text:
import collections
import warnings
try:
    import ssl
except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
    ssl = None

from . import base_events
from . import constants
from . import protocols
from . import transports
from .log import logger

def _create_transport_context(server_side, server_hostname):
    if server_side:
        raise ValueError('Server side SSL needs a valid SSLContext')

    # Client side may pass ssl=True to use a default
    # context; in that case the sslcontext passed is None.
    # The default is secure for client connections.
    # Python 3.4+: use up-to-date strong settings.
    sslcontext = ssl.create_default_context()
    if not server_hostname:
        sslcontext.check_hostname = False
    return sslcontext

# States of an _SSLPipe.
_UNWRAPPED = "UNWRAPPED"
_DO_HANDSHAKE = "DO_HANDSHAKE"
_WRAPPED = "WRAPPED"
_SHUTDOWN = "SHUTDOWN"

class _SSLPipe(object):
    """An SSL "Pipe".

    An SSL pipe allows you to communicate with an SSL/TLS protocol instance
    through memory buffers. It can be used to implement a security layer for an
    existing connection where you don't have access to the connection's file
    descriptor, or for some reason you don't want to use it.

    An SSL pipe can be in "wrapped" and "unwrapped" mode. In unwrapped mode,
    data is passed through untransformed. In wrapped mode, application level
    data is encrypted to SSL record level data and vice versa. The SSL record
    level is the lowest level in the SSL protocol suite and is what travels
    as-is over the wire.

    An SslPipe initially is in "unwrapped" mode. To start SSL, call
    do_handshake(). To shutdown SSL again, call unwrap().
    """

    max_size = 256 * 1024   # Buffer size passed to read()

    def __init__(self, context, server_side, server_hostname=None):
        """
        The *context* argument specifies the ssl.SSLContext to use.

        The *server_side* argument indicates whether this is a server side or
        client side transport.

        The optional *server_hostname* argument can be used to specify the
        hostname you are connecting to. You may only specify this parameter if
        the _ssl module supports Server Name Indication (SNI).
        """
        self._context = context
        self._server_side = server_side
        self._server_hostname = server_hostname
        self._state = _UNWRAPPED
        self._incoming = ssl.MemoryBIO()
        self._outgoing = ssl.MemoryBIO()
        self._sslobj = None
        self._need_ssldata = False
        self._handshake_cb = None
        self._shutdown_cb = None

    @property
    def context(self):
        """The SSL context passed to the constructor."""
        return self._context

    @property
    def ssl_object(self):
        """The internal ssl.SSLObject instance.

        Return None if the pipe is not wrapped.
        """
        return self._sslobj

    @property
    def need_ssldata(self):
        """Whether more record level data is needed to complete a handshake
        that is currently in progress."""
        return self._need_ssldata

    @property
    def wrapped(self):
        """
        Whether a security layer is currently in effect.

        Return False during handshake.
        """
        return self._state == _WRAPPED

    def do_handshake(self, callback=None):
        """Start the SSL handshake.

        Return a list of ssldata. A ssldata element is a list of buffers

        The optional *callback* argument can be used to install a callback that
        will be called when the handshake is complete. The callback will be
        called with None if successful, else an exception instance.
        """
        if self._state != _UNWRAPPED:
            raise RuntimeError('handshake in progress or completed')
        self._sslobj = self._context.wrap_bio(
            self._incoming, self._outgoing,
            server_side=self._server_side,
            server_hostname=self._server_hostname)
        self._state = _DO_HANDSHAKE
        self._handshake_cb = callback
        ssldata, appdata = self.feed_ssldata(b'', only_handshake=True)
        assert len(appdata) == 0
        return ssldata

    def shutdown(self, callback=None):
        """Start the SSL shutdown sequence.

        Return a list of ssldata. A ssldata element is a list of buffers

        The optional *callback* argument can be used to install a callback that
        will be called when the shutdown is complete. The callback will be
        called without arguments.
        """
        if self._state == _UNWRAPPED:
            raise RuntimeError('no security layer present')
        if self._state == _SHUTDOWN:
            raise RuntimeError('shutdown in progress')
        assert self._state in (_WRAPPED, _DO_HANDSHAKE)
        self._state = _SHUTDOWN
        self._shutdown_cb = callback
        ssldata, appdata = self.feed_ssldata(b'')
        assert appdata == [] or appdata == [b'']
        return ssldata

    def feed_eof(self):
        """Send a potentially "ragged" EOF.

        This method will raise an SSL_ERROR_EOF exception if the EOF is
        unexpected.
        """
        self._incoming.write_eof()
        ssldata, appdata = self.feed_ssldata(b'')
        assert appdata == [] or appdata == [b'']

    def feed_ssldata(self, data, only_handshake=False):
        """Feed SSL record level data into the pipe.

        The data must be a bytes instance. It is OK to send an empty bytes
        instance. This can be used to get ssldata for a handshake initiated by
        this endpoint.

        Return a (ssldata, appdata) tuple. The ssldata element is a list of
        buffers containing SSL data that needs to be sent to the remote SSL.

        The appdata element is a list of buffers containing plaintext data that
        needs to be forwarded to the application. The appdata list may contain
        an empty buffer indicating an SSL "close_notify" alert. This alert must
        be acknowledged by calling shutdown().
        """
        if self._state == _UNWRAPPED:
            # If unwrapped, pass plaintext data straight through.
            if data:
                appdata = [data]
            else:
                appdata = []
            return ([], appdata)

        self._need_ssldata = False
        if data:
            self._incoming.write(data)

        ssldata = []
        appdata = []
        try:
            if self._state == _DO_HANDSHAKE:
                # Call do_handshake() until it doesn't raise anymore.
                self._sslobj.do_handshake()
                self._state = _WRAPPED
                if self._handshake_cb:
                    self._handshake_cb(None)
                if only_handshake:
                    return (ssldata, appdata)
                # Handshake done: execute the wrapped block

            if self._state == _WRAPPED:
                # Main state: read data from SSL until close_notify
                while True:
                    chunk = self._sslobj.read(self.max_size)
                    appdata.append(chunk)
                    if not chunk:  # close_notify
                        break

            elif self._state == _SHUTDOWN:
                # Call shutdown() until it doesn't raise anymore.
                self._sslobj.unwrap()
                self._sslobj = None
                self._state = _UNWRAPPED
                if self._shutdown_cb:
                    self._shutdown_cb()

            elif self._state == _UNWRAPPED:
                # Drain possible plaintext data after close_notify.
                appdata.append(self._incoming.read())
        except (ssl.SSLError, ssl.CertificateError) as exc:
            exc_errno = getattr(exc, 'errno', None)
            if exc_errno not in (
                    ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ, ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE,
                    ssl.SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL):
                if self._state == _DO_HANDSHAKE and self._handshake_cb:
                    self._handshake_cb(exc)
                raise
            self._need_ssldata = (exc_errno == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ)

        # Check for record level data that needs to be sent back.
        # Happens for the initial handshake and renegotiations.
        if self._outgoing.pending:
            ssldata.append(self._outgoing.read())
        return (ssldata, appdata)

    def feed_appdata(self, data, offset=0):
        """Feed plaintext data into the pipe.

        Return an (ssldata, offset) tuple. The ssldata element is a list of
        buffers containing record level data that needs to be sent to the
        remote SSL instance. The offset is the number of plaintext bytes that
        were processed, which may be less than the length of data.

        NOTE: In case of short writes, this call MUST be retried with the SAME
        buffer passed into the *data* argument (i.e. the id() must be the
        same). This is an OpenSSL requirement. A further particularity is that
        a short write will always have offset == 0, because the _ssl module
        does not enable partial writes. And even though the offset is zero,
        there will still be encrypted data in ssldata.
        """
        assert 0 <= offset <= len(data)
        if self._state == _UNWRAPPED:
            # pass through data in unwrapped mode
            if offset < len(data):
                ssldata = [data[offset:]]
            else:
                ssldata = []
            return (ssldata, len(data))

        ssldata = []
        view = memoryview(data)
        while True:
            self._need_ssldata = False
            try:
                if offset < len(view):
                    offset += self._sslobj.write(view[offset:])
            except ssl.SSLError as exc:
                # It is not allowed to call write() after unwrap() until the
                # close_notify is acknowledged. We return the condition to the
                # caller as a short write.
                exc_errno = getattr(exc, 'errno', None)
                if exc.reason == 'PROTOCOL_IS_SHUTDOWN':
                    exc_errno = exc.errno = ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ
                if exc_errno not in (ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ,
                                     ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE,
                                     ssl.SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL):
                    raise
                self._need_ssldata = (exc_errno == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ)

            # See if there's any record level data back for us.
            if self._outgoing.pending:
                ssldata.append(self._outgoing.read())
            if offset == len(view) or self._need_ssldata:
                break
        return (ssldata, offset)

class _SSLProtocolTransport(transports._FlowControlMixin,
                            transports.Transport):

    _sendfile_compatible = constants._SendfileMode.FALLBACK

    def __init__(self, loop, ssl_protocol):
        self._loop = loop
        # SSLProtocol instance
        self._ssl_protocol = ssl_protocol
        self._closed = False

    def get_extra_info(self, name, default=None):
        """Get optional transport information."""
        return self._ssl_protocol._get_extra_info(name, default)

    def set_protocol(self, protocol):
        self._ssl_protocol._set_app_protocol(protocol)

    def get_protocol(self):
        return self._ssl_protocol._app_protocol

    def is_closing(self):
        return self._closed

    def close(self):
        """Close the transport.

        Buffered data will be flushed asynchronously.  No more data
        will be received.  After all buffered data is flushed, the
        protocol's connection_lost() method will (eventually) called
        with None as its argument.
        """
        self._closed = True
        self._ssl_protocol._start_shutdown()

    def __del__(self):
        if not self._closed:
            warnings.warn(f"unclosed transport {self!r}", ResourceWarning,
                          source=self)
            self.close()

    def is_reading(self):
        tr = self._ssl_protocol._transport
        if tr is None:
            raise RuntimeError('SSL transport has not been initialized yet')
        return tr.is_reading()

    def pause_reading(self):
        """Pause the receiving end.

        No data will be passed to the protocol's data_received()
        method until resume_reading() is called.
        """
        self._ssl_protocol._transport.pause_reading()

    def resume_reading(self):
        """Resume the receiving end.

        Data received will once again be passed to the protocol's
        data_received() method.
        """
        self._ssl_protocol._transport.resume_reading()

    def set_write_buffer_limits(self, high=None, low=None):
        """Set the high- and low-water limits for write flow control.

        These two values control when to call the protocol's
        pause_writing() and resume_writing() methods.  If specified,
        the low-water limit must be less than or equal to the
        high-water limit.  Neither value can be negative.

        The defaults are implementation-specific.  If only the
        high-water limit is given, the low-water limit defaults to an
        implementation-specific value less than or equal to the
        high-water limit.  Setting high to zero forces low to zero as
        well, and causes pause_writing() to be called whenever the
        buffer becomes non-empty.  Setting low to zero causes
        resume_writing() to be called only once the buffer is empty.
        Use of zero for either limit is generally sub-optimal as it
        reduces opportunities for doing I/O and computation
        concurrently.
        """
        self._ssl_protocol._transport.set_write_buffer_limits(high, low)

    def get_write_buffer_size(self):
        """Return the current size of the write buffer."""
        return self._ssl_protocol._transport.get_write_buffer_size()

    @property
    def _protocol_paused(self):
        # Required for sendfile fallback pause_writing/resume_writing logic
        return self._ssl_protocol._transport._protocol_paused

    def write(self, data):
        """Write some data bytes to the transport.

        This does not block; it buffers the data and arranges for it
        to be sent out asynchronously.
        """
        if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
            raise TypeError(f"data: expecting a bytes-like instance, "
                            f"got {type(data).__name__}")
        if not data:
            return
        self._ssl_protocol._write_appdata(data)

    def can_write_eof(self):
        """Return True if this transport supports write_eof(), False if not."""
        return False

    def abort(self):
        """Close the transport immediately.

        Buffered data will be lost.  No more data will be received.
        The protocol's connection_lost() method will (eventually) be
        called with None as its argument.
        """
        self._ssl_protocol._abort()
        self._closed = True

class SSLProtocol(protocols.Protocol):
    """SSL protocol.

    Implementation of SSL on top of a socket using incoming and outgoing
    buffers which are ssl.MemoryBIO objects.
    """

    def __init__(self, loop, app_protocol, sslcontext, waiter,
                 server_side=False, server_hostname=None,
                 call_connection_made=True,
                 ssl_handshake_timeout=None):
        if ssl is None:
            raise RuntimeError('stdlib ssl module not available')

        if ssl_handshake_timeout is None:
            ssl_handshake_timeout = constants.SSL_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT
        elif ssl_handshake_timeout <= 0:
            raise ValueError(
                f"ssl_handshake_timeout should be a positive number, "
                f"got {ssl_handshake_timeout}")

        if not sslcontext:
            sslcontext = _create_transport_context(
                server_side, server_hostname)

        self._server_side = server_side
        if server_hostname and not server_side:
            self._server_hostname = server_hostname
        else:
            self._server_hostname = None
        self._sslcontext = sslcontext
        # SSL-specific extra info. More info are set when the handshake
        # completes.
        self._extra = dict(sslcontext=sslcontext)

        # App data write buffering
        self._write_backlog = collections.deque()
        self._write_buffer_size = 0

        self._waiter = waiter
        self._loop = loop
        self._set_app_protocol(app_protocol)
        self._app_transport = _SSLProtocolTransport(self._loop, self)
        # _SSLPipe instance (None until the connection is made)
        self._sslpipe = None
        self._session_established = False
        self._in_handshake = False
        self._in_shutdown = False
        # transport, ex: SelectorSocketTransport
        self._transport = None
        self._call_connection_made = call_connection_made
        self._ssl_handshake_timeout = ssl_handshake_timeout

    def _set_app_protocol(self, app_protocol):
        self._app_protocol = app_protocol
        self._app_protocol_is_buffer = \
            isinstance(app_protocol, protocols.BufferedProtocol)

    def _wakeup_waiter(self, exc=None):
        if self._waiter is None:
            return
        if not self._waiter.cancelled():
            if exc is not None:
                self._waiter.set_exception(exc)
            else:
                self._waiter.set_result(None)
        self._waiter = None

    def connection_made(self, transport):
        """Called when the low-level connection is made.

        Start the SSL handshake.
        """
        self._transport = transport
        self._sslpipe = _SSLPipe(self._sslcontext,
                                 self._server_side,
                                 self._server_hostname)
        self._start_handshake()

    def connection_lost(self, exc):
        """Called when the low-level connection is lost or closed.

        The argument is an exception object or None (the latter
        meaning a regular EOF is received or the connection was
        aborted or closed).
        """
        if self._session_established:
            self._session_established = False
            self._loop.call_soon(self._app_protocol.connection_lost, exc)
        else:
            # Most likely an exception occurred while in SSL handshake.
            # Just mark the app transport as closed so that its __del__
            # doesn't complain.
            if self._app_transport is not None:
                self._app_transport._closed = True
        self._transport = None
        self._app_transport = None
        self._wakeup_waiter(exc)

    def pause_writing(self):
        """Called when the low-level transport's buffer goes over
        the high-water mark.
        """
        self._app_protocol.pause_writing()

    def resume_writing(self):
        """Called when the low-level transport's buffer drains below
        the low-water mark.
        """
        self._app_protocol.resume_writing()

    def data_received(self, data):
        """Called when some SSL data is received.

        The argument is a bytes object.
        """
        if self._sslpipe is None:
            # transport closing, sslpipe is destroyed
            return

        try:
            ssldata, appdata = self._sslpipe.feed_ssldata(data)
        except Exception as e:
            self._fatal_error(e, 'SSL error in data received')
            return

        for chunk in ssldata:
            self._transport.write(chunk)

        for chunk in appdata:
            if chunk:
                try:
                    if self._app_protocol_is_buffer:
                        protocols._feed_data_to_buffered_proto(
                            self._app_protocol, chunk)
                    else:
                        self._app_protocol.data_received(chunk)
                except Exception as ex:
                    self._fatal_error(
                        ex, 'application protocol failed to receive SSL data')
                    return
            else:
                self._start_shutdown()
                break

    def eof_received(self):
        """Called when the other end of the low-level stream
        is half-closed.

        If this returns a false value (including None), the transport
        will close itself.  If it returns a true value, closing the
        transport is up to the protocol.
        """
        try:
            if self._loop.get_debug():
                logger.debug("%r received EOF", self)

            self._wakeup_waiter(ConnectionResetError)

            if not self._in_handshake:
                keep_open = self._app_protocol.eof_received()
                if keep_open:
                    logger.warning('returning true from eof_received() '
                                   'has no effect when using ssl')
        finally:
            self._transport.close()

    def _get_extra_info(self, name, default=None):
        if name in self._extra:
            return self._extra[name]
        elif self._transport is not None:
            return self._transport.get_extra_info(name, default)
        else:
            return default

    def _start_shutdown(self):
        if self._in_shutdown:
            return
        if self._in_handshake:
            self._abort()
        else:
            self._in_shutdown = True
            self._write_appdata(b'')

    def _write_appdata(self, data):
        self._write_backlog.append((data, 0))
        self._write_buffer_size += len(data)
        self._process_write_backlog()

    def _start_handshake(self):
        if self._loop.get_debug():
            logger.debug("%r starts SSL handshake", self)
            self._handshake_start_time = self._loop.time()
        else:
            self._handshake_start_time = None
        self._in_handshake = True
        # (b'', 1) is a special value in _process_write_backlog() to do
        # the SSL handshake
        self._write_backlog.append((b'', 1))
        self._handshake_timeout_handle = \
            self._loop.call_later(self._ssl_handshake_timeout,
                                  self._check_handshake_timeout)
        self._process_write_backlog()

    def _check_handshake_timeout(self):
        if self._in_handshake is True:
            msg = (
                f"SSL handshake is taking longer than "
                f"{self._ssl_handshake_timeout} seconds: "
                f"aborting the connection"
            )
            self._fatal_error(ConnectionAbortedError(msg))

    def _on_handshake_complete(self, handshake_exc):
        self._in_handshake = False
        self._handshake_timeout_handle.cancel()

        sslobj = self._sslpipe.ssl_object
        try:
            if handshake_exc is not None:
                raise handshake_exc

            peercert = sslobj.getpeercert()
        except Exception as exc:
            if isinstance(exc, ssl.CertificateError):
                msg = 'SSL handshake failed on verifying the certificate'
            else:
                msg = 'SSL handshake failed'
            self._fatal_error(exc, msg)
            return

        if self._loop.get_debug():
            dt = self._loop.time() - self._handshake_start_time
            logger.debug("%r: SSL handshake took %.1f ms", self, dt * 1e3)

        # Add extra info that becomes available after handshake.
        self._extra.update(peercert=peercert,
                           cipher=sslobj.cipher(),
                           compression=sslobj.compression(),
                           ssl_object=sslobj,
                           )
        if self._call_connection_made:
            self._app_protocol.connection_made(self._app_transport)
        self._wakeup_waiter()
        self._session_established = True
        # In case transport.write() was already called. Don't call
        # immediately _process_write_backlog(), but schedule it:
        # _on_handshake_complete() can be called indirectly from
        # _process_write_backlog(), and _process_write_backlog() is not
        # reentrant.
        self._loop.call_soon(self._process_write_backlog)

    def _process_write_backlog(self):
        # Try to make progress on the write backlog.
        if self._transport is None or self._sslpipe is None:
            return

        try:
            for i in range(len(self._write_backlog)):
                data, offset = self._write_backlog[0]
                if data:
                    ssldata, offset = self._sslpipe.feed_appdata(data, offset)
                elif offset:
                    ssldata = self._sslpipe.do_handshake(
                        self._on_handshake_complete)
                    offset = 1
                else:
                    ssldata = self._sslpipe.shutdown(self._finalize)
                    offset = 1

                for chunk in ssldata:
                    self._transport.write(chunk)

                if offset < len(data):
                    self._write_backlog[0] = (data, offset)
                    # A short write means that a write is blocked on a read
                    # We need to enable reading if it is paused!
                    assert self._sslpipe.need_ssldata
                    if self._transport._paused:
                        self._transport.resume_reading()
                    break

                # An entire chunk from the backlog was processed. We can
                # delete it and reduce the outstanding buffer size.
                del self._write_backlog[0]
                self._write_buffer_size -= len(data)
        except Exception as exc:
            if self._in_handshake:
                # Exceptions will be re-raised in _on_handshake_complete.
                self._on_handshake_complete(exc)
            else:
                self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal error on SSL transport')

    def _fatal_error(self, exc, message='Fatal error on transport'):
        if isinstance(exc, base_events._FATAL_ERROR_IGNORE):
            if self._loop.get_debug():
                logger.debug("%r: %s", self, message, exc_info=True)
        else:
            self._loop.call_exception_handler({
                'message': message,
                'exception': exc,
                'transport': self._transport,
                'protocol': self,
            })
        if self._transport:
            self._transport._force_close(exc)

    def _finalize(self):
        self._sslpipe = None

        if self._transport is not None:
            self._transport.close()

    def _abort(self):
        try:
            if self._transport is not None:
                self._transport.abort()
        finally:
            self._finalize()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Home > Mutuality > First Man Standing
First Man Standing
Men and sexual violence
My world changed in 2008 when I listened to a Namibian woman speak about her experience of being raped three times as a teenager. I was aware that violence against women was an important issue, but it had not affected my heart. I felt God challenging me about what kind of world we had created—a world of broken relationships, in which many women suffer horrific violence and some men commit crimes against them with apparent impunity.
Worldwide, one woman out of every three will suffer male violence during her lifetime. I do not minimize the issue of violence against men, but I believe that there are specific issues that need to be addressed, including in the church, about the systematic abuse of women. Violence against women takes place from cradle to grave: sex-selective abortion through female infanticide, female genital cutting, forced marriage, domestic abuse and sexual violence, and the abuse of widows. It is right that women should be at the forefront of addressing this epidemic. But I also found myself asking, Where are the men (and where is the church) when it comes to preventing abuse against women?
Men's views of their own masculinity lie at the root of much violence against women. Popular culture and religious teachings are important parts of this worldview. What does it mean in Western culture to be a successful man? Men's magazines focus on business success, sports, cars, computers, violence in war, video games, and the conquest of women. Because women are valued for their bodies, and in some cultures are viewed as possessions, men often consider themselves to be entitled to power over women. Emotions other than anger are not encouraged for many boys. For men to get in the popular newspapers in my country (the UK), they generally have to be rich, powerful, handsome, or famous; preferably all four. Jesus, on the other hand, was none of these.
It is perhaps not surprising that our societies pursue distorted models of masculinity. But why is the church not promoting a mode of masculinity based on Jesus? Violence against women is fundamentally an abuse of male power. Jesus gave up power to come to earth, respected men and women equally, and told his followers to be servants and to turn away from violence. "The greatest among you will be your servant," he said (Matt. 23:11, TNIV).
In relationships, the biblical messages are even more direct. We are all told to "submit to one another out of reverence for Christ" (Eph. 5:21, TNIV), and for men it goes much further. Ephesians 5:25 says, "Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her" (TNIV). Men loving, respecting and laying down their lives for women is the Christian model of intimate relationships. Why is it that we men so often prefer reading the verses aimed at women rather than addressing God's instructions to us?
The church sometimes makes the problem worse. Christian survivors of domestic abuse reflect that the church's teaching on forgiveness, repentance, and headship can lead to a situation in which they believe that they have to accept their husband's abuse. We need to challenge the theology and teaching in our churches that create an environment in which domestic abuse is acceptable, ignored, or excused.
Not every culture is like mine, of course. In every country of the world, however, men demean women and perpetrate violence against them through pornography, prostitution, domestic abuse, and sexual violence. I cannot, with authority, challenge any culture but my own, and I have come to believe that we need Christian men in every culture to analyze the drivers of violence against women in their own societies and speak out against them. Men in India have started to challenge each other after the horrific rape in Delhi at the end of 2012. What are the issues in your culture? How can you speak out against them?
Men who are perpetrating abuse need to be challenged and held accountable. Crimes against women cry out to God for justice. It is vital that Christians are involved in designing and implementing legal systems that provide deterrence and consequences for crimes of violence against women. But much more is needed.
We need a change in our hearts, not just in our laws. Here in the UK we have lost both our sense of the love and justice of God and our respect for the dignity of every woman, child, and man as made in God's image. We are all reaping the consequences in terms of alienation, impoverished relationships, and violence. In many cities women are afraid to walk alone at night. In some cases they are wise to be fearful.
What can we do to change the cultures that make abuse possible?
Non-abusive men need to take action. As men, we can work hard to demonstrate love and strengthen relationships with our partners and children. We can support women and children who are suffering from abuse. We can speak out and challenge the attitudes that make such violence possible.
We need to create a movement of men who model their masculinity not on cultural expectations, but on Jesus. What would that look like? I believe we would see men:
At peace with God and themselves, while also being prepared to challenge their own, and other men's, wrong attitudes and behavior;
Building strong and positive relationships with their wives, fiancées, girlfriends, children, extended family, and friends;
Using their abilities and strength on behalf of the vulnerable to bring justice, including an end to violence against women;
Sharing authority and leadership with women, whether in their families, churches, businesses, or political institutions.
And what would that mean in your marriage? Or with your girlfriend? It would mean making time to listen. Putting her needs before your own. Praying regularly for her and your children. Being encouraging. Not manipulating situations to get sex. Sharing financial responsibility. Recognizing that relationships are tough and that we all need support and encouragement to make them work.
I am privileged to be part of Restored, an international alliance of men and women working together to transform relationships and end violence against women. We've launched the First Man Standing (FMS) campaign to challenge men everywhere to be the first in their family, club, church, or workplace to stand up and speak out about building strong relationships and ending violence against women.
We ask men to do three simple things:
Respect all women and demonstrate love and support for women and children in their families.
Challenge other men by speaking out to friends and colleagues about ending violence and negative attitudes towards women.
Join the cause by pledging "never to commit, condone, or remain silent about men's violence against women in all its forms."
Since FMS was launched in 2011, we have seen many men transformed and rise to the occasion. We heard from a perpetrator of violence whose marriage was saved because he sought help after hearing the story of a woman being abused. We met a doctor who told us how FMS had increased his awareness of domestic violence issues in his work. As a result he had helped a woman from Sri Lanka escape an abusive relationship and be reunited with her family. Another man confronted a man who was abusing a woman on the London Underground. We can tell many stories of men who have stood up against violence against women and challenged the behavior of friends and strangers. Men like these are pursuing a masculinity rooted not in power or control, but in the imitation of Christ.
If you are a man, will you join them? Will you be one of the first men standing?
Peter Grant is the co-director of Restored, an international Christian alliance working with churches to transform relationships and end violence against women. Peter founded "...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Pieces in place for another run
Most talent returns and team getting highly touted freshmen and transfers
PAT EATON-ROBB AP SPORTS WRITER
STORRS, Conn. — UConn will return to campus from the Final Four today for the first time in five years without a national championship trophy. But it's not like Hall of Fame coach Geno Auriemma will return with nothing. His team heads into next season...


text:
Melaleuca tamariscina, commonly known as bush-house paperbark or tamarix honey-myrtle is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to central Queensland in Australia. It grows to the height of a small tree with small, scale-like leaves that are pressed against the branches, and has a papery bark and a weeping habit.

Description
Melaleuca tamariscina is a shrub to small tree  tall with white to grey, papery bark and pendulous foliage. Its leaves are arranged alternately,  long,  wide, oval to egg-shaped, half-moon shape in cross section and tapering to a point. The leaves are pressed against the stem and there are indentations in the stem matching the outline of each leaf.

The flowers are white, creamy white or mauve and are arranged in spikes on the sides of the branches, each spike containing 5 to 25 groups of flowers in threes and is up to  in diameter and  long. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flowers and each bundle contains 5 to 18 stamens. Flowering occurs at various times throughout the year and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules  long.

Taxonomy
A formal description of Melaleuca tamariscina by English botanist William Jackson Hooker was first published in Thomas Mitchell's Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia. Mitchell had collected the plant on 4 August 1846. The specific epithet (tamariscina) is a reference to the similarity of the leaves of this species to a member of the genus Tamarix.

Distribution and habitat
Melaleuca tamariscina occurs on the Great Dividing Range in and between the Torrens Creek and Jericho districts. It often grows in boggy places and sometimes on sandstone ridges.

References

tamariscina
Flora of Queensland
Plants described in 1848
Taxa named by William Jackson Hooker

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Montmoreau – gmina we Francji, w regionie Nowa Akwitania, w departamencie Charente. W 2013 roku populacja ludności wynosiła 2608 mieszkańców.

Gmina została utworzona 1 stycznia 2017 roku z połączenia pięciu ówczesnych gmin: Aignes-et-Puypéroux, Montmoreau-Saint-Cybard, Saint-Amant-de-Montmoreau, Saint-Eutrope oraz Saint-Laurent-de-Belzagot. Siedzibą gminy została miejscowość Montmoreau-Saint-Cybard.

Uwagi

Przypisy

Miejscowości w departamencie Charente


text:
SC/ST Act row: Opposition responsible for 10 deaths in Bharat bandh, says Amit Shahhttps://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-st-act-row-opposition-responsible-for-10-deaths-in-bharat-bandh-says-amit-shah-5123124/
SC/ST Act row: Opposition responsible for 10 deaths in Bharat bandh, says Amit Shah
Reiterating that the Modi government will stick to the principles of the Indian Constitution framed by BR Ambedkar, Amit Shah said, "BJP govt will neither remove reservation nor will let anyone end it."
By Express Web Desk |New Delhi | Updated: April 4, 2018 5:32:12 pm
Govt will identify and deport each illegal immigrant: Amit Shah
Centre will identify illegal immigrants and deport them: Amit Shah in Rajya Sabha
What's changing in NIA: Wider jurisdiction, more offences, faster trial
BJP national president Amit Shah (Source: File)
Launching a scathing attack against the Opposition for creating an unrest in the country during Monday's Bharat bandh, BJP chief Amit Shah on Wednesday held them responsible for the death of 10 people across the country that took place during the protests. "When we announced that we will file a review petition, then why did Congress and other opposition parties call for Bharat bandh? The opposition is responsible for 10 lives lost during the protest," Shah said while addressing a rally in Odisha's Bhawanipatna. Tensions simmered in the states of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh on Monday as people took to streets to protest against the alleged "dilution" of SC-ST Act by Supreme Court
Asserting his support to the minorities in the country, Shah also added that he wanted to squash the rumours about Modi government removing the reservation policy. Reiterating that the party will stick to the principles of the Indian Constitution framed by BR Ambedkar, Shah said, "BJP govt will neither remove reservation nor will let anyone end it." Quoting Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the BJP president said, "We have full faith in the Constitution of India. There will not be slightest change in the reservation policy as set by B R Ambedkar in the Constitution. No one can dare to change it. The BJP will also not allow anyone to change the reservation policy."
Read | PM Modi: No other govt honoured Ambedkar as we did
Sounding the political bugle for Odisha elections slated to be held next year, Shah also took a jibe against Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik over services like health, education and infrastructure in the state. "The Saubhagya Yojana initiated by the Modi government will ensure 100 per cent electrification of the state by 2021," said Shah. Expressing confidence that BJP would come to power in Odisha, Shah said, "The health services have crippled in the state and the Modi government has decided to give health insurance worth Rs 5 lakh for the poor and needy."
Shah's remarks on reservation came soon after Prime Minister Narendra Modi said: "no regime had honoured the Dalit icon Ambedkar like his government had." Modi said his government had given Ambedkar his rightful place by completing projects conceived in his memory. The 26, Alipur Roadhouse where Ambedkar died would be dedicated to the nation on April 13 on the eve of his birth anniversary, Modi said. Alleging that Ambedkar's name is being dragged for political gains, Modi said that people should instead try and follow the principles of Ambedkar.
Bharat bandh
1 CPI-ML suspends its lone Jharkhand MLA for casting invalid vote in RS poll
2 IndiGo support staff go on strike in Varanasi
3 Food should be sold at regular prices in theatres, says Bombay High Court


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Fire-roasted chicken and barbecue sauce, layered with red onions, corn, cilantro and topped with smoked Gouda cheese.
Sauce and cheese topped with meatballs, pepperoni, sausage and bacon.
Barone's secret sauce topped with our cheese blend, Italian sausage, pepperoni and green peppers.
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Sauce and cheese topped with delicious Italian sausage chunks.
Barone's secret sauce topped with Barone's cheese blend.
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Homemade meatballs atop tender spaghetti. The Kids always love this one.
Cheese pizza, always a kids favorite. Pepperoni at no additional charge.
Spaghetti, butter and cheese… Mmm rich, creamy & yummy, too.


text:
Фотографија је медиј добијен деловањем светлости на површину која је осетљива на светлост. Фотографија може постојати у физичком облику (на папиру, стаклу, лиму, ...) или у електронском облику (на заслону екрана, пројектовањем на одређену подлогу, ...). Истим називом се означавају техничка делатност и уметничка дисциплина.

Порекло назива
Назив фотографија (скован од грчких речи фотос и графеин) уистину је први употребио Француз Херкил Флоранс 1833. приликом описивања свог открића сликања помоћу светлости, али његов изум није био тада обелодањен (него тек век и по касније – 1977. године!) па јавност у то време није сазнала за тај назив. Понегде се може прочитати да немачка историографија приписује прву употребу назива фотографија немачком астроному Јохану Медлеру (25. фебруар 1839. године), али остала светска историографија то аргументовано оспорава. Наиме, званично је први унео у јавност назив фотографија (тј. цртање помоћу светлости) енглески астроном и физичар Џон Хершел, 4. фебруара 1839. године, три недеље пре Медлера. У српском језику се ређе користи и реч светлопис.

Фотоапарати

Камера опскура ( — "мрачна комора" или "замрачена просторија") је кутија (светлонепропусна опна било каквог облика) чије унутрашњи зидови не допуштају одраз светлосних зрака (морају бити обојене црном мат бојом или још боље, прекривене црним филцом). На зиду кутије избушена је руп(иц)а. Кроз тај ситан отвор ("млазницу светла") светлосни зраци споља, улазе у мрачну комору и пројектују слику мотива пред камером на задњи зид коморе. Ако се у мрачну комору стави фотоосетљива плоча, тј. лист материјала који је осетљив на светло, а који може бити хемијски (нпр. "фотографски филм" или "фото папир") или дигитални ("сензор"), може се направити снимак мотива.
 континуирана дубинска оштрина (сви детаљи мотива су једнако "оштри" без обзира на удаљеност мотива од камере или пројекционог заслона од рупе-објектива) која омогућава снимањење само на равни пројекциони заслон него и на пројекционе заслоне ваљкасте, сферне или било којег облика. Пројекцију континуиране оштрине на цилиндричну плочу даје само рупа-објектив.
 компресија времена (покретни детаљи мотива остају или потпуно неснимљени или пак забележени тек као накупина светлосних титраја, због дужине трајања експозиције јер кроз руп(иц)у-објектив пролази веома мало светлости, а непокретни детаљи остају јасно забиљежени)
 широк распон кадра ("углова снимања" који зависе од формата на који се снима и удаљености руп(иц)е-објектива од формата на који се снима могу бити веома широки. Практична ограничења величине камере и снимка коју снима одређени су величинама набављивих материјала)
 егзактна перспективна пројекција (када се мотив снима на потпуно равну фотоосетљиву површину сви правци из простора пројектују се на равнину као правци)
 потпуна пропусност светлости свих таласних дужина (рупа-објектив мрачне коморе пропушта и оне таласне дужине светлости које не пролазе кроз стакло, нпр. ултраљубичасти део спектра)

Мрачна комора основа је за све данашње камере (фото апарате, биоскоп, видео, или дигиталне камере) штавише, она постоји у свим савременим камерама, а представља простор између објектива (отвора са системом сочива, којим је замењена рупица) и фотоосетљиве плоче на коју се снима. Зидови тог простора савремених камера не смеју одражавати светлосне зраке.

Скуп сочива (објектив) фокусира (изоштрава) пројекцију мотива на плочу снимања, као увећавану или смањену слику мотива пред објективом.

Осим овог, постоје и други начини како се могу добити фотографске слике, као фотограми или рејографије (према фотографу Мену Реју, који се често служио том методом ) или фотокопије (ксерографије). Рејографија се ради тако да се у тамној комори (замраченој соби) директно на фотоосетљиви слој као мотив ставе неки предмети, а затим осветле па слику (рејограм) стварају сенке мотива као и одрази светла с мотива. Неки аутори рејограме називају фотограмима или ксемограмима (Ж. Јерман) мада би фотохемограм био наисправнији назив, јер својом ширином обухвата стварање сваке аналогне фотографске слике. За фотокопије (ксерографије) или контактне копије снимака (негатива) у англосаксонском говорном подручју устаљен је назив фотограм.

Већина фотографских апарата има могућност подешавања следећих вредности:
 фокус (којим се изоштрава пројекција мотива што је на некој удаљености од објектива),
 бленда (отвореност објектива, што је већи отвор бленде на фотоосетљиви слој пада више светла)
 експозиција (трајање пропуштања светла кроз објектив, што је дужа експозиција на филм пада више светла).

Осим тога, фотограф може одабрати:
 објективе разних жаришних дужина (зависно од тога какво увећање мотива се жели добити на снимку) и
 филмове различите осетљивости (којом је одређена количина светла потребног да би неки мотив био снимљен довољно осветљено).

Јефтини апарати немају могућност мењања (неких или свих) наведених вредности, а они обични аутоматски (тзв. "идиот-камере") уграђеним микропроцесором сами процењују најбољу комбинацију тражених вредности за успешан снимак.

Мотив је добро "фокусиран" ако се на снимку види јасно (тј. "оштро" са што више детаља). Ако је мотив даљи или ближи од подешене удаљености снимања он постаје мутнији ("неоштар") и разговетно је видљиво све мање његових детаља. Ради се о дубинској оштрини снимка. Ако је "фокусиран" мотив у предњем плану, тада ће позадина мотива мотива бити неоштра (и обрнуто, "фокусираном" позадином добићемо неоштру снимку мотива у предњем плану). Ако се жели добити оштар снимак мотива у предњем и стражњем плану тада треба смањити отвор бленде, но тада треба продужити и трајање експозиције пропорционално смањењу отвора бленде. Ове вредности су међусобно зависне, а код бољих фотоапарата аутоматски се усклађују. Треба међутим напоменути да ће динамички (покретни) мотиви продужењем трајања експозиције бити снимљени у помаку ("размазано").

Области стварања у фотографији
 Уметничка фотографија (уметнички израз кроз фотографију)
 Новинска фотографија (фотожурнализам)
 Рекламна фотографија (углавном студијска фотографија за рекламирање одређених производа)
 Научна фотографија (медицинска фотографија, астрономска, научне анализе, форензика, ...)
 Свадбена фотографија (снимање младенаца у посебнимим ентеријерима и позама)
 Аматерска фотографија (хоби и породична фотографија)

Предисторија открића
Описана у старом веку од Аристотела, камера опскура је, нарочито од времена ренесансе па надаље, служила сликарима и архитектима као помоћно средство у преношењу цртежа из природе. Њом су се служили, у сличне, цртачке сврхе, и пионири фотографије: Ниепс, Дагер и Талбот. Они су познавали принципе преношења светлосног одраза из природе на одређену подлогу, али је сваки на свој начин настојао да тај светлосни одраз фиксира и сачува заувек. Предисторија фотографије је, у највећој мери, збир опита урађених у намери да се пронађе одговарајуће хемијско средство које би се усталило као најпрактичнији и најбољи начин стварања фотографије.

Пионири фотографије

Најранију фотографију природе начињену уз помоћ светлости и камере опскуре добио је 1826. године Француз Нисефор Нијепс. Он је употребио металну плочу премазану течним раствором битумена (асфалта) и изложио у камери опскури. Експозиција је трајала 8 сати. Та фотографија (популарно названа "Поглед на голубарник") сачувана је, а открио ју је 1952. године историчар фотографије Хелмут Гернсхајм у заоставштини једног ботаничара из 19. века коме је Ниепс поклонио тај примерак приликом боравка у Лондону 1827. године.

Француски сликар панорама и позоришног декора (сценографија) Луј Манде Дагер усавршио је Нијепсов поступак - са којим је претходно склопио уговор о усавршавању - уневши у процес соли сребра и добио прве фотографије на посребреној плочи 1837. године. Две године касније, 19. августа 1839. Дагерово усавршено откриће је званично објављено пред француском Академијом наука и поклоњено свету под називом дагеротипија. Тај дан се сматра рођенданом фотографије. Дагер је посребрену плочу излагао јодној пари, а невидљиву слику учинио видљивом тако што ју је развијао (изазвао) у пари живе и фиксирао у раствору натријум сулфита (тј. кухињске соли). Дагеротипије су биле уникати и могле су се посматрати само под одређеним углом.

Енглез Вилијам Хенри Фокс Талбот је независно започео своје опите 1835. године када је добио прве фотографске минијатуре на папиру. Он је применио другачији поступак који је назвао калотипија (гр. лепи отисак). Касније, под притиском своје породице и јавности променио му је назив у талботипија. Талбот је у камеру опскуру уносио папир препариран сребрним хлоридом и тако добијао негатив, од кога се, просветљавањем (тј. копирањем) могао добити неограничен број позитива. Тиме је постављен принцип негатив-позитив на коме почива савремена фотографија. Талбот је изнео у јавност своје откриће у Лондону, само неколико месеци после Дагера.

Усавршавање подлоге и емулзије

Крајем четврте деценије дошло је до уношења стакла као подлоге за фотографски негатив (откриће Ниепс де Сен Виктора из 1847), а 1851. Фредерик Скот Арчер употребио је колодијумску емулзију као носиоца фотоосетљивог слоја. Захваљујући колодијумској, тзв. мокрој плочи фотографија је постала приступачнија, па је започео њен продор у све гране живота. Године 1871. Енглез Ричард Лич Медокс објавио је могућност производње тзв. суве плоче на бази желатинске емулзије. Тим открићем, а нарочито увођењем целулоидног филма као носача емулзије (Џорџ Истмен, 1888) започиње раздобље индустријске производње фотографског материјала.

Почетни развој фотографије у боји
Сва претходно поменута открића одвијају се на подручју црно-беле фотографије. Прве експерименте са бојом извео је француски музичар Луј Дик Дорон око 1868-69. Мада је добио неке примерке фотографија у боји (а сачувана је "Поглед на Ангулем", 1877) поступак је био заметан, сложен за извођење и није имао већег одјека у јавности. За продор фотографије у боји заслужна су браћа Огист и Луј Лимијер, 1904. Они су изумели поступак са обојеним зрнцима кромпировог скроба (Аутохром) и то је први практично применљив поступак за фотографију у боји, уведен у фотографску праксу 1907. године. Међутим, до шире примене боје у фотографији долази после 1930. са усавршавањем филма у боји, најпре од немачког произвођача Агфа, затим и од америчког Кодака. Наредно велико откриће на том пољу је тренутна полароид-фотографија (изум Едвина Ланда, 1947) којом се непосредно после снимања добија готов позитив.

Сажети поглед на технички развој фотографије у првој половини 20. века
 1906. Wratten and Wainwrught Ltd – комерцијална производња панхроматских плоча.
 1907. Браћа Лимијер – изнете на тржиште аутохром-плоче за фотографију у боји.
 1910. Е. Голдберг – сензитометријски клин. Начин испитивања фото-материјала с обзиром на осетљивост емулзије.
 1911. Арнолд Генте, амерички фотограф, први фотографисао сунчев залазак и дугу на аутохром-плочама.
 1912. Фридрих Декел – конструисао затварач типа Compur.
 1919. Х. Ф. Фармер развио тробојни карбо-процес.
 1920. Х. Липо-Крамер – десензибилизовање фото-осетљивог слоја.
 1923. Прво преношење фотографије жичаним путем (телефото).
 1924. Увођење малоформатне камере Ermanox за снимање при расположивој светлости.
 1924. Леополд Годовски и Леополд Ман патентовали двослојни филм у боји.
 1925. Оскар Барнак – изнета на тржиште камера Leica за филм од 35 -{mm}-, производње Ernest Leitz Veclar, Немачка.
 1925. Патентована магнезијумска флеш-расвета.
 1928. Francke & Heidecke – конструкција двооке рефлексне камере Rolleiflex. Наредне године камера изнета на тржиште.
 1928. Eastman Kodak Company – произведен филм у боји за кинематографске камере од 16 -{mm}-.
 1929. Ј. Остермајер – вакуумска блескалица (vacublitz).
 1932. Уведена фотоелектрична ћелија за мерење светлости.
 1933. Основан фотосајам у Берлину под називом Die Kamera.
 1935. М. Лапорте – електронска блескалица.
 1935. Л. Ман и Л. Годовски – трослојни филм у боји за добијање дијапозитива, Kodachrome.
 1936. Компоненте за боју у емулзији за филм у боји, Agfacolor процес.
 1936. Ј. Стронг – уношење антирефлексног слоја на површинама стакала објектива.
 1939. Agfacolor, позитив процес.
 1939. Уведен систем стробоскопске флеш-расвете.
 1939. Харолд Е. Едгертон – електронска флеш лампа (блескалица).
 1942. Ј. Д. Кендал – уведена развијачка супстанца фенидон.
 1944. Уведен Kodacolor негатив филм.
 1947. Е. Х. Ланд – изнет на тржиште процес Полароид.
 1948. Прва Никон-камера формата 35 -{mm}- представљена у Јапану.
 1948. Ансел Адамс – представио свој зонски систем за тоналну контролу путем прецизног одређивања експозиције у складу са техником развијања филма.
 1949. Општа употреба ацетатне сигурносне филмске траке за подлогу кино-филма.
 1950. Одржан први фото-кино сајам (Фотокина) у Келну.

Фотографија крајем 20. века
Фотографија је прешла уско професионалне границе а индустрија је производила све једноставније форме камера, доступних свима. Крајем двадесетог века доживела је још једну револуцију увођењем дигиталне фотографије. Покренула се читава легија фотографа, не само професионалних него и аматера, пред чијим објективима све има вредност: и облачак поврх Ајфелове куле, и камена пећина у Кападокији, и маварски споменик у Андалузији, и капљице росе на листу – било где у свету.
Фотографија – чудесни, иако у бити документарни феномен, ушла је и у породицу уметности као артефакт sui generis, да би, у оквиру неоавангардних стремљења и разуђених ауторских интересовања, постала инструмент различитих типова и модела уметничке праксе. Слика у сребру, наизглед једноставна, мукотрпно је рађана, и исто тако стасавала. Допринела је науци, открила невидљиво, приближила далеке народе и омогућила поглед на скривене кутке човечанства. Тај непрекидни ход у свет иконосфере више ништа није могло зауставити. (Г. Мал.)

Фотографске технике

У својој скоро двестогодишњој историји ова је грана уметности заинтересовала многе креативне појединце и дала им дар заустављања времена, ради каснијег присећања на значајна места, људе и догађаје. Захваљујући човековој вечној потреби за напредовањем, с временом су се фотографи престали задовољавати једноставним, схематским портретима и документаристичким приступом фотографирању. Тако су, вероватно инспирисани сликарством, започели нову врсту уметности – уметничку фотографију.

За различите изражаје потребне су различите технике фотографирања. Служећи се могућностима фотоапарата и властитом вештином, фотограф може наоко једноставан и беживотан кадар претворити у уметничко дело упоредиво са творевинама великих мајстора сликарства или кипарства.

Неке од техника које фотографија дели са сликарством су:
 Правило златне средине је правило кадрирања које се упркос свом називу заснива на геометријском распореду елемената који се не базира у средишту кадра. Наиме, на дијагоналу кадра повлачи се висину те тиме добијају три подручја у која ваља сместити занимљиве објекте, ради постизања склада.
 Правило трећине је правило кадрирања по којем се помоћу две хоризонталне и две вертикалне линије дели кадар на водоравне и вертикалне трећине. Технику су давно открили сликари, а примењује се за наглашавање одређених објеката на слици и/или уравнотеживање композиције.
 Уоквиривање је метода којом се фотографирани објекат настоји омеђити хомогеним садржајем, што различитијим од самог објекта, како би се објекат у потпуности издвојио од остатка фотографије.
 Стварање геометријских ликова је метода којом се фотографија кадрира на начин да елементи чине препознатљиве геометријске ликове, од којих су најчешћи троугао и круг, јер највише одскачу од самог облика фотографије.

Код фотографирања портрета најчешће се примјењују технике:
 -{high-key}- (техника високих тонова) подразумева превладавање светлих тонова при којој се детаљи често издвајају јаким контрастом.
 -{low-key}- (техника ниских тонова) подразумева превладавање тамних тонова
 -{close-up}- (техника крупног плана) постиже врло драматичне резултате наглашавајући најзанимљивије делове тела (углавном лица) који носе одређену поруку (или само добро изгледају)

 Силуета настаје када је светлост усмерена од позадине објекта према објективу апарата. Тиме се губе сви детаљи модела и сва пажња се усмерава на облик Спољног обриса.
У фотографирању покрета најчешће се користе технике:
 -{panning}- је метода фотографирања објекта у покрету при којој се фотоапарат креће успоредно с објектом, те тако ствара јак утисак кретања бележећи објект оштрим, а околину замућеном у правцу његовог кретања.
 -{1st curtain}- (предња светлосна завеса) је ефект добијен активирањем блица на почетку дуге експозиције код којега објект на почетку експозиције бива забележен оштро, а до краја експозиције бива замућен у правцу кретања.
 -{2nd curtain}- (стражња светлосна завеса) је ефект добијен активирањем блица на крају дуге експозиције код којега објект током експозиције бива замућен у правцу кретања, а на крају експозиције бива забележен оштро.

Код фотографирања крајолика најчешће се обраћа пажња на златну светлост, односно ватрени сунчев сјај у раним јутарњим и касним вечерњим минутама. Тада су сене објеката дуге и тамне, а осветљени су делови окупани топлим тоновима и ти чиниоци стварају оку врло угодан амбијент.
 Панорама је фотографија која приказује подручје веће од оног што стане на фотографију снимљену објективом средње фокусне дужине. Стога се за панорамску фотографију употреблавају супер-широки објективи или се неколико фотографија спаја у једну којој је ширина вишеструко већа него висина.
 Макро фотографија је метода фотографирања уз помоћ посебних објектива с малом фокусном дужином и/или додатних сочива - предсочива за повећавање објекта фотографирања. Такав начин снимања резултира вишеструким увећавањем снимљеног објекта уз прегршт детаља од којих се неки не виде голим оком.

Види још
 Хронологија фотографије
 Правило трећине
 Фотографија у Србији
 Фото албум

Референце

Литература

 Helmut i Alison Gernsheim, Fotografija sažeta istorija, Beograd, 1973;
 Горан Малић, Слике у сребру : Предисторија и техничко-технолошка еволуција фотографије у 19. веку и првој половини 20. века, Београд, 2001;
 Г. Малић, Фотографија 19. века : сажета историја, Београд, 2004.
 Photography. A Critical Introduction [Paperback], ed. by Liz Wells, 3rd edition.
 -{A New History of Photography, ed. by Michel Frizot, Köln : Könemann,}- 1998
 Franz-Xaver Schlegel. Das Leben der toten Dinge – Studien zur modernen Sachfotografie in den USA 1914–1935, 2 Bände, Stuttgart/Germany: Art in Life.

 Hans-Michael Koetzle: Das Lexikon der Fotografen: 1900 bis heute, Munich: Knaur 512 p.
 John Hannavy (ed.): Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography, 1736 p.
 -{Lynne Warren (ed): Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography, 1719 p., New York, NY [et.] : Routledge,}- 2006
 -{The Oxford Companion to the Photograph, ed. by Robin Lenman, Oxford University Press}- 2005
 "The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography", Richard Zakia, Leslie Stroebel, Focal Press .

 The Art of Photography: An Approach to Personal Expression by Bruce Barnbaum, Rocky Nook.
 Image Clarity: High Resolution Photography by John B. Williams.

Спољашње везе

Београдско благо: Збирка фото-докумената Народне библиотеке Србије (РТС 3 - Званични јутјуб канал)
Београдско благо: Југословенска кинотека (РТС 3 - Званични јутјуб канал)
 Фото-савез Србије
 Фото асоцијација Војводине

 -{World History of Photography}-
 -{Daguerreotype to Digital: A Brief History of the Photographic Process}-
 -{Photography Changes Everything }-

Фотографија
Уметност
Примењене уметности


"People say that a bottle of Angostura lasts longer than most marriages, but not here," Balena mixologist Debbi Peek says. She's based her cocktail menu on not only Angostura bitters, but a whole host of other herbal alcohols in the bitters family—mostly amaro, an Italian liqueur. They're not all bitter, though: amari can range from syrupy sweet to face-puckeringly harsh. Peek tasted dozens while creating her cocktail menu, taking notes on each one, assigning it a bitterness rating on a scale of one to ten, and experimenting to see what spirits worked with which amari. "It was a lot of trial and error," she says. "Since amaro is the main ingredient, it's opposite of a traditional cocktail where it would be like an ounce and a half of the spirit, half an ounce of the secondary one." One of the drinks, the Dark and Stirred, is made up solely of bitters (most of them amari), but there are also twists on a Sazerac (the Mirto), Tom Collins (the Manlino), and manhattan (the Francesco). Peek was slightly worried that customers wouldn't be ready for her menu, but says it's been very well received so far—many people even order her bitterest offering, the Fib.
Correction: This entry has been amended to reflect the fact that Balena does not make its bitters in-house.


text:
package com.github.nhirakawa.wilson.protocol.service.timeout;

import com.github.nhirakawa.wilson.models.messages.ElectionTimeoutMessage;
import com.github.nhirakawa.wilson.protocol.config.WilsonConfig;
import com.github.nhirakawa.wilson.protocol.StateMachineMessageApplier;
import javax.inject.Inject;
import javax.inject.Singleton;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

@Singleton
public class ElectionTimeout extends BaseTimeout {
  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(
    ElectionTimeout.class
  );

  private final WilsonConfig wilsonConfig;
  private final StateMachineMessageApplier messageApplier;

  @Inject
  ElectionTimeout(
    WilsonConfig wilsonConfig,
    StateMachineMessageApplier messageApplier
  ) {
    super(wilsonConfig.getElectionTimeout());
    this.wilsonConfig = wilsonConfig;
    this.messageApplier = messageApplier;
  }

  @Override
  protected void runOneIteration() {
    messageApplier.apply(
      ElectionTimeoutMessage
        .builder()
        .setElectionTimeout(getPeriod().toMillis())
        .build()
    );
  }

  @Override
  protected Logger logger() {
    return LOG;
  }

  @Override
  protected String serviceName() {
    return String.format(
      "%s-%s",
      ElectionTimeout.class.getSimpleName(),
      wilsonConfig.getLocalMember().getServerId()
    );
  }
}


Netscribes' latest market research report titled Snacks Market in India 2014 elaborates the competitive market scenario of the Indian snacks market and its growth prospects in the ensuing years. Indian snacks market is experiencing rising demand due to various driving factors which in turn is providing immense opportunities to manufacturers to grow and operate in the market lucratively. The report provides a snapshot of the Indian snacks industry that has witnessed several changes since 1995. In the initial years, the market was dominated by two players-traditional snacks player Haldiram and 'Uncle Chips' manufacturer Amrit Agro. Later on, with the entry of global beverage and snacks player PepsiCo, the market dynamics changed completely. Now, the market is dominated by PepsiCo with its wide range of product portfolio. The other major players include Parle Agro, ITC, Parle Products, Balaji Wafers and Parle Wafers among others. A number of regional players have also entered the market over the past few years and are giving tough competition to the big players.
The snacks market is classified into two broad segments-Western and traditional snack segments, wherein western snacks enjoy more popularity in comparison to the traditional snacks. Moreover, the western snack segment is dominated by a large number of MNCs and organized snack manufacturers.
For snacks, quality standards laid by FSSAI have to be followed by the industry players. Various government policies that have been formulated for the food processing sector such as FDI, tax benefits and export promotions are applicable for the snack category as well.
2. Bikanervala Foods Pvt. Ltd.
3. Haldiram Snacks Pvt. Ltd.
4. Parle Agro Pvt. Ltd.
5. Parle Products Pvt. Ltd.
6. Prataap Snacks Pvt. Ltd.
7. Ushodaya Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.
8. MTR Foods Pvt. Ltd.
9. PepsiCo India Holdings Pvt. Ltd.


We are always looking for solid partnerships to help spread #prostatecancerawareness. Recently, IPCF partnered with Audi to sponsor their local Audi Quattro Cup, giving the winning twosome a chance to advance to the U.S. Final held in Charleston, South Carolina. There was a great response with many attendees, including IPCF Board Member Wilson Dondo, as well as Prostate Cancer Survivor and former American football player Louis Leo "Lou" Holtz is a former American football player.
Founder, Dr. Vipul Patel spoke about #prostatecancerawareness and the importance of prostate cancer screening and awareness. And all proceeds of the event were donated by Audi to the International Prostate Cancer Foundation.


text:
In this lab, you will build, deploy, and run a Kubeflow Pipeline (KFP) that orchestrates **BigQuery** and **AI Platform** services to train a **scikit-learn** model.

## Lab instructions
The lab instructions are in the `lab-02.ipynb` notebook.


I'm back!! My first year in high school has been soooo busy! I haven't had anytime to come back here for months. But now that I'm starting to get control of my hair, I'm worried about my skin. After suffering a horrible stress-induced acne breakout (the worst I've EVER gotten!), I've become obsessed with matte perfect skin. I've tried way too many products at Walmart that are just cheap, and now I'm considering the real deal. I wanted to try PROACTIV because I have a friend that uses it and her skin looks wonderful! She isn't especially prone to breakouts, but neither am I. My main problem is that my skin heals very slowly and my acne scars take months to go away. Plus, I have very fair skin. I am asking if anyone that has skin that is similar to mine or knows someone that has tried PROACTIV, please help me decide if it's worth my mother's money! I've researched online and I've found that this product goes two ways: it either works miracles or makes your acne worse or just stays the same. I would like to know what your experience was, and if it's a quality product. I don't really need specifications on how fast the product works; I've got no major evens on my calendar for a while, but please write back and give me feedback! Thanks!
Have you tried African Black soap is natural and heals skin quickly! I also uses aloe vera skin gel after I wash and take the dead skin cells with the white sugar and the soap, I apply Alaffia cocoa butter and then seal it with aloe vera gel, that stuff works magic! You may get a pimple every once in a blue moon, but keep evernight applying the stuff it be fading or gone the next day, you should try it, but it also takes effect once you do it!
Anyway, I'm not so sure about this PROACTIV thing, because all I know of it are commercials on TV with Avril Lavigne saying this and that and I normally don't take products like that seriously, but it might be good.
btw I used CURACNE, but I think you can't get it anymore in the US.
I've had everywhere from very moderate acne to very severe. It's miserable and embarrassing, and I did everything I could to cover it. It finally got bad enough that my parents took me to a doctor who referred me to a dermatologist. I was put on antibiotics and given several very harsh chemical washes and treatments to use. Granted it cleared up the worst most infected parts, but I still struggled with it. I did copious amounts of research on ingredients in treatments, different causes of acne, which worked, why they worked, etc, and I tried about everything. That being said, I know my way around acne treatments pretty well.
As for PROACTIV, it's nothing special. It's a basic routine, with the same ingredients as the stuff you'll find at wal-mart(shocking right?). It's a salicylic acid wash, a gentle toner, a moisturizer, and I believe it includes some kind of mask..Anyways, while it is true that not everything at wal-mart is fantastic, a lot of it works better than the high end products, and you get a lot more bang for your buck. The larger drugstore companies have a lot more money for research, and are competing with the higher end products, so they tend to produce some good stuff on occasion. Usually a lot of the problems is in how they are used.
Referring back to the routine thing(broken record, sorry ^-^) Not saying you can't/shouldn't try PROACTIV, but it's terribly expensive for what it is. You're most likely to get the best results with a 2% salicylic acid wash(clears away the dead skin and bacteria),an alcohol free toner(anything with do really, this serves to cleanse a little deeper than the wash and remove any makeup you may have missed), a basic moisturizer(VERY important, though type of moisturizer depends on your skin type), a spot treatment(typically benzoyl peroxide or salicylic anything upward of 2% of either is excessive for mild acne), and since you have a hard time with healing probably something restorative before bed, which is when your skin is recovering(there are numerous products out there, but I use triple anitbiotic, it's proven to be pretty effective). Best ways to use all of this; wash twice a day, followed by the toner and moisturizer, before bed use the spot treatment and use the restorative treatment when every you think that there's a risk of scaring or marks.
Few more words of wisdom, if you can bear with me, drinking lots of water and taking vitamins can help with the healing process amongst other things. Do NOT PICK at any of it, and don't touch your face. I know it's tempting, but it makes it worse and increases the likelihood of scaring and future break outs. I know your very much interested in a perfect matte complexion, and you will undoubtedly use make up to achieve that, in which I recommend a few things; first, ALWAYS take off your make up before bed, less is more, try dotting concealer on trouble spots before foundation, I suggest mineral makeup as it won't cause anymore breakouts, and be sure to have clean hands and brushes before you apply your makeup. If your skin doesn't improve you really should see a dermatologist, also, they will point you in the right direction.
If you can handle anymore reading after that, here's a good website that you may find useful: It has all kinds of information on everything from the routine to make up and products.
My friend is just like that and she tried proactive and it worked wonders for her.
Just a warning, one of the steps in proactive is mainly alchohol so if you have never used anything with a lot of alchohol it's gonna hurt a little but just keep using it (if u decide to get it) if u stop ur gonna have to start the whole process over and it won't work as fast. Something I recommend for acne that worked miricales for me is 2 products, desquam and retin A. If u use those together it works really well. Then again it did for me,everybody is different.If u have any questions about desquam or retin A just ask.
PROACTIV worked well for me but when i started forgetting about it and it cleared up it came back 10 times WORSE! it did that for my cousin as well ! it might work for u !


text:
DR Congo Confirms New Ebola Case
Blessing .A
The Democratic Republic of Congo on Friday confirmed a new case of Ebola in the eastern part of the country five months after the end of the most recent outbreak there.
Even though has not been confirmed if the case was related to the 2018-2020 outbreak that killed more than 2,200 people in eastern Congo, the second deadliest on record, or the flare-up that killed six this year.
In a statement by Health Minister Jean Jacques Mbungani, a 3-year-old boy tested positive near the eastern city of Beni, one of the epicentres of the 2018-2020 outbreak, and died from the disease on Wednesday,
Your Friends Also Read: UN Security Council Discuss Western Sahara-Morocco Dispute
According to him, about 100 people who may have been exposed to the virus have been identified and will be monitored to see if they develop any symptoms.
He also disclosed that an internal report from Congo's biomedical laboratory said that three of the toddler's neighbours in Beni's densely-populated Butsili neighbourhood also presented symptoms consistent with Ebola last month and died, but none were tested.
"Thanks to the experience acquired in managing the Ebola virus disease during previous epidemics, we are confident that the response teams will manage to control this outbreak as soon as possible," Mbungani said.
Congo has recorded 12 outbreaks since the disease, which causes severe vomiting and diarrhoea, and is spread through contact with body fluids, was discovered in the equatorial forest near the Ebola River in 1976.
Your Friends Also Read: Jo'burg Mayor Geoff Makhubo Succumbs to Covid-19
The disease typically kills about half of those it infects although treatments developed since the record 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa have significantly reduced death rates when cases are detected early.
Three Feared Dead as D.R.Congo Identifies New Ebola Case
In "DR Congo"
Ebola death toll crosses 2,000 mark in DR Congo
In "East Africa News"
Health officials report second Ebola death in Uganda
Your Friends Also Read: DR Congo authorities ban rallies in Kinshasa as tensions rise
Categories: DR Congo, News
Tags: Ebola Virus, Jean Jacques Mbungani


We want to create a motion graphic such as infographic. We would like to have 7 infographic videos, each video duration is 15 minutes. Audio already prepared. Here is example: [đăng nhập để xem URL] This job for freelancer who lives in Bali. Thank you.
I have a picture of a logo done by an artist but not usable for a logo. I need to take that picture and make into a file. I also need some changes (Reduced color etc) I ne...a logo. I need to take that picture and make into a file. I also need some changes (Reduced color etc) I need a few usable files so I can use it for my website and Business cards.


text:
Hunger Continues to Plague Americans. Here's Why—and What to Do About It.
Lela Nargi
Small group of people donating their time by working in a warehouse to organize and distribute non-perishable goods to families and people in need.
A version of this article originally appeared in The Deep Dish, our members-only monthly newsletter. Become a member today to receive this month's issue.
Growing up in North Philadelphia's Hunting Park neighborhood, Barbie Izquierdo knew that the way she and her family lived wasn't "normal." Her Cuban-born father served time in prison for the first 10 years of her life, and her mother suffered from mental health issues that precluded her from working. Izquierdo and her older brother survived on social security income, food stamps—now called the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)—and the generosity of their neighbors, who were also struggling but would pitch in with a can of beans or a cup of rice when the larder was bare.
Despite all this, Izquierdo says, "It wasn't until I became a parent that I really understood what it feels like to be food insecure. What it does to you mentally I still have not recovered from."
As a single mom, Izquierdo contended with a cold apartment, a son who was going blind, and "plenty of days when I couldn't afford to feed myself." She'd feed her son and daughter, who are now both teenagers, then "'read eat:' go into another room and read [takeout] menus, and ask, 'What would I want to eat today?' I was feeding my brain when I couldn't put food into my stomach."
"I cannot eliminate the fear that all this can be taken away at any moment. Food insecurity is psychological warfare."
Landing a full-time job was no salvation; with an hourly wage that put her $2 over the income limit for benefits—"Just enough to feel like you're still poor but . . . not homeless"—she hit what's called the benefits cliff and was cut off from SNAP, her childcare subsidy, cash assistance, and her kids' free and reduced-price school lunches.
Izquierdo is now much better situated as a community empowerment manager for the advocacy organization Hunger Free America, and has recently left the sirens and gunshots of her old neighborhood for a home with a grassy yard in Florida. But she still lives with the after-effects of longstanding trauma. "I cannot eliminate the fear that all this can be taken away at any moment," Izquierdo says. "Food insecurity is psychological warfare."
That same fear pervaded the days of almost 35.2 million (or 10.9 percent) of U.S. residents in 2019, before COVID hit. Although the USDA found that food insecurity rose in communities of color, and in Black communities in particular, it remained steady overall. As a result, it's clear to researchers that when federal, state, and municipal governments, along with private-sector groups, put their minds to it, they can make a dent in our country's current and abiding needs crisis.
We have long reported on food security and wanted to dig in at this moment to better understand what works to lower food insecurity rates and why—and how we can keep it going in the long term.
Federal Assistance Programs: One Important Solution
Food insecurity doesn't exist in a vacuum. It's part of a much larger knot of challenges that includes nutrition insecurity, or the lack of adequate healthy food and the resultant tilt toward diet-related diseases, and poor learning outcomes for kids; lack of self-sufficiency; and structural racism, which ensures that certain communities consistently have lower access to healthy food. The umbrella over it all is poverty, which sets all these other pieces in motion.
"The pandemic underscored a lot of things we already knew from the research, including the reminder that food insecurity should not be viewed in isolation," says Joseph Llobrera, director of research for the food assistance team at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
Nevertheless, the poverty umbrella is so wide that its components often still have to be contended with piecemeal. Let's start with SNAP, which is widely considered by many researchers to be "one of the most effective food security programs in the country," according to Meg Breuning, associate professor in Arizona State University's College of Health Solutions. As food insecurity numbers fluctuated in 2020, the USDA increased the maximum benefit—determined by what's called the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP)—by 15 percent; this was the first time the effective value of SNAP had changed since the 1960s.
As a result, says Lauren Bauer, an economics fellow at the Brookings Institute, food insecurity dipped. When that maximum benefit increase expired in September, another increase, of 21 percent, was authorized in October for 2022. "The evidence we've gained over the past two business cycles on the consequences of raising that maximum benefit is that spending well-targeted money on a basic necessity makes sense," Bauer says. "SNAP solves the problem it was authorized to solve." Similarly, the USDA increased food assistance for people enrolled in the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR), a program that has lately increased the amount of fresh foods it provides to participants.
The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) is also "highly effective in improving . . . health outcomes, not just for kids, but for mothers and parents as well," says Llobrera. Additionally, Breuning points out that increasing the program's fruit and vegetable allotment in October of 2021 should have been "effective" in increasing healthy food access for low-resource families. However, WIC enrollments declined during the pandemic, for reasons researchers have yet to suss out.
Cash and Cash-like Resources: Another Solution
Another win for reduced rates of food insecurity: Pandemic EBT (P-EBT) cards, which were provided to families whose children normally receive free or reduced-price school lunches that disappeared when schools shuttered. The cards, says Bauer, were rolled out in a "pretty random way across states over time, which allowed us to identify what happened when families got that grocery money. We found in the initial rollout in the summer of 2020, when things were pretty bad, that there was about a 30 percent reduction in food insecurity among children," which lifted between 2.7 and 3.9 million kids out of hunger. She says a second study showed a comparable effect when another round of P-EBT was rolled out in 2021.
Stimulus checks also helped to drop the food insecurity numbers, as did a Child Tax Credit increase of up to $3,600 per child under the age of 6 for 2021. "When Congress finally signed off on the relief package in December 2020, we saw a downward shift in the number of folks reporting they couldn't get enough to eat," says Llobrera. Nevertheless, he says he's waiting for economists and other researchers to begin to "tease apart to what extent ups or downs in the experience of food insecurity were attributable to the increase in SNAP benefits versus economic impact payments. There's a lot of noise that's going to require more data and time to disentangle."
Still, Bauer says, we know that "every time a new wave of cash or cash-like resources went out to families, food insecurity went a little bit down, which says that [the approach] is a way to solve this problem." This is one reason she and others are pleased to see the P-EBT program expanded into a Summer EBT program that Build Back Better would fund through 2024. This way, when school is out for two or three months, families will continue to have adequate resources to feed their children at home, rather than having to resort to summer feeding programs at libraries and community centers, which tend to be under-utilized.
"Every time a new wave of cash or cash-like resources went out to families, food insecurity went a little bit down, which says that [the approach] is a way to solve this problem."
One major obstacle—for SNAP, P-EBT, and other national benefits programs—is that "they only work for those who are enrolled," Bauer says. And the barriers to enrollment can be high. For college students, the "complex, stressful application procedures" as well as a pre-pandemic mandate that students work 20-plus hours a week have both acted as barriers to their enrolling in SNAP, according to the CUNY Urban Food Policy Institute. Congress lifted some restrictions in December 2020 and, as a result, increased eligibility for 3 million students. "If we could maintain flexibility and growth of these programs and the supports we now have in place, that would be ideal," says Breuning.
Now that children are back in school, Breuning says that the National School Lunch and Breakfast programs are important ways to increase food and nutrition security for children and to alleviate some economic stressors from families. In 2021, Maine and California were the first states in the U.S. to adopt universally free school meals for all students regardless of household income, and more states could follow their lead soon. With school food considered a reliable way to get children nutritious meals on an almost-daily basis, there's a push to pass a similar federal law making free school meals available to every child in the U.S. "With certain states, unless it comes from the federal government, it's not going to happen," says Breuning.
Emergency Feeding Networks: A Piece of the Puzzle
Vince Hall, chief government relations officer for the national food bank network Feeding America, says the expanded charitable response during the pandemic was an important factor in mitigating food insecurity rates—and the need for charitable intervention is not likely to disappear anytime soon. What will help in the future, he believes, is a $1 billion investment from the USDA in the charitable food system, some of which will assist food banks in purchasing food—including fresh fruits and vegetables from local farmers, and still-edible foods that might otherwise be sent to landfills—as well as building up necessary infrastructure like refrigerated vehicles and cold storage units for distribution sites in order to keep the food fresh.
In fact, Hall says rescuing food waste is already improving healthy food access in California, where Senate Bill 1383, meant to reduce methane emanating from landfills, is sending more produce to food banks. He calls this development "encouraging." He also says that food banks and pantries have a greater role to play in addressing other aspects of poverty, such as access to decent jobs. "There's workforce development happening at food banks and some of our nonprofit partners operate programs at food banks such as culinary arts training programs, which have very high rates of job placement," he says. "No one is just hungry."
Breuning agrees. "Generational poverty remains a persistent problem and until we are able to address things like access to a living wage and access to education, we're going to be fighting an uphill battle," she says. And she's frustrated by the fact that interrelated agencies that provide various assistance to low-resource folks, like the USDA, Medicare and Medicaid, and the National School Lunch Program, aren't better coordinated. "I worked in anti-hunger before I was an academic and 20 years ago people were talking about a single application" for benefits programs, she says. "And here we are 20 years later and it's not even on the table."
Llobrera comes back to the interconnectedness of the challenges in confronting food insecurity. SNAP is important, he says, because it helps to relieve the pressures around health, jobs, and housing. "This frees up resources for a family or an individual to be able to adhere to their required medication," he says. "Research shows that adults receiving SNAP miss fewer days at work because they're not as sick because they are getting their nutritional needs met, they're making fewer calls to the doctor, and they're less stressed."
Even so, he says, "We can pump in as much SNAP food assistance as possible but if people are having trouble affording housing, that can only take you so far. Solutions to food insecurity [include] affordable housing and the stable availability of jobs that pay enough so that people aren't pinched on a number of different human needs. The solution is going to have to be comprehensive and broad."
"I'm still surviving on P-EBT benefits, and the Child Tax Credit has been helping me stay afloat. I don't know what life will be like without that extra little bit of help."
One key aspect of that broad solution involves the fight for a living wage. The federal minimum wage has been stuck at $7.25 an hour for over a decade, and while state and local efforts to increase hourly pay for food workers and farmworkers, as well as universal guaranteed income programs provide some progress, federal legislation to increase the minimum wage have stalled in Congress.
Will there be enough political will to address these overlapping concerns in the Build Back Better plan? The researchers are watching, but not holding their breath. "The last administration made it hard to be hopeful," says Breuning.
Meanwhile, with pandemic supports beginning to wind down, Barbie Izquierdo continues to find herself stretched financially thin. "I'm still surviving on P-EBT benefits, and the Child Tax Credit has been helping me stay afloat. I don't know what life will be like without that extra little bit of help," she says.
Lela Nargi is a veteran journalist covering food policy and agriculture, sustainability, and science for outlets such as The Guardian, The Counter, City Monitor, JSTOR Daily, Sierra, and Ensia in addition to Civil Eats. She's also the author of science books for kids. Find her at lelanargi.com and @LelaNargi.
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