydah knew about ideas but not operations and fed the CIA disinformation, he was lucid and difficult to crack. "He was tough and smart", said an agency veteran.[10]
Bush Doctrine
Mubtakkar
^ Official Ron Suskind Biography Accessed July 24, 2006.
^ NY Times Best Seller ListAccessed July 24, 2006.
^ a b The Untold Story of al-Qaeda's Plot to Attack the Subways In an exclusive book excerpt, author Ron Suskind reveals how officials learned about a cell that came within weeks of striking in New York City with poison gas, Time, June 26, 2006
^ The One Percent Doctrine By Harry Levins, February 07, 2006
^ The Myth of Al Qaeda Before 9/11, Osama bin Laden's group was small and fractious. How Washington helped to build it into a global threat By Michael Hirsh, Newsweek, June 30, 2006
^ CIA: Osama Helped Bush in '04 By Robert Parry, Consortiumnews.com, July 4, 2006
^ "Questions Surround Alleged al Qaeda Cyanide Plot", ABC news (June 16, 2006).
^ AL BAKER and WILLIAM K. RASHBAUM (June 18, 2006). "U.S. Feared Cyanide Attack on New York Subway", The New York Times.
^ CNN (June 18, 2006). "Report: Al Qaeda planned N.Y. subway attack".
^ a b JAMES GORDON MEEK (July 4, 2006). "Tracking W's war on terror", New York Daily News.
^ Associated Press (June 21, 2006). "Senator: NYC subway plot by al-Qaida was real".
^ CBS News (June 18, 2006). "Book: Qaeda Planned NY Subway Attack".
^ "Inside the Ring", Washington Times (June 23, 2006).
^ "Transcript for THE SITUATION ROOM with Wolf Blitzer" (June 20, 2006).
Excerpt published in Time
Review by St. Louis Post-Dispatch By Harry Levins, July 2, 2006
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_Percent_Doctrine"
Back to Contents
Who's Counting? - Cheney's
One Percent Doctrine
John Allen Paulos
What ever happened to respect for evidence? Are we to begin
wars on a mere suspicion, or someone's miscalculation of a
one percent probability? Vice President Cheney feels that if
there's a one percent chance, then act. Strangely, the Bush
administration used a contradictory rule regarding global
warming. Despite near unanimity among scientists on the
fact and causes of global warming, the Bush administration
did not act, apparently because the administration felt there
was not at least a ninety-nine percent probability.
Go to war? One percent probability required. Address global
climate change, a far greater threat to mankind than Iraq was?
Greater than ninety-nine percent probability is required.
Doesn't this contradiction indicate that probabilities are really
not the measure, but that both actions and inaction within the
Bush administration are being determined by pure ideology?
Professor of mathematics at Temple University, John
Allen Paulos is the author of best-selling books including
"Innumeracy" and "A Mathematician Plays the Stock Market."
His "Who's Counting?" column on ABCNews.com appear
the first weekend of every month.
In his heralded new book, "The One Percent Doctrine," Ron Suskind writes that Vice President Dick Cheney forcefully stated that the war on terror empowered the Bush administration to act without the need for evidence or extensive analysis.
Suskind describes the Cheney doctrine as follows: "Even if there's just a 1 percent chance of the unimaginable coming due, act as if it is a certainty. It's not about 'our analysis,' as Cheney said. It's about 'our response.' … Justified or not, fact-based or not, 'our response' is what matters. As to 'evidence,' the bar was set so low that the word itself almost didn't apply."
There is a complex interplay between an act's possible consequences, evidence, and the probabilities involved. And sometimes, of course, the probability justifying action of some sort is even less than 1 percent. Vaccines are routinely given, for example, even for diseases whose risk of being contracted is much less than 1 percent.
That being granted, the simplistic doctrine of "if at least 1 percent, then act" is especially frightening in international conflicts, not least because the number of threats misconstrued (by someone or other) to meet the 1 percent threshold is huge and the consequences of military action are so terrible and irrevocable.
One Percent Rule in Other Contexts
Imagine what would happen in various everyday situations were the Cheney doctrine to be applied. A young man is in a bar and another man gives him a hard stare. If the young Cheneyite feels threatened and believes the probability to be at least 1 percent that the other man will shoot him, then he has a right to preemptively shoot him in "self-defense."
Or an older woman visits her Cheneyite doctor who, finding that the woman has suffered from a sore throat and fatigue for months, orders that she be put on chemotherapy since the likelihood of cancer is in his opinion at least 1 percent. Further tests, he might argue, would take too long.
A Cheneyite gambler would be a casino's dream. The chance of rolling a 12 with a pair of dice, for example, is 1/36, almost 3 percent, and hence would justify the gambler betting his house on rolling a 12.
And what about a Cheneyite scientist, hard as that may be to conceive? If this scientist decided that the "evidence" for some crackpot scientific theory suggested to him that its probability were at least 1 percent, the scientist would feel comfortable touting it as a reasonable alternative to established theory.
Needless to say, standards for action or decision are generally far more stringent. For a conventional scientist running a statistical test of a hypothesis the threshold is usually 95 percent, not 1 percent. More precisely, if the scientist runs the test, and obtains, based on the tentative assumption of the hypothesis, an outcome having a probability of less than 5 percent, then he or she generally rejects the hypothesis.
And certainly in criminal trials the statistical burden is much greater; it's beyond a reasonable doubt (that is, an indeterminate, but very high probability), not 1 percent. In civil cases the probability standard is lower, but still nowhere near 1 percent.
Suspicion Enough
The substitution of mere suspicion for evidence seems to color the thinking of many -- on Iraq (as the Suskind book amply documents), on fiscal policy and on science as well. From stem cells to creation science, from illegal wiretaps to war planning, if it feels good and accords with ideology, then it's the right thing to do. Real men don't need evidence or probability.
Nor do they need consistency. A companion to the Cheney 1 percent action doctrine (if the probability is at least 1 percent, act) is the administration's non-action doctrine (if the probability is less than 99 percent, then don't act). This latter doctrine is generally invoked in discussions of global warming, where it seems absolute certainty is required to justify any significant action. Ideology determines which of these two inconsistent doctrines to invoke.
Of course, these attitudes and variations of these doctrines are very widespread throughout society, and it's sometimes very difficult to decide whether to act or not. In fact, it's an interesting exercise to come up with other situations leading to rules of the form, "if the probability is X percent, then act." Surprisingly many of the everyday rules guiding us can be put into this form.
A trivial example is provided by elections where X percent is 50 percent, but let me end with a somewhat unusual and counterintuitive example, which involves an idealization of the dating process. Say that a woman has reason to believe she will have up to N sequential suitors during her dating life and wants to maximize her chances of choosing the "best" one. The optimal strategy she should follow is to reject the first 37 percent of her suitors and then accept the next one who is better than all his predecessors.
Whether the issue is war, science, or a myriad of other issues, probability and evidence should play a critical role.


text:
> Home / College / Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB)
Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB)
Established: 2001, An Autonomous Institute set up by the Department of IT, BT and S&T, Government of Karnataka
The Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB) is an autonomous institute set up by the Department of IT, BT and S&T, Government of Karnataka. It is located in a 20-acre campus in the south part of the City of Bangalore and is a part of Biotech Park, Bangalore. Its mission is to help grow the biotech industry and, to fulfill this mission, it has adopted the strategies of education, research and promoting entrepreneurship.
The Department of Information Technology and Biotechnology of the Government of Karnataka established the institute in 2001, with financial support from ICICI Bank. The institute has received overwhelming support from academic and industry scientists, primarily those in Bangalore. Its programmes would not be possible without this ongoing support.
IBAB's first director, Prof. Manju Bansal, is a professor at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. She was with the institute for the first three years. She was succeeded by Prof. N. Yathindra of the University of Madras. Know more…
Biotech Park, Electronic city, phase-I
Bangalore Karnataka 560100
Phone: 080-285 289 00, 080-285 289 01, 080-285 289 02
Email: stc@ibab.ac.in
Website: www.ibab.ac.in
Fees: Rs. 2,21,000/-
Seats:.
List of Colleges in Bangalore
Acharya Institute of Technology
Acharya Institutes
Acharya School of Law
Acharya School of Management


It is not very often today that we hear people talking about having visions of God . . . at least not without having their sanity questioned! Such talk, however, used to be a normal part of the Church's vocabulary. The Christian tradition speaks of the "beatific vision" as seeing and experiencing the glory and light of God. While it is common for Christians to anticipate such a vision in heaven (I Cor. 13:12), many have grasped such an image this side of glory.
So what does it take to see God today? Of course, we will never see him perfectly for he is ultimately incomprehensible (I Tim. 6:16). But he does give glimpses to those who yearn to see him (Eph. 1:18-19). However, in a seemingly contradictory way, vision of God is inextricably linked to vision of ourselves. Specifically, how desperate we perceive ourselves to be of God's grace.
As humans, we are hard-wired to see ourselves in the best possible light even if we know the image is positively exaggerated. People don't usually see themselves as they truly are until desperate situations leave them with no other choice. Whether it is with physical health, social relationships, or emotional well-being positive change will not occur until we finally become honest about our situation as it actually exists.
As with all areas of our life, I think we hesitate to be brutally honest because we fear what we might find. And if we find what we fear then the truth makes us accountable for our actions. So too with our faith, we learn to look past the thousand times each day we've intentionally chosen to act or think selfishly, pridefully, or enviously when we've known to do better. We know that loving God is the ultimate aim of our life yet, every time, instead we chose to love ourselves. It is a painful truth to swallow. We are not what we should be . . . not even close. What are we going to do?
This painful realization is actually the beginning of our transformation. For the Christian, honesty's dagger does what any dagger does. It brings us to our knees in desperation. This is just the place we need to be if we want to see God. For in this posture of desperate surrender we discover new strength, new hope, new peace and, yes, new vision.
Therefore, our ongoing challenge is to resist the temptation to see ourselves by any other light than honesty provides. And when we do, each time we'll discover afresh that as we see ourselves honestly, we will see God more accurately. Next week we talk about the impact such vision will have upon our life.
Are you desperate to see God? What would it cost you to be brutally honest about your faith?


This flat is located on the 7th of the total 15 floors and is built up in 1500 sq.ft with 3 bedroom, bathrooms & balconies, the flat is a semi-furnished including modular kitchen, wardrobe, geyser, light & fan This flat brings all the basic facilities like intercom, lift, open car parking space, gym. club house, children's play area, swimming pool, park, 24 hours water supply, proper waste disposal & good security management. This is 8 years old constructed property.This is a well constructed flat in Sector 20, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai. Get this flat at the best rent of thirty five thousand rupees only.


text:
Q: How to recalculate a field in another model based on the calculations of one model in Django? There are three models in my project, that are:
class Package(models.Model):
    patient=models.ForeignKey(Patient, on_delete=CASCADE)
    diagnosis=models.ForeignKey(Diagnosis, on_delete=CASCADE)
    treatment=models.ForeignKey(Treatment, on_delete=CASCADE)
    patient_type=models.ForeignKey(PatientType, on_delete=CASCADE)
    date_of_admission=models.DateField(default=None)
    max_fractions=models.IntegerField(default=None)
    total_package=models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2)

class Receivables(models.Model):
    patient=models.ForeignKey(Patient, on_delete=CASCADE)
    pattern = RegexValidator(r'(RT|rt|rT|Rt)\/[0-9]{4}\/[0-9]{2}\/[0-9]{4}', 'Enter RT Number properly!')
    rt_number=models.CharField(max_length=15, validators=[pattern])
    discount=models.DecimalField(max_digits=9, decimal_places=2, default=0)
    approved_package=models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2, default=0)
    proposed_fractions=models.IntegerField()
    done_fractions=models.IntegerField()
    base_value=models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2, blank=True)
    expected_value=models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2, blank=True)

    @property
    def package(self):
        try:
            return Package.objects.filter(patient=self.patient).order_by('-id').first()
        except Package.DoesNotExist:
            return None

    def calculate_approved_discount(self):
        if(self.package):
            if self.package.patient_type=='CASH':
                self.approved_package = self.package.total_package - self.discount
        else:
            pass

    def calculate_base_value(self):
        if (self.package):
            process_charge=self.package.total_package*15/100
            net_total_package=self.package.total_package - process_charge
            amount_per_fraction=net_total_package/self.package.max_fractions
            net_cost=amount_per_fraction*self.done_fractions
            gross_cost=net_cost+process_charge
            self.base_value=gross_cost
        else:
            self.base_value=self.approved_package

    def calculate_expected_value(self): #Edited
    if not self.expected_value < 0:
        if (self.package):
            if self.base_value<self.approved_package:
                self.expected_value=self.base_value
            else:
                self.expected_value=self.approved_package
        else:
            self.expected_value=0
    else:
        return abs(self.expected_value)

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.calculate_approved_discount()
        self.calculate_base_value()
        self.calculate_expected_value()
        super(Receivables, self).save(*args, **kwargs)

class Realization(models.Model):
    patient=models.ForeignKey(Patient, on_delete=CASCADE)
    cash=models.BooleanField(default=False)
    amount_received=models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2, default=0)
    billing_month=models.DateField(default=None)
    deficit_or_surplus_amount=models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=2, blank=True)
    deficit_percentage=models.FloatField(blank=True, default=0)
    surplus_percentage=models.FloatField(blank=True, default=0)
    remarks=models.TextField(max_length=500, default="N/A")

    @property
    def receivables(self):
        try:
            return Receivables.objects.filter(patient=self.patient).order_by('-id').first()
        except Receivables.DoesNotExist:
            return None

    @property
    def discharge(self):
        try:
            return Discharge.objects.filter(patient=self.patient).order_by('-id').first()
        except Discharge.DoesNotExist:
            return None

    @property
    def package(self):
        try:
            return Package.objects.filter(patient=self.patient).order_by('-id').first()
        except Package.DoesNotExist:
            return None

    def calculate_deficit_surplus_amount(self):
        if (self.receivables):
            print(self.receivables)
            self.deficit_or_surplus_amount=self.amount_received-self.receivables.expected_value
        else:
            self.deficit_or_surplus_amount=0

    def calculate_deficit_or_surplus_percentage(self):
        if (self.receivables):
            if self.amount_received>self.receivables.expected_value:
                self.surplus_percentage=self.deficit_or_surplus_amount/self.receivables.expected_value*100
                self.deficit_percentage=0
            elif self.amount_received<self.receivables.expected_value:
                self.deficit_percentage=self.deficit_or_surplus_amount/self.receivables.expected_value*100
                self.surplus_percentage=0
            elif self.amount_received==self.receivables.expected_value:
                self.deficit_percentage=0
                self.surplus_percentage=0
        else:
            self.surplus_percentage=0
            self.deficit_percentage=0

    def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
        self.calculate_deficit_surplus_amount()
        self.calculate_deficit_or_surplus_percentage()
        super(Realization, self).save(*args, **kwargs)

EDIT:
Now what I want is when a patient is paying the amount and if there is deficit (which is contained by deficit_or_surplus_amount), I want that deficit amount to be saved in the expected_value of Receivables, so that when we reclaim the amount, the further calculations would be based on that expected_value, when we do receive the deficit amount.
I don't want to delete the previous instances but rather create a new instance of Receivables that has a new expected_value which now carries what was paid less the last time. So we expect that amount from the patient. So when the patient pays the next time, the deficit or surplus would be calculated on the basis of what was expected of him to pay this time.
For example:
If a patient gets admitted and has a Government scheme pay for him. Suppose the total expected_value is 75000 from him. He gets discharged and the we claim the amount to the Government. When we receive the amount, we get less amount, let's say we received only 70000. So 5000 deficit. We reclaim the repudiated amount. Now we expect to receive 5000 from the Government, not 75000. So if we receive the amount from the scheme and it is not 5000, instead it's only 2500, so the Realization table's methods should be able to calculate the deficits or surpluses based on the now expected_value, i.e, 5000.
I hope my question is clear now. If you still want further explanation , please let me know.
I tried to use a signal for this purpose:
@receiver(post_save, sender=Realization)
def new_receivable_save(sender, instance, created, **kwargs):
    pkg=Package.objects.filter(patient=instance.patient).order_by('-id').first()
    rec=Receivables.objects.filter(patient=instance.patient).order_by('-id').first()
    if created:
        if pkg.patient_type!='CASH':
            if instance.deficit_or_surplus_amount<0:
                Receivables(
                    patient=rec.patient,
                    rt_number=rec.rt_number,
                    discount=rec.discount,
                    approved_package=rec.approved_package,
                    proposed_fractions=rec.proposed_fractions,
                    done_fractions=rec.done_fractions,
                    base_value=rec.base_value,
                    expected_value=abs(instance.deficit_or_surplus_amount)
                ).save()

This function does create a new instance of Receivables but with the previous expected_value and not the recalculated one.
Where am I going wrong? How should I go about that? Thanks in advance.

A: You are saving the deficit amount correctly every time.
But you are not saving/updating the expected_value at all.
The first time you are saving the expected_value from base_value which is correct.
The next time amount received you have to update the expected_value (It has to be 5000, 2500).

*

*75000 base_value, 75000 expected_value.

*70000 amount_received - 5000 deficit   - 5000 expected_value.

*2500 amount_received - 2500 deficit - 2500 expected_value.

*1300 amount_received - 1200 deficit - 1200 expected_value.

Here you are doing amount_received - previous expected_value (70000 - 75000 = -5000). You are doing in a negative/reverse way. Thats fine.
But Receivables model has save() which contains calculate_expected_value
    def calculate_expected_value(self):
        if (self.package):
            if self.base_value<self.approved_package:
                self.expected_value=self.base_value
            else:
                self.expected_value=self.approved_package
        else:
            self.expected_value=0

This method is overriding the expected_value in this model. It is not taking the passing expected value while initializing the Receivables(....).save() object.
Try modify above method like this:
def calculate_expected_value(self):
    if not self.expected_value < 0: # try something here, if expected value exists already while saving, we don't reassign it below.
        if (self.package):
            if self.base_value<self.approved_package:
                self.expected_value=self.base_value
            else:
                self.expected_value=self.approved_package
        else:
            self.expected_value=0

This is where you might be going wrong. Please correct me if I am wrong.
EDIT:
def calculate_expected_value(self): #Edited
    if not self.expected_value < 0:
        if (self.package):
            if self.base_value<self.approved_package:
                self.expected_value=self.base_value
            else:
                self.expected_value=self.approved_package
        else:
            self.expected_value=0
    else:
        exp_value = self.expected_value * -1
        return exp_value

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text:
// snippet-start:[ec2.JavaScript.keypairs.describeKeyPairV3]
// Import required AWS SDK clients and commands for Node.js
import { DescribeKeyPairsCommand } from "@aws-sdk/client-ec2";
import { ec2Client } from "./libs/ec2Client";
const run = async () => {
  try {
    const data = await ec2Client.send(new DescribeKeyPairsCommand({}));
    console.log("Success", JSON.stringify(data.KeyPairs));
    return data;
  } catch (err) {
    console.log("Error", err);
  }
};
run();
// snippet-end:[ec2.JavaScript.keypairs.describeKeyPairV3]
// For unit tests only.
// module.exports ={run};

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