in September 1844 a clown from Astley's Amphitheatre sailed from Vauxhall Bridge to Westminster Bridge in a washtub towed by geese?
besides being a clown, mime, juggler, and sleight of hand magician, vaudevillian Avner the Eccentric is a certified Ericksonian hypnotist?
Not to be confused with Clowne.
"Clowns" redirects here. For the game, see Clowns (video game).
Clowns are comical performers, stereotypically characterized by their grotesque appearance: colored wigs, stylistic makeup, outlandish costumes, unusually large footwear, red-nose, etc., who entertain spectators by acting in a hilarious fashion. The types of their acts varies greatly. Although some find clowns to be scary, their intended purpose is to entertain people, especially young children. Peter Berger writes that "It seems plausible that folly and fools, like religion and magic, meet some deeply rooted needs in human society." For this reason, clowning is often considered an important part of training as a physical performance discipline, partly because tricky subject matter can be dealt with, but also because it requires a high level of risk and play in the performer.
Clowning was developed from a broad tradition and it is difficult to say that it has developed as a singular tradition or a few different ones. Examples of historical clown types have been the pantomimus in ancient Greece, the Lazzi of Commedia dell'Arte, Bouffons, Court Jesters, the French Mime tradition. On top of this there are many non-European clowning traditions (including clown-like figures in Japanese Kabuki theatre) to consider which may or may not have influenced what we now think of as a clown.
Classic appearance. Traditionally, the whiteface clown uses "clown white" makeup to cover his or her entire face and neck with none of the underlying flesh color showing. In the European whiteface makeup, the ears are painted red. Features, in red and black, are delicate. He or she is traditionally costumed far more extravagantly than the other two clown types, sometimes wearing the ruffled collar and pointed hat which typify the stereotypical "clown suit".
Character. The whiteface character-type is often serious, all-knowing (even if not particularly smart), bossy and cocky. He is the ultimate authority figure. He serves the role of "straight-man" and sets up situations that can be turned funny.
Some circus examples include Pipo Sossman, François Fratellini (the Fratellini family), Felix Adler, Paul Jung, Harry Dann, Chuck Burnes, Albert White, Ernie Burch, Bobby Kaye, Jack and Jackie LeClaire, Joe and Chester Sherman, Keith Crary, Charlie Bell, Tim Tegge, Kenny Dodd, Frankie Saluto, Tammy Parish, David Konyot (Circus Barum and The Toni Alexis trio), Jay Stewart and Prince Paul Albert.
Appearance The auguste face base makeup color is a variation of pink, red, or tan rather than white. Features are exaggerated in size and are typically red and black in color. The mouth is thickly outlined with white (called the muzzle) as are the eyes. The auguste is dressed (appropriate to character) in either well-fitted garb or in a costume that does not fit - either oversize or too small is appropriate. Bold colors, large prints or patterns, and suspenders often characterize Auguste costumes.
Character The auguste character-type is often an anarchist, a joker, or a fool. He is clever and has much lower status than the whiteface. Classically the whiteface character instructs the auguste character to perform his bidding. The auguste has a hard time performing the task given which leads to funny situations. Sometimes the auguste plays the role of an anarchist and purposefully has trouble following the whiteface's directions. Sometimes the auguste is confused or is foolish and is screwing up less deliberately.
The contra-auguste The contra-auguste plays the role of the mediator between the whiteface character and the auguste character. He has a lower status than the whiteface but a higher status than the auguste. He aspires to be more like the whiteface and often mimics everything the whiteface does to try to gain approval. If there is a contra-auguste character, he often is instructed by the whiteface to correct the auguste when he is doing something wrong.
The character clown adopts an eccentric character of some type, such as a butcher, a baker, a policeman, a housewife or hobo. Prime examples of this type of clown are the circus tramps Otto Griebling and Emmett Kelly. Red Skelton, Harold Lloyd, Buster Keaton, and Charlie Chaplin would all fit the definition of a character clown.
The character clown makeup is a comic slant on the standard human face. Their makeup starts with a flesh tone base and may make use of anything from glasses, mustaches and beards to freckles, warts, big ears or strange haircuts.
The Hobo Migratory and finds work where he travels. Down on his luck but maintains a positive attitude.
The Tramp Migratory and does not work where he travels. Down on his luck and depressed about his situation.
The Bum Non-migratory and non-working.
Emmett Kelly was the preeminent clown of this type. Others include Barry Lubin, Tom Dougherty, Bill Irwin, David Shiner, Geoff Hoyle, John Gilkey, Peter Shub, Poodles Hanneford, Bluch Landolf, Larry Pisoni, John Lepiarz, Bobo Barnett, Happy Kellams, Fumagalli, Charlie Cairoli, Bebe, Jojo Lewis, Abe Goldstein, Rhum, David Larible, Scott Linker, Kenny Raskin, Oleg Popov, Rik Gern, and Bello Nock.
Many Native Tribes have a history of clowning. The Canadian Clowning method developed by Richard Pochinko and furthered by his former apprentice, Sue Morrison, combines European and Native American clowning techniques.
In this tradition, masks are made of clay while the creator's eyes are closed. A mask is made for each direction of the medicine wheel. During this process, the clown creates a personal mythology which explores his or her personal Experiences and Innocenses.
A rodeo clown is a cowboy, or animal wrangler, dressed in wild costumes. They are used in bull riding riding competitions where their primary job is to distract the bull from the rider when the rider dismounts either at the conclusion of the ride (typically 8 seconds) or by being thrown before the conclusion of the ride. Rodeo Clowns are also referred to as bull fighters and cowboy protection within rodeo circles. Rodeo Clowns usually work in pairs or in threes and move towards the bull, waving and yelling to attract the bull's attention to themselves as soon as a bull rider dismounts or is thrown from the bull. This action allows the rider to escape to safety. In situations where a rider becomes entangled and unable to free him or herself from the bull, the Rodeo Clowns put themselves at risk by rushing to the bull and placing themselves between the bull's horns and rider while at the same time attempting to free the rider from bull. Many modern rodeos will showcase Rodeo Clowns by featuring them in a segment separate from bull riding where the 'clowns' demonstrate their bull fighting prowess by directly confronting bulls, jumping over them and using other specialized evasive maneuvers.
There are two distinct types of clown characters, which originated in Commedia dell'Arte but which still hold some favor today, Pierrot and Arlecchino.
Pierrot/Pirouette. Derived from the commedia dell'arte character Pedrolino – the youngest actor of the troupe, deadpan and downtrodden. Although Pedrolino appeared without mask, Pierrot usually appears in whiteface, typically with very little other color on the face. Like Arlecchino, Pedrolino's character changed enormously with the rising popularity of pantomime in the late 19th century, becoming Pierrot. This clown character prefers black and white or other a simple primary color in his or her costume. (le Pierrot is often female, and has also been called "Pirouette" or "Pierrette". When Bernard Delfont was made a life peer, he chose "Pierrot and Pierrette" as the heraldic supporters of his coat of arms.).
Harlequin, or Arlecchino, is a "motley" clown. In the Commedia, Arlecchino always carries a cane with which to strike the other performers, although this cane is normally taken from him by the other performers and used against him. This is believed to be the origin of the slapstick form of comedy. A slapstick (battacio in Italian), is a prop with two flat flexible wooden pieces mounted in parallel so that the two sticks slap together when the implement is struck, causing a slapping sound, exaggerating the effect of a comedic blow. Despite the slapstick, Arlecchino is not malicious, but mischievous, the slapstick being a classic example of carnivalesque phallic imagery (see also the commedia masks' noses). Like a cross between the characters of Puck and Nick Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Arlecchino is nimble and adept at the same time as being clumsy and dim, and is normally the 'messenger' character in a comedy — the catalyst for mayhem. Arlecchino has a female counterpart, Arlecchina, or Rosetta, but more often he is in love with the character of Columbina, a straightforward and intelligent maid, who is usually given the prologue and epilogue. Arlecchino has other derivatives with slightly different features: Traccagnino, Bagattino, Tabarrino, Tortellino, Naccherino, Gradelino, Mezzettino, Polpettino, Nespolino, Bertoldino, Fagiuolino, Trappolino, Zaccagnino, Trivellino, Passerino, Bagolino, Temellino, Fagottino, Fritellino, Tabacchino, whose names could all be considered funny-sounding names, even to an Italian. Arlecchino's name is probably derived from "hellech" plus the diminutive suffix "-ino", meaning little devil. In the same way, "Trufflino" is "Little Truffler", Trivellino is (Arlecchino's) "Little Brother", and so on. The Harlequin often loses much of Arlecchino's character in pantomime, as he becomes more of a ballet character, to a large extent stripped of dialogue and subversive content.
When a clown joins Clowns International in England, which claims to be the oldest clown society in the world, he can register his individual make-up. An eggshell is decorated as a miniature version of the clown's head and added to the "Egg Gallery" which then acts as sort of clown copyright.
Walk a tightrope, a highwire, a slack rope or a piece of rope on the ground.
Ride a horse, a zebra, a donkey, an elephant or even an ostrich.
Substitute himself in the role of "lion tamer".
Act as "emcee", from M.C. or Master of Ceremonies, the preferred term for a clown taking on the role of "Ringmaster".
"Sit in" with the orchestra, perhaps in a "pin spot" in the center ring, or from a seat in the audience.
Anything any other circus performer might do. It is not uncommon for an acrobat, a horse-back rider or a lion tamer to secretly stand in for the clown, the "switch" taking place in a brief moment offstage.
Frameworks are the general outline of an act that clowns use to help them build out an act. Frameworks can be loose, including only a general beginning and ending to the act, leaving it up to the clown's creativity to fill in the rest, or at the other extreme a fully developed script that allows very little room for creativity.
Shows are the overall production that a clown is a part of, it may or may not include elements other than clowning, such as in a circus show. In a circus context, clown shows are typically made up of some combination of Entrées, Side dishes, Clown Stops, Track Gags, Gags and bits.
In clown duos, Clowns often rely on the Joey & Auguste framework, or Manipulator/Victim. The Joey & Auguste Framework is often used widely in such comic works as Looney Tunes. Simply put, the two clowns who, for whatever reason, are competing for survival, desperately rely on each other; without each other, they live a meaningless and, perhaps, even more perilous adventure. For example, when Sylvester finally catches Tweety Bird (or thinks he does), he becomes so ridden with guilt that he nearly commits suicide.
A husband comes home late, he's drunk, and has a collar covered in lipstick. His wife wants to know where he's been and a manipulator-victim relationship occurs. Suddenly their child enters the scene and the dynamic changes in an attempt to avoid traumatizing him/her. The child wants to know why there's a strange man in their bedroom, and the manipulator-victim dymnamic shifts during the next argument. Then it turns out that the child has constructed this elaborate ruse in order to steal cookies and watch late-night TV without notice, giving him ur-manipulator status.
This is an example of a ringmaster situation. Clowns in the ringmaster position are often character clowns, where Joey and Auguste duos are typically made up of a Whiteface Clown and an Auguste.
"Business" is the individual motions the clown uses, often used to express the clown's character. A "gag" is a very short piece of clown comedy which when repeated within a bit or routine may become a "running gag". Gags may be loosely defined as "the jokes clowns play on each other". Bits are the clown's sketches or routines made up of one or more gags either worked out and timed before going on stage or impromptu bits composed of familiar improvisational material. A gag may have a beginning, a middle and an end to them, or they may not. Gags can also refer to the prop stunts/tricks or the stunts that clowns use, such as a squirting flower.
Side dishes are shorter feature acts. Side dishes are essentially shorter versions of the Entrée, typically lasting 1 – 3 minutes. Side dishes are typically made up of various gags and bits, and usually use a clowning framework. Side dishes almost always end with a blow-off.
Clown Stops or interludes are the brief appearance of clowns while the props and rigging are changed. These are typically made up of a few gags or several bits. Clown Stops almost always end with a blow-off. Clown stops will always have a beginning, a middle and an end to them. These are also called reprises or run-ins by many and in today's circus they are an art form in themselves, originally they were bits of "business" usually parodying the act that had preceded it. If for instance there had been a wire walker the reprise would involve two chairs with a piece of rope between and the clown trying to imitate the artiste by trying to walk between them with the resulting falls and cascades bringing laughter from the audience. Today they are far more complex and in many modern shows the clowning is a thread that links the whole show together.
Among the more well-known clown stunts are: squirting flower; the "too-many-clowns-coming-out-of-a-tiny-car" stunt; doing just about anything with a rubber chicken, tripping over ones own feet (or an air pocket or imaginary blemish in the floor), or riding any number of ridiculous vehicles or "clown bikes". Individual prop stunts are generally considered to be individual bits.
There are lots of amateurs practicing clowning skills and appearance. Improvisation and imitations of famous clowns are common for amateur clowns. A piece of artistic sense can sometimes be found even in children animators. It is not too expensive for an amateur clown to lease a costume, and even home makeup (except for the white color) will create an attractive effect for the spectators.
Private costume parties usually have at least one amateur clown present at the event and, even with a few cheap clown tricks, there are always plenty of joyful receptions for the character.
Many people find clowns disturbing rather than amusing. It is common for children to be afraid of disguised, exaggerated, or costumed figures — even Santa Claus. Ute myths feature a cannibalistic clown monster called the Siats.
Clown costumes tend to exaggerate the facial features and some body parts, such as hands and feet and noses. This can be read as monstrous or deformed as easily as it can be read as comical.
Some have suggested, however, that a fear of clowns may stem from early childhood experience, when infants begin to process and make sense of facial features. The significant aberrations in a clown's face may frighten a child so much that they carry this phobia throughout their adult life.
It can also be said one's response to a clown might depend on where it is seen. At a circus or a party, a clown is normal and may easily be funny. The same clown knocking on one's front door at sunset or sitting in a diner (see picture) is more likely to generate fear or distress than laughter or amusement. This effect is summed up in a quote often attributed to actor Lon Chaney, Sr.: "There is nothing funny about a clown in the moonlight." In the Space To Care study aimed at improving hospital design for children, researchers from the University of Sheffield polled 250 children regarding their opinions on clowns; all 250 children in the study, whose ages ranged between four and sixteen, reported that they found clowns frightening and disliked clowns as part of hospital decor.
The British arts and music festival Bestival cancelled its planned clown theme in 2006 after many adult ticketholders contacted the organizers expressing a fear of clowns.
^ Berger, Peter L. (1997). Redeeming Laughter: The Comic Dimension of Human Experience. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 78. ISBN 3110155621. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3bzB9Qk9emIC&client=firefox-a.
^ Callery, Dympha (2001). Through the Body: A Practical Guide to Physical Theatre. London: Nick Hern Books. p. 64. ISBN 1854596306. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mbEa2gowoFQC&client=firefox-a.
^ Sherwin, Adam. "Don't send in the clowns: they scare the crowd". London: Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article684697.ece. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
Quotes referring to Clowns and clownishness.
CIRCA aims to make clowning dangerous again, to bring it back to the street, restore its disobedience and give it back the social function it once had: its ability to disrupt, critique and heal society. Since the beginning of time tricksters (the mythological origin or all clowns) have embraced life's paradoxes, creating coherence through confusion — adding disorder to the world in order to expose its lies and speak the truth.
CIRCA official site : Rebel Clowning : What is it?
I don't want to be called "the greatest" or "one of the greatest". Let other guys claim to be the best. I just want to be known as a clown because to me, that's the height of my profession. It means you can do everything — sing, dance and, above all, make people laugh.
With both lined up four abreast, she read me the cards. Poor drunkard of the tale. Two fortune-tellers dead. And a room full of bottles. The clown is drunk. And the cards of death wait on him. His snout is blue, and he looks like a bear. And the rag doll of death, with the clown flinging him by the arm, can't be loved by you, madness. Because he is drunk and has no river, or breakdown. Because they cork him in, unable to love him. Because stars no longer love him.
Giannina Braschi in "Book of Clowns and Buffoons" from "Empire of Dreams" (Yale).
A clown is a kind of entertainer, or performance artist, who performs physical comedy and stunts to amuse others. They usually wear grease paint makeup that hides their real face, a large wig with brightly-colored hair, and baggy, padded clothing. Clowns pretend to be clumsy, but must be agile and athletic in real life, to perform their job well.
Many clowns belong to a circus, while others freelance or belong to a talent agency, who helps them find work. Some clowns study at a clown college or clown school, where they learn acrobatics, juggling and other physical skills, and ways to interact with an audience. Others learn from experienced clowns, or through study and practice.
Clowns are sometimes mentioned in other forms of entertainment. I Pagliacci is an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo, about clowns. This theme was borrowed by Smokey Robinson, when he wrote "The Tears of a Clown" working with Stevie Wonder. Red Skelton was a popular entertainer, who performed clown routines on television.
''MODELS AND MIRRORS Towards an Anthropology of Public Events'' - BERGHAHN BOOKS :: Celebrating 15 Years of Independent Publishing!
ClownAlley.net- clown photos and videos.


text:
List of Past Secretaries of the University
List of Past Assistant Secretaries
The Office of the Secretary of the University and of the Board of Regents (OSU) was established to handle the records and communications of the University. The OSU is the communication, operations, and policy-research hub of the Board of Regents. As the custodian of the Board's official records on policies and decisions, the OSU also conducts research on policy for the Board's attention and action.
The mandate for the appointment and functions of the Secretary of the University and of the Board of Regents is based on Section 15 of Republic Act 9500 – An Act to Strengthen the University of the Philippines as the National University, otherwise known as the UP Charter.
SEC15. The Secretary of the University and of the Board of Regents. – There shall be a Secretary of the University appointed by the Board, who shall also be the Secretary of the Board, and who shall keep such records of the University as may be designated by the Board.
The Secretary of the University is appointed by the Board of Regents upon the recommendation of the President.
Functions of OSU
Manages the repository system and archiving of all central records/documents of the University and the Board of Regents;
Receives all communications coming from the different constituent universities and regional units addressed to the Board of Regents, President, and Secretary of the University, for records-keeping;
Handles the preparation of agenda and minutes of the meetings of the Board of Regents;
Provides other designated communication, operational, and policy research services to the Board of Regents;
Provides services related to the receipt, release, and delivery of communications and notices of appointments; and,
Promotes the speedy flow and processing of communications between the top policy-makers and the various constituents of the University.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Mile-High Tower (UPDATE)
Cholesterol-Free Cheeses
Wooden Automotive Shifter Knobs
Video Game-Inspired Hovercrafts
Mess-Free Gardening Tools
Ben Preiss — April 1, 2008 — Art & Design
References: skyscrapercity & dailymail
The big building competition in the Arabian Peninsula is really heating up with a really ginormous tower just announced for Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Although we revealed this project would be under construction, we didn't know where it would be built.
The plans show it will be twice as big as the already humungous Burj Dubai which is being completed to about 160 floors. The $10 billion project is backed by Saudi billionaire, Prince al-Walid bin Talal, who bought the Savoy Hotel in London for £1.25 billion in 2005. The Prince's company, Riyadh-based Kingdom Holdings, teamed with Hyder Consulting and Arup for the project.
"The tower will have to be capable of withstanding a wide range of temperatures, with its top baking in the desert sun by day but dropping to well below freezing at night," the Daily Mail says.
"To resist the strong winds prevalent in the area and stop it swaying, giving its occupants a form of high-rise seasickness, it will be fitted with a giant computer-operated damper."
"Two 'mini-towers' - both taller than Canary Wharf - will be built on either side of the main tower."
The technical challenges in building a tower this big are staggering.
Attend Future Festival
Direct Communication Features
Microsoft Has Added a Walkie Talkie Feature to Its Teams Platform
Parks-Themed Wrapping Paper
Parks Project Wrapping Paper Supports Nature Preservation and Parks
Digital Super Resolution Features
AMD Has Announced a Feature that Improves Performance by 70%
All-Black Foldable Kayaks
Oru Kayak' Just Launched a Very Elegant Design of Its Product
92 Super Skyscrapers & Towers
From Dancing Dubai Towers to Solar-Powered Skyscrapers
54 Fantastic Towers
Going Sky-High, from the Twin Towers to Rotating Architecture


text:
Q: Problem with Two-valued Measure in Rudin's RCA: Chapter 1, Exercise 6
Let $X$ be an uncountable set, let $\frak{M}$ be the collection of all sets $E \subseteq X$ such that either $E$ is countable or $E^c$ is countable, and define $\mu (E) = 0$ in the first case, $\mu (E) = 1$ in the second case. Porve that $\frak{M}$ is a $\sigma$-algebra in $X$ and that $\mu$ is a measure on $\frak{M}$. Describe the corresponding measurable functions and their integrals.

I have already worked on the first part, but I am having trouble describing the measurable functions and their integrals, so I consulted this solution, but I am having trouble following it(see page 3). Here is the relevant passage:

The measurable functions on $\frak{M}$ consist of those functions $f : X \to \Bbb{R}$ such that for each $r \in \Bbb{R}$, $f^{-1}(r)$ is at most countable or $f^{-1}(\Bbb{R}- \{r\})$ is at most countable. If we let $A \subseteq \Bbb{R}$ denote the set of points such that $f^{-1}(r)$ is not countable, then the integral of $f$ is $\sum_{r \in A} r$.

First let's compute the integral of a simple function $s(x) = \sum_{i=1}^n a_i 1_{A_i}(x)$, where the $A_i$ are pairwise disjoint, measurable sets and $X = \bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i$. Then $A_k$ must be uncountable and therefore $A_k^c$ is countable. Then $A_i \cap A_k = \emptyset$ for every $i \neq k$ implies $A_i^c \cup A_k^c = X$ for $i \neq k$ and therefore $A_i$ is uncountable for every $i\neq k$. Hence $\mu(A_i) = 0$ and therefore $\mu(X \cap A_i) = 0$ for $i\neq k$, and $\mu(X \cap A_k)=0$. Hence, $\displaystyle \int_X s d \mu = \sum_{i=1}^n a_i \mu(X \cap A_i)= a_k$.
Now, if $f$ is measurable, then I agree with the above quote that either $f^{-1}(r)$ or $f^{-1}(\Bbb{R}-\{r\})$ is countable for every $r \in \Bbb{R}$. However, I don't see how
$$\int_X f d \mu = \sup \{ \int s d \mu \mid s \text{ simple, } 0 \le s \le f \}$$
$$= \sup \{ a \in \Bbb{R} \mid 0 \le a \le f(x)~ \forall x \in x \}$$
equals the sum $\sum_{r \in A} r$.
Also, I found this MSE post, but I don't quite understand Daniel Robert-Nicoud answer, particularly the second point he makes which is

Assume there is no such $x$. Then $f$ defines a partition of $X$ into at most countable sets by $\bigsqcup_{x\in\mathbb{R}}E_x = X$. By cardinality arguments, there must be an uncountable number of sets in the partition. In particular, $f(X)$ is an uncountable subset of $\mathbb{R}$, and as such it has uncountably many limit points. From this, you should be able to prove that such a function cannot exist (else you would be able to construct two disjoint uncountable subsets of $X$ that are both in $\mathfrak{M}$).

What exactly are these "cardinality arguments" leading to the conclusion "there must be an uncountable number of sets in the partition"? And how does this "in particular" imply $f(X)$ is uncountable? The $E_x$ are preimages, while $f(X)$ is an image...
EDIT:
Here is something I tried. Note that $f^{-1}([x,x+1))$ is measurable for every $x \in \Bbb{Z}$, and $X = \bigcup_{x \in \Bbb{Z}} f^{-1}([x,x+1))$ which means that $f^{-1}([x,x+1))$ is uncountable for some integer $x$. This means that its complement is countable and therefore $\mu(f^{-1}([x,x+1)) = 1$. Since the complement is countable, $f^{-1}([x,x+1)) \cap  f^{-1}([y,y+1)) = \emptyset$, where $x= \neq u$, implies $f^{-1}([x,x+1)^c) \cup f^{-1}([y,y+1)^c)$ = X which implies $f^{-1}([y,y+1)^c)$ is uncountable and therefore $f^{-1}([y,y+1))$ is countable, which means $\mu (f^{-1}([y,y+1)) =0$. Hence, the integral of $f$ is (I believe):
$$\int_X f d \mu = \int_{\bigcup f^{-1}([z,z+1))} f d \mu = \sum_{z \in \Bbb{Z}} \int_{f^{-1}([z,z+1))} f d \mu = \int_{f^{-1}([x,x+1))} f d \mu $$
Of course, assuming that is right, I still need to evaluate $\int_{f^{-1}([x,x+1))} f d \mu$ which I am unable to do at the moment.

A: Part I: Typos and mistakes in your attempts
Let me first point out it appears you have a typo in the sentence

Then $A_i \cap A_k = \emptyset$ for every $i \neq k$ implies $A_i^c \cup A_k^c = X$ for $i \neq k$ and therefore $A_i$ is uncountable for every $i \neq k$.

You must have meant to say

. . . and therefore $A_i$ is countable for every $i \neq k$.

Secondly, there is no need to write that the integral of the simple function $s(x) = \sum_{i=1}^n a_i 1_{A_i}(x)$ over $X$ w.r.t. the measure $\mu$ is
$$
\int_X s\, d\mu = \sum_{i=1}^n a_i \mu(A_i \cap X);
$$
you can simply write $\mu(A_i)$ in place of $\mu(A_i \cap X)$ since $A_i \cap X = A_i$ for all $1 \leq i \leq n$. Only when you are integrating over a proper subset of $X$, say $E$, do you need to carefully specify that the integral is $\sum_{i=1}^n a_i \mu(A_i \cap E)$.
Thirdly, the set
$$
\sup \{ a \in \Bbb{R} \mid 0 \leq a \leq f(x) \ \forall x \in X \} \qquad (\text{note the typo: you have } x \in x)
$$
is not clearly expressed. I presume that $a$ is meant to be independent of $x$, in which case this set is just $\inf\{ f(x) : x \in X \}$, and we definitely don't have equality between this set and
$$
\sup \{ \int s\, d\mu \mid s \text{ simple, } 0 \leq s \leq f \}.
$$
Lastly, in your edit, the following part is completely unclear to me.

Since the complement is countable, $f^{-1}([x,x+1)) \cap  f^{-1}([y,y+1)) = \emptyset$, where $x= \neq u$, implies $f^{-1}([x,x+1)^c) \cup f^{-1}([y,y+1)^c)$ = X which implies $f^{-1}([y,y+1)^c)$ is uncountable and therefore $f^{-1}([y,y+1))$ is countable, which means $\mu (f^{-1}([y,y+1)) =0$.

Perhaps the argument can be fixed, but as it stands it does not make sense. For instance, it is false that $f^{-1}([x,x+1)) \cap  f^{-1}([y,y+1)) = \emptyset$.

Part II: About your questions on @DanielRobert-Nicoud's answer
We assume that $f \colon X \to \Bbb{R}$ is measurable and for each $x \in \Bbb{R}$ we define $E_x \in \mathfrak{M}$ by $E_x = f^{-1}(x)$. Suppose there is no $x \in \Bbb{R}$ such that $E_x$ is uncountable. Then, we have $X = \bigsqcup_{x \in \Bbb{R}} E_x$ with each $E_x$ being at most countable.
Note that many of the sets $E_x$ can be empty. If there were at most countably many $x \in \Bbb{R}$ such that $E_x \neq \emptyset$, then $\bigsqcup_{x \in \Bbb{R}} E_x$ would be countable, which is a contradiction. These are the "cardinality arguments" that show that there must be uncountably many nonempty sets in this partition of $X$.
In fact, let us examine this more carefully. For each point $x$ in the image $f(X) \subset \Bbb{R}$, we have a distinct nonempty measurable set $E_x \subset X$. What we have just concluded is that there are uncountably many $x \in \Bbb{R}$ such that $E_x$ is nonempty. Moreover, $E_x$ is nonempty only if $x$ lies in the image of $f$, by definition of $E_x$. Both facts together can be summarised by saying, we have uncountably many $x \in f(X)$. This is the claim that was made after saying, "In particular".

Part III: My solution
I will note that the first solution you have quoted from an online resource is unsatisfactory. It hardly tells us anything more than the definition of a measurable function in this particular case. Same for the description of the integral.
@DanielRobert-Nicoud's answer is accurate. I would like to give a proof in my own words though, just for my satisfaction.
Since any measurable $f \colon X \to \Bbb{R}$ can be written as $f = f^+ - f^-$, let us first try to describe $f$ when it is positive, that is, when its range lies in $[0,\infty)$. In this case, we know that $f$ is the pointwise limit of a monotonically increasing sequence of positive simple functions. So, let us take $s \colon X \to \Bbb{R}$ to be a positive simple function. We can write
$$
s = \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i \chi_{A_i}, \qquad A_i \in \mathfrak{M},\alpha_i \geq 0.
$$
We assume that the $A_i$ are pairwise disjoint. So, precisely one $A_i$ has at most countable complement, while the rest are themselves at most countable.
Now, let $s_n \colon X \to \Bbb{R}$ be a simple function for each $n \in \Bbb{N}$ such that $0 \leq s_1 \leq s_2 \leq \dots \leq f$ and $\lim_{n \to \infty} s_n(x) = f(x)$ for all $x \in X$. To each $s_n$ we associate the unique measurable set of at most countable complement that we discussed above, and we shall denote it by $E_n$. Let $\alpha_n = s_n(x)$ for any $x \in E_n$. Then, we have that
$$
0 \leq \alpha_1 \leq \alpha_2 \leq \dots \leq f(x) \quad \text{ for all }\quad x \in E := \bigcap_{n=1}^\infty E_n,
$$
and $\lim_{n \to \infty} \alpha_n = f(x)$ for all $x \in E$. Note that $E$ has at most countable complement. The same observation holds for an arbitrary measurable function $f$ (that is, not necessarily positive measurable function). Hence, if $f \colon X \to \Bbb{R}$ is a measurable function, $f$ must be constant on an uncountable measurable set.
The converse is also true. If $f$ is constant on $E$, an uncountable measurable set, then for any definition of $f(x)$ for the points $x \in X - E$, we can show that $f$ turns out to be measurable. Indeed, since $X - E$ is countable, it has an enumeration, say $\{ x_n \}_{n \in \Bbb{N}}$. Assume that $f$ is a positive measurable function. Suppose we define $f(x_n) = \alpha_n \geq 0$ and $f(x) = \alpha \geq 0$ for $x \in E$. Then, we define $s_n \colon X \to \Bbb{R}$ by
$$
s_n = \alpha \chi_E + \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i \chi_{\{x_i\}}.
$$
It is easy to see that $0 \leq s_1 \leq s_2 \leq \dots \leq f$ and $\lim_{n \to \infty} s_n(x) = f(x)$ for all $x \in X$.
With this description of $f$, the integral of $f$ becomes simple to evaluate: it is just $\alpha$, the constant value that $f$ takes on an uncountable measurable set.

Note that it is still true that the integral of $f$ is
$$
\sum_{r \in A} r,
$$
where $A \subset \Bbb{R}$ is the set of points $r \in \Bbb{R}$ such that $f^{-1}(r)$ is uncountable. It is just that $A$ is the singleton set $\{ \alpha \}$, so the summation is quite trivial.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Topic: Domestic AC power plugs and sockets
Domestic AC power plugs and sockets - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Domestic AC power plugs and sockets are devices that connect the home appliances and portable light fixtures commonly used in homes to the commercial power supply so that AC electric power can flow to them.
Power sockets are female electrical connectors that have slots or holes which accept the pins or blades of power plugs inserted into them and deliver electricity to the plugs.
The reason that there are now over a dozen different styles of plugs and wall outlets is that many European countries, for nationalistic reasons (and arguably, as one of many non-tariff barriers to trade that continue to this day), preferred to develop plug designs of their own instead of adopting a common standard.
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Domestic_AC_power_plugs_and_sockets (6278 words)
Three-phase electric power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Generally three phase power either does not enter domestic houses at all, or where it does, it is split out at the main distribution board.
At the power station, an electrical generator converts mechanical power into a set of alternating electric currents, one from each electromagnetic coil or winding of the generator.
Two-phase power may be obtained from a three-phase system using an arrangement of transformers called a Scott T. Monocyclic power was a name for an asymmetrical modified two-phase power system used by General Electric around 1897 (championed by Charles Proteus Steinmetz and Elihu Thomson; this usage was reportedly undertaken to avoid patent legalities).
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Three_phase_electric_power (2194 words)
Power Cords – Extension Cords, Electric Cords, Electrical Plugs, Cord Sets, Electrical Receptacles, Power Supply Cords (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
The power cord is comprised of a conducting medium, typically copper, the insulation surrounding the medium and an outer jacket to protect and insulate the wire.
Power supply cords are flexible lengths of cord that have an attachment plug molded to their ends and are used to transmit electrical energy from the main supply to an electrical device.
A power supply cord, which could also have terminations or a molded strain relief on the opposite end of the plug, is permanently installed in the device being powered, as opposed to a power cord set, which is detachable.
www.iqsdirectory.com /power-cords (2666 words)
Power Connector Tutorial - PacificCable.com - 1-800-931-3133.
A power socket (electrical socket, power point, mains socket, plug-in, outlet, receptacle, or female power connector) is a connection point that delivers mains electricity when a plug is inserted into it.
The plug itself is similar to C except that it is round and has the addition of a female contact to accept the grounding pin in the socket.
Plug F, known as CEE 7/4 and commonly called "Schuko plug", is similar to C except that it is round and has the addition of two grounding clips on the side of the plug.
www.pacificcable.com /Power-Connector-Tutorial.html (1940 words)
YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> plug (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
A mains power plug or other type of electrical connector that mates with a socket or jack, in particular used with electrical or electronic equipment or appliances (See Domestic AC power plugs and sockets.)
The male connector is the plug, the female the socket.
The connector normally mounted on a cable is the plug, and the connector mounted on the equipment is the socket.
www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/plug (353 words)
Power - Engineering and Technology Letters - The IET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
Imagine, all plugs and sockets to be changed and all installations to be inspected, at a cost of £75 per unit, by a new breed of competent persons.
I tend to agree that the 13A plug is somewhat over-engineered and, with hindsight, could have been a little more elegant.  However, it is very robust and unlikely to suffer from the potential problems of mechanical damage incurred by the use of 'bent tin and flimsy plastics' beloved of some of the plugs encountered abroad.
Sockets in my own home are permanently occupied by power units needed by the four DECT phones, doorbell, burglar alarm, digital set-top box, bedside clock/radio and a modem/router, all of which are left switched on.
www.iee.org /oncomms/sector/letters_power.cfm (3970 words)
Electricity around the world: everything about plugs, sockets, voltages, converters, etc.
Moreover, the plugs and sockets are only very rarely compatible, which makes it often necessary to replace the plug when you buy appliances abroad.
Whereas type C plugs are very commonly used, this is not the case for type C sockets.
This kind of socket is the older and ungrounded variant of socket types E, F, J, K and L. Nowadays most countries demand grounded sockets to be installed in new buildings.
users.pandora.be /worldstandards/electricity.htm (3444 words)
European AC Power Aboard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
That one cord runs from the dock power stand to the external AC receptacle on your boat, after which internal AC wiring is run to the input taps of the newly installed isolation transformer.
The benefits are obvious: adequate AC power, for all the voltages you anticipate, with increased safety to boat and crew, wherever you choose to cruise.
AC Energy Budgets: Cruisers are accustomed to developing DC energy budgets, as this is where we begin when determining the size of our DC house bank(s) and, subsequently, the capacity of our DC charging systems.
www.svsarah.com /Whoosh/using_european_ac_power_aboard.htm (4651 words)
Ac Delco Auto Parts
Oh, and while we have tackled domestic sockets here, there are also the higher-voltage (in Australia 415V) multi-phase power sockets used for high-drawing applications.
I'd like to add a bit of info on the other types of plugs found in the USA (when I have a bit more time); for 220v applications (stoves, air conditioners) there are at least four distinct types of plugs, depending on amperage.
Ericd 07:07, 16 Sep 2004 (UTC) :I agree with eliminating distinction regarding the vehicle's power source, especially as a couple of the cars racing at Le Mans this year were powered by fuels other than the typical "petrol" (diesel and bio-diesel).
www.behindthefridge.com /pages6/1/ac-delco-auto-parts.html (1767 words)
Non-standard domestic power sockets?
I'd be concerned about the British socket because it is specifically a polarized design (hot wire, grounded wire, and grounding wire) whereas the 240 volt power in the USA generally comes as two phase wires 180 degrees apart, each being ungrounded and 120 volts relative to ground.
Plugs can be inserted either way, so everything that could be plugged in there must be designed so that it is safe with either power conductor being ungrounded.
A few weeks ago when a power supply of mine died, I disassembled it and confirmed the rear AC cutoff switch was of the 2 pole variety, shutting off both wires at the same time (which were colored brown and blue).
www.homeownerschat.com /message131539-2.html (2027 words)
Current and reliable Power Plugs & Sockets news stories
AC input voltage is 100-240 Vac with max ac input current of 0.3 A at 90 Vac, and dc output voltage is 5.15 V. Device features double insulation, class B EMI, and max over-voltage protection of 6.7 Vdc ±0.5.
Finger protected male and female contacts enable safe connector solutions in applications where power could be present on both male and female side of connector, such as frequency converters, power ring circuits, or battery charging circuits.
AC input voltage is 100-240 Vac, 50-60 Hz and dc output voltage is 11.5-18 Vdc.
news.thomasnet.com /news/719 (1606 words)
power connector - 2nd connector (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
The AC adapter should be used right away to fully charge the battery.
A power connector is an electrical connector designed to carry a significant amount of...
A power plug (mains plug) is a connector that fits into a power point or electrical sock...
connector.rayealuy.info /dir6/power-connector.html (438 words)
Finland at Caribbean Topfunwebsites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
During the 18th century, virtually the whole of Finland was twice occupied by Russian Empire forces (1714–1721 and 1742–1743), by the Finns known as the Greater Wrath and the Lesser Wrath.
Most executive power lies in the cabinet ("Cabinet of Finland") headed by the Prime Minister of Finland chosen by the Parliament of Finland.
As these powers, which correspond the US executive orders, violate the constitutional basic rights grossly, the law was enacted in the same manner as a constitutional amendment.
www.topfunwebsites.com /guyana/finland.html (3239 words)
Dies Manufacturer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
An isolation transformer allows an AC signal or power to be taken from one device and fed into another without electrically connecting the two circuits.
DC plug is a common name used for one common type of cylindrical two-conductor plug available in a range of sizes and used to power small pieces of electronic equipment.
DI unit - A DI unit or DI box is an electronic device that connects a high impedance line level signal that uses an unbalanced cable with a 1/4" phone plug to a low impedance mic level input that uses a balanced cable and XLR...
diesmanufacturer.globalcorrosiontech.com (877 words)
Professional Electrical Services Surrey - Electrician London UK
We are able to cater for your industrial, commercial or domestic electrical emergencies, projects and installations.
Simply contact us to discuss your requirements and we will do our best to provide you with advice and an approximate cost for the work.
We fix circuit breaker distribution board domestic ac power plugs and sockets.
www.jselectricalservices.co.uk (391 words)
►► Acceptable Appliances (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
Domestic Appliance Insurance - Domestic Appliance Insurance General Contractors We list thousands of contractors in the United States.
www.moregeneralcontractors.com List of countries with mains power plugs, voltages and frequencies - This is a list of countries and territories, with the plugs, voltages and frequencies they use for providing electrical power to small appliances and some major appliances.
For definitions of terms and further information on each plug, see Domestic AC power plugs and sockets.
www.rdsretrospect.com /1/2.html (1568 words)
bare terminal electrical connector - 2nd connector (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
a receptacle, cord connector, or attachment plug may...
Probably the biggest obstacle to predictably assembling a high performance audio or video system is too much thinking and not enough evaluating.
Use will bare wires, tinned wire, spades, pins or banana plugs.
connector.rayealuy.info /dir2/bare-terminal-electrical-connector.html (350 words)
sockets - OneLook Dictionary Search
We found 6 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word sockets:
Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "sockets" is defined.
Phrases that include sockets: windows sockets, berkely sockets, cpu sockets, domestic ac power plugs & sockets, list of amd cpu slots and sockets, more...
www.onelook.com /?w=sockets (145 words)
Ace Home
Sample of 'Mouse or Man' by 'Millencolin' I (Mattingly23 18:28, 8 Aug 2004 (UTC)) feel it is covered by fair use because:
As Neil Gaiman wrote in ''American Gods'': "He wondered whether home was a thing that happened to a place after a while; or if it was something that you found in the end, if you simply walked and waited and willed it long enough."
if you are interested in Ace Home, you might like:Agora Hotel
www.artistbooking.com /trips/1/ace-home.html (908 words)
Major Appliances (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
He has the surname Major, and at birth his father gave him the given name Major, and the middle name Major (despite informing...
List of countries with mains power plugs, voltages and frequencies - This is a list of countries and territories, with the plugs, voltages and frequencies they use for providing electrical power to small appliances and some major appliances.
Package loan - A package loan is a real estate loan used to finance the purchase of both real property and personal property, such as in the purchase of a new home that includes carpeting, window coverings and major appliances.
ma65.georgeandbills.com (653 words)
AC to DC Adapters
Use them for CD players, radios, tape players, shavers or any other DC powered item.
Includes special plugs for Sony Walkman and Discman
These adapters enable you to take your domestic USA cordless telephones,
www.world-import.com /adaptors.htm (291 words)
Plug Did You Mean plug? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
Add a link on the top of this plug page Express submission by secure payment !
There are some webpages with information about plugs types around the world, ex: *1 Plugs Around thw World (in spanish)
Article on Plug, category, different spelling or sense
www.did-you-mean.com /Plug.html (361 words)


Tracey Ens is the director of Procurement Services for the Financial Resources department.
Inspiring lives of leadership and purpose is a fantastic way to describe what the core mission of Laurier is. We are training the next generation to take over for ours, to find their path in life and have the education they receive at Laurier be an integral part of their success. They are our future.
What inspires me is leading organizational change. When challenged with an issue, problem or circumstance, finding a solution is what keeps me motivated.
Ensuring Laurier's business risk is mitigated as legislation and government oversight increases in complexity.
Laurier is community. I value the smaller campus and management team and relationships that can be built.
Being heard, being respected and contributing to a common goal.


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text:
Vegas CMF Validation lib
======================

[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/vegas-cmf/validation.png?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/vegas-cmf/validation)
[![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/vegas-cmf/validation/badge.png?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/vegas-cmf/validation?branch=master)
[![Latest Stable Version](https://img.shields.io/packagist/v/vegas-cmf/validation.svg)](https://packagist.org/packages/vegas-cmf/validation)
[![Total Downloads](https://img.shields.io/packagist/dt/vegas-cmf/validation.svg)](https://packagist.org/packages/vegas-cmf/validation)

Read the docs at [http://vegas-cmf.github.io/1.0/guide.html](http://vegas-cmf.github.io/1.0/guide.html)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Is there any reason to use switch statement instead of strings of if and elseif?
Possible Duplicate:
Advantage of switch over if-else statement
Why the switch statement and not if-else?

The switch statement seems to be totally useless. Anything it can do can be done by if and else if link.
They probably even compile to the same code.
So why bother having it?
The break statements in switch drives me crazy and that label: format reminds me of goto.
This is for objective-c, c, C++. I am not sure if vb.net has switch statement, but even if it does I must have forgotten because I never use it.

A: if (color == WHITE)
{
}
else if (color == BLACK)
{
}
else if (color == GREY)
{
}
else if ((color == ORANGE) || (color == GREEN) || (color == BLUE))
{
}
else
{
}

vs
switch(color)
{
   case WHITE:
       break;
   case BLACK:
       break;
   case GREY:
       break;
   case ORANGE:
   case GREEN:
   case BLUE:
       break;
   default:
       break;
}

Isn't the latter more readable and requires lesser key strokes?

Apart from readability there's another unique use of switch-case: Duff's Device.  This technique exploits the goto-ness of switch-case coupled with while.
void dsend(char* to, char* from, count) {
  int n = (count + 7) / 8;
  switch (count % 8) {
  case 0: do {
      *to = *from++;
      case 7: *to = *from++;
      case 6: *to = *from++;
      case 5: *to = *from++;
      case 4: *to = *from++;
      case 3: *to = *from++;
      case 2: *to = *from++;
      case 1: *to = *from++;
    } while (--n > 0);
  }
}

A: They may well compile to the same code. But the intent is not necessarily to provide better compiled code so much as it is to provide better source code.
You can do while or for loops with if and goto as well but that doesn't make while and for useless. Would you rather have:
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    doSomethingWith (i);

or:
    i = 0;
loop12:
    if (! (i < 10))
        goto skip12
    doSomethingWith (i);
    i++;
    goto loop12
skip12:

A: Performance of switch is same as if and else if blocks in the worst case. It may be better. This has been discussed before: Advantage of switch over if-else statement

A: Pros:
Switch offers a better way to write program than if
Switch works faster than if because during execution compiler generates jump table to decide which case is satisfied rather than checking which case is satisfied!
Cons:
case can only have int or char constants or an expression that evaluates to one of these!


text:
Period Three 1754-1800 PowerPoint Presentation
Period Three 1754-1800
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<iframe src="https://www.slideserve.com/embed/8837991" width="600" height="497" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" style="border:1px solid #CCC;border-width:1px 1px;margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;" allowfullscreen webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen> </iframe>
Period Three 1754-1800. The British Colonies – Comparing Regional Cultures. 2 Column Notes. Long-Term Causes of the American Revolution. Political Background English Political Ideas Influence the Colonies Magna Carta Limited the Monarch's right to Tax and guaranteed Due Process
Téléchargé le Oct 30, 2019
Daisy J Rivero
colonists
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APUSH Review: Period 3 (1754 – 1800 ) - . everything you need to know about period 3. 1754 - 1763. french and indian (7
Period 3: 1754 - 1800 In A Nutshell - Period 3: 1754 - 1800 in a nutshell british imperial attempts to reassert
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Period 2 (1607-1754) - . early english settlements. because england got such a late start in the colonization game, they
Period 2: 1607 - 1754 - . colonization. key concept 2.1. europeans and american indians maneuvered and fought for
Period 2: 1607-1754 - . colonial america. chapter 2. the thirteen colonies and the british empire, 1607-1754. european
Period Three: Unit Three - . 默写 m3 单词及短语. self-study ability check. let me see if you can do it well !.
Restoration Period (1660-1800) - . burkett – english iv. beginning of an era. in 1660, england was utterly
1760-1800- "The Revolutionary Period" - . "age of reason"…people (whether english or american) believed that by
The Revolutionary Period 1750 - 1800
The Dark Romantic Period (1800-1860) - . powerpoint by: sarah nick and cameron. dark romantic period. this was around the
1650-1754 - . era of false independence. timeline. 1660: navigation laws passed – made colonists only able to trade
Things associated with Period Three - . regional and transregional interactions c. 600 c.e to c. 1450 . silk roads indian
Chapter 9: The Classic Period 1750-1800 - 11/12/2011. dr. kirk weller/intro to the arts. objectives. learn about the
1800's- 1860's The Transcendentalism Period - . created by, nikki clewis, olivia cunningham and tommy hughey.
Restoration Period-1600's to 1800's - . edgar mannheimer. 1741-david garrick makes his debut as richard 111.
Founded in 1754 - How to be a commercial success as a membership organisation carol jackson, chief operating officer 24
Albany Conference, 1754 - . historical background
The British Colonies – Comparing Regional Cultures 2 Column Notes
Long-Term Causes of the American Revolution • Political Background • English Political Ideas Influence the Colonies • Magna Carta • Limited the Monarch's right to Tax and guaranteed Due Process • Parliament • A bicameral (2 house) legislature with an elected lower house. Representatives have the power to tax the people • English Bill of Rights • Right to Habeaus Corpus (to be charge and brought to trial). No Cruel or unusual punishment • Differences between English & Colonial Gov't • Salutary Neglect - British policy towards the colonizes that allowed colonies local self-rule in exchange for cooperation with economic policies and help fighting France and Spain in the Americas. • Colonies have Elected assemblies • Mercantilism – belief that European nations should maximize exports (to make $) and minimize imports (sell more than you buy) • Colonies are used as markets for European nations. Colonies can ONLY trade with their mother countries • England becomes very wealthy from this policy • French & Indian War (7 yrs war) effects • French vs. England for control of North America (England wins) • War puts England heavily into debt, they expect the colonist to help pay for the war
Competition & Conflict - Outline • Wars of Empire • European competition and the Colonies • British and the French are the main rivalry & fought several wars • France benefits from alliance with many Native American tribes, forts along Ohio & Mississippi Rivers • Britain benefits from growing population, powerful navy • French and Indian War (aka 7 years war) • War for control over north America, starts badly for the British but shifts when Britain uses navy to cut off French Supplies • Britain drives the French from North America and continues to fight the French in other areas of the world • Treaty of Paris (1763) gives Britain all of the French land in N.A. • Aftermath of Competition • Britain wanted greater control over colonies after going into debt in French & Indian War • Parliament thought colonist should pay these costs • American colonists create a delegation to cooperate in the event of another conflict (Albany Plan of Union)
Causes of the Revolution • Thomas Moore's "Utopia". Popular in the 1690's. promoted the idea that a place of peace, harmony, and fairness exists. The idea was to contrast this with the Europe of their day, which was the opposite. • 1607-1763-Pre-revolutionary colonial development included the extension of British/protestant ideals that went far beyond the practices at home in Britain. • I.E. Changes to religion, economics, politics, and social structure allowed colonists to try and mirror this idealized reflection.
Causes of the Revolution • Religion- More tolerance, Separation of church and state • Economics- Outgrow and expand on Mercantilist system. (Promoted what some considered early capitalist practices) • Politics-Liberty, Republicanism, and self government more prominent. • Social Structure-Not clearly defined, More opportunity for industrious individuals.
Causes of the Revolution • Developments that led to the end of Salutary neglect: Wars for Empire • -Defeat France, Comfort on the Northern and Western frontiers, (especially for NY, NE) • Nobody to encourage and assist Natives in aggressive response to land being taken. Natives had to make peace. • British institutions and customs now ascendant worldwide. (Top Dogs/Masters of the Universe) • Consequence: Colonists indifferent to military service, preferred militias, distrusted standing armies.
Causes of the Revolution • 4 major wars for Empire required coordination between armies and navies, were very costly. • Fighting in the new world required specialized training and more rifles. • Wars were fought over resources, control of the land. • Colonists fought for homes, their families, their futures, their lands, then the King.
Causes of the Revolution • Colonists came to value the INdependence, not the INTERdependence of the colonies b/c they had unique traits in the GB empire, lots of non-English migration had occurred, wide distribution of property, and could vote locally (Right of Suffrage).
Causes of the Revolution • The Great Awakening was stronger in the colonies than elsewhere. • Erosion of social privileges that had been stronger in other places in the empire. • The creation of colleges and newspapers gave the colonies a more distinct feel distanced them from their British counterparts. Thus, in trying to "Keep up with the Joneses", they inadvertently started doing their own thing.
Causes of the Revolution • Even during the wars for Empire, Salutary neglect existed. The Colonies were not seen as the most important part of the New World, that distinction went to the Caribbean. (Better weather, distinctive trading goods and methods). • Dependence on Mercantilist polices and trade regulation actually had dropped off a bit in the colonies after the Glorious Revolution.
Causes of the Revolution • The spreading of Enlightenment ideologies. • Colonists more apt to be skeptical and out spoken. (Vast ocean separate harsher realties of tyranny for a time, no Tower of London execution squads to fear down the street for being a rabble rouser) • The Renaissance spirit flourished with the colonists sense of ingenuity and work ethic. • Imperial Wars required the colonies to cooperate with each other, hence the similarities in their life styles were emphasized by the colonists as opposed to their differences. • Realized the subtle strength in their unity over time.
Causes of the Revolution • The British had the opposite view. Parliament disliked the militias in the colonies. • Colonial militiamen from different colonies, who spent time together, came to see the has less and less in common with the British soldiers.
Causes of the Revolution • Demographics: By 1754, 2/3 of the colonists were born in the colonies. And 1/3 of those not born in the colonies were not English. Thus, for these people, the ties (Emotional, Spiritual, Political, Economic, Social) to England were more limited.
Country Ideology • Byproduct of political tension in Europe. Outgrowth of "Real Whig" ideology in England. • Focused on the need for government to: • Protect natural rights • Protect people from each other. (people are inherently selfish creatures) However: Government is inherently expansive and aggressive, so people must have the right to check the power of government if government goes too far.
Court Ideology • Allow the Monarch to spread their power over Parliament through a system of patronage (I.E. Bribery) • This system took advantage of those without power and maintained a level of corruption in society that oversaw a status quo that maintained strict social class distinctions.
Country Ideology • Whigs felt that Parliament was necessary in protecting the people from the tyranny of the Monarch, and that the House of Commons was a check on the power of the Monarch because it had control over the treasury. • Reps in Parliament had to: be educated to make good judgements, show civic virtue, non-partisan in the face of the opposition, trustworthy in the face of rampant bribery.
Court v. Country Ideology • The debate over these ideals would begin in England and spill over into the colonies. Slowly, Country Ideology was taken and interpreted by different groups of colonists (Mostly in the backcountry) who felt it to be the system of government they most preferred as it supposedly lessened the burdens of life and politics. Others in the colonies, used to a more gentrified courtly manner, sided with the Parliament and remained very loyal to the crown who made the most important decisions, and allowed people to not focus on politics at all.
Causes of the Revolution • Republicanism • Separate from Country Ideology • Complex, Fluid, Changing body of ideas and values • 17th, 18th, 19th century view- Derived from ancient Greece and Rome, rebirthed during the Renaissance, and crafted as a result of the Protestant reformation and the struggles of early modern England.
Causes of the Revolution • Republicanism • Four Main Ideas • Self Government (Direct or Indirect) –Better for society and individual freedom. • Popular Sovereignty- Created by "Social Contract theory on Government"-Gov't granted power by its people. • Central Government-To oversee and unite the people. • For self government to work, citizens must be spirited, active, and educated. They must have civic virtue. • What document reflects these values ? • The Declaration of Independence
French and Indian War • 1754: Albany Plan of Union • 1754 – 1763: 7 Years War • 1763: 4 HUGE EVENTS! • End of French and Indian War • End of Salutary Neglect • Pontiac's Rebellion • Proclamation Line of 1763
Revolution! Events in Succession • 1764-Colonial Assemblies win the right to levy taxes. • 1764-Parliament passes the Sugar Tax, an indirect tax. • 1765-Colonists protest the Stamp Tax • (Quick side notes.....These taxes focused more on the wholesale distribution of these products. This impacted the merchants more than any other group. Regular colonists, who sometimes benefited from the taxes, were caught up in the fact that the taxes were being imposed without having a voice that represented them in Parliament.) • 1767-Parliament passes the Townsend Acts, • which taxes a little bit of everything (glass, paper, tea, paint, lead). • 1767-Violence erupts in Boston over the Townsend Acts. • The Liberty is taken by customs agents for smuggling. The ships owner. John Hancock, was not pleased. Riots are suppressed by an influx of British troops. • 1770-Customs agents attacked by Boston colonists. • 1770-Five "patriots" killed in the Boston Massacre. • 1773-The "Sons of Liberty" organize the Boston Tea Party. • 1774-Parliament passes the Intolerable Acts. • This shuts down the Massachusetts colonial assembly and imposes martial law in Boston. • 1774- the First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia.
1760s • Britain is in DEBT! • Answer? • Tax the colonists • Sugar Act: 1764 • Purpose to raise revenue • Colonists Smuggled • Stamp Act: 1765 • Tax on 50 Commonly used goods • Colonists = 
1760s….. • Stamp Act Congress: 1765 • Congress….. Colonies • First attempt at colonial unity AGAINST British • Declaratory Act: 1776 • Britain can pass ALL laws (including taxes) in the future • Townshend Acts: 1767 • Tax on imports (tea, glass, etc.) • Also repealed
1770s • Boston Massacre: 1770 • 5 colonists are killed, no British soldiers • Tea Act: 1773 • Bail out British East India Company • Colonists are  • This leads to…….. • Boston Tea Party: December 1773 • Sons of Liberty • This leads to……
1770s…… • Intolerable/Coercive Acts (1774) • Closed port of Boston • Quartering Act • This leads to…… • 1st Continental Congress (1774) • Colonial unity AGAINST the British • Side Note: Quebec Act: 1774 • Extended boundaries of French Canada • Granted Canadians right to practice Catholicism
1770s…… • Lexington and Concord: April 1775 • "Shot heard round the world" • Start of the Revolutionary War
Timeline of Events • May 1775 – Second Continental Congress Meets • New Continental Army created and command given to George Washington • July 1775 Congress send "Olive Branch Petition" to King George III • Petition is rejected • January 1776 Common Sense by Thomas Paine is published • Proposed independence, republican state go'vt and a union of states • July 2nd 1776 Congress votes that America is free • July 4th 1776 Approve the Declaration of Independence • Based on Enlightenment ideas that all men have natural (unalienable rights)
1775-War begins on the morning of April 19th
Conflicting Version of the Outbreak of The American Revolution (1775)Lexington and Concord Colonists British
Should the Colonists declare Independence? Advantages Disadvantages
The Declaration of Independence • 4 Parts • Equality Assumption- "All men are created Equal" (Natural rights can either be taken or given away) • Philosophical dispute - "Government created to protect people natural rights" • Public Enemy #1 - George III is a tyrant –Abuses listed as evidence. • Conclusion-Revolution!, because the colonists are justified. • Despite all of this, only 1/5 of the population favored revolution in 1775/1776. 20% are loyal Tories , and the rest are either undecided men, Native American, African American, or Women with no political rights to speak of.
Revolutionary War • Battle of Saratoga: 1777 • Significance: France enters war on behalf of the colonists • Turning point in the war! • Battle of Yorktown: 1781 • Last major battle • Peace of Paris: 1783
Should the Colonists declare Independence? Advantages Disadvantages Might cause division within the colonies If Revolution failed, the and leaders might be tried and executed as traitors. Might lose friends in England who supported cause of colonists in regard to representation in Parliament but not independence Colonies were poorlyprepared for warFighting the largest military power in the worldNo weapons normanufacturing to make them Colonists would be cutting themselves off from the biggest, freest empire in theworld. Sentimental attachment to homeland • Stating for the world the ideological basis of this new country • Freedom from subservience to the King • Independence might unite different areas of the colonies • Possibility of foreign aid from France • Legitimacy in the world community • Captured soldiers treated as POWs not spies or rebels
North Carolina: William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn
Strengths and Weaknessesof the British Army Strengths Weaknesses Hubris Did not take the colonists seriously Misunderstood the nature of the conflict Wanted to fight a traditional war • World Power • Population over 4 times the size of the colonies • Leader in Manufacturing • Established Central Government • Well trained troops with plenty of supplies
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Patriot Army Strengths Weaknesses At least 1/5 of population were loyalists and another 1/5 were slaves (many of whom supported the British) The American people were starting from scratch. No central government Continental congress struggled to pay for the war Paper money caused inflation Soldiers suffered from hunger and cold Troops were outnumbered and often outmaneuvered • Persistence • Skillful retreats saved the army • Used Guerilla warfare and unorthodox tactics • Worked with local militias understanding of the local terrain • Received aid and support from civilian population
Viewpoints on the Revolution
Turning Pts. Of the War 3. Battle of Saratoga France Enter the War!!! 1. Battle of Trenton Battle of Monmouth 2. Battle of Princeton The British Move South Realize they can't win the North Believe loyalists in the South with help them Believe capturing southern cities will cause the colonists to surrender Battle of Yorktown
Turning Points of the American RevolutionWhat factors helped the patriots win the war? Patriot Victories Yes, winning battles help win the war… Crossing of the Delaware River - modest victory • December 26, 1776 – The Battle of Trenton • January 1777 – Battle of Princeton • October 1777 – Battle of Saratoga • December 1777 – Valley Forge • February 1778 – The French enter the war as America's ally (sending military aid) • June 1778 – Victory at the Battle of Monmouth • October 19th 1781 - Yorktown Washington vs. Cornwallis = British suffer large casualties = 1783 Treaty of Paris signed recognizing American Independence and gave large territory to the new nation Benedict Arnold Defeat s the British! Encouraged France to enter the war Survive the Winter & improve as soldiers Marquis de Lafayette + a NAVY!!! American Soldiers demonstrate improved discipline Washington traps Cornwallis with the help of the French Navy
Effects of the Revolution
Economic Disruption in the Revolution and The Early Republic • War=A disruption of the distribution of goods and services. • Rapid and intense demand for supplies, integrated with normal buying and selling distribution • Thus, real prices (adjusted for inflation) are 7-8 times higher than before the war. -Depreciation of paper money makes the serve inflation even worse. -Congress and the states had no hard currency, Continental dollar had no value. 1780-Congress publically admits the money is worthless. Some ration goods for barter economy. Other resort to eating dogs, cats, horse, and any other animal.
Economic Disruption in the Revolution and The Early Republic • Effect on people is demoralizing. It doesn't end with the war either. The real wealth of private individuals does not increase for 3 decades. • Silver Linings-Situation forced the US to trade more with the Caribbean and South America. Attempts were made to increase manufacturing, and trade between states increased.
Economic Disruption in the Revolution and The Early Republic • That Same Old Problem Again • Congress and the states take on debt to pay for the war. Issued bonds promising repayment. • By 1783, the nation is 11 million dollars in debt, rose to 28 million under the Articles of Confederation. • Robert Morris, Philly merchant, proposes plans to solve the crisis. Plans fall through. State debt never transfers to national debt, states wont work with each other.
Economic Disruption in the Revolution and The Early Republic • Post War, the French and GB flood the nations merchants with cheap manufactured goods. • Republican values high, but Americans go on a spending spree that leaves merchants and consumers go into debt just as fast as Congress. • Inflation ends the buying power of farmers. • Foreign allies and Continental soldiers demand payment, but it was not going to happen.
Economic Disruption in the Revolution and The Early Republic • Everyone… • Merchants, creditors, commercial farmers, privateers, and other influential people wanted laws passed to protect them under the Articles of Confederation. • Wanted higher Taxes to pay off debts • Wanted paper money backed by metal (Gold or Silver) • Wanted increase in foreign trade
Ideas after American Revolution • Republican Motherhood: • Women were to raise children to be good citizens of the United States • Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom: • Created by Jefferson, religious freedom, influences the Bill of Rights • Popular Sovereignty: • Idea that people are the source of power and have a say in government
Articles of Confederation First governing document of the United States ***NO STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT*** To amend the Articles, all 13 states' approval was necessary


Chemistry 49900 is a variable-credit course in which undergraduate students engage in research under the guidance of one of the professors in the chemistry department. The goal of the course is for students to actively participate in state-of-the-art research in chemistry. In so doing, the student will be exposed to research problems of current interest. They will also receive instruction and gain experience in (i) using modern research tools, (ii) carrying out research investigations, (iii) keeping a research notebook, (iv) analyzing data, and (v) communicating and disseminating their results.
Students are encouraged to begin their undergraduate research as soon as their course schedules allow. Chemistry 49900 can be taken multiple semesters, and the benefits to both student and research group increase as the length of time on a project increases. In making a decision on a Chemistry 49900 research project, students should look over the list of faculty participating in undergraduate research and their proposed research topics (listed by Division in the Table of Contents on the left side of the page). The chemistry department graduate brochure contains short synopses of the research being carried out in each faculty's group. Information about research can also be obtained from the faculty member's web site. Students should make an appointment with two or three faculty to discuss potential research projects, and then decide on a project and undergraduate research advisor.
In order to assess the progress of students enrolled in Chemistry 49900, a written report of their research activity is required each semester a student is enrolled in the course. The American Chemical Society (ACS) guidelines for preparation of the semester report can be obtained from the ACS web site ( http://portal.acs.org/portal/fileFetch/C/CTP_005606/pdf/CTP_005606.pdf (accessed April 2009)). Students should follow this format in the preparation of their report. A copy of the semester report must be turned in to the research advisor.
A cover page which must be attached to each Chemistry 49900 report is available below. The Report Number indicates the number of semesters the student has been involved in Chemistry 49900 (i.e., 1 for the first semester of work, etc.).
At the end of the Chemistry 49900 experience, a final written report is required to be turned in to: (1) the research advisor, and (2) the Head of the Department of Chemistry (in the main office, BRWN 2100), no later than the first day of the exam schedule. Students are encouraged to look at examples of previous students' final research reports shelved in the undergraduate chemistry lounge. An example of a Chemistry 49900 final research report is provided below.
The expectation is that the student will give an oral presentation of their research in Chemistry 49400.
Students who are participating in Chemistry 49900 during their senior year are encouraged to bring their Chemistry 49900 project to completion in the form of a senior thesis. The format for the senior thesis is the same as that for the individual semester reports, but the senior thesis should draw together and summarize their work from their entire Chemistry 49900 experience, which may have stretched over several semesters. The completion of a senior thesis is valuable to other students in the research group, records the research accomplishments in a format suitable for display during departmental reviews of the undergraduate program, and serves as a useful form for students to show potential employers or graduate schools.
Every student enrolled in Chemistry 49900 must take the two-hour safety training session.