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THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.

  NUMBER 5.      SATURDAY, AUGUST 1, 1840.      VOLUME I.

[Illustration: LOUGH BRAY.]

If the citizens of our capital have to acknowledge, and perhaps lament,
that they are unable to compete with some other cities of the empire
in the extent of their commerce, the number of their manufactories,
the wealth of their resident aristocracy, or, in short, any of the
various results which a long and uninterrupted course of artificial
prosperity is certain to bestow, they may still console themselves
with the reflection, that in the singularly varied beauties of scenery
with which their city is surrounded they possess riches of greater
value, and enjoyments of a higher nature, of which they cannot be
deprived by any circumstance, and in which no other city can ever hope
to rival them. And although to the mere grovelling pursuer of gain,
who is incapable of a single elevated or ennobling feeling, such a
consideration may seem a matter of trivial importance, to those of
wiser, better, and more happily constituted minds, it will always be
a source of self-gratulation, as affording pleasures easily procured,
and which they would not exchange for any of a grosser kind. It is,
indeed, beyond a question, that there is no city in the British empire
exhibiting around it such a variety of picturesque beauties as our own
dear Dublin. We have the villa-studded, pastoral plain--the spacious
bay, with all its variety of coast, from the sandy beach to the bluff
sea-promontory--the richly-wooded valley with its limpid river--the
lonely mountain glen with its cataracts and tiny trout-streams--the
purple heath and the solitary tarn, or pool--the rural village and
the gay watering-place; while in addition to all these, the interest
imparted to natural scenery, by remains of ancient times, is every
where present. In short, there is no class of scenery which the poet,
the painter, the geologist, the botanist, or the mere man of pleasure,
could desire, that may not be reached in a drive of an hour or two
from any part of our city. Nature has showered on us, with a generous
hand, her various riches--the riches derived from her and our Creator.
It must, however, be confessed that, as yet, we have not learned
sufficiently to appreciate these gifts, and, consequently, do not
sufficiently enjoy them. "The world is too much with us"--and there
are many scenes of striking interest within our reach, which are more
frequently seen by the stranger visitant than by ourselves. Of these,
one of the most remarkable is the mountain lake called Lough Bray, of
which we give a sketch in our present number. How many thousands are
there of the citizens of Dublin who have never seen, perhaps never
heard of, this little mountain pool; and yet it is one of the most
perfect examples of scenery of its kind in Ireland--one of those spots
in which nature appears in her most stern and rugged aspect; solitary,
gloomy, and unfit for the companionship of man. Still it is not wholly
a desert. The eagles which build in its cliffs have seen a man of a
kindred lofty spirit--an eagle among men--build himself a nest amongst
these solitudes; and they have been often startled from their eyry by
the sounds of aristocratic joy and merriment, when the shores of the
dark lake have been enlivened by the presence of the most distinguished
in beauty and rank in Ireland.

It is perhaps of all situations a spot in which we should least expect
to find a gentleman's villa; yet this innovation is not materially
injurious to the prevailing sentiment of the scene. The house is in
the Old English style of architecture, highly picturesque, and in all
respects worthy of the refined taste of the late Mr William Morrison,
the distinguished architect by whom it was erected, and whose early
death was an event which may justly be regarded in the light of a
national loss. It was erected for Sir Philip Crampton, at the expense
of his Grace the Duke of Northumberland, who, while Viceroy of Ireland,
had spent some happy days with Sir Philip in this romantic spot, in a
cottage of humbler pretensions, which had occupied its site, and was
accidentally burned. The gift was one equally worthy of the illustrious
donor, and the talented and estimable receiver; and there are few if
any of our readers who will not join us in the wish that he may long
live to enjoy it.

Lough Bray is situated near the head of the beautiful vale called
Glen Cree, in the county of Wicklow, into which it sends a stream,
which, subsequently uniting with the Glenisloreane river, is called
the Dargle and Bray river, and falls into the sea to the north of Bray
Head. Though the name is generally used in the singular number, Lough
Bray properly consists of two lakes, called Upper and Lower; but the
lower is the principal one, both in point of beauty and grandeur of
scenery, as well as in extent of surface, its area occupying a space of
thirty-seven acres. It is nearly surrounded by mountain precipices, in
which eagles are wont to build, and has very much the character of the
crater of an extinct volcano.

Lough Bray is most easily visited from Dublin by the Military Road, by
which route the distance is little more than ten Irish miles. P.

THE SOD PARTY.

Of all the pleasant interludes in the drama of life, a sod party, where
every thing goes right, is one of the pleasantest. What talking! what
fuss! what discussions! what direfully important arrangements for a
week before-hand! what a puzzle how to divide the various necessaries
into such relatively fair proportions that no individual should feel
more burdened than another. I do not mean one of those parties where
all the trouble and expense fall upon one unfortunate individual, who,
consequently, can derive no pleasure from the affair, except that of
seeing others enjoying themselves--a very great pleasure, doubtless,
considered abstractedly, but rather too refined for every-day
mortals--no; but a regular pic-nic, where lots are drawn, and each
supplies whatever may be written on the slip that she or he holds, and
furnishes a quota of the trouble, as well as of the provisions; one
individual, nevertheless, being the director.

What a hurry-skurry on the morning of the eventful day! Then the
assembling of the carriages and other vehicles at the place of
rendezvous.

"Dear me," said Mrs Harvey, on the morning of the day appointed for her
pic-nic, having consulted her watch for the twentieth time; "dear me,
where is Mr Sharpe? What can possibly delay Mrs Molloy? Well, well, how
hard it is to get people to be punctual!"

"Oh, mamma, maybe they'll meet us at Howth; we had better set off. If
they come here, they can be directed to follow us, you know. Do, pray,
mamma, let us move."

"Oh, my dear, we must send a messenger to Mr Sharpe. If he missed us,
or took huff at our going without him (and you know he's very tetchy),
it would be such a dreadful inconvenience, for he has to supply the
knives and forks, spoons and glasses, and he would think nothing of
leaving us in the lurch, if he took it into his head; and Mrs Molloy
is so forgetful, that she might come without the roast beef, and never
think of it until it would be missed at table. George, dear, will you
desire John to step over to Mr Sharpe's, and tell him that the company
is assembled. And, Mr O'Brien, will you permit me to send your servant
to Mrs Molloy with a similar message?"

"Certainly, madam, with the greatest pleasure."

And now the little annoyances inseparable from all sublunary
enjoyments, begin.

"John has received a severe hurt, my dear. In packing some bottles, one
of them broke, and a piece of it has cut his wrist. I have sent him to
the apothecary's to get it dressed."

"Mercy on us! I hope he's not seriously injured. He won't be obliged to
stay at home surely?"

"I am afraid he must, my dear."

"If he does, every thing will go wrong, he is such a careful creature,
and so completely up to every thing on a sod party, and has every thing
so orderly and regular, and all without fuss or hurry. Oh, dear! we
shall be sadly off without him."

Mr Sharpe was announced, and a slight, small, dapper little personage
made his appearance. A physiognomist of the very least discernment
must at once have pronounced him to be a satirical, irritable, genuine
lover of mischief, for mischief's sake--mirthful after his own fashion,
and as merry as a grig upon a gridiron, when every face about him
should be drawn to a half yard in length by some unforeseen annoyance,
or petty disaster. He rubbed his hands, congratulating the ladies on
the fineness of the day. "Heavenly morning--fine road--Bay of Dublin
will be seen to such advantage--sea so smooth--coast of Wicklow
splendid--Killiney will look so bold"--talk--talk--talk; he stunned
every person with his extraordinary volubility.

Mr O'Brien's servant entered. "Please, ma'am, Mrs Molloy is coming."
Scarcely was the message delivered when the lady made her appearance.

"Oh, my dear Mrs Harvey, I hope I hav'nt kept you waiting long. I
totally forgot that this was the day appointed for your party, until
Sparks reminded me of it by calling me up."

"Make no apologies, my dear madam; we havn't waited at all. Mr Sharpe
has but just arrived, and our number is now complete. Have you every
thing packed?"

"Packed! Why, do you think we'll have rain?--had I better get my cloak
and umbrella? But, sure, I can go in your carriage, and as I shan't be
exposed on an outside car, I won't want them."

"My dear Mrs Molloy, it is the beef I allude to. Is it packed?"

"The beef! What beef?"

"Why, dear me, you surely havn't forgotten that a six-rib piece of
roast beef was to be supplied by you?"

"I--declare--I--never--once--thought--of it. Well, now, that's very
odd."

Mr Sharpe's countenance fell. The discovery had been made too timely to
please him.

"What's best to be done now? I can purchase beef somewhere as we go
along, and we'll get it dressed at Howth, in some cabin or another."

"Phwee--oo," whistled Mr Robert O'Gorman, "what the deuce would we do
with ourselves for five or six hours, at the least, that such a piece
would take to roast, without any thing to keep its back warm in an open
cabin? I'll tell you what, ma'am: give me the money, and I'll get as
much cold roast beef as you like, from Mulholland."

"Who is Mulholland?"

"Oh, 'tis no matter; I'll get the meat, if you want it."

"Very well, Mr O'Gorman, do so, and you'll oblige me; here is a guinea.
But why not tell who Mulholland is?"

Mr O'Gorman bolted, without making any reply.

Now, the fact of the matter was simply this, that Mulholland was a sort
of second-hand caterer, who purchased the meat that was sent unused
from the dining-hall of Trinity College, and supplied it again to such
students as felt too economically inclined to attend commons, and thus
save money from the parental allowances, for other, and better (?)
uses. To this class did Mr O'Gorman sometimes belong.

In a very short time he re-appeared.

"You were not long, Mr O'Gorman; did you succeed in getting a suitable
piece?"

"Suitable? If sixteen pounds will suit you, I have got that; and I gave
him the change of the guinea," addressing Mrs Molloy, "for himself,
ma'am, for his trouble in packing it, and the loan of the basket, which
of course he can't expect in reason ever to see again. Nobody would
bring home an empty basket."

"The change of the guinea for himself! Why, Mr O'Gorman, instead of
giving him more than he asked, you should have cut him down in his
price. The change of the guinea for himself! Oh! gracious! did anyone
ever hear of the like? Oh! dear me! the change for himself! Oh! dear!"
and in a gentle repetition or two, in an under-tone, Mrs Molloy's
surprise died away, like a retiring echo; for the bustle of departure
claimed all attention now.

It has been but too frequently remarked, that a party of pleasure is
seldom wholly unembittered by pain, and our party was doomed not to
be an exception to the rule; although the point had been mooted, and
the question discussed, at the first meeting (an evening party at Mrs
Harvey's), where the preliminaries were arranged, and it had been voted
unanimously that our party should be pleasant, and agreeable, and
happy, from the start to the return; and, further, that nothing should
go astray; and that if any person should be disagreeable, he or she
should be voted out; with fifty other resolutions, that the secretary
was unable to record, in consequence of the movers and seconders,
the president and audience, secretary and all, talking rapidly and
vehemently together, until order was suddenly restored by Mr O'Gorman
(who had the loudest voice, and the knack of making himself heard above
any uproar, acquired by a long and regular course of practice in the
upper gallery of Crow-street theatre) shouting out, "Order-r-r-r-r,
ladies and gentlemen, order-r-r-r-r! The rule of this society is,
that not more than six shall speak at a time; and I feel it to be my
duty, madam, to call upon you, for the sake of regularity, to preserve
this rule inviolate. This party of pleasure, madam, is to be a party
of pleasure unlike all the parties of pleasure that have gone before
it. Pleasure, madam, is to be the beginning, pleasure the middle, and
pleasure the end of it; and I shall conclude, madam, by saying, that I
have the pleasure of wishing that it may be so."

Mr O'Gorman unfortunately had not the celebrated wishing-cap on his
head at the time.

Mr, Mrs, and Miss Harvey, a maiden sister of Mr Harvey, Mrs Molloy,
Mr Sharpe, Mr O'Brien, his mother and three sisters, Mr O'Donnell and
his daughter, O'Gorman, Fitzgerald, Sweeny, Costello, and two or three
more College men, completed the muster roll of the party. The vehicles
consisted of Mr Harvey's and Mr O'Brien's carriages, Mr O'Donnell's
jaunting-car, an outside jarvey that O'Gorman, had brought, and Mr
Sharpe's gig.

Poor John's wrist had been so sadly hurt that he could not attend, and
the gentlemen gave every assurance to Mrs Harvey that he would not be
missed by her, they would make themselves so useful.

Every thing was at length announced to be ready. A basket, covered
with oiled silk, swinging conspicuously from the axle-tree of the gig,
rendered it unnecessary to ask Mr Sharpe if he had all the requisites
prepared; and Mrs Harvey, having cast the last scrutinizing glance
around, gave the long-wished-for word to "take places."

Now, all this time there were four hearts bent upon one object, and
four heads at work planning how to attain it. The youngest of the
Misses O'Brien was the sprightliest girl of the party; and although
Miss O'Donnell might dispute the prize for beauty with her, the former
was the most admired by the young men upon the present occasion, and
Messrs O'Gorman, Fitzgerald, Sweeny, and Costello, had each resolved to
attach himself to her, if possible.

The first mentioned, who was a general favourite, had contrived most
successfully to keep near her during breakfast, and pretty nearly to
engross her attention during the subsequent time that had elapsed
previously to the discovery of Mrs Molloy's forgetfulness, by telling
her tales of College life, and adventures replete with wonders, that
might have caused the renowned Sinbad the sailor himself, or the
equally celebrated Baron Munchausen, to stare, and bite the bitter nail
of envy, while they could not withhold their meed of applause from one
who was their master at the marvellous, and could give them lessons in
the sublime art of invention.

It was Bob's anxiety to get on the road that made him tender his
services in the supplying of the beef; and the certainty that he had
completely ingratiated himself with the young lady, by his stories,
at which she had laughed most heartily, made him feel very little
uneasiness at the prospect of a few minutes' separation, especially
when she knew that he had only absented himself for the purpose of
expediting the arrangements that were to give him an opportunity of
catering for her amusement for the remainder of the day. When he
returned, and saw her surrounded by the other three, he resolved to
let them go on quietly, and trusted to snatch her from them by some
stratagem, just at the last moment.

Now, it must be confessed that Miss Kate would have much preferred the
rattling, noisy, lying, merry, mischievous scamp, as her companion, to
any other, because she loved laughing, and he supplied her plentifully
with food for mirth; and she was very well inclined, and quite resolved
within herself, to second any bold attempt that he might make to rescue
her from the trio by which she was surrounded. Great was her chagrin to
see that he took no manner of trouble about the matter, but apparently
occupied himself with the elder Miss Harvey. What a taste he must have!
thought she, to attach himself to the old maid of the party; and it was
with something of pettishness that she stood, or rather jumped up, when
the order to move was given. Her glove fell. Fitzgerald and Costello
stooped, or rather dashed themselves down from opposite sides at the
same instant to secure the prize; their heads came in contact, with
a crash resembling that caused by two cracked pitchers being jolted
together, and so loud as to astonish the hearers; and they recoiled
from the collision into a sitting posture, one under the table, and the
other under the piano.

When Xantippe, the wife of that great philosopher Socrates, had failed
in her efforts to vex him by abuse, her last resource was to break some
article of crockery upon his head: it is recorded that he coolly wiped
his face, which had been deluged by the contents, merely saying, "After
thunder comes rain." Now, I'd be bound that if we could ascertain
what Socrates said to himself at the time, we should find that for
all his smooth face and soft words he inwardly took some desperate
liberties with the heathen deities, and pitched Xantippe, crockery,
and all the makers of it, to Pluto, and all the infernal gods, in a
hurry. However, he kept his countenance, which is more than can be said
of Frank Costello, or Dick Fitzgerald, or of Mr Sharpe, who nearly
went into convulsions with laughter; indeed, to do him justice, his
was not the only laughter, for no one could resist the excitement to
risibility contained in the picture before them. At the first moment
each of the gentlemen had uttered a loud exclamation savouring strongly
of impiety; then, immediately recollecting the presence of ladies,
they muttered what might have been supposed by the charitable to be
half-suppressed prayers, but that their countenances were strangely
discordant with pious thoughts, for each with his hand on his head, his
teeth set, his lips apart and tightly drawn, and his eyes glaring with
pain and vexation, sat looking, or rather grinning, like a hyena, at
the other. That keen sense of the ridiculous which always comes upon
us so inopportunely, made them at length get up, and the condolences
offered on all sides, in the most tender inflections of voice, but with
countenances which but too plainly showed how great was the effort
to suppress laughter, excited their anger against one another most
terribly; nor was it likely to be the more readily allayed by seeing
Dan Sweeny walking off with the prize, the contention for which had
caused their misfortune. It was with difficulty they could be kept from
fighting. Leaving them to settle the matter as they pleased, Sweeny
conducted the lady to her carriage, close to which a new scene awaited
them.

On the step of the hackney jaunting-car sat O'Gorman, with his left
foot upon his right knee, alternately rubbing his shin very gently,
and hugging the leg as if it was a baby, groaning, and screwing
his face into the most hideous grimaces. After the scene they had
just witnessed, this was irresistible, and Miss Kate laughed long
and heartily. Bob looked at her, made a more hideous grimace than
before, groaned, rubbed more violently, and then giving himself a most
ludicrous twist, grinned, rubbed, and groaned again.

"Why--ha-ha-ha!--Mr O'Gorman, what ha-ha-ha!--has happened you?"

"Oh! ah! oh! may the d---- I beg your pardon. But, oh! hif! to
the--och, I mean bad luck to all wood and iron! Hif! oh! I attempted
to jump up on this rascally step, when my foot slipped off, and down I
came, scraping all the skin off my shin bone. Oh! bad luck to it--to
the step, I mean."

The manner in which he said this, made all who heard him laugh more,
but he did not seem to be in the least degree disconcerted; and as to
being angry, there was not a trace of it on his countenance.

Sweeny, who prided himself upon being quite a ladies' man, and who was
just then immensely elated at having distanced all his competitors,
but especially O'Gorman, whose retirement from the competition he
considered to be a tacit acknowledgment of inferiority, offered a
jesting sort of condolence to him, and recommended him strongly to
rub the injured part with vinegar, or whisky, or salt and water; it
might smart a little at first, to be sure, and make him grin and roar
somewhat, but it would be well in no time! But in the midst of his
badinage, Miss O'Brien missed her parasol, and he was obliged to run
back to the drawing-room to look for it.

As soon as he had disappeared within the hall door. O'Gorman sprang
to his feet, and, drawing the parasol from the breast of his coat,
tendered it, and his arm, to the young lady, saying, with the greatest
exultation, "Hoaxed, by jingo! alas! poor Sweeny. Come, Miss Kate, your
brother is so taken up with Miss O'Donnell, that he can't attend to any
thing, or any body. Never mind your mother; she can't bawl out at us,
you know; and if she attempted to scold, she'd be voted out. I've got
Sharpe's gig--come, jump up, and we'll have such a day! Oh! but havn't
I done them all brown! Hurrah for Howth, and the sky over it! Oh!
you little darling," added he, restraining himself with considerable
difficulty from giving her a hug and a kiss, as she laughingly complied
with his invitation, and seated herself with him in the gig, just as
Sweeny returned, protesting himself unable to find the parasol, "oh,
it got tired waiting for you, and came of itself. But I say, Sweeny,
capital receipt that of yours for sore shins; quite cured mine in a
moment--first application. Hollo! here, you will probably want a pocket
handkerchief during the day; I'll lend you one;" and Bob threw him his
own. "I picked his pocket in the drawing-room," said he, turning to
his delighted companion; "I was determined that he should go back for
something; and here's yours, which I secured also. Now, then, if we
follow those rumbling machines, we shall be smothered with dust, so we
had better show them the way." Chick, chick--and poor Mrs O'Brien could
scarcely believe her eyes when she saw her daughter whirl past her in a
gig with one of the most incorrigible scapegraces in the University.

He took good care that they should not be recalled, for he was out
of sight in a twinkling; nor did the party get a view of him again
until they had passed Clontarf, when they found him walking the horse
quietly, in order that they might over-take him.

But I must postpone detailing the subsequent events of that memorable
day until the next number, having already occupied more than my share
of space.

  NAISI.

SUMMER FLOWERS,

A CITIZEN'S LAMENT.

    Away with summer flow'rs,
      Twine not the wreath for me,
    Unbind the myrtle from the rose,
    And <DW29>, emblem of repose,
      Far let them scattered be;
    The best, the loveliest, let them part,
    Their very sweetness breaks my heart.

    Away with summer flow'rs,
      Let sunshine cease to glow,
    Bring back the days of sombre hue,
    And heav'n without a glimpse of blue,
      And earth in vest of snow.
    Then weave the green perfuméd bough
    In fadeless verdure for my brow.

    To see the length'ning days,
      To feel the glowing hours,
    As step by step, the smiling spring
    Steals on her bright and glorious wing,
      And strews our path with flow'rs;
    This may be joy, but me it sends
    Warnings of banishment to friends.

    Soon as the rose's bloom
      Breaks up the social tie,
    And those whom winter gather'd round
    The cheering hearth, no more are found,
      But east and west they fly;
    Some roam the mountain, some the deep,
    But, ah! leave those at home to weep.

    'Midst winter's sullen blast,
      How many a friendly band
    Cheered the dark moments as they passed,
    And bid me think they fled too fast
      While circled hand in hand;
    But summer breaks the charming spell,
    And makes me feel, I lov'd too well!

    Now, 'midst the fairest glow,
      The scene with clouds is drear,
    And _empty_ mansions crowd the street,
    No hand to beckon, eye to greet,
      Or friendly voice to cheer;
    The colony of love is shaken,
    And summer leaves our hall forsaken!

    Away, then, summer flowers!
      Thou glowing rose, away!
    Come let me wreathe the gloomy bowers
    With cypress bathed in stormy showers,
      Where sunbeams never stray;
    But let the flow'r of _snowy_ crest
    Impart its chillness to my breast.

EQUIVOCAL GENTLEMEN.

Equivocal Gentlemen! Pray, who are they? Why, they are rather a curious
class of persons. But if you are in the habit of noting character, we
rather think you must know them. They are to be seen in every city, and
almost in every town.

The equivocal gentleman has, in general manner and bearing, and, as far
as a very limited exchequer will allow, in dress also, a curious smack
of the real gentleman about him, of whom he is, altogether, a sort of
amusing caricature. His pretensions are high, very high, and, conscious
of the doubtfulness of his claims, always noisy and obtrusive. He
endeavours to bully the world into respect for him. But it won't do.
When he turns his back, the world winks one of its eyes, and says, with
a knowing smile, "that's a queer sort of chap." It does'nt, in fact,
know what to make of him--how to class him. It has, however, a pretty
good notion that, with all the equivocal gentleman's pretension, he has
by no means an unlimited command of the circulating medium.

And this is not an incorrect notion. Scarcity of funds is, in truth,
at the bottom of all the equivocal gentleman's difficulties, as,
indeed, it is of almost all those of every body else. He, however, may
be emphatically said to be born of a warfare between his poverty and
"gentility."

It is, of course, in the matter of dress that the equivocal gentleman
is most anxious to establish his claim to be considered a genuine
article; and it is in this matter, too, that his peculiar position in
the world is made most manifest; dress being in his particular case,
as it is less or more in all others, a strongly marked and faithful
expression of character.

The struggle here, then, to keep matters right, is dreadful. None
but himself knows how dreadful--none but himself knows the thousand
shifts and expedients he is compelled to have recourse to, to maintain
appearances in this most important and most troublesome department.

First, of the hat. It is a merciless and unfeeling hat; for it is
obstinately hastening to decay, though it well knows that its sorely
perplexed owner does _not_ know where on earth to get another. See what
a watching and tending it requires to keep it from becoming absolutely
unfit for the public eye, as the headpiece of a gentleman! Why, the
watching and tending of a new-born infant is nothing to it.

Consider how carefully it must be examined round and round every
morning, that no new outward symptom of decay has made itself manifest.
Consider the brushing, the smoothing down, the inking of corners and
rims, the coaxing and wheedling, by softly squeezing it this way, and
gently pulling it that, to induce it to keep as near as possible to
its original shape. Nay, desperate attempts may sometimes be detected
to make it assume yet a smarter form, in defiance of decay and
dilapidation.

Then, there is the stock. Stitching and inking again, with careful
daily supervision. Then there is---- But we need enlarge no further on
this part of our subject.

But, mark, reader! every thing about the equivocal gentleman is not in
this state of seediness. He would not be the equivocal gentleman at
all, if this were the case. Some of the particulars of his outward man
are good--in fact, stylish--and it is this incongruity that makes him
out, that makes him what he is, and which so much puzzles you to class
him when you see him.

The equivocal gentleman _always_ manages to have one or two of the
component parts of his dress of unimpeachable quality, but never can
manage to have the whole in this palmy state. There is always something
wrong--something below par; and, we may add, generally something
outré, absurd, or extravagant. Perfect consistency and propriety in
dress he never can attain, and perhaps would not, if he could; for
one of the most marked features of his character is a craving after
singularity, in the art and fashion of his habiliments.

Overlooking himself what partial deficiencies there may be in this
department of his entire man, and thinking that the world will overlook
them too, the equivocal gentleman affects the "bang up." He is not
content with desiring to impress beholders with the idea of his being
merely a respectable sort of person: he desires much more than this.
They must take him, if not certainly for a lord, at least for some
great personage--for a--a--he does not himself, in fact, well know
what--for a mysterious, indeterminate somebody, of mysterious and
indeterminate consequence.

There are two or three points in which the equivocal gentleman displays
a very remarkable degree of ingenuity. One of these consists in the
dexterity with which he not only conceals defects of dress, but
converts them into positive elegancies. Thus, if he have to button up
for want of a clean shirt, he contrives, by the very smart way in which
he does it, to make it appear not only to be matter of mere choice or
fancy, but, in fact, by much the genteeler thing.

But it is in the enacting of character that the equivocal gentleman
particularly shines.

Not having either the cash or the credit necessary to enable him to
adapt his dress to his identity, he is compelled to adapt his identity
to his dress. In other words, placing, for the reason alluded to,
little or no influence over the shape, fashion, or quality of his
clothes, but being obliged to conform to circumstances in this matter
to a most unpleasant extent--to wear, in short, whatever he can most
conveniently get--he is driven to the expedient of adapting his
character to the particular description of dress he may be wearing at
the time. Thus, if it is a short coat, he probably enacts the country
gentleman, or sporting character; if a braided surtout, then he is a
military man; if he is driven to hide the deficiencies of his other
garments by a cloak, he adds a cloth cap with tassels, frizzles up his
whiskers, and comes forth a Polish count; and so on of other varieties
of dress.

In person the equivocal gentleman is stout and robust, his age
somewhere about forty. He is bushy-whiskered, and affects a swaggering,
bold, off-hand manner, talks large to waiters, and looks with edifying
ferocity on every body.

This rabidness of disposition on the part of the equivocal gentleman
proceeds partly from his habit of attempting to bully the world into
a high opinion of his consequence, and partly from the irritation
produced by a constant dread that the world suspects the true state of
his case. It is thus partly affected, partly real.

Being always miserably short of funds, the equivocal gentleman
is necessarily much circumscribed in his enjoyments; and this is
particularly unfortunate, for he has a very keen relish for the good
things of this life. He likes good living, good drinking, good every
thing; but cruel fate has denied them to him, except in very limited
quantities, and on very rare occasions. If he even gets them at all,
it is by mere chance, mere casual accident. Occasionally it is by an
effort of ingenuity, through which he has contrived, by some mysterious
means or other, to get possession of a little of the circulating medium.

And pray, then, what _is_ the equivocal gentleman? What is he in
reality, and what does he do? How does he support himself? Why, friend,
these questions are a vast deal easier put than answered.

Just now, the equivocal gentleman is doing nothing--literally and
absolutely nothing. He was something or other at one time; but at this
moment, and for many years past, he has pursued no calling whatever.
The equivocal gentleman, in short, is a gentleman of shifts and
expedients. He has a little world of his own, in which he manoeuvres
for a living. Being rather respectably connected, his friends
occasionally remit him small sums, and these god-sends, few and far
between, and his own ingenuity, are all he has to depend upon.

The equivocal gentleman, notwithstanding the dashy appearance he aims
at, and the large style in which he speaks, is, we are sorry to say
it, a bit of a rogue in grain, and a good deal of one in practice:
he is, in short, somewhat of a scamp, partly from circumstances, and
partly from the natural bent of his genius, which is ever urging him
to take the shortest cuts towards the objects he desires to possess.
He is, in truth, a sort of human bird of prey; tailors, bootmakers,
and lodging-house keepers, being his favourite quarries, and the class
who, therefore, suffer most from his non-paying propensities. On one or
other of these he is ever and anon pouncing, and woe be to them if he
once gets them within his clutches: he will leave his mark, be sure, if
he does.

The tailor, the bootmaker, and the lodging-house keeper, again, knowing
that he is their natural enemy--and as well do they know him for this,
as the small bird does the hawk--stand in great awe of him; they have
an instinctive dread of him, and put themselves in a posture of defence
the moment they see him.

Our equivocal gentleman, in truth, lives in a constant state of warfare
similar to this with the whole world--not open hostility, perhaps, but
lurking, secret aversion. The world looks shyly and doubtfully on him,
and he looks fiercely and angrily on the world in return.

Amongst the two or three little foibles by which the equivocal
gentleman is distinguished, is a rather urgent propensity to strong
drink. He is, in fact, pretty considerably dissipated, as the florid
or brick-red face on which his luxuriant whiskers vegetate, but too
plainly indicates. He is not, indeed, always drunk; for his very
limited command of means keeps him, on the whole, pretty sober; but he
gets drunk when he can, and no gentleman can do more, nor can more be
reasonably expected of him.

The equivocal gentleman is a man of refined tastes, and hence it
is that he patronizes the drama. He is a great play-goer. On such
occasions he figures in the sixpenny gallery; and here he has a
difficult part to play, as difficult as any on the stage. He has to
make it appear to the gods, who wonder to see so fine a gentleman
amongst them, _why_ he has come to such a place, and at the same time
to parry the very natural conclusion, that it proceeds from a limited
exchequer, which he must on no account permit to be presumed for a
moment.

The way he manages this very ticklish point is this:--he assumes a look
at once dignified and supercilious, which look is meant to impress
you with the belief that his being in the shilling gallery, which he
generally enters at the half-price, is a mere freak, a whim of one who
could have gone to the boxes had he chosen--that he has come where he
is, just to see what sort of a place it is, what effect the actors and
the scenery have when seen from such a distance.

To confirm this impression, the equivocal gentleman never sits down
in the gallery: this would look like premeditated economy. He stands,
therefore, during the whole time of the performance, and stands aloof,
too, from the ragamuffin audience, with his arms folded on his breast,
and an expression of awful majesty on his brow.

Reader, do you know the equivocal gentleman now? We are sure you do.
That's he there! see--that odd-looking personage with the battered drab
hat, the flashy surtout, the shabby stock, the fashionable vest crossed
by a German silver chain, the questionable small-clothes, and the large
patch on his left boot.

IRISH PROVERBS.

The proverbs and moral sayings of a nation have always been considered
to possess a remarkable interest, not only on account of the practical
wisdom embodied in them, but for the insight which to a great extent
they afford into the peculiar character and habits of thought of the
people to whom they belong. Wisdom, it is true, is essentially the same
in all countries, but the expression of it must vary according to the
temperament and modes of thinking which are found to characterise the
people of different nations; and hence the proverbs of every people
have been deemed worthy of preservation, as well for purposes of
comparison as for their own intrinsic value. If, however, there be any
nation the proverbs of which remain almost wholly unknown to the people
of the British islands generally, it is the Irish, of whose popular
sayings no specimens have ever been given in an English dress, except
a collection of about eighty, which were contributed to the first
volume of the _Dublin Penny Journal_ by our able and estimable friend
Mr O'Donovan, who well observes, that "a perfect list of the proverbs
of any people is, as it were, an index to the national character, or
the elements of the moral notions, customs, and manners of a people."
A vast body of such characteristic popular wisdom still remains hidden
in the obscurity of its original vernacular form, and we trust that
we shall render our readers an acceptable service in presenting them
from time to time with translated portions, accompanied by the original
Irish, which we are equally anxious to preserve.

1.

    #fearr mine na buirbe ṁor#
    #fearr coir na dul ċum dliġe#
    #fearr teaċ beag is teann loin#
    #na teaċ mor is beagan biḋ#

    Gentleness is better than violent anger..
    Compromising is better than going to law.
    A small house and a plentiful store
    Are better than a large house and little food.

2.

    #Iomad gloir ag neaċ#
    #to ḃeir sin neiṁċion ara ċeill#
    #deineann duine le hiomad gloir#
    #Spaidean don ċoir fein#

    Too much talkativeness in a man
    Brings his good sense into disrepute;
    Because a man by a superfluity of words
    Only detracts from the force of truth.

3.

    #ni troimede an loċ an eala#
    #ni troimede an t'eaċ a srian#
    #ni troimede an ċaora a holann#
    #'sni troimede an ċolann ciall#

    The lake is not incumbered by the swan,
    The steed is not incumbered by its bridle,
    The sheep is not incumbered by its wool,
    Nor is the body incumbered by good sense.

4.

    #milis glor gaċ fir#
    #ag a mbiḋ cuid agus spreiḋ#
    #Searḃ glor an te ḃios loinin#
    #bunoscionn do laḃrann se#

    Sweet is the voice of every man
    Who possesses means and affluence;
    But harsh is the voice of the indigent man;
    His language seems topsy-turvy.

5.

    #naċ buaiḋearṫa ḃid na daoine ar uireasbaiḋ loin#
    #'san uaiġ da lionaḋ dioḃ go memic san lo#
    #ni luaiṫe ton ċill an fioṫal fuiriḋṫe dereoil#
    #na an luaiṫḟear groiḋe no an naoiṫean lemiḃ ḃig oig#

    How much do people sorrow for their want of possessions,
    And the grave meanwhile filled with them often in the day!
    Not sooner to the cemetery goes the emaciated invalid
    Than the robust and brave man, or the now-born infant.

INTERESTING TRIAL.

The following account of an extraordinary criminal trial which took
place in Hertfordshire in the year 1628, we have extracted from
_Reilly's Dublin News Letter_ of the 16th of August 1740. It was
published for the first time in London in the preceding year (1739) by
Dr Rawlinson, who had discovered it among the papers of the eminent
lawyer, Sir John Maynard, formerly one of the Lords Commissioners of
the Great Seal of England.

"The case, or rather history of a case, that happened in the county
of Hertford, I thought good to report here, though it happened in the
fourth year of King Charles the First, that the memory of it may not be
lost by miscarriage of my papers, or otherwise. I wrote the evidence
that was given, which I and others did hear; and I wrote it exactly
according to what was deposed at the trial, at the bar of the King's
Bench, namely,

Johan Norkott, wife of Arthur Norkott, being murdered, the question
was, How she came by her death? The coroner's inquest on view of the
body, and depositions of Mary Norkott, John Okeman, and Agnes his
wife, inclined to find Johan Norkott _felo de se_; for they informed
the coroner and jury that she was found dead in her bed, the knife
sticking in the floor, and her throat cut: That the night before she
went to bed with her child, her husband being absent, and that no other
person after such time as she was gone to bed came into the house,
the examinants lying in the outer room, and they must needs have seen
or known if any stranger had come in. Whereupon the jury gave up to
the coroner their verdict, that she was _felo de se_; but afterwards,
upon rumour among the neighbourhood, and their observation of divers
circumstances, which manifested that she did not, nor, according to
those circumstances, could possibly murder herself, thereupon the jury,
whose verdict was not yet drawn into form by the coroner, desired the
coroner that the body, which was buried, might be taken up out of the
grave, which the coroner assented to; and thirty days after her death,
she was taken up in the presence of the jury and a great number of the
people: whereupon the jury changed their verdict. The persons being
tried at Hertford assizes, were acquitted; but so much against the
evidence, that Judge Hervey let fall his opinion that it were better
an appeal were brought, than so foul a murder escape unpunished. And
Pascha 4 Car., they were tried on the appeal, which was brought by the
young child, against his father, grandmother, and aunt, and her husband
Okeman. And because the evidence was so strange, I took exact and
particular notice, and it was as follows:--

After the manner above mentioned related, an ancient and grave person,
minister to the parish where the fact was committed (being sworn to
give evidence according to custom), deposed, that the body being taken
up out of the grave thirty days after the party's death, and lying on
the grass, and the four defendants present, they were required each of
them to touch the dead body. Okeman's wife fell upon her knees, and
prayed God to show a token of her innocency, or to some such purpose;
her very words I have forgot. The appellees did touch the dead body;
whereupon the brow of the dead, which was before a livid and carrion
colour (that was the verbal expression _interminis_ of the witness),
began to have a dew or gentle sweat arise on it, which increased by
degrees till the sweat ran down in drops on the face; the brow turned
and changed to a lively and fresh colour, and the dead opened one of
her eyes and shut it again; and this opening of the eye was done three
several times. She likewise thrust out the ring or marriage finger
three times, and pulled it in again, and the finger dropped blood from
it on the grass.

Sir Nicholas Hide, Chief Justice, seeming to doubt the evidence, asked
the witness, Who saw this besides you?

Witness--I cannot swear what others saw; but, my Lord, (said he) I do
believe the whole company saw it; and if it had been thought a doubt,
proof would have been made of it, and many would have attested with me.

Then the witness observing some admiration in the auditors, he spoke
further. My Lord, I am minister of the parish, and have long known all
the parties, but never had any occasion of displeasure against any of
them, nor had to do with them, or they with me, but as I was minister.
The thing was wonderful to me; but I have no interest in the matter but
as called upon to testify the truth I have done.

This witness was a very reverend person, and, as I guessed, was
about seventy years of age; his testimony was delivered gravely and
temperately, but to the great admiration of the auditory. Whereupon
applying himself to the Chief Justice, he said:--

My Lord, my brother, here present, is minister of the next parish
adjacent, and I am assured saw all done that I have affirmed.

Therefore that person was also sworn to give evidence, and did depose
in every point--to the sweating of the brow, the change of its colour,
opening of the eye, and the thrice motion of the finger, and drawing
it in again. Only the first witness added, that he himself dipped his
finger in the blood which came from the dead body, to examine it, and
he swore he believed it was blood.

I conferred afterwards with Sir Edmund Powell, barrister-at-law, and
others, who all concurred in the observation. For myself, if I were
upon oath, I can depose that these depositions, especially of the first
witness, are truly reported in substance.

The other evidence was given against the prisoners, namely, the
grandmother of the plaintiff, and against Okeman and his wife; that
they confessed that they lay in the next room to the dead person that
night, and that none came into the house till they found her dead the
next morning; therefore, if she did not murder herself, they must be
the murderers. To that end further proof was made.

First--That she lay in a composed manner in her bed, the bed-clothes
nothing at all disturbed, and her child by her in bed.

Secondly--Her throat cut from ear to ear, and her neck broken; and if
she first cut her throat, she could not break her neck in the bed, nor
_contra_.

Thirdly--There was no blood in the bed, saving there was a tincture of
blood on the bolster whereon her head lay; but no substance of blood at
all.

Fourthly--From the bed's head there was a stream of blood on the floor,
which ran along till it ponded in the bendings of the floor to a very
great quantity; and there was also another stream of blood on the floor
at the bed's feet, which ponded also on the floor to another great
quantity, but no continuance or communication of blood of either of
these two places from one to the other, neither upon the bed; so that
she bled in two places severally. And it was deposed, turning up the
mat of the bed, there were clots of congealed blood in the straw of the
mat underneath.

Fifthly--The bloody knife was found in the morning sticking in the
floor a good distance from the bed; but the point of the knife as it
stuck was towards the bed, and the haft from the bed.

Lastly--There was a print of the thumb and four fingers of the left
hand.

Sir Nicholas Hide, Chief Justice, said to the witness--How can you know
the print of a left hand from the print of a right hand in such a case?

Witness--My Lord, it is hard to describe; but if it please that
honourable judge to put his left hand upon your left hand, you cannot
possibly place your right hand in the same posture. Which being done,
and appearing so, the defendants had time to make their defence, but
gave no evidence to any purpose.

The jury departed from the bar, and, returning, acquitted Okeman, and
found the other three guilty; who being severally demanded what they
could say why judgment should not be pronounced, said, 'Nothing;' but
each of them said, 'I did not do it, I did not do it.'

Judgment was given, and the grandmother and the husband executed; but
the aunt had the privilege to be spared execution, being with child.

I inquired, did they confess any thing at their execution; but they did
not, as I was told."

JACK JOHNSTONE.

The times are sadly changed in Ireland as regards the drama, and the
enjoyments of its lovers, since the days when Jack Johnstone used
to delight his thousands of bearers, in old "Crow street," with his
melodious warblings of Irish melodies, and his never-to-be-equalled
touches of Irish humour and merriment. It can never be questioned
that he was the truest painter of Irish character that ever lived.
There was no trait to be found throughout its extensive range, from
the accomplished gentleman to the unlettered peasant, that he was not
equally master of, and which he did not depict with equal spirit and
vividness; and this always in such a way as to make us pleased with
the picture of ourselves, and acknowledge its truth, while we laughed
at its strange and often ludicrous peculiarities. There was nothing
in Jack Johnstone's personation that Irishmen would ever feel ashamed
of, or that they would not willingly allow to go forth to the world
at large as faithful delineations of their eccentricities and faults,
as well as of their drolleries and virtues; and hence not only is the
memory of this genuine Irish comedian honoured by those of the last
generation, who were his cotemporaries, but his reputation as an actor
has even descended with lustre to our own times. So should it for ever
live; and in this desire of contributing our humble assistance towards
perpetuating his memory, we are induced to present our readers with
a short biographical notice of his career, which we are sure will
not be displeasing to the young, while it will hardly fail to revive
joyous recollections of happy days in the minds of our readers of more
advanced years.

Mr John Henry Johnstone was born at Tipperary in 1750, and was the
son of a small but respectable farmer, having a large family. At the
early age of 18 he enlisted into a regiment of Irish dragoons, then
stationed at Clonmel, commanded by Colonel Brown. Being smitten with
the charms of a neighbouring farmer's daughter, Johnstone used to scale
the barrack-wall after his comrades had retired to their quarters, for
the purpose of serenading his mistress, having a remarkably sweet and
flexible voice. He always returned, however, and was ready at parade
the following morning. He was much esteemed throughout the regiment for
a native lively turn of mind, and peculiarly companionable qualities.
Two of his comrades (who had found out the secret of his nocturnal
visitations) scaled the wall after him, and discovered him on his knee
singing a plaintive Irish ditty beneath the window of his inamorata.
They instantly returned to quarters, and were quickly followed by
Johnstone. The serjeant of the company to which he belonged eventually
became acquainted with the circumstance, but never apprised the colonel
of the fact. Shortly after, Colonel Brown had a party of particular
friends dining with him, whom he was most anxious to entertain: he
inquired what soldier throughout the regiment had the best voice, and
the palm of merit was awarded by the serjeant-major to Johnstone. The
colonel sent for him, and he attended the summons, overwhelmed with
apprehension that his absence from quarters had reached his commander's
ears. He was soon relieved, however, on this point, and attended the
party at the time appointed. The first song he sang was a hunting
one, which obtained much applause, although he laboured under great
trepidation. The colonel said that he had heard he excelled in Irish
melodies, and bade Johnstone sing one of his favourite _love_ songs.
His embarrassment increased at this order; but after taking some
refreshment, he sang the identical ditty with which he had so often
serenaded his mistress, in such a style of pathos, feeling, and taste,
as perfectly enraptured his auditors. Having completely regained his
self-possession, he delighted the company with several other songs,
which all received unqualified approbation.

The next day Colonel Brown sent for him and sounded his inclination
for the stage. Johnstone expressed his wishes favourably on the point,
but hinted the extreme improbability of his success, from want of
experience and musical knowledge. The colonel overcame his objections,
and granted him his discharge, with a highly recommendatory letter to
his particular friend Mr Ryder, then manager of the Dublin theatre, who
engaged Johnstone at two guineas a-week for three years, which, after
his first appearance in Lionel, was immediately raised to four (a high
salary at that time in Dublin). His fame as a vocalist gathered like
a snow-ball, and he performed the whole range of young singing lovers
with pre-eminent eclat.

Our hero next formed a matrimonial alliance with a Miss Poitier,
daughter of Colonel Poitier, who had then the command of the military
depôt at Kilmainham gaol. This lady being highly accomplished, and
possessing a profound knowledge of music, imputed to her husband the
secrets of the science, and made him a finished singer.

Macklin having the highest opinion of Johnstone's talent, advised
him to try the metropolitan boards, and wrote a letter to Mr Thomas
Harris, of Covent-garden, who, on the arrival of Johnstone and his
wife, immediately engaged them for three years, at a weekly salary of
£14, £16, and £18. Johnstone made his first appearance in London on the
3d October, 1783, in his old character of Lionel, and made a complete
hit, fully sustaining the ten years' reputation he had acquired on
the Dublin stage. After remaining several years at Covent-garden, and
finding his voice not improving with time, he formed the admirable
policy of taking to Irish parts, which were then but very inadequately
filled. His success was beyond example; his native humour, rich brogue,
and fine voice for Irish ditties, carried all before him. In fact,
he was the only actor who could personate with the utmost effect
both the patrician and plebeian Irishman. He next performed at the
Haymarket, being one of those who remonstrated with the proprietors
of Covent-garden in 1801, against their new regulations. In 1803,
he visited his friends in Dublin, where martial law being then in
force, on account of Emmett's rebellion, the company performed in the
day-time. On his return to London his wife died, and he afterwards
married Miss Boulton, the daughter of a wine-merchant, by whom he
had Mrs Wallack, who with her children succeeded to the bulk of his
large property. In the records of the stage no actor ever approached
Johnstone in Irish characters. Sir Lucius O'Trigger, Callaghan
O'Brallaghan, Major O'Flaherty, Teague, Tully (the Irish gardener),
and Dennis Brulgruddery, were pourtrayed by him in the most exquisite
colours. In fact, they stood alone for felicity of nature and original
merit.

Mr Johnstone died in his house in Tavistock-street, Covent-garden, on
the 26th December 1829, at the advanced age of seventy-eight years,
and his remains were interred in a vault under the church of St Paul,
Covent-garden, near the eastern angle of the church. His will was
proved in Doctors'-Commons, and probate granted under £12,000 personal
property. Rumour gave Johnstone the credit of being worth £40,000 or
£50,000. He left a gold snuff-box and a ring to each of his executors,
Mr George Robins and Mr O'Reilly: a ring to his friend Mr Jobling, of
the Adelphi; and a ring to Mr Dunn, the treasurer of Drury-lane; and as
the latter gentleman was a staunch disciple of Isaac Walton, Johnstone
left him all his fishing-tackle. To a female servant who nursed him
during the last eight or ten years of his life, he bequeathed an
annuity of £50 a-year. The remainder, with the exception of a legacy
of £500 to Mrs Vining, was left to the children of his daughter, Mrs
Wallack.

AMUSEMENTS--MUSIC.

In every community there _must_ be pleasures, relaxations, and means
of agreeable excitement; and if innocent ones are not furnished,
resort will be had to criminal. Man was made to enjoy as well as to
labour; and the state of society should be adapted to this principle
of human nature. France, especially before the revolution, has been
represented as a singularly temperate country; a fact to be explained,
at least in part, by the constitutional cheerfulness of that people,
and by the prevalence of simple and innocent gratifications, especially
among the peasantry. Men drink to excess very often to shake off
depression, or to satisfy the restless thirst for agreeable excitement,
and those motives are excluded in a cheerful community. A gloomy
state of society, in which there are few innocent recreations, may be
expected to abound in drunkenness, if opportunities are afforded. The
savage drinks to excess because his hours of sobriety are dull and
unvaried; because, in losing the consciousness of his condition and his
existence, he loses little which he wishes to retain. The labouring
classes are most exposed to intemperance, because they have at
present few other pleasurable excitements. A man who, after toil, has
resources of blameless recreation, is less tempted than other men to
seek self-oblivion. He has too many of the pleasures of a man to take
up with those of a brute. Thus the encouragement of simple, innocent
enjoyments, is an important means of temperance.

These remarks show the importance of encouraging the efforts which
have commenced among us, for spreading the accomplishment of music
through our whole community. It is now proposed that this shall be made
a regular branch in our schools; and every friend of the people must
wish success to the experiment. I am not now called to speak of all the
good influences of music, particularly of the strength which it may and
ought to give to the religious sentiment, and to all pure and generous
emotions. Regarded merely as a refined pleasure, it has a favourable
bearing on public morals. Let taste and skill in this beautiful art be
spread among us, and every family will have a new resource. Home will
gain a new attraction. Social intercourse will be more cheerful, and an
innocent public amusement will be furnished to the community. Public
amusements, bringing multitudes together to kindle with one emotion,
to share the same innocent joy, have a humanizing influence; and among
these bonds of society perhaps no one produces so much unmixed good
as music. What a fulness of enjoyment has our Creator placed within
our reach, by surrounding us with an atmosphere which may be shaped
into sweet sounds! And yet this goodness is almost lost upon us,
through want of culture of the organ by which this provision is to be
enjoyed.--_Dr Channing's Address on Temperance._

CHURCHYARDS.--Formerly (says Captain Grose) few persons chose to be
buried on the north side of a church; the original reason was this: in
the times when the Roman Catholic religion prevailed, it was customary,
on seeing the tombstone or grave of a friend or acquaintance, to put
up a prayer for their soul, which was held to be very efficacious.
As the common entrance into most churches was either at the west end
or on the south side of the church, persons buried on the north side
escaped the notice of their friends, and thereby lost the benefit of
their prayers. This becoming a kind of refuse spot, only very poor,
or persons guilty of some offence, were buried there: persons who,
actuated by lunacy, had destroyed themselves, were buried on this side,
and sometimes out of the east and west directions of the other graves.
This is said to be alluded to in Hamlet, where he bids the grave-digger
cut Ophelia's grave straight. The same was observed with respect to
persons who were executed. Observe the yew-tree; in many churchyards
they are of a prodigious size. Some have supposed that yew-trees were
planted in churchyards in order to supply the parish with bow staves,
but more probably it was from the yew being an evergreen, and conveying
an allusion to the immortality of the soul, and therefore considered as
a funereal plant. This reason is likewise given for the use of rosemary
and rue; but, probably, these were carried to prevent any infection
from the open grave on a near approach to the coffin.

ROMANTIC MARRIAGE.--William, the second Viscount Ashbrook, when very
young, and residing with his family in the county of Kilkenny, was
captivated with the beauty of an Irish peasant girl, named Elizabeth
Ridge, who was in the habit of punting a ferry-boat across a stream
in the vicinity of Castle Durrow. The love-sick youth took every
opportunity of enjoying the society of the fascinating water-nymph,
but carefully concealed his passion from his parents. He held at that
time an ensign's commission in a regiment which was quartered in the
neighbourhood, but he was as yet too young to think of matrimony; nor
was the object of his love either old enough, or sufficiently educated,
to become his wife. She had been reared among the Irish peasants,
had been unused to shoes or stockings, was scarcely acquainted with
the English language, and was wholly uninformed in matters of the
world; yet the young ensign fancied, that, notwithstanding these
disadvantages, he could perceive in her an aptitude of mind, and
soundness of intellect, united with great sweetness of temper, in
addition to her personal attractions. Under these circumstances, he
conceived the romantic idea of placing her under the superintendence
of some respectable female, capable of rendering her, through the
influence of education, a suitable associate. The lovely ferry-girl was
accordingly removed to the house of a lady, where our hero, who had
meantime been promoted to the rank of captain, occasionally visited
her, and marked from time to time, with all the enthusiasm of a
romantic lover, her rapid progress in various polite accomplishments.
Elizabeth Ridge remained in this situation for three years, when the
lapse of time, as well as some domestic occurrences, enabled Captain
Flower, in 1766, to reap the reward of his constancy and honourable
conduct. And thus the blushing daughter of the Emerald Isle became
ultimately the Viscountess Ashbrook, and lady of that castle beneath
whose walls her early charms had, like the rays of the rising sun,
beamed for a time unnoticed, only to become more effulgent and more
admired. By the Viscount she had several sons and daughters; among
the former, the present Viscount; among the latter, the mother of the
present Lady Wetherell.

The Irish in the reign of Queen Elizabeth are represented by many as
_quite_ ignorant and barbarous. Read the letters of their chiefs to
the Spaniards in the _Pacata Hibernia_, and judge for yourself.--_Dr
Browne, F.T.C.D._

IRISH VOLUBILITY.--A conversation with a young Irishman, of good
natural abilities (and among no race of men are those abilities more
general), is like a forest walk; in which, while you are delighted
with the healthy fresh air and the green unbroken turf, you must
stop at every twentieth step to extricate yourself from a briar. You
acknowledge that you have been amused, but that you rest willingly, and
that you would rather not take the same walk on the morrow.--_Landor._

No man is free from fear; he is not who says he never feels it; _he
fears_ to be thought a coward; and, whether we tremble before a sword
or a supposition, it is alike fear!

The power of enjoying the harmless and reasonable pleasures of life is
not only essential to a man's happiness, but an indication of several
valuable qualities, both of the heart and the head, which can hardly
exist without it.

 Printed and Published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at the
 Office of the General Advertiser. No 6. Church Lane, College Green,
 Dublin.--Agents:--London: R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, Paternoster
 Row, Manchester: SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, Liverpool: J.
 DAVIES, North John Street, Birmingham: J. DRAKE, Bristol: M. BINGHAM,
 Broad Street, Edinburgh: FRASER and CRAWFORD, George Street, Glasgow:
 DAVID ROBERTSON, Trongate.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Irish Penny Journal Vol. 1 No. 5, by Various

***

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaBook


WE DID IT! I snagged tickets for a June date to visit the Museum of Ice Cream with Scott and Shawna and we had a blast. Many of the installations within the museum were shown off on social media but it was still exciting to get to experience it in person. Tickets were $29/each for adults ($18/each for children), and we spent a solid 2 hours in there; valet is available for $6 or you can street park and we made sure to arrive at least 40 minutes in advance so we could get in line 30 minutes before our entry time. Each room features different interactive or tasty treat experiences which also incorporate local artists and creameries.
Guests are taken in with their time slot group by a greeter, ours was Sydney Strawberry! We were led into a front room with an ornately decorated wall, offered a Dove chocolate and given a run down of the exhibit (what to expect, dos and don'ts) and told that we could spend as much time as we wanted in each exhibit room except for the very last room with the sprinkles pool which would be timed.
After yelling out our favorite ice cream flavor, which I couldn't decide mine so I yelled 'everything!', the door was opened to a pink telephone room. From there we entered a California themed room complete with a VENICE and HOLLYWOOD-style signage/artwork and ice cream from Salt & Straw ice cream.
Next was the much anticipated banana scratch and sniff walls with a swing set leading to a space filled with hanging pink and yellow bananas (not real bananas of course). I turned the corner of a waffle cone covered wall into a mint room where real mint that smelled like cocoa was being grown in garden boxes. This room has my favorite treat, the mint chocolate chip ice cream mochi! From minty chocolate-y freshness we headed to a vibrant, citrus-y room with large colored acrylic dividers and bold wallpaper signage.
A hallway of white washed items led us to the oversized popsicle room, which has these large popsicle structures protruding from the walls and laid all over the floor. Next we entered a color-centric gummy bear room! We were given the choice to answer gummy bear trivia questions or learn a gummy bear dance to earn gummy bears - watch the video to see what we picked! We decided to pass on the charcoal cookie dough cone but checked out the art installation displaying a Greek style statue head laying on its side with an ice cream cone stuck on his eye.
The very last room, and very 'insta-famous' is the sprinkle pool. The room is decked out with a 1920s-like swim/athletic club feel. We were instructed to place our shoes and belongings in lockers and that we would have about 3 minutes in the pool. The sprinkles are little plastic pieces and they get everywhere (it was funny to see them all over the streets surrounding the Museum of Ice Cream building). It was very exciting to get to play in the sprinkles, but it gets cramped in there and you really don't have much time to thoroughly enjoy it if you're trying to take photos.
Our journey ended in a great room where there's an ice cream sandwich swing, gift shop and ping pong table, as well as other ice cream themed artwork displayed along the walls. We received our last treat of a pink pancake ice cream sandwich, which I enjoyed before selecting a souvenir pin to take home. Scott told me his experience was much better than he expected, and we took many fun pictures that I can't wait to share more of with you! Did you visit the Museum of Ice Cream in LA, if not, do you have plans to visit the SF location?


[CONT] Limit Break 4 (This ability is active if you have four or more damage):During your turn, if you have face up card named « Solidify Celestial, Zerachiel » in your damage zone, all of your units with 'Celestial' in its card name get [Power]+3000.
[ACT](VC):[Counter Blast (2) – Cards with « Celestial » in its card name] This unit gets [Power]+5000 until end of turn.
The commanding officer/captain of the Special Medical Team « Lapis Lazuli Celestial » whose members are marked by their blue wings. She hides her six wings in times of peace because they intimidate patients. A gentle, broad-minded woman, she possesses both high levels of leadership and calm judgment that she gained during her time in the garrison, and as a result, she is fully trusted by her team due to both her personality and abilities. She's often seen yelling at her rash vice-captain « Ramiel » who is prone to leaping into things without looking, which her team cites « That behavior is exactly why I have confidence in our captain. ». She's the fair-minded Celestial who stands at the top of the Lapis Lazuli Celestials. It's said that only love and kindness exist in her deep blue eyes that are the same deep blue as her wings.
A Special Medical Team in « Angel Feather » whose members are deeply committed to their work and must have the skills to match that commitment. Those that pass the aptitude test and want to be assigned must discard their old wings during their baptism by the Archangels, gaining new « Lapis Lazuli Wings ». They are sometimes known as the « Reckless Saviors » due to their intense sense of duty that is both inspiring and terrifying.
[AUTO]:[Counter Blast (1)] When this unit is placed on (RC), if you have a «Angel Feather» vanguard, you may pay the cost. If you do, search your deck for up to one «Angel Feather», put it into your damage zone, shuffle your deck, and choose one face up card from your damage zone, and put it into your drop zone.
A member of the Special Medical Team « Lapis Lazuli Celestial » whose members are marked by their blue wings. She possesses access to an Administrator only Magical Device, « The Candle » that is incapable of going out unless the controller wishes it to, which is capable removing fear and anxiety from anyone who sees it. She always carries a small candlestick with a bit of flame borrowed from the original « Candle », so that when the troops are dispatched to a location, she can show patients the flame, lending its divine protection to them. It's a tiny light that no matter when, makes sure hope carries on and keeps despair at bay. Those drawn to the flame gather and respond by turning it into an enormous flame by walking the same path together. The little hope she brings to those she visits becomes a blazing bonfire that leads them to even greater hopes and dreams.
[AUTO]:[Choose another of your «Megacolony» rear-guards, and put it into your soul] When this unit is placed on (VC) or (RC), if you have a «Megacolony» vanguard, you may pay the cost. If you do, choose one of your opponent's rear-guards, and that unit cannot [Stand] during your opponent's next stand phase.
A new model of Machine Insect who has had its emotional programming amplify the emotions of brutality and of being strong. Its concept is that of a long-lasting soldier that rampages through the enemy and their bases for the sole purpose of creating unnatural mass confusion and mayhem. Because its already hard exoskeleton has been reinforced with even stronger armor, it is even sturdier than any of the small Machine Insects. Also, even if its limbs and head are detached from its main body, they can act independently for at least an hour. Machining Insects are mechanical soldiers that surpass other machines. However, since it's just a machine, actions other than what it has been programmed to do never occur to it. Bribing and begging with it are meaningless. Should you come across it, it'll attack you without question, so the only way to win is to completely destroy it. There is no other way to survive.
The generic term for mechanical insects created by the scientists of the criminal organization « Megacolony » by enhancing and improving their fellow insects through super science. Many of those who have been subjected to the surgical enhancements have had their destructive tendencies amplified, and many are recorded to have far more aggressive and destructive personalities than before. Because the research subjects after the first batch are heavily controlled and monitored, what kind of research and studies are done now are completely unknown.
[AUTO](VC/RC):[Counter Blast (2)] When this unit attacks, if you have a «Genesis» vanguard, you may pay the cost. If you do, this unit get [Power]+5000 until end of that battle.
A witch of « Genesis » who controls the « Crimson Water ». The « Crimson Water » she uses is a sacred magical water only Crimson Sorcerers can make. These alchemists are capable of transforming anything in nature via special methods and intense focus and prayer. Because the amount of magic required to maintain the transformation of more complex materials increases with the complexity, this power isn't very useful for transforming solids, but combined with magic of the four elements (Wind, Water, Earth and Fire), it can be used to show almost omnipotent offense and defense. She is particularly good at combat that includes Fire Magic, often using the « Crimson Water » as a catalyst for her bigger spells. No two Crimson Sorcerers can use it the same way, but it's said that even a small vial of this water is so volatile that it can burn an entire mountain clean, making it extremely useful.
– Chaque carte est imprimée dans une rareté RRR, à l'exception de 12 cartes SP.
[AUTO](VC):[Counter Blast (1) – Cards with « Eradicator » in its card name] When this unit's attack hits a vanguard, you may pay the cost. If you do, your opponent chooses one of his or her rear-guards, and retires it.
An Eradicator of Narukami whose silhouette looks like he's covered in blades. His entire body is filled with organs that store and release electricity, the effects of which have been pushed to the limits via new kinds of surgical equipment and arms. He stores lightning via the horns and spikes all over his armor, and releases all of the absorbed energy at once through the horn at the top of their head. « Radiate Spark » is a technique that launches a super vast wave of lightning from itself that only Thunder Dragons and the warriors of « Narukami » can resist, any one other than them will fall flat to the ground and lose control of their bodies. Changing the swirling thunderclouds and distant thunder and lightning into its own power via its crimson thunder horns, it strikes down all those who exist that do not love thunder and lightning.
A knight of the Azure Falcon Corps of the Gold Paladins that specializes in aerial combat. It's said the « Energy Booster » he wears is a simplified model of the « Aura Booster » developed by the « White Hare Corps », and has been decided to be a mass-produced piece of equipment for the Azure Falcon Corps. The output is inferior to the original model, but maneuverability has been incredibly improved, and it's said those who can use it best are knights who have been using it since the beginning. It is said the jet trails of their booster shines like azure and that when they fly across the sky in unison, it looks like a meteor shower. A flock of Azure Falcons is quicker and more agile than anything else the sky, cutting across the sky and battlefield. They cut through to pave the way for their allies to follow.
One of the 7 divisions of the Gold Paladins that use one of the Seven Sacred Beasts that protect the Sanctuary as their emblem and symbol. The Azure Falcon Corps is the only Corps that specializes in aerial combat, including dogfights. By lowering their defenses, they have specialized in the areas of speed and attack.
Bonjour à tous ! La déferlante du mois est un cataclysme de feu ! Faites place aux Seal Dragons !
Hello everyone ! Today's storm is a fire cataclysm ! Behold before the Seal Dragons !
[AUTO]:[Counter Blast (2)] When this unit is placed on (VC), you may pay the cost. If you do, choose an opponent's rear-guard, and retire it.
[AUTO]:[Counter Blast (2)] When this unit is placed on (RC), if you have a «Royal Paladin» vanguard, you may pay the cost. If you do, choose an opponent's grade 2 or greater rear-guard, and retire it.
[AUTO](RC):When this unit boosts a card named « Blaster Blade », the boosted unit gets [Power]+4000 until end of that battle.
[AUTO](VC/RC): [Soul Blast (1)] When this Unit attacks, and you have a « Kagero » Vanguard, you may pay the cost. If so, during that turn, this Unit gains +3000 Power.
[AUTO](VC/RC): [Soul Blast (1)] When this Unit attacks, and you have a « Royal Paladin » Vanguard, you may pay the cost. If so, during that turn, this Unit gains +3000 Power.
AUTO: When this unit is placed on Vanguard Circle, choose up to one card named « Blaster Blade » from your soul, and call it to Rear-guard Circle.
[AUTO](VC) Limit Break 4 (This ability is active if you have four or more damage):When this unit attacks a vanguard, choose up to three cards with « PR♥ISM » in its card name from your hand, you may call them to separate open (RC), and if three cards were called, this unit gets [Power]+10000/[Critical]+1 until end of that battle.
[AUTO](RC):[Soul Blast (1)] When this unit boosts a unit named PR♥ISM-P Labrador, you may pay the cost. If you do, the boosted unit gets [Power]+5000 until end of that battle.
A part of the Idol Group « PR♥ISM », of the five teams, PR♥ISM-Promise happens to be the rising stars garnering attention. There's Celt who is an extraordinary actor, Labrador who's the charismatic and extremely pretty leader, and Leyte whose voices spreads like a wave. Due to the incredible potential of each member, they're a team who can go above and beyond the call of what's expected, no matter the genre of work. Initially the extremely prideful Leyte was incapable of working with her team, that resulted in a crisis that would of dissolved them, but she ultimately reconciled with the others due to a certain event. Due to coming together, Team Promise's popularity has continued to rise unopposed, resulting in them winning the title of PR♥ISM No.1. During an event Promise is at, Labrador always recites the following message. She always says them with a smile, as the audience smiles back at her.
One of the Groups that the Idols of « Bermuda △ » belong to. Considered an oddity for being a 16 member Super Group, its founding is considered a topic of discussion. The group consists of 5 Teams: Promise, Romance, Image, Smile and Miracle. It is said that the group's name is PR♥ISM because when the group was conceived at the time of auditions, the premise was « Shining with every possibility ».


text:
Q: Cutting the bottom side of a circle // #include loads up library files, the order can matter
// generally load glut.h last
#include <stdio.h> // this library is for standard input and output
#include "glut.h"// this library is for glut the OpenGL Utility Toolkit
#include <math.h>

// this is the initialisation function, called once only
void init() {
    glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); // set what colour you want the background to be
    glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); // set the matrix mode, we will look at this later
                             // set the projection window size in x an y.
    gluOrtho2D(0.0, 500, 0.0, 500.0);
}

// this is the display function it is called when ever you want to draw something
// all drawing should be called form here
void circle() {
    // draw circle
    float theta;
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); // clear the screen using the background colour
    glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
    glColor3f(1.0, 0.0, 0.0); // set colour to red
    for (int i = 0; i < 320; i++) {
        theta = i * 3.142 / 180;
        glVertex2f(190 + 50 * cos(theta), 250 + 70 * sin(theta));
    }
    glEnd();
    glFlush(); // force all drawing to finish
}

// this has the effect of repeatedly calling the display function
void display() {
    circle();
}

// as with many programming languages the main() function is the entry point for execution of the program
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
    glutInit(&argc, argv); //perform the GLUT initialization
    glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB); // more initialisation
    glutInitWindowSize(800, 600); // set window position
    glutInitWindowPosition(0, 0); // set window size
    glutCreateWindow("Circle"); // create a display with a given caption for the title bar
    init(); // call init function defined above
    glutDisplayFunc(display); // define what function to call to draw
                       // the last function in the program puts the program into infinite loop
    glutMainLoop();
    // this line exits the program
    return 0;
}

I've added comments so you can understand my code. The code creates a big red circle, and cuts the bottom right side of the circle, but I want to the cut only the bottom side. How can I achieve this? I would really appreciate the help.
Like this:

A: If you want to cut a circle by a Secant line, then you have to define an start angle and an end angle and to specify the vertex coordinates form the point on the circle with the start angle to the point with the end angle.
A Full angle has 360 degrees (2*PI radians). The bottom (south) has an angle of -90 degrees.
If you want to cut a part at the bottom of the circle, then the start and the end angle can be calculated like this:
int cutsegment = 45;
int start = -90 + cutsegment / 2;
int end   = 270 - cutsegment / 2;

for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {
    theta = i * 3.142 / 180;
    glVertex2f(190 + 50 * cos(theta), 250 + 70 * sin(theta));
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


【课程介绍】Data scientists/engineer/analyst build information platform to provide deep insight and answer previously unimaginable questions. Spark and Hadoop are transforming how data scientists/engineer/analyst works by allowing interactive and integrative data analysis at scale.
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You will learn what data scientists/engineer/analyst do, the problems they solve, the tools and techniques they use. Through in-class simulations, participates apply data analysis methods to real-world challenges in different industries and, ultimately, prepare for big data application development and big data analyst roles in the field.
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text:
Aston Martin Thrill
5 laps covered
12 miles covered
James Bonds car of choice!
Get ready to drive the race inspired Aston Martin V8 Vantage N430.
Drive the fantastic Aston Martin V8 Vantage N430
Experience the fastest circuit in the UK
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Our senior ARDS Race Instructor will give a full briefing detailing the important information you need to know before getting behind the wheel and heading out on track; circuit layout, racing line, turn in, apex, exit, braking, throttle control, driving Position, steering, pedal control, gear change, understanding paddle shift, overtaking and flag signals. As part of the briefing we have a unique CGI sequence which shows how a vehicle reacts to the inputs made by the driver including; chassis dynamics, weight transfer, oversteer and understeer.
Instructor Demonstration
2 laps
Our advanced ARDS qualified race instructors will help guests learn the circuit and get the most out of their driving experience and enjoy their time on track
Guest drives the Aston Martin V8 Vantage N430
Why are Aston Martin's so popular? It's simple, they're beautiful to look at, brilliant to drive and James Bond has got one! This model is the Vantage N430. Inspired by Aston Martin's rich racing pedigree, the N430 is the most dramatic version of the Aston Martin Vantage ever
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Aston Martin N430 V8 Vantage
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Cars with In-Car Recording
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Tiff Needell highlights why a driving experience at Thruxton offers more than other venues.
This experience can be purchased as an open gift voucher valid for 1 year from the date of purchase.
This experience operates from Thruxton Circuit in Hampshire.
We operate on selected weekdays and Saturdays. Please note: there is a £12 premium if you choose to book on a Saturday, payable when a date is booked
Drivers must hold a full drivers licence.
On the day drivers must wear clothes that cover their arms and legs
Helmets, race boots and gloves are provided
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Drive and ride in over £800,000 worth of machinery on the fastest track in the UK.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: What is a commutator I've read wikipedia, tried examples ($S_3$ stuff) but I cannot understand why they are called "commutators" or what the set of them is.
Why is the set of commutators called "commutator subgroup"? (I read this one among other, I have done reading even I don't link all the tabs!)
It's in Lang's Undergraduate Algebra - page 35, question 10 part b. It's in A Book of Abstract Algebra by Pinter (page 152), but I still have no idea what this is.
My goal is to show that if $H$ is a subgroup of $G$ that contains all the commutators that $G/H$ is Abelian - please don't do this for me. I'm stuck with trying to work out what H is not the question.
See... if the result is true ($G/H$ being Abelian) then H is the set of things that don't commute because I'm factoring them out with the quotient operation. The identity of H will be left in the result (necessarily) thus the commutators that = the identity (ie the things that actually commute) are left in the group.
So is this set of commutators $=\{x|x=aba^{-1}b^{-1}, \forall a,b\in G\}$ the reason I need this clarified is because then an Abelian group only has one commutator, the identity.
Also the commutators don't actually commute! For example $(1,3)$ and $(1,3)(1,2)$ in $S_3$. Have I actually got the definition and the name has just confused me? Also both books say "a commutator of G is an element of the form" but there might only be one (for an Abelian one)
Could someone clarify please?
Oh group generated means "the union of all the groups generated by each element of the set, generated as in $<g>=\{e,g,g^2....\}$"

A: If $a,b\in G$ then $ab=ba$ is equivalent to $aba^{-1}b^{-1}=e$ and so the commutator of $a$ and $b$ is a measure of the failure of $a$ and $b$ commuting with each other. However, as a measure alone, it is somewhat binary: either group elements commute or they don't.
There are two ways we can quantify this measure. The first is by looking at (subgroups of) the symmetric group. Then, instead of asking if $a$ and $b$ commute, we can ask how many elements are moved around by their commutator.
The second way is to look at the commutator subgroup as a measure of how noncommutative a group is. A group is commutative if it has a trivial commutator subgroup (and highly noncommutative if the commutator subgroup is the entire group). But we can then ask if the commutator subgroup is abelian. And if not, if it's commutator subgroup is abelian. And we can repeat the process of taking commutator subgroups many times and ask if we ever find the trivial group, and if so, how many times does it take?  And if not, how many times does it take before we keep on getting the same group repeating itself?  This gives the notion of solvable groups and their degree of sol ability. A similar notion gives nilpotent groups and their degree of nilpotency. Both are measures of how close to abelian our groups actually are.

A: I don't like this talk of "measuring the failure" of commutativity.  (Admittedly, that is just my preference, but I don't see any natural notion of measurement here.)
I like to think of group elements by their actions, and a commutator $c$ for elements $a$ and $b$ is a thing $c$:
$$
  ab = c\cdot ba
$$
That is, $c$ is the group action that makes $b$ and $a$ commute.  Of course, if $a$ and $b$ commute naturally, either because the group is commutative, or they just happen to commute, then $ab = ba$ and $c = e$.

A: We call it commutator, because it shows us the operation in the group is "how far" from commutativity.
Let $(G,\cdot)$ be a group. For all $g,h \in G$ we have $[g,h]=g^{-1}h^{-1}gh=e$ if and only if the group $(G,\cdot)$ is commutative.