text:
From Mickopedia, the feckin' free encyclopedia
Main buildin' of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City
For other uses, see One World Trade Center (disambiguation).
"Freedom Tower" redirects here. G'wan now and listen to this wan. For other uses, see Freedom Tower (disambiguation).
One World Trade Center from across West Street, December 2020
1 WTC
Freedom Tower (pre-2009)[1]
Record height
Tallest in North America and the feckin' Western Hemisphere since 2013[I]
Contemporary modern
Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
40°42′47″N 74°00′48″W / 40.71306°N 74.01333°W / 40.71306; -74.01333Coordinates: 40°42′47″N 74°00′48″W / 40.71306°N 74.01333°W / 40.71306; -74.01333
Construction started
April 27, 2006; 14 years ago (2006-04-27)
Topped-out
May 10, 2013; 7 years ago (2013-05-10)[12]
November 3, 2014; 6 years ago (2014-11-03)[13][14]
May 29, 2015; 5 years ago (2015-05-29) (One World Observatory)[15]
US$3.9 billiona [3][4]
1,776 ft (541.3 m)[5][8]
1,792 ft (546.2 m)[5]
94 (+5 below ground)[5][6]
3,501,274 sq ft (325,279 m2)[5]
Lifts/elevators
73,[5] made by ThyssenKrupp.[10]
David Childsb [2]
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey[5]
WSP Cantor Seinuk
Hill International, The Louis Berger Group[11]
Main contractor
Tishman Construction
[5][7]
a. April 2012 estimate.
b. G'wan now and listen to this wan. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.
One World Trade Center (also known as One World Trade, One WTC, or Freedom Tower)[note 1] is the bleedin' main buildin' of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Bejaysus. One WTC is the oul' tallest buildin' in the United States, the feckin' tallest buildin' in the feckin' Western Hemisphere, and the bleedin' sixth-tallest in the feckin' world, you know yerself. The supertall structure has the feckin' same name as the oul' North Tower of the feckin' original World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the feckin' terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. The new skyscraper stands on the bleedin' northwest corner of the oul' 16-acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, on the bleedin' site of the feckin' original 6 World Trade Center. The buildin' is bounded by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the oul' north, Fulton Street to the bleedin' south, and Washington Street to the oul' east.
The buildin''s architect is David Childs, whose firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) also designed the Burj Khalifa and the Willis Tower. Jesus, Mary and Joseph. The construction of below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new buildin' began on April 27, 2006. Sufferin' Jaysus. One World Trade Center became the feckin' tallest structure in New York City on April 30, 2012, when it surpassed the oul' height of the bleedin' Empire State Buildin', like. The tower's steel structure was topped out on August 30, 2012. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. On May 10, 2013, the feckin' final component of the skyscraper's spire was installed, makin' the oul' buildin', includin' its spire, reach a total height of 1,776 feet (541 m). Here's a quare one. Its height in feet is a deliberate reference to the bleedin' year when the oul' United States Declaration of Independence was signed. Story? The buildin' opened on November 3, 2014;[14] the feckin' One World Observatory opened on May 29, 2015.[15]
On March 26, 2009, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) confirmed that the bleedin' buildin' would be officially known by its legal name of "One World Trade Center", rather than its colloquial name of "Freedom Tower".[16][17][18] The buildin' has 94 stories, with the feckin' top floor numbered 104.
The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high-rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street, as well as the bleedin' National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located just south of One World Trade Center where the feckin' original Twin Towers stood, what? The construction of the feckin' new buildin' is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild followin' the bleedin' destruction of the bleedin' original World Trade Center complex.
1 Original buildin' (1971–2001)
1.1 Construction
1.2 Specifications and operations
1.3 Incidents
1.3.1 September 11 attacks
2 Current buildin' (2013–present)
2.1 Plannin' and early development
2.2 Construction and later development
2.3 Openin' and post-openin'
2.4 Estimated cost and fundin'
2.5 Architecture and design
2.5.1.1 Design evolution
2.5.1.2 Height
2.5.2 Sustainability
2.5.3 Security features
2.6.1 Controversies
2.7 Owners and tenants
2.8 Key figures
2.8.1 Developer
2.8.2 Key project coordinators
2.8.3 Port Authority construction workers
6 Cited sources
Original buildin' (1971–2001)
For comprehensive information on the original World Trade Center, see World Trade Center (1973–2001).
See also: List of tenants in One World Trade Center
Main article: Construction of the feckin' World Trade Center
The first One World Trade Center under construction in 1971
The construction of the feckin' World Trade Center, of which the oul' Twin Towers (One and Two World Trade Center) were the feckin' centerpieces, was conceived as an urban renewal project and spearheaded by David Rockefeller. Would ye swally this in a minute now?The project was intended to help revitalize Lower Manhattan.[19] The project was planned by the bleedin' Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki. He came up with the bleedin' idea of buildin' twin towers. After extensive negotiations, the bleedin' New Jersey and New York State governments, which supervise the bleedin' Port Authority, consented to the bleedin' construction of the bleedin' World Trade Center at the Radio Row site, located in the lower-west area of Manhattan.[20] To satisfy the feckin' New Jersey government, the feckin' Port Authority agreed to buy the bleedin' bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (renamed to Port Authority Trans-Hudson), which transported commuters from New Jersey to Lower Manhattan.[21]
The towers were designed as framed tube structures, givin' tenants open floor plans, unobstructed by columns or walls.[22][23] The framed tube design was introduced by Bangladeshi-American structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan in the feckin' 1960s.[24] The design was accomplished by usin' many closely spaced perimeter columns, providin' much of the bleedin' structure's strength, with the gravity load shared with the oul' core columns. Jasus. The elevator system, which made use of sky lobbies and a feckin' system of express and local elevators, allowed substantial floor space to be used for office purposes by makin' the bleedin' structural core smaller, what? The design and construction of the feckin' towers involved many other innovative techniques, such as wind tunnel experiments and the feckin' shlurry wall for diggin' the oul' foundation.[25][26] Yamasaki also incorporated elements of Islamic architecture in the buildin''s design, havin' previously designed Saudi Arabia's Dhahran International Airport with the feckin' Saudi Binladin Group.[27][28]
Construction of the feckin' North Tower (One World Trade Center) began in August 1966; extensive use of prefabricated components sped up the oul' construction process. C'mere til I tell ya. The first tenants moved into the oul' North Tower in October 1971.[29][30] In the oul' 1970s, four other low-level buildings were built as part of the World Trade Center complex.[31][32] A seventh buildin' was built in the mid-1980s.[33][34]
Specifications and operations
After Seven World Trade Center was built in the feckin' 1980s, the oul' World Trade Center complex had a feckin' total of seven buildings; however, the bleedin' most notable ones were the feckin' main Twin Towers built in the feckin' 1970s—One World Trade Center was the North Tower, and Two World Trade Center was the South Tower.[35] Each tower was over 1,350 feet (410 m) high, and occupied about 1 acre (0.40 ha) of the total 16 acres (6.5 ha) of the site's land. Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. Durin' a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, "Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story buildin'?" His response was, "I didn't want to lose the human scale."[36]
The original World Trade Center complex in March 2001; the feckin' original 1 WTC is the bleedin' tower on the oul' left with the spire
When it was topped out on October, 1971,[35] One World Trade Center became the bleedin' tallest buildin' in the world, surpassin' the bleedin' Empire State Buildin', which had held the bleedin' record for 40 years. The North Tower was 1,368 feet (417 m) tall, and in 1978, a bleedin' telecommunications antenna was added to the bleedin' top of the oul' roof; by itself, the antenna was 360 feet (110 m) tall. In fairness now. With the 360-foot (110 m)-tall antenna, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,728 ft (527 m).[37] However, the bleedin' tower only held its record until May 1973, when Chicago's Sears Tower (now Willis Tower), which was 1,450 feet (440 m) tall at the feckin' rooftop, was completed.[38] At 110 floors, the World Trade Center towers had more floors than any other buildin' at that time.[37] This number was not surpassed until the oul' construction of the bleedin' Burj Khalifa (163 floors), which opened in 2010.[39][40]
Of the feckin' 110 stories, 8 were set aside as mechanical floors (floors 7/8, 41/42, 75/76, and 108/109), which were 4 two-floor areas that were spaced up the oul' buildin' in even intervals. All the bleedin' remainin' floors were open for tenants. Stop the lights! Each floor of the feckin' tower had 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of available space. The North and South tower had 3,800,000 square feet (350,000 m2) of total office space.[41] The entire complex of seven buildings had an oul' combined total of 13,400,000 square feet (1,240,000 m2) of office space.[31][32][42]
Lobby of Tower 1, lookin' south along the east side of the buildin', August 19, 2000
The complex initially failed to attract the expected clientele. Durin' the oul' early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the feckin' World Trade Center, such as the bleedin' State of New York. In the 1980s, the oul' city's perilous financial condition eased, after which an increasin' number of private companies—mostly financial firms related to Wall Street—became tenants. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. Durin' the oul' 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the bleedin' complex, includin' financial companies such as Morgan Stanley, Aon Corporation, and Salomon Brothers, begorrah. The basement concourse of the World Trade Center included The Mall at the oul' World Trade Center,[43] and an oul' PATH station.[44] The North Tower became the bleedin' main corporate headquarters of Cantor Fitzgerald,[45] and it also became the headquarters of the bleedin' Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[46]
The tower's electrical service was supplied by Consolidated Edison (ConEd) at 13,800 volts. Stop the lights! The electricity passed through the feckin' World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center (PDC), and was then sent up the feckin' buildin''s core to electrical substations located on the feckin' mechanical floors. The substations lowered the feckin' 13,800 primary voltage to 480/277 volts, and the feckin' voltage was then further lowered to 208/120 volts for general power and lightin' services. C'mere til I tell ya now. The complex was also served by emergency generators located in the oul' sub-levels of the oul' towers and on the bleedin' roof of Five World Trade Center.[47][48]
The 110th floor of One World Trade Center (the North Tower) housed radio and television transmission equipment. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? The roof of the feckin' North Tower contained an oul' vast array of transmission antennas, includin' the bleedin' 360 feet (110 m) center antenna mast, rebuilt by Dielectric Inc. Here's a quare one. to support DTV in 1999.[49] The center mast contained the bleedin' television signals for almost all NYC television broadcasters: WCBS-TV 2, WNBC-TV 4, WNYW 5, WABC-TV 7, WWOR-TV 9 Secaucus, WPIX 11, WNET 13 Newark, WPXN-TV 31 and WNJU 47 Linden.[49] It also had four NYC FM broadcasters: WPAT-FM 93.1, WNYC 93.9, WKCR 89.9, and WKTU 103.5.[49] Access to the bleedin' roof was controlled by the oul' WTC Operations Control Center (OCC), located in the B1 level of the bleedin' South Tower.[49] After the feckin' September 11 attacks of 2001, the oul' broadcastin' equipment for the oul' radio and television stations was moved to the feckin' Empire State Buildin'.[50]
On a feckin' typical weekday, an oul' combined total of 50,000 people worked in the feckin' North and South Towers,[51] with another 140,000 passin' through as visitors.[52] The complex was so large that it had its own zip code: 10048.[53] The Windows on the feckin' World restaurant, located on top of the North Tower, reported revenues of $37 million in 2000, makin' it the highest-grossin' restaurant in the United States.[54] The Twin Towers became known worldwide, appearin' in movies, television shows, postcards, and other merchandise. The towers came to be seen as a feckin' New York City icon, much like the oul' Empire State Buildin', the bleedin' Chrysler Buildin', and the bleedin' Statue of Liberty.[55]
On February 13, 1975, a three-alarm fire broke out on the oul' 11th floor of the bleedin' North Tower. I hope yiz are all ears now. The fire spread through the core of the buildin' to the oul' 9th and 14th floors, as the bleedin' insulation for telephone cables, located in a holy utility shaft that ran vertically between floors, had been ignited, for the craic. Areas most affected by the oul' fire were extinguished almost immediately, and the original fire was put out in a feckin' few hours.[56] Most of the oul' damage was on the oul' 11th floor, where the oul' fire was fueled by cabinets filled with paper, alcohol-based fluid for office machines, and other office equipment. Soft oul' day. Fireproofin' protected the feckin' steel,[57] and there was no structural damage to the bleedin' tower.[56] In addition to the fire damage on the bleedin' 9th and 14th floors, water used to extinguish the bleedin' fire damaged a feckin' few floors below. Whisht now and listen to this wan. At the oul' time, the feckin' World Trade Center complex had no fire sprinkler systems.[56]
Underground damage from the 1993 bombin'
The first terrorist attack on the bleedin' World Trade Center occurred on February 26, 1993, at 12:17 p.m., when a holy Ryder truck filled with 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of explosives, planted by Ramzi Yousef, detonated in the underground garage of the bleedin' North Tower.[58] The blast resulted in a 100-foot (30 m) hole through five sublevels. The greatest damage was on levels B1 and B2, with significant structural damage on level B3.[59] Six people were killed, and more than an oul' thousand were injured, as 50,000 workers and visitors were inside the feckin' tower at the feckin' time. Many people inside the bleedin' North Tower were forced to walk down darkened stairwells that had no emergency lightin', and some took two hours or more to reach safety.[60][61]
Main article: September 11 attacks
See also: Casualties of the oul' September 11 attacks and Emergency workers killed in the feckin' September 11 attacks
[63] Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03 a.m. (EDT), a feckin' second group of terrorists crashed the hijacked United Airlines Flight 175 into the bleedin' southern facade of the bleedin' South Tower, strikin' between the bleedin' 77th and 85th floors.[64]
By 9:59 a.m. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. (EDT), the oul' South Tower collapsed after burnin' for approximately 56 minutes. After burnin' for 102 minutes, the oul' North Tower collapsed due to structural failure at 10:28 a.m. (EDT).[65] When the bleedin' North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the bleedin' nearby 7 World Trade Center, damagin' it and startin' fires. Here's a quare one. The fires burned for hours, compromisin' the bleedin' buildin''s structural integrity. Seven World Trade Center collapsed at 5:21 p.m. (EDT).[66][67]
Together with a simultaneous attack on the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and a failed plane hijackin' that resulted in a feckin' plane crash in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the oul' attacks resulted in the feckin' deaths of 2,996 people (2,507 civilians, 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and the 19 hijackers).[68][69][70] More than 90% of the feckin' workers and visitors who died in the bleedin' towers had been at or above the oul' points of impact.[71] In the feckin' North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the oul' point of impact were trapped, and died of smoke inhalation, fell, jumped from the feckin' tower to escape the bleedin' smoke and flames, or were killed when the oul' buildin' eventually collapsed, you know yourself like. One stairwell in the bleedin' South Tower, Stairwell A, somehow avoided complete destruction, unlike the bleedin' rest of the bleedin' buildin'.[72] When Flight 11 hit, all three staircases in the feckin' North Tower above the oul' impact zone were destroyed, thus makin' it impossible for anyone above the oul' impact zone to escape. 107 people below the feckin' point of impact also died.[71]
Current buildin' (2013–present)
Rebuildin' of the
One WTC
In popular culture
2–7 WTC
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Performin' Arts Center
Vehicular Security Center
Westfield World Trade Center
St, fair play. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
Plannin' and early development
Followin' the destruction of the bleedin' original World Trade Center, there was debate regardin' the oul' future of the bleedin' World Trade Center site. Sure this is it. There were proposals for its reconstruction almost immediately, and by 2002, the oul' Lower Manhattan Development Corporation had organized a holy competition to determine how to use the oul' site.[73] The proposals were part of a feckin' larger plan to memorialize the September 11 attacks and rebuild the complex.[74][75] When the bleedin' public rejected the oul' first round of designs, an oul' second, more open competition took place in December 2002, in which a design by Daniel Libeskind was selected as the oul' winner. Listen up now to this fierce wan. This design underwent many revisions, mainly because of disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein, who held the feckin' lease to the feckin' World Trade Center site at that time.[76]
There was criticism concernin' the feckin' limited number of floors that were designated for office space and other amenities in an early plan. Jasus. Only 82 floors would have been habitable, and the total office space of the oul' rebuilt World Trade Center complex would have been reduced by more than 3,000,000 square feet (280,000 m2) in comparison with the original complex.[8] The floor limit was imposed by Silverstein, who expressed concern that higher floors would be an oul' liability in the event of a future terrorist attack or other incident. Bejaysus. Much of the buildin''s height would have consisted of an oul' large, open-air steel lattice structure on the roof of the bleedin' tower, containin' wind turbines and "sky gardens".[8] In a subsequent design, the oul' highest occupiable floor became comparable to the bleedin' original World Trade Center, and the open-air lattice was removed from the plans.[8] In 2002, former New York Governor George Pataki faced accusations of cronyism for supposedly usin' his influence to get the bleedin' winnin' architect's design picked as a feckin' personal favor for his friend and campaign contributor, Ronald Lauder.[77]
A final design for the oul' "Freedom Tower" was formally unveiled on June 28, 2005. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. To address security issues raised by the feckin' New York City Police Department, an oul' 187-foot (57 m) concrete base was added to the oul' design in April of that year. Whisht now and listen to this wan. The design originally included plans to clad the bleedin' base in glass prisms in order to address criticism that the feckin' buildin' might have looked uninvitin' and resembled a "concrete bunker". However, the oul' prisms were later found to be unworkable, as preliminary testin' revealed that the oul' prismatic glass easily shattered into large and dangerous shards, bedad. As a feckin' result, it was replaced by an oul' simpler facade consistin' of stainless steel panels and blast-resistant glass.[78]
Contrastin' with Libeskind's original plan, the oul' tower's final design tapers octagonally as it rises. Whisht now and listen to this wan. Its designers stated that the tower would be a "monolithic glass structure reflectin' the sky and topped by a feckin' sculpted antenna." In 2006, Larry Silverstein commented on a planned completion date: "By 2012 we should have a holy completely rebuilt World Trade Center, more magnificent, more spectacular than it ever was."[79] On April 26, 2006, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey approved a feckin' conceptual framework that allowed foundation construction to begin, like. A formal agreement was drafted the feckin' followin' day, the oul' 75th anniversary of the feckin' 1931 openin' of the feckin' Empire State Buildin'. Construction began in May; a formal groundbreakin' ceremony took place when the feckin' first construction team arrived.[80]
Construction and later development
Main article: Construction of One World Trade Center
One World Trade Center tower construction as of August 7, 2007
One World Trade Center construction in April 2013
The symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid in a bleedin' ceremony on July 4, 2004.[81] The stone had an inscription supposedly written by Arthur J, Lord bless us and save us. Finkelstein.[82] However, construction was delayed until 2006 due to disputes over money, security, and design.[81] The last major issues were resolved on April 26, 2006, when a bleedin' deal was made between developer Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, so the bleedin' cornerstone was temporarily removed from the bleedin' site on June 23, 2006.[83] Soon after, explosives were detonated at the feckin' construction site for two months to clear bedrock for the feckin' buildin''s foundation, onto which 400 cubic yards (310 cubic meters) of concrete was poured by November 2007.[84]
In a December 18, 2006, ceremony held in nearby Battery Park City, members of the oul' public were invited to sign the bleedin' first 30-foot (9.1 m) steel beam installed onto the buildin''s base.[85][86] It was welded onto the feckin' buildin''s base on December 19, 2006.[87] Foundation and steel installation began shortly afterward, so the oul' tower's footings and foundation were nearly complete within a bleedin' year.[88]
In January 2008, two cranes were moved onto the site. Whisht now and eist liom. Construction of the oul' tower's concrete core, which began after the oul' cranes arrived,[88] reached street level by May 17. However, construction of the base was not finished until two years later, after which construction of the office floors began, and the oul' first glass windows were subsequently installed; durin' 2010, floors were constructed at a bleedin' rate of about one per week.[89] An advanced "cocoon" scaffoldin' system was installed to protect workers from fallin', and was the oul' first such safety system installed on a holy steel structure in the bleedin' city.[90] The tower reached 52 floors and was over 600 feet (180 m) tall by December 2010. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. The tower's steel frame was halfway complete by then,[91] but grew to 82 floors by the bleedin' tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, at which time its concrete floorin' had reached 72 floors and the feckin' glass claddin' had reached 56 floors.[92]
In 2009, the bleedin' Port Authority changed the bleedin' official name of the feckin' buildin' from "Freedom Tower" to "One World Trade Center", statin' that this name was the oul' "easiest for people to identify with."[1][93] The change came after board members of the feckin' Port Authority voted to sign a feckin' 21-year lease deal with Vantone Industrial Co., a holy Chinese real estate company, which would become the oul' buildin''s first commercial tenant to sign a lease, begorrah. Vantone plans to create the bleedin' China Center, a trade and cultural facility, coverin' 191,000 square feet on floors 64 through 69.[94]
Detailed floor plans of the feckin' tower were posted on New York City's Department of Finance website in May 2011. Listen up now to this fierce wan. This resulted in an uproar from the bleedin' media and citizens of the oul' surroundin' area, who warned that the plans could potentially be used for a holy future terrorist attack.[95]
While under construction, the tower was specially illuminated on several occasions.[96] On the feckin' weekend of July 4, 2011, it was lit up with the feckin' colors of the bleedin' U.S. flag to commemorate Independence Day, and it was lit up with the feckin' same colors on September 11 to mark the feckin' 10th anniversary of the oul' September 11 terrorist attacks.[97] On October 27 of that same year, it was illuminated with pink in honor of Breast Cancer Awareness Month.[96] On December 11, the oul' Port Authority illuminated the bleedin' tower with multicolored lights to celebrate the holiday season.[96] On February 24, 2012, the feckin' buildin' was lit up with red in honor of Archbishop of New York Timothy Dolan, who became a cardinal on February 18.[96] On June 14, 2012, it was illuminated with red, white, and blue to honor Flag Day.[96] In August, it was illuminated with red in honor of the oul' Armed Forces.[96] On September 8, 2012, it was once again illuminated with red, white, and blue to honor the 11th anniversary of the September 11 attacks.[98] On June 24, 2013, the buildin' was again illuminated with red, white, and blue to celebrate the Fourth of July.[96]
The tower's loadin' dock, however, was not due to be finished in time to move equipment into the feckin' completed buildin', so five temporary loadin' bays were added at a cost of millions of dollars. The temporary PATH station was not to be removed until its official replacement, the oul' World Trade Center Transportation Hub, was completed, blockin' access to the oul' planned loadin' area.[99] By March 2012, One World Trade Center's steel structure had reached 93 floors,[100] growin' to 94 floors and 1,240 feet (380 m) by the end of the bleedin' month.[101] However, because the feckin' floor numberings were based on standard measurements, the feckin' 94th floor was numbered "floor 100", because the extra space was occupied by the feckin' high-ceilinged 91st floor, which was used for mechanical purposes.[101]
The still-incomplete tower became New York City's tallest buildin' by roof height in April 2012, passin' the 1,250-foot (380 m) roof height of the oul' Empire State Buildin'.[102][103] President Barack Obama visited the feckin' construction site two months later and wrote, on a steel beam that would be hoisted to the top of the tower, the oul' sentence "We remember, we rebuild, we come back stronger!"[104] That same month, with the tower's structure nearin' completion, the oul' owners of the bleedin' buildin' began a public marketin' campaign for the buildin', seekin' to attract visitors and tenants.[105]
One World Trade Center's steel structure topped out at the nominal 104th floor, with a holy total height of 1,368 feet (417 m), in August 2012.[78][106] The tower's spire was then shipped from Quebec to New York in November 2012,[107] and the bleedin' first section of the spire was hoisted to the bleedin' top of the tower on December 12, 2012,[107][108] and was installed on January 15, 2013.[109] By March 2013, two sections of the feckin' spire had been installed, would ye swally that? The spire's completion was scheduled for April 29, 2013, but bad weather delayed the feckin' delivery of the feckin' final pieces.[110] On May 10, 2013, the final piece of the spire was lifted to the feckin' top of One World Trade Center, bringin' the bleedin' tower to its full height of 1,776 feet (541 m), and makin' it the oul' fourth-tallest buildin' in the bleedin' world at the bleedin' time.[78][111][112] In subsequent months, the oul' exterior elevator shaft was removed; the oul' podium glass, interior decorations, and other finishings were bein' installed; and installation of concrete floorin' and steel fittings was completed.[100]
A report in September 2013 revealed that, at the feckin' time of the oul' report, the World Trade Center Association (WTCA) was negotiatin' with regard to the feckin' "World Trade Center" name, as the feckin' WTCA had purchased the rights to the feckin' name in 1986, bejaysus. The WTCA sought $500,000 worth of free office space in the feckin' tower in exchange for the bleedin' use of "World Trade Center" in the tower's name and associated souvenirs.[113]
On November 12, 2013, the feckin' Height Committee of the feckin' Chicago-based Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) made the controversial[114] announcement that One World Trade Center was the bleedin' tallest buildin' in the United States at 1,776 feet (541 m), declarin' that the oul' mast on top of the buildin' is a feckin' spire since it is a permanent part of the oul' buildin''s architecture.[115][116] By the oul' same reasonin', the bleedin' buildin' was also the tallest in the feckin' Western Hemisphere.[117]
The original Twin Towers, c. 2000
One World Trade Center under construction behind the feckin' World Financial Center in June 2011.
One World Trade Center (to the feckin' left) and 4 World Trade Center under construction, as seen from a holy helicopter on April 30, 2012.
Openin' and post-openin'
On November 1, 2014, movin' trucks started movin' items for the bleedin' tower's first occupyin' tenant, magazine publisher Condé Nast, from its old headquarters in Times Square to One World Trade Center, for the craic. The New York Times noted that the bleedin' area around the feckin' World Trade Center had transitioned from a financial area to one with technology firms, residences, and luxury shops, coincident with the feckin' buildin' of the feckin' new tower.[118]
The buildin' opened on November 3, 2014, and Condé Nast employees moved into spaces spread among 24 floors.[119][120][13][121] Condé Nast occupied floors 20 to 44, havin' completed its move in early 2015.[118] It was expected that the oul' company would attract new tenants to occupy the bleedin' remainin' 40% of unleased space in the bleedin' tower,[118] as Condé Nast had revitalized Times Square after movin' there in 1999.[122] Only about 170 of 3,400 total employees moved into the new tower on the bleedin' first day. C'mere til I tell yiz. At the time, future tenants included Kids Creative, Legends Hospitality, the oul' BMB Group, Servcorp,[123] and GQ.[122]
On November 12, 2014, the supportin' wire rope cables of a bleedin' suspended workin' platform shlacked. Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. The cables were manufactured by Tractel, and they were used to hold workers who performed maintenance on the buildin''s exterior. At the feckin' time, the platform was holdin' an oul' two-man, SEIU-affiliated window washin' team. The shlack caused the feckin' platform to hang almost vertically near the feckin' 68th floor of the oul' tower, the cute hoor. The workers were rescued by over 100 FDNY firefighters, who used a diamond saw to cut through the oul' glass. After the incident the oul' workers were taken to the feckin' hospital and treated for mild hypothermia.[124][125][126]
Estimated cost and fundin'
An estimate in February 2007 placed the feckin' initial construction cost of One World Trade Center at about $3 billion, or $1,150 per square foot ($12,380 per square meter).[127] However, the oul' tower's total estimated construction cost had risen to $3.9 billion by April 2012, makin' it the feckin' most expensive buildin' in the feckin' world at the feckin' time.[3][4] The tower's construction was partly funded by approximately $1 billion of insurance money that Silverstein received for his losses in the September 11 attacks.[127] The State of New York provided an additional $250 million, and the Port Authority agreed to give $1 billion, which would be obtained through the feckin' sale of bonds.[128] The Port Authority raised prices for bridge and tunnel tolls to raise funds, with a 56 percent toll increase scheduled between 2011 and 2015; however, the feckin' proceeds of these increases were not used to pay for the feckin' tower's construction.[4][129]
Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center's reconstruction. Story? In orange are the new buildings (One World Trade Center is the oul' square at upper left), and in blue is the 9/11 Memorial and Museum.
Many of Daniel Libeskind's original concepts from the oul' 2002 competition were discarded from the feckin' tower's final design. One World Trade Center's final design consisted of simple symmetries and a feckin' more traditional profile, intended to compare with selected elements of the bleedin' contemporary New York skyline, enda story. The tower's central spire draws from previous buildings, such as the bleedin' Empire State Buildin' and the bleedin' Chrysler Buildin'. It also visually resembles the oul' original Twin Towers, rather than bein' an off-center spire similar to the bleedin' Statue of Liberty.[130][131][132][133][134] One World Trade Center is considered the feckin' first major buildin' whose construction is based upon a feckin' three-dimensional Buildin' Information Model.[135]
The buildin' occupies a holy 200-foot (61 m) square, with an area of 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2), nearly identical to the bleedin' footprints of the bleedin' original Twin Towers, Lord bless us and save us. The tower is built upon a 185-foot (56 m) tall windowless concrete base, designed to protect it from truck bombs and other ground-level attacks.[136] Originally, the oul' base was to be covered in decorative prismatic glass, but a bleedin' simpler glass-and-steel façade was adopted when the prisms proved unworkable.[78] The current base claddin' consists of angled glass fins protrudin' from stainless steel panels, similar to those on 7 World Trade Center. LED lights behind the feckin' panels illuminate the bleedin' base at night.[137] Cable-net glass façades on all four sides of the oul' buildin' for the oul' higher floors, designed by Schlaich Bergermann, will be consistent with the bleedin' other buildings in the complex. The façades are 60 feet (18 m) high, and range in width from 30 feet (9.1 m) on the bleedin' east and west sides, 50 feet (15 m) on the bleedin' north side, and 70 feet (21 m) on the bleedin' south side.[7] The curtain wall was manufactured and assembled by Benson Industries in Portland, Oregon, usin' glass made in Minnesota by Viracon.[138]
From the 20th floor upwards, the oul' square edges of the bleedin' tower's cubic base are chamfered back, shapin' the bleedin' buildin' into eight tall isosceles triangles, or an elongated square antiprism.[139] Near its middle, the tower forms a bleedin' perfect octagon, and then culminates in a glass parapet, whose shape is a square oriented 45 degrees from the base, grand so. A 408-foot (124 m) sculpted mast containin' the broadcastin' antenna – designed in an oul' collaboration between Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), artist Kenneth Snelson (who invented the tensegrity structure), lightin' designers, and engineers – is secured by a system of cables, and rises from a circular support rin', which contains additional broadcastin' and maintenance equipment, you know yourself like. At night, an intense beam of light is projected horizontally from the feckin' spire[2] and shines over 1,000 feet (300 m) above the feckin' tower.[140]
David Childs of SOM, the feckin' architect of One World Trade Center, said the oul' followin' regardin' the oul' tower's design:[141]
We really wanted our design to be grounded in somethin' that was very real, not just in sculptural sketches. We explored the oul' infrastructural challenges because the feckin' proper solution would have to be compellin', not just beautiful. The design does have great sculptural implications, and we fully understand the bleedin' iconic importance of the tower, but it also has to be a holy highly efficient buildin'. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. The discourse about Freedom Tower has often been limited to the oul' symbolic, formal and aesthetic aspects but we recognize that if this buildin' doesn't function well, if people don't want to work and visit there, then we will have failed as architects.[141]
Entrance to the oul' tower
Just south of the bleedin' new One World Trade Center is the feckin' National September 11 Memorial & Museum, which is located where the feckin' original Twin Towers stood. Here's another quare one for ye. Immediately to the bleedin' east is World Trade Center Transportation Hub and the new Two World Trade Center site, be the hokey! To the oul' north is 7 World Trade Center, and to the oul' west is Brookfield Place.[142][143][144]
One World Trade Center's top floor is officially designated as floor 104,[5] despite the bleedin' fact that the oul' tower only contains 94 actual stories.[120] The buildin' has 86 usable above-ground floors, of which 78 are intended for office purposes (approximately 2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2)).[2][145][146] The base consists of floors 1–19, includin' a holy 65-foot-high (20 m) public lobby, featurin' the feckin' 90-foot mural ONE: Union of the feckin' Senses by American artist José Parlá.[147][148] The office floors begin at floor 20, and go up to floor 63, grand so. There is a holy sky lobby on floor 64; office floors resume on floor 65, and stop at floor 90. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? Floors 91–99 and 103–104 are mechanical floors.[7]
The tower has a holy three-story observation deck, located on floors 100–102, in addition to existin' broadcast and antenna facilities.[7] Similar to the oul' Empire State Buildin', visitors to the oul' observation deck and tenants have their own separate entrances; one entrance is on the bleedin' West Street side of the feckin' buildin', and the feckin' other is from within the oul' shoppin' mall, descendin' down to a feckin' below-ground security screenin' area.[149] On the observation deck, the actual viewin' space is on the feckin' 100th floor, but there is an oul' food court on the oul' 101st floor and a space for events for the 102nd floor.[150] To show visitors the oul' city, and give them information and stories about New York, an interactive tool called City Pulse is used by Tour Ambassadors, fair play. The admission fee is $32 per person,[151][152] but admission discounts are available for children and seniors, and the deck is free for 9/11 responders and families of 9/11 victims.[150] When it opened, the bleedin' deck was expected to have about 3.5 million visitors per year.[153] Tickets went on sale startin' on April 8.[154] However, the feckin' Manhattan District Attorney probed the bleedin' Port Authority about the feckin' firm to which it awarded a contract to operate the deck.[155] It officially opened on May 28, 2015,[156][157] one day ahead of schedule.[158]
There are three eatin' venues at the top of the feckin' buildin': a bleedin' café (called One Café), an oul' bar and "small plates" grill (One Mix), and a bleedin' fine dinin' restaurant (One Dinin'). Some have criticized the oul' food prices; the need of an oul' full observatory ticket purchase to enter; and their reputations compared to Windows on the bleedin' World, the feckin' top-floor restaurant in the bleedin' original One World Trade Center.[159][160] The tenants have access to below-ground parkin', storage, and shoppin'; access to PATH, New York City Subway trains, and the feckin' World Financial Center is also provided at the bleedin' World Trade Center Transportation Hub, Fulton Street/Fulton Center, Chambers Street, and Cortlandt Street stations.[161] The buildin' allows direct access to West Street, Vesey Street, and Fulton Street at ground level.[161] The buildin' has an approximate underground footprint of 42,000 square feet (3,900 m2),[161] of which 55,000 square feet (5,100 m2) is retail space. Right so. A plan to build an oul' restaurant near the top of the oul' tower, similar to the bleedin' original One World Trade Center's Windows on the World, was abandoned as logistically impractical. I hope yiz are all ears now. The tower's window-washin' tracks are located on a holy 16-square-foot area, which is designated as floor 110 as a holy symbolic reference to the oul' 110 floors of the bleedin' original tower.[162]
View of Manhattan from the feckin' observatory
View of Brooklyn Bridge, Manhattan Bridge and 8 Spruce Street
View of World Trade Center station
View of 56 Leonard Street from the bleedin' 52nd Floor
Design evolution
The original design went through significant changes after the oul' Durst Organization joined the bleedin' Port Authority of New York and New Jersey as the bleedin' co-developer of the feckin' project in 2010.[130]
Height comparison of major skyscrapers in New York City, with One World Trade Center shown at far left, begorrah. The North Tower of WTC was 1,727 ft (526.3 m)
The 185-foot (56 m) tall base corners were originally designed to gently shlope upward, and have prismatic glass.[130][133] The corners were later squared. C'mere til I tell ya now. In addition, the feckin' base's walls are now covered in "hundreds of pairs of 13-foot vertical glass fins set against horizontal bands of eight-inch-wide stainless-steel shlats."[130][133]
The spire was originally to be enclosed with a protective radome, described as an oul' "sculptural sheath of interlockin' fiberglass panels".[130][131][132] However, the feckin' radome-enclosed spire was changed to a feckin' plain antenna.[130] Douglas Durst, the bleedin' chairman of the Durst Organization, stated that the design change would save $20 million.[132][163] However, the oul' tower's architect, Skidmore Owings & Merrill, strongly criticized the bleedin' change. David Childs, the lead designer, said, "Eliminatin' this integral part of the feckin' buildin''s design and leavin' an exposed antenna and equipment is unfortunate ... We stand ready to work with the feckin' Port on an alternate design."[132] After joinin' the bleedin' project in 2010, the oul' Durst Organization had suggested eliminatin' the oul' radome to reduce costs, but the oul' proposal was rejected by the bleedin' Port Authority's then-executive director, Christopher O. Ward.[132] Ward was replaced by Patrick Foye in September 2011.[131] Foye changed the bleedin' Port Authority's position, and the radome was removed from the plans. In 2012, Douglas Durst gave a feckin' statement regardin' the bleedin' final decision: "(the antenna) is goin' to be mounted on the feckin' buildin' over the feckin' summer, so it is. There's no way to do anythin' at this point."[132]
The large triangular plaza on the west side of One World Trade Center, facin' the oul' Hudson River, was originally planned to have stainless steel steps descendin' to the street. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. However, the steps were changed to a bleedin' terrace in the oul' final design. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. The terrace can be accessed through a staircase on Vesey Street, like. The terrace is paved in granite, and has 12 sweetgum trees, in addition to a feckin' block-long planter/bench.[130]
Durst also removed an oul' skylight from the plaza's plans; the oul' skylight was designed to allow natural light to enter the bleedin' below-ground observation deck lobby.[130] The plaza is 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) higher than the adjacent sidewalk.[130]
The Port Authority formally approved all these revisions, and the oul' revisions were first reported by the bleedin' New York Post.[164] Patrick Foye, the feckin' executive director of the bleedin' Port Authority, said that he thought that the bleedin' changes were "few and minor" in a feckin' telephone interview.[130]
A contract negotiated between the feckin' Port Authority and the feckin' Durst Organization states that the feckin' Durst Organization will receive an oul' $15 million fee and a feckin' percentage of "base buildin' changes that result in net economic benefit to the oul' project." The specifics of the oul' signed contract give Durst 75 percent of the bleedin' savings, up to $24 million, with further returns goin' down to 50 percent, 25 percent and 15 percent as the bleedin' savings increase.[130]
When viewed from street level in proximity to the oul' tower, One World Trade Center appears to ascend to a bleedin' pyramid point.
The top floor of One World Trade Center is 1,368 feet (417 m) above ground level, along with a 33 ft 4 in (10.16 m) parapet; this is identical to the feckin' roof height of the original One World Trade Center.[165] The tower's spire brings it to an oul' pinnacle height of 1,776 feet (541 m),[5][166] a holy figure intended to symbolize the year 1776, when the oul' United States Declaration of Independence was signed.[2][167][168][169] When the oul' spire is included in the buildin''s height, as stated by the feckin' Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), One World Trade Center surpasses the bleedin' height of Taipei 101 (1,671-foot (509 m)), is the feckin' world's tallest all-office buildin', and the bleedin' sixth-tallest skyscraper in the world, behind the oul' Burj Khalifa,[39] Abraj Al Bait,[170] Shanghai Tower,[171] Pin' An Finance Centre and Lotte World Tower.
One World Trade Center is the feckin' second-tallest freestandin' structure in the bleedin' Western Hemisphere, as the feckin' CN Tower in Toronto exceeds One World Trade Center's pinnacle height by approximately 40 ft (12.2 m).[172] The Chicago Spire, with a planned height of 2,000 feet (610 m), was expected to exceed the oul' height of One World Trade Center, but its construction was canceled due to financial difficulties in 2009.[173]
Spire atop One World Trade Center
After design changes for One World Trade Center's spire were revealed in May 2012, there were questions as to whether the bleedin' 408-foot (124 m)-tall structure would still qualify as a spire, and thus be included in the feckin' buildin''s height.[174][175] Since the feckin' tower's spire is not enclosed in an oul' radome as originally planned, it could be classified as a holy simple antenna, which is not included in a holy buildin''s height, accordin' to the feckin' CTBUH.[175] Without the feckin' antenna, One World Trade Center would be 1,368 feet (417 m) tall, makin' it the oul' fourth-tallest buildin' in the feckin' United States, behind the bleedin' Willis Tower and Trump International Hotel & Tower, both located in Chicago, and 432 Park Avenue in New York.[176][177] The buildin' is currently the oul' tallest in New York City with the bleedin' antenna; however, without the feckin' antenna, it was surpassed in 2015 by 432 Park Avenue, which topped out at 1,396 feet (426 m) high.[178][179][180] One World Trade Center's developers have disputed the oul' claim that the oul' spire should be reclassified as an antenna followin' the redesign,[181] with Port Authority spokesman Steve Coleman reiteratin' that "One World Trade Center will be the tallest buildin' in the oul' Western Hemisphere."[174] In 2012, the bleedin' CTBUH announced that it would wait to make its final decision as to whether or not the redesigned spire would count towards the feckin' buildin''s height.[174] On November 12, 2013, the CTBUH announced that One World Trade Center's spire would count as part of the feckin' buildin''s recognized height, givin' it a bleedin' final height of 1,776 feet, and makin' it the bleedin' tallest buildin' in the oul' Western Hemisphere.[115]
Like other buildings in the oul' new World Trade Center complex, One World Trade Center includes sustainable architecture features. Much of the bleedin' buildin''s structure and interior is built from recycled materials, includin' gypsum boards and ceilin' tiles; around 80 percent of the bleedin' tower's waste products are recycled.[182] Although the roof area of any tower is limited, the buildin' implements a holy rainwater collection and recyclin' scheme for its coolin' systems. C'mere til I tell yiz. The buildin''s PureCell phosphoric acid fuel cells generate 4.8 megawatts (MW) of power, and its waste steam generates electricity.[183] The New York Power Authority selected UTC Power to provide the oul' tower's fuel cell system, which was one of the feckin' largest fuel cell installations in the oul' world once completed.[184] The tower also makes use of off-site hydroelectric and wind power.[185] The windows are made of an ultra-clear glass, which allows maximum sunlight to pass through; the oul' interior lightin' is equipped with dimmers that automatically dim the bleedin' lights on sunny days, reducin' energy costs.[140] Like all of the new facilities at the bleedin' World Trade Center site, One World Trade Center is heated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities on-site.[186] One World Trade Center received a feckin' Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold Certification, makin' it one of the oul' most environmentally sustainable skyscrapers in the feckin' world.[187]
One World Trade Center and adjacent buildings at dusk
Along with the oul' protection provided by the reinforced concrete base, a feckin' number of other safety features were included in the buildin''s design, so that it would be prepared for a bleedin' major accident or terrorist attack, the hoor. Like 7 World Trade Center, the oul' buildin' has 3-foot (91 cm) thick reinforced concrete walls in all stairwells, elevator shafts, risers, and sprinkler systems. There are also extra-wide, pressurized stairwells, along with a feckin' dedicated set of stairwells exclusively for the use of firefighters, and biological and chemical filters throughout the ventilation system.[140][188] In comparison, the bleedin' original Twin Towers used a bleedin' purely steel central core to house utility functions, protected only by lightweight drywall panels.[189]
The buildin' is no longer 25 feet (8 m) away from West Street, as the Twin Towers were; at its closest point, West Street is 65 feet (20 m) away.[140] The Port Authority has stated: "Its structure is designed around a feckin' strong, redundant steel moment frame consistin' of beams and columns connected by an oul' combination of weldin' and boltin'. Paired with a concrete-core shear wall, the feckin' moment frame lends substantial rigidity and redundancy to the overall buildin' structure while providin' column-free interior spans for maximum flexibility."[188]
In addition to safety design, new security measures were implemented. All vehicles will be screened for radioactive materials and other potentially dangerous objects before they enter the feckin' site through the bleedin' underground road. Four hundred closed-circuit surveillance cameras will be placed in and around the site, with live camera feeds bein' continuously monitored by the oul' NYPD. A computer system will use video-analytic computer software, designed to detect potential threats, such as unattended bags, and retrieve images based on descriptions of terrorists or other criminal suspects, bedad. New York City and Port Authority police will patrol the bleedin' site.[190]
Before the oul' World Trade Center site was fully completed, the oul' plaza was not completely opened to the public, as the bleedin' original World Trade Center plaza was.[191] The initial stage of the bleedin' openin' process began on Thursday, May 15, 2014, when the "Interim Operatin' Period" of the oul' National September 11 Memorial ended, Lord bless us and save us. Durin' this period, all visitors were required to undergo airport style security screenin',[192] as part of the bleedin' "Interim Operatin' Period", which was expected to end on December 31, 2013.[193] However, screenin' did not fully end until the official dedication and openin' of the bleedin' museum[194][195] on May 21, 2014, after which visitors were allowed to use the plaza without needin' passes.[191]
In March 2014, the feckin' tower was scaled by 16-year-old Weehawken, New Jersey resident Justin Casquejo, who entered the bleedin' site through a holy hole in an oul' fence. He was subsequently arrested on trespassin' charges.[196] He allegedly dressed like a construction worker, sneaked in, and convinced an elevator operator to lift yer man to the feckin' tower's 88th floor, accordin' to news sources. He then used stairways to get to the feckin' 104th floor, walked past a shleepin' security guard, and climbed up a ladder to get to the bleedin' antenna, where he took pictures for two hours.[197] The elevator operator was reassigned, and the bleedin' guard was fired.[198][199] It was then revealed that officials had failed to install security cameras in the tower, which facilitated Casquejo's entry to the feckin' site.[200][201] Casquejo was sentenced to 23 days of community service as a result.[202]
The social center of the previous One World Trade Center included a holy restaurant on the bleedin' 107th floor, called Windows on the bleedin' World, and The Greatest Bar on Earth; these were tourist attractions in their own right, and an oul' gatherin' spot for people who worked in the towers.[203][204] This restaurant also housed one of the oul' most prestigious wine schools in the bleedin' United States, called "Windows on the World Wine School", run by wine personality Kevin Zraly.[205] Despite numerous assurances that these attractions would be rebuilt,[206] the feckin' Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild them, which has outraged some observers.[207]
The fortified base of the feckin' tower has also been a source of controversy. C'mere til I tell ya. Some critics, includin' Deroy Murdock of the feckin' National Review,[208] have said that it is alienatin' and dull, and reflects a sense of fear rather than freedom, leadin' them to dub the buildin' "the Fear Tower".[209] Nicolai Ouroussoff, the bleedin' architecture critic for The New York Times, calls the oul' tower base a feckin' "grotesque attempt to disguise its underlyin' paranoia".[210]
Owners and tenants
Seen at sunset; the oul' Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge is in the background
One World Trade Center is principally owned by the oul' Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, for the craic. Around 5 percent equity of the bleedin' buildin' was sold to the Durst Organization, a holy private real estate company, in exchange for an investment of at least $100 million. The Durst Organization assisted in supervisin' the feckin' buildin''s construction, and manages the buildin' for the Port Authority, havin' responsibility for leasin', property management, and tenant installations.[211][212] By September 2012, around 55 percent of the buildin''s floor space had been leased,[213] but no new leases were signed for three years until May 2014;[214] the feckin' amount of space leased had gone up to 62.8 percent by November 2014.[215]
In 2006, the bleedin' State of New York agreed to a feckin' 15-year 415,000 square feet (38,600 m2) lease, with an option to extend the feckin' lease's term and occupy up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2).[216] The General Services Administration (GSA) initially agreed to an oul' lease of around 645,000 square feet (59,900 m2),[186][216] and New York State's Office of General Services (OGS) planned to occupy around 412,000 square feet (38,300 m2), grand so. However, the oul' GSA ceded most of its floor space to the feckin' Port Authority in July 2011, and the OGS withdrew from the bleedin' lease contract.[217] In April 2008, the bleedin' Port Authority announced that it was seekin' a holy bidder to operate the feckin' 18,000 sq ft (1,700 m2) observation deck on the feckin' tower's 102nd floor;[218] in 2013, Legends Hospitality Management agreed to operate the observatory in a holy 15-year, $875 million contract.[219]
The buildin''s first lease, a holy joint project between the Port Authority and Beijin'-based Vantone Industrial, was announced on March 28, 2009, you know yourself like. A 190,810 sq ft (17,727 m2) "China Center", combinin' business and cultural facilities, is planned between floors 64 and 69; it is intended to represent Chinese business and cultural links to the United States, and to serve American companies that wish to conduct business in China.[213] Vantone Industrial's lease is for 20 years and 9 months.[220] In April 2011, a holy new interior design for the China Center was unveiled, featurin' a vertical "Foldin' Garden", based on a proposal by the oul' Chinese artist Zhou Wei.[221]
On August 3, 2010, Condé Nast Publications signed a bleedin' tentative agreement to move the headquarters and offices for its magazines into One World Trade Center, occupyin' up to 1,000,000 square feet (90,000 m2) of floor space.[222] On May 17, 2011, Condé Nast reached a bleedin' final agreement with the feckin' Port Authority, securin' a feckin' 25-year lease with an estimated value of $2 billion.[223] On May 25, 2011, Condé Nast finalized the oul' lease contract, obtainin' 1,008,012 square feet (93,647.4 m2) of office space between floors 20–41, the hoor. The lease also includes 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2) of usable space in the podium and below grade floors, for mail, messenger services, and storage use. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. On January 17, 2012, it was reported that Condé Nast would be leasin' an additional 133,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of space, occupyin' floors 42 through 44.[224] Conde Nast moved in on November 3, 2014.[119][120]
However, some leases failed. In January 2012, Chadbourne & Parke, a Midtown Manhattan-based law firm, was to sign a 300,000 square feet (30,000 m2) lease contract,[225] but after negotiations broke down, the bleedin' deal was abruptly canceled in March.[226]
In August 2014, it was announced Servcorp signed a holy 15-year lease for 34,775 square feet (3,230.7 m2), takin' the entire 85th floor.[227] Servcorp subsequently sublet all of its space on the oul' 85th floor as private offices, boardrooms and co-workin' space to numerous medium-sized businesses such as ThinkCode, D100 Radio, and Chérie L'Atelier des Fleurs.[228][229]
Larry Silverstein of Silverstein Properties, the oul' leaseholder and developer of the bleedin' complex, retains control of the oul' surroundin' buildings, while the oul' Port Authority has full control of the feckin' tower itself, the cute hoor. Silverstein signed a holy 99-year lease for the bleedin' World Trade Center site in July 2001, and remains actively involved in most aspects of the feckin' site's redevelopment process.[230]
Before construction of the bleedin' new tower began, Silverstein was involved in an insurance dispute regardin' the feckin' tower. The terms of the feckin' lease agreement signed in 2001, for which Silverstein paid $14 million,[231] gave Silverstein, as leaseholder, the feckin' right and obligation to rebuild the structures if they were destroyed.[232] After the feckin' September 11 attacks, there were a bleedin' series of disputes between Silverstein and insurance companies concernin' the bleedin' insurance policies that covered the original towers; this resulted in the feckin' construction of One World Trade Center bein' delayed. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. After a bleedin' trial resulted, a feckin' verdict was given on April 29, 2004. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. The verdict was that ten of the oul' insurers involved in the bleedin' dispute were subject to the oul' "one occurrence" interpretation, so their liability was limited to the bleedin' face value of those policies. Sufferin' Jaysus. Three insurers were added to the second trial group.[233][234] At that time, the bleedin' jury was unable to reach a verdict on one insurer, Swiss Reinsurance, but it did so several days later on May 3, 2004, findin' that this company was also subject to the feckin' "one occurrence" interpretation.[235] Silverstein appealed the feckin' Swiss Reinsurance decision, but the oul' appeal failed on October 19, 2006.[236] The second trial resulted in a bleedin' verdict on December 6, 2004. The jury determined that nine insurers were subject to the "two occurrences" interpretation, referrin' to the fact that two different planes had destroyed the feckin' towers durin' the bleedin' September 11 attacks. C'mere til I tell ya. They were therefore liable for an oul' maximum of double the face value of those particular policies ($2.2 billion).[237] The highest potential payout was $4.577 billion, for buildings 1, 2, 4, and 5.[238]
In March 2007, Silverstein appeared at a bleedin' rally of construction workers and public officials outside an insurance industry conference. He highlighted what he describes as the feckin' failures of insurers Allianz and Royal & Sun Alliance to pay $800 million in claims related to the bleedin' attacks. Insurers state that an agreement to split payments between Silverstein and the feckin' Port Authority is a bleedin' cause for concern.[239]
Key project coordinators
David Childs, one of Silverstein's favorite architects, joined the project after Silverstein urged yer man to do so. He developed a bleedin' design proposal for One World Trade Center, initially collaboratin' with Daniel Libeskind. C'mere til I tell ya now. In May 2005, Childs revised the oul' design to address security concerns. He is the architect of the bleedin' tower, and is responsible for overseein' its day-to-day design and development.[240]
Daniel Libeskind won the 2002 competition to develop a master plan for the World Trade Center's redevelopment.
Architect Daniel Libeskind won the bleedin' invitational competition to develop a bleedin' plan for the feckin' new tower in 2002. He gave an initial proposal, which he called "Memory Foundations", for the oul' design of One World Trade Center, the cute hoor. His design included aerial gardens, windmills, and off-center spire.[134] Libeskind later denied a holy request to place the feckin' tower in a feckin' more rentable location next to the oul' PATH station, grand so. He instead placed it another block west, as it would then line up with, and resemble, the feckin' Statue of Liberty.[241] Most of Libeskind's original designs were later scrapped, and other architects were chosen to design the bleedin' other WTC buildings.[note 2] However, one element of Libeskind's initial plan was included in the feckin' final design – the tower's symbolic height of 1,776 feet (541 m).[242]
Daniel R. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. Tishman – along with his father John Tishman, builder of the original World Trade Center – led the construction team from Tishman Realty & Construction, the selected builder for One World Trade Center.[243][244]
Douglas and Jody Durst, the feckin' co-presidents of the bleedin' Durst Organization, a holy real estate development company, won the bleedin' right to invest at least $100 million in the bleedin' project on July 7, 2010.[245]
In August 2010, Condé Nast, a holy long-time Durst tenant, confirmed a feckin' tentative deal to move into One World Trade Center,[246][247][248] and finalized the deal on May 26, 2011.[249] The contract negotiated between the feckin' Port Authority and the bleedin' Durst Organization specifies that the feckin' Durst Organization will receive a bleedin' $15 million fee, and a feckin' percentage of "base buildin' changes that result in net economic benefit to the bleedin' project". Bejaysus. The specifics of the bleedin' signed contract give Durst 75 percent of savings up to $24 million, steppin' down to 50, 25, and 15 percent as savings increase.[130] Since Durst joined the project, significant changes have been made to the feckin' buildin', includin' the bleedin' 185 foot base of the oul' tower, the spire, and the feckin' plaza to the feckin' west of the bleedin' buildin', facin' the bleedin' Hudson River, enda story. The Port Authority has approved all the bleedin' revisions.[130]
Port Authority construction workers
A WoodSearch Films short-subject documentary entitled How does it feel to work on One World Trade Center? was uploaded to YouTube on August 31, 2010. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? It depicted construction workers who were satisfied with the oul' workin' conditions at the feckin' construction site.[250] However, further analysis of the oul' work site showed that dozens of construction-related injuries had occurred at the oul' site durin' the bleedin' construction of One World Trade Center, includin' 34 not reported to the bleedin' U.S, for the craic. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.[251] Workers also left post-9/11-related graffiti at the feckin' site, which are supposed to symbolize rebirth and resilience.[252]
Architecture of New York City – Overview of the oul' architecture in New York City
Observation deck – Elevated sightseein' platform
One World Trade Center in popular culture
^ Durin' the oul' initial plannin' stages, the bleedin' buildin' was dubbed as the Freedom Tower. Would ye swally this in a minute now?In later years, the buildin''s owners decided to call it One World Trade Center.
^ Foster and Partners was chosen for 2 WTC, Richard Rogers was chosen for 3 WTC, Fumihiko Maki and associates was chosen for 4 WTC, Kohn Pederson Fox was chosen for 5 WTC.
^ a b 2009.
^ a b c d "One World Trade Center". Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. WTC.com. Sure this is it. Silverstein Properties, bejaysus. September 16, 2015. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
^ a b Brennan, Morgan (April 30, 2012). Story? "1 World Trade Center Officially New York's New Tallest Buildin'". G'wan now. Forbes. Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
^ a b c Brown, Eliot (January 30, 2012). "Tower Rises, And So Does Its Price Tag", fair play. The Wall Street Journal. Whisht now and listen to this wan. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "One World Trade Center – The Skyscraper Center", the cute hoor. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. September 11, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
^ "Office Leasin'", bejaysus. One World Trade Center. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. Retrieved November 3, 2014.
^ a b c d "One World Trade Center". SkyscraperPage. . Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
^ a b c d "One World Trade Center", be the hokey! Emporis.com, enda story. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
^ "One World Trade Center to retake title of NYC's tallest buildin'", bejaysus. Fox News. Associated Press, for the craic. April 29, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
^ "Elevatin' One World Trade Center". I hope yiz are all ears now. ThyssenKrupp Elevator. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
^ "The Louis Berger Group and Hill International to Provide Program Management Services for Downtown Restoration Program and WTC Transportation Hub", bedad. Hill International, Inc. Sure this is it. August 13, 2004, enda story. Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Would ye believe this shite?Retrieved July 21, 2015.
^ Stanglin, Doug (May 10, 2013). Soft oul' day. "Spire permanently installed on WTC tower". In fairness now. USA Today, the shitehawk. Gannett Company. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
^ a b Moore, Jack (November 3, 2014). "World Trade Center Re-opens as Tallest Buildin' in America". International Business Times, bejaysus. One World Trade Center. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
^ a b Smith, Aaron (November 3, 2014), bejaysus. "One World Trade Center, the tallest buildin' in the feckin' Western Hemisphere, is open for business". G'wan now and listen to this wan. money.cnn.com, the hoor. CNN Money. Chrisht Almighty. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
^ a b "One World Trade Center Observatory Opens to Public". usnews.com. U.S. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. News. Would ye swally this in a minute now?Retrieved March 30, 2017.
^ "Port Authority And Vantone Industrial Sign First Lease For One World Trade Center (The Freedom Tower)". Sufferin' Jaysus. PANYNJ.gov (Press release). Stop the lights! March 26, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
^ "Freedom Tower Will Be Called One World Trade Center". FoxNews.com, so it is. March 26, 2009. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
^ Feiden, Douglas (March 27, 2009), fair play. "'Freedom' out at WTC: Port Authority says The Freedom Tower is now 1 World Trade Center". Would ye swally this in a minute now?New York Daily News. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
^ Gillespie, Angus K. In fairness now. (1999), bejaysus. "Chapter 1". Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press. Arra' would ye listen to this. ISBN 0-7838-9785-5.
^ Wright, George Cable (January 23, 1962). "2 States Agree on Hudson Tubes and Trade Center" (PDF). Chrisht Almighty. The New York Times.
^ "Authority Trains Winnin' Plaudits". The New York Times. September 4, 1967. Five years ago, the oul' Port of New York Authority took over the oul' bankrupt and antiquated Hudson Tubes. I hope yiz are all ears now. Yesterday the feckin' management, employees and commuters appeared reasonably pleased with the improvements made under the Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation.
^ National Construction Safety Team (September 2005). "Chapter 1" (PDF). Here's another quare one. Final Report on the feckin' Collapse of the bleedin' World Trade Center Towers. Listen up now to this fierce wan. NIST, for the craic. pp. 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2005.
^ Taylor, R. E. (December 1966). "Computers and the bleedin' Design of the World Trade Center". Journal of the Structural Division. 92 (ST–6): 75–91.
^ Alfred Swenson & Pao-Chi Chang (2008). Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. "Buildin' construction: High-rise construction since 1945", you know yerself. Encyclopædia Britannica, bejaysus. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
^ Lew, H.S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Carino, Nicholas J. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. (September 2005). Jaysis. Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Stop the lights! p. 8.
^ National Construction Safety Team (September 2005). Final Report on the bleedin' Collapse of the feckin' World Trade Center Towers (PDF), grand so. NIST. Bejaysus. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2005.
^ Grudin, Robert (April 20, 2010). C'mere til I tell yiz. Design And Truth. Yale University Press. Soft oul' day. p. 39, the shitehawk. ISBN 978-0-300-16203-5. Archived from the oul' original on May 27, 2016, fair play. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
^ Kerr, Laurie (December 28, 2001). Story? "Bin Laden's special complaint with the World Trade Center". Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. Slate Magazine. Story? Archived from the feckin' original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ Lew, H.S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Carino, Nicholas J, the hoor. (September 2005), would ye believe it? Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology, to be sure. p. xxxvi.
^ Darton, Eric (1999) Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center, Chapter 6, Basic Books.
^ a b Holusha, John (January 6, 2002). Jasus. "Commercial Property; In Office Market, a feckin' Time of Uncertainty". C'mere til I tell yiz. The New York Times. In fairness now. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
^ a b "Ford recounts details of Sept. 11". Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. Real Estate Weekly, bedad. BNET. Arra' would ye listen to this. February 27, 2002. Here's a quare one for ye. Archived from the original on March 26, 2010. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
^ Lew, H.S.; Bukowski, Richard W.; Carino, Nicholas J. (September 2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1), enda story. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. p. 13.
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^ Ruchelman, Leonard I, bedad. (1977), that's fierce now what? The World Trade Center: Politics and Policies of Skyscraper Development, you know yourself like. Syracuse University Press. p. 11, grand so. ISBN 978-0-81562-180-5.
^ Yoneda, Yuka (September 11, 2011). I hope yiz are all ears now. "6 Important Facts You May Not Know About One World Trade Center", be the hokey! Inhabitat. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? Archived from the original on April 29, 2014. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
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^ "World Trade Center Buildin' Performance Study" (PDF). Sufferin' Jaysus. Federal Emergency Management Agency, that's fierce now what? Retrieved March 8, 2007, like. Six 1,200-kilowatt (kW) emergency power generators located in the bleedin' sixth basement (B-6) level provided a holy secondary power supply.
^ Fischbach, Amy Florence (January 1, 2001), begorrah. "Towerin' security". CEE News, so it is. Archived from the original on October 21, 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2007. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. E-J Electric set four generators on the bleedin' roof of Tower 5, which was nine stories, as opposed to the feckin' 110-story Towers 1 and 2, begorrah. E-J then ran high-voltage feeder cable to One, Two, Four, and Five World Trade Center, installed three substations and distributed power to the bleedin' tenants.
^ a b c d "The Two Twin Towers of 2001 – What brought them Down!". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016, the cute hoor. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
^ Bagli, Charles V. (May 12, 2003), to be sure. "Broadcasters Put Antennas In Midtown". Jasus. The New York Times. Here's another quare one. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
^ Darton (1999), p. Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. 204
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^ Olshan, Jeremy (February 4, 2003), fair play. "'Not Deliverable';Mail still says 'One World Trade Center'", Lord bless us and save us. Newsday (New York).
^ The Wine News Magazine. Retrieved May 1, 2014, that's fierce now what? Archived February 20, 2012, at the feckin' Wayback Machine
^ Gillespie (1999), p. 5
^ a b c "Trade Center Hit by 6-Floor Fire". The New York Times, bedad. February 14, 1975. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. C'mere til I tell ya. Retrieved September 11, 2008.
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^ Reeve (1999), p. G'wan now and listen to this wan. 10
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^ "9/11 Commission Report". The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the feckin' United States.
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^ World Trade Center Buildin' Performance Study, Ch. 5 WTC 7 – section 5.5.4
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^ a b Morris, Keiko (November 2, 2014). Soft oul' day. "Finally, Tenants at One World Trade Center". The Wall Street Journal, game ball! Retrieved November 13, 2014.
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^ a b Interview with David Childs (cont'd). Listen up now to this fierce wan. Retrieved October 12, 2007
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^ Steve Cuozzo (November 18, 2015). "Floors fillin' up fast at 1 World Trade Center". New York Post. Stop the lights! Retrieved April 6, 2015, that's fierce now what? The two most recent transactions brin' 1 WTC's 3 million square feet to 62.8 percent leased, said Durst rep Jordan Barowitz
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^ Cuozzo, Steve (January 17, 2012). Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. "Condé Nast takin' more space at One World Trade Center". New York Post. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
^ "1 World Trade Center Adds Another Prime Tenant, A Law Firm". Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. The New York Times. Soft oul' day. January 27, 2012. In fairness now. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
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^ Schram, Lauren (August 26, 2014), to be sure. "Servcorp Takes 35K SF at 1 WTC", would ye swally that? Commercial Observer.
^ Clarke, Katherine (February 26, 2015). Jaykers! "SNEAK PEEK: You can have an office at One World Trade Center for $750 a month", you know yerself. NY Daily News.
^ "Verdict in 9/11 insurance battle". Whisht now and listen to this wan. CNN, to be sure. April 30, 2004. C'mere til I tell yiz. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011.
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^ "Silverstein Lashes Out Against WTC Insurers". Soft oul' day. The New York Sun. March 13, 2007.
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Cited sources
Reeve, Simon (1999). The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama bin Laden and the bleedin' Future of Terrorism. Northeastern University Press.
Darton, Eric (1999). Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center. Basic Books. Be the holy feck, this is a quare wan. ISBN 0-465-01727-4.
One World Trade Center (category)
Official website maintained by the feckin' Durst Organization and Cushman & Wakefield
One World Observatory official website
World Trade Center – Maintained by Silverstein Properties
One World Trade Center on CTBUH's Skyscraper Center database
LowerManhattan.Info – Official site for Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center
Glass, Steel and Stone – History of Freedom Tower designs
Willis Tower Tallest buildin' in the bleedin' United States
541.3 metres (1,776 ft)
2013–present Incumbent
Empire State Buildin' Tallest buildin' in New York City
Links to related articles
Timeline of tallest buildings in New York City
Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church (c. 1643)
Trinity Church (85 m) (1846)
New York World Buildin' (94 m) (1890)
Manhattan Life Insurance Buildin' (100 m) (1894)
Park Row Buildin' (119 m) (1899)
Singer Buildin' (187 m) (1908)
Metropolitan Life Tower (213 m) (1909)
Woolworth Buildin' (241 m) (1913)
40 Wall Street (283 m) (1930)
Chrysler Buildin' (320 m) (1930)
Empire State Buildin' (443 m) (1931)
World Trade Center (526 m) (1973)
One World Trade Center (541 m) (2014)
Tallest buildings by U.S. state or territory
RSA Battle House Tower
Conoco-Phillips Buildin'
Chase Tower
Simmons Tower
Wilshire Grand Center
City Place I
River Tower at Christina Landin'
Bank of America Plaza
First Hawaiian Center
Eighth and Main
Salesforce Tower
801 Grand/Principal Buildin'
400 West Market
One Shell Square
Agora Grand Event Center
Transamerica Tower
Renaissance Center
IDS Center
Beau Rivage Hotel Casino
One Kansas City Place
First Interstate Center
First National Bank Tower
Manchester City Hall Plaza
Albuquerque Plaza
Bank of America Corporate Center
North Dakota State Capitol
Key Tower
Devon Energy Center
Comcast Technology Center
Industrial National Bank Buildin'
Capital Center
CenturyLink Tower
AT&T Buildin'
JPMorgan Chase Tower
Decker Towers
Westin Virginia Beach Town Center
Columbia Center
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U.S. Sure this is it. Bank Center
Basilica of the oul' Immaculate Conception
Tafuna Telecommunications Buildin'
Oceana Tower 2
Taga Tower
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F.R. Whisht now. & M.S, Lord bless us and save us. Marriott Beach Resort
Supertall skyscrapers (300 m/984 ft and taller)
1 Manhattan West
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U.S. Bank Tower
Wells Fargo Plaza
World Trade Center (1973–2001)
Gran Torre Santiago
Bank of China Tower
Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower
Changsha IFS Tower T1
China Resources Headquarters
China World Trade Center Tower III
Chongqin' IFS T1
Chongqin' World Financial Center
CITIC Plaza
Dalian International Trade Center
Diwang International Fortune Center
East Pacific Center
Eton Place Dalian
Fortune Center
Gate to the East
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A
Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B
Greenland Puli Center
Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre
Guangzhou International Finance Center
Guiyang International Financial Center Tower 1
Hon Kwok City Center
Leatop Plaza
Logan Century Center 1
Longxi International Hotel
Minsheng Bank Buildin'
Nanjin' International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1
Nina Tower
Pearl River Tower
Pin' An Finance Centre
Shimao International Plaza
Shun Hin' Square
Sprin' City 66
Sunin' Plaza 1, Wuxi
Suzhou IFS
Tianjin CTF Finance Centre
Tianjin World Financial Center
Wanda Plaza
Heartland 66 Office Tower
Wenzhou World Trade Center
Wuhan Center
Wuxi IFS
White Magnolia Plaza
Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza
Jin Mao Tower
Jin Wan Plaza 9
Wuxi Maoye City – Marriott Hotel
Yantai Shimao No.1 The Harbour
Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center
Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower
Zhujiang New City Tower
Zifeng Tower
Abraj Al Bait
Address Boulevard
The Address Downtown Dubai
ADNOC Headquarters
Al Hamra Tower
Almas Tower
Arraya Tower
Aspire Tower
Cayan Tower
Elite Residence
Emirates Office Tower
Etihad Towers
Gevora Hotel
HHHR Tower
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai
Kingdom Centre
The Marina Torch
Ocean Heights
Princess Tower
Rose Tower
World Trade Center Abu Dhabi
85 Sky Tower
Abenobashi Terminal Buildin' Skyscraper (Abeno Harukas)
Haeundae Doosan We've the bleedin' Zenith
Haeundae LCT The Sharp
Northeast Asia Trade Tower
Parc1 Tower
Telekom Tower
City of Capitals
Federation Tower
Lakhta Center
Mercury City Tower
Neva Towers 2
OKO Tower
9 DeKalb Avenue
Central Park Tower
Vista Tower
Baoneng Center
Changsha A9 Financial District
Chengdu Greenland Tower
Chongqin' Corporate Avenue 1
Dongguan International Trade Center 1
Evergrande Center
Eye of Sprin' Trade Center
Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1
Goldin Finance 117
Huaguoyuan Tower 1
Jinan Center Financial City
Mandarin Oriental Chengdu
Nanjin' World Trade Center Tower 1
Nannin' China Resources Tower
Ningbo Center
One Shenzhen Bay
Phoenix Towers
Runhua Global Center 1
Shandong IFC
Shenglong Global Center
Shimao Hunan Center
Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1
South Asian Gate
Sunin' Plaza Tower 1, Zhenjiang
Suzhou Zhongnan Center
Tianjin Modern City Office Tower
Wuhan Greenland Center
Xiamen International Centre
Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1
DB Crown
Capital Market Authority Headquarters
Busan Lotte Town Tower
Hyundai Global Business Center
DAMAC Residenze
Abu Dhabi Plaza
The Exchange 106
Gate of Kuwait
Gate of Taipei
Iconic Tower
Merdeka PNB 118
The Stratford Residences
Construction delayed or suspended
Al Quds Endowment Tower
Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center
Barwa Tower
Dalian Greenland Center
Diamond Tower (Jeddah)
Dubai Pearl
Dubai Towers Doha
Haikou Tower
Jeddah Tower
JW Marriott International Finance Centre
Lamar Towers
Millennium Tower
Namaste Tower
Nanjin' Olympic Sunin' Tower
Orchid Heights
Palais Royale, Mumbai
Pentominium
Qatar National Bank Tower
Ryugyong Hotel
Signature Tower Jakarta
Sino-Steel Tower
Square Capital Tower
Tameer Commercial Tower
The Skyscraper
Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower
Tour Financial Hub Center
World One
VietinBank Business Center Office Tower
Proposed supertall skyscrapers
List of architects of supertall buildings
First WTC
The Bathtub
Bent Propeller
The World Trade Center Tapestry
World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture
Sky Gate, New York
February 13, 1975, fire
February 26, 1993, bombin'
January 14, 1998, robbery
September 11, 2001, attacks
Rescue and recovery effort
NIST report on collapse
Deutsche Bank Buildin'
St, bedad. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
Second WTC
(2001–present)
Site, towers,
and structures
Westfield Mall
Artwork (ONE: Union of the oul' Senses)
PATH stations
New York City Subway stations
Chambers Street–WTC/Park Place/Cortlandt Street (2, 3, A, C, E, N, R, and W trains)
WTC Cortlandt (1 train)
Fulton Street (2, 3, 4, 5, A, C, J, and Z trains)
Fulton Center
Corbin Buildin'
Dey Street Passageway
9/11 memorials
9/11 Tribute Museum
Memory Foundations
Tribute in Light
America's Response Monument
To the feckin' Struggle Against World Terrorism
Postcards memorial
The Risin' memorial
Relics from original WTC
Survivors' Staircase
Minoru Yamasaki
Emery Roth & Sons
Austin J. Tobin
Christopher O, to be sure. Ward
Larry Silverstein
Michael Arad
THINK Team
Leslie E, bejaysus. Robertson
Welles Crowther
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
Silverstein Properties
Project Rebirth
Take Back The Memorial
9/11-related media
Featurin' One WTC
10048 ZIP code
Former: IFC
Former: Twin Towers 2
Winter Garden Atrium
New York Mercantile Exchange
Other nearby structures
Verizon Buildin'
West Street pedestrian bridges
Manhattan, New York City
West of Broadway/
88 Greenwich Street
125 Greenwich Street
Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House
American Stock Exchange Buildin'
Bowlin' Green Offices Buildin'
Castle Clinton
City Pier A
Cunard Buildin'
Downtown Athletic Club
Empire Buildin'
International Mercantile Marine Company Buildin'
James Watson House
New York County Lawyers' Association Buildin'
Old New York Evenin' Post Buildin'
Robert and Anne Dickey House
St, enda story. George's Syrian Catholic Church
St, bejaysus. Paul's Chapel
St. Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. Peter's Roman Catholic Church
Transportation Buildin'
Trinity and United States Realty Buildings
Trinity Court Buildin'
Whitehall Buildin'
St. Me head is hurtin' with all this raidin'. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
East of Broadway/
1 Hanover Square
1 New York Plaza
1 Wall Street Court
90–94 Maiden Lane
130 William
170–176 John Street
American Bank Note Company Buildin'
American Surety Buildin'
Bennett Buildin'
Broad Exchange Buildin'
Chamber of Commerce Buildin'
Continental Bank Buildin'
Continental Center
Delmonico's
Down Town Association
Equitable Buildin'
Excelsior Power Company Buildin'
Federal Hall National Memorial
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Buildin'
Fraunces Tavern
Home Insurance Plaza
John Street Methodist Church
Keuffel & Esser Company Buildin'
Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Buildin'
Morse Buildin'
New York Times Buildin'
Park Row Buildin'
Potter Buildin'
Wall and Hanover Buildin'
Chargin' Bull
Fearless Girl
Four Continents
Titanic Memorial
Former buildings
Alexander Macomb House
Astor House
Barnum's American Museum
Blair Buildin'
City Investin' Buildin'
Equitable Life Buildin'
Gallatin Bank Buildin'
Gillender Buildin'
Kemble Buildin'
Manhattan Life Insurance Buildin'
Mills Buildin'
Mortimer Buildin'
New York Produce Exchange
New York Tribune Buildin'
New York World Buildin'
Pearl Street Station
Singer Buildin'
St. C'mere til I tell ya. Paul Buildin'
Tontine Coffee House
Tower Buildin'
Western Union Telegraph Buildin'
Bowlin' Green
Elizabeth H. Arra' would ye listen to this. Berger Plaza
Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden
High School of Economics and Finance
Leadership and Public Service High School
Léman Manhattan Preparatory School
Pine Street School New York
George Gustav Heye Center
Skyscraper Museum
Rector St/Greenwich St
Rector St/Trinity Pl
South Ferry/Whitehall St
Wall St/William St
Wall St/Broadway
WTC Cortlandt
Battery Maritime Buildin'
Pier 11/Wall Street
Whitehall Terminal
Church/Trinity Place
Marketfield
Theatre Alley
Vesey/Ann
See also: Manhattan Community Board 1
The LNB id 298716 is not valid.
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Daniel Libeskind buildings
Financial District, Manhattan
Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan
Office buildings completed in 2014
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildings
Buildings and structures destroyed in the oul' September 11 attacks
2013 establishments in New York City
West Side Highway
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