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Aromatherapy for Mental Health Conditions
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What is Aromatherapy and how does it work? And is aromotherapy effective for treatment of anxiety, depression and other mental health conditions?
Before engaging in any complementary medical technique, you should be aware that many of these techniques have not been evaluated in scientific studies. Often, only limited information is available about their safety and effectiveness. Each state and each discipline has its own rules about whether practitioners are required to be professionally licensed. If you plan to visit a practitioner, it is recommended that you choose one who is licensed by a recognized national organization and who abides by the organization's standards. It is always best to speak with your primary health care provider before starting any new therapeutic technique.
Unproven Uses
Potential Dangers
For thousands of years, oils from plants have been used to lubricate the skin, purify air and repel insects. Essential oils were used in ancient Egypt for bathing and massage and in ancient Greece and Rome for treating infections. The origin of modern aromatherapy is often traced to the French chemist Rene-Maurice Gattefosse, who is said to have poured lavender oil onto his hand after accidentally burning himself. He believed that the pain, redness and skin damage healed more quickly than expected, and he began to study the effects of oils on the body.
Essential oils are extracted from a plant's flowers, leaves, needles, branches, bark, berries, seeds, fruits, rind or roots. These oils are often mixed with a milder "carrier" oil (usually a vegetable oil) or are weakened (diluted) in alcohol. Essential oils are used in many different ways, including directly on the skin, as a part of massage, in bathwater, via steam inhalation or in mouthwashes.
Aromatherapy sessions often begin with an interview, after which the therapist selects a blend of oils that he or she feels is appropriate for the client. Appointments may last up to 90 minutes. Clients may be asked not to shower for several hours afterwards, to allow more time for oils to sink into the skin. Manmade compounds are usually not used. Commonly sold products such as scented candles, pomanders or potpourri are usually not as strong as the oils typically used by aromatherapists.
There is no required training or licensing for aromatherapists in the United States. Many types of practitioners, including massage therapists, chiropractors and nurses, offer aromatherapy.
Different theories have been proposed to explain the reported effects of aromatherapy, although none has been proven scientifically. Some explanations include:
Stimulation of pleasure centers of the brain by nerves in the nose that sense smell
Direct effects on hormones or enzymes in the blood
Stimulation of the adrenal glands
Scientists have studied aromatherapy for the following health problems:
Lavender aromatherapy is traditionally believed to be relaxing. Several small studies report that it helps relieve anxiety. Overall, the scientific evidence suggests a small benefit. It is possible that aromatherapy may have effects on mood, cognitive performance and relaxation in adults. Larger, well-designed studies are needed to confirm the available data.
Agitation in patients with dementia
There is preliminary evidence that aromatherapy using essential oil of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) can effectively reduce agitation in people with severe dementia when applied to the face and arms twice daily. Other research reports that steam inhalation of lavender aromatherapy may have similar effects. However, other research reports no benefits of aromatherapy using lemon balm, Lavender officinalis, sweet orange (Citrus aurantium), or tea tree oil (Malaleuca alternifolia). Overall, the evidence does suggest potential benefits. There is also preliminary research suggesting that aromatherapy used with massage may help to calm people with dementia who are agitated. However, it is not clear if this approach is any better than massage used alone. Additional research is necessary before strong recommendations can be made.
Poor sleep, sedation
Lavender and chamomile are popularly regarded as effective sleep aids. Research is too early to form a clear conclusion.
Quality of life in patients with cancer or life-threatening illnesses
Aromatherapy and aromatherapy massage are often used in people with severe illnesses to improve quality of life. In one randomized controlled trial, sleep scores improved, but pain control and anxiety scores did not. There is not enough scientific evidence at this time to form a firm conclusion about effectiveness.
Alopecia areata is a condition in which the body's immune system attacks hair follicles, causing hair loss. A well-designed study using a mixture of oils (cedarwood, lavender, rosemary and thyme in carrier oils of grapeseed and jojoba) reported improvements in patients compared with patients using carrier oils alone. More research is needed before a clear conclusion can be reached.
Congestion, respiratory tract infection
Eucalyptus oil and a component of eucalyptus called eucalyptol are included in many over-the-counter vapors and other treatments. One small study showed a positive effect of aromatics on mucous clearance in patients with chronic airway obstruction. However, there is not enough scientific information to form a clear conclusion.
Itching in dialysis patients
It is not clear if aromatherapy reduces itchiness in patients with kidney disease on dialysis.
Anxiety or stress in intensive care unit patients
It is not clear if aromatherapy reduces stress levels in patients in intensive care units. Early research suggests that it may not be helpful.
A small trial of aromatherapy for pain management in women during labor gave unclear results. More research is needed to make a conclusion.
Aromatherapy may play a role in reducing postoperative nausea. However, the evidence is not clear, and more research is needed before a clear recommendation can be made.
It has been suggested that aromatherapy massage may reduce abdominal obesity or appetite. Additional evidence is necessary before a clear conclusion can be reached.
Preliminary research in this area is inconclusive.
Aromatherapy has been suggested for many other uses, based on tradition or on scientific theories. However, these uses have not been thoroughly studied in humans, and there is limited scientific evidence about safety or effectiveness. Some of these suggested uses are for conditions that are potentially life-threatening. Consult with a health care provider before using aromatherapy for any use.
Anticonvulsant
Anxiety in patients with malignant brain tumors
Autonomic dysfunction
Chronic bronchitis (prevention and treatment)
Enhanced recovery from surgery or illness
Exercise recovery
Guillain-Barré syndrome (symptom relief)
Hormonal and endocrine disorders
Immune system stimulant
Intravenous line infection Irregular heartbeat
Liver disorders
Malignancy
Maternal comfort during labor
Postpartum discomfort
Promoting sleep in critically ill patients
Reduced swelling after injuries
Respiratory tract infections (prevention)
Rheumatic disorders
Seizure disorder
Skin rash in bone marrow transplant patients (engraftment syndrome rash)
Smoking withdrawal symptoms
Stimulation of digestion
Stomach complaints
Study performance (math tasks)
Test performance
Essential oils may be toxic if taken by mouth and should not be swallowed.
Many types of essential oils can cause skin rash or irritation on direct contact, and they should be diluted with a base oil before use. Some oils, such as peppermint and eucalyptus oils, may burn the skin if applied at full strength. Skin sensitivity to light may occur, particularly with oil of bergamot (extracted from the rind of the bergamot orange) or a chemical in oil of bergamot called 5-methoxypsoralen. Vapors released during aromatherapy can irritate the eyes. Use near children's faces is discouraged.
Allergy may occur with use of essential oils; it may be caused by contamination or by constituents of the herbs from which the oil is derived. Individuals who have difficulty breathing with the use of aromatherapy should seek medical attention before attempting aromatherapy again.
There are published reports of agitation, drowsiness, nausea and headache with the use of aromatherapy. Some oils are thought to have toxic effects on the brain, liver and kidney or to increase the risk of cancer with long-term use. Aromatherapies that may increase sedation or drowsiness, such as lavender or chamomile, may enhance the effects of drugs, herbs or supplements that also cause fatigue or sedation. Use caution if you are driving or operating heavy machinery.
Sage, rosemary and juniper oils may cause the uterus to contract when taken in large amounts, and their use is discouraged during pregnancy.
Infants and young children may be especially sensitive to the effects and side effects of essential oils. Peppermint oil is not recommended in children younger than 30 months. Consult a health care provider before using aromatherapy in children.
Aromatherapy has been suggested for many health conditions. Several small studies suggest that lavender aromatherapy may help relieve anxiety. There is no conclusive scientific evidence for the effectiveness of any other use or type of aromatherapy. Essential oils may be toxic if taken by mouth and should not be swallowed. Several other adverse effects have been reported, most commonly skin allergy or irritation after direct contact. Some types of aromatherapy may be dangerous in children and in pregnant women. Do not rely on aromatherapy alone to treat potentially dangerous medical conditions. Speak with your health care provider if you are considering the use of aromatherapy.
The information in this monograph was prepared by the professional staff at Natural Standard, based on thorough systematic review of scientific evidence. The material was reviewed by the Faculty of the Harvard Medical School with final editing approved by Natural Standard.
Natural Standard: An organization that produces scientifically based reviews of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) topics
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM): A division of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services dedicated to research
Selected Scientific Studies: Aromatherapy
Natural Standard reviewed more than 640 articles to prepare the professional monograph from which this version was created.
Some of the more recent studies are listed below:
Anderson LA, Gross JB. Aromatherapy with peppermint, isopropyl alcohol, or placebo is equally effective in relieving postoperative nausea. J Perianesth Nurs 2004;19(1):29-35.
Anderson C, Lis-Balchin M, Kirk-Smith M. Evaluation of massage with essential oils on childhood atopic eczema. Phytother Res 2000;14(6):452-456.
Ballard CG, O'Brien JT, Reichelt K, et al. Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa. J Clin Psych 2002;63(7):553-558.
Buckle J. Aromatherapy for health professionals. Beginnings 2003;Jan-Feb, 23(1):40-41.
Bureau JP, Ginouves P, Guilbaud J, et al. Essential oils and low-intensity electromagnetic pulses in the treatment of androgen-dependent alopecia. Adv Ther 2003;20(4):220-229.
Burnett KM, Solterbeck LA, Strapp CM. Scent and mood state following an anxiety-provoking task. Psychol Rep 2004;95(2):707-722.
Burns A, Byrne J, Ballard C. Sensory stimulation in dementia (editorial). Br Med J 2002;325:1312-1313.
Calvert I. Ginger: an essential oil for shortening labour? Pract Midwife 2005;8(1):30-34.
Christen L, Christen S, Waldmeier V, et al. [Nursing without and with essential oils: a controlled study of patients in an acute rheumatologic department]. Pflege 2003;16(4):193-201.
Connell FEA, Tan G, Gupta I, et al. Can aromatherapy promote sleep in elderly hospitalized patients? J Canadian Ger Soc 2001;4(4):191-195.
Cooke B, Ernst E. Aromatherapy: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract 2000;50(455):493-496.
Edge J. A pilot study addressing the effect of aromatherapy massage on mood, anxiety and relaxation in adult mental health. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery 2003;May, 9(2):90-97.
Fellowes D, Barnes K, Wilkinson S. Aromatherapy and massage for symptom relief in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;CD002287.
Gedney JJ, Glover TL, Fillingim RB. Sensory and affective pain discrimination after inhalation of essential oils. Psychosom Med 2004;66(4):599-606.
Graham PH, Browne L, Cox H, Graham J. Inhalation aromatherapy during radiotherapy: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2003;Jun 12, 21(12):2372-2376.
Gray SG, Clair AA. Influence of aromatherapy on medication administration to residential-care residents with dementia and behavioral challenges. Amer J Alzheimer's Disease Dementias 2002;17(3):169-174.
Han SH, Yang BS, Kim HJ. [Effectiveness of aromatherapy massage on abdominal obesity among middle aged women]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2003;33(6):839-846.
Hasani A, Pavia D, Toms N, et al. Effect of aromatics on lung mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic airways obstruction. J Altern Complement Med 2003;Apr, 9(2):243-249.
Holmes C, Hopkins V, Hensford C, et al. Lavender oil as a treatment for agitated behaviour in severe dementia: a placebo controlled study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;17(4):305-308.
Itai T, Amayasu H, Kuribayashi M, et al. Psychological effects of aromatherapy on chronic hemodialysis patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;54(4):393-397.
Kaddu S, Kerl H, Wolf P. Accidental bullous phototoxic reactions to bergamot aromatherapy oil. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45(3):458-461.
Kim MA, Sakong JK, Kim EJ, et al. [Effect of aromatherapy massage for the relief of constipation in the elderly]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2005;35(1):56-64.
Lengacher CA, Bennett MP, Kipp KE, et al. Design and testing of the use of a complementary and alternative therapies survey in women with breast cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 2003;Sep-Oct, 30(5):811-821.
Moss M, Cook J, Wesnes K, Duckett P. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci 2003;Jan, 113(1):15-38.
Orton-Jay L, Formation of the International Federation of Professional Aromatherapists (IFPA). An interview with Linda Orton-Jay. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery 2003;Feb, 9(1):35-37.
Resnick B. Putting research into practice: behaviorial and pharmacologic management of dementia. Geriatr Nurs 2003;Jan-Feb, 24(1):58-59.
Richards K, Nagel C, Markie M, et al. Use of complementary and alternative therapies to promote sleep in critically ill patients. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 2003;Sep, 15(3):329-340.
Ro YJ, Ha HC, Kim CG, et al. The effects of aromatherapy on pruritis in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Derm Nursing 2002;14(4):231-234, 237-239.
Sgoutas-Emch S, Fox T, Preston M, et al. Stress management: aromatherapy as an alternative. Sci Rev Alternative Med 2001;5(2):90-95.
Smallwood J, Brown R, Coulter F, et al. Aromatherapy and behaviour disturbances in dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16(10):1010-1013.
Smith CA, Collins CT, Cyna AM, Crowther CA. Complimentary and alternative therapies for pain management in labor. Cochran Database Syst Rev 2003;(2):CD003521.
Soden K, Vincent K, Craske S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aromatherapy massage in a hospice setting. Palliat Med 2004;18(2):87-92.
Taylor J. Sweet smell of success. Nurs Times 2003;Jan 7-13, 99(1):40-41.
Thorgrimsen L, Spector A, Wiles A, et al. Aroma therapy for dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(3):CD003150.
Westcombe AM, Gambles MA, Wilkinson SM, et al. Learning the hard way! Setting up an RCT of aromatherapy massage for patients with advanced cancer. Palliat Med 2003;Jun, 17(4):300-307.
Wilkinson JM, Hipwell M, Ryan T, Cavanagh HM. Bioactivity of Backhousia citriodora: antibacterial and antifungal activity. J Agric Food Chem 2003;Jan 1, 51(1):76-81.
Wiebe E. A randomized trial of aromatherapy to reduce anxiety before abortion. Effective Clin Pract 2000;3(4):166-169.
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APA Reference
Staff, H. (2008, November 23). Aromatherapy for Mental Health Conditions, HealthyPlace. Retrieved on 2021, January 17 from https://www.healthyplace.com/alternative-mental-health/treatments/aromatherapy-for-mental-health-conditions
Medically reviewed by Harry Croft, MD
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Share this Story: Home price increases fuel record real estate year for Sarnia area
Home price increases fuel record real estate year for Sarnia area
Rising house prices sent the Sarnia area's real estate market above the $700 million mark in total sales volume in 2020, says the president of the Sarnia-Lambton Real Estate Board.
Paul Morden
Incoming president of the Sarnia-Lambton Real Estate Board, Rob Longo, says the local market had a record-breaking year in 2020.
Rising house prices sent the Sarnia area's real estate market above the $700-million mark in total sales volume in 2020, says the new president of the Sarnia-Lambton Real Estate Board.
The more than $733 million in total sales in Sarnia and the rest of Lambton County was a record local sales volume and 21 per cent higher than 2019, according to the board's year-end statistics.
Home price increases fuel record real estate year for Sarnia area Back to video
"It was a pretty strong year for us, surprisingly, given everything that's happened," said incoming board president Rob Longo. "A lot of that has been buoyed by the price increases."
The average local home price reached $403,620 by the end of 2019, which was up 19.9 per cent from the previous year.
"The total number of sales was basically flat" in 2020, so the increase in sales volume came from the increase in home prices, Longo said.
Rising home prices have been fuelled by "record low interest rates," plus the local market is seeing "an influx of people from (the Greater Toronto Area), Kitchener and the bigger centres coming this way," he said.
Homebuyers drawn to the Sarnia area have been a mix of retirees and young families, "which is nice to see," Longo said.
He said the market is seeing an "evolution" in homes from being a place owners spent time after work or school to one where often "your house is your school" and parents may work more from home.
That has changed the space and amenities families require, he said.
That has also led to buyers from other regions to look at the Sarnia area.
"If you're able to work from home, why not do that from Sarnia where we think we've got a much better list of amenities and features," along with lower home prices, Longo said.
The national average for home prices is about $650,000, he said.
The local market also had a "very low supply" of home listings, Longo said.
"We were down about nine per cent over last year … and last year was a low year," he said. "Listings are definitely down but sales are still strong, which is a nice thing to see."
Longo said there are several reasons for the low number of listings in the market, including the pandemic and its restrictions.
"We've moved to more essential sales and more people that have to make a move versus making an optional move," he said.
With the provincial lockdown restrictions, open houses aren't being held and agents have been limiting person-to-person contact and taking other precautions, Longo said.
Predictions for real estate in 2021 generally call for another strong year with a similar increase in prices and sales number, he said.

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First, Senators Mark Warner, Cory Gardner, Ron Wyden and Steve Daines introduced the "Internet of Things Cybersecurity Improvement Act of 2017" in August to address concerns that IoT devices procured by the federal government may lack basic cybersecurity protections. Noting that there will likely be more than 20 billion IoT devices by 2020, the legislation will require manufacturers to make certain commitments and provide disclosures regarding their products both during and after the federal procurement process.
Specifically, the proposed legislation requires vendors to certify that the IoT devices being sold to the federal government do not contain any known vulnerabilities; rely on standard protocols; do not have hard-coded passwords; and are patchable. The legislation creates limited exceptions for agencies to use when their preferred devices are unable to meet these standards, so long as the standards which are adopted by the agencies ensure an equal or greater level of security. The legislation also requires that OMB prepare a report after five years summarizing the effectiveness of the legislation and suggesting any recommended revisions.
Additionally, Senator Richard Blumenthal introduced legislation before the August recess targeting medical devices which incorporate Internet connectivity. Acknowledging that medical devices contain a wealth of confidential patient information, the legislation requires the creation of a "cyber report card" which would provide the public with information regarding the device's cyber capabilities, information from testing and risk assessments and provide the user with information to use the device in a secure manner.
The legislation also requires the manufacturer to provide future security patches and updates free of charge, and establish guidelines for the recycling/disposal of devices (and the data contained therein) at the end of the device's life. Finally, the legislation tasks the Department of Homeland Security to work with other government agencies, manufacturers, healthcare providers, and patients to investigate and respond to cybersecurity incidents.
Several other legislative proposals have been introduced during this year's Congress to address IoT, telemedicine and cybersecurity issues. It is likely that these proposals will need to be combined into comprehensive legislation if any of these efforts will be successful. However, the prospects of anything passing this year are uncertain, and the specific protections and obligations will likely change before any bill that advances actually becomes law.


Rollins was a senator from New Hampshire and was a Republican. He served from 1877 to 1883.
He was previously the representative for New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district as a Republican from 1865 to 1867; the representative for New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district as a Republican from 1863 to 1865; and the representative for New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district as a Republican from 1861 to 1863.
I want to urge Rollins to take an action on a bill.
Look for a contact form on Sen. Edward Rollins's website to express your opinion.
Head over to Sen. Edward Rollins's website. If you are having a problem with a government agency, look for a contact link for casework to submit a request for help. Otherwise, look for a phone number on that website to call his office if you have a question.
You are currently on the website GovTrack.us, which has no affiliation with Rollins and is not a government website. Choose from the options above to find the right way to contact Rollins.
From Mar 1877 to Mar 1883, Rollins missed 325 of 2,140 roll call votes, which is 15.2%. This is better than the median of 30.8% among the lifetime records of senators serving in Mar 1883. The chart below reports missed votes over time.


In 2013 a band of artists, archivists and activists set out to unravel the many implications of a statement that routinely compared the Mundaneum to "Google on paper". Under the moniker Mondotheque they organised discussions, reflections and workshops in various locations. A Semantic MediaWiki functioned as a platform for writing, editing and bookdesign. The publication of Mondotheque::a radiating book creates a moment, an incision into this collaborative process. It is an invitation into the entanglements of knowledge infrastructures, geo-politics and local histories.


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The Visiting Scholars program is exclusively for faculty members at our partner institutions in Asia, and candidates must be nominated through their university's foreign affairs or international office. Preference will be given to younger scholars who are in the early stages of their academic careers. Applicants must have at least three years of teaching and research experience at their home institutions. Scholars who gained their PhD from an institution outside of Asia within the past five years (from the start date of the HYI program) are not eligible. Previous recipients of a Visiting Scholar fellowship from HYI are not eligible to reapply for this program. The applicant must be a ladder faculty member (full time, tenure-track position) at his or her home institution. The selection criteria include academic training, quality of research proposal, depth of subject knowledge, originality of the proposal as well as feasibility of conducting the research at Harvard and match with a Harvard faculty member. Scholars are provided with a monthly stipend and individual medical insurance coverage while at the Institute.
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Randi is both a given name, and a nickname in the English language, popular in North America and Norway. It is primarily a feminine name, although there is recorded usage of the name by men.  It may have originated as a pet form of Miranda or as a feminine form of Randy. In turn, Randy was originally derived from the names Randall, Randolf, Randolph, Bertrand and Andrew.

In Norway, Randi is a feminine name that emerged in the 1400s as a short form of Ragnfrid (). The original meaning in Old Norse is "God-lovable". Ragnfríðr was famously used about three different people in runic inscriptions from the Viking era. Later the variant Rangdid was common in the Middle Ages. Over 20 people with the name were mentioned in the Regesta Norvegica. By the 1600s the variant Randi was a common feminine name in Norway.

Women known as Randi

 Randi Altschul (born 1960), American toy inventor
 Randi Anda (1898–1999), Norwegian politician
 Randi Bakke (1904–1984), Norwegian pair skater
 Randi Becker (born 1948), American politician from Washington
 Randi Bjørgen (born 1947), Norwegian trade unionist
 Randi Blehr (1851–1928), Norwegian feminist
 Randi Brænne (1911–2004), Norwegian actress
 Randi Bratteli (1924–2002), Norwegian journalist
 Randi Elisabeth Dyrdal ( 1974–1977), Norwegian handballer
 Randi Hutter Epstein, American medical writer
 Randi Flesland (born 1955), Norwegian civil servant
 Randi Gaustad (born 1942), Norwegian curator and art historian
 Randi Gustad (born 1977), Norwegian handball player
 Randi Hansen (born 1958), Norwegian singer
 Randi Heide Steen (1909–1990), Norwegian singer
 Randi Helseth (1905–1991), Norwegian singer
 Randi Hultin (1926–2000), Norwegian jazz critic
 Randi Karlstrøm (born 1960), Norwegian politician
 Randi Kaye (born 1967), American journalist
 Randi Laubek (born 1973), Danish singer and songwriter
 Randi Leinan (born 1968), Norwegian footballer (soccer player)
 Randi Levine, American author, arts advocate, and diplomat
 Randi Lunnan (born 1963), Norwegian organizational theorist and professor
 Randi Martinsen, American geologist
 Randi Michelsen (1903–1981), Danish actress
 Randi Miller (born 1983), American wrestler
 Randi Monsen (1910–1997), Norwegian illustrator
 Randi Lindtner Næss (1905–2009), Norwegian actress and singer
 Randi Oakes (born 1951), American actress and fashion model
 Randi Øverland (born 1952), Norwegian politician
 Randi Rahm, American fashion designer
 Randi Rhodes (born 1959), American radio personality
 Randi Mayem Singer, American writer and producer
 Randi Solem (1775–1859), Norwegian religious organiser
 Randi Malkin Steinberger (born 1960), American photographer, filmmaker, author, and curator
 Randi Thorvaldsen (1925–2011), Norwegian speedskater
Randi Vestergaard Evaldsen (born 1984), Greenlandic politician
 Wang Randi (born 1991), Chinese swimmer
 Randi Wardum (born 1986), Faroese football goalkeeper and handballer
 Randi Weingarten (born 1957), American trade union leader
 Randi Zuckerberg (born 1982), American businesswoman

Fictional characters
 Randi Fronczak, desk clerk in the medical drama ER
 Randi Hubbard, All My Children character
 Randi McFarland, character on the TV show Highlander
 Randi, the main protagonist of the video game Secret of Mana

See also

English-language feminine given names
English masculine given names
English-language masculine given names
English-language unisex given names

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Five Connecticut police officers charged over paralysis of Black man
By Darryl Coote
New Haven police officer Jocelyn Lavandier, 35, was arrested and charged Monday in connection to the paralysis of Richard Cox in June. Photo courtesy of Connecticut State Police
Nov. 29 (UPI) -- Five Connecticut police officers have been arrested and charged in connection to the paralysis of a Black man while in their custody, prosecutors said.
The man, Richard "Randy" Cox, was arrested on June 19 on accusations of illegal possession of a hand gun and other charges. While being transported to prison in the back of a police van that lacked seatbelts, a handcuffed Cox suffered serious spine and neck injuries when he was thrown headfirst into the metal partition inside the vehicle as a result of the driver making a sudden stop.
After announcing his injuries on arrival at the detention facility, the officers first attempted to move him via wheelchair before dragging him into the building.
Video of the incident shows the seemingly exasperated officers roughly handle the injured Cox while making remarks that their detainee was being difficult by resisting to move. Near the end of the recording, one of the officers states they saw Cox blow a kiss as he was being dragged by his arms into a cell.
RELATED Missouri supreme court paves way for state to execute Kevin Johnson
"He is perfectly fine," the officer is heard saying.
Officers Oscar Diaz, 54; Jocelyn Lavandier, 35; Ronald Pressley, 56; Luis Rivera, 40; and Sgt. Betsy Segui, 40, were arrested Monday by Connecticut State Police on warrants charging them with second-degree reckless endangerment and cruelty to persons violations, New Haven State's Attorney John Doyle Jr. announced in a statement.
Connecticut State Police said the five suspects turned themselves in and have since been released after each posted a $25,000 bond. They are scheduled to appear in court Dec. 8.
RELATED FBI confirms remains found in landfill belong to missing Georgia boy
The charges follow an investigation by the State Police Central District Major Crime Unit that was ordered by Doyle on the day of the incident.
"The City of New Haven is committed to accountability for all individuals involved in this tragic incident," New Haven Mayor Justin Elicker said in a statement. "What happened to Randy was unacceptable, and we will work to make sure something like this never happens again."
Cox filed a $100 million lawsuit against the city and the five police officers in September, which was followed the next month by the charges against him being dropped.
RELATED San Bernardino deputies kill man in 'catfish' incident that left 3 dead
"While today's news that these officers will face some accountability is an important first step towards justice for Randy, we know there is more work to be done on his behalf," civil rights and personal injury attorney Ben Crump, who is representing the Cox family, said in a statement. "We will continue to fight for him throughout this process, and stand beside him as he navigates the long road toward recovery."
In response to the incident, the New Haven Police Department adopted new polices and standard operational procedures overseeing the transportation of individuals in police care as well as regarding detention facility operations and those who may need medical assistance.
FBI reportedly searched Biden office in November for documents
Jan. 31 (UPI) -- The FBI in November reportedly searched President Joe Biden's former office, looking for classified documents, according to multiple reports.
Arab countries 'headed in wrong direction,' new poll says


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Sample of red paint removed from the inside of a pot found at Amarna. What Flaxman Spurell referred to as 'prepared paints' and he numbered it S', in reference to his 1895 experiments with colours from ancient Egypt. Displayed within an acrylic cube.


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New book looks to the past to determine the future of SSL (MAGAZINE)
After sharing his work about LED pioneer Shuji Nakamura, journalist Bob Johnstone followed the path carved through new technology terrain by other LED innovators in his new book, L.E.D.: A History of the Future of Lighting — where he chronicles the origins of the light-emitting diode, its evolution, and the applications it promises to enable, illustrated in this excerpt.
New book on the history of LED development looks to the past to determine the future of SSL
The ability to foresee the future, especially when crucial parts of that future remain to be invented, is rare. Ton Begemann acquired the oracular ability through serving as a science attaché at the Dutch embassy in Washington during the 1970s. One of his reports, on American doubts about the prospects for fast-breeder nuclear reactors, caused an uproar in his native Holland. "There were seventeen questions in parliament and headlines in the newspapers," Begemann said, chuckling as he recalled the furore he had inadvertently caused. "So I decided, Well, this is the end of my career as a diplomat." On his return to Holland in 1975, he was offered a job with Philips Lighting in Eindhoven, Holland. In 1990, losing money and stung by criticisms that it had become staid and hidebound, Philips brought in new management. The incoming team included Einar Kloster, a canny Norwegian, who took over as CEO Philips Lighting. One of Kloster's first actions was to appoint Begemann as his resident soothsayer. Though lighting had not changed much in the past hundred years, complacency was dangerous because it left the business vulnerable to unexpected innovation. "Ton," Kloster instructed Begemann, "you are going to sit in the office next to me and look at what is going to happen with lighting technologies."
Interested in articles & announcements on the development of LED technology?
In his new role one of the first items that caught Begemann's eye was an advertisement in a trade journal for a new, fourth-generation light emitting diode, a device that emitted bright amber light. This was of interest because one of Philips best-selling products also emitted bright amber light: high-pressure sodium-vapor street lamps. Begemann saw that street lights based on LEDs would consume much less energy than sodium-vapor lights. He also recognized that light emitting diodes would have another advantage over conventional sources. LEDs were directional, shining only where pointed, in this case, downwards. To achieve the required illumination at street level, you would not need to produce so much light. Begemann ordered some of the new bright orange LEDs. Technicians in Philips' lab soldered couple of hundred devices onto a circuit board then hooked it up to an electric current. The tiny lights shone brightly. Not nearly enough to compete with sodium, but doubtless they would get brighter.
In 1993, seeking to share his findings with colleagues, Begemann staged a strategic directions workshop. He understood that LED lighting was not going to be an easy sell. Only a few years previously, believing the technology to be a dead-end, Philips had disbanded its LED group and ignominiously exited the field. In 1992 a working group at the company investigating "unconventional light sources" had concluded that LEDs were not suited for general illumination. But in the interim the efficiency of LEDs had doubled, then doubled again. It was time for another look. Begemann began his presentation with a cautionary tale. Imaging had long been dominated by Kodak. But the recent advent of digital cameras meant that the writing was on the wall for the venerable US firm. Light emitting diodes, he asserted, represented the same kind of existential threat in the lighting market. Admittedly, LEDs were as yet not capable of producing white light. But that was not the issue, Begemann argued, he fully expected that they would eventually acquire this capacity. In the long term LEDs had the potential to radically change illumination. For the moment, the important thing was to get cracking with the amber, then continue with the white when it became available. "LED lighting is something we need to look at," he concluded.
His story fell on deaf ears. "They didn't really believe it," Begemann told me. "Nobody said, Yes — that is something." Fortunately, he still enjoyed the backing of his boss. Kloster had been disturbed by the presentation and its implications for the future of Philips Lighting. It was imperative to find out how much brighter amber LEDs would become. The best ones were made by Hewlett Packard. As it happened, one of Kloster's close friends, a fellow Philips board member called Frank Carubba, had formerly been a senior manager at Hewlett Packard. It was arranged that in January 1994 Begemann would travel to San Jose in Silicon Valley to meet with executives at HP's Optoelectronics Division, the source of the best little orange lights.
The visit did not go well. Begemann wanted to discuss the role that LEDs might play in lighting. But the HP guys simply didn't get what he was talking about. Though frustrated, Begemann stubbornly persisted. Back in Eindhoven, he kept pestering Hewlett Packard to send someone over to Holland so that he could show them what he meant. Eventually, in March 1994, keen to get the pesky Dutchman off his back, the division manager capitulated. Roland Haitz, the number-one technology guy, not just of the optoelectronics division but of HP's entire Semiconductor Products Group, happened to be in Japan. Haitz was scheduled fly to his native Germany for a trade show. Would he mind dropping in on Philips in Holland on his way home? Reluctantly, Haitz agreed.
The visible light emitting diode was invented in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, a researcher then working for GE. It glowed a dull red. The tiny size of the device made the LED ideal for its first application, as an on/off indicator. With the advent of digital watches and calculators, LEDs were pressed into service as displays, to provide alphanumeric read-outs. Hewlett Packard got into LEDs because, as a maker of test and measuring kit, read-outs were vital to its core business. The conventional display device was the Nixie tube. Nixies were cumbersome, power hungry, hard to read, prone to breakdown and — worse — an anachronistic embarrassment at a time when the rest of the electronics in HP's products had shrunk to low-power transistors and chips. The capability of LEDs was thus closely aligned with HP's corporate strategy.
In 1970 Bill Hewlett committed his company to building a handheld scientific calculator, an electronic slide-rule that would fit in a shirt pocket. Since production was limited by how many displays HP could make, the company poured resources into the research, development, and manufacturing of LEDs. The calculator turned out to be a huge hit commercially. "This was a big deal for HP," Haitz recalled. "After that, Hewlett was so proud we had helped the company to get such a big success that we were the fair-haired boys for a long time to come." HP continued to innovate in the materials from which LEDs are fabricated. In 1979 Haitz hired George Craford, a former student of Holonyak's who had made the first yellow LED. The potential for LEDs to play a role in general illumination had been clear to Holonyak more or less from day one. "We believe there is a strong possibility of developing [the LED] as a practical white source," he told an interviewer back in 1963. Holonyak and Craford continued bandy around the notion light emitting diodes as the shape of lighting things to come. But most people simply laughed this off. So long as LEDs could only glow dull red they would continue to be a niche market. LEDs were merely light to be seen, not light to see by, which is what Ton Begemann was proposing.
Then, beginning in the mid eighties, new light-emitting compounds were investigated. For the first time an unfamiliar adjective began to be applied to describe the output of LEDs. At long last the tiny lights were becoming bright. Serendipitously, a new application popped up for which bright red LEDs were a perfect fit. In 1985, to reduce read-end collisions — one of the most common forms of road accident — the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration required that thenceforth all automobiles must be equipped with a third brake light. This would be mounted at eye-level in the center of the rear windshield. By the early 1990s it was clear that bright red LEDs would prevail in the brake light market. Armed with its new bright orange lights, Hewlett Packard was eyeing a related niche — automotive turn-signals. Then, in December 1993, came a bombshell. An obscure, previously unknown Japanese firm named Nichia announced that it had achieved what many of the biggest names in the electronics industry had been trying to make for the past two decades: namely, a bright blue LED. Overnight, the game had changed. With red, green, and blue LEDs, it would now be possible to make white light — as just a few months earlier, with remarkable prescience, Ton Begemann had anticipated. Roland Haitz told his boss that HP urgently needed to set up a blue LED development program. Haitz himself took off for Japan to meet with Nichia. Which is where he was when the request for him to visit Philips Lighting arrived.
"It was the most nerve-wracking trip I ever did," was how Haitz remembered his late-evening drive through the Ruhr from Hanover to Holland. After a horrendous three hours negotiating heavy traffic amid torrential rain, he finally reached Eindhoven. Next morning Ton Begemann gave him a guided tour of Philips Lighting's laboratory. It was a revelation for Haitz who until that point, as Begemann recalled with a chuckle, had known nothing about lighting. Haitz himself described his tour as an introduction to a completely different world. "I learned so much on that day about what counts in lighting," he told me.
In return, Begemann badgered Haitz for answers to his questions: The efficiency of HP's amber LEDs had doubled twice in recent months. How much improvement in their output could be expected by the year 2000? In his role as chief technologist Haitz was, like Begemann, accustomed to peering into the future. HP's customers in the automotive industry were always eager to learn what was in the product pipeline. LEDs like the ones that had caught Begemann's eye were based on technology Hewlett Packard had commercialized two years previously and developed three years before that. Between what Haitz knew was in HP's labs back in Silicon Valley and what Philips had acquired there was thus a five-year gap. In addition to which, he was able extrapolate product development five years hence. Though Haitz kept his cards close to his chest — Philips had yet to sign a non-disclosure agreement with HP — some hasty, back-of-the-envelope calculations left both parties in no doubt by the end of the day that the future of LEDs lay in the lighting business.
On the plane home to California Haitz wrote up his impressions in a trip report. LEDs would clearly be in lighting and lighting was a huge market. If Hewlett Packard wanted to remain a major player in the LED business, the company had no choice but to participate. But HP could not go it alone because it didn't understand the market. "If we are not tied up with a lighting company, we will make mistake after mistake, and we are going to get our ass kicked," Haitz concluded, with characteristic brusqueness. "We have to find a partner." There were three possibilities: Osram-Sylvania, GE, and Philips. Osram already had its own internal LED business; GE was no longer interested in making investments in lighting technology. "So there was really only one girl to dance with, and that was Philips."
LEDs as light to see by required a leap of the imagination. Their output compared to that of conventional lamps was still puny. HP's top brass took a lot of persuading that there would be value in teaming up with Philips Lighting. But Haitz persevered; eventually, he succeeded in winning them over. For his part, Begemann reported back to Philips that Haitz had told him that by 2000 it would be possible to make LED street-lights that were as good as the most efficient conventional products. Most of his colleagues still thought he was crazy. But his boss gave him the go-ahead to set up a feasibility study with HP, to be followed by a demonstration project. The two companies initiated their cooperation in late 1994. It was decided to focus initially on the development of a prototype street-light based on HP's amber LEDs because that market was already accustomed to orange-colored illumination.
"I got two guys from HP and two guys from Philips Lighting and they spent half a year locked up in our lab here in Holland," Begemann recalled. Such a tight deadline was very different from the leisurely way that development programs were usually run at Philips. "This was a project where we were exposed to Bay Area dynamics and the semiconductor world, where things are three times faster if not more," recalled Berry Kock, one of the two Philips representatives. Team members were under strict instructions not to discuss their work with anyone. The benchmark had been defined: the efficiency of high-pressure sodium lights was about one hundred lumens per watt. LEDs could only manage half as many lumens, but by directing the light more efficiently in a much tighter beam, the team showed it was possible to match the performance of conventional products.
By October 1995, they were ready to unveil their work. Begemann made sure that all his colleagues in top management at Philips Lighting attended. Three prototype LED streetlights were set up in a warehouse-like building in Eindhoven. Inside it was like a movie set, complete with props, in this case traffic signals and lines painted on the floor to simulate an actual street. "We tried to make it as real as possible," Kock said. For maximum effect, the curtains were tightly drawn to make it very dark inside. The element of surprise worked in their favour. "Everyone was completely flabbergasted that we were doing such a thing with LEDs which were thought to be tiny lights on your stereo set," Kock told me. "It was definitely a moment when people noticed something which they did not believe would ever exist."
Gerard Harbers, then an optical designer from Philips Research, would never forget the thrill of seeing LED streetlights for the first time. "It made a huge impression on me," Harbers said. "Here you were in this big space and there's this single lamp which illuminates the whole space, the whole street. It showed, for the first time, real solid-state lighting. And I think that everyone who saw the demo got that same feeling: this will be big, this will be huge — if you can do this already now, what will the future bring?"
For Philips and Hewlett Packard the next step was to form a limited 50:50 joint venture based in Amsterdam. This was announced in late 1996, with minimum fanfare, so as not to alert the competition. It was a small operation, mustering about thirty engineers. The aim was to take LED component technology from HP, couple it with applications and assembly expertise from Philips, and target sections of the lighting market. The first niche chosen was red and amber traffic signals. This was seen as an initial stepping stone, to get the company started and pave the way for more complex applications like street lights.
In 1999, encouraged by the results from this first niche market, Philips led by Ton Begemann initiated a push to scale up the joint venture. It was decided to locate the new firm, named Lumileds, in San Jose, where most of the technical expertise resided. Also, to make it as much like a startup as possible, complete with stock options for employees. This was an unprecedented move for the Dutch company, but it was done for a good reason: namely, to avoid its stuffy corporate culture stifling the entrepreneurial spirit. For Hewlett Packard the idea of forming an independent joint venture was not such a stretch. It helped that HP was then undergoing a wrenching corporate restructure. In 1999 the firm split itself in two, with the original company retaining the computer-related businesses and a new entity called Agilent formed to retain the test and measurement businesses. Among the latter was the semiconductor products group, which contained the optoelectronics division. Eventually most of the division — around three hundred individuals — left to join Lumileds.
In the joint venture there were, inevitably, clashes of culture. The Dutch were accustomed to calling a spade a spade: their bluntness could upset the milder-mannered Silicon Valley folk. There was also a gulf between the worlds of lighting and semiconductors. The Philips people were top-down in their approach, accustomed to thinking in terms of system solutions, how lighting could be used in offices and retail spaces to create a better atmosphere; or, if it was street lights, how illumination could make roads safer for drivers. The HP folk were by contrast bottom-up. They saw things in terms of nuts and bolts, what increased light output would mean for package design, how thermal performance would need to be improved. In higher-level discussions the components guys would sometimes struggle to comprehend the issues. Nonetheless, the US-Dutch relationship worked remarkably well.
In 2005, when Agilent decided to sell off its semiconductor operations, Philips acquired the US firm's share of the company. In that year Lumileds employed 1,760 people and earned $83 million profit on sales of $324 million. It was, Begemann boasted, the best investment Philips had ever made. "We paid $80 million for the original fifty percent, then five years later, Philips acquired the remaining fifty percent for eleven times that value [$950 million]. If you tell somebody in the financial world that you will multiply the value of your investment by a factor of eleven, you're a hero!"
Republished from May 2017 edition of L.E.D.: A History of the Future of Lighting by BOB JOHNSTONE (shown above). Excerpt from Chapter One, "Only One Girl To Dance With." Copyright May 2017; published by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (available at: http://amzn.to/2x5R1p5). No revisions have been made to the original published text.
Origin of Haitz's Law
In early '99 Roland Haitz started to consider how much energy would be saved by converting incandescent lamps to LEDs based on two decades' worth of historical data he had in his files. "I'm somewhat of a pack rat," Haitz told me. "I dug through my old reports, which went back to 1971 or so. We used to have an annual review with the top brass at HP, when I had to present our accomplishments and performance targets for the next five years. So I had a lot of information about how many LEDs we'd sold in a year, what was the average selling price, and the efficiency at that time. I basically plotted a historical collection of points of what was the most powerful LED you could buy commercially in that year. Then I also dug into what was the cost per lumen."
Haitz was not a big believer in numerical analysis by spreadsheets. For him, a simple formula was a far better tool for understanding. The result was what came to be known as Haitz's Law. In graphical terms, it plotted two lines, price and performance, versus time; the former headed straight down, the latter straight up. Haitz's Law states that every decade the price per lumen falls by a factor of ten, while the amount of lumens output by an LED increases by a factor of twenty. Extrapolating the lines, Haitz estimated that by the middle of the next decade, that is, around 2005, LEDs would begin to become competitive with conventional light sources. He also worked out what the potential energy savings of LEDs would be. The numbers turned out to be huge. "I was shocked by how big they were," Haitz said. "And that's what convinced me: Dammit — we have to do something!"


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Is there a problem if I don't bleed every month?
For the past few months I have been using Evorel 50 patches together with Micronor progesterone tablets.
I found this fiddly to work out and kept bleeding before I finished the course of Micronor tablets. I therefore changed last month to Evorel Sequi combined patches and have just finished one month's course.
However, I have not had a bleed (which I understood I should have). My doctor says not to worry about this as sometimes a bleed doesn't happen but I am still worried about this in case my womb has thickened and the bleed is not getting rid of this.
I have been told that provided I am having progesterone (which I am during weeks 3 and 4 of the patches) then it doesn't matter whether I have a bleed or not.
Please can someone help? Should I go back to the Micronor tablets, which seemed to work well and ensured I had a monthly bleed?
Is the actual bleed really necessary or is the fact that I am having progesterone sufficient and no bleed is required?
This is a very sensible question and it is good that you have some understanding of what is going on. However, at this stage I don't think you need to worry.


text:
Taxiphyllum whittierianum är en bladmossart som beskrevs av H. A. Miller och D. R. Smith 1968 [1969. Taxiphyllum whittierianum ingår i släktet Taxiphyllum och familjen Hypnaceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Best of the Small Business Web: Law and Order-Taking
Atkinson-Baker, the industry's first-to-the-Web court-reporter scheduling service, saves lawyers and employees time and trouble.
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There are great business sites that serve their customers. There are great professional sites that serve their industry. Sheila Atkinson-Baker's site serves both.
Atkinson-Baker's clients are lawyers; her industry is court reporting. As most of us know, either firsthand or from watching David E. Kelley productions, not all testimony occurs in the courtroom. Often lawyers want to know prior to a trial what a witness is going to say. They need someone impartial to take notes and type up the transcript. That's when they call Atkinson-Baker. The 12-year-old Glendale, Calif., company sends its employees out to record the proceedings of thousands of depositions every year. The company's two biggest challenges are finding the best possible reporters and managing a tangle of schedules and logistics.
Both of those applications, of course, are ideal for the Web. But that wasn't obvious in 1995 when Atkinson-Baker launched the site. Moreover, she had made several earlier attempts to lead her legal clients to computers and found them unwilling to drink. A system that instantaneously translated a reporter's shorthand notes into English and transmitted them to a lawyer's laptop was slow to catch on. "Lawyers tend to be set in the way that they do things," she says.
But that didn't faze the CEO. Atkinson-Baker already possessed mountains of information -- such as the rules of discovery in different states -- that clients need when they reach the deposition stage. She didn't expect that many lawyers would be doing research on the Web, but among those who did, she knew she could establish a reputation for legal expertise and technological proficiency by making that information Web accessible.
She also hoped to attract competent reporters by becoming the everything-you-need-to-know resource for the whole profession. Forget the layout of a steno keyboard? Worrying about how much all that reporting equipment will cost? Atkinson-Baker's site would become the Rome to which all roads lead. The professional-development area has already paid off richly: in the past year alone the company has hired 30 court reporters who applied for work after consulting career information on the site.
And now that law firms are catching up with the rest of the corporate world, the company is rolling out some of the time- and labor-saving services its CEO started mulling four years ago. In January it launched a password-protected service that lets legal clients schedule court reporters, check calendars, and view invoices on-line.
In the next month or so customers will also be able to retrieve complete case data and transcripts, a big time-saver for both the customer and Atkinson-Baker.
Published on: Nov 15, 1999


Biliary dyskinesia is an enigmatic but important condition to consider in the evaluation of patients with right upper quadrant pain. A thorough history, work-up and examination are needed, as this diagnosis is primarily a diagnosis of exclusion. Proper selection of patients for cholecystectomy is essential in order to avoid unnecessary operative intervention.
Biliary dyskinesia is a symptomatic functional disorder of the gallbladder whose precise etiology is unknown. It may be due to metabolic disorders that affect the motility of the GI tract, including the gallbladder, or to a primary alteration in the motility of the gallbladder itself. Biliary dyskinesia presents with a symptom complex that is similar to those with biliary colic.
Biliary dyskinesia presents with a symptom complex that is similar to those with biliary colic.
In order to diagnose biliary dyskinesia, the patient should have right upper quadrant pains similar to biliary colic but have a normal ultrasound examination of the gallbladder (no stones, sludge, microlithiasis, gallbladder wall thickening or CBD dilation). For patients who are suspected to have biliary dyskinesia, the Rome III diagnostic criteria for functional gallbladder disorders should be considered.
Other supportive criteria include: association of pain with nausea and vomiting, radiation of the pain to the infrascapular region, and pain that wakes the patient in the middle of the night.
Normal liver enzymes, conjugated bilirubin, and amylase/lipase.
When and how should a HIDA scan be obtained?
If a patient meets these criteria and has a normal ultrasound examination, a HIDA scan should be considered. Recently updated criteria for the performance of hepatobiliary scintigraphy should be followed to determine the gallbladder ejection fraction. These guidelines recommend imaging and CCK infusion at a slow and constant rate (0.02 micrograms/kg) over 60 minutes. Also included are important clinical considerations prior to testing.
Who should have a cholecystectomy?
Patients who have episodes of biliary type right upper quadrant pain, without structural abnormalities by ultrasound and an abnormal HIDA scan should be considered for cholecystectomy. An abnormal ejection fraction is considered to be less than 38% when the test is administered according to the guidelines described above. Some authors and experts recommend that the symptom complex should also be of sufficient duration (i.e. at least three months) before considering cholecystectomy.
Patients with atypical symptoms who have an abnormal HIDA scan will not necessarily benefit from cholecystectomy as other etiologies (e.g. IBS, GERD, functional bowel and motility disorders) are more likely.
Although controversial, most experts recommend performance of an upper endoscopy prior to cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia to rule out other structural disorders of the upper GI tract (esophageal strictures, gastric and duodenal ulcers, H pylori, etc).
Because of the functional nature of the HIDA scan, it is easily impacted by patient factors and should not be performed except under the conditions listed above.
In order to exclude other disorders of the liver and pancreas, all patients should have normal laboratory studies prior to making a diagnosis of biliary dyskinesia.
Cholecystectomy is the only known effective treatment for the diagnosis of biliary dyskinesia. A period of observation can and should be offered however if the symptom complex has been of short duration or there remains concern that other etiologies may be the primary contributor to the patient's symptoms. A trial of medical therapy and/or dietary manipulation should be considered for those thought to have functional bowel motility issues.
How effective is cholecystectomy for biliary dyskinesia?
Although initial studies in the early 1990s suggested that 80-90% of patients have symptom resolution with cholecystectomy, this has not held up in clinical practice. The likelihood of symptom relief at one year after cholecystectomy is variable and highly dependent on patient selection but ranges from 50-70%.
For more information about the surgical treatment of biliary dyskinesia at UW Health, visit our liver and pancreas program.
Sign up for our newsletter to get the latest clinical information, free online CME, and more.
We provide world class patient care, move surgery forward with innovative research, and train the next generation of surgeons.
Learn with us at one of our upcoming educational events, or refer your patients to our surgeons.
1. Functional Hepatobiliary Disease: Chronic Acalculous Gallbladder and Chronic Acalculous Biliary Disease. Ziessman, H.A. Semin Nucl Med. 2006; 36:119-132.
2. Diagnostic Stringency and Healthcare Needs i nPatients with Biliary Dyskinesia. Aggarwal, N., Bielfeldt, K. Dig Dis Sci. 2013 Oct; 58(10):2799-808.
3. Utilization of Cholecystokinin Cholescintigraphy in Clinical Practice. Richmond et al. J Am Coll Surg. 2013 Aug;217(2):317-23.
4. Functional Gallbladder and Sphincter of Oddi Disorders. Behar et el. Gastroenterology. 2006 Apr;130(5):1498-509.


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Ferrari Adelaide
SPECTRA GROUP PTY LTD
Adelaide building boom worth $2.5bn
DEVELOPERS have earmarked more than $2.5 billion of major city projects since the State Government relaxed planning regulations in March last year.
The Development Assessment Commission has approved close to $700 million worth of projects since then and is assessing two more valued at $84 million.
A further 24 projects worth $1.8 billion are progressing through the commission's pre-lodgement process, including the $350 million expansion of Adelaide Casino.
Of the remaining 23, 15 are mixed-use projects with combinations of apartments, ho-tels, offices and retail, but the Government would not pro-vide specific details.
And development industry leaders say the reforms have the potential to spark a private-building boom led by international investors.
They say the growth will transform the city skyline over the next decade, complementing the rush of major public projects under construction such as Adelaide Oval and the new Royal Adelaide Hospital.
The reforms doubled building heights to 30 storeys on parts of King William, Pulteney, Currie, Grenfell and Flinders streets, allowed 15-storey buildings on Gouger and Hindley streets and the terraces, and removed height limits for sites of more than 1500sq m.
Developers can choose to collaborate with Government planners in a case-management service to refine applications before they are lodged, in order to slash formal approval times from six months to as little as a few weeks.
Master Builders Association SA acting chief executive David Callan said allowing bigger projects made Adelaide more attractive to developers.
"What's been most important is the lack of restraints and obstacles in seeking development approval so we can go ahead and build things in the CBD," he said.
"We've seen particularly some international money funding some higher and medium-density developments in Adelaide, which is all very good for our economy."
Property Council SA executive director Nathan Paine said the changes had given developers "greater capacity to generate an economic income".
This was despite the industry still struggling with low levels of demand and confidence.
Planning Minister John Rau said the surge in building activity "demonstrates confidence in the construction and commercial development industry in South Australia".
Ferrari returns to Adelaide
The famous prancing horse will set up shop in Adelaide CBD after a year-long hiatus.
Adelaide BMW operator Adelaide Motors has been awarded the prized Ferrari dealership and is finalising plans for a new state-of-the-art, stand-alone showroom.A new "face of Ferrari in SA'" is being sought to operate the dealership, which will offer sales and servicing.
Adelaide Motors director Kym McInerney would not reveal the location of the new showroom but said its design had been approved by Ferrari headquarters in Maranello.
However, The Advertiser understands the company's Suburban Taxi site at the western end of Hindley St is being proposed for the new development, expected to open later this year.
"The new dealership will be a statement of modern Italian design and the showroom structure will incorporate design elements taken directly from Ferrari's vehicles," Mr McInerney said.
Ferrari has been absent from Adelaide's new car sales market since November 2011, when Prestige Formula was downgraded.
The president of the South Australian division of the Ferrari Club Australia, Frank Russo, said it was critical the incoming sales and service team offered a superior level of customer service.
"Regardless of whether it's a 2013 or a 1960s car, as far as our members are concerned their Ferrari is special," he said.
Adelaide Motors already plans to start servicing Ferraris from its West Tce home next month.
Red alert for Ferrari fans
THE famous prancing horse will set up shop in the CBD after a year-long hiatus from Adelaide's marketplace.
Adelaide BMW operator Adelaide Motors has been awarded the prized Ferrari dealership and is finalising plans for a new state-of-the-art, stand-alone showroom.
A new "face of Ferrari in SA" is being sought to operate the dealership, which will offer sales and servicing.
"The new dealership will be a statement of modern Italian design and the showroom structure will incorporate design elements taken directly from Ferrari's vehicles," Mr McInerney said.
"Regardless of whether it's a 2013 or a 1960s car, as far as our members are concerned their Ferrari is special," he said.
"Regardless of whether it's a 2013 or a 1960s car, as far as our members are concerned their Ferrari is special."


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SLO County Travel News
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Avila Beach
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San Luis Obispo County Visitors Guide
San Luis Obispo County travel guide featuring wine tasting, dining, spas, lodging, shopping, events and attractions.
San Antonio Winery celebrates 100 years of making fine wines
By Visitors Guide
Home Page Slider Paso Robles Paso Robles Wineries Wineries
Estrella Warbirds Museum and Woodland Auto Display, where history still flies
Paso Pizza Kitchen delivers fresh, tasty dishes
Spice up life at Naughty But Nice
Carnival rides free opening day of the Mid-State Fair
Enjoy some 'Liquid California' at Calwise Spirits Distillpub
Savor premiere wines and fresh, local food offerings at Paso Robles tasting room and bistro
When it comes to making fine wine, the folks at San Antonio Winery are experts. It all started in 1917 with founder Santo Cambianica. Stefano Riboli, Santo's nephew, learned the business from his uncle and eventually became the owner. Stefano married Maddalena Satragni and had three children: Santo, Cathy, and Steve.
Today, 100 years later, the family tradition of winemaking is stronger than ever. "It takes lots of passion, risk-taking, determination, and a bit of luck," said Vice President Steve Riboli "We strive to constantly evolve and progress, always looking ahead to the next ten years of our family company."
Three generations of the Riboli family currently oversee San Antonio Winery, one of the most highly-awarded wineries in California. The San Antonio winemaking team is made up of Santo's son and fourth generation Winemaker Anthony Riboli, Head Winemaker Arnaud Debons, and Paso Robles Winemaker Ben Mayo.
"The partnership and spirit between our winemaking team is awesome as we strive to produce world-class wines," said Steve.
A sweeping view of the Stefano Vineyard.
Vineyard properties
Over the years, the Ribolis purchased four vineyard properties in the Arroyo Seco and Santa Lucia Highlands AVAs of Monterey, where they focus on Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Riesling, and Pinot Grigio. Their small vineyard in the prestigious Rutherford appellation of Napa Valley is planted with Cabernet Sauvignon and Petit Verdot.
When the Ribolis decided to expand their business into the Paso Robles region, they understood it was an exciting and important area due to the excellent climate and high grape quality. In the past six years, they have planted three estate vineyards in the El Pomar district – Maddalena, Stefano, and Pretty Penny – and two in Creston –Riboli Creston and Creston Highlands.
"We only own hillside vineyards in Paso – we thought this was important for quality – and the microclimates are unique," said Anthony. "We planted the Paso vineyards with the best clones, layout, drip irrigation, and a mix of different varietals."
Paso Robles Cabernet Sauvignon is the top-selling red of San Antonio Winery, with Sauvignon Blanc hailing as the top-selling white. Additional varietals planted in their Paso Robles estate vineyards include Viognier, Syrah, Petite Sirah, Grenache, Mourvedre, Merlot, Petit Verdot, and Malbec.
When the family acquired the local tasting room property in 2007, they had been purchasing grapes from Paso Robles for 30 years, making the local connection a truly multi-decade story. Situated 200 miles north of where the original San Antonio Winery was established in downtown Los Angeles, visitors enjoy fine offerings inside the inviting Paso Robles tasting room. In 2016, the family built a state-of-the-art winery facility in Paso Robles and will soon complete construction on an elegant and versatile hospitality center.
"This is not a short-term investment for us," said Anthony. "We've been investing in the Paso Robles area for three decades. As a company, we are always pushing forward to do a better job, whether in the vineyard, the winery, sales, and marketing – whatever it may take to stay ahead."
Family history of making fine wines since 1917
The original San Antonio Winery was founded a century ago by Santo Cambianica and is the last remaining winery in downtown Los Angeles. Santo left his home in the northern Italian province of Lombardia, making his way to Los Angeles in 1912. He founded San Antonio Winery in 1917, dedicating it to his patron Saint Anthony.
Following the Wall Street Crash, Great Depression, and Prohibition, the wine industry suffered and most wineries were forced to close. But San Antonio Winery persevered, as the Los Angeles Archdiocese granted Santo permission to make sacramental wines. The business flourished and soon became the number one provider of altar wines.
When Prohibition ended, Stefano Riboli immigrated to the United States at the age of 15 to help his Uncle Santo with the winery. He began apprenticing under Santo, learning the skills necessary to operate a winery, and became an invaluable partner to his uncle. Stefano married Maddalena Satragni in 1946, and together they took over the family business after Santo passed away in 1956. Today, their children – Santo, Cathy, and Steve – operate the business, along with the fourth generation.
"Our family business has been successful because we don't run it based on ego; we want people to enjoy our wines in a comfortable environment," said Anthony. "Not everyone likes the same wine, and I think the secret to our success is that we make different types of wine – we have to make sure customers enjoy what they are drinking beyond that first glass."
The outdoor patio at the Paso Robles tasting room.
Wine tasting, bistro, gift shop & special events
Enjoy a selection of San Antonio Winery offerings, from bold reds, flavorful whites, and sweet, delectable wines, to a range of sparkling wines and fine ports.
• Central Coast Flight – select a choice of three wine samplings for $5
• Artisan Flight – taste four of San Antonio's finest, small production wines including crisp whites and intense reds for $12
• Elite/Reserve Flight – sample a unique collection of wines poured in a variety of tastings in side-by-side varietals of different vintages for $15-$35. Call for availability or for more information; groups of 8 or more require advance reservation.
The San Antonio Winery Bistro is the perfect spot to enjoy lunch or an early dinner inside the inviting Heritage Room, outside on the covered patio, or al fresco on the beautiful fountain patio. A wide selection of fresh, local food including appetizers, salads, pasta, sandwiches, and thin crust pizza is available from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily; take-out is available.
The San Antonio Winery Gift Shop is filled with everything from wine accessories and glassware to clothing, gourmet food items, and fine gifts. For those interested in holding a function or meeting onsite, General Manager Geof Fagan and his team of experts at San Antonio Winery will help plan and host a variety of events whether for business, family celebrations, class reunions, and more.
Visit San Antonio Winery's Paso Robles location at 2610 Buena Vista Drive, just off Highway 46 East, daily from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. For more information, call (805) 226-2600 or visit sanantoniowinery.com.
–Meagan Friberg
Satisfy your thirst for great wine at Hunt Cellars
Windward Vineyard – a passion for Pinot Noir
The Central Coast Shakespeare Festival returns July 11
Celebrate Independence Day at Paso Pops
'Comedy For Musicians But Everyone Is Welcome' Review: Fred Armisen is hilariously funny
Visit Dinosaur Caves Park in Pismo Beach
Ride the dunes in Pismo Beach
Explore The Tidepools
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Go see the wildflowers in season - 40759 Views
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View a pinniped phenomenon in San Simeon - 23359 Views
Harmony Headlands State Park is a fun hike - 22375 Views
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Access Publishing, 806 9th Street #2D, Paso Robles, CA 93446 (805) 226-9890
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Q: How to fix "Unable to derive module descriptor for *.jar" with Maven Moditect plugin error? I'm creating a Maven-based JavaFX 15 application and in the process of making it modular in order to be able to use javafx:jlink to generate a runtime image for it.
To solve the issue of automatic modules I am using the Moditect plugin, but am now encountering a different error:

Execution generate-module-info
of goal
org.moditect:moditect-maven-plugin:1.0.0.RC1:generate-module-info
failed: Unable to derive module descriptor for
path\to\xalan-2.7.2.jar

These are the most important parts of my pom.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- ...JavaFX graphics and controls...-->

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
            <artifactId>poi-ooxml</artifactId>
            <version>5.0.0</version>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.moditect</groupId>
            <artifactId>moditect-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>1.0.0.RC1</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- ...Other dependencies-->
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.8.0</version>
            </plugin>

            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
                <artifactId>javafx-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>0.0.5</version>
                <configuration>
                    <mainClass>...</mainClass>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>

            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.moditect</groupId>
                <artifactId>moditect-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>1.0.0.RC1</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>generate-module-info</id>
                        <phase>generate-sources</phase>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>generate-module-info</goal>
                        </goals>
                        <configuration>
                            <modules>
                                <!-- This is the module causing the problem -->
                                <module>
                                    <artifact>
                                        <groupId>org.apache.poi</groupId>
                                        <artifactId>poi-ooxml</artifactId>
                                        <version>5.0.0</version>
                                    </artifact>
                                </module>
                            </modules>
                        </configuration>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

I know there have been multiple questions asked about this already like this one, but none of their answers go into detail on how to fix the issue.

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