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China and India Ahead in Global Alcohol Consumption, Says Study
In 2017, it has been observed that a higher percentage of adults between the average age group of 15 years and above records alcohol consumption in Europe and North America.
By Joydeep Dasgupta
There is a 10% percent increase in the global alcohol consumption since 1990 and it is because of the increasing drinking habits in China and India. The number is increasing and soon going to reach more than 17 percent in the coming decade, says the study, recently published in The Lancet.
This means by 2030 half of all adult population across the world will indulge in drinking alcohol and nearly a quarter of adults will indulge in excessive drinking atleast once in a month. The projection is based on the research covering 189 countries.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a goal, to reduce 10 percent of 'harmful alcohol use' by 2025. According to WHO, alcohol is linked to more than 200 diseases and accounts for more than three million deaths every year, 75 percent of them are men.
According to WHO, some 237 million men and 46 million women suffer from alcohol-related disorders across the world, with record highest rates in Europe (15 and 3.5 percent, men and women respectively) and North America (11.5 and 5 percent). In the world, only 14 percent of men and 29 percent of women never drank.
Jakob Manthey, who is the lead author of the study and an independent researcher associated with the Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy in Dresden in Germany says, "Before 1990, most alcohol was consumed in high-income countries, with the highest use levels recorded in Europe. However, this pattern has changed substantially, with large reductions across Eastern Europe and vast increases in several middle-income countries such as China, India, and Vietnam".
According to a 2017 figure, in the United States, men and women consume 15 and 4.5 litres of alcohol respectively, while in China, men drank more than 11 litres of alcohol whereas women drank an average of over 7 litres.
In India, meanwhile, a small percentage of the population that is 40 and 22 percent of men and women drank alcohol respectively on an average, which is less than six litres of pure alcohol, but the figure is double in comparison to the record of 1990. The researchers also alert, an additional 50 percent increase in the number of alcohol consumers in India by 2030.
In the concluding remark, the authors of the study have called for more aggressive countermeasures such as a ban on advertising and higher taxes on alcohol as they wrote, "The world is not on track to achieve global targets to reduce harmful alcohol use".
Now, we must say that the time has come to check alcohol consumption by implementing the measures and policies by respective governments across the world and stop this growing habit of alcoholism, otherwise, the world is soon going to turn into a planet full of drunkards or maybe a planet without humans.
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Collier Soil and Water Conservation District Meets on Marco
By Don Manley
Supervisor Clarence Tears (right) speaks as his fellow supervisors listen in at the November meeting of the Collier Soil and Water Conservation District Board of Supervisors. Photo by Don Manley
The Collier Soil and Water Conservation District's odyssey since its Immokalee Road headquarters was severely damaged in Hurricane Irma continues, forcing the agency's board of directors to utilize a variety of locations for its monthly meetings.
Recently, the CSWCD's board of supervisors held its November gathering in a conference room at Marco Island City Hall. In attendance were supervisors Jim Lang and Nancy Richie of Marco and Clarence Tears, along with board chairman Dennis Vasey. They were joined by the agency's Agricultural Mobile Irrigation Lab (MIL) supervisor-district administrator, Mark Siverling, the urban MIL supervisor, James "Nik" Nikolich, and agricultural MIL technician Paul Hayden.
Lang reported that the removal of hurricane debris in Collier has been successful for the most part, although some problem areas still exist, such as in the Golden Gate area. He expressed concern that with the summer rainy season's end the debris "could become a tinderbox" as it dries, so it's important that people be aware of the danger and take proper precautions.
Tears said he will send a letter to the chiefs of the county's fire districts and its municipal fire departments to alert them to this fact so that word can be spread to the general public.
Also in attendance was Howard Harrison, district conservationist for the United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, who said he will be meeting with Collier officials to discuss debris removal, the clearing of canals and other matters.
Harrison also said that Lake Okeechobee's water level remains extremely high, but, "There's no place for all this water to go" because southern Florida's rainfall total is 42 percent above normal this year "and it all came within a three-month period."
Nikolich gave a report on the CSWCD home irrigation education program's community outreach.
The program utilizes the Mobile Irrigation Labs to evaluate residential irrigation systems and their operation, as a free, non-regulatory service to homeowners who request it. Efficiently operating irrigation systems conserve water, save money and protect water quality.
Nikolich said the program has been used on Marco, including on city property, and that along with "xeriscaping," landscaping that requires little or no irrigation or other maintenance, it has been effective in saving a significant amount of money.
It will be nine to 12 months before the CSWCD can return to its headquarters building. Until then, the board will continue meeting at a revolving series of locations. The next meeting will be held in December at the Golden Gate Community Center.
For more information about the Collier Soil and Water Conservation District, its programs, including the mobile irrigation education program, and the agency's meeting schedule, visit collierswcd.org or call 239-455-4100.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Nick Jones, Senior producer
Published: February 19, 2020, 3:41 PM
Updated: March 5, 2021, 2:53 PM
Tags: JaxBest Shopping
Vote 2023: News4JAX hosts mayoral debate at Jacksonville University
Best local boutique: Jaffi's
Published: February 19, 2020, 3:41 PM Updated: March 5, 2021, 2:53 PM
JACKSONVILLE, Fla – Jaffi's, a women's boutique offering the "freshest of what each season has to offer," is the JaxBest choice for best local boutique!
Located in the heart of the Beaches Town Center, Jaffi's has been helping people in the beaches find their style since 2001. It's a women's clothing boutique that offers a hand-selected collection of clothing from boutiques like Joie, JBrand, Hard Tail and Splendid and Cosabella to name a few.
RELATED: 2019 JaxBest Winners Guide
Whether you're looking for a new wardrobe or you're just looking for that one piece to spruce up your daily uniform, Jaffi's has a wide range of merchandise that's unmatched by other boutiques.
Check out the website to take a closer look at its wares!
Nick Jones
Lifetime Jacksonville resident & broadcast news producer who's been reporting & writing for nearly a decade here at The Local Station.


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All Trent Furniture Sarah Gechie Robert Price
Posted By: Trent Furniture Date: 26/11/2015 Time: 0:00:00 Tips & Advice
Transform your clubhouse with new golf club furniture…
With a growing demand for space more and more golf clubs are looking to diversify their offering and facilities, making themselves more dynamic and moving towards self-sustaining models. Their success proves that you don't have to love golf to love the clubhouse.
Creating an adaptable space opens your doors to a whole new range of customers and helps to diversify revenue streams. One such club that is reaping the benefit of reinvestment and refurbishment is Sandy Lodge Club in Middlesex.
The North West London club has never been reluctant to make improvements both on and off the course and its forward-thinking approach has since been rewarded. The improvement to facilities has enhanced the overall reputation of the club and has surely contributed to its recent successes; in 2014 it was chosen to host the English Senior Women's Championship and this year it was selected as a Regional Open qualifying venue until 2019.
The clubhouse added a larger kitchen, dining room and bar in 1997 which gave them a solid platform for further development. Major renovation and redecoration followed in 2007 with new curtains, carpets, lighting and golf club furniture with input from refurbishment experts Trent Furniture. With more options and a new feel the Clubhouse is now available for hire by non-members as well as members.
With room to stage weddings the club now offers a full range of reception packages accommodating up to 120 seated guests, the added flexibility in seating options alone has opened new avenues for them. Similar functions including meetings and small conferences are catered for as well as everything from small informal private lunch parties to full formal receptions.
Clive Bailey, the general manager of Sandy Lodge, said: 'Prior to the enlargement, Sandy Lodge clubhouse was typical of a private members' club. The work made us much more flexible and functional giving us additional space where we could hold functions without impacting on members' enjoyment of the club.'
They now have the capabilities for corporate seminar, training sessions and offsite meeting facilities, attracting groups from a variety of industries that are looking for presentation and training rooms. The laid back feel of the lounge allows players and non-members alike to enjoy tea, coffee or a drink from the bar after a round of golf or a meal.
Bailey went on to add: 'It is important to rely on experts' opinion because they are able to provide advice on function as well as style.' Buoyed by the positive response to their redecorations, further improvements are on the horizon to keep pace with an ever-growing and changing industry.
Read the original article from Golf Club Magazine here.


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Home Reports Appeal Court Okays APC Candidates' Participation in Zamfara Elections
Appeal Court Okays APC Candidates' Participation in Zamfara Elections
The Court of Appeal, Abuja Division Thursday night upturned the decision of the Abuja Division of the Federal High Court which barred the All Progressives Congress (APC) from fielding candidates in the forthcoming general elections in Zamfara state.
Justice Abdul Aboki who led a 3 man Panel of Justices of the Court of Appeal held that the trial judge, Justice Ijeoma Ojukwu, of the Federal High Court lacked the requisite jurisdiction to entertain the suit in the first place since the suit was filed outside the 14 days required by law.
Justice Ojukwu in a Judgment delivered on January 25, affirmed the decision of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to exclude APC's candidates in Zamfara State from the general election on the grounds that the party in Zamfara State failed to conduct primary election for the selection of its candidates for various elective positions in the general election.
In the suit marked FHC/ABJ/CS/12791/2018, Justice Ojukwu, held that INEC acted within its powers by refusing to accept the list of APC candidates for the 2019 general elections.
But the appellate court however in its Judgment Thursday set aside the Judgment Justice Ojukwu, describing it as an abuse of court process.
According to Justice Aboki, for the fact that the suit at the Federal High Court was filed 15 days after the cause of action had arisen rendered it incompetent.
The appellate court subsequently set aside the order of the lower court barring APC in Zamfara State from participating in the 2019 general elections.
Justice Ojukwu had in her Judgment held that it was not the fault of INEC that the APC failed to conduct a valid primary within the period scheduled by the electoral body.
According to her, the decision of the electoral umpire was intended to curb impunity among political parties and politicians and also ensure that they abide by the rule of law in their conduct.
The suit was filed by some APC members, who said they emerged from a consensus arrangement adopted by the party in Zamfara State.
INEC had in September 2018 barred APC from fielding candidates for the elections over 'failure to hold credible primary elections'.
In a letter to the APC leadership, INEC had said, "Based on the provision of Section 87 and 31 of the Electoral Act 2010 as amended, the commission does not expect that your party will submit names of any candidate from Zamfara State.
"For clarity, our position, therefore, is that the APC will not be fielding candidates for the governorship, National Assembly and state Assembly elections."
National chairman of the APC Adams Oshiomhole, thereafter, accused INEC of bias.
But, a state High Court sitting in Gusau, in October, issued an interim order restraining INEC from disqualifying the APC from fielding candidates for the 2019 elections.
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Do you know someone who is highly proficient in the DIY department?
With it's metal claw hammer head and sturdy wooden handle this hammer is the the perfect tool for any lover of DIY.
Personalised with the recipients name followed by the words "DIY Expert" and a year of choice this hammer will make the perfect birthday gift, fathers day gift or for a builder reaching a special mile stone.


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Suspense grows at border over future of US asylum rules
By Morgan Lee, Giovanna Dell'Orto and Rebecca Santana
Updated 9:31AM
A Border Patrol agent directs migrants as they walk around a border wall fence after they walked across the Rio Grande river into El Paso, Texas, on December 18, 2022. (PATRICK T. FALLON/AFP via Getty Images)
EL PASO, Texas - Suspense mounted at the U.S. border with Mexico on Tuesday about the future of restrictions on asylum-seekers as the Supreme Court issued a temporary order to keep pandemic-era limits on migrants in place.
Conservative-leaning states won a reprieve — though it could be brief — as they push to maintain a measure that allows officials to expel many but not all asylum-seekers. In a last-ditch written appeal to the Supreme Court, they argued that an increased numbers of migrants would take a toll on public services such as law enforcement and health care and warned of an "unprecedented calamity" at the southern border.
Chief Justice John Roberts granted a stay pending further order, asking the administration of President Joe Biden to respond by 5 p.m. Tuesday. That's just hours before restrictions are slated to expire on Wednesday.
RELATED: Supreme Court temporarily blocks order to end Title 42
The Department of Homeland Security, which is responsible for enforcing border security, acknowledged Roberts' order — and also said the agency would continue "preparations to manage the border in a safe, orderly, and humane way when the Title 42 public health order lifts."
Migrants have been denied rights to seek asylum under U.S. and international law 2.5 million times since March 2020 on grounds of preventing the spread of COVID-19 under a public-health rule called Title 42.
The decision on what comes next is going down to the wire, as pressure builds in communities along both sides of the southwestern U.S. border.
In El Paso, Democratic Mayor Oscar Leeser warned Monday that shelters across the border in Ciudad Juárez are packed to capacity with an estimated 20,000 migrants who are prepared to cross into the U.S.
RELATED: Will immigration surge as asylum rule ends?
Despite the court stay Monday, the City of El Paso rushed to expand its ability to accommodate more migrants by converting large buildings into shelters, as the Red Cross brings in 10,000 cots.
Local officials also say they hope to relieve pressure on local shelters by chartering buses to other large cities in Texas or nearby states, bringing migrants a step closer to relatives and sponsors in coordination with nonprofit groups.
"We will continue to be prepared for whatever is coming through," Leeser said.
At a church-affiliated shelter a few blocks from the border, migrants including women and children lined up in the early afternoon Monday in hopes of securing a bed for the night, accepting donations of food from a succession of cars bearing gifts. Police and municipal garbage workers arrived to removed abandoned blankets and discarded possessions.
RELATED: 'Remain in Mexico': Federal judge blocks Biden bid to end Trump-era policy
Jose Natera, a 48-year-old handyman from the Venezuelan town of Guaicaipuro, said he traveled for three months to reach El Paso, sometimes on foot, with no money or sponsors to take him further.
"I have to stop here until I can get a ticket" out, he said.
El Paso residents Roberto Lujan and Daniela Centeno handed out fruit, Hostess cakes, soda and chips to throngs at a street corner.
"I have to do it," said Lujan, a 39-year-old construction worker. "I have kids and I know the struggle."
RELATED: Top Biden immigration official resigns amid record border crossings
Conservative-leaning states have argued that lifting Title 42 will lead to a surge of migrants into their states and take a toll on government services like health care or law enforcement. They also charge that the federal government has no plan to deal with an increase in migrants — while in Washington, Republicans are set to take control of the House and make immigration a key issue.
Biden administration officials said they have marshaled more resources to the southern border in preparation for the end of Title 42. That includes more border patrol processing coordinators, more surveillance and increased security at ports of entry.
About 23,000 agents are currently deployed to the southern border, according to the White House.
Immigration advocates have said that the Title 42 restrictions, imposed under provisions of a 1944 health law, go against American and international obligations to people fleeing to the U.S. to escape persecution — and that the pretext is outdated as coronavirus treatments improve. They sued to end the use of Title 42; a federal judge in November sided with them and set the December 21 deadline.
Catholic bishop of El Paso, Mark Seitz, expressed concern Monday that the stay would keep migrants who have no choice but to flee their home from even making the case for protection in the U.S., after years of pent-up need.
"What happens now with all those on their way?" he said.
Title 42 restrictions have applied to all nationalities but have fallen disproportionately on those from countries that Mexico has agreed to take back: Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and, more recently Venezuela, in addition to Mexico.
Juan Lozano contributed from Houston.
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Has Frozen gone to the goats?
According to the YouTube video post Peppa Lass is commanding the snow to go away. Maybe she needs an act of True Love.
Apparently Peppa also likes to play Anna from Frozen and Barbie too. Too cute or too much?


This year's winter competition is for poetry on any subject. There are no style or length restrictions but it should be stressed that a short poem is just as likely to be selected as a longer one. Entries received after this time will be discarded. All entries are judged anonymously so please do not put any identifying features on the poems. Jim Bennett lives near Liverpool in the UK and is the author of 74 books, including books for children, books of poetry and many technical titles on transport and examinations. He has won many awards for his writing and performance including 3 DADAFest awards. He has been nominated for a Pushcart Award on 7 occasions, and shortlisted for the Basil Bunting Award . Jim taught Creative Writing at the University of Liverpool and now tours throughout the year giving readings and performances of his work.
Meredith collects data to deliver the best content, services, and personalized digital ads. We partner with third party advertisers, who may use tracking technologies to collect information about your activity on sites and applications across devices, both on our sites and across the Internet. The two formats will alternate years moving forward, with Project 1 launching this fall. In 2020, venue registration will open in March and artist registration in April. Sign up for our newsletter below to stay in-the-know. We've commissioned five artists to create sculptures, installations, performances, urban interventions and community-oriented projects throughout out city this fall.
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The two formats will alternate years moving forward, with Project 1 launching this fall. In 2020, venue registration will open in March and artist registration in April. Sign up for our newsletter below to stay in-the-know. We've commissioned five artists to create sculptures, installations, performances, urban interventions and community-oriented projects throughout out city this fall. PALM ART AWARD is granted to artists of all visual media, such as painting, graphic art, digital art, photography and sculpture. The juried art competition seeks to attract in particular emerging artists complying with or even redefining standards of art excellence. Prizes and Sponsors for PALM ART AWARD 2018 are described in detail at our prizes page . Hot of the presses and available now! Edited by ART DOMAIN Whois Publisher, Germany . One of the most superb and prestigious artist encyclopedias world wide!
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Efficient time-bin qubit analyzer compatible with multimode optical channels
Jeongwan Jin1 Sascha Agne1 Jean-Philippe Bourgoin1 Yanbao Zhang1 Norbert Lütkenhaus1 Thomas Jennewein1,2 1 Institute for Quantum Computing, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada 2 Quantum Information Science Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
Time-bin encoded photonic qubits are robust against decoherence in birefringent media such as optical fibers J. Brendel 1999 , which has led to many successful quantum communication demonstrations, including a Mach-Zehnder interferometer-based system P. D. Townsend 1993 , plug-and-play quantum key distribution (QKD) A. Muller 1997 ; D. Stuck 2002 , differential phase shift (DPS) K. Inoue 2002 and coherent one-way (COW) D. Stucki 2009 protocols, quantum teleportation I. Marcikic 2003 , and elements of quantum repeaters E. Saglamyurek 2011 . Despite these successes, time-bin encoding is considered impractical for turbulent free-space or multimode fiber channels, because spatial and temporal mode distortions hinder the interference required for analysis of time-bin superposition states. Here we present an efficient time-bin qubit analyzer, assisted by passive relay optics, that matches the spatial mode of the interfering paths. Our system demonstrates interference visibility of 89 %, even for strongly distorted optical input modes emerging from multimode fiber under variable angles of incidence. We measure a high level of entanglement between a time-bin qubit and a separate polarization qubit, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of time-bin based quantum communication over optical multimodal links.
Polarization-encoded photons have been preferred for most quantum communication experiments in free space R. Ursin 2007 ; J. Yin 2012 ; X. -S. Ma 2012 ; S. Nauerth 2013 ; T. Herbst 2014 due to their robustness against atmospheric turbulence D. Hohn 1969 . However, over long distances or when the communicating parties are in motion, it can be challenging to maintain alignment of polarization reference frames. In addition, building polarization preserving optics and telescopes is often difficult and expensive. In particular, active or adaptive optics, utilized to compensate angular fluctuations of the link in real time, may incur unavoidable polarization fluctuations M. Jofre 2012 , leading to practical challenges for polarization-based quantum communications C. Bonato 2006 .
Figure 1: A time-bin qubit analyzer (TQA). a) Schematic diagram of the relay-optics-assisted TQA. Temporal separation between paths is set to 2.0 ns (ΔL=0.6 m). b) Image of the incident single-mode Gaussian beam, taken by a beam profiling camera (WinCamD-UCD12). c) Interference visibility for the single-mode beam with (green circles) and without (black squares) relay optics. Measured visibilities are in good agreement with theoretical prediction of Eq. (1) (dashed black line). d) Image of the incident multimode beam, generated by a 1 m-long step-index multimode fiber (Thorlabs M43L01). e) Interference visibility for the multimode beam with (green circles) and without (black squares) relay optics. Correcting with relay optics not only improves performance at higher AOI but is necessary to enable high interference visibility with a multimode beam. Uncertainties are smaller than symbol size.
Time-bin encoding is an alternative which has many advantages over polarization. Despite this, it has not been implemented for quantum communications over a long-distance free-space channels. This is mainly due to turbulence-induced effects on the wavefront D. L. Fried 1992 and path L. Karl 2006 , which make it difficult to perform interferometric measurements necessary for time-bin state projection onto superposition bases. For instance, Ursin et al. R. Ursin 2007 measured turbulence-induced angle of incidence (AOI) errors of up to 100μrad, in addition to scintillation effects. An even larger contribution may come from telescope pointing errors between communicating parties, which can be as high as ± 1.04 mrad (0.06 ∘) for a moving platform J. -P. Bourgoin 2015 . Most importantly, these angle variances lead to distinguishable paths in unbalanced Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometers, which form the basis for typical time-bin qubit analyzer (TQA) implementations.
We analyze the performance reduction of a TQA with variable AOI, assuming a Michelson interferometer with path difference ΔL, for an incident Gaussian beam with width σ2 incident with an angle α. The angle-dependent interference visibility follows
V(α)=V0e−(ΔL0tan(α)√2σ(1+tan(α)))2, (1)
where V0 denotes the system visibility at zero angle (see Appendix). For σ=1.49 mm and ΔL0=0.60 m, chosen to achieve a clear separation of the time bins given our detector timing jitter and channel-induced dispersion, we expect the visibility to drop to 0.70 for α=1.70 mrad and V0 = 0.91. Furthermore, the relative phase between the two paths is very sensitive to the AOI, with a predicted π–shift per 349 nanorad input angle variation (see Appendix). The relationship Eq. (1) is verified experimentally with a single-mode beam (see Fig. 1(b)), generated by a continuous-wave (CW) laser at 776 nm. As shown in Fig. 1(c), the initial interference visibility of Vsingle0 = 0.91 ± 0.01 decreases rapidly with AOI when no correction optics are implemented, as expected from Eq. (1). Next, the same laser beam is sent through a 1m-long step-index multimode fiber, thereby distorting it into a multimodal beam I. N. Papadopoulos 2012 which mimicks the effect of turbulent atmosphere (Fig. 1(d), see R. Ursin 2007 ; D. L. Fried 1992 for comparison). Despite lengthy and careful alignment we are only able to obtain a maximum visibility of Vmulti0 = 0.16 ± 0.01, which, as shown in Fig. 1(e), drops with AOI. Current solutions to this behavior include spatial-mode filtering using single-mode optical fibers, which, however, discard most of the impinging photons H. Takenaka 2012 . These observations clearly show that, given the expected angular deviations reported for free-space quantum channels, it would be technically very challenging to achieve a reliable, stable and efficient operation of time-bin qubit receiver using standard interferometers.
Figure 2: Experimental setup. The polarization-entangled photon-pair source (EPS) is described in the Appendix. For projection measurements, a 842 nm photon is directed to a polarization-qubit analyzer (PQA), consisting of a quarter-wave plate (QWP), a half-wave plate (HWP), a polarizing beam splitter (PBS), and silicon avalanche photodiodes (Si-APDs) with timing jitter of 600 ps. After reflection at a dichroic mirror (DM), by a flip mirror (FM), a 776 nm photon is sent either to a PQA or a time-bin qubit converter (TQC) followed by a multimode time-bin qubit analyzer (MM-TQA). The purpose of the PQA is to measure reference entanglement visibilities with the source of polarization entanglement, which will be compared to visibilities with polarization-time entanglement. The TQC maps the 776 nm polarization qubit onto a time-bin qubit (see Appendix). For projection measurements, the time-bin qubit, spatially and temporally distorted by a multimode fiber (MMF), is then sent to a MM-TQA whose output is coupled into a MMF before detection by a Si-APD. A polarizer (POL) removes any possible path-dependent polarization distinguishability. All detection signals are sent to a time tagger for data analysis.
These interference challenges are overcome by utilizing relay optics in the long arm of the unbalanced Michelson interferometer, as depicted in Fig. 1(a). Effectively, the relay optics reverse differences in the evolution of the spatial mode over length ΔL in the long arm (see Appendix). With our new TQA design, for a single-mode beam, an interference visibility of Vsingleavg= 0.91 ± 0.01 is obtained, which remains constant as the AOI is varied (see Fig. 1(c)). The improvement is further confirmed by measurements with a multimode beam (Fig. 1(d)) where the high visibility of Vmultiavg=0.89 ± 0.01 (Fig. 1(e)) demonstrates that the interferometer design is robust against highly distorted beams. The measured optical throughput of the interferometer is 0.74 including multimode fiber-coupling efficiency of 0.87, showing that the relay lenses faithfully symmetrize the two paths of the interferometer.
The utility of our interferometer design, as a working TQA for multimodal quantum signals, is demonstrated with the experimental setup depicted in Fig. 2. A source generates polarization-entangled photon pairs centered at 776 nm and 842 nm (see Appendix) with initial entanglement visibilities of Vrefz = 0.979 ± 0.013 and Vrefxy = 0.901 ± 0.012. The 776 nm polarization qubit is converted into a time-bin qubit, resulting in the hybrid state
|ψ⟩=1√2(|H⟩|E⟩+|V⟩|L⟩), (2)
where |H⟩ (|V⟩) and |E⟩ (|L⟩) denotes the quantum state in which the 842 nm photon is in horizontal (vertical) polarization mode and the 776 nm photon in early (late) temporal mode (see Appendix).
The 776 nm photon is sent through a 1 m-long step-index multimode fiber to artificially distort the spatial mode (see Fig. 3(a)) and the temporal mode, with a measured dispersion of about 50 ps, drastically exceeding the photon's coherence time of 3.2 ps D. R. Hamel 2010 , prior to entering our multimode time-bin qubit analyzer (MM-TQA). The output of the interferometer is coupled into a multimode fiber for delivery of the photons to the detector (Si-avalanche photodiode).
Verification of the MM-TQA performance is done by measuring entanglement visibilities between the polarization and time-bin qubits. Each qubit is first projected onto basis states, i.e. |σ±z⟩⟨σ±z|, where |σ+z(−z)⟩ denotes |H(V)⟩ and |E(L)⟩ for a 842 and a 776 nm photon, respectively. The coincidence counts are used to calculate a visibilty, defined as V±z≡(N±z±z−N∓z±z)/(N±z±z+N∓z±z), and the average value of Vz=(V+z+V−z)/2 = 0.952 ± 0.011 is observed. Here, Nij denotes the joint-detection counts between a 842 nm photon projected onto |σi⟩⟨σi| and a 776 nm photon onto |σj⟩⟨σj|, where i, j ∈ {+z, -z} (see Fig. 3(b)).
More important for the MM-TQA operation is the projection of the time-bin qubits onto superposition states, i.e. |σ±ϕ⟩⟨σ±ϕ|, where |σ±ϕ⟩≡1√2(|σ+z⟩±eiϕ|σ−z⟩). To measure the visibility, we vary the relative phase ϕ′ between basis states using motorized wave-plates acting on the polarization qubit. A complete scan of the phase along the xy-plane of the Bloch sphere is performed within 10 seconds, yielding the average visibility Vxy=(V+xy+V−xy)/2 = 0.804 ± 0.006 (see Fig. 3(c)).
Figure 3: Experimental results for entangled photons analyzed with the novel MM-TQA. a) Spatial mode of 776 nm photons before entering the MM-TQA. The image is captured by a Hamamatsu electron multiplier (EM) CCD camera (C9100-13). b) Joint detections for the projection σ±z⊗σ±z as a function of detection-time difference between a 776 nm and a 842 nm photon. c) Joint detections for the projection σ±ϕ′⊗σϕ as a function of phase ϕ′ of a polarization qubit. Visibilities V±xy are obtained from sinusoidal fittings. Single counts remain essentially constant as we scan the phase. d) The measurement b) and c) are repeated for different AOIs. Blue diamonds are obtained from projection measurements along the computational basis (z-axis of Bloch sphere, as seen in (b)) and red circles superposition basis (xy-plane of Bloch sphere, as seen in (c)). Dashed blue and red lines are reference visibilities measured directly with the source of polarization-polarization entanglement. We maintain high entanglement visibility (close to source visibility) despite the high multimode nature of the incoming photons.
Figure 4: Phase stability of MM-TQA Expectation values (green circles) are measured as the AOI is continuously varied from -0.2∘ to +0.2∘ over 20 seconds. The inset shows the expectation value without relay optics as a function of AOI. Due to AOI-induced phase fluctuations, the value rapidly changes with AOI and thus yields an average value of zero (red circle). Measured visibility Vxy=0.80 bounds the value Eϕ. These phase fluctuations are corrected by the relay optics, allowing a near constant expectation value.
The entanglement verification measurements are also carried out for different AOI, demonstrating that the measured visibilities (in Fig. 3(d)) are constant within experimental errors. Due to the coupling geometry of the photons into the multimode detector fiber, the photon-collection efficiency of 0.87 decreases with AOI and drops to zero at ± 0.24 degrees. However, the fact that the interference visibility is essentially invariant to variation of AOI confirms the robustness of our MM-TQA.
Without relay optics, a variance of AOI also introduces phase fluctuations of the time-bin qubit analyzer. For instance, Dixon et al. P. B. Dixon 2009 measured an angular deflection of 400 femtorad using interferometric phase measurements. From our theoretical model, we anticipate 5 π-shift with an AOI of only 1.75 μrad (0.0001∘) (see Appendix). In order to assess the phase stability of our MM-TQA with AOI, we measure expectation values, defined as Eϕ≡(N+ϕ′ϕ−N−ϕ′ϕ)/(N+ϕ′ϕ+N−ϕ′ϕ), for AOIs changing from -0.20∘ to +0.20∘ continuously over 20 seconds. As shown in Fig. 4, the measured E-values remain almost constant within experimental errors, showing that our MM-TQA prevents the AOI-caused phase fluctuations. Moreover, by performing continuous projection measurements over a half an hour, we also test the long-term stability of our passively stabilized MM-TQA and observed the measured E-values change very slowly during the measurement period (see Supplementary Information (SI)). Hence, this MM-TQA could be used for reference-frame-independent (RFI) QKD in which secret keys are extracted under slow drift of measurement bases A. Laing 2010 ; Le P. Thinh 2012 ; P. Zhang 2014 ; W.-Y. Liang 2014 .
The suitability of the multimode TQA for quantum communications is further substantiated by examining a CHSH-Bell inequality J.F. Clauser 1969 from measurements on the hybrid entangled state. We prepare two bases on xz-plane of a Bloch sphere for the polarization qubit, i.e., |σz±x⟩⟨σz±x|. For the time-bin qubit, one basis (|σz⟩⟨σz|) is set deterministically, while the second one (|σx⟩⟨σx|) is made to drift using a heat gun, owing to the absence of active phase control in our current TQA. A search for the maximally achievable CHSH-Bell parameter is performed by scanning the second basis (|σϕ⟩⟨σϕ|) along the xy-plane of the time-bin states. A maximum value of Sexp = 2.42 ± 0.05 is found. This is in good agreement with the predicted parameter Stheo = 2.47 ± 0.02 calculated assuming the state described in Eq. (2) is exposed to noise modeled by an asymmetric depolarization channel (see SI).
A more rigorous verification of entanglement takes practical assumptions into account, including the photon loss in the channel and path-dependent transmission in the MM-TQA. We numerically find minimum visibilities required to detect the presence of entanglement for arbitrary 2 × 3-dimensional quantum system (see SI). Measured visibilities Vz = 0.95 ± 0.02 and Vxy = 0.81 ± 0.02 averaged over various AOIs are well above the obtained classical bound, revealing clear evidence of entanglement (see Fig. 5). Note that the obtained numerical results are valid regardless of the system efficiency and mismatched transmission between the two paths of TQA.
Figure 5: Entanglement verification. Negative Partial Transpose (NPT) criterion A. Peres 1996 ; M. Horodecki 1996 is used to obtain the required entanglement visibilities, certifying the presence of entanglement in arbitrary 2 × 3-dimensional quantum state. Our experimental results for various angles (green circles) are well above the classical bound (black line).
While theoretically V0 ≈ 1, the performance of the current MM-TQA shows about V0 = 0.9, which is expected to be improved considering several approaches. First, the overlap of the spatial modes in the interferometer can be improved with careful custom design and selection of optical elements and optimization of beam diameters. Second, appropriate mode matching optics in both paths will improve the interference quality because of dispersion symmetrization at the expense of increasing complexity of the system.
In conclusion, we demonstrated a novel time-bin qubit analyzer, robust against multimode distortions on the quantum link as expected from turbulence-induced effects, i.e. wavefront distortions and path-delay fluctuations, as well as telescope pointing errors. The main benefit of our analyzer is that it is entirely based on passive optics without any active feedback systems for beam correction. Despite strong spatial and temporal distortions of the incident photon modes, we observe a robust entanglement visibility of 0.80 in the superposition bases which remains constant with variable angles of incidence. At the same time, our MM-TQA has a very high throughput efficiency of 0.74 from input to output, mainly limited by optical surface losses which can be improved. Our results open the door for implementing time-bin based quantum communication experiments over turbulent free-space and multimodal channels such as with moving platforms, including aircraft and satellites, or through non-polarization maintaining windows. Furthermore, as a quantum state receiver, the multimode time-bin qubit analyzer should also be suitable for COW, DPS, and reference-frame-independent QKD protocols.
I Appendix
Analysis of an uncorrected time-bin qubit analyzer. Let us consider an unbalanced Michelson interferometer with long path L1 and short path L2. The path difference for normal incidence is ΔL0=2(L1−L2). Simple ray tracing shows for an incident angle α≠0 the paths through the interferometer change with α according to
ΔL(α) = ΔL02(1cos(α)+1−tan(α)cos(α)+sin(α))
+ δ(α)tan(α−π4),
δ(α)=ΔL0tan(α)1+tan(α)
is the lateral offset between the two rays coming from the short and long arms at the output port of the beam splitter. The angle-dependent path difference affects the photon counts in the phase-dependent basis, as the inset in Fig. 4 shows. The lateral offset reduces the interference visibility, as shown in Fig. 1. We can see this if the incoming ray is replaced by a single-mode Gaussian beam with an amplitude of a and variance σ2. The intensity at the output is then given by
I(δ(α),ϕ)=πa2σ2(1+e−δ(α)22σ2cos(ϕ)),
from which we obtain the visibility in Eq. (1). Here, ϕ denotes the relative phase between the paths.
Principle of relay optics. The relay-lens system, consisting of free space (FS) and lens (L) transmission,
{(1f01)(FS(10−1/f1)(L(12f01)(FS(10−1/f1)(L(1f01)(FS}2=1
can be inserted into the long arm of an unbalanced Michelson interferometer (see Fig. 1(a)) in order to remove the spatial evolution caused by the path-length difference. Here, f denotes the focal length of the lenses. Note that image inversion at mirrors is excluded as this happens in both paths with no effect on the path indistinguishability.
Source of polarization-entangled photons. Light from a 404 nm CW laser with an average power of 6 mW pumps a periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) crystal inside a Sagnac interferometer. This generates polarization entangled photon pairs at 776 nm and 842 nm via type-II SPDC: |ψ⟩=1√2(|HV⟩+|VH⟩), where H(V) denotes horizontal (vertical) polarization. The downconverted photons are spectrally filtered with 12 nm band-pass filters (BPF) and pump photons are removed with long-pass filters (LPFs). The ratio of coincidence-to-single counts is measured to be 0.07.
Time-bin qubit conversion. The 776 nm photon from the polarization-entangled photon pair is sent through a single-mode fiber (SMF) to the time-bin qubit converter (TQC). A polarization controller (FPC) ensures the faithful transmission of the polarization state. At the PBS of the TQC, the photon is either transmitted or reflected into the short or long path, respectively. To ensure both photons leave the interferometer at the desired output port, a quarter-wave plate is inserted in each path. Directly after the interferometer the photon passes through a polarizer (POL) set to an equal superposition between the polarizations. This allows, at the cost of 50 % transmission loss, to erase polarization information for each time-bin state, which completes the map |H⟩↦|L⟩ and |V⟩↦|E⟩ from polarization to time-bin state. The time-bin qubit is then coupled into a SMF with a collection efficiency of 0.67, which gives a total transmission through the TQC of 0.24.
Ii Acknowledgements
The authors thank Jacob Koenig, Rolf Horn, Evan Meyer-Scott, and Patrick Coles for useful discussions, and Martin Laforest for lending us the Hamamatsu EM-CCD camera. We gratefully acknowledge supports through the Office of Naval Research (ONR), the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Ontario Research Fund (ORF), the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), and Industry Canada.
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Iii Supplementary Information
iii.1 A. Estimation of CHSH-Bell parameter
The non-classicality of time-polarization entanglement is bounded with an estimate of the Bell-CHSH inequality violation J.F. Clauser 1969a . Despite the absence of an active phase control, required to set measurement bases for the time-bin qubit deterministically, we search for the maximally obtainable violation by varying the measurement basis. More specifically, we first set the measurement basis for the polarization qubit to A1 ≡ |σz+x⟩⟨σz+x| using wave plates, and slowly and continuously change the path-length difference of the multimode time-bin qubit analyzer (MM-TQA) by externally heating it. This allows us to scan projection measurements for the time-bin qubit in the superposition bases. Fig. 6(a) shows coincidences between a polarization qubit (two detectors, i.e. D1 and D2) and a time-bin qubit (three temporal modes). Detections in the early/late bin (middle bin) corresponds to a projection of the time-bin qubit onto B1 ≡ |σz⟩⟨σz| (B2 ≡ |σϕ⟩⟨σϕ|). Owing to the absence of the second output of the TQA, we consider all possible expectation values E(Ai,Bj) between any two points in time, i.e. t1 and t2 (see Fig. 6(b)), which is defined as
Figure 6: Estimation of the CHSH-Bell parameter. (a) Yellow and light blue lines are coincidences from joint projections σz+x⊗σ+z(early temporal bin), green and orange lines from σz+x⊗σ-z(late temporal bin), and purple and blue lines from σz+x⊗σϕ(middle temporal bin). Black dashed lines are times at which maximal expectation values are extracted. (b) Surface plot of calculated expectation values for the projections in (a). c) Yellow and light blue lines are coincidences from joint projection σz-x⊗σ+z, green and orange lines from σz-x⊗σ-z, and purple and blue lines from σz-x⊗σϕ. Black dashed lines are times at which maximal expectation values are extracted. (d) Surface plot of calculated expectation values for the projection measurements in (c). The Bell-CHSH parameter is calculated using the maximum expectation values. The measurement duration is chosen arbitrarily and yields a violation of the inequality of 2.42 ± 0.05.
E(Ai,Bj) = N++ij+N−−ij−N% +−ij−N−+ijN++ij+% N−−ij+N+−ij+N−+ij, (3)
Here, Nij are the coincidence counts for the projections Ai⊗Bj, where i,j ∈{1,2} and superscript(+,−) denotes two outcomes of the projection measurement. Among all the computed expectation values, we find the absolute maximum expectation value. We then change the measurement basis for the polarization qubit to A2 ≡ |σz-x⟩⟨σz-x| and repeat the procedure. Finally, we compute the CHSH-Bell inequality parameter
S=|E(A1,B1)−E(A1,B2)+E(A2,B1)+E(A2,B2)| (4)
and find the value of Sexp = 2.42 ± 0.05, which is clearly above classical bound S = 2. To see whether this value agrees with the measured visibilities, we model the two-qubit state with noise, described by an asymmetric depolarization channel, on a time-bin qubit. The output state is then described by
ρout=(1−∑j=x,y,zpj)|ψ⟩⟨ψ|+∑j=x,y,zpj(1⊗σj)|ψ⟩⟨ψ|(1⊗σj), (5)
where pj(j=x,y,z) and σj are the depolarization probability and single-qubit Pauli operator along the channel j, respectively. Here, |ψ⟩ denotes the input state, described in Eq. (2) of the main text. Assuming unbiased depolarizations in the superposition bases, i.e. (px=py)≡pxy, we calculate expectation values E(Ai,Bj) = Tr (ρoutAi⊗Bj) for given measurement bases. Using the definition of visibility, we further represent the CHSH-Bell parameter Stheo = √2(Vz+Vxy) as a function of entanglement visibilities. We find Stheo = 2.47 ± 0.02 is in accordance with our measured value Sexp=2.42±0.05.
iii.2 B. Long-term phase stability of the MM-TQA
Our multimode time-bin qubit analyzer is passively stabilized by enclosing it with black hardboard. In order to assess the phase stability of the MM-TQA, we perform joint-projection measurement onto the superposition bases over a half an hour. The time-bin qubit is projected onto a |σϕ⟩⟨σϕ| and the polarization qubit alternatively between |σϕ′⟩⟨σϕ′| or |σϕ′+π/2⟩⟨σϕ′+π/2|. This allows us to calculate the expectation values, defined as Eϕ′,ϕ≡(N+ϕ′ϕ−N−ϕ′ϕ)/(N+ϕ′ϕ+N−ϕ′ϕ), where Nij denotes joint-detection counts when a 842 nm photon is projected onto |σi⟩⟨σi| and a 776 nm photon onto |σj⟩⟨σj|. As shown in Fig. 7, the average expectation value √E2ϕ′,ϕ+E2ϕ′+π/2,ϕ remains always higher than 0.65, which is well above the required value Vxy for verifying entanglement, given entanglement visibility Vz = 0.952 (see Fig. 5 in the main text).
Figure 7: Long-term phase stability of our multimode time-bin qubit analyzer. Red squares are expectation values for projection measurements σϕ′⊗σϕ (Eϕ′,ϕ) and blue hexagons for σϕ′+π/2⊗σϕ (Eϕ′+π/2,ϕ). Each measurement is averaged over 3 minutes. Black circles are average expectation values √E2ϕ′,ϕ+E2ϕ′+π/2,ϕ. The phase drifts slowly, on the order of π/2 over an half an hour, showing the stability of our MM-TQA. The average expectation value is always higher than the required expectation value for entanglement verification.
iii.3 C. Entanglement verification
As entanglement is fundamentally important and an effective distribution of entanglement is a necessary condition for secure QKD M. Curty 2004a , we need to verify whether or not entanglement is present in our experiment. This is especially important in the absence of a complete security analysis of a QKD implementation. We assume that the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process generates a pair of photons with negligible multiple-photon-pairs event. Each photon is a polarization qubit and the pair of photons is potentially entangled. By detecting one photon in the pair, we can herald the generation of the second photon. After the conversion from polarization qubit to time-bin qubit, the second one is transmitted to the MM-TQA. Suppose that Alice holds the polarization qubit while Bob holds the time-bin qubit. To include conversion and transmission losses of the time-bin qubit, we enlarge the dimension of Bob's system from 2 to 3 by adding a dimension corresponding to no photon arriving at Bob. Hence, the final state ρ shared by Alice and Bob is a 2×3-dimensional state. We need to verify whether or not the state ρ is entangled using only the measurement results Vz=0.952±0.011 and Vxy=0.804±0.006 without further assumptions on the state. Since the measurements of Alice and Bob are block-diagonal with respect to the subspaces of total photon number, as we will show below in Eq. (6) and (7), we can also assume without loss of generality that the state ρ shows the same structure. This follows from the fact that the measurement structure allows us to assume that a quantum non-demolition measurement of the total photon number is executed before the actual measurement itself.
In order to verify entanglement, we need to know how to accurately describe the measurements on the polarization qubit and on the time-bin qubit. For the polarization qubit, we measure it in the horizontal/vertical or diagonal/anti-diagonal basis, i.e. along the z- or x-axis in the Bloch sphere. In the horizontal/vertical basis, these measurements are represented as
MH=[1000],MV=[0001],MD=12[1111], and MA=12[1−1−11], (6)
where the subscript indicates measurement outcome, and H, V, D, or A denotes the horizontal, vertical, diagonal, or anti-diagonal polarization. On the other side, for the time-bin qubit, the photon loss in the long path or the short path of the MM-TQA could be different from each other. Hence, the operators corresponding to measurement of the time-bin qubit in the early/late-time basis or in the superposition bases could deviate from the ideal case. Without loss of generality, we can choose the relative phase between the early-time and late-time basis states in the superposition basis to be zero. Therefore, in the basis where the basis states are no photon, one photon in the early bin and one photon in the late bin, these measurements can be written as
ME=14⎡⎢⎣0000ηs0000⎤⎥⎦,ML=14⎡⎢⎣00000000ηl⎤⎥⎦,MX=14⎡⎢ ⎢⎣0000ηl√ηlηs0√ηlηsηs⎤⎥ ⎥⎦, and
M∅=I3×3−ME−ML−MX% , (7)
where the subscript E, L, X, or ∅ means that the measurement outcome is early time, late time, the superposition of the early time and late time, or no detection, respectively. No-detection events are due to detection inefficiency and the absence of the second output in the MM-TQA. In Eq. (7), ηl or ηs is the respective transmission efficiency in the long path or the short path of the MM-TQA. Note that in our experiment ηl and ηs are very close to each other.
After knowing the description of Alice's and Bob's joint state ρ and also that of their measurements, we can verify entanglement by the negative partial-transpose (NPT) criterion A. Peres 1996a . The NPT criterion is used because this criterion is satisfied if and only if a state is entangled, given the state is 2×2- or 2×3-dimensional M. Horodecki 1996a . The NPT criterion has been applied to verify entanglement in QKD systems, such as in M. Curty 2007a . Explicitly, we verify entanglement by solving the following semi-definite program (SDP):
findρsubject toρ≥0Tr(ρ)=1ρΓ≥0Tr[ρ(MH⊗ME−MV⊗ME)]=V+zTr[ρ(MH⊗ME+MV⊗ME)]Tr[ρ(MV⊗ML−MH⊗ML)]=V−zTr[ρ(MV⊗ML+MH⊗ML)]Tr[ρ(MD⊗MX−MA⊗MX)]=VxyTr[ρ(MD⊗MX+MA⊗MX)], (8)
where Γ is the partial-transpose operation on a subsystem, such as on the polarization-qubit subsystem, and ⊗ denotes the tensor product. Note that, we formulate the last three constraints according to the measured visibilities. The first two of them are based on entanglement visibilities V+z and V−z conditioned on measurement outcomes of the time-bin qubit being early time and late time, respectively. The last constraint is based on entanglement visibility Vxy, where the time-bin qubit comes out in the middle bin. Since the MM-TQA has only one output, we cannot differentiate the case when the photon comes out from the second output if this output exists from the case when the photon is lost over the transmission. Hence, we cannot formulate two constraints based on Vxy.
In our experiment, we verified that within experimental errors the visibilities V+z=V−z. So, for solving the SDP program in Eq. (8) we set V+z=V−z=Vz. Using the measured results Vz=0.952 and Vxy=0.804, the SDP program in Eq. (8) is not feasible, signifying that the state ρ must be entangled. Furthermore, by numerically checking over which values of Vz and Vxy the SDP program in Eq. (8) is not feasible, we are able to upper bound the required visibilities Vz and Vxy in order to certify the presence of entanglement in the system. The numerical results are shown in Fig. 5 of the main text. From this figure, one can see that our visibility result at any observed incident angle witnesses entanglement with high confidence. Finally, we would like to note two points. First, the constrains considered in Eq. (8) are independent of the transmission or conversion loss of the photon arriving at the MM-TQA, and even independent of the common photon loss in the two different paths of the MM-TQA. Therefore, the upper bounds on the visibilities Vz and Vxy obtained for verifying entanglement are independent of all of these different losses. Second, we numerically verified that the classical boundary, as shown in Fig. 5 of the main text, is even independent of the relative loss between the two paths of the MM-TQA.
(1) J. F. Clauser, M. A. Horne, A. Shimony, and R. A. Holt, Proposed experiment to test local hidden-variable theories. Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 880 (1969).
(2) M. Curty, M. Lewenstein, and N. Lütkenhaus, Entanglement as a precondition for secure quantum key distribution, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 217903 (2004).
(3) A. Peres, Separability criterion for density matrices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 1413 (1996).
(4) M. Horodecki, P. Horodecki, R. Horodecki, Separability of mixed states: necessary and sufficient conditions, Phys. Lett. A 223, 1 (1996).
(5) M. Curty and T. Moroder, Single-photon quantum key distribution in the presence of loss, Phys. Rev. A 75, 052336 (2007).


In this article, you will learn how to upload, download, and delete files using Firebase Storage in Xamarin.Forms.
Xamarin.Forms code runs on multiple platforms - each of which has its own filesystem. This means that reading and writing files is most easily done using the native file APIs on each platform. Alternatively, embedded resources are a simpler solution to distribute data files with an app. You can read my previous article here to learn about Firebase CRUD operations.
Firebase gives you functionality like analytics, databases, messaging, and crash reporting so you can move quickly and focus on your users.
Firebase is a back-end platform for building Web, Android, and iOS applications. It offers real-time database, different APIs, multiple authentication types, and hosting platforms. This is an introductory tutorial which covers the basics of the Firebase platform and explains how to deal with its various components and sub-components.
Now, select the blank app and target platforms - Android, iOS, and Windows (UWP).
In this step, create a project in Firebase. Go to the following link.
Now, give the project a name and select your country; then read the terms. Afterward, click "Create project".
Now, your project is ready; click "Continue".
In this step, choose Storage under the Project Overview.
Now, you need to change the following Storage Rules. Afterward, click "Publish".
Now, your Firebase Storage is ready. You can use your Storage API URI here.
Go to Solution Explorer and select your solution. Right-click and select "Manage NuGet Packages for Solution". Search for "FirebaseDatabase.net" and add the resultant package. Remember to install it for each project (.NET Standard, Android, iOS, and UWP).
Now, write the following code to connect to your Firebase Storage.
Now, write the code to upload a file to Firebase Storage.
Now, write the following code to download the file from Firebase Storage.
Now, write the following code to delete the file from Firebase Storage.
I hope you have understood how to upload, download, and delete a file using Firebase Storage in Xamarin.Forms. Thanks for reading.


MLPQ closed down 1.55 percent on Thursday, April 18, 2019, on 1.29 times normal volume. Note that the stock is in oversold territory based on its Slow Stochastic indicator (14, 3, 3) -- sideways movement or a bounce should not be unexpected.
The investment seeks to provide two times leveraged long exposure to the compounded monthly performance of the Alerian MLP Infrastructure Index (the "index"). The index, comprising 22 energy infrastructure master limited partnerships, is a subset of the Alerian MLP Infrastructure Index. The Index Constituent Securities earn the majority of their cash flow from the transportation, storage, and processing of energy commodities.
Is MLPQ a Buy, Sell or Hold?


text:
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
	<groupId>victor.training</groupId>
	<artifactId>ee-paterns</artifactId>
	<packaging>war</packaging>
	<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>

	<dependencies>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.jboss.spec</groupId>
			<artifactId>jboss-javaee-6.0</artifactId>
			<version>3.0.2.Final</version>
			<type>pom</type>
			<scope>provided</scope>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>xalan</groupId>
			<artifactId>xalan</artifactId>
			<version>2.7.1</version>
			<scope>provided</scope>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.jboss.as</groupId>
			<artifactId>jboss-as-arquillian-container-remote</artifactId>
			<version>7.1.0.Final</version>
			<scope>test</scope>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.jboss.arquillian.protocol</groupId>
			<artifactId>arquillian-protocol-servlet</artifactId>
			<version>1.0.4.Final</version>
			<scope>test</scope>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.jboss.arquillian.junit</groupId>
			<artifactId>arquillian-junit-container</artifactId>
			<version>1.0.4.Final</version>
			<scope>test</scope>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>junit</groupId>
			<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
			<version>4.11</version>
			<scope>test</scope>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
			<artifactId>mockito-all</artifactId>
			<version>1.9.5</version>
			<scope>test</scope>
		</dependency>
		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.apache.ant</groupId>
			<artifactId>ant</artifactId>
			<version>1.9.1</version>
			<scope>test</scope>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>
	<build>
		<finalName>victor.training.eepatterns-intro</finalName>
		<plugins>
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
				<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
				<version>2.3.2</version>
				<configuration>
					<source>1.6</source>
					<target>1.6</target>
				</configuration>
			</plugin>
		</plugins>
	</build>

</project>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Log and view all user actions - Every start/stop, vitals entry is tagged and timestamped.
Action Permissions - Limit actions such as scheduling or prescribing on a per-user basis.
Chart Permissions - Block viewing or modifying entire charts on a per-user basis.
Evaluate User Productivity - Manage employee productivity with activity metrics.


Managing SQL Server virtual machines (VMs) on Amazon Web Services (AWS) can be cumbersome, repetitive and boring if you simply rely on the graphical user interface. Imagine having to manage multiple SQL Server VMs as part of your day-to-day operations – you are wasting a lot of precious time.
You can leverage Microsoft PowerShell to automate repetitive tasks that involve managing SQL Server VMs on Amazon AWS. In this session, learn how to use the AWS Tools for Windows PowerShell, the different PowerShell cmdlets for managing SQL Server VMs on Amazon AWS and how to write scripts to automate DBA repetitive tasks.
Managing Director at 15C Inc.


text:
Canadian not-for-profit, degree-granting post-secondary institutions, as well as research and GLAM (gallery, library, archive, museum) institutions are eligible to apply for associate membership with CRKN. CRKN has two types of associate membership:
For institutions wishing to participate in CRKN's commercial content licensing program
For heritage organizations wishing to benefit from member pricing and services for digitization, preservation, and access.
Benefits of Associate Membership
Associate Members of CRKN join our network of academic and research institutions from across Canada and a vibrant community of practice dedicated to expanding sustainable knowledge infrastructure.
Associate Members participating in CRKN's content licensing program benefit from a collective negotiating body that represents over 75 Canadian institutions. This ensures that CRKN members are receiving sustainable pricing and that negotiations with publishers represent the needs of the Canadian research community. To learn more about the publishers whose content we negotiate and license for our members, please visit the Publishers section of our website. Associate Members participating in CRKN's content licensing program also benefit from member pricing and services for digitization, preservation, and hosting, as well as the opportunity to contribute content to the Canadiana collections.
Associate Members who do not intend to participate in the content licensing program may also join to benefit from member pricing and services for digitization, preservation, and hosting.
With our ambitious 2019-2024 strategic plan in place, we welcome all types of research and heritage institutions to enrich our membership.
Additional specific benefits of associate membership include:
Priority member rates for CRKN's digitization services
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Governance opportunities through CRKN's committees and task groups
To become an Associate Member, institutions must be Canadian, not members of Universities Canada, and fall into one of the following categories:
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Academic and/or research affiliated institutions
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Associate Members may choose to participate in CRKN's commercial content licensing program, or not to participate. Membership fees and application processes differ for each type of associate membership.
Prospective Associate Members – Interested in Participating in Content Licensing Program
Prospective Associate Members are invited to contact the Licensing Team at licensing@crkn.ca to discuss membership opportunities, including the licenses in which they are interested. CRKN's Model License will be sent for review by the applicant.
Prospective Associate Members submit an application form along with supporting information to CRKN.
Associate membership applications are reviewed by the Executive Committee and Board of Directors, at which point additional questions regarding the operations and interests of the applicant may be raised.
Membership is approved by a vote of the institutional membership at CRKN's Annual General Meeting in October.
Required documents and information:
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A report of current dollar value of sponsored research, from all sources
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Prospective Associate Members are invited to contact the Communications Team at engagement@crkn.ca to discuss membership opportunities and membership fees.
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A statement of interest that includes how membership in CRKN aligns with the applicant's institutional priorities and recent projects or initiatives related to CRKN's priorities.
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CRKN's associate membership fees are consistent with our practice for institutional memberships and dependent on the size of the organization.
Annual Membership Fees for Associate Members Participating in CRKN's Content Licensing Program
Associate Members participating in CRKN's content licensing program pay an annual membership fee equal to the lowest membership fee applied to CRKN's Institutional Members. This annual fee may be increased based on inflation annually. For 2020-2021, the fee is approximately $5,500. Members participating in CRKN's content licensing program also contribute to the Heritage Content Access and Preservation (HCAP) fund. In addition, Associate Members will be levied a 5% surcharge on each invoice for licenses in which they elect to participate.
Associate Membership Fees for Associate Members Participating in CRKN's Heritage Activities Only
Associate membership fees for Associate Members participating in CRKN's heritage activities only is based on full-time equivalent staff numbers, as a guideline for assessing organizational size. Annual membership fees are eligible for annual increases based on inflation.
Table of Annual Membership Fees for Associate Members Participating in Heritage Activities Only:
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If you are looking for a private or corporate Chauffeur position or are looking to hire a private or corporate Chauffeur than you are in the right place.
We specialize in placing household staff including Chauffeurs, Butlers, Housemen, Nannies, Babynurses, Housekeepers, and more.
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My Gr Gr Great Grandmother was Maria da Conceicao (de Mello) de Braga left for Hawaii in 1882. She didn't leave many clues as to who her parents were. I knew she was from the town of Maia, Ribeira Grande, Sao Miguel Island, and that she married Jozimas de Braga. Beyond that, her history was a blank. I wanted to figure out who her parents were so that I could go further back in my research. I had explored all California and Hawaii resources. I was ready to move on to the records of Sao Miguel Island.
In this journal, you'll see that I found out the names of her parents easily. However, locating her father was a big challenge.


April 12 is Cuenca's Founding Day, that is, the day the Cuenca was founded by the Spanish. The Inca and Canari were already here. To celebrate, there was a parade, wreaths are laid in Parque Calderon, and all weekend long there were various artisans and artists selling their wares. Here are a few pictures.


text:
Ropotamo Glacier är en glaciär i Antarktis. Den ligger i Sydshetlandsöarna. Argentina, Chile och Storbritannien gör anspråk på området. Ropotamo Glacier ligger  meter över havet.

Terrängen runt Ropotamo Glacier är kuperad norrut, men åt sydväst är den bergig. Havet är nära Ropotamo Glacier åt sydost. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  kilometer norr om Ropotamo Glacier. Trakten är obefolkad. Det finns inga samhällen i närheten.

Kommentarer

Källor

Glaciärer på Sydshetlandsöarna
Storbritanniens anspråk i Antarktis
Chiles anspråk i Antarktis
Argentinas anspråk i Antarktis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Celebrate Cesar Chavez Day In San Francisco On Saturday 4/9
There will be a lively parade and festival happening in the Mission District this weekend.
Jamie Ferrell - Staff Writer • April 6, 2022
Photo by Azalia Merrell, via Cesar Chavez Day on Facebook
San Francisco is going all out to celebrate Cesar Chavez Day, a national holiday celebrating California's own civil rights and labor movement activist, Cesar Chavez. The official holiday was on March 31, but SF will host a vibrant parade and festival this Saturday, April 9.
The festival will take place from 10am-5pm on 24th St between Folsom and Bryant, and will include plenty of food and drink vendors as well as live performances, arts and crafts, a lowrider car show, games for children and much more.
The parade will happen from 11am-12pm starting at Dolores Park on 19th Street, traveling south on Mission Street and east on 24th Street to end on Folsom. It will include plenty of labor unions, religious groups, schools, community organizations, Aztec dancers, performances, music, lowrider cars and more.
Cesar Chavez was a Mexican-American labor leader and civil rights activist who dedicated his life to la causa (the cause) – that is, improving living and working conditions for US farm workers. He was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi to act through nonviolent resistance, achieving pay raises and improved conditions during the 1960s and 1970s. He also founded the National Farm Workers Association (now the United Farm Workers). Chavez was an prolific figure in the Chicano Movement of the 1960s, and his legacy is a critical part of Chicano identity across the country and especially in California.
Be sure to check out the Cesar Chavez Parade & Festival this Saturday, April 9 in San Francisco's Mission District.
Featured image: Photo by Azalia Merrell, via Cesar Chavez Day on Facebook


text:
News > Medscape Medical News > Approvals > International Approvals
International Approvals: Yaz, Soliris, Glucomed/Flexove
Yael Waknine
July 23, 2007 — The Dutch regulatory authorities have approved a 24-day active-hormone regimen of drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol tablets for contraceptive use and the treatment of acne in women wishing to use oral contraceptives, and the European Commission has approved eculizumab injection for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. The Agençe Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé and the United Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency have both granted marketing approval for a glucosamine HCl product in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Drospirenone/Ethinyl Estradiol 24-Day Regimen (
Yaz) for Contraception and Acne in the Netherlands
On July 12, Dutch regulatory authorities approved a 24-day active-hormone regimen of drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol 3-mg/24-µg tablets (Yaz, Bayer Pharma AG), allowing its use in the Netherlands for contraception and for the treatment of moderate acne in women who choose to use an oral contraceptive for birth control.
The decision marks the first approval for the product in the European Union. "The Netherlands will serve as the Reference Member State for the upcoming Mutual Recognition Procedure to gain European-wide marketing approval for the product," the company says in a news release.
In contrast with other combination contraceptives, the progestin used in the product is drospirenone, which exhibits antiandrogenic properties that make it useful for the treatment of acne. However, because 3 mg of drospirenone also has antimineralocorticoid activity similar to that of a 25-mg dose of spironolactone, the product should not be used in patients with conditions that predispose to hyperkalemia, such as renal insufficiency, hepatic dysfunction, or adrenal insufficiency.
Serum potassium levels should be checked during the first treatment cycle in women receiving long-term treatment with other medications that can cause hyperkalemia, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplementation, heparin, aldosterone antagonists, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Oral contraceptives are generally linked to increased risks for venous and arterial thrombotic and thromboembolic events (eg, myocardial infarction, thromboembolism, and stroke), hepatic neoplasia, gallbladder disease, and hypertension. Although the risk for serious morbidity and mortality remains low in healthy women, it increases significantly in the presence of underlying conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemias, obesity, and diabetes.
Because cigarette smoking further increases the risk for cardiovascular events, particularly in women older than 35 years, it should be strongly discouraged.
Drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol 3-mg/24-µg tablets previously were approved for these indications and for the treatment of emotional and physical symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Eculizumab (
Soliris) to Treat Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria in EU
On June 22, the European Commission approved eculizumab injection (Soliris, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc), allowing its use in the European Union (EU) for the treatment of adult patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria to reduce hemolysis. Eculizumab also was granted orphan drug status for this indication.
"Alexion is prepared to begin reimbursement discussions with healthcare systems in major European countries immediately, and it expects to introduce [eculizumab] in one ormore major European markets by the end of 2007, with additional countries to follow in 2008," the company says in a news release.
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is an acquired disorder that often strikes people in the prime of their lives, with an average age of onset in the early 30s and an estimated median survival of 10 to 15 years from the time of diagnosis. It affects an estimated 8000 to 10,000 individuals in North America and Europe and produces symptoms such as severe anemia, disabling fatigue, and recurrent pain, shortness of breath, pulmonary hypertension, intermittent hemoglobinuria, kidney disease, impaired quality of life, and thromboses. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria often goes unrecognized — its diagnosis may be delayed for more than 10 years.
Eculizumab represents a new class of drugs known as complement inhibitors and prevents hemolysis by selectively blocking terminal complement. Its approval was based on data from 3 multinational clinical studies: a placebo-controlled 26-week, phase 3 study (n = 87, TRIUMPH); an open-label, 52-week, phase 3 study (n = 97, SHEPHARD); and a long-term extension study (E05-001).
Results from the first study showed that eculizumab effectively reduced hemolysis in 100% of patients, as determined by decreases in the median level of the marker lactate dehydrogenase from baseline at 26 weeks (2032 – 239 U/L; P < .001).
The significant decrease in hemolysis yielded improvements in anemia, as indicated by increased hemoglobin stabilization (49% vs placebo, 0%; P < .001) and reduced need for red blood cell transfusions (0 vs placebo, 10; P < .001).
The decreases in lactate dehydrogenase were observed within 1 week of treatment initiation; at 3 weeks, patients reported less fatigue and improved quality of life. Results of the open-label study and its long-term extension showed that patients sustained a reduction in hemolysis for up to 54 months with continued therapy.
The most commonly reported adverse events associated with eculizumab therapy vs placebo included headache (44% vs 27%), nasopharyngitis (23% vs 18%), back pain (19% vs 9%), nausea (16% vs 11%), fatigue (12% vs 2%), and cough (12% vs 9%).
The recommended regimen for eculizumab consists of 600 mg given every 7 days for the first 4 weeks, 900 mg for the fifth dose 7 days later, and then 900 mg every 14 days thereafter. Eculizumab should be administered by intravenous infusion for a 35-minute period via gravity feed, a syringe-type pump, or an infusion pump. Admixed solutions are stable for 24 hours at 2°C to 8°C (36°F – 46°F) and at room temperature.
Because eculizumab has been linked to an increased risk for meningococcal infection, patients must be vaccinated at least 2 weeks before treatment initiation and then revaccinated according to current medical guidelines for vaccine use. Patients should be monitored for early signs of meningococcal infections; potential symptoms should be evaluated immediately and treated with antibiotics if necessary. In clinical trials, 2 of 196 vaccinated patients treated with eculizumab developed serious meningococcal infection.
If adverse reactions occur, the infusion may be slowed or stopped as necessary. If slowed, total infusion time should not exceed 2 hours. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of infusion reactions for at least 1 hour following its administration. The company notes that treatment with eculizumab should not alter anticoagulant management because the effect of its withdrawal has not been established.
Eculizumab injection previously was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration on March 16, 2006.
Fluvoxamine Product (Glucomed) for Osteoarthritis in France and the UK
On June 4 and 18, the French regulatory authority Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé and the United Kingdom's (UK) Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, respectively, granted marketing authorization (MA) for a fluvoxamine HCl product (Glucomed tablets [also marketed as Flexove in France], Navamedic ASA) for the symptomatic relief of mild to moderate osteoarthritis.
Glucomed is the only glucosamine product to date to receive an MA in the UK and France, the company said in a news release. The formulation contains 625 mg of glucosamine (750 mg of glucosamine HCl) that is derived from chitin in shrimp shells
Although the product was originally approved by Sweden's Medicinal Products Agency in August 2005 and extended to 19 European Union countries in January 2006 via the mutual recognition procedure, MAs were initially refused in 5 countries (including the France and the UK) because of outstanding issues mainly related to efficacy documentation for glucosamine.
The glucosamine product previously was granted MAs in Spain, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and the Netherlands. It has not been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Medscape Medical News © 2007 Medscape
Cite this: Yael Waknine . International Approvals: Yaz, Soliris, Glucomed/Flexove - Medscape - Jul 23, 2007.
is a freelance writer for Medscape.
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