text:
Article: 1) Ford+hayes 3(59)	Reasoning Agents in a Dynamic 2) Vanbrakel 3(60)	The Complete Description of the Frame 3) Freeman 3(62)	Framing is a Dynamic Process 4) Fetzer 4(14)	Van Brakel's Position Appears to be 5) Ford+hayes 4(21)	Effective Descriptions Need not be 6) Ford+hayes 4(22)	Problems With Frames Reply to Freeman 7) Vanbrakel 4(23)	Unjustified Coherence. Commentary on 8) Grush 4(24)	Van Brakel's Position is Perfectly 9) Morris 4(25)	The Changing Scene Book Review of Ford 10) Fetzer 4(33)	Philosophy Unframed Reply to van 11) Harnad 4(34)	Problems, Problems: the Frame Problem 12) Ford+hayes 4(42)	Modeling our Adaptive Intelligence,
Psycoloquy 3(60): The Complete Description of the Frame Problem
THE COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE FRAME PROBLEM
Review of Ford & Hayes on the Frame-Problem
J. van Brakel
University of Utrecht
P.O. Box 80.126
3508 TC Utrecht (Netherlands)
telephone -31.3402.43912
telefax -31.30.532816
brakel@phil.ruu.nl
This is primarily a critical discussion of Ford & Hayes (1991; for PSYCOLOQUY Summary, see Hayes 1992), taking into account other recent literature on the frame problem. [References to chapters and pages in the Ford & Hayes volume are given in square brackets.]
Frame-problem, artificial intelligence, temporal logics, independent persistence, attention, Hume, dynamic frames, qualification problem.
I. THE FAMILY OF FRAME PROBLEMS.
1.1 If an event (for example, one brought about by an action, in order to achieve a goal) occurs in the real world, we may ask (either with respect to knowledge or belief):
[A] Which things (facts, etc.) change and which don't? (Most don't.)
[A1] What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for an
event to occur (an action to be performed successfully, a plan
to be carried out)? and
[A2] What (potential) changes are brought about by the event?
(What are its consequences?)
[B] How can [A] be represented?
[C] How can/do we reason about [A]?
1.2 These questions, I suggest, constitute the family of frame problems (including the persistence problem, temporal projection problem, inertia problem, qualification problem, ramification problem, extended prediction problem, installation problem, planning problem, holism problem, relevance problem, and so on), covering all definitions in Ford & Hayes (1991) [Ford and Hayes: x; Brown: 1; Fetzer: 55; Hayes: 72; Goodwin and Trudel: 87; Haugh: 106f, 122; Morgenstern: 134, 168; Nutter: 173f; Perlis: 190; Sandewall: 206; Stein: 220; Tenenberg: 232, 252; Weber: 259; Weld: 275f] and most of the many definitions in Brown (1987) and Pylyshyn (1987). Part of the confusion about the frame problem is its family resemblance character. The best approximation to my own characterisation that I have found is Brown's (1987, v): "The frame problem... is the problem of describing in a computationally reasonable manner what properties persist and what properties change as actions are performed." This leaves out [A1], which could be added to Brown's terminology as the qualification problem.
1.3 Why is the frame problem a difficult one? Because "things are just normally quiet and uninteresting" [Hayes: 72]; because "a certain trick we have just observed is flat impossible" (Dennett 1987). "There is too much information about change to consider at any given time" [Nutter: 176]. "There is no end to the ways things might happen unexpectedly" [Hayes: 73]. This is the case, even apart from "technical" problems such as "explicit representation of concurrent events and multiagency" [Tenenberg 241].
1.4 The family of frame problems is more or less closely related to "the general problem of stating `laws of motion' which adequately describe the world" [Ford and Hayes: x]; the prediction problem [Tenenberg: 232]; the induction problem [Fetzer: 55]; "the general problem of default reasoning" [Perlis: 190]; "the larger, and uglier, counterfactual validity problem" [Stein: 225]; the "Frame* Problem" for natural language understanding, learning, and analogical reasoning [Nutter: 177]; and other problems.
1.5 I won't go into the details of trying to separate the frame problem from these other problems except to make a brief remark about the problem of induction. I tend to side with Hayes [71-76], in his exchange with Fetzer [55-70, 77-86]. The frame problem is not the problem of induction in disguise: "even if we had the laws of science given to us by an angel on tablets of bronze, the frame problem would still be there" [Hayes: 75]. The same point is made by Dennett (1987): Having access to absolutely justified true probabilistic knowledge is of little use to a robot who has to make a plan to save its spare battery if it does not know how to apply this knowledge to the task at hand. Nevertheless, the conflict about the relation between the frame problem and the induction problem is more indicative of the nature of the frame problem than a substantial substantive symptom in its own right: Philosophers tend to concentrate on [A], which is definitely related to the induction problem; Hayes concentrates on [B]; and knowledge engineers who have to deliver tomorrow concentrate on [C].
II. THE PROBLEM OF COMPLETE DESCRIPTION.
2.1 There seems to be general consensus that "a definition of the `frame problem' is harder to come by than the Holy Grail" [Stein: 219]. Still, I believe that questions [A] - [C] formulated above are quite straightforward. Nevertheless, Dennett (1987) and Hayes (1987) are right to stress that the frame problem is a deep one, not "the sort of glitch the hackers will sort out by themselves" (Hayes 1987), "of interest mainly to a fringe group" (McDermott 1987). Perhaps the problem is even deeper than they think.
2.2 The very difficulty of formulating it illustrates the frame problem: The frame problem is a special case of the PROBLEM OF COMPLETE DESCRIPTION (PCD). It is, in general, not possible to specify the necessary and sufficient conditions for something: not for the style of a work of an artist, not for the application of a concept or a rule, not for the occurrence of a particular event. Of course, it is possible to propose conventional definitions specifying necessary and sufficient conditions for, say, the use of a word, but we cannot step outside these definitions and give definitions for all the words that are used in the definitions (or the metalanguage). There are of course physical laws which are said to relate events in a necessary way. But laws (or other universal statements) cannot be applied to concrete events without the addition of unspecified ceteris paribus conditions.
2.3 The problem is not only that we don't know HOW to give a complete description (of, say, what is relevant for a particular action in a particular situation in view of a particular goal). We really don't even know what we mean by "giving a complete description."
2.4 The problem of giving a complete description has lurked behind the frame problem from its very inception in 1969 when the complete state of the universe at an instant of time was invoked by McCarthy and Hayes to solve it [Fetzer: 78]; and implicit or "intuitive" awareness of it can be found in many places in Ford & Hayes (1991): "Haugh, Morgenstern, Tenenberg, and Weld [all four are contributors to the volume] each point out that there is an implicit assumption that the agent doing the reasoning has complete knowledge of all the relevant facts" [Ford and Hayes: xii]. "Typical proposals assume omniscience about such things as successful action attempts, causal laws, `intervening' events, fact changes, 'motivated' event occurrences, and `potential causes' [Haugh: 105]. "The everyday world... is too complex for any creature to fully axiomatize its behavior" [Perlis: 191]; "humans do not solve the general problems of relevance and change, because they are unsolvable" [Nutter: 176]. "Approaches that depend on the ability to enumerate the infinite number of qualifications are doomed to failure" [Weld: 277]. "[I]t is notoriously impossible to list all the possible but unusual conditions that might obtain while being consistent with a simple description of a situation" [Hayes: 73]. (Cf also [Fetzer: 57, 62; Perlis: 191; Tenenberg: 235f; Weber: 263].) It is rare to find an explicit denial of the PCD. An example is Lenat and Feigenbaum (1991: 246) who exclaim: "one need never IN PRINCIPLE throw up one's hands and say `you just had to be there, I can't describe it!'"
III. OSTRICHES, RELEVANCE, AND DOMAIN-MODULARITY.
3.1 A theoretical solution to the frame problem in the sense of providing and manipulating a complete description is impossible. But what about a practical solution? Ordinary human beings don't seem to suffer very much, if at all, from the frame problem: "people in their everyday thinking DO solve the frame problem" [Hayes: 72; cf Fetzer: 80; Nutter: 172].
3.2 Broadly speaking, there are three ways of dealing with the PCD in a pragmatic way. The first approach is to deny it (the ostrich policy). This view cannot be refuted because all problems encountered in solving it are simply relegated "to the proverbial FUTURE WORK category" [Etherington, Kraus, and Perlis: 52]. The second approach is to recognise it, after a fashion, but think that one can break out of it by using heuristics or a panacea like relevance or salience. The third approach is to recognise the PCD but assume that it does not exist for specific domains.
3.3 The ostrich approach is best illustrated with some straight quotations (in each case the first quotation is from the introduction or summary of the contribution, the second from the discussion or conclusion).
3.31 Morgenstern: "we show how an existing nonmonotonic temporal logic, Motivated Action Theory, can be extended to handle both problems" [133] but "we cannot express problems in which agents plan to combine their partial knowledge in order to perform some action" [160].
3.32 Etherington, Kraus, and Perlis: "a proper foundation for the frame problem must rest on a theory of nonmonotonic reasoning" [43], but "[w]e are not proposing to present an adequate treatment of the general [frame] problem but merely illustrate that our approach can avoid difficulties associated with indeterminate clippings" [51].
3.33 Haugh: "A particular situation-calculus-type theory... is presented... that solves the frame problem without omniscience assumptions" [105] but "[t]he particular formulation presented... will require some extensions before it will fully constitute such a solution. In particular, it will need extensions to handle ramifications, event-event causation, continuous change, and the qualification problem" [122].
3.4 Various "heuristics" have been proposed to permit a big leap forward, for example, "to simply minimize unjustified changes" [Haugh: 115; cf Morgenstern: 152], but this presupposes the solution of the PCD [cf Fetzer: 60; Haugh: 106, 122; Tenenberg: 237; Weber: 260-264]. It has been further suggested that the frame problem can be reduced "to the problem of choosing the appropriate reference class" [Tenenberg: 245; cf Fetzer: 62; Goodwin and Trudel: 95; Tenenberg: 231], but this merely pushes the problem ahead: How do we determine "the APPROPRIATE reference class for the probability assertions of interest" [Tenenberg: 253, emphasis added]? More seriously, such approaches appeal to our intuitions about what is appropriate, justified, etc. This is question begging, because one way of formulating the frame problem is as the problem of how to model our intuitions. Invoking something's having to be "appropriate" [Perlis: 189; Tenenberg: 231, 245, 253; Weld: 275, 283], "relevant" [Ford and Hayes: xii; Fetzer: 62, 80; Nutter: 182; Stein: 220ff; Weber: 269], "salient" [Nutter: 183], or "intuitive" for that matter, is useless as a contribution to solving the frame problem. The problem is just pushed ahead.
3.5 Consider Nutter, who writes: "The key issues in dealing with the Frame Problem and with frame problems in general are neither qualification nor ramification nor persistence, neither uncertainty nor belief revision nor causal relevance, neither time nor logic nor including enough information... The key issues are relevance, salience, and a rich enough sense of context, and the key mechanism is focus of attention" [175f]. But at the end of his chapter he says: "The primary untouched issue here is how our system decides what initial nodes and arc types to put into the context. This is a general problem for AI which surfaces over and over... It would be difficult to overestimate its complexity" [186]. Although it has been said that "Fodor misuses the term `frame problem' in at least three different ways" (Hayes 1987), Fodor (1987) is perhaps at least partly right when he writes that "the frame problem is [that of] saying what a `real property' is." What is at issue here is that the choice of "the right primitives" is not a trivial matter but the core of the issue. As Dunn (1989) correctly points out: "relevance logic can no more tell us which are the relevant atomic properties, than can classical logic tell us which are the true atomic propositions... it is up to the database creator to decide which predicates are relevant." But how is the database creator to do this [cf Goodwin and Trudel: 90; Sandewall: 212; Weld: 276]?
3.6 The third way of dealing with the PCD is to dispute "The Myth of Domain-Independent Persistence" [Weber: 259]. This is the approach of Weber, who says that the "omniscience assumption is only valid in very restricted domains" [263; cf Fetzer: 60-63]. The appeal to "context limitation through salience" [Nutter: 186] might also be taken as a form of domain restriction. In practice, domain restriction and heuristics are usually combined. For example, Holland, Holyoak, Nisbett and Thagard (1986), responding to Fodor's worries, write: "a processing mechanism of the sort we favor circumvents the problem of the potential relevance of everything in the knowledge store by PRAGMATICALLY SELECTING limited areas of information to explore... By tending to fire the strongest and most GOAL-APPROPRIATE rules, a constrained search through the space of RELEVANT information can be carried out." It's the phrases that I've emphasised that worry me (and would, I presume, worry Fodor as well). But most practical AI researchers would not find much wrong here and would conclude with Lormand (1990), after discussing views of philosophers like Dennett and Fodor on the frame problem: "why should we suppose that it is a PROBLEM?" In fact, in not seeing a problem, Lormand is making two important assumptions: [i] the choice of primitive terms is straightforward; [ii] descriptions can be carried out independently for each domain. It is because these assumptions seem so "plausible" or "intuitively" correct that there doesn't seem to be a PCD. But these assumptions are incorrect (van Brakel 1991).
IV. LOGICISM, PHYSICALISM, CONNECTIONISM.
4.1 I have been rather cynical about the approaches referred to in the previous section because I think they all show insufficient awareness of the general problem of the impossibility of giving a complete description. It remains true, however, that humans do manage. How do they do so? Perhaps we have to reconsider some basic assumptions underlying all approaches to the frame problem. The assumptions are, of course, those of logicism (Kirsh 1991a):
(1) Modelling propositional knowledge and conceptualisation is
essential for intelligence.
(2) Cognition can be studied separately from perception and motor
output.
(3) The kinematics of knowledge is linguistic.
(4) The statics and dynamics of knowledge can be studied separately
from learning, psychological development and evolution.
(5) There is one architecture.
I take it that all contributions in Ford & Hayes meet these five criteria (or at least four of them).
4.2 From such a perspective the PCD is not considered relevant. It is assumed that the frame problem can be solved in a piecemeal way. Logicists can acknowledge that, say, (2) and (4) might be disputable in principle, yet because of the primacy of the linguistic character of knowledge theirs is the best approach to the problem. But perhaps the ways humans (or evolution for that matter) have solved the frame problem in a practical sense do not live up to this kind of modular and piecemeal approach. Perhaps the piecemeal approach works, at least for a while, in some areas, but not for "solving" human behaviour. Perhaps "[t]he frame problem is an artifact of viewing perception as input to cognition, suggesting that input is predigested and exists apart from the process of behaving, and that memory is a special storage for descriptions of the world which are matched against rules that describe behaviors" (Clancey 1989: n18).
4.3 What about other approaches? First consider physicalism. Even if we allow externalism (what philosophers of mind call "wide content"), there MUST be a physical explanation of how humans do it. There MUST exist at least one practical solution to the frame problem, because humans use it. But "`common sense' (or `ordinary') knowledge is not enough to provide [it]... What is required is the kind of knowledge we only possess when we have discovered those causal laws whose operation governs the processes and outcomes concerning us" [Fetzer: 58]. This is also the argument of Ross (1990), whose reasoning is as follows: Induction works in practice, but we can't formalise it. Everything that is not completely deductive may accordingly fail to be formalizable. Even when something is deductive, in the general case, not everything that is true can be proved. Hence, as it were, theoretical solutions are excluded a priori.
4.4 But, to repeat, induction works in practice. So, by analogy, there must be a practical solution to the frame problem. During human evolution, "nature" has hit on a practical solution to the frame problem. We have to find the PHYSICAL description of how humans do it: "What we must do as AI researchers, then, is reproduce our structural architecture" (Ross 1990). Of course, this "solution" is of no direct practical use for AI (perhaps it even denies the relevance of AI). And there is a further problem: the distinction between a complete physical description and a complete commonsense description. It is not self-evident that there is a type-type correlation between physical and commonsense descriptions of what is going on.
4.5 What about connectionism? At first blush it seems better suited to solving the frame problem: it might provide a more natural connection to perceptual input and to getting knowledge by learning. Also the "old problem of how to retrieve relevant information is transformed by the realization that it does not have to be `retrieved'" (Churchland 1989: 195). However, it seems to me that current work on connectionist models makes the same assumptions as logicism about separate domains characterised by "natural" primitive terms. (Think of nets, taught or self-taught, that learn to separate cats and dogs.)
V. THE PERVASIVENESS OF HOLISM.
5.1 A proper assessment of the holism issue is crucial to evaluating the possibility of practical solutions to the frame problem. Here I can only set a few pointers. First, the subworlds of separate domains are not the same as isolated physical systems that can later be put together using a few rules to make the whole. Subworlds are local "representations" of a whole they presuppose (Dreyfus and Dreyfus 1990).
5.2 Second, it is often said that daily knowledge is extensive, but not deep. This is a mistake, because the cognitive and subcognitive levels cannot be separated. There is no a priori way to formalise judgements of association strengths, neologisms, jokes, epitaphs, etc. It is only good enough if it is identical to a complete human being (French 1989). (Think of a robot with eyes on its knees.)
5.3 Third, there is a fundamental difference between knowing a part of something and partly knowing something. As an example, consider Maloney (1991: 57): "FULLY understanding any given concept is holistic and requires knowing how that concept fits in with other concepts we may have. But that should not blind us to the fact that understanding a concept is a matter of degree." This is wrong, however. Maloney considers the complete description of a concept as something that is given, passing over variations across time, conversations, or persons. He compares the "limited knowledge" of scripts with the limited knowledge of small children (about chairs, for example) but he ignores the fact that children's knowledge of chairs is built up starting from "intimate" relations with chairs. This relational knowledge has little to do with the descriptive knowledge in a "chair"-script. He also passes over the fact that knowledge of chairs, as acquired by children, is part of a moral form of life (in which chairs play some role).
5.4 The only piecemeal approach to holism seems to be that of Brooks (1991). He argues that it is better to use the world as its own model. Human intelligence is too "complicated" for it to be possible to cut it up in the right pieces to study and model. His "mobots" consist of several layers which operate in parallel; each layer has its own "goal" and its own visual input, but there is no "total" observation of the environment. There is representation in the sense of covariation, but not symbolic, conceptual representation. The lingering questions are, of course: Will this bring us anything more than the intelligence of a spider? What about learning? How will the evolutionary jump to conceptual knowledge be made (cf Kirsh 1991b)? But these mobots really exist in their world.
VI. CONCLUSIONS.
6.1 All variants of the frame problem are special cases of the problem of complete description (PCD): It is impossible to give the necessary and sufficient conditions for something (e.g. for the occurrence of an event, the definition of a concept).
6.2 It is a mistake to talk about the frame problem as primarily concerning acting, reasoning, or justifying; it's a problem of description in the first place. (The notorious robots who didn't manage to save their spare batteries were not suffering from the frame problem. Perhaps their designers were.)
6.3 There is no theoretical solution to the frame problem. The quest for a theoretical solution presupposes the possibility of a complete description. The latter idea is incoherent, but this is of little relevance for AI: Humans also manage without a theoretical solution.
6.4 It is a mistake to suggest that folk knowledge is broad but not deep. It is deep in the sense of its holistic relation to the subcognitive level. This undermines the theoretical intelligibility of a piecemeal approach. Domain-restricted theoretical solutions to the frame problem are not possible because each part presupposes the whole.
6.5. The extent to which a practical solution might be feasible (in certain contexts) increases, in principle, in the direction: logicism, logicism + learning, connectionism, mobotics. Practical "total" solutions cannot be excluded: new forms of (artificial) life are possible. Practical instruments are of course always possible. Whether they are useful depends on the form of life in which they are put to use.
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جمعية "علشانك يا بلدي" للتنمية المستدامة جمعية شبابية تتميز بالحس الابتكارى والقدرة على ابتداع حلول خلاقة لمشكلات التنمية. تأسست "علشانك يا بلدي" في بادئ الأمر بالجامعة الأمريكية كنادى للطلاب وذلك في عام 2002. كان الهدف حينذاك هو نشر ثقافة التطوع بين الشباب المصرى وتعريفهم بمصطلح "التنمية" الذى يشمل العمل الخيرى المعروف ويضيف عليه ما تبذله كافة فئات المجتمع من جهود متضافرة للقضاء على الفقر بصورة نهائية وليست مؤقتة، وذلك عن طريق تقديم حلول جذرية لمشكلة الفقر في مصر وليس فقط عن طريق التبرعات المادية. يهدف البرنامج إلى خلق فرص عمل لعدد 2000 شاب وشابة من الفئة الأقل حظا الذين تتراوح أعمارهم مابين 15 و 29 من خلال إنشاء المشاريع الصغيرة والتوظيف في محافظات القاهرة، المنيا، قنا، الأقصر، البحيرة . توفر جمعية علشانك يا بلدي التدريب المهني لأصحاب المشاريع الصغيرة على الميكانيكا، والفخار، والصيانة، والخياطة، والمنتجات المصنوعة يدويا، والسجاد، والمنتجات الجلدية، والمهن الأخرى على أساس دراسة سوق العمل. وسيتم أيضا توفير التدريب المتخصص في إدارة المشاريع، والتسويق، ودراسات الجدوى، ومهارات التعامل مع الآخرين وأخلاقيات العمل والقيم لجميع المستفيدين.
جمعية رجال أعمال أسيوط هي جمعية أهلية غير حكومية أشهرت في عام 1994 وبدأت نشاطها الفعلي في شهر يونيو عام 1996. من أهداف الجمعية تحقيق تنمية اقتصادية واجتماعية حقيقية للمستفيدين من مشروعات وبرامج الجمعية مما ينعكس بصورة ايجابية علي المجتمع المصري خاصة بمحافظات الصعيد ليحقق التنمية الشاملة في مختلف المجالات.يهدف البرنامج إلى دعم وتطوير القدرات الفنية ل 400 من شباب المنيا لدخول سوق العمل من خلال إنشاء المشاريع الصغيرة. وسيتم توفير التدريب فيالمجالات الاتية الصناعات اليدوية ، وتجهيز الأغذية، والبناء وغيرها من مجالات بناءا على دراسات سوق العمل ليتم تنفيذها قبل تدريب المستفيدين. التدريبات تشمل المزيد من مكون إدارة الأعمال العامة وكذلك المهارات الحياتية.
Assiut University was established in October 1957 as the first university in Upper Egypt to prepare highly qualified graduates with the basic specialized academic knowledge and training expertise on the various necessary skills. To provide graduates from Upper Egypt equal opportunity and reach in the job market, Nahdet El Mahrousa partnered with Assiut University (AU) in 2012; to establish its second Career Development and Entrepreneurship Office (CEDO) in Egypt, and the first one in Assiut governorate, inside the Faculty of Science to provide the university students with career coaching, capacity building and career advancement services.
Leveraging financial contributions, shared expertise, and volunteer resources to fill needs of job creation and financial education in Egypt, Nahdet El Mahrousa and Barclays formed a partnership that aims a identifying, supporting, and providing funding to innovative social enterprises focused on job creation in Egypt. The emphasis is on creative projects that develop new approaches boosting employment, especially for marginalized youth, in Egypt. The program's focus is on high-potential social entrepreneurs in Egypt, and is run through the Nahdet El Mahrousa Incubator of Innovative Social Enterprises. The program will begin with a Barclays-sponsored competition in Summer 2013 that will identify 5-7 social enterprises working on issues of employability in Egypt. The program will find innovators with demonstrated leadership skills and a passion for entrepreneurship in Egypt. Winning candidates will have ideas for social enterprises that address root causes through creative and untried approaches, and can achieve financial sustainability and national scalability.
Brainquil is a learning consultancy that designs and delivers dynamic, interactive & learner-centric learning solutions. In our solutions we use a blended approach of experiential exercises, simulators, meta-cognition, web-based, self-organized learning and classroom led. We are also specialized in assessing training needs, designing learning solutions that tackle the identified needs and finally defining measurement systems that evaluate the impact of these solutions. We serve Corporations, Governments, Educational Institutions, NGOs, Entrepreneurs and Individuals in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAE, Bahrain and Kuwait.
Cairo University; the first and most prominent national university in Egypt with more than a 100 years of historical significance. With a vision to better equip their students for the job market, Cairo University forged a partnership with Nahdet El Mahrousa in 2008 to bridge the gap between education and employment in Egypt. NM partnered with CU to establish its first Career Development and Entrepreneurship Office (CEDO) on campus to serve all students and graduates of most faculties at Cairo University. CEDO works on providing Cairo University students with soft skills training, career advising, entrepreneurship workshops, opportunities for summer internships, as well as placement services.
Cyan is a creative boutique. We engage with our clients, go deep, ask questions, uncover opportunities and craft customized media solutions for their businesses to innovate and grow. The way we see it, innovation does not just fall from trees nor is it a stroke of genius, but it is created through perseverance and hard work and is followed by iterative cycles of prototyping, testing, and refinement. We work cross-departmentally to fulfill Cyan's commitment of delivering imaginative, technology-based solutions that help our clients achieve their goals. We are a team of skilled innovators, designers, analysts, artists, engineers, cinematographers, animators and developers. A team built on persistence and taking risks, we put love in our work to create something with value. We listen and learn. We innovate and challenge. We love what we do.
Endeavor Egypt partnered with Career & Entrepreneurship Development Office (CEDO) of Nahdet El Mahrousa to build on Endeavor's expertise with high imapct entreprenus and its entrepreneurial capacity-building activities. Endeavor Egypt supports CEDO with resources that includes: strategic assessment and recommendations, best practices, entrepreneur and mentor-led activities.
Garaad is a creative catalyst. We are a media studio, a team building facility, and a network. We are a part of Egypt's media ecosystem, and we are based in Cairo.Garaad is a full time endeavor, accepting submissions all year-round for projects in film (short form), TV series, web series and channels, music and transmedia. Once a project is selected, we work with the team throughout the process -from development to distribution- and provide them with the funding and resources they need. The teams get access to Garaad's facilities and network, where they can get the guidance and support they need to see their project go from idea to audience.Egypt's ecosystem has such great potential, and we believe in that potential. Few are willing to take a risk with young and talented storytellers and musicians. And even fewer are willing to take a risk with new genres and experiences.Garaad is willing to take that risk.
The Global Social Venture Competition (GSVC) provides aspiring entrepreneurs with mentoring, exposure, and $50,000 in prizes to transform their ideas into businesses that will have positive real world impact. Founded in 1999 by MBA students at UC Berkeley's Haas School of Business, the GSVC culminates each year with the Global Finals and Conference at Berkeley in April, gathering teams from around the world and Bay Area professionals for a day of learning and networking. GSVC has evolved into a global network supported by an international community of volunteer judges, mentors and student organizers and a partnership of premier business schools in the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa.In 2014, GSVC received 600 entries from nearly 40 countries. Previous years' finalists include Husk Power, Revolution Foods, and d.light design. Since its inception in 1999, the GSVC has awarded more than a quarter of a million dollars to emerging social ventures and has introduced early-stage social venture entrepreneurs to the investment community.
As part of Nahdet El Mahrousa's Entrepreneur to Entrepreneur partnerships, Grizzly's Egyptian founder wanted to pay it forward and support the capacity building Egyptian Entrepreneurs.Grizzly is an Egyptian diner with a retro Americana, right here in Cairo. Whether you're dreaming of stacks of syrupy pancakes for breakfast, a sumptuous shake at lunch or a big juicy burger for dinner, They have it all, and then some!
As part of a joint venture Nahdet El Mahrousa with P&G and PWC, IBM aided in launching and promoting incubated social startup, Sharek.org, as part of its mandate to encourage volunteerism. Sharek.org is a website which matches the volunteering needs of various civil society institutions with volunteers from the corporate world. IBM strives to lead in the creation, development and manufacture of the industry's most advanced information technologies, including computer systems, software, networking systems, storage devices and microelectronics.
icecairo is a Social Enterprise, and part of the international icehubs network, that started with iceaddis in Ethiopia and icebauhaus in Germany. icecairo is a community-powered green tech innovation hub. We work together to solve environmental and social challenges using the brilliance of the icecairo community, and to turn these challenges in to green businesses. icecairo offers 2 incredible spaces for innovation, collaboration and entrepreneurship. Our physical hub (the downtown hub) is a space where people can co-work, attend / run events, and use the fablab to make / hack "green" products. Our online hub is a collection of platforms: a website, a wiki, a mapping system, an e-learning platform and an e-commerce site, all designed to maximise collaboration within the icecairo community. Together with our partners in civil society, the private sector, government and academia, icecairo believes it can turn almost any challenge in to a sustainable business opportunity.
Nahdet El Mahrousa has partnered with the Institute of International Education (IIE) through the IIE's LOTUS Scholarship Program. Nahdet El Mahrousa is supporting the design and delivery of the Leadership in Action Program and the career development component which are delivered to the scholarship recipients. The recipients take part in Nahdet El Mahrousa's programs promoting youth values of tolerance and peace, the principals of sustainable development, and the definition of citizenship. Nahdet El Mahrousa will also provide students with exposure to case studies, insights into Egypt's developmental problems and existing or possible solutions specifically through presenting them with role models and innovations in social development.The programs is delivered to all 150 LOTUS Program students during their undergraduate studies.
NewSilkRoads is your guide to talented people along the Silk Road. We provide your company with highly talented entrepreneurial people, that can solve your corporate challenges. We connect Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and Asia.Are you a business that wants to expand to new markets? Are you an organization that wants to solve social challenges? Or do you want innovative international solutions to promote your city according to the latest trends? The key to your success depends on the people you work with. Through our 'Expedition methodology' we source the right talent in the region and enable them to execute their solutions for you. We provide you with access to international communities of thousands of highly talented entrepreneurial people.
Nile FM gives back to the community in a special show called Nile FM Aware showcasing young Egyptians who are trying to make a difference through innovative non for profit ideas. Nile FM Aware showcased more than 15 NM incubated Social Entrepreneur. Nile FM a radio station that offers the perfect blend of the best international chart toppers with a local feel. Since 2003, English speakers have been tuning in to 104.2 for the latest hits, interaction with the presenters and to enter in a variety of fun competitions. Nile FM is constantly in touch with listeners; whether it's through Twitter, Facebook, SMS or our studio hotline.
As part of a joint venture Nahdet El Mahrousa with P&G and IBM, PWC aided in launching and promoting incubated social startup, Sharek.org, as part of its mandate to encourage community service. Sharek.org is a website which matches the volunteering needs of various civil society institutions with volunteers from the corporate world. PWC is a network of firms in 158 countries with more than 180,000 people who are committed to delivering quality in assurance, tax and advisory services.
As part of a joint venture Nahdet El Mahrousa with PWC and IBM, P&G aided in launching and promoting incubated social startup, Sharek.org, as part of its mandate to encourage sustainable development. Sharek.org is a website which matches the volunteering needs of various civil society institutions with volunteers from the corporate world. Driven by passionate people and a common purpose, P&G brings brands to consumers around the world—including their 50 Leadership Brands that are among the world's most well known household names.
Publicist Inc is an Egyptian communications consultant with a mission to lead the evolution of the public relations discipline in Egypt by driving the adoption of international practices that demonstrate the value of communications in building credibility and trust. As part of the Entrepreneur 2 Entrepreneur program, Publicist Inc are offering Nahdet el Mahrousa their probono services and valued expertise to give all our projects and social entrepreneurs the best reach and exposure they can get.
Acting on their believes that they have a duty to give back to the community in which they prosper Sharkawy & Sarhan has been providing Nahdet El Mahrousa and its incubated social startups with Pro-bono Legal Support since 2010. Over the past 3 years, the Pro-bono department at Sharkawy & Sarhan has provided more than 20 incubated social startups with legal counseling which proved to be vital for them establishing their social enterprises. The Pro Bono Department also undertakes legal research projects that cater for various public interest issues in collaboration with various non-governmental and academic entities as well as research institutes. It is particularly interested in fostering social entrepreneurship, empowering civil society and strengthening labour rights.
Silatech has created a career coaching tool under the name "Tamheed". It is an online tool to assess student skills. Nahdet El Mahrousa signed an MOU with Silatech to get access to the tool as well as training for its facilitators and career counselors in Career & Entrepreneurship Development Office (CEDO).
Nahdet El Mahrousa signed a memorandum of understanding with the Supreme Council of Universities (SCU) in 2009. NM partnerhsip with SCU grants access to all public universities. SCU was established in 1950, plans the policy of the University Education and Scientific Research as well as to coordinate between the Egyptian governmental universities.
TBS (The Bakery Shop) supports Salon El Mahrousa and Monthly Mondays events. TBS (The Bakery Shop) founded by three partners Tarek El Nazer, Basel Mashhour & Sameh El Sadat is an enchanting bakery that started its first operation in the North Coast of Egypt, specialized in delivering top quality Croissant, Muffins, Doughnuts, artistic desserts and all kinds of Bread.Social responsibility is one of the main embedded characteristics in TBS's DNA. TBS believes even small, entrepreneurial business have a responsibility towards the environment and communities in which they serve. Making a positive contribution to the social and cultural wellbeing of society is at the forefront of our agenda.
The District is an inspiring coworking space for game-changing entrepreneurs and freelancers. With social capital at the core of its operation, the District aims to stimulate your innovation and productivity by giving you the opportunity to collaborate with like-minded individuals.
المعهد الفرنسي هو مركز لقضايا الثقافة والتعاون والتنمية للسفارة الفرنسية في مصر، وهو يعمل على في العديد من المناطق لتنفيذ سياسات التعاون الفرنسية وتطوير الالتزامات الفرنسية عن العديد من الموضوعات، من بينها التعاون مع الدولة المصرية والتضامن الدولي، "الفرنكوفونية". في إطار التعاون الفرنسي مع المجتمع المدني المصري، المعهد الفرنسي يقدم الدعم لنهضة المحروسة منذ 2014.
Nahdet El Mahrousa is a TrustLaw Connect member. TrustLaw Connect is Thomson Reuter's award-winning service that links the best lawyers and law firms around the world with high impact NGOs and social enterprises in need of free legal assistance. Since its launch in 2010, TrustLaw Connect has grown to include over 1,120 members in 120 countries, working to spread the practice of pro bono worldwide. Through TrustLaw Connect, NM and the incubated social enterprises can receive legal assistance for matters such as: Legal research on laws and policy across multiple countries to identify best practices or policy gaps; Drafting or reviewing commercial agreements, such as partnership contracts or sales contracts; Protecting your organisation's intellectual property, such as trademarks or copyright advice; Creating template employment contracts for staff/volunteers or assisting with general employment/HR issues.
The Unreasonable Institute exists to give entrepreneurs tackling the world's greatest challenges an "unreasonable advantage." Each year, they match a dozen carefully vetted ventures from around the world with 50 mentors (including the Chairman of Whole Foods, a guy who's helped over 20 million people out of poverty, and a Time Magazine Hero of the Planet) and 100+ funders at 5-week institutes. Our goal is to help each of these ventures scale up to meaningfully impact the lives of over 1 million people each year.
Nahdet El Mahrousa partnered with Yahoo! Maktoob to spearhead an unprecedented online campaign entitled "Social Innovation Starts with YOU!" The idea was to encourage social entrepreneurship among young Egyptian professionals and young Egyptians at large. The campaign inspired hundreds of Egyptian youth to submit ideas for social enterprises that aim to make a positive impact on Egypt. The partnership provided technical assistance and capacity building, as well as seed grants ($25,000 USD each) to 10 winners with both new ideas as well as existing ones that needed support to scale up.
اتجاه المؤسسة الاستشارية للشباب والتنمية هي مؤسسة متخصصة في ابتكار وتطوير منهجيات التنمية في مجال الشباب والتنمية المجتمعية . أنشئت المؤسسة عام 2006 وتهدف المؤسسة الى تخريج مجموعة من الشباب من الجنسين قادرين على بناء المجتمع ولديهم من المهارات والقدرات مايمكنهم من المساهمة بشكل فعال في تنمية ذاتهم ومجتمعاتهم .يهدف البرنامج إلى إنشاء أكاديمية للبيع بالتجزئة تتبنى منهج شمولي في معالجة البطالة بين الشباب المهمشين من خلال تقديم الشباب حزمة متكاملة من الخدمات بدءا من الربط إلى الاستعداد الوظيفي و التوظيف. تهدف أكاديمية البيع بالتجزئة في استهداف أربع قطاعات رئيسية وهم الإلكترونية والتكنولوجيا، والأغذية والمشروبات، ومحلات الملابس والاكسسوارات. سو تصمم اتجاه حزمة تعليمية لكل قطاع مطلوب (استنادا إلى دراسة سوق العمل) بالإضافة إلى المهارات العامة المطلوبة لمعظم شركات البيع بالتجزئة. وسوف تشمل الدورات، ولكن لا تقتصر على الاتي : الإنجليزية المهنية، وخدمات العملاء والمبيعات، والبيع بالتجزئة ، بالإضافة إلى برنامج التدريب المهني. ستوفر اتجاه 1200 شاب وشابة على 40 دورة تدريبية.
تسعى جمعية الشباب للسكان والتنمية لتطوير وتحسين الأوضاع الإجتماعية المحيطة بالشباب , وتنمية مهاراتهم , ودفعهم للمشاركة في تنمية مجتماعتهم ,من أجل تحويلهم من مواطنين مقيمين إلي مواطنين فاعلين شركاء أساسين في عملية التنمية. بناء على احتياجات سوق العمل واهتمامات الشباب، تهدف الجمعية إلى بناء القدرات التقنية، ومهارات الحاسب الالي والمهارات الحياتية ل 1000شاب و شابة لسد الفجوة في سوق العمل في الشرقية من خلال ربط الشباب ال\ين حصلوا على تدريب مع أصحاب العمل. سيتم توفير التدريب في المهارات الحياتية، ومهارات الكمبيوتر الأساسية، وصيانة المحمول؛ الإنتاج الزراعي والحيواني، والالكترونيات وصيانة المعدات، و الحرف اليدوية، وإنتاج الجلود الخ. تتعاون الجمعية أيضا مع المصانع والشركات في المنطقة المستهدفة لربط المستفيدين الى فرص التدريب وكذلك التعاون مع مؤسسات التمويل الصغيرة لضمان القروض لأصحاب المشاريع.


I don't think shell is important on Windows, you can build EPICS in a Cygwin bash shell or a Windows cmd shell without having to worry about it.
I suspect the problem is the version of "make".  I sent John the make executable I am using to see if that fixes the problem.
>>> streamReferences which has similar syntax.
> other version to try.
I guess there's also MinGW that you could try.
shell script using a for loop work with the shell being used by make?


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text:
package org.apache.polygene.runtime.injection.provider;

import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import org.apache.polygene.api.composite.NoSuchTransientTypeException;
import org.apache.polygene.api.object.NoSuchObjectTypeException;
import org.apache.polygene.api.structure.Module;
import org.apache.polygene.api.util.AccessibleObjects;
import org.apache.polygene.bootstrap.InvalidInjectionException;
import org.apache.polygene.runtime.composite.UsesInstance;
import org.apache.polygene.runtime.injection.DependencyModel;
import org.apache.polygene.runtime.injection.InjectionContext;
import org.apache.polygene.runtime.injection.InjectionProvider;
import org.apache.polygene.runtime.injection.InjectionProviderFactory;
import org.apache.polygene.runtime.model.Resolution;

/**
 * JAVADOC
 */
public final class UsesInjectionProviderFactory
    implements InjectionProviderFactory
{
    public UsesInjectionProviderFactory()
    {
    }

    @Override
    public InjectionProvider newInjectionProvider( Resolution resolution, DependencyModel dependencyModel )
        throws InvalidInjectionException
    {
        return new UsesInjectionProvider( dependencyModel );
    }

    private static class UsesInjectionProvider
        implements InjectionProvider
    {
        private final DependencyModel dependency;

        public UsesInjectionProvider( DependencyModel dependency )
        {
            this.dependency = dependency;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings( "unchecked" )
        @Override
        public Object provideInjection( InjectionContext context )
            throws InjectionProviderException
        {
            UsesInstance uses = context.uses();

            Class injectionType = dependency.rawInjectionType();
            Object usesObject = uses.useForType( injectionType );

            if( usesObject == null && !dependency.optional() )
            {
                // No @Uses object provided
                // Try instantiating a Transient or Object for the given type
                Module moduleInstance = context.module().instance();

                try
                {
                    if( context.instance() != null )
                    {
                        uses = uses.use( context.instance() );
                    }
                    usesObject = moduleInstance.newTransient( injectionType, uses.toArray() );
                }
                catch( NoSuchTransientTypeException e )
                {
                    try
                    {
                        usesObject = moduleInstance.newObject( injectionType, uses.toArray() );
                    }
                    catch( NoSuchObjectTypeException e1 )
                    {
                        // Could not instantiate an instance - to try instantiate as plain class
                        try
                        {
                            usesObject = injectionType.newInstance();
                        }
                        catch( Throwable e2 )
                        {
                            // Could not instantiate - try with this as first argument
                            try
                            {
                                Constructor constructor = injectionType.getDeclaredConstructor( context.instance()
                                                                                .getClass() );
                                AccessibleObjects.accessible( constructor );
                                usesObject = constructor.newInstance( context.instance() );
                            }
                            catch( Throwable e3 )
                            {
                                // Really can't instantiate it - ignore
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }

                if( usesObject != null )
                {
                    context.setUses( context.uses().use( usesObject ) ); // Use this for other injections in same graph
                }

                return usesObject;
            }
            else
            {
                return usesObject;
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package permafrost.tundra.data;

import com.wm.data.DataException;
import com.wm.data.IData;
import com.wm.data.IDataCursor;

/**
 * Wraps an IDataCursor in an envelope object and provides a skeletal implementation for subclasses.
 */
public abstract class IDataCursorEnvelope implements IDataCursor {
    /**
     * The wrapped cursor.
     */
    protected IDataCursor cursor;

    /**
     * Constructs a new wrapped cursor.
     *
     * @param cursor The cursor to be wrapped.
     */
    public IDataCursorEnvelope(IDataCursor cursor) {
        if (cursor == null) throw new NullPointerException("cursor must not be null");
        this.cursor = cursor;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the cursor error mode.
     *
     * @param mode The mode to be set.
     */
    public void setErrorMode(int mode) {
        cursor.setErrorMode(mode);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the last error encountered.
     *
     * @return The last error encountered.
     */
    public DataException getLastError() {
        return cursor.getLastError();
    }

    /**
     * Returns whether the cursor has more errors.
     *
     * @return True if the cursor has more errors.
     */
    public boolean hasMoreErrors() {
        return cursor.hasMoreErrors();
    }

    /**
     * Resets the cursor to be unpositioned.
     */
    public void home() {
        cursor.home();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the key at the cursor's current position.
     *
     * @return The key at the cursor's current position.
     */
    public String getKey() {
        return cursor.getKey();
    }

    /**
     * Sets the key at the cursor's current position.
     *
     * @param key The key to be set.
     */
    public void setKey(String key) {
        cursor.setKey(key);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the value at the cursor's current position.
     *
     * @return The value at the cursor's current position.
     */
    public Object getValue() {
        return cursor.getValue();
    }

    /**
     * Sets the value at the cursor's current position.
     *
     * @param value The value to be set.
     */
    public void setValue(Object value) {
        cursor.setValue(value);
    }

    /**
     * Deletes the element at the cursor's current position.
     *
     * @return True if the element was deleted.
     */
    public boolean delete() {
        return cursor.delete();
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the given element before the cursor's current position.
     *
     * @param key   The key to be inserted.
     * @param value The value to be inserted.
     */
    public void insertBefore(String key, Object value) {
        cursor.insertBefore(key, value);
    }

    /**
     * Inserts the given element after the cursor's current position.
     *
     * @param key   The key to be inserted.
     * @param value The value to be inserted.
     */
    public void insertAfter(String key, Object value) {
        cursor.insertAfter(key, value);
    }

    /**
     * Inserts a new IData document with the given key before the cursor's current position.
     *
     * @param key   The key to be inserted.
     * @return      The newly inserted IData document.
     */
    public IData insertDataBefore(String key) {
        return cursor.insertDataBefore(key);
    }

    /**
     * Inserts a new IData document with the given key after the cursor's current position.
     *
     * @param key   The key to be inserted.
     * @return      The newly inserted IData document.
     */
    public IData insertDataAfter(String key) {
        return cursor.insertDataAfter(key);
    }

    /**
     * Moves the cursor's position to the next element.
     *
     * @return True if the cursor was repositioned.
     */
    public boolean next() {
        return cursor.next();
    }

    /**
     * Moves the cursor's position to the next element with the given key.
     *
     * @param key   The key to reposition to.
     * @return      True if the cursor was repositioned.
     */
    public boolean next(String key) {
        return cursor.next(key);
    }

    /**
     * Moves the cursor's position to the previous element.
     *
     * @return True if the cursor was repositioned.
     */
    public boolean previous() {
        return cursor.previous();
    }

    /**
     * Moves the cursor's position to the previous element with the given key.
     *
     * @param key   The key to reposition to.
     * @return      True if the cursor was repositioned.
     */
    public boolean previous(String key) {
        return cursor.previous(key);
    }

    /**
     * Moves the cursor's position to the first element.
     *
     * @return True if the cursor was repositioned.
     */
    public boolean first() {
        return cursor.first();
    }

    /**
     * Moves the cursor's position to the first element with the given key.
     *
     * @param key   The key to reposition to.
     * @return      True if the cursor was repositioned.
     */
    public boolean first(String key) {
        return cursor.first(key);
    }

    /**
     * Moves the cursor's position to the last element.
     *
     * @return True if the cursor was repositioned.
     */
    public boolean last() {
        return cursor.last();
    }

    /**
     * Moves the cursor's position to the last element with the given key.
     *
     * @param key   The key to reposition to.
     * @return      True if the cursor was repositioned.
     */
    public boolean last(String key) {
        return cursor.last(key);
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the cursor has more elements to be iterated over.
     *
     * @return True if the cursor has more elements to be iterated over.
     */
    public boolean hasMoreData() {
        return cursor.hasMoreData();
    }

    /**
     * Destroys this cursor.
     */
    public void destroy() {
        cursor.destroy();
    }

    /**
     * Returns a clone of this cursor.
     *
     * @return A clone of this cursor.
     */
    public abstract IDataCursor getCursorClone();
}


She has four critically acclaimed (Los Angeles Times, Washington Post, AP) full length solo releases: "The Abby Travis Foundation", "Cutthroat Standards & Black Pop", "Glittermouth", and "IV" Travis wrote or co-wrote the majority of the material on all for albums and produced or co-produced all of them as well. In addition to singing and playing bass; she has keyboard and guitar credits as well.
She has appeared in several indie films, including Raymond Pettibon's Weathermen '69 and The Book of Manson; Shadow Hours; and The Devil's Muse. Travis makes frequent appearances in theater roles; and her musical catalogue was adapted for the 2009 drag queen musical Little Black Veil in Los Angeles. Ms. Travis is a recurring character on Justin Tanner's web series Ave 43 (2009-). She plays Ondria and has appeared in 40 episodes.


Our "DAPPER" Messenger Meal Bag is the perfect bag for the active man whose profession requires a dapper design.
Men's meal bags redefined in our EXCLUSIVE NEW DESIGN! Our "Dapper" Messenger Meal Bag is perfect for any work place with it's sleek, thin profile. Whatever the situation, you will always look like you mean business. Inside is just as high performance with all the details you need to handle your day.
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NEW thin profile design features a discrete padded back zipper compartment that is thermally insulating with enough room for up to 4 included meal containers (vertically held). Compartment features a waterproof lining.
Food is kept fresh with 2 rigid gel packs (keeps food cold for up to 9 hrs).
Front magnetic front pouch with large zipper compartment, cell phone pouch, pen holders, and card holders.
Back velcro pouch for quick access to papers or personal items.
3-in-1 sleek, dapper design featuring a thermally insulating meal compartment.
Made with high quality vegan PU leather, 210D polyester lining, and waterproof thermally insulating lining.
Heavy duty brass hardware throughout with two front buckle clips. See detail photos below.
Insulated compartment includes 4, NEW leak-proof black, 20oz BPA-free meal containers and two rigid gel packs. Hand washing recommended. Containers insert vertically and lengthwise into bag for a thinner, less bulky design. See detail photos below.
Fits 15" laptop or tablet.


Welcome to Urban Beauty! I have been a licensed cosmetologist for over 7 years. I specialize in all things color. From basic, all over colors and highlights, to color melts, balayage and mens grey blending. I also specialize in cutting all types of hair for men, women and children. Another huge passion of mine is hair extensions. I have been easihairpro hair extensions certified since 2013.
There is always something to learn and the cosmetology world is constantly changing. I continue my professional development by taking advanced color and cutting classes in my free time. This allows me to bring the latest popular trends and new looks to my clients.
My number one reason why I love being a hairstylist is because I love making my clients feel and look beautiful. I am confident that I have the education, skills, and experience to give you the hair you desire. Book your appointment today and live your life with beautiful hair!


text:
Braunlage je lázeňské město v německé spolkové zemi Dolní Sasko nacházející se v zemském okrese Goslar. Až do roku 1972 patřilo do zemského okresu Blankenburg.

První osídlení na území města je známo ze 13. století. První zmínka pochází z roku 1253.

Místní části
 Braunlage
 Hohegeiß
 Königskrug

Pamětihodnosti
 Evangelický kostel Svaté Trojice a fara
 Stará radnice
 Hřbitovní kaple se sloupovým portikem
 Sanatorium

Externí odkazy

Města v Dolním Sasku
Harz

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
/*
  Scenarios
  - fail SRI on first script and load fallback without SRI
*/

describe('Plain JS', function() {
  it('successfully loads original script', function() {
    cy.visit('scenario-1.html');
    cy.contains('body', 'First script loaded');
  });
});

describe('JS with valid SRI', function() {
  it('successfully loads original script', function() {
    cy.visit('scenario-2.html');
    cy.contains('body', 'First script loaded');
  });
});

describe('JS with invalid SRI, but valid fallback', function() {
  it('fails to load original script', function() {
    cy.visit('scenario-3.html');
    cy.get('body').should('not.contain', 'First script loaded');
  });

  it('loads the fallback script', function() {
    cy.contains('body', 'Fallback script loaded');
  });

  it('does not execute the resourceLoadError callback', function() {
    cy.get('body').should('not.contain', 'resourceLoadError');
  });
});

describe('JS with invalid SRI and fallback (invalid hash)', function() {
  it('fails to load original script', function() {
    cy.visit('scenario-4.html');
    cy.get('body').should('not.contain', 'First script loaded');
  });

  it('fails to load the fallback script', function() {
    cy.get('body').should('not.contain', 'Fallback script loaded');
  });

  it('executes the resourceLoadError callback', function() {
    cy.contains('body', 'resourceLoadError');
    cy.contains('body', 'Loading original and fallback failed');
  });
});

describe('JS with invalid SRI (compromised file)', function() {
  it('fails to load original script', function() {
    cy.visit('scenario-5.html');
    cy.get('body').should('not.contain', 'First script loaded');
  });

  it('executes the resourceLoadError callback', function() {
    cy.contains('body', 'resourceLoadError');
    cy.contains('body', 'Loading original failed');
  });
});

describe('Multiple JS files with SRI, one is compromised', function() {
  it('fails to load original script', function() {
    cy.visit('scenario-5.html');
    cy.get('body').should('not.contain', 'First script loaded');
  });

  it('executes the resourceLoadError callback', function() {
    cy.contains('body', 'resourceLoadError');
    cy.contains('body', 'Loading original failed');
  });
});


J. D. Productions Pty. Ltd. 1983. Director: Arch Nicholson. Music: Chris Neal.
LP (ST) Festival. L-38196. (CA C-38196). 1984.
Composed and Produced by Chris Neal. Arranged by Chris Neal, Neil Thurgate. Brass and Strings Conducted by Neil Thurgate. Musical Co-ordination: Ken Laing. Executive Producer: Phil Matthews.
Buddies: Getting Even! - Main Theme. (2:24).
Drive Like A Madman. (1:20).
(Henry Kendall). (Spoken by Simon Chilvers). (Control).
Buddies: Getting Even Song (Have A Go). (3:17). (John Dingwall - Chris Neal - John Williamson). v: John Williamson.
Buddies: Getting Even! Theme - Driving Version. (3:51).
45 (ST) Festival. K-9204. 1983.
Produced by Chris Neal. J. D. Productions Pty. Ltd. Australia.
Side a: "The Buddies Song (Have A Go)". (3:17). (J. Dingwall - C. Neal - J. Williamson). v: John Williamson. (J. D. Prods/Matthews).
Side b: "The Main Theme "Buddies" (Instrumental)". (2:24). (C. Neal). Chris Neal. (J. D. Prods/Matthews).


WASHINGTON, DC – August 13, 2009 – (RealEstateRama) — Senator Chuck Grassley today announced that the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Rural Development has awarded a loan of $141,000 and a grant totaling $100,000 to Truro through the Community Facility Loan and Grant Program.
"This funding will help Truro make improvements to its fire station," Grassley said.
Truro will use the money to add an approximately 1900 square foot addition to the existing fire station, replace the existing steel siding to match the addition, and reinsulate the existing building to improve energy efficiency. The loan will be for 20 years at 4.375 percent interest. Madison County was declared a Presidential Disaster area for community assistance.
The Community Facilities Loan Program funds may be used to construct, enlarge, or improve community facilities for health care, public safety, and public services. This can include costs to acquire land needed for a facility, pay necessary professional fees, and purchase equipment required for its operation in rural areas and towns of up to 20,000 in population.
The Community Facility Grant program provides grants to assist in the development of essential community facilities in rural areas and towns of up to 20,000 in population.


text:
Intro and Leadership
Psychology Associations
Recommended Fees for Services by Psychologists
APA in the News
AGM Reports 2019
Ethics Resource Service (Members)
Join MPS
By mjoundi | Mailings, Monthly Update
1. Noteworthy items
The Manitoba Moose Hockey Club have put together a special package for psychologists for the Friday March 10th game at MTS Centre, with a ticket, hot dog, and drink for $25. See here for purchasing information.
The Ethics Resource Service (ERS) is a proactive education and consultation service which is available to MPS members for use at their discretion. The ERS is intended to help members respond appropriately to current and anticipated ethical dilemmas in their professional practice. The sole mandate of the ERS is to promote a high standard of ethical decision-making and professional practice among members. Please access more information about the ERS at this link: http://members.mps.ca/ers
2. MPS Updates from February 2017
The MPS 50th Anniversary Gala, held on February 24, 2017 at Mercedes Benz Winnipeg, was a great success. MPS presented awards to two of our esteemed colleagues, Dr. Robert McIlwraith (Distinguished Life Member) and Dr. Bill Davis (President's Award). More information about each award recipient is available below.
Award winners honoured at the Gala, Dr. Robert McIlwraith (Distinguished Life Member) and Dr. Bill Davis (President's Award).
Dr. Davis was born in Morden, Manitoba and has been married to Judith since 1965, has two married daughters and five grandchildren. He attended the University of Manitoba for his undergraduate training. He received his Ph. D. from and completed his internship at the University of Missouri in 1970. Dr. Davis's employment history is impressive. He taught at the University of British Columbia (1970-1977); developed and implemented The City of Winnipeg Employee Assistance Program and held position of Staff Psychologist (1977-1983); he was Manager of the Employee Occupational Safety and Health Division with the City of Winnipeg (1983-1991); and he developed psychological programs for the Winnipeg Police Service and held the position of Manager of the Behavioral Health Services / Police Psychologist (1991-2004). Following his retirement in 2004, he maintained a small private practice. Dr. Davis has represented the field of psychology well by serving as a non-physician member on the council of The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba (1985-1994), worked with the Canadian Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and served on several committees of the Psychological Association of Manitoba. He was also the team leader for the Winnipeg Police Service Critical Incident Stress Management Team that went to New York to conduct trauma debriefing sessions with members of the City of New York Police Department who were first responders to the World Trade Center's after Sept. 11th, 2001. He continues to be a learned colleague and respected advocate for increasing access to specialized psychological services for Winnipeg Police Service, the Winnipeg Fire and Paramedic Service, and the RCMP.
Dr. McIlwraith grew up in Marathon, Ontario and is married to Dr. Wendy Josephson. Together they have one son and daughter-in-law with their first grandchild on the way. Dr. McIlwraith attended the University of Winnipeg for his undergraduate training and Acadia University for his Master's Degree. He completed his internship at the Kitchener-Waterloo General Hospital in 1980 and received his Ph. D. from the University of Manitoba in 1981. Dr. McIlwraith spent his career providing service and leadership within the academic and public health domains. He became an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Manitoba and Clinical Psychologist with the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority in 1981. In 1987 he was promoted to Associate Professor and became Director of Education and Training for the Internship in Psychology program in 1989. After much persistence and hard work, Dr. McIlwraith established the Rural and Northern Psychology Program in 1996. His dedication and hard work was rewarded in 1999 with a promotion to full Professor. In 2005, Dr. McIlwraith became Acting Head and then Head of the Department of Clinical Health Psychology from 2006 until his retirement in 2015. During his career he has served tirelessly as member and chair of various committees at the university and national level. In particular, he was one of the founding members and past chair of the CPA Section of Psychologists in Hospitals. He has also published and presented extensively in the areas of psychology training and accreditation, rural psychology, advocacy and the effects of television media. Dr. McIlwraith has previously been acknowledged for his dedication to the profession of psychology. In 2004, Dr. McIlwraith was awarded the Clifford J. Robson Award for distinguished contribution to psychology in Manitoba by the Manitoba Psychological Society and in 2014 he was awarded Fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association.
3. Upcoming Events
The MPS Annual General Meeting (AGM) will be held on March 20, 2017 at Inn at the Forks. We are honoured to have Dr. Niigaan Sinclair as our speaker at this event. Dr. Sinclair is Associate Professor/Acting Department Head, Native Studies, University of Manitoba, award winning author and editor, and regular commentator on indigenous issues for CTV, CBC, and APTN.
Click here for additional information and registration.
The MPS Annual Spring Workshop, The Pain Paradox: Mindfulness/Compassion-Based Approaches for Complex Trauma, with Dr. John Briere will be held on April 21, 2017.
4. Articles of Interest
The article for this month is titled "How Hermann Rorschach's 'Inkblots' took on a life of their own" Please access the article here.
Here's why the American Psychological Association weighed in on Trump's Standing Rock decision
Efficacy of Psychotherapies for Borderline Personality Disorder
February is Psychology Month! To view the list of speakers and events please see https://mps.ca/february-is-psychology-month-2017/
The Ontario Psychological Association is running a video contest for Psychology Month. Access here.
Regarding taxation of health and dental benefits – during Question Period, the Prime Minister said the Liberals will not tax health and dental benefits. CPA and other national professional association partners advocated on this issue. See here.
Province Initiates Process to Develop Mental Health Strategy
The province has issued a request for proposal (RFP) to recruit a consultant to assist in the development of a mental health strategy comprising mental health and addictions programs and services, with an emphasis on better co-ordination and access. Applicants have until Feb. 15 to submit a proposal, see here for details.
On Tuesday Feb 14th at 6:50am, Dr. George Kaoukis will be interviewed on Global News Morning regarding heart health, following a press release that was sent out by the Manitoba Psychological Society. View here.
News Release – Province Accepts Report on Clinical, Preventative Health-Care Services. See this link to read the report: http://www.gov.mb.ca/health/documents/pcpsp.pdf
Graduate students in the Clinical Psychology Program at the University of Manitoba have expressed interest in accessing psychological services in the community at sliding scale or pro-bono rates. MPS is still looking for additional members in private practice who would be willing to see clinical psychology graduate students on a sliding scale or pro-bono rates. This information will be sent to the Clinical Student Representatives, who will keep a list of the psychologists' names and contact information. Upon each new academic year, the Clinical Student Representatives will email this list to the clinical psychology student body, who would then be individually responsible for arranging appointments. If you are interested in assisting in this endeavor, please email your name and preferred contact information to Maia Kredentser, MPS Student Representative, at umkreden@myumanitoba.ca.
The Manitoba Moose Hockey Club have put together a special package for psychologists for the March 10th game at MTS Centre, with a ticket, hot dog, and drink for $25. See here for purchasing information.
The MPS 50th Anniversary Gala will be held the evening of February 24, 2017 at Mercedes Benz Winnipeg. Dr. Robert (Bob) McIlwraith will be presented with the Distinguished Life Member Award and Dr. William (Bill) Davis will be presented with the 2017 President's Award for exceptional service to MPS. There will a silent auction, with great prizes to be won! A portion of the profits will go to a non-profit organization whose initiatives fall under the mandate of MPS.
To purchase tickets: http://members.mps.ca/event-2426151.
The MPS Annual General Meeting will be held on March 20, 2017. We are honoured to have Dr. Niigaan Sinclair as our speaker at this event. Dr. Sinclair is Associate Professor/Acting Department Head, Native Studies, University of Manitoba, award winning author and editor, and regular commentator on indigenous issues for CTV, CBC, and APTN.
The MPS Annual Spring Workshop, The Pain Paradox: Mindfulness/Compassion-Based Approaches for Complex Trauma, with Dr. John Briere will be held on April 21, 2017. Registration information will be emailed to members and posted on the MPS website in the coming weeks.
3. MPS Updates from January 2017
Psychologists and Social Action – In May of 2016, MPS established a Social Action Committee. The aim of the committee is to respond to some of the most pressing social issues of the day in a manner that is (1) consistent with the MPS mission, (2) respectful of individual beliefs, and (3) directly related to the body of knowledge and skills that defines psychology. The Board supports the notion that our responsibility as a profession should include providing knowledge from our science, as well as values from our ethics, to contribute to public discourse on important social issues.
There are many social issues that Manitoba psychologists are already addressing. MPS would like to know what its members are currently involved in, and what they would like to see the Board's Social Action Committee focus on in the coming months. Please take a moment to fill out the following brief survey. Let us know about your passions, your concerns, and your willingness to help. https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/ZCQKM89
4. Article of Interest
Effect of Disorder-Specific vs Nonspecific Psychotherapy for Chronic Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial
5. Get to know a Manitoba Psychologist, featuring Dr. Chantal MacDonald
In your opinion, what are the most rewarding and challenging parts of being a clinical psychologist?
Using my knowledge of psychology to help people bring about meaningful change in their lives is for me the best part of my job. However, change can be very painful and being a witness to that pain can be challenging at times.
What do you think are the most exciting changes in the field of clinical psychology?
I am excited by the increasing use of neuroimaging in outcome studies. This technology will help us to refine our understanding of the process and outcome of psychotherapy.
CPA has issued a press release expressing disappointment that Canada's health and financial ministers did not reach an agreement on federal health care spending on mental health and homecare.
Please access the press release document at this link: http://www.cpa.ca/docs/File/Press%20Release/CPA_PressRelease_HealthAccord_Dec20.pdf
The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) has partnered with a number of health organizations to denounce the government's proposed plan to tax the premiums of supplemental health benefits. The website http://donttaxmyhealthbenefits.ca/ has been developed to inform Canadians about this issue and to allow them to send letters to their MPs.
Please access a letter sent to the Minister of Finance, Mr. William Morneau by CPA's Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Karen Cohen regarding this issue here.
Dr. Rayleen DeLuca was appointed to the Order of Canada for her work with vulnerable Canadian children and families. Please access more information through this link: http://news.umanitoba.ca/faculty-and-alumni-appointed-to-order-of-canada/?utm_source=umtoday&utm_medium=email
Graduate students in the Clinical Psychology Program at the University of Manitoba have expressed interest in accessing psychological services in the community. MPS is sending this notice to inquire about private practice psychologists who would be willing to see clinical psychology graduate students at sliding scale or pro-bono rates. This information will be sent to the Clinical Student Representatives, who will keep a list of the psychologists' names and contact information. Upon each new academic year, the Clinical Student Representatives will email this list to the clinical psychology student body, who would then be individually responsible for arranging appointments. If you are interested in participating in this endeavor, please email your name and preferred contact information to Maia Kredentser, MPS Student Representative, at umkreden@myumanitoba.ca.
The MPS 50th Anniversary Gala will be held on the evening of February 24, 2017 at Mercedes Benz Winnipeg. Please save the date and join us for a night of fun, food, and live music. Details regarding the event and ticket purchasing will be emailed to membership shortly.
The MPS Annual General Meeting (AGM) will be held on March 20, 2016 at Inn at the Forks. The AGM will be an after-work event, with dinner, a business meeting and a speaker. Meetings of Psychology associations and presentations about topics relevant to psychology can be used toward continuing education credits. More information to come.
The article for this month is titled "Why Psychology? An Investigation of the Training in Psychological Literacy in Nursing, Medicine, Social Work, Counselling Psychology, and Clinical Psychology" by D. Murdoch, A. Gregory and J. Eggleton from Mount Royal University. You can view it here.
4. Get to know a Manitoba Psychology Researcher, featuring Dr. Ed Johnson, Associate Professor, University of Manitoba
What is the focus of your research program?
I have two:
1. How people respond to ego threat
2. Clinical supervision
What are some of the clinical or theoretical applications of your work?
Re #1, My students and I are examining the clinical utility of two constructs that have roots in social psychology and offer different ways of mitigating threat, namely self-compassion and self-affirmation.
Self-compassion involves learning to respond to negative experiences in life that might ordinarily invoke self-criticism and shame with self-kindness, normalizing, and mindfulness. The research in my lab has shown that writing about painful events self-compassionately can reduce symptoms of depression and shame proneness (Johnson & O'Brien, 2013). Because self-criticism and shame are trans-diagnostic vulnerabilities I believe this work has broad relevance to many clients seen by clinical psychologists. Self-affirmation, in contrast, does not address threatening experiences directly, but rather invites people to consider their most important values and how they behave in ways that fulfill those values. Doing so seems to remind people that they are connected to others in important ways. Research suggests self-affirmation is especially helpful for protecting marginalized persons from becoming socially isolated through dropout and avoidance of engaging with others. Research in my lab is currently examining whether and how self-affirmation may benefit persons who are prone to social anxiety, narcissism, or are obsessively passionate about academic studies. Early findings suggest self-affirmation may help people with social anxiety act on recommendations to be more socially active and involved and may reduce feelings of envy in narcissistic persons.
Re #2. This research examines how novice supervisors learn the craft of supervision and become fully competent. This research informs, and is informed by, my own practice of supervision as well as my teaching clinical supervision and a guide book I am writing on supervision.
It is important to say is that I am deeply grateful to my students and collaborators for their enormous contributions to this research.
© 2019 Manitoba Psychological Society. | Advertising Policy | Designed by MJ Designs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Your Gifts at Work > De George Pediatric Unit – February 2016
February 2016 marked the opening of the De George Pediatric Unit at Jupiter Medical Center. This floor of the hospital features state-of-the-art inpatient and outpatient medical and therapeutic services for children and adolescents up to age 18. The De George Pediatric Unit is a continuation of a dynamic partnership between Jupiter Medical Center and Nicklaus Children's Hospital, part of Miami Children's Health System, and was made possible thanks to an extraordinary gift from the Lawrence J. and Florence A. De George Charitable Trust and the Nicklaus Children's Health Care Foundation.
The De George Pediatric Unit features twelve inpatient rooms, two state-of-the-art pediatric surgery suites, pediatric therapeutic services, a children's playroom, and a room for resting called the "Bear's Den," a name inspired by Jack Nicklaus, who is widely known as the "Golden Bear." Patients benefit from the collaboration of local pediatricians, the Medical Center and Nicklaus Children's Hospital, who worked together to implement the highest quality clinical protocols.
To learn about the ways you can give, click here, or to be contacted by a gift officer, send us a message.


text:
ABC Dramas' TV Series Premiere Dates
ABC network have released the premiere dates for their TV dramas. Most of the shows are renewals for upcoming series such as For Life, Grey's Anatomy, The Good Doctor, Station 19 and more.
Crime drama For Life replaces Stumptown's current TV slot that is on Wednesday at 10 p.m. The premiere dates will begin on November 2. Here are the following ABC dramas' premiere date:
10 p.m.: The Good Doctor
8 p.m.: Station 19
9 p.m.: Grey's Anatomy
10 p.m.: Big Sky
10 p.m.: For Life
10 p.m.: A Million Little Things
{Source: Hollywood Reporter}


text:
As business shifts, China quick to adapt
(May 12, 2008) — Anyone can read today's stocks charts, but only real pros can accurately predict tomorrow's. They are the ones who make money, regardless of the market's ups and downs.
The same concept applies to doing business with and in China.
Some point out that China's economic growth is slowing down. That's true if you are a generic toy maker. But take a moment to step back, get out of the particular niche, industry, sector and region you happen to be in, and get a feel of the whole picture.
It's a picture of breakneck changes, more intense than ever. With the yuan strengthening against the U.S. dollar, steep inflation, tighter credit, stricter labor laws and fewer tax incentives, export businesses are shuttering plants while foreign investment is crossing China's southern borders for cheaper alternatives.
But on the other side of the table, multinational suppliers such as Sabic Innovative Plastics LP, Dow Chemical Co. and Conair Group Inc. are choosing China to launch products globally. Their China strategies are far from the cut-costs-and-ship-back-to-America formula. They understand there will always be a cheaper location, but China has two trump cards: scale — of market and, more importantly, of production; and adaptability.
Obviously China's large population means a tremendous domestic market, which at present is primarily supplied by domestic producers. In past decades, Western companies have made China an export powerhouse, but they have also been waiting patiently for the Chinese market to grow and upgrade to eventually demand higher-end goods.
Today, running on Shanghai's busy roads are not just tiny, $5,000 Chery cars. There are sharp-looking business vans, SUVs, sedans and sports cars, mostly from major international carmakers' China joint ventures. Demand for higher-end products is rising in the industrial sector, too.
I don't know how many in the plastic industry have heard of Yibin, China-based Push Group Ltd., but the state-owned conglomerate in western China supplies Coca-Cola Co.'s China operation with 2 billion preforms every year and makes car parts for BMW's Chinese joint venture. It also makes almost 20,000 tons of pipe and fittings annually, plus 11,000 tons of film, 440 million gift bags, and 1.2 billion pieces of plastic cutlery.
The company said one of its secret weapons is a first-class manufacturing model, with suppliers including Husky, Demag, DuPont Co. and Invista.
"Chinese companies can be just as sophisticated and advanced as everybody else," said Carl Lu at the company's Shanghai office.
This is China. Garment and toy shops are closing, but modern plants are opening to serve the auto, industrial, packaging and electronics sectors. Banks are holding their pockets, but private lenders are backing up businesses. The Pearl River Delta is slowing down, but the eastern, northern and western regions are flourish-
ing. The dollar is working against exporters, but they now quote in euros and yuan. In short, people adapt fairly quickly.
China's big negatives — rapid change and endless uncertainly — are the best training for the finest businessmen, said a Taiwanese machinery firm owner.
The way I see it, China is becoming a stronger link in the globalization chain. It adds value by producing and consuming.
The World Trade Organization doesn't just open China's door to export to the global market. It also gives the world better-than-ever access to the Chinese domestic market.
Do you see your piece of the pie there?
Sun is a Plastics News staff reporter and Asia specialist.


text:
Futures Betting
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Fantasy Baseball Tips
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PICKS & PARLAYS
NFL Picks and Parlays
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MLB Picks and Parlays
NCAAF Picks and Parlays
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Play Sports
Sports Intel
Daily Fantasy Football Tips
Daily Fantasy Baseball Tips
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NCAAB Betting
Picks and Parlays
NBA Finals Game 1 Picks: Miami Heat vs. LA Lakers
Erik Gibbs
This is it. The final battle of East and West to determine who will be the 2020 NBA champions. In March, many thought the NBA Finals would arrive because of COVID-19, and some had called for the season to be completely scrapped.
Luckily, those people were ignored. The season reboot has proven to be full of awesome action under the net, and the LA Lakers and Miami Heat survived it all to get to where they are now. It's going to be a showdown that will make the lapse in basketball worthwhile.
The NBA Finals Crank Up
The first game in the best-of-seven series is only a few hours away, and the Lakers are looking to capture their 17th NBA title. That would tie the record held by the Boston Celtics, who couldn't hang on when they met the Heat in the Eastern Conference finals. For Miami, a 2020 season win would mark the fourth time they've taken the title, and the last was way back in 2013.
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If the Lakers win, it will mean LeBron James will have captured his fourth title, further engraving his name in the annals of basketball history. For teammate Anthony Davis, who is looking for his first title, being able to say that he was on the same squad as King James when they won the title would be just another in a growing list of achievements for the star.
It won't be easy, though, and the Lakers know that they have a huge challenge ahead. On their way to the Eastern title, the Heat caught fire on the backs of Jimmy Butler, Bam Adebayo and Tyler Herro, and having these on the front lines are going to prove to be difficult for the Lakers. Herro and Adebayo will be expected to deliver the same outstanding performances they gave against the Celtics and, while James and company have the skill to defend better against them, stopping them won't be an easy task.
Sizing Up The Competition
Here's what's wrong with tonight's game, at least for the Lakers. James will be in the game, but he might not be able to give 100%. He's suffering with a slight groin injury that will impact his movements. Davis is also dealing with a minor injury, as are both Danny Green and Alex Caruso. All four of these are fundamental to a Lakers win and, even though they are expected to play, losing any of their combined strength will give the Heat an edge.
The Heat aren't looking at any major, or minor injuries. Adebayo has been complaining about a wrist issue, but this won't be enough to keep him off the court. Putting him in with Goran Dragic, Duncan Robinson, Butler and Jae Crowder will get the Heat off to a good start as the action gets underway. Herro and Andre Igoudala will be there to step in just as soon as their needed to give some relief.
Who Takes Game 1?
This is going to be an interesting Game 1. The Lakers typically like to size up the competition in the first game of a series, even if they went after the Denver Nuggets with both barrels from the first tip-off of the Western Conference finals. However, the thought of King James not being able to give his best leads to some concerns. The moneyline says the Lakers win – they're getting -200 – to start the series strong, but the odds of the Heat (+165) pulling off a victory can't be ignored.
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Against the spread, both teams have done really well in this postseason and the Lakers are -4.5 (-110) favorites. LA has covered in six of its last nine games, while Miami has gone 12-3. Assuming a Heat win, taking them against the spread would also add a little extra to the bankroll. An Over/Under of 217.5 seems to be just what these two teams are going to put up tonight, and taking the Over, at -110, is a good option. The Heat will most likely take Game 1, but whether they can take the title is still debatable.
Related TopicsAnthony DavisBam AdebayoJimmy ButlerLebron JamesLos Angeles LakersMiami HeatNBA
Erik is a writer and a sports nut who has had the good fortune to be able to experience a wide variety of world sports action up close and personal. He enjoys staying on top of the changing world of athletics and capitalizing on his writing skills to offer a unique take on what's going on in the ever-changing athletics ecosystem.
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