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Au Grand Bois d' Estaires – Caestre – Watou.
Thursday 1st July 1915: Went to H.Q. for forage & rations. Packing up all day. Moved off 8.15 pm. with A.S.C. wagons & cooks'. Staff 4th Section set off at 9. Passed through Neuve Berquin, Vieux Berquin, Strazeele & arrived Caestre 11.45 pm. & found billets & watering place.
Friday 2nd July 1915: Got up 6.45 am. Went for forage & rations at 8 am. 3 miles away. Came back in motor. Left Caestre at 8 pm. via, Steenvoorde & arrived 1 mile from Watou at 12 pm. On Guard.
Saturday 3rd July 1915: Awake all night. Drew rations & forage at 8 am. Went, for first time, into Belgium, 3 Kilos past Watou. Asleep all aft. Shifted position 1 Kilo away (nearer Winnezeele. Slept in the open. Saw Reg Rhodes in Belgium.
Sunday 4th July 1915: Reveille 7. Went for forage at 8 to 3 Kilos past Watou in Belgium. Saw Arthur Bilbro'. Church Parade at 12. Visited Arnold.
Monday 5th July 1915: Went to Watou for forage & rations at 8 am. Back at 11. Parcel from home.
Tuesday 6th July 1915: Went to Watou for forage & rations at 8 am. Back at 11 am. 2 spies attack Holmes on guard & steal his rifle. Alarm in Camp.
Wednesday 7th July 1915: Went to Watou for forage & rations at 8 am. Back at 11. On Guard at night. 12 extra on Guard. Sharp look out kept. Nothing doing.
Thursday 8th July 1915: Went to Watou for forage at 7. Back at 11. Left Winnezeele at 6.30 pm. & went via Poperinghe to camp near Woesten. Arrived there 11.30 pm. 4th Sect arrived 3.30 am. Bed at 3.45 am. A*** at 4.45 am.
Friday 9th July 1915: Went to Watou for rations. Set off at 5.30 am & arrived there 8.45 am. Left 11.30 am & arrived Peselhoek [Pezelhoek] (A.S.C. H.Q.) at 2.30 pm. Left 5.30 pm & arrived "home" 7 pm. Had tea & went to bed, requiring a well earned rest.
Saturday 10th July 1915: Reveille 6 am. Went to Peselhoek for rations at 7.30 am. 3 shells drop near at 7.10 am. 44 shells burst ½ mile away in late afternoon.
Sunday 11th July 1915: Went to Peselhoek for rations at 7.15 am. Back at 11. Stables at 12. H.Q. in afternoon. Moved position to another field ½ mile away.
Monday 12th July 1915: Went to Pezelhoek for rations at 7.15 am. Back at 11. Stables 12. Afternoon holiday.
Tuesday 13th July 1915: Went to Peselhoek [Pezelhoek] for rations & forage at 7.30. Back at 11. Went for letters in afternoon. Terrific attack by Germans at Ypres. (Took 400 shells).
Wednesday 14th July 1915: Went to Peselhoek for rations. Moved position to a place 1 mile from Poperinghe: (near Peselhoek). Left 8.30 pm. & arrived 11.30 pm. Raining hard. Wet through. Terrible.
Thursday 15th July 1915: Rose at 5 am. Wet through. Went to Pezelhoek for forage & rations at 8 am. Back at 11. Filled nosebags. Wrote letter home.
Friday 16th July 1915: Went to Peselhoek [Pezelhoek] for forage & rations. Filled nosebags all day long. Went to H.Q. for stores.
Saturday 17th July 1915: Went to Peselhoek for forage & rations at 7 am. Back at 9.30. Afternoon holiday.
13th N.B. There was a terrific bombardment of German heavy artillery on Tues night for 5 hrs. Poperinghe was also bombarded almost each day with "Jack Johnsons" Tues we took up 400 rds.
Sunday 18th July 1915: Went to Peselhoek for forage & rations. Tobacco & cigs issued. Afternoon holiday, spent writing.
Monday 19th July 1915: Went to Peselhoek for forage & rations. Back at 9.30. Received large pcl from home & letter. On Guard at night. Turner fired a shot. Guard turned out.
Tuesday 20th July 1915: Went to Peselhoek for forage & rations. Moved position once again; this time into a wood 2 miles from Poperinghe. Rumours about leave.
Wednesday 21st July 1915: Went for forage & rations to Peselhoek at 7. Back at 9.30 am. Filled nosebags. Cpl Wilf Dawson came over tovisit me. Champion aft spent.
Thursday 22nd July 1915: Went for forage & rations at 7. Filled nosebags. Wet day. Letter & blanket from home.
Friday 23rd July 1915: Went for forage & rations at 7 am. Put up 50 tents for Kitchener's Army in wood & painted them. No breakfast, no dinner, no tea.
Saturday 24th July 1915: Went for forage & rations at 7 am. Received blanket from home. Cpl Clarkson goes on leave.
Sunday 25th July 1915: Went for rations & forage at 7. Raining. Aft sleeping writing & reading.
Monday 26th July 1915: Went to Peselhoek for rations. Received pcl. Free Press & letters from home. On Guard at H.Q.
Tuesday 27th July 1915: Went for forage & rations at 7. Received parcel from Miss Whitaker. Out exercising at night on a mule.
Wednesday 28th July 1915: Went for forage & rations at 7 am. Raining. Went to interpreter at farm house with Jack & Luke R. Went for letters at 12 noon. Afternoon holiday. Wrote letters.
Thursday 29th July 1915: Went for forage & rations at 7 to Peselhoek. German aeroplane over us. Shrapnel drops in our camp. Out with wagons at night.
Friday 30th July 1915: Went for forage & rations to Peselhoek at 7. 16 Jack Johnsons fired at Poperinghe. Saw one burst. 3 ***. Afternoon holiday.
Saturday 31st July 1915: Went to Peselhoek for rations at 7. Cpl Clarkson comes back from home leave. Brings a letter for me. Afternoon holiday. Writing letters & reading. 2 Taubes over us. Heavily shelled.


text:
Build a Long-Distance Data Network Using Ham Radio
DIY Topic Hands On Type 2019
Send data via IPv4 up to 300 kilometers with easy-to-assemble hardware
F4HDK
Photo: F4HDK
hands on standards UHF amateur radio VHF ham radio packet radio
Data links work over the medium-range UHF band, but for the best results, a directional antenna is used. Photo: F4HDK
I have been a hobbyist and maker for almost 15 years now. I like inventing things and diving into low-level things. In 2013, I was looking at a protocol called NBP, used to create a data network over amateur radio links. NBP was developed in the 2000s as a potential replacement for the venerable AX.25 protocol [PDF] that's been in use for digital links since the mid-1980s. I believed it was possible to create an even better protocol with a modern design that would be easier to use and inexpensive to physically implement.
It took six years, but the result is New Packet Radio (NPR), which I chose to publish under my call sign, F4HDK, as a nom de plume. It supports today's de facto universal standard of communication—the Internet's IPv4—and allows data to be transmitted at up to 500 kilobits per second on the popular 70-centimeter UHF ham radio band. Admittedly, 500 kb/s is not as fast as the megabits per second that flow through amateur networks such as the European Hamnet or U.S. AREDN, which use gigahertz
frequencies like those of Wi-Fi. But it is still faster than the 1.2 kb/s normally used by AX.25 links, and the 70-cm band permits long-distance links even when obstructions prevent line-of-sight transmissions.
Initially, I considered using different frequency bands for the uplink and downlink connections: Downlinks would have used the DVB-S standard, originally developed for digital satellite television. Uplinks would have used a variation of FSK (frequency-shift keying) to encode data. But the complexity involved in synchronizing the uplink and downlink was too high. Then I tried using a software-defined radio equipped with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). I had some experience with FPGAs thanks to a previous project in which I had implemented a complete custom CPU using an Altera Cyclone 4 FPGA. The goal was to do all the modulation and demodulation using the FPGA, but again the method was too complex. I lost almost two years chasing these ideas to their dead ends.
The modem is principally a microcontroller attached to a radio transceiver. An amplifier designed for DMR radio links boosts the signal to required levels. The transceiver is a shielded module built around the Si4463 ISM chip, which operates at 434 megahertz. Photos: F4HDK
Then, in one of those why-didn't-I-think-of-this-earlier moments, I turned to ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) chips. These are transceivers designed to operate in narrow radio frequency bands that were originally allocated for noncommunication purposes, such as RF heating. However, the ISM band has become popular for communications as well because typically a license is not required for its use. In Africa, Europe, and North Asia, there is an ISM band lying inside the 70-cm ham radio band at 434 megahertz, so commercial ISM chips are available for this frequency.
I chose to build my hardware around the Si4463 [PDF] ISM transceiver: It's cheap, flexible, and available in many modules and breakout boards, and it can handle a raw data rate up to 1 megabyte per second. It's designed for short-range applications, so the radio part of the chip is not optimal, but it works. In order to reach reasonable distances, you need an amplifier to provide more RF power. For my NPR plan, I needed an amplifier that can also switch very rapidly between transmitting and receiving. I found some widely available external 20-watt amplifiers for handheld radios designed for the European-developed Digital Mobile Radio (DMR) standard, which was ratified in 2005. In the DMR standard, radio equipment must be able to handle a complete transmit/receive cycle within 60 milliseconds. I established a minimum of an 80-ms-long cycle time for NPR with this bound in mind.
The ISM transceiver is connected to an Mbed Nucleo STM32 L432KC microcontroller, which uses an Arm Cortex CPU.
This microcontroller is in turn connected to an Ethernet interface, and it takes care of all the details of running the NPR protocol. Any connected PC or network sees the radio link as just another IPv4 connection with no need to install specific NPR software. The NPR modem can be configured over this link or via a USB connection. The total cost of the hardware is about US $80, and a partner, Funtronics, will be making kits available for purchase online. If you want to build a modem yourself from scratch, detailed instructions and the NPR protocol software are available from my Hackaday project page.
The NPR protocol is based on a hub-and-spoke model, in which a central modem links several client modems. Currently there can be as many as seven modems, although I plan to expand this to 15. The theoretical maximum distance between a client modem and the central modem is 300 kilometers. This limit arises because NPR uses a managed time-division multiple access (TDMA) technique, in which the central modem and the clients each transmit on the same frequency but at different times, with the central modem dictating when each client can transmit, and making scheduling adjustments to account for time delays due to distance. The complete transmit/receive cycle is between 80 ms and 200 ms, depending on the exact type of modulation and data rate chosen.
The creation of the NPR protocol was a very fun part of the project for me: deciding how data should be packed and arranged inside radio frames and how the NPR modems should interact with each other. But after two more years it was time to stop working alone, so I shared NPR with my local ham radio community in France. By the end of 2018, we began testing it in real-world conditions. We have already achieved distances over 80 km, and I am now getting help from the global amateur community, especially in Germany. Currently, NPR is primarily being used to access existing local high-speed amateur radio networks from places that cannot have the line-of-sight radio links required for 2.4- and 5.6-gigahertz signals.
Although it's usable, I would be the first to admit that NPR is a young technology and probably not totally mature. In addition to increasing the number of clients that can be supported by a central modem, I have a number of enhancements in mind, such as adding support for QoS (quality of service) prioritization, so that NPR could be used to transmit digital voice; allowing Ethernet frames to be transported directly; and separating downlink and uplink frequencies.
This article appears in the November 2019 print issue as "Ham Radio Does Distant Data Networking."
The Uncertain Future of Ham Radio - IEEE Spectrum ›
Cellphone-free Texting - IEEE Spectrum ›
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DIY Topic Type Feature
From WinZips to Cat GIFs, Jacob Ziv's Algorithms Have Powered Decades of Compression
The lossless-compression pioneer received the 2021 IEEE Medal of Honor
Tekla S. Perry
Photo: Rami Shlush
Lossless data compression seems a bit like a magic trick. Its cousin, lossy compression, is easier to comprehend. Lossy algorithms are used to get music into the popular MP3 format and turn a digital image into a standard JPEG file. They do this by selectively removing bits, taking what scientists know about the way we see and hear to determine which bits we'd least miss. But no one can make the case that the resulting file is a perfect replica of the original.
Not so with lossless data compression. Bits do disappear, making the data file dramatically smaller and thus easier to store and transmit. The important difference is that the bits reappear on command. It's as if the bits are rabbits in a magician's act, disappearing and then reappearing from inside a hat at the wave of a wand.
The world of magic had Houdini, who pioneered tricks that are still performed today. And data compression has Jacob Ziv.
In 1977, Ziv, working with Abraham Lempel, published the equivalent of Houdini on Magic: a paper in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory titled "A Universal Algorithm for Sequential Data Compression." The algorithm described in the paper came to be called LZ77—from the authors' names, in alphabetical order, and the year. LZ77 wasn't the first lossless compression algorithm, but it was the first that could work its magic in a single step.
Jacob Ziv
Current job: Technion Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Birthplace: Tiberias, British-ruled Palestine (now Israel)
Height: 172 centimeters
Family: Married to Shoshana, four children, nine grandchildren
Education: BSc, Dip-Eng, MSc, all in electrical engineering from Technion, in 1954, 1955, 1957; Sc.D, MIT, 1962
Favorite books: Detective stories, particularly those featuring Perry Mason
Favorite kind of music: classical, particularly Bach; jazz
Favorite food: Falafel, ice cream
How he starts the day: A cup of espresso and a piece of dark chocolate
Favorite movie: Casablanca (1942)
Organizational memberships: Israel Academy of Science and Humanities, U.S. National Academy of Engineering, U.S. National Academy of Sciences, American Philosophical Society, IEEE Fellow
Major awards: IEEE Medal of Honor "for fundamental contributions to information theory and data compression technology, and for distinguished research leadership"; BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award; Claude E. Shannon Award of the IEEE Information Theory Society
The following year, the two researchers issued a refinement, LZ78. That algorithm became the basis for the Unix compress program used in the early '80s; WinZip and Gzip, born in the early '90s; and the GIF and TIFF image formats. Without these algorithms, we'd likely be mailing large data files on discs instead of sending them across the Internet with a click, buying our music on CDs instead of streaming it, and looking at Facebook feeds that don't have bouncing animated images.
Ziv went on to partner with other researchers on other innovations in compression. It is his full body of work, spanning more than half a century, that earned him the 2021 IEEE Medal of Honor "for fundamental contributions to information theory and data compression technology, and for distinguished research leadership."
Ziv was born in 1931 to Russian immigrants in Tiberias, a city then in British-ruled Palestine and now part of Israel. Electricity and gadgets—and little else—fascinated him as a child. While practicing violin, for example, he came up with a scheme to turn his music stand into a lamp. He also tried to build a Marconi transmitter from metal player-piano parts. When he plugged the contraption in, the entire house went dark. He never did get that transmitter to work.
When the Arab-Israeli War began in 1948, Ziv was in high school. Drafted into the Israel Defense Forces, he served briefly on the front lines until a group of mothers held organized protests, demanding that the youngest soldiers be sent elsewhere. Ziv's reassignment took him to the Israeli Air Force, where he trained as a radar technician. When the war ended, he entered Technion—Israel Institute of Technology to study electrical engineering.
After completing his master's degree in 1955, Ziv returned to the defense world, this time joining Israel's National Defense Research Laboratory (now Rafael Advanced Defense Systems) to develop electronic components for use in missiles and other military systems. The trouble was, Ziv recalls, that none of the engineers in the group, including himself, had more than a basic understanding of electronics. Their electrical engineering education had focused more on power systems.
"We had about six people, and we had to teach ourselves," he says. "We would pick a book and then study together, like religious Jews studying the Hebrew Bible. It wasn't enough."
The group's goal was to build a telemetry system using transistors instead of vacuum tubes. They needed not only knowledge, but parts. Ziv contacted Bell Telephone Laboratories and requested a free sample of its transistor; the company sent 100.
"That covered our needs for a few months," he says. "I give myself credit for being the first one in Israel to do something serious with the transistor."
In 1959, Ziv was selected as one of a handful of researchers from Israel's defense lab to study abroad. That program, he says, transformed the evolution of science in Israel. Its organizers didn't steer the selected young engineers and scientists into particular fields. Instead, they let them pursue any type of graduate studies in any Western nation.
"In order to run a computer program at the time, you had to use punch cards and I hated them. That is why I didn't go into real computer science."
Ziv planned to continue working in communications, but he was no longer interested in just the hardware. He had recently read Information Theory (Prentice-Hall, 1953), one of the earliest books on the subject, by Stanford Goldman, and he decided to make information theory his focus. And where else would one study information theory but MIT, where Claude Shannon, the field's pioneer, had started out?
Ziv arrived in Cambridge, Mass., in 1960. His Ph.D. research involved a method of determining how to encode and decode messages sent through a noisy channel, minimizing the probability and error while at the same time keeping the decoding simple.
"Information theory is beautiful," he says. "It tells you what is the best that you can ever achieve, and [it] tells you how to approximate the outcome. So if you invest the computational effort, you can know you are approaching the best outcome possible."
Ziv contrasts that certainty with the uncertainty of a deep-learning algorithm. It may be clear that the algorithm is working, but nobody really knows whether it is the best result possible.
While at MIT, Ziv held a part-time job at U.S. defense contractor Melpar, where he worked on error-correcting software. He found this work less beautiful. "In order to run a computer program at the time, you had to use punch cards," he recalls. "And I hated them. That is why I didn't go into real computer science."
Back at the Defense Research Laboratory after two years in the United States, Ziv took charge of the Communications Department. Then in 1970, with several other coworkers, he joined the faculty of Technion.
Jacob Ziv (with glasses), who became chair of Technion's electrical engineering department in the 1970s, worked earlier on information theory with Moshe Zakai. The two collaborated on a paper describing what became known as the Ziv-Zakai bound. Photo: Jacob Ziv/Technion
There he met Abraham Lempel. The two discussed trying to improve lossless data compression.
The state of the art in lossless data compression at the time was Huffman coding. This approach starts by finding sequences of bits in a data file and then sorting them by the frequency with which they appear. Then the encoder builds a dictionary in which the most common sequences are represented by the smallest number of bits. This is the same idea behind Morse code: The most frequent letter in the English language, e, is represented by a single dot, while rarer letters have more complex combinations of dots and dashes.
Huffman coding, while still used today in the MPEG-2 compression format and a lossless form of JPEG, has its drawbacks. It requires two passes through a data file: one to calculate the statistical features of the file, and the second to encode the data. And storing the dictionary along with the encoded data adds to the size of the compressed file.
Ziv and Lempel wondered if they could develop a lossless data-compression algorithm that would work on any kind of data, did not require preprocessing, and would achieve the best compression for that data, a target defined by something known as the Shannon entropy. It was unclear if their goal was even possible. They decided to find out.
Ziv says he and Lempel were the "perfect match" to tackle this question. "I knew all about information theory and statistics, and Abraham was well equipped in Boolean algebra and computer science."
The two came up with the idea of having the algorithm look for unique sequences of bits at the same time that it's compressing the data, using pointers to refer to previously seen sequences. This approach requires only one pass through the file, so it's faster than Huffman coding.
Ziv explains it this way: "You look at incoming bits to find the longest stretch of bits for which there is a match in the past. Let's say that first incoming bit is a 1. Now, since you have only one bit, you have never seen it in the past, so you have no choice but to transmit it as is."
"But then you get another bit," he continues. "Say that's a 1 as well. So you enter into your dictionary 1-1. Say the next bit is a 0. So in your dictionary you now have 1-1 and also 1-0."
Here's where the pointer comes in. The next time that the stream of bits includes a 1-1 or a 1-0, the software doesn't transmit those bits. Instead it sends a pointer to the location where that sequence first appeared, along with the length of the matched sequence. The number of bits that you need for that pointer is very small.
"Information theory is beautiful. It tells you what is the best that you can ever achieve, and (it) tells you how to approximate the outcome."
"It's basically what they used to do in publishing TV Guide," Ziv says. "They would run a synopsis of each program once. If the program appeared more than once, they didn't republish the synopsis. They just said, go back to page x."
Decoding in this way is even simpler, because the decoder doesn't have to identify unique sequences. Instead it finds the locations of the sequences by following the pointers and then replaces each pointer with a copy of the relevant sequence.
The algorithm did everything Ziv and Lempel had set out to do—it proved that universally optimum lossless compression without preprocessing was possible.
"At the time they published their work, the fact that the algorithm was crisp and elegant and was easily implementable with low computational complexity was almost beside the point," says Tsachy Weissman, an electrical engineering professor at Stanford University who specializes in information theory. "It was more about the theoretical result."
Eventually, though, researchers recognized the algorithm's practical implications, Weissman says. "The algorithm itself became really useful when our technologies started dealing with larger file sizes beyond 100,000 or even a million characters."
"Their story is a story about the power of fundamental theoretical research," Weissman adds. "You can establish theoretical results about what should be achievable—and decades later humanity benefits from the implementation of algorithms based on those results."
Ziv and Lempel kept working on the technology, trying to get closer to entropy for small data files. That work led to LZ78. Ziv says LZ78 seems similar to LZ77 but is actually very different, because it anticipates the next bit. "Let's say the first bit is a 1, so you enter in the dictionary two codes, 1-1 and 1-0," he explains. You can imagine these two sequences as the first branches of a tree."
"When the second bit comes," Ziv says, "if it's a 1, you send the pointer to the first code, the 1-1, and if it's 0, you point to the other code, 1-0. And then you extend the dictionary by adding two more possibilities to the selected branch of the tree. As you do that repeatedly, sequences that appear more frequently will grow longer branches."
"It turns out," he says, "that not only was that the optimal [approach], but so simple that it became useful right away."
Jacob Ziv (left) and Abraham Lempel published algorithms for lossless data compression in 1977 and 1978, both in the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. The methods became known as LZ77 and LZ78 and are still in use today. Photo: Jacob Ziv/Technion
While Ziv and Lempel were working on LZ78, they were both on sabbatical from Technion and working at U.S. companies. They knew their development would be commercially useful, and they wanted to patent it.
"I was at Bell Labs," Ziv recalls, "and so I thought the patent should belong to them. But they said that it's not possible to get a patent unless it's a piece of hardware, and they were not interested in trying." (The U.S. Supreme Court didn't open the door to direct patent protection for software until the 1980s.)
However, Lempel's employer, Sperry Rand Corp., was willing to try. It got around the restriction on software patents by building hardware that implemented the algorithm and patenting that device. Sperry Rand followed that first patent with a version adapted by researcher Terry Welch, called the LZW algorithm. It was the LZW variant that spread most widely.
Ziv regrets not being able to patent LZ78 directly, but, he says, "We enjoyed the fact that [LZW] was very popular. It made us famous, and we also enjoyed the research it led us to."
One concept that followed came to be called Lempel-Ziv complexity, a measure of the number of unique substrings contained in a sequence of bits. The fewer unique substrings, the more a sequence can be compressed.
This measure later came to be used to check the security of encryption codes; if a code is truly random, it cannot be compressed. Lempel-Ziv complexity has also been used to analyze electroencephalograms—recordings of electrical activity in the brain—to determine the depth of anesthesia, to diagnose depression, and for other purposes. Researchers have even applied it to analyze pop lyrics, to determine trends in repetitiveness.
Over his career, Ziv published some 100 peer-reviewed papers. While the 1977 and 1978 papers are the most famous, information theorists that came after Ziv have their own favorites.
For Shlomo Shamai, a distinguished professor at Technion, it's the 1976 paper that introduced the Wyner-Ziv algorithm, a way of characterizing the limits of using supplementary information available to the decoder but not the encoder. That problem emerges, for example, in video applications that take advantage of the fact that the decoder has already deciphered the previous frame and thus it can be used as side information for encoding the next one.
For Vincent Poor, a professor of electrical engineering at Princeton University, it's the 1969 paper describing the Ziv-Zakai bound, a way of knowing whether or not a signal processor is getting the most accurate information possible from a given signal.
Ziv also inspired a number of leading data-compression experts through the classes he taught at Technion until 1985. Weissman, a former student, says Ziv "is deeply passionate about the mathematical beauty of compression as a way to quantify information. Taking a course from him in 1999 had a big part in setting me on the path of my own research."
He wasn't the only one so inspired. "I took a class on information theory from Ziv in 1979, at the beginning of my master's studies," says Shamai. "More than 40 years have passed, and I still remember the course. It made me eager to look at these problems, to do research, and to pursue a Ph.D."
In recent years, glaucoma has taken away most of Ziv's vision. He says that a paper published in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory this January is his last. He is 89.
"I started the paper two and a half years ago, when I still had enough vision to use a computer," he says. "At the end, Yuval Cassuto, a younger faculty member at Technion, finished the project." The paper discusses situations in which large information files need to be transmitted quickly to remote databases.
As Ziv explains it, such a need may arise when a doctor wants to compare a patient's DNA sample to past samples from the same patient, to determine if there has been a mutation, or to a library of DNA, to determine if the patient has a genetic disease. Or a researcher studying a new virus may want to compare its DNA sequence to a DNA database of known viruses.
"The problem is that the amount of information in a DNA sample is huge," Ziv says, "too much to be sent by a network today in a matter of hours or even, sometimes, in days. If you are, say, trying to identify viruses that are changing very quickly in time, that may be too long."
The approach he and Cassuto describe involves using known sequences that appear commonly in the database to help compress the new data, without first checking for a specific match between the new data and the known sequences.
"I really hope that this research might be used in the future," Ziv says. If his track record is any indication, Cassuto-Ziv—or perhaps CZ21—will add to his legacy.
This article appears in the May 2021 print issue as "Conjurer of Compression."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Der Terminus Symbol (altgriechisch σύμβολον sýmbolon 'Erkennungszeichen') oder auch Sinnbild wird allgemein für Bedeutungsträger (Zeichen, Wörter, Gegenstände, Vorgänge etc.) verwendet, die eine Vorstellung bezeichnen (von etwas, das nicht gegenwärtig zu sein braucht). Welche Vorstellung dann mit dem Wort "Symbol" konkret gemeint ist, wird in den Anwendungsgebieten genauer und zum Teil sehr unterschiedlich definiert.

Etymologie
Der deutsche Ausdruck Symbol geht über das lateinische symbolum zurück auf das griechische Wort σύμβολον sýmbolon mit der Bedeutung 'Erkennungszeichen, Kennzeichen oder Merkmal' (zu συμβάλλειν symbállein 'zusammenbringen, vergleichen'). Das sýmbolon war ein Erkennungsmerkmal, mit dem zwei Parteien (Gastfreunde, Vertragspartner) sicherstellen wollten, dass sie einander oder jeweils Vertreter der anderen Partei wiedererkennen. Dazu wurde ein Knochen oder ein Tongegenstand in zwei Teile gebrochen, und jeder der beiden Partner erhielt ein Bruchstück. Bei einem erneuten Zusammentreffen konnte die Legitimität der Beteiligten überprüft werden, indem die Teile passend zusammengebracht wurden. Daraus entwickelten sich die Bedeutungen "Kennzeichen", "Beweis", "Vertrag", "Ausweis", "Passwort", "Code".

Für die Wortgeschichte besonders bedeutsam war der Beginn des aristotelischen Traktats De interpretatione, wo die Schrift als "sýmbolon" der gesprochenen Sprache sowie "das zur Sprache Gekommene" als "sýmbolon" der "Vorgänge in der Seele" bestimmt wird.

Über das lateinische symbolum, das "(Kenn-)Zeichen", "Emblem", "Sinnbild", "Bild" bedeutete, gelangte das Wort in die deutsche Sprache.

Lateinisch symbolum ist auch eine Bezeichnung für das christliche Glaubensbekenntnis.

Symbolbegriff
Der Ausdruck Symbol wird mehrdeutig und uneinheitlich verwendet. Die Symbolbegriffe verschiedener Autoren, wie Ernst Cassirer, Jean Piaget oder Charles S. Peirce und verschiedener Wissenschaften bzw. Wissenschaftsrichtungen unterscheiden sich stark voneinander. Die Begriffsverwendung  ist mitunter gegensätzlich: Bei Peirce etwa steht der Begriff "Symbol" synonym für ein konventionelles Zeichen, das mit dem Symbolisierten keinen Ähnlichkeitsbezug teilt. Bei Ferdinand de Saussure dagegen ist genau diese Ähnlichkeitsrelation entscheidend für den Begriff des Symbols.

Während zum Beispiel in der Kunstdidaktik der Symbolbegriff eher von Symbolverständnis abgeleitet wird, hat sich in der Ausbildung der Kommunikations-Designer (Kommunikationsdesign, das der Semiotik näher steht) der Peirce'sche Symbolbegriff etabliert.

Bestimmungen in Lexika
In allgemeinen Lexika wird Symbol definiert als
 "einen tieferen Sinn andeutendes Zeichen, Sinnbild; bildhaftes, anschauliches, wirkungsvolles Zeichen für einen Begriff oder Vorgang, oft ohne erkennbaren Zusammenhang mit diesem"; Beispiel: Blaue Blume (Wahrig)
 "Sinnbild"; Beispiele: christliche Symbole; weiße Taube als Symbol des Friedens (Duden)
 "Sinnbild, das in seiner Ausdruckskraft den Inhalt eines vorgestellten Gegenstandes zum Ausdruck bringt"; im engeren Sinn religiöse oder kultische Symbole (dtv-Lexikon)
 allgemein "ein wahrnehmbares Zeichen bzw. Sinnbild (Gegenstand, Handlung, Vorgang), das stellvertretend für etwas nicht Wahrnehmbares (auch Gedachtes bzw. Geglaubtes) steht"; in einem engeren Sinn "jedes Schriftzeichen oder Bildzeichen mit verabredeter oder unmittelbar einsichtiger Bedeutung, das zur verkürzten oder bildhaften Kennzeichnung und Darstellung zum Beispiel eines Begriffs, Objekts, Verfahrens, Sachverhalts verwendet wird" (Schülerduden Philosophie)

Der Symbolbegriff bei Goethe
Für den romantischen Symbolbegriff (und den daraus resultierenden "Symbolstreit") war Goethes Theorie des Symbols maßgeblich. Goethe fasste das Symbol auf als "aufschließende Kraft", "die im Besonderen das Allgemeine (und im Allgemeinen das Besondere) darzustellen vermag" (Beispiel: Licht für Geist, Erkenntnis, das Göttliche), und grenzte es als in seiner unendlichen Bedeutungsfülle irreduzibles Zeichen von der rational aufschlüsselbaren Allegorie ab:

Symbol als nicht rein konventionelles Zeichen (de Saussure)
In der Terminologie der Linguistik von Ferdinand de Saussure ist das Symbol ein "Typ von Bedeutungsträger", bei dem zwischen der Form des Zeichens und dem, was es ausdrückt, noch ein gewisser Ähnlichkeitsbezug, ein "Rest einer natürlichen Verbindung" besteht. Unter Betonung der Arbitrarität des sprachlichen Zeichens setzt er das Symbol vom rein konventionellen Zeichen im engeren Sinn ab.

Symbol als rein konventionelles Zeichen (Peirce)
Nach der Terminologie des US-amerikanischen Semiotikers und Philosophen Charles Sanders Peirce ist ein Zeichen entweder ein Index, ein Ikon oder ein Symbol. Im Gegensatz zur kontinentaleuropäischen terminologischen Tradition wird der Ausdruck Symbol als rein konventionelles Zeichen definiert.

Damit bedeutet bei Peirce der Ausdruck Symbol etwa anderes als bei Saussure, der das Symbol vom rein konventionellen Zeichen abgrenzte. Saussures Symbol entspricht in etwa Peirce' Ikon.

Die Terminologie von Peirce beeinflusste stark die US-amerikanische Linguistik und diese wiederum die europäische.

Symbol als formales Zeichen mit exakter Bedeutung
In Fachgebieten wie Mathematik, Logik, Chemie und Physik ist ein Symbol ein abkürzendes, konventionelles Zeichen mit eindeutiger, präziser Bedeutung.

In formalen Beschreibungssprachen oder Kalkülen ist ein Symbol ein definiertes Formalzeichen, das keine inhaltliche Bedeutung hat oder von dessen Bedeutung abgesehen wird oder werden kann.

Der Symbolbegriff bei Cassirer
In der Philosophie von Ernst Cassirer hat der Symbolbegriff eine besondere Bedeutung. Der Mensch ist für Cassirer ein "animal symbolicum", d. h. ein symbolbildendes und -verwendendes Wesen. Der Mensch habe nur über Symbole einen Wirklichkeitsbezug.

Bedeutungen in der Psychoanalyse

Das Symbol ist ein Schlüsselbegriff in der Psychoanalyse. Symbole, wie sie in Religion, Mythos oder Kunst vorkommen, lassen sich in ihrer Bedeutung oft nicht rein rational übersetzen oder interpretieren. Sie enthalten einen Bedeutungsüberschuss: Während die Bedeutung beispielsweise eines Verkehrszeichens genau definiert ist, übersteigt die Bedeutung eines religiösen, geträumten oder mythologischen Symbols die rationale Ebene und hat über den kulturellen Kontext hinaus eine für den Verwender oft intime psychische Bedeutung, die ohne fundierte Methode kaum eindeutig erkennbar ist. Deutungsversuche mit Hilfe beispielsweise der Traumdeutung ermöglichen es, diese Symbole besser zu verstehen.

Sigmund Freud begründete die Auffassung der Psychoanalyse, dass sich Symbole hauptsächlich im Unbewussten strukturieren und unter anderem in Träumen auftauchen. In der Traumdeutung, nach Freud der "Königsweg in das Unbewusste", können sie entschlüsselt werden. Freud deutete die Traumsymbolik im Zusammenhang mit seinem Strukturmodell der Psyche und seiner Triebtheorie.

In der Terminologie von Jacques Lacan wird das Psychische durch drei Register organisiert: "das Symbolische", "das Imaginäre" und "das Reale". Diese drei Register seien wie drei borromäische Ringe miteinander verbunden. Im Zentrum der drei Ringe sah Lacan eine Instanz, die er "Sinthom" nannte. Lacan hat auch eine Reihe weiterer Theoreme im Zusammenhang mit der Organisation von Zeichen, Symbol und Diskurs entwickelt, die neben der Psychoanalyse vor allem für die Kulturwissenschaft relevant sind.

Symbole in verschiedenen Gebieten

Philosophie
In der Philosophie beziehungsweise der Ästhetik ein Erkennungszeichen, einfach in der Form, reich und tief im Sinn. Auf Denk- und Grabmälern nicht unüblich. Beispiel: Der "Lindenbaum" im Lied Am Brunnen vor dem Tore von Franz Schubert/Wilhelm Müller. Nach Dietrich Ritschl sind Symbole "Produkte bewusster, reifer Erkenntnisleistung durch Repräsentanzen in Form von Worten, Handlungen oder Gesten. Symbole vermitteln, was anders nicht artikuliert werden kann."

Ernst Cassirer legte als sein Hauptwerk eine Philosophie der symbolischen Formen vor.

Walter Benjamin bestimmt das Symbol als die "Identität von Besonderem und Allgemeinem" und setzt es im Gegensatz zur Allegorie: die Allegorie markiere hingegen die Differenz zwischen Besonderem und Allgemeinem.

Religion
Alle Religionen drücken Kerngedanken in Symbolen aus. Beispiele sind das Rad als Symbol der ewigen Wiederkehr oder der Weg als Symbol der Lebensgeschichte oder der Lebensführung. Religiöse Symbole sind konstitutive Elemente religiöser Identifikation, Sprache und Handlungen. Paul Tillich hat darauf hingewiesen, dass jede "religiöse Sprache" im Wesentlichen symbolisch sei, weil die Religion sich meist auf etwas bezieht, was alles Vordergründige übersteigt (Transzendenz).

Christliche Symbole

Zu den bekannten christlichen Symbolen zählen das Kreuz, das Christusmonogramm, das Lamm Gottes (Agnus Dei), der Fisch und das Buchstabenpaar Alpha und Omega. Darüber hinaus gibt es eine biblische bzw. christliche Zahlensymbolik. Eine besondere Bedeutung haben unter anderem die Drei als Zahl der Dreieinigkeit, die Vier (z. B. vier Paradiesflüsse, vier große Propheten, vier Evangelisten) und die Zwölf (zwölf Stämme Israels, zwölf Jünger Jesu). Siehe dazu Zahlensymbolik in der Bibel.

Für einige Christen sind Taufe und Abendmahl symbolische Handlungen, die auf das Tun Gottes hinweisen. Nach traditioneller theologischer Auffassung sind sie aber Momente des "wirklichen" Handelns Gottes: Auf geheimnisvolle Weise  wird in den Sakramenten das Heilshandeln Gottes vergegenwärtigt (siehe Geheimnis des Glaubens).

Symbole in anderen Religionen
Beispiele:
 Bahaitum: der neunzackige Stern
 Buddhismus: das achtspeichige Rad der Lehre, Internationale Buddhistische Flagge, die Swastika als Symbol des Glücks
 Hinduismus: Om, Swastika
 Islam: Hilal (Mondsichel), der sogenannte Halbmond
 Judentum: Davidstern, Menora (siebenarmiger Leuchter)

Mythologie
In der Mythologie werden, wie in der Religion, Symbole verwendet, die auf Transzendenz verweisen. Mit ihrer Erforschung befasst sich vor allem die Tiefenpsychologie in der Tradition von Carl Gustav Jung und die Vergleichende Mythologie. Auf der Arbeit Jungs beruhen zum Teil auch die Forschungen von Mythologen wie Joseph Campbell, der die Symbole in Religion und Mythos als innere und geistige Wahrheiten im Gegensatz zu historischen Fakten interpretiert und zu den wichtigsten Vertretern der Vergleichenden Mythologie (Comparative Mythology) zählt. Laut Campbell enthält die Bildsprache von Mythos und Religion selbst keine absolute Wahrheit, sondern verweist auf eine Wahrheit jenseits von Bildern, Bedeutungen, Ideologien, Theologien und Konzepten. Insofern ist das mythische Symbol ein Hilfsmittel, um das Bewusstsein zu transformieren und zu erweitern im Hinblick auf Transzendenz. Es steht damit im Gegensatz zur ideologischen oder manipulativen Verwendung von Symbolen, wie sie zum Teil in Politik oder Religion zu beobachten ist.

Kulturanthropologie
Der Kulturanthropologe Leslie White sah im Symbol die grundlegende Einheit (basic unit) allen menschlichen Verhaltens und der Zivilisation (civilization).
Die Kulturanthropologie leistet im interdisziplinären Kontext von Kunstgeschichte, Religionsphilosophie und Psychoanalyse Beiträge zur Deutung von überindividuellen Symbolen.

Literatur
Der Symbolismus in literarischen Einzelwerken ist laut René Wellek und Austin Warren etwas Berechnetes und Gewolltes, eine absichtliche Übertragung von Begriffen in veranschaulichte, sinnliche, pädagogische, moralische, transzendentale oder philosophische Wirklichkeiten, die jenseits von ihnen liegen.

Während nach Coleridge eine Allegorie lediglich "eine Übersetzung abstrakter Begriffe in Bildersprache ist, die nichts in sich selbst bedeutet, sondern eine Abstraktion von sinnlichen Gegenständen ist", wird das Symbol in der Literatur von ihm "als ein Durchscheinen des Artmäßigen im Individuellen oder des Allgemeinen im Artmäßigen" charakterisiert; so bedeutet dies für ihn vor allem das "Durchscheinen des Ewigen durch das Zeitliche und im Zeitlichen."

In erster Linie unterscheidet sich das Symbol in der Literatur von einem Bild oder einer Metapher durch ein wiederholtes Auftreten im literarischen Text mit einer gewissen "Beharrlichkeit" oder Konstanz. Ein Bild oder eine Metapher kann demgegenüber auch nur einmal verwendet werden; nur wenn die bildhafte Vorstellung als Präsentation oder Repräsentation im Text mehrfach mit akzentuierter Deutlichkeit auftaucht, wird es zum Symbol.

Der Literaturtheoretiker Kenneth Burke versucht, Symbole als rhetorische Strategien zu begreifen, die dazu dienen, Konflikte der individuellen Psyche in die Gesellschaft zu entlassen.

Psychologie
In der analytischen Psychologie wird zwischen Symbol und Zeichen unterschieden: Ein Symbol verweist auf Inhalte des persönlichen oder kollektiven Unbewussten, ein Zeichen ähnlich einem Synonym oder einer Metapher auf Inhalte des (kollektiven) Bewusstseins.

Zum Beispiel ist das Schriftzeichen Ω (Omega) in Computer-Textverarbeitungsprogrammen meist der Kurzverweis auf "Sonderzeichen" in einem Zeichensatz, es hat dort also eine klar definierte semiotische Zeichenfunktion. Dasselbe Schriftzeichen hat aber in der bildlichen Darstellung Alpha und Omega eine symbolische Bedeutung, indem es auf einen Aspekt des christlichen Gottesbildes verweist, der nicht voll bewusst gemacht werden kann. Doch gerade aufs nicht ganz Erfassbare zu verweisen, ist hier die Funktion eines lebendigen Symbols (Jung): "Solange ein Symbol lebendig ist, ist es der Ausdruck einer sonstwie nicht besser zu kennzeichnenden Sache. Das Symbol ist nur lebendig, solange es bedeutungsschwanger ist." Wie Jolande Jacobi in ihrem Buch über die Psychologie von C.G. Jung ausführt, verweist ein Symbol (wenn es über rein persönliche Bedeutungen hinausgeht) auf einen Archetyp als unanschaulichen, aber in der Psyche energiegeladenen Bedeutungskern. Weil das (kollektive) Unbewusste seinem Wesen nach nie voll ins Bewusstsein eintreten, nicht ganz bewusst werden kann, lasse sich der Inhalt eines Symbols niemals ganz rational in Worten ausdrücken, führt Jacobi weiter aus.

C.G. Jung definierte lebendige Symbole als Schnittstellenphänomene zwischen Bewusstsein und Unbewusstem: "Insofern das Symbol ebensoviel dem Bewußtsein wie dem Unbewußten entstammt, vermag es beide zu einigen, und zwar vermöge seiner Form deren ideelle und vermöge seiner Numinosität deren emotionale Gegensätzlichkeit". Dass ein solches Symbolverständnis nicht erst in der analytischen Psychologie erscheint, sondern auch z. B. für die spirituelle arabische Alchemie grundlegend war, erforschte Theodor Abt. Gemäß diesen Konzepten sind Symbole nicht bewusst ersonnen worden (keine reinen Bewusstseinsprodukte), sondern bei Traumsymbolen "ein Stück unwillkürlicher psychischer Tätigkeit" und auch sonst unter Mitwirkung des Unbewussten entstanden.

Ein Symbol intuitiv in seiner Tiefe zu erfassen, ist nach C.G. Jung einem rein rational orientierten Bewusstsein nicht gegeben. Denn eine Verständnismöglichkeit als Symbol "hängt zunächst von der Einstellung des betrachtenden Bewußtseins ab, eines Verstandes zum Beispiel, der den gegebenen Tatbestand nicht bloß als solchen, sondern auch als Ausdruck von Unbekanntem ansieht". Demnach kann es sein, dass ein Objekt für den einen Menschen ein Symbol, für den anderen nur ein Zeichen ist. Dabei können Symbole auch zu Zeichen degenerieren, nämlich dann, wenn es im Bewusstsein eines einzelnen Menschen oder Kollektivs auf eine rationale Deutung ("nichts als das") reduziert wird.

Friedrich W. Doucet bemerkt, dass eine Anzahl von Symbolen so alt sei wie die Sprachbildung. Fred Poepping spricht in diesem Zusammenhang von "Ursymbolen". Zu den Ursymbolen der Menschheit gehören nach Poepping u. a. das Kreuz, die Schlange, das Dreieck, der Kreis. Poepping deutet diese Symbole in ihrer Vielschichtigkeit vor dem Hintergrund menschheitsgeschichtlicher Entwicklungen. (S. 50 f.) Er führt aus, dass Symbole auf geistigen Urbildern beruhen, die auf drei Stufen des Bewusstseins wahrgenommen werden können. Das alte, Mythen bildende Bewusstsein verband den Menschen auf der ersten Stufe noch mit der Welt. Dieses Bewusstsein ist bei der Mehrzahl der heutigen Menschheit erloschen. An seine Stelle ist das intellektuelle Bewusstsein des begrifflichen Denkens getreten, das den Menschen vom Weltenhintergrund emanzipiert. Auf dieser Stufe steht die Mehrzahl der heutigen Menschheit. Die dritte Stufe soll zukünftig das erloschene Bilder-Erleben des mythischen Bewusstseins auf höherer Bewusstseinsstufe im Geist des Menschen wieder erstehen lassen.

Allen genannten Autoren gemeinsam ist sinngemäß die Auffassung, dass Ursymbole eine Deutungstiefe besitzen, die bildlich gesprochen von "ganz unten" bis "ganz oben" reicht. Welche dieser Ebenen der Betrachter für sich als aktuell ansieht, ist abhängig von seinem Bewusstsein.

Kunst

Die bildende Kunst verwendet seit den frühesten Beispielen von Höhlenmalerei bis in die Gegenwart hinein Symbole. In sakraler Kunst folgt die Symbolik dabei den Vorgaben von Religion und Theologie. Es gibt häufig eine verbindliche Ikonographie, dargestellt in Haltung, Farbgebung, oder Attributen. In der christlichen Kunst etwa gibt es einen verbindlichen Kanon der Heiligenattribute, in der buddhistischen Kunst der Farben und Formen der Einheiten des Weltbilds (etwa im Mandala). Auch Pflanzen und Tiere finden als Symbole Verwendung.

Mit dem Klassizismus weckten ab dem späten 18. Jahrhundert vorwiegend Allegorien und Mythen der Antike erneut das Interesse der Künstler. Symbolhafte Verschlüsselungen in Anlehnung an diese Traditionen gaben in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts dem Symbolismus seinen Namen. In der Moderne und dem Surrealismus tritt dagegen der individuelle und freie Umgang mit Symbolen an die Stelle traditioneller Bildprogramme in den Vordergrund.

Sozialwissenschaft
Nach der von Jürgen Link im Anschluss an Émile Durkheim entwickelten Kollektivsymbolik besitzen alle Mitglieder einer Gesellschaft einen Vorrat an Kollektivsymbolen. Damit steht ihnen ein Archiv von Bildern zur Verfügung, mit der sich jeder ein Gesamtbild von der gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeit oder von der politischen Landschaft machen kann. In der kritischen Diskurstheorie spielt die Analyse der Kollektivsymboliken eine wesentliche Rolle.

Eine wichtige Rolle spielen Symbole unter anderem im Symbolischen Interaktionismus innerhalb der Soziologie.

Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften, Technik
In der Mathematik werden mathematische Symbole verwendet. Beispiele aus den Naturwissenschaften sind die Elementsymbole in der (Alchemie und) Chemie (siehe auch Symbolschreibweise). Formelzeichen werden in der Physik und in der Technik zur Bezeichnung physikalischer Größen verwendet.

Weitere Beispiele aus der Technik:
 Symbol (Informatik)
 Symbol (Nachrichtentechnik)
 Schaltzeichen (in elektrotechnischen Zeichnungen)
 Schaltzeichen in der Fluidtechnik
 Symbole für Form- und Lagetoleranzen

Politik

In der Politik finden Symbole häufige Verwendung. In manchen Staaten (zum Beispiel in Frankreich), ist das Tragen von politischen oder religiösen Symbolen in öffentlichen Gebäuden verboten.

Beispiele für politische Symbole:
 Nationalflaggen
 das Hakenkreuz als Symbol für den Nationalsozialismus
 Hammer und Sichel als Symbol des Kommunismus
 der Turban und das Schwert des Sikh als öffentliches symbolisches Bekenntnis
 der Fez als Kennzeichen islamischer Männer (vgl. das laizistische Fezverbot in der modernen Türkei im Kampf gegen das Kalifat)
 das Kopftuch oder auch der Schleier als Zeichen islamischer Frauen, politisch mancherorts vom Islamismus zum Zeichen der öffentlichen Bekenntnisses zur Recht- und Strenggläubigkeit umgewertet
 die Farbe Grün, Mohammeds Lieblingsfarbe, steht für den Islam und islamische Einrichtungen, die Farbe wird aber auch politisch vielfach verwandt (vgl. die Fahne des revolutionären Libyen)
 die Farbe Violett steht für die Frauenbewegung bzw. für die evangelische Kirche
 die Stella d'Italia als Symbol Italiens
 Vielfach werden auch religiöse Symbole politisch: So ist das Kreuz zwar das zentrale religiöse Symbol des Christentums, wurde aber vielfach politisch gezeigt (von den Kreuzzügen bis zu politischen Freiheitsdemonstrationen 2004 in der Ukraine).
 Eine besondere Form ist das rote Kreuz auf weißem Grund (die farbliche Umkehrung des Schweizer Wappens) als Abzeichen des Roten Kreuzes, einer nichtstaatlichen Organisation, in politischer Absetzung zu Nationalfahnen, besonders im Krieg als Zeichen politischer Neutralität.

Wirtschaft
In der Wirtschaft sind Symbole zumal am Erfolg von Marken beteiligt. Beispiele sind das McDonald's "M", der Erdal-Frosch und der Mercedes-Stern. Logografien sind wichtige Symbole der Corporate Identity, dem Erscheinungsbild eines Unternehmens. Doch auch allgemeine Symbole existieren, wie das Standbild zum Zeichen des Marktfriedens – der "Roland" – in deutschen Städten (heute noch unter anderem in Bremen und Wedel, einige im Ausland).

Berufssymbolik

Viele Berufsgruppen benutzen Symbole aus Tradition oder um einen Wiedererkennungseffekt zu erzeugen. Der Äskulapstab etwa aus dem dritten Jahrhundert vor Christus weist auf ärztliche und pharmazeutische Berufe hin. Die Waage der Justitia steht für die Rechtswissenschaft. Schlägel und Eisen symbolisieren den Bergbau. Das Flügelrad wird mit langer Tradition als Zeichen der Eisenbahn genutzt. In einigen Ländern ist der Polizeistern bekannt.

Sport
Im Wettkampf haben sich etliche Symbole durchgesetzt, zum Beispiel die Goldmedaille bei Sieg, Silber für den zweiten, Bronze für den dritten, dem vierten bleibt nur die "blecherne" Medaille.

Symbole als Orientierungshilfen
Auf allen Verkehrswegen und in öffentlichen Gebäuden findet man Symbole als sprachunabhängige Piktogramme zur Orientierung, so zum Beispiel einen durchstrichenen Anker im Hafengelände, der das Anlegen von Schiffen verbietet, oder einen symbolischen Lattenzaun, der auf einen beschrankten Bahnübergang hinweist. In fast allen öffentlichen Gebäuden, Kaufhäusern, Flughäfen, Bahnhöfen usw. findet auch der sprachunkundige Besucher durch weibliche oder männliche Symbolfiguren den richtigen Toilettenraum. Für Analphabeten bieten solche Symbole oft die einzige Orientierung.

Auch die Ergebnisse einer Bewertung können zum Zwecke der Orientierung beim Einkauf von Produkten mit Symbolen gekennzeichnet werden. Beispiele sind Urteile beim vergleichenden Warentest oder die Lebensmittelampel.

Symbolforschung
Die empirische Symbolforschung hat sich – nach umstrittenen Ansätzen im Dritten Reich – nicht universitär etabliert. Symbolforschung wird vor allem interdisziplinär betrieben. Mit der Erforschung von Symbolen befassen sich unter anderem die Semiotik (Zeichenlehre), die Ikonographie oder auch die Epigraphik (alte Inschriften enthalten oft Symbole). Wichtige Forschungsverbände sind Symbolon – Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Symbolforschung (Gründung 1955) und die Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Symbolforschung (Gründung 1983).

Siehe auch
 Chinesische Symbole
 Farbsymbolik
 Genealogische Zeichen
 Gestik
 Heraldik
 Mathematisches Symbol
 Piktogramm
 Semiotisches Dreieck
 Sphragistik
 Symbol-Font
 Symbolismus (Literatur)
 Tierkreiszeichen
 Todessymbolik
 Wahrzeichen
 Zahlensymbolik
 Zinken (Geheimzeichen)

Literatur
 Wolfgang Bauer, Irmtraud Dümotz, Sergius Golowin: Lexikon der Symbole. Mythen, Symbole und Zeichen in Kultur, Religion, Kunst und Alltag. 8. Auflage. Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, München 1995, ISBN 3-453-18104-2.
Udo Becker: Lexikon der Symbole. Aira, Freiburg im Breisgau 2012, ISBN 978-3-95474-011-6.
 Frauke Berndt, Heinz Drügh (Hrsg.): Symbol. Grundlagentexte aus Ästhetik, Poetik und Kulturwissenschaft. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-518-29495-6.
 Hans Biedermann: Knaurs Lexikon der Symbole. Directmedia Publishing, Berlin 2004, Elektronische Ressource CD-ROM, ISBN 3-89853-416-2.
 Gertrud Blaschitz (Hrsg.): Symbole des Alltags, Alltag der Symbole. Festschrift für Harry Kühnel zum 65. Geburtstag. Graz 1992.
 Johanna J. Danis: Das Symbolgewand im Zeitenrutsch. Vorträge. Edition Psychosymbolik, München 2003, ISBN 3-925350-78-0.
 Umberto Eco: Einführung in die Semiotik. 9. Auflage, UTB / Fink, München 2002, ISBN 3-8252-0105-8 / ISBN 3-7705-0633-2.
 Sven Frotscher: 5000 Zeichen und Symbole der Welt. Haupt, Bern 2006, ISBN 3-258-06802-X.
 Clare Gibson: Zeichen und Symbole. Ursprung, Geschichte, Bedeutung. 2005, ISBN 3-8331-1496-7.
 Gunda Hinrichs: Der Blick ins Innere. Ikonologische Wege zu einer psychoanalytischen Kulturtheorie. Kulturanthropologische Grundlagen einer Theorie des Symbols. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2015, ISBN 978-3-8260-5701-4.
 Max Schlesinger: Geschichte des Symbols. Berlin 1912.
 Dirk Hülst: Symbol und soziologische Symboltheorie. Opladen 1999, ISBN 3-8100-2045-1.
 Carl Gustav Jung u. a.: Der Mensch und seine Symbole. 1968, ISBN 3-530-56501-6.
 Marion Loh, Peter Godzik: Zum eigenen Leben finden in Bildern, Texten und Symbolen. EB, Hamburg-Schenefeld 2006, ISBN 3-936912-48-3.
 Manfred Lurker (Hrsg.): Wörterbuch der Symbolik (= Kröners Taschenausgabe. Band 464). 5., durchgesehene und erweiterte Auflage. Kröner, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-520-46405-5.
 Gerd Heinz-Mohr: Lexikon der Symbole. 4. Auflage. Düsseldorf 1976.
 Winfried Nöth: Handbuch der Semiotik. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2002, ISBN 3-476-01226-3.
 Ingrid Riedel: Formen: Tiefenpsychologische Deutung von Kreis, Kreuz, Dreieck, Quadrat, Spirale und Mandala. Kreuz, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-7831-2070-5.
 Klaus Semsch: Symbol, Symbolismus. In: Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik, Tübingen 1992ff., Bd. 9 (2009), S. 298–313. ISBN 3-484-68109-8.
 Christoph Wilhelmi: Handbuch der Symbole in der bildenden Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts. Safari bei Ullstein, Berlin 1985, ISBN 3-7934-1625-9.
 Fred Poeppig: Ursymbole der Menschheit. Die Kommenden, Freiburg im Breisgau 1972 .
 Marion Zerbst, Werner Kafka: Seemanns Lexikon der Symbole. Zeichen, Schriften, Marken, Signale. Seemann, Leipzig 2006, ISBN 978-3-86502-075-8.

Weblinks

 SYMBOLON – Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Symbolforschung e. V.
 Symbol grounding problem auf Scholarpedia
 Symbole in der Medizin (vornehmlich historisch)
 Johann Hisch: Pflanzen als Symbole in Religionen (PDF; 167 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Semiotik

Rhetorischer Begriff
Literarischer Begriff

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


With both his critically-acclaimed new film, First Reformed, and an updated edition of his seminal film theory text, Transcendental Style in Film, Paul Schrader is experiencing a career-defining moment.
Today Paul Schrader and Ethan Hawke discussed the intellectual and spiritual underpinnings of First Reformed on Fresh Air. Tune in below—the interview will also be broadcast again this evening at 7 pm.
Not coincidentally, as Schrader turned his attention to making a spiritual film (something he had vowed he would never do), he also decided to revisit the influential book he wrote in 1972. With a substantial new introduction: Rethinking Transcendental Style, Schrader reconsiders slow cinema as a movement, the techniques that define the form, and contemporary directors who embody the field now.
Diagram excerpted from Transcendental Style in Film: Ozu, Bresson, Dreyer by Paul Schrader. Read an accompanying story on Indiewire.
Through reconceptualizing the themes of his work, Schrader has circled back around…his latest film is a return to his strengths as a writer, screenwriter, and director.
Hear Schrader's further discussions of the intersections of spirituality, cinema, and time in a recent lecture series at Fuller Seminary.
Save 30% on Transcendental Style in Film—enter discount code 17W1863 at checkout.
Transcendental Style in Film Revisited: With a New Introduction by Paul Schrader NY Times Critics Pick Paul Schrader's 'First Reformed' in Best Movies of 2018 Best of the Blog 2017 Where Are We In This Picture?


text:
Q: How to extract json from a jsonp string in Scala I am using Scala language and I have a response body like this:
_SS_MainSolrCallbackH(
  {
    response: {
      numFound: 1,
      start: 0,
      maxScore: 4.9338827,
      docs: [
        {
        tipo: "M",
        id: "mus1933196",
        s: 4.9338827,
        u: "daniellaalcarpe",
        d: "lagrima-de-amor",
        dd: "",
        f: "202114_20130510215437.jpg",
        a: "Daniella Alcarpe",
        t: "Lágrima De Amor",
        g: "MPB"
        }
      ]
    },
    highlighting: {
      mus1933196: {
        titulo: [
          "Lágrima De Amor"
        ]
      }
    }
  }
)

If I try to parse this as a json, it fails, because it is not actually a json. What is the best way to remove the _SS_MainSolrCallbackH( ) part of the string, leaving only the json hash?

A: A simple approach for an input str: String includes,
str.stripPrefix("_SS_MainSolrCallbackH(").stripSuffix(")")

which strips out the padding. For usability, consider for instance
def stripPadding(str: String, padding: String) =
  str.stripPrefix(padding+"(").stripSuffix(")")

Update
Using regular expressions, try
val re = """(?s)_SS_MainSolrCallbackH\((.*)\)""".r
re: scala.util.matching.Regex = (?s)_SS_MainSolrCallbackH\((.*)\)

scala> val re(x) = a
x: String =
"
  {
    response: {... }
  }
"

A: It depends on what data type your response body is, and how robust you want to be against formatting changes (no line breaks, change of text "_SS_MainSolrCallbackH", extra lines around your posted text).
Assuming your response body is of type String, and the wrapping text around your body will always look as posted, it is as simple as removing the first and last line:
scala> val body = "_SS_MainSolrCallbackH(\n<some JSON>\n)"
body: String =
_SS_MainSolrCallbackH(
<some JSON>
)

scala> val jsonStr = body.lines.toList.tail.init.mkString
jsonStr: String = <some JSON>

If you need a more sophisticated solution, please provide more details in your question.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
i-Botics competes in the ANA Avatar XPRIZE
What if you could be in two places at once? With avatar robots, you could feel like you're in another place without physically travelling. All Nippon Airways sponsors the Avatar XPRIZE competition with $10 million to encourage making this science fiction a reality in the next few years.
The ANA Avatar XPRIZE aims to spur the development of just such a technology. Teams developing avatars operated remotely using sight, hearing and touch will compete in a pair of million-dollar milestone competitions over the next few years, before ultimately battling it out for an $8 million purse in 2022. Sending these surrogate bodies into space may not be practical for many years, but in the meantime, organizers are hoping to use them for earthbound applications like navigating disaster scenes.
i-Botics has formed a consortium existing of University Twente, ETH Zürich, Halodi Robotics, Haption, Sensiks and TNO.


When we last spoke to Laura Blackwell, she shared her journey of being a young mom diagnosed with breast cancer. She is now a 10 year survivor of stage 1 Triple Negative Breast Cancer. You can hear her inspirational cancer journey here or by clicking the link below.
Today, she is taking on a new kind of challenge. Laura Blackwell is running for Cabarrus County School Board. In this podcast, Laura discusses her cancer journey, as well as, why she believes she is the best candidate for the school board.


The entry-level production assistant resume template is generally for individuals with an undergraduate or masters degree with no real-world experience and seeking a position apart of a film crew. The project may be for any movie, documentary, or television project and the individual should recognize that as a newcomer that their position may be at the lower end of the scale. Due to the lack of experience in the field the applicant will most likely have to submit references to acknowledge that the person's character is a good fit for a team film crew.
Step 1 – Download the document and begin by replacing the sample with your own information starting with the header and typing your name.
Step 2 – On the left-hand side of the page enter the any skills or knowledge of fields you have such as photoshop, print production, scheduling skills, filming, camera-handling, sound, setup, and any other related expertise.
Step 3 – In the introduction to the resume you will write your objective. This is the main theme of your resume that will outline specifically what you would like to do if considered for the position. It should be a 3 to 5 sentence brief message of your goals as a production assistant.
Step 4 – Write your academic qualifications including your grades at the university/college you attended.
Step 5 – Enter your production skills such as if you worked on anything while in school or at any type of internship. This should be followed by your role(s) in those activities.
Step 6 – In closing, write any affiliations with organizations/non-profit(s) and any references that you believe would help in obtaining the position.


Our high-performance nozzles are made from brass and plated with an extremely tough chrome coating. These nozzles are long-lasting, wear resistant* and they offer great thermal conductivity.
* based on thorough stress tests using wood and aluminum filaments.


text:
The Breakfast Club (Established By Law)
Paul Krugman: Trump Had One Good Response to Covid-19. His Party Killed It.
Aid to the unemployed saved us from disaster. Now it's gone.
For the most part, America under Donald Trump's leadership has offered an object lesson in how not to handle a pandemic. Delay and denial deprived us of any chance of containing the coronavirus's early spread; impatience and further denial led to a huge second wave of infections.
It's true that employment and G.D.P. plunged, which was inevitable given the need to shutter activities that were spreading the virus. But the employment decline was concentrated in sectors like leisure and entertainment; it didn't spread to the economy as a whole. And despite huge wage losses, poverty didn't soar — some estimates suggest that it may even have declined slightly.
But notice the past tense. The Republican National Convention may have pretended that the pandemic was over, but the virus doesn't agree. That effective economic response, on the other hand, is over. Trump, you might say, did one good thing this year — but now he's stopped doing it.
And it was Trump's own party, responding to his leadership or lack thereof, that killed the only praiseworthy aspect of his coronavirus policy.
Eugene Robinson: Scared that Trump can come back to beat Biden? Good.
Anyone who is hair-on-fire alarmed that President Trump might lie, cheat and steal his way to reelection should hold on to that attitude through Election Day. Joe Biden is much more likely to win if he and his supporters act as if he's losing.
So yes, be paranoid that Trump's encouragement of right-wing violence in Kenosha, Wis., might tip that vital swing state in his favor. Worry that Democrats are not paying enough attention to Michigan and Pennsylvania; that Biden's polling lead in Florida might be a mirage; and that states such as Georgia and Arizona might not really be as purple as they now appear to be.
Then act vigorously on those concerns, and be confident that if you do, Trump is toast. [..]
Historically, it takes at least a week or two to know whether the conventions had any lasting impact on voters' intentions. And Biden's present lead in the national polls — an average of 6.9 percent, according to RealClearPolitics — remains massive by recent election standards. But it is good to remember that no lead is unassailable, and that the race is considerably closer in swing states.
John Brennan: Trump will suffocate the intelligence community to get reelected
As America's intelligence professionals seek to carry out their responsibilities to brief Congress on foreign efforts to interfere in this November's election, they face far greater challenges than ever before in striking the right balance between sharing intelligence with Congress and preventing its misuse.
In 2016, I was fortunate to work for a president and with a director of national intelligence who had no personal or partisan agendas that affected the ability of the intelligence community to fulfill its statutory obligations to keep Congress "fully and currently informed" on national security matters, including Russian interference in our elections.
In 2020, however, the situation is far different, as President Trump has shown utter contempt for the independence, objectivity and apolitical integrity of the intelligence community. And, since he has made no secret of his intention to do whatever necessary to stay in office beyond January 2021, there should be no doubt in anyone's mind that he will attempt to suffocate the flow of any intelligence to Congress that could upend his ruthless ambition.
Amanda Marcotte: Donald Trump's hunger for violence isn't just about politics — it's fuel for his bloated ego
Donald Trump loves it when his supporters get arrested, hurt or killed on his behalf. But they just keep doing it
There are a seemingly infinite number of stories about how Donald Trump is the worst kind of person in every possible way, so readers can be forgiven if they missed or forgot this one: In 1991, Trump, ever the soulless troll, took his then-mistress, Marla Maples, to Aspen, Colorado, to spring her on his then-wife, Ivana Trump. Accounts of the specific details vary, but converge on one central fact: The two women had a very public fight while Trump looked on, apparently with pleasure. Trump's main memory of the event was to bask in the envy of another man who witnessed the fight, because every story Trump tells about himself (most of which, of course, aren't true) is about how everyone else wishes they could be as awesome as him.
That story has always stuck with me because it was a shining example of one of the most predictable aspects of Trump's character: His ego comes first, always.
Trump is more than willing to harm people who care about him — his wife, his mistress, his supporters — if doing so feeds his endlessly hungry ego. Furthermore, he will actively do harm to his own self-interest, as in that instance, when he chose the ego boost of watching two women fight over him over material concerns, such as how much he might lose to Ivana in a divorce for engaging in such abusive behavior.
I think about that Ivana vs. Marla fight a lot these days, as Trump is openly and unsubtly encouraging his followers to get injured, arrested or even killed on his behalf. Trump has been egging on caravans of right-wing goons to descend on cities where Black Lives Matter protests are occurring going on, in hopes they will start fights with protesters.
Catherine Rampell: Trump boasts about a great economic record. Too bad it's Obama's.
In recent days, President Trump and allies have offered a fulsome defense of a presidential economic record.
Alas, the presidential record they're describing isn't Trump's. It belongs to his predecessor, Barack Obama. And perhaps also to Obama's second-in-command, Joe Biden.
Team Trump, in promulgating the myth of Trump's economic genius, has recently doubled down on a false narrative: that Trump inherited a recession and magically turned it into a boom. This is almost the exact reverse of events of the past 3½ years. In reality Trump inherited from Obama an expansion — one that, in retrospect, turned out to be the longest in U.S. history — and converted it into a bust.
Not just any bust; a possible depression, at least for the working class.
Now, my standard disclaimer applies: Presidents generally get too much credit when the economy is good and too much blame when the economy is bad. They don't control the business cycle and can affect things only on the margin. For example, they could bungle the response to an existing downturn (by, ahem, appointing incompetent aides, discrediting real experts, increasing distrust in government statistics, alienating crucial allies — that sort of thing).
But Trump has asked to be judged by cold, hard economic metrics. So let's indulge him.


text:
A83 traffic lights to be removed
Hannah O'Hanlon Updated: 03/01/19, 8:07 pm
Traffic lights have been up around the flood for nearly two months.
By Hannah O'Hanlon
Traffic lights which have held up west Kintyre drivers for weeks should soon be removed.
A week-long repair programme is scheduled to begin on Monday, January 7, to fix a damaged culvert which led to flooding on the A83 at Patchen.
Temporary traffic lights were erected after the flood, caused by heavy rain on November 7, covered both lanes of the road between Glenbarr and Bellochantuy.
Some of the water subsided, leaving the northbound lane clear but the southbound lane remains waterlogged.
The situation was cause for discussion at West Kintyre Community Council's November 19 meeting, with members concerned at how long it was taking to fix the flooding and remove the lights.
The issue of safety was raised, as the lights have been out of operation several times despite one lane being coned off.
It was speculated that the reason for that was the fuel running out in the generator which powers the lights.
Potential damage to the road's surface was also discussed, as £30,000 of resurfacing work was carried out in August to fix the badly deteriorated stretch of road.
A spokesperson for BEAR Scotland, which maintains the trunk road on behalf of Transport Scotland, said: 'The temporary traffic lights on the A83 at Bellochantuy are in place for safety to help protect road users from a damaged culvert next to the roadside.
'A repair has been programmed to take place week commencing January 7, which will take around a week to complete.
'In the meantime our teams will monitor the lights until the repairs are complete and it is safe to remove the traffic management.'
Traffic lights have been up around the flood for nearly two months. 50_c01trafficlights01
BEAR Scotland
Dad's thoughtful festive gift lights up daughter's Christmas
Deliver permanent solution to the Rest debacle by 2024, demand petitioners
West Coast Motors: 100 years of bringing people together (Part I)


text:
Buy From Official Source
Eugene O'Neill Theatre
First Preview Date: Feb 24, 2011
Opening Date: Mar 24, 2011
Closing Date: Open ended
Show Run Time: 2 hours and 30 minutes with 1 intermission
In The Book of Mormon, a pair of mismatched Mormon boys are sent on a mission to a place thats about as far from Salt Lake City as you can get. A new musical from the creators of "South Park" and the co-creator of Avenue Q.
Also Playing:
London - West End
Ticket Info & SCHEDULE
Regular Ticket Price: $69-$199
Premium Ticket Price: $252-$477
Tickets By Phone: (877) 250-2929
Tickets may also be purchased in person at the box office. See Theatre Details for location and hours.
Current Week's Schedule
Mon 01/20 no show
Tue 01/21 7:00
Wed 01/22 7:00
Thu 01/23 7:00
Fri 01/24 8:00
Sat 01/25 2:00 & 8:00
Sun 01/26 2:00 & 7:00
Tickets purchased online and by phone are subject to a per-ticket service charge and a per order handling fee. Handling fees vary by how your tickets are delivered. Facility fees, where applicable, are included in the ticket price. Note: You can avoid on-line and telephone fees by purchasing your tickets in person at the show's box office.
For groups of 10 or more, please visit Broadwayinbound.com or call 1-866-302-0995.
Rush Information
A limited number of $40 tickets are available through a digital lottery. Patrons can submit to win tickets to the upcoming eight performances. Enter at LuckySeat.com/book-of-mormon.
Standing Room
A limited number of $40 standing room tickets will be available to purchase at the box office on the day of the performance, when the show is sold out. Limited to two tickets per person.
Show Advisory
Parental advisory: explicit language. Children under the age of 4 are not permitted in the theatre.
Foreign Language Audio Commentary
ShowTrans® headsets available in Japanese, Portuguese or Spanish. Headsets are available at the theatre. No reservation is required.
Theatre Accessibility
TheatreAccess.NYC provides assistance to theatregoers with disabilities. Those who are hard of hearing or deaf, have low vision or are blind, who cannot climb stairs or who require aisle seating or wheelchair locations, who are on the autism spectrum or have other developmental or cognitive disabilities now have one great place to find out everything you need to know to choose a show, buy tickets and plan your trip to Broadway.
Musical, Comedy, Original, Broadway
Powered by IBDB.com
Book by Robert Lopez, Trey Parker, Matt Stone. Music by Robert Lopez, Trey Parker, Matt Stone. Lyrics by Robert Lopez, Trey Parker, Matt Stone.
Directed by Casey Nicholaw, Trey Parker. Choreographed by Casey Nicholaw.
Starring: Cody Jamison Strand, Dave Thomas Brown.
Also Starring: Kim Exum, Sterling Jarvis.
For full credits, view the show on IBDB.com
Theatre Details
Varies by show, check official show website. Typical hours Monday through Saturday: 10 am to 8 pm Sunday: Noon to 6 pm
The best seats in the house, available from the official ticketing agencies even when other tickets are sold out.
Group sales are the best way for a minimum of 10 (or 15 or 20, depending on the show) theatregoers to arrange tickets to the same performance.
Discounted tickets, available right before the show. Often cash-only; other restrictions apply.
Some theatres can accommodate patrons standing at the back of the house on the main level or in the mezzanine. These inexpensive tickets may be available when the show is otherwise sold out.
Inexpensive tickets available to students with valid IDs. Restrictions apply.


text:
Q: Win10 UWP C#: Access variables form another class/view I'm currently reading into Serial Communication in Win10. I'm using this approach:
https://ms-iot.github.io/content/en-US/win10/samples/SerialSample.htm
However, I want now access to the SerialInput stream from another view. (Other than the MainPage).
public byte[] rxbytes = new byte[06];
...
        private async Task ReadAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        Task<UInt32> loadAsyncTask;

    uint ReadBufferLength = 24;

    // If task cancellation was requested, comply
    cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();

    // Set InputStreamOptions to complete the asynchronous read operation when one or more bytes is available
    dataReaderObject.InputStreamOptions = InputStreamOptions.Partial;

    // Create a task object to wait for data on the serialPort.InputStream
    loadAsyncTask = dataReaderObject.LoadAsync(ReadBufferLength).AsTask(cancellationToken);

    // Launch the task and wait
    UInt32 bytesRead = await loadAsyncTask;
    rxbytes= new byte[bytesRead];
    dataReaderObject.ReadBytes(rxbytes);

}

Basically this works perfect if I want to write all the code into one view. But I need to get access to the "rxbytes"-array in order to process the incoming data.
One option would be:
this.AppFrame.Navigate(typeof(page2), rxbytes);

This is approach is giving me the six empty bytes on the 2nd page. A getter and setter method is also not an option as the variable is not static.
Are there any other options?

A: there are some options.
You can save all data in the storage of  your app after that you just need to get all the saved data.
https://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/apps/windows.storage.applicationdata.localsettings.aspx
Another way is creating a static class where you can save in a property the data and get the data in the second view.


Mining the Web : Discovering Knowledge from Hypertext Data by Soumen Chakrabarti and a great selection of similar Used, New and Collectible Books available now at AbeBooks.com. delete a page from a pdf with adobe reader The book is the first book devoted entirely to techniques for producing knowledge from the vast body of unstructured Web data.
Apart from the wealth of information and discussion on specific WEB crawling and data mining (chapters 2, 3, 7, 8), chapters 4, 5 and 6 constitute a wonderful summary of machine learning in general.
Web mining is a very important technique to uncover the interesting and valuable information and knowledge buried in billions of Web pages. Mining the Web: Discovering Knowledge from Hypertext Data provides the theoretical and practical concepts to build innovative applications for mining the Web.


text:
Quick links... Bengals Reds FC Cincinnati College Sports High School Sports
SportsHigh School Sports
Oak Hills High School names Justin Roden as the new head football coach, pending board approval
Oak Hills named Justin Roden as its new head football coach, pending Board of Education approval in early December.
By: Mike Dyer
GREEN TOWNSHIP, Ohio — A return to Oak Hills High School is a homecoming of sorts for Justin Roden.
"I'm excited to get back," Roden said. "I've always kept tabs on Oak Hills. The last three coaches – I have all had great friendships with. There is a lot of familiarity for me which makes it an easy transition just because I know so many people over there and I've been there before. I do believe there is some potential."
Oak Hills announced Roden as the new head football coach Monday afternoon, pending Board of Education approval in early December. Roden was the Oak Hills defensive coordinator from 2006-08.
Roden, who led East Central High School to an Indiana 4A state championship in 2017, was most recently the Noblesville (Ind.) head coach the past two seasons.
"Justin has a tireless work ethic and drive that will resonate perfectly at Oak Hills," said Oak Hills athletic director Ben Hageman. "He and his family have strong ties to Oak Hills and the West Side of Cincinnati. He knows our community well. And he'll bring instant toughness to Oak Hills football."
RELATED: Join the Cincinnati area high school sports Facebook group
Roden, 43, succeeds Kyle Prosser who was the Oak Hills head coach since 2016.
Oak Hills announced Nov. 7 that Prosser and the school district mutually decided that he would leave his football coaching position but continue as an assistant athletic director.
Oak Hills was 0-10 this season and 7-33 overall since 2016.
Roden, who has 19 years of coaching experience, led East Central to a state title, three regional championships, a state runner-up berth and five Eastern Indiana Athletic Conference championships. He was the Indiana Football Coaches Association 4A coach of the year in 2017, and five-time EIAC coach of the year.
Roden spent a combined eight years as head coach of Noblesville High School and East Central High School. Noblesville was 5-15 the past two seasons. Roden said he was very happy with Noblesville and the program was trending in the right direction.
Roden said the Oak Hills program needs stability. He's already working on bringing in quality assistant coaches among other duties to prepare for the 2020 season. He said his teams will be disciplined and give forth a significant effort each Friday night.
"We will represent Oak Hills in the way that makes the community proud," Roden said.
Prior to the Indiana high school programs, Roden, who lives with his family in Hidden Valley, Ind., served as the Oak Hills defensive coordiantor for three seasons, defensive backs coach at Colerain for five years, and was associate head coach at Mount Healthy High School and special teams coordinator for the College of Mount St. Joseph (now Mount St. Joseph University).
In his seven years at East Central, he led his teams to 35 wins and three consecutive regional championships, all milestones in the school's history. He was part of Colerain's 2004 Division I state championship season.
Oak Hills opens the 2020 season against visiting East Central in Week 1. The Highlanders play at Simon Kenton Week 2 before the Greater Miami Conference schedule.


Dynamic Forms - Part 1: Creating dynamic SharePoint form and field behaviors with skybow Solution Accelerators.
A few days ago, while running a training program for a partner company, we came up with a requirement for dynamically setting SharePoint field values in the "New" and "Edit item" SharePoint forms. Every SharePoint developer comes across this sooner or later, because customers often want a form's behavior extended beyond the standard SharePoint functionality.
As you can see, for each lead, standard CRM values like Phone Number, Company, Position in company, Industry (lookup to the "Industries" SharePoint list), Subindustry (with its own lookup field to the "Industries" list), and Lead category (A – premium lead to C – loose lead) have to be set.
1. It should to be possible to add a new industry and subindustry directly from the leads form without navigating to those respective lists, and therefore losing the context.
2. If the field "Company" is filled in, the fields "Position" and "Industry" have to be enabled (by default, they should be disabled).
3. If "Industry" is selected, the field "Subindustry" has to be visible and marked as a required field; otherwise the field should not be visible (and therefore also not required).
4. Subindustry always has to be limited to the selected Industry.
5. If industry is set to "Information Technology," the choices in the field "Category" have to be limited to "A – Premium lead" – or leads from that selected industry are premium leads.
As you can see, those are some standard requirements that can be expected in pretty much every SharePoint business solution. So, let's start. Our goal is to get this running in less than 15 minutes.


The latest update to the engine powering Microsoft's Edge browser now only allows extensions made by Microsoft and certified hardware manufacturers to be loaded via DLLs (Dynamic-Link Library), which will bring greater stability and security to the browser.
Senior Program Manager of Microsoft Edge, Crispin Cowan, explained in a blog post that the change will prevent performance, stability and security issues from developing in Edge as a result of malicious software.
The change requires any extension which loads into Edge to be Microsoft-signed or WHQL-signed, which means only Microsoft and certified hardware manufacturers will be allowed to load their code directly inside Edge. WHQL-signed extensions would be drivers for devices, such as a webcam.
After ditching support for ActiveX and Browser Helpers, Microsoft has been locking down Edge to control what the user experiences, in an attempt to avoid a mistake it made with IE. It was commonplace for IE to be bogged down by malicious code, such as toolbars and third party content being injected onto websites to steal advertisement revenue or to invade the user's privacy.
Although the move to lock down Edge is great for user experience, it will not help Microsoft address one major weakness of Edge: the continued lack of extension support. Considered by many to be a given for browsers, the lack of extension support may scare off some users from Edge.


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BiologyBiology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)Use Figure 37.2 to identify the leukocytes in the micrograph on the left. ____ neutrophil ____ lymphocyte ____ eosinophil ____ basophil
Use Figure 37.2 to identify the leukocytes in the micrograph on the left. ____ neutrophil ____ lymphocyte ____ eosinophil ____ basophil
Use Figure 37.2 to identify the leukocytes in the micrograph on the left.
____ neutrophil ____ lymphocyte
____ eosinophil ____ basophil
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