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Home > All persons > Harry Andrews
Harry Andrews is a Actor British born on 10 november 1911 at Tonbridge (United-kingdom)
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Birth name Harry Fleetwood Andrews
Nationality United-kingdom
Birth 10 november 1911 at Tonbridge (United-kingdom)
Death 6 march 1989 (at 77 years)
Awards Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
\");"; var sefjspfok = '\n\ google_ad_client = "ca-pub-0242156374298669";\n\ /* film-carre-pagepersonne */\n\ google_ad_slot = "6694731144";\n\ google_ad_width = 300;\n\ google_ad_height = 250;\n\ '; //afp(sefjspfok, 'p_bf1', 0, 300, 250);	Harry Fleetwood Andrews, CBE (10 November 1911 – 6 March 1989) was an English film actor, known for his frequent portrayals of tough military officers. His performance as Sergeant Major Wilson in The Hill alongside Sean Connery earned Andrews the 1965 National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor and a nomination for the 1966 BAFTA Award for Best British Actor. He made his film debut in The Red Beret in 1953.
Prior to his film career, Andrews was an accomplished Shakespearean actor, appearing at such venues as the Queen's Theatre, the Lyceum Theatre, and the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in the UK as well as theatres in New York City, Paris, Antwerp and Brussels. Andrews made his London theatre debut in 1935 at the St James's Theatre and his New York debut in 1936 at the since-demolished Empire Theatre.
Harry Andrews was born on 10 November 1911, in Tonbridge, Kent. He was the son of Henry Arthur Andrews, a General Practitioner, and Amy Diana Frances (née Horner). Andrews attended Wrekin College in Wellington, Shropshire. From October 1939 to October 1945, Andrews served with the Royal Artillery during the Second World War. Andrews died at the age of 77 on 6 March 1989, at his home in Salehurst, leaving behind his long-term friend and partner Basil Hoskins.
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Filmography of Harry Andrews (79 films)
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Jack the Ripper (1988 TV series) (1988)
Origin United-kingdom
Genres Drama, Thriller, Horror, Crime
Actors Michael Caine, Armand Assante, Ray McAnally, Lewis Collins, Susan George, Jane Seymour
Roles Coroner Wynne Baxter
Rating76%
À l'automne 1888, un mystérieux tueur en série terrorise l'East End de Londres en y assassinant plusieurs prostituées. Les victimes sont retrouvées égorgées et éventrées en pleine rue. L'inspecteur Frederick Abberline est chargé de mener l'enquête avec son adjoint, le sergent George Godley (Lewis Collins). L'investigation s'annonce difficile, aucun témoin ne semble vouloir parler, les pistes sont nombreuses et la presse extrapole les faits pour vendre ses feuilles de choux.
Mesmerized (1985)
Directed by Michael Laughlin
Origin Australie
Genres Drama, Thriller
Actors Jodie Foster, John Lithgow, Michael Murphy, Harry Andrews, Dan Shor, Reg Evans
Roles Old Thompson
An orphaned New Zealand girl marries a wealthy and much older businessmen, but strains soon begin to develop between them, causing great emotional and physical toil on them, as well as those around them, from family to servants, and business and trade associates and clientele.
Agatha Christie's Seven Dials Mystery (1981)
Directed by Tony Wharmby
Genres Drama, Thriller, Adventure, Crime, Romance
Actors John Gielgud, Harry Andrews, Cheryl Campbell, Rula Lenska, James Warwick, Joyce Redman
Roles Superintendant Battle
The Curse of King Tut's Tomb (1980)
Directed by Philip Leacock
Genres Thriller, Horror, Crime
Actors Eva Marie Saint, Harry Andrews, Robin Ellis, Raymond Burr, Wendy Hiller, Angharad Rees
Roles Lord Carnarvon
The English archaeologist Howard Carter and his financier, Lord Carnarvon discover after years of search the grave of Tut-Ench-Amun. Rumors about a curse that invites to anyone who disturbs the peace grave circulate in public. For even the unscrupulous art collector Sabastian is after the legendary gold sarcophagus. The Curse of the Pharaoh seems to be effective, for there will be a series of mysterious deaths.
Hawk the Slayer (1980)
Directed by Terry Marcel
Genres Science fiction, Fantasy, Action, Adventure
Themes Films about magic and magicians
Actors Jack Palance, John Terry, Bernard Bresslaw, Patricia Quinn, Cheryl Campbell, William Morgan Sheppard
Roles High Abbot
The wicked Voltan kills his own father when the latter refuses to turn over the magic of the "last elven mindstone". Before the old man dies, he bequeaths a great sword with a pommel shaped like a human hand to his other son, Hawk. The hand comes to life and grasps the mindstone. The sword is now imbued with magical powers and can respond to Hawk's mental commands. Hawk then vows to avenge his father by killing Voltan.
S.O.S. Titanic (1979)
Directed by William Hale
Genres Drama, Thriller, Action, Historical
Themes La fin du monde, Seafaring films, Transport films, RMS Titanic in fiction, Disaster films, American disaster films, Films about seafaring accidents or incidents
Actors David Janssen, Cloris Leachman, Susan Saint James, David Warner, Ian Holm, Helen Mirren
Roles Capt. Edward J. Smith
Le Titanic quitte Southampton le 10 avril 1912. Le film suit différents passagers que sont, en première classe John Jacob Astor et son épouse ainsi que le couple Marvin, en voyage de noces. En deuxième, le film suit Lawrence Beesley, ensuite auteur d'un ouvrage sur le naufrage. En troisième classe, l'histoire se focalise sur un groupe d'émigrants irlandais.
Directed by Richard Donner, John Glen
Genres Science fiction, Fantastic, Fantasy, Action, Adventure
Themes Films about children, Time travel films, Superman films, Films about extraterrestrial life, Superhero films, Super-héros inspiré de comics, Films about extraterrestrial life
Actors Marlon Brando, Gene Hackman, Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder, Jackie Cooper, Ned Beatty
Roles 2nd Elder
On the planet Krypton, using evidence provided by scientist Jor-El, the Ruling Council sentences three attempted insurrectionists, General Zod, Ursa, and Non, to "eternal living death" in the Phantom Zone. Despite his eminence, Jor-El is unable to convince the Council of his belief that Krypton will soon be destroyed when its sun explodes. To save his infant son, Kal-El, Jor-El launches a spacecraft containing him toward Earth, a distant planet with a suitable atmosphere, and where Kal-El's dense molecular structure will give him superhuman powers. Shortly after the launch, Krypton is destroyed.
Watership Down (1978)
Directed by John Hubley
Genres Drama, Fantasy, Adventure, Animation
Themes Films about animals, Environmental films, Mise en scène d'un lapin ou d'un lièvre, Political films, Children's films, Mise en scène d'un mammifère
Actors John Hurt, Richard Briers, Michael Graham Cox, John Bennett, Simon Cadell, Harry Andrews
Roles General Woundwort (voice)
According to Adams' Lapine language, culture and mythology, the world was created by the god Frith, who represents the Sun. All animals lived harmoniously, but the rabbits eventually multiplied, and their appetite led to a food shortage. At the prayers of the desperate animals, Frith warned the rabbit prince El-ahrairah to control his people, but was scoffed at. In retaliation, Frith gave special gifts to every animal, but some animals he made predators to prey upon the rabbits. Satisfied that El-ahrairah (Now also known as "Prince with a Thousand Enemies") had learned his lesson, Frith also gave the rabbits speed and cunning; while many would seek to kill them, the rabbits could survive by their wits and quickness.
The Big Sleep (1978)
Directed by Michael Winner
Genres Drama, Thriller, Action, Crime, Romance
Actors Robert Mitchum, Sarah Miles, Richard Boone, Candy Clark, Joan Collins, Edward Fox
Roles Norris
In 1970s England, private detective Philip Marlowe (Robert Mitchum) is asked to the stately home of General Sternwood (James Stewart), who hires Marlowe to learn who is blackmailing him. While at the mansion, he meets the General's spoiled and inquisitive daughter Charlotte (Sarah Miles) and wild younger daughter Camilla (Candy Clark).
The Medusa Touch (1978)
Directed by Jack Gold
Genres Drama, Science fiction, Thriller, Fantastic, Horror
Themes Films about writers
Actors Richard Burton, Lino Ventura, Lee Remick, Harry Andrews, Marie-Christine Barrault, Alan Badel
Roles Assistant Commissioner
Monsieur Brunel, a French detective on an exchange scheme in London, is assigned to investigate the murder of novelist John Morlar. As they examine the crime scene, Brunel discovers the victim is still alive in spite of his severe injuries and has him rushed to hospital.
The Four Feathers (1978)
Directed by Don Sharp
Genres Drama, War, Adventure
Themes Films set in Africa, Political films
Actors Beau Bridges, Jane Seymour, Robert Powell, Simon Ward, Harry Andrews, Richard Johnson
Roles Gen. Faversham
Lieutenant Harry Faversham (Beau Bridges) is the latest scion of a prominent military family. A deeply sensitive boy, he is much traumatised by the early death of his kind-hearted mother. Though he never wants to be a soldier, he feels obliged to join the army. Though no coward (as he will later show), he has no interest in an army career. Having met and become engaged to Ethne, he decides to resign his commission. The fact that war in the Sudan is coming is irrelevant to this decision. During their engagement ball on the final day of his army career, Faversham receives telegrammes summoning him and three of his brother officers (Durrance, Willoughby and Trench) back to the regiment prior to being sent to the Sudan. As determined as ever to leave the army, Faversham burns the telegrammes so that he can pretend not to have been summoned back to the regiment before his commission expires. Willoughby sees him burning papers and notices that he is embarrassed to have been taken by surprise in doing so. On later realising that Faversham was burning the telegrammes from the army, Willoughby assumes that Faversham has done so because he is afraid of going to the Sudan. Durrance, Willoughby and Trench then send Faversham three white feathers, betokening cowardice, and turn their backs on him. When Faversham tries to explain to Eithne what has happened, she also reaches the same mistaken conclusion and gives him a fourth white feather. Following his regiment's deployment, Faversham realizes he has made a grave mistake and, having toyed with suicide, finally resolves to redeem his honour.
Directed by John Guillermin
Genres Drama, Thriller, Crime
Themes Films set in Africa
Actors Peter Ustinov, Simon MacCorkindale, Lois Chiles, Mia Farrow, Bette Davis, George Kennedy
Roles Barnstaple
The film begins with a meeting between wealthy heiress Linnet Ridgeway (Lois Chiles) and her close friend Jacqueline de Bellefort (Mia Farrow). Jacquie wants her fiancé, Simon Doyle (Simon MacCorkindale), to work for Linnet, but he and Linnet have a whirlwind affair and end up marrying. While honeymooning in Egypt, they are continually hounded by the jilted Jacquie. In an attempt to get away, the Doyles pretend to go to the Cairo Railway Station before backtracking to board their booked cruise on a Nile paddle steamer, the S.S. Karnak.
The Prince and the Pauper (1977)
Directed by Olivier Assayas, Richard Fleischer, Laurent Perrin
Genres Drama, Comedy, Action, Adventure
Themes Films about children, Films about families
Actors Mark Lester, Ernest Borgnine, Oliver Reed, Charlton Heston, Raquel Welch, Rex Harrison
Roles Hertford
In 16th Century London, a pauper called Tom Canty reads to a group a children but is attacked and threatened by his cruel father John Canty to steal five shillings by suppertime or get beaten. Tom goes into the city square and steals a purse from a rich man, but drops it after bumping into another man. Thinking that Tom still has the purse, the rich man and other men chase Tom through the streets of London. Tom escapes by climbing up a wall and through a window, where he falls into a palace garden in front of King Henry VIII, who sets the guards on him. However, Tom outruns them by going to the roof of the castle and hiding in a chimney. In the grounds, Henry VIII orders for The Duke of Norfolk to be arrested during the masked ball that evening.
Equus (1977)
Directed by Sidney Lumet
Themes Films about animals, Medical-themed films, Théâtre, Films about horses, Films about psychiatry, Films based on plays, Mise en scène d'un mammifère
Actors Richard Burton, Peter Firth, Jenny Agutter, Joan Plowright, Colin Blakely, Harry Andrews
Roles Harry Dalton
Psychiatrist Martin Dysart investigates the savage blinding of six horses with a metal spike in a stable in Hampshire, England. The atrocity was committed by an unassuming 17-year-old stable boy named Alan Strang, the only son of opinionated but inwardly-timid Frank Strang and his genteel, religious wife, Dora. As Dysart exposes the truths behind the boy's demons, he finds himself face-to-face with his own.
The Blue Bird (1976)
Directed by George Cukor
Genres Drama, Fantastic, Fantasy, Adventure
Themes Films about magic and magicians, Théâtre, Films based on plays, Children's films
Actors Elizabeth Taylor, Jane Fonda, Ava Gardner, Cicely Tyson, Robert Morley, Patsy Kensit
Roles The Oak
Mytyl and her brother Tyltyl are peasant children who are led on a quest for the Blue Bird of Happiness by the Queen of Light, who gives them a hat with a magic diamond that allows them to call forth the souls of all things, both living and inanimate. On their journey, they are accompanied by the human personifications of a dog, a cat, water, sugar, bread, milk, light, fire, and the like. They visit the kingdoms of the past and future and the queendoms of night and luxury, at each place absorbing more wisdom. Eventually they discover the blue bird they've been seeking has been in their own backyard all along.


text:
Q: How can I detect the stripe noise of images? I try use the methods in the internet, but I can't find a good algorithm, can detect the stripe noise of images effectively. I know some methods about FFT(Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm) to solve this problem, but I don't know the specific method.

A: these are two example images.
stripe_image_1
stripe_image_2
and these are two normal images(zebra crossing and normal stripe image), I need make some distinguish of normal image. just like our eyes can do.
normal_image_1
normal_image_2

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An exhibition that takes 48 Stunden Neukölln 2013's theme (A Change of Perspective!) as inspiration to showcase selected art works created by the Artconnect Berlin community, bringing to discussion the idea of putting oneself in someone else's shoes. This group exhibition is the result of an Open Call made through Artconnect Berlin's network, where we encouraged the artists to present their views about empathy and also to work with a media they have never worked with before – achieving a new perspective not only on their surroundings but also on their work.
The idea behind 48 Stunden Neukölln is to provide a framework in which all venues (whether established and professional, newer or private, and especially public spaces) function as art locations for all to discover and savour. 48 Stunden Neukölln is guided by the principle of access for all. It is also an opportunity for realising artistic and socio-cultural projects, facilitating improvements in the area's quality of life.
Under the device of Last Stop: Neukölln, this year we invite artists to reflect on the interesting yet controversial metamorphosis of Neukölln. The subject matter is motivated by the 275th anniversary of the Bohemian migration to Rixdorf (Neukölln) on June 15th 1737, and questions the effects immigration has had on Neukölln since this date.
Various generations of immigrants have settled in Neukölln in search of their own private happiness – the question remains as to whether they have found their own personal paradise here. Also, why have so many artists moved to Neukölln recently? And what impact has this had on life in the district? The public perception of Neukölln varies between hell fire and paradise.


text:
Michael Wilding
Virtual Racing Unleashed – Horse Racing Just Changed!
We are living in a rapidly changing world, and we've adapted with a virtual racing platform that, as far as I know, doesn't exist anywhere else. Sadly, all horse racing in the UK has been closed. At the moment Irish racing is still taking place, but we don't know how long this will be for. With the self-isolation and social…
Eddie Lloyd
Intelligent Betting: A Fundamental Guide To Betting On Horse Racing
" Would you like to improve your betting? When it comes to betting on horse racing, most people don't approach it with any kind of structure or realistic plan – and therefore the results they achieve from their betting are less than desirable. This book aims to fix that by quickly getting you up to speed with all the fundamentals required…
Liberty Set for Royal Ascot
Just seven days ago we were looking back at a weekend of Classic action. High class racing that took place under blue skies and warm sunshine. What a difference a week can make… Granted there was no lack of racing around the country. But it wasn't the strongest summer Saturday in terms of quality. Even worse, the weather was more…
Bookie's Runner to Bookie Basher
Thanks everybody for your interest, I have now, hopefully, come-up with the goods. My aim is maximum profits from minimum selections The basic system is a Trainer based Win & PLACE, and is as follows: Trainers with a minimum of 25% win, and or 50% placed runners, over the current season or longer. Minimum SP for the moment is 7/1,…
John Burke Monday EyeCatcher
In this week's article I look back at the Derby & Oaks, and some interesting stats for those punting at Brighton. We've had four of the five English Classics already run, and the flat season is just two months old! Frankie's Famous Five My decision to look at bigger priced horses in the Oaks meant I didn't back Anapurna who…
May- 2019 -
Epsom Derby & Oaks Previews
Hard to believe, but by the beginning of June four of the five English Classics will have been run and this time next week I will be looking back at the Epsom Derby & Oaks. Today I will be concentrating on previewing both next week's Classics. I have to say both races have an open look about them. Let's begin…
'When Henry Cecil sent out just 12 winners in 2005, it seemed as if the 10-time champion racehorse trainer's career was in terminal decline. The masterly touch that he'd shown through the glory-days of the two previous decades, appeared to have deserted him after a series of painful professional and personal blows, including the death of his twin brother David.…
Lingfield Hosts Derby & Oaks Trials
It's Monday again and my weekly look back at the best of last weekend's action. On Saturday it was Derby & Oaks Trials Day at Lingfield. The track is like Epsom, although overall, it's a much sharper track. However, the conventional wisdom of most racing pundits is if a horse handles Lingfield it should be able to handle Epsom. Well…
The Scudamores
Join the Scudamore's as one of the most successful families in British sport settles down for a good, long chat about triumph and disaster at the races. Simply put, this book is not dissimilar to having a chat with your mates down the local pub. Brilliantly written but in an interview like style, this book will highlight the passion, brilliance…
The Chester Vase
It's the start of the Chester Boodles festival today, and the feature race is the 15:35 Chester Vase run over one mile and four furlongs. There are eight declared runners, and I'm going to take a look at the race and break it down into the selections that I'm going to personally be betting on. The first thing to note,…
The Flat is Definitely Back!
There's no doubt the flat season is with us now. I'm writing this just after the finish of the first colts classic, the 2,000 Guineas at Newmarket, with the first fillies classic the 1,000 Guineas to come on Sunday. This week's post concentrates on Saturday's action from Newmarket, but there is time at the end to take a quick look…
The moving true story of an ordinary Welsh woman who dreamed of breeding a race horse, and Dream Alliance, who defied the odds to become a champion and brought a community together. Janet Vokes was running the bar in her local working men's club in the small Welsh mining community of Cefn Fforest when she fixed upon the idea of…
Goodbye to Jumps
Just over a week ago I had my right kidney removed so it's hard to believe that I'm able to write this week's Monday blog post. The pain and soreness are still there and, although each day I feel better, I'm pacing my way back to full fitness. It was the final day of the British jumps season on Saturday…
The History of Horse Racing
"There are few more stirring sights in sport, than to witness the finish of a prestigious horse race. The bright blur of horses racing toward the winning post, with jockeys pushing their mounts forward, urged on by the encouragement of the racegoers. This book celebrates the great characters and performers, both human and equine, who have been involved in such…
Inside The Rails – Race Planning
In my regular articles, I have been taking a look at racehorse ownership to try to provide a peak behind the scenes at what goes into getting the horses that we watch and bet on, ready to take the chance on the racecourse. In earlier articles, I have looked at purchasing horses, the owner's day at the races, what different…
Winner – My Racing Life
When Tony McCoy announced his retirement from racing, the shockwaves reverberated a cross the world of sport. With more than 4,300 winners to his name, McCoy seemed to be at the peak of his powers, when he suddenly brought down the curtain on an extraordinary career. But then McCoy has always done things his way! WINNER, My Racing Life is an exceptional…
Inside The Rails – At the Stables
Last week we looked at the ownership experience at the racecourse, but this is only a small part of the ownership experience. Even a sprinter will only probably run around 20 races a year and this leaves at least 345 days where owners are not racing with their horse. There is plenty to experience away from the racecourse however and…
The Jumping Game
As a woman who trained the great Best Mate to win three consecutive Cheltenham Gold Cups, no one could be better qualified than Henrietta Knight to discover what makes today's top jumps trainers succeed. From eccentric, outspoken Yorkshireman Mick Easterby, to elegant, aristocratic Venetia Williams, from Irish wizard, Willie Mullins, to perfectionist champion trainer, Paul Nicholls and young pretender, Dan…
www.profitablebetting.co.uk/
Betting in the 21st Century
Horse racing maybe one of the oldest of all sports, and in its essentials it would appear to have undergone virtually no change over the centuries – it is still about thoroughbreds racing across a large field – but in so many other ways it is constantly evolving and the pace of change has accelerated considerably in the 21st century.…
Tiger Rolls into History
Tiger Roll became a Grand National legend on Saturday. As he became the first horse since Red Rum to win the race two years on the trot. Like Red Rum, Tiger Roll is bred to be a flat horse, and he's not exactly built to jump a fence either. But like "Rummy", he's just a freak of horse. Travelling powerfully…
bburnsuk

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Be An Experience Explorer

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Urban Pioneer makes experiences that are gateways to wonder. Imagine seeing through the eyes of a color blind person, stumbling into your own private banquet in Golden Gate Park, or being handed roses by strangers on the street. We make the surreal real.

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/tg/ - Traditional Games » Searching for posts with the image hash 'OIrL0qCkfK1wQENiQqVrRQ=='.
Searching for posts with the image hash 'OIrL0qCkfK1wQENiQqVrRQ=='. 2 results found.
We got a different name for her now. Andrestia was the agreed on last thread.
If all that is true, however, would she still have gotten the Butcher's Nails?
If not, is it just her natural violent fury from her abuse etc that drives her to Khorne?


Soopcy is responsive restaurant tamplates. It is suitable for any Restaurant , Cafe, Food or anyone working in the Food industry and more. It's easy to customize HTML template for your purpose. It have many Pages: About, Speacial Food, Restaurant Menu Items, Restaurant Reservation Table, Single Blog & Contact Form. It's compatible with all major web browsers and works nicely on smartphones, tablet, PCs and desktops.
Note: Demo images are not included in source package, Demo images used only for demo purpose.


Budapest is the capital and the largest city of Hungary. It is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre. The city is situated along the Danube, in the heart of the Carpathian basin.
Although the Municipality of Budapest does not have any special guidance concerning sustainable and innovation procurement - the currently valid General Rules on Public procurement do not declare compulsory use of green and innovative aspects in public purchasing - the city is implementing strategies to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions.
For instance, three furnaces in the building of the Mayor's Office have gone through a process of modernisation to achieve a total electrical, architectural and mechanical refurbishment. The goal was to shift from inefficient old machines to efficient new ones: the efficiency of new condensers is 95-108%, whereas the efficiency of the old ones was around 70-75%.
The Budapest Zoo uses solar panels to load electric mini-cars that are driven by the staff within the zoo.
The Budapest Transport Company is applying modern energy-efficient lighting technologies.
Theatres are now using LED bulbs.
The Budapest District Heating Company has gone through a modernisation of the cooling system and increased the share of renewable energy sources.
Budapest is committed to environmental protection, especially to sustainable transport. Global climate change generates new challenges at local level and requires new ways of thinking.
Beside the urban infrastructure programmes, Budapest is participating in several EU initiatives, networks, for example Climate-KIC, Covenant of Mayors and EUROCITIES.


text:
package com.twitter.algebird

import scala.annotation.tailrec

/** You can think of this as a Sparse vector monoid
 */
class MapMonoid[K,V](implicit val semigroup: Semigroup[V]) extends Monoid[Map[K,V]] {

  override def isNonZero(x : Map[K,V]) = !x.isEmpty && x.valuesIterator.exists { v =>
    semigroup.isNonZero(v)
  }

  override lazy val zero = Map[K,V]()

  override def plus(x : Map[K,V], y : Map[K,V]) = {
    // Scala maps can reuse internal structure, so don't copy just add into the bigger one:
    // This really saves computation when adding lots of small maps into big ones (common)
    val (big, small, bigOnLeft) = if(x.size > y.size) { (x,y,true) } else { (y,x,false) }
    small.foldLeft(big) { (oldMap, kv) =>
      val newV = big
        .get(kv._1)
        .map { bigV =>
          if(bigOnLeft)
            semigroup.plus(bigV, kv._2)
          else
            semigroup.plus(kv._2, bigV)
        }
        .getOrElse(kv._2)
      if (semigroup.isNonZero(newV)) {
        oldMap + (kv._1 -> newV)
      }
      else {
        oldMap - kv._1
      }
    }
  }
}

/** You can think of this as a Sparse vector group
 */
class MapGroup[K,V](implicit val group : Group[V]) extends MapMonoid[K,V]()(group)
  with Group[Map[K,V]] {
  override def negate(kv : Map[K,V]) = kv.mapValues { v => group.negate(v) }
}

/** You can think of this as a Sparse vector ring
 */
class MapRing[K,V](implicit val ring : Ring[V]) extends MapGroup[K,V]()(ring) with Ring[Map[K,V]] {
  // It is possible to implement this, but we need a special "identity map" which we
  // deal with as if it were map with all possible keys (.get(x) == ring.one for all x).
  // Then we have to manage the delta from this map as we add elements.  That said, it
  // is not actually needed in matrix multiplication, so we are punting on it for now.
  override def one = sys.error("multiplicative identity for Map unimplemented")
  override def times(x : Map[K,V], y : Map[K,V]) : Map[K,V] = {
    val (big, small, bigOnLeft) = if(x.size > y.size) { (x,y,true) } else { (y,x,false) }
    small.foldLeft(zero) { (oldMap, kv) =>
      val bigV = big.getOrElse(kv._1, ring.zero)
      val newV = if(bigOnLeft) ring.times(bigV, kv._2) else ring.times(kv._2, bigV)
      if (ring.isNonZero(newV)) {
        oldMap + (kv._1 -> newV)
      }
      else {
        oldMap - kv._1
      }
    }
  }
}

object MapAlgebra {
  // Returns a new map with zero-value entries removed
  def removeZeros[K,V:Monoid](m: Map[K,V]): Map[K,V] =
    m filter { case (_,v) => Monoid.isNonZero(v) }

  // groupBy ks, sum all the vs
  def sumByKey[K,V:Semigroup](pairs: TraversableOnce[(K,V)]): Map[K,V] =
    Monoid.sum(pairs map { Map(_) })

  // Consider this as edges from k -> v, preduce a Map[K,Set[V]]
  def toGraph[K,V](pairs: TraversableOnce[(K,V)]): Map[K, Set[V]] =
    Monoid.sum(pairs.map { case (k,v) => Map(k -> Set(v)) })

  /** join the keys of two maps (similar to outer-join in a DB) */
  def join[K,V,W](map1: Map[K,V], map2: Map[K,W]): Map[K,(Option[V],Option[W])] =
    Monoid.plus(map1.mapValues { v => (List(v), List[W]()) },
      map2.mapValues { w => (List[V](), List(w)) })
      .mapValues { case (v,w) => (v.headOption, w.headOption) }

  /** Reverses a graph losslessly
   * None key is for v's with no sources.
   */
  def invertExact[K,V](m: Map[Option[K], Set[V]]): Map[Option[V], Set[K]] = {
    def nonEmptyIter[T](i: Iterable[T]): Iterable[Option[T]] =
      if(i.isEmpty) Iterable(None) else { i.map { Some(_) } }

    Monoid.sum {
      for((k, sv) <- m.view.toIterable;
          v <- nonEmptyIter(sv)) yield Map(v -> k.toSet)
    }
  }
  /** Invert the Common case of exactly one value for each key
   */
  def invert[K,V](m: Map[K,V]): Map[V, Set[K]] =
    Monoid.sum(m.view.toIterable.map { case (k,v) => Map(v -> Set(k)) })

  def dot[K,V](left : Map[K,V], right : Map[K,V])
    (implicit mring: Ring[Map[K,V]], mon: Monoid[V]): V =
    Monoid.sum(mring.times(left, right).values)
}


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Is It OK to Run After Lifting Weights?
Cardiovascular and strength training exercises are essential elements of a well-balanced fitness program. If you are considering including a cardiovascular activity like running and a strength training exercise like lifting weights in your weekly workout routine, you may be wondering when it's best to do them. Before you create the plan that will help you the most, consider what you are trying to accomplish by establishing clear fitness goals.
If your primary fitness goal is to increase your muscle mass and realize substantial strength strides, running after you lift weights is a logical approach to your workout . In this case, you will have more energy to perform maximal lifts before you start to feel any muscle fatigue. Running after your strength training session will support your goal of realizing strength gains by supplying the muscles you trained with more oxygen and nutrients to aid recovery.
When you have running goals such as improving your speed, logging longer miles or conditioning for an upcoming race, it makes sense to run before you lift weights. When you lift weights first, your muscles will already be fatigued to some extent, which could make faster, longer runs more challenging. When you are training for a competitive event, like a race, it is important that you enhance your energy levels and familiarize your body with the most successful approach for your athletic event.
You may have decided to incorporate running in your workout regimen to burn more calories. If burning calories is your primary goal, integrate weight lifting and running into the same workout. Interval train for 20 to 30 minutes. Run full speed for 60 seconds and then recover by lifting light weights for 60 seconds. Repeat this sequence 10 to 15 times. Interval workouts help you burn more calories in a shorter period of time.
While establishing fitness goals can help you determine the most logical approach for working out, it is important that your approach includes an appropriate amount of both cardiovascular exercise and strength training. Aim to get in at least 150-minutes of running or some type of cardiovascular exercise each week and weight train no more than two to three days. If you work out most days of the week, designating specific days for running and lifting weights can be an effective way to get the most out of each type of training session while meeting weekly workout recommendations.


Paul Chandler '64 - '70 anyone else from that time?
MEM Gary "Wiggy" Allen D186548M, from Peterborough. I served on her in '85/86 as a Stoker. Would love to hear from anyone who knew me during that time.
I was on flight 75-77, loved my first ship , the ships co were a great bunch. despite the banter .
I was throttle watchkeeper when we collided with the TYR. Came off watch and mixed cement to plug the hole in the bow.


text:
Hmm: Trump is Tweeting Way Less Since His Pal Jeffrey Epstein's Arrest for Sex Trafficking
From the start of his presidency, Donald Trump has made Twitter his preferred platform for communicating with the American people. He has often unleashed rabid tweetstorms that exceeded forty posts in a single day. The vast majority of these posts are shamelessly self-serving tributes to himself – by himself – along with messages by his devoted sycophants in Congress and on Fox News who offer unquestioning praise for Trump and vicious assaults on his critics.
Trump regards Twitter as his only means of speaking directly to his Deplorable followers since the media is, in his warped mind, "the enemy of the people." It's a position that he frequently brings up when questioned about his oppressive Twaddiction. He even believes that criticisms of his Twitter habit are plots to silence him:
Only the Fake News Media and Trump enemies want me to stop using Social Media (110 million people). Only way for me to get the truth out!
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) August 1, 2017
So it's rather peculiar that Trump has been muzzling himself on Twitter lately. The frequency of his posts has significantly declined in the past few days. Here is an accounting of Trump's Twitter feed since the beginning of July (Only posts by Trump, no retweets):
July 1: 14 tweets.
July 5: 6 tweets.
July 7: 6 tweets
[UPDATE: Trump posted five more times on the night of July 7. They are all curiously attacking the weekend programs on Fox News. Something is clearly rattling him. His ordinary psychoses are flashing neon red. Trump is not comfortable with anyone on Fox who isn't a Trump-fluffing toady, and Sean Hannity, Laura Ingraham, Tucker Carlson, and the "Curvy Couch" potatoes of Fox and Friends are all off until Monday]
Trump's conspicuous decline from his favorite social media raises some awkward questions. What could possibly drive him away from a medium that he has been so attached to as a critical component of his propaganda machine? Ordinarily, even bad news would result in an increase in his tweet activity as he defends himself.
Well, there was some disturbing news this weekend that might have the scrubbing power to shut him up. It concerns a longtime friend of Trump's who has been embroiled in a stomach-turning scandal involving the sexual exploitation and assault of underage girls:
"Billionaire pedophile Jeffrey Epstein was arrested for allegedly sex trafficking dozens of minors in New York and Florida between 2002 and 2005, and will appear in court in New York on Monday, according to three law enforcement sources. Saturday's arrest by the FBI-NYPD Crimes Against Children Task Force comes about 12 years after the 66-year-old financier essentially got a slap on the wrist for allegedly molesting dozens of underage girls in Florida."
Epstein's arrest was on July 6. Trump's Twitter output took a dive on July 5. Assuming Trump got a heads up from either his lackey in the Justice Department, Attorney General William Barr, or someone in Epstein's camp, that would coincide with his reduced Twitter activity. And not because Trump is worried about the fate of his buddy. Trump himself could be implicated in the scandal. After all, his association with Epstein included an appreciation for his perverse sexcapades:
Trump in 2002, NY Magazine: "I've known Jeff for fifteen years. Terrific guy. He's a lot of fun to be with. It is even said that he likes beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the younger side. No doubt about it – Jeffrey enjoys his social life."
— Steven Beschloss (@StevenBeschloss) July 7, 2019
This shouldn't surprise anyone who has been paying attention to Trump's enjoyment of his own "social life." He has had dozens of women come forward with charges of sexual harassment and/or assault. The latest one occurring just two weeks ago. What's more, Trump has some exposure to Epstein's previous legal affairs. Alex Acosta is Trump's Secretary of Labor, a department which, among other things, has jurisdiction over sex trafficking crimes. Acosta's connection to Epstein is noteworthy:
"Epstein's bust comes mere months after a federal judge ruled his 2007 non-prosecution agreement (NPA)—secretly inked under former U.S. Attorney and current Labor Secretary Alexander Acosta—violated federal law by keeping Epstein's victims in the dark. Under the sweetheart deal, Epstein dodged federal charges that might have sent him to prison for life."
So Trump is pals with Epstein, an alleged sex trafficker, and he placed the corrupt U.S. Attorney, who gave Epstein a slap on the wrist, in his cabinet. Could Trump be worried about what might come out revealing his participation in Epstein's cabal of pedophiles? Granted, this is speculation at this point. But it's not unreasonable to suspect Trump, a known sexual predator, to be among those who engaged in unlawful activities with an alleged trafficker of underage girls. And that's just the sort of legal jeopardy that could zip Trump's relentlessly flapping lips shut.


North Americans spent $9.2 billion on marijuana in 2017. That figure is set to explode over the next decade, which is great news for your weed business.
It's essential that you're hiring the most suitable staff members as your marijuana company grows. The wrong staff could affect how customers perceive your business. The right staff will help build your cannabis company and enjoy being a part of the growth.
Learn how to hire staff for a niche sector like the cannabis industry with these simple steps.
A detailed job description will cut out lots of applicants who don't have the relevant experience for the job. This will save you a lot of time as you read applications and arrange interviews.
Make sure you list the hours of work, the rate of pay, the location, and the expected duties of the staff member. Describe your business, too. Every company has a unique working culture, so be sure to outline what it's like to work for your business.
Marijuana sales is a very niche area and customers will look to your staff for buying advice.
Make sure to ask your applicants to show that they know what they're talking about so that you know they'll be confident in dealing with customers.
For example, ask them about the effects of different strains, or the uses of CBD oil. Find out if they know about the different ways you can inject marijuana, and what medical conditions people may be taking it for.
If they don't have the knowledge that shouldn't stop you from hiring them, as long as they prove an attitude that's willing to learn.
You should check references for any employment but for a marijuana company, this is a particularly important step.
Your new staff will handle sensitive stock and customer information. This means it's important to make sure your staff are trustworthy and reputable.
While it's important that staff for your marijuana business fit in with the sub-culture so that they can connect with customers for the best service possible, be wary of hiring true enthusiasts over someone with more suitable transferable skills.
The rise in marijuana companies in recent years means a niche recruitment sector has sprung up alongside.
A specialist recruiter will be able to provide more info about the exact skills and traits you need in your workforce. They'll do the legwork for you, sifting through resumes and filtering only the best applicants to you. This saves you plenty of time as you'll only be interviewing those who could do the job.
A recruitment company will also know where to advertise your vacancies to draw the best talent, and help guide you with interview tips and tricks to make sure you're hiring the best person for your company.
With a growing workforce for your marijuana company comes a greater need to make sure you're getting as much sales revenue as possible. More staff means higher overheads, so as you build your workforce it's important to revise your marketing strategy at the same time.
Develop a great online content strategy for your marijuana business with our ultimate marketing guide, and you'll be able to continue growing your company!


text:
3 People Reported Dead On Long Island, N.Y., In Collision Of Vehicle And 2 Trains
By Richard Gonzales,
Officials say a vehicle went around a warning gate along tracks of the Long Island Railroad Tuesday, and collided with a commuter train bound for Manhattan. Then a train traveling in the opposite direction struck the vehicle, according to local authorities. All three people in the vehicle were killed.
The incident occurred near the Westbury station just before 7:30 p.m. A train from Ronkonkoma was headed for Penn Station when it struck the vehicle. The Associated Press quotes Nassau County Police Chief Patrick Ryder as saying the passenger vehicle was "trying to beat the gate" at the time of the collision, and the train was going "full speed."
He said the train partially derailed and struck the station, knocking off about 30 yards of concrete.
Long Island Rail Road President Phillip Eng said in the first impact the vehicle was pushed toward a second, moving train and was struck again.
Eng said the warning gate and lights were functioning.
Two employees of Newsday said that they felt two bumps and saw flames on one side of the car windows before the train stopped.
Newsday employee Nirmal Mitra posted photos on Twitter of the passengers evacuating the train after the accident.
The identities of the deceased have not been released.
Richard Gonzales
Richard Gonzales is NPR's National Desk Correspondent based in San Francisco. Along with covering the daily news of region, Gonzales' reporting has included medical marijuana, gay marriage, drive-by shootings, Jerry Brown, Willie Brown, the U.S. Ninth Circuit, the California State Supreme Court and any other legal, political, or social development occurring in Northern California relevant to the rest of the country.
See stories by Richard Gonzales


text:
Tag Archives: construction defects
Posted on January 21, 2023 January 21, 2023 by David Adelstein
I recently did a presentation on the economic waste doctrine. It is an applicable doctrine dealing with construction defects and nonconforming work. When it comes to construction defects and nonconforming work, EVERYTHING starts with your measure of damages. How are you going to prove your damages? Next, what evidence are you going to use to prove your damages? Or, what are the defenses and how do you prove those defenses to a construction defect and nonconforming work claim including the economic waste doctrine?
If you are interested in learning more, the below presentation can shed detail. However, don't rely on the presentation in a vacuum. Work with knowledgeable construction counsel (like me!) that can best position your case whether you are the one proving construction defects and nonconforming work or the one defending against such a claim. This way, if you are arguing economic waste, you are not just throwing it out there, but you are arguing it to actually mean it!
SUBSEQUENT PURCHASER CAN ASSERT CLAIMS FOR CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS
Posted on September 25, 2022 September 25, 2022 by Edward Garber
Can a subsequent purchaser pursue construction defect claims relating to the original construction of the property? This was the threshold issue on a motion for summary judgment by a drywall manufacturer against a subsequent purchaser of a home in Karpel v. Knauf Gips KG, 2022 WL 4366946 (S.D. Fla. 2022). This matter deals with the defective Chinese drywall that was installed in homes years ago. The plaintiffs, which were subsequent purchasers of a home, sued the manufacturer of the defective drywall for various theories including negligence, negligence per se, strict liability, breach of express and/or implied warranty, private nuisance, unjust enrichment, and Florida's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act.
The trial court noted, from the onset, that Florida does NOT have a subsequent purchaser rule that prohibits subsequent purchasers from asserting construction defect claims. With this consideration in mind, the trial court went through the claims the plaintiff, as a subsequent purchaser, asserted against the manufacturer to determine whether they were viable claims as a matter of law.
Negligence Claim
The trial court found that a subsequent purchaser could sue in negligence. "Florida courts have long allowed subsequent purchasers to sue for negligence including in construction defect litigation." Karpel, supra, at *2.
Negligence Per Se and Strict Liability Claims
The trial court held that the plaintiff's negligence per se and strict liability claims were duplicative. Both could not stand; for this reason, the court entered summary judgment as to the duplicative negligence per se claim. "Strict liability means negligence as a matter of law or negligence per se, the effect of which is to remove the burden from the user of proving specific acts of negligence." Karpel, supra, at *3 (quotation and citation omitted).
A subsequent purchaser could pursue a strict liability claim against a manufacturer. "[A] manufacturer is strictly liable in tort when an article he places on the market, knowing that it is to be used without inspection for defects, proves to have a defect that causes injury to a human being." Karpel, supra, at *4 (quotation and citation omitted).
Even Section 402A of the Second Restatement of Torts, adopted by Florida's Supreme Court, provides: "(1) One who sells any product in a defective condition unreasonably dangerous to the user or consumer or to his property is subject to liability for physical harm caused to the ultimate user or consumer, or to his property, if (a) the seller is engaged in the business of selling such product, and (b) it is expected to and does reach the user or consumer without substantial change in the condition in which it is sold." Karpel, supra, at *4.
There are, however, limits on strict liability.
"First, Florida disallows recovery in tort where plaintiffs only claim economic losses such as 'damages for inadequate value, costs of repair, and replacement of the defective product, or consequent loss of profits—without any claim of personal injury or damage to other property." Karpel, supra, at *4 (citation omitted).
"Second, Florida courts will disallow recovery for strict liability where the purchaser was subject to the common law doctrine of caveat emptor." Karpel, supra, at *4.
Thus, a subsequent purchaser's strict liability claim could be pursued against a manufacturer provided such damages are not barred by the economic loss rule or the doctrine of caveat emptor (which applies to commercial property and property purchased at judicial auction sales). Karpel, supra, at *4.
Breach of Implied Warranty
The trial court found that a subsequent purchaser could NOT sue a manufacturer for breach of implied warranty. "[I]t is abundantly clear that in cases like these, where no contractual relationship between a subsequent purchaser and a manufacturer exists, the former's recourse is a claim for strict liability." Karpel, supra, at *4.
Breach of Express Warranty
While a contractual relationship is typically required for breach of express warranty, this requirement is relaxed if the express warranty is intended to benefit subsequent purchasers. "A manufacturer's liability for breach of an express warranty derives from, and is measured by, the terms of that warranty." Karpel, supra, at *4 (quotations and citation omitted). However, in this case, plaintiff's breach of express warranty claim failed because the plaintiff never introduced any express warranty into the record.
Private Nuisance
The trial court held that the subsequent purchaser could NOT pursue a private nuisance claim against the manufacturer. To sustain a private nuisance claim, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant's maintenance of the nuisance was the proximate cause of the plaintiff's damages. Karpel, supra, at *8. "The Plaintiffs' ownership and current control over the drywall conclusively forecloses them from arguing that the Defendants actively "maintain" the 'nuisance' they complain of." Id.
The trial court held that the subsequent purchaser could NOT pursue an unjust enrichment claim against the manufacturer. An unjust enrichment claim requires the plaintiff to prove that the plaintiff conferred a direct benefit on the defendant. "The Plaintiffs conferred no direct benefit on the Defendant." Karpel, supra, at *8 (finding that plaintiffs, as subsequent purchasers, obtained their homes from previous owners so the plaintiffs conferred no direct financial benefit on the manufacturer).
Florida's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act (FDUTPA)
The trial court found that a subsequent purchaser could theortetically pursue a FDUTPA claim. "Because the law is clear that a plaintiff need not have actually relied on the purported deceptive or unfair practice, the Court's analysis need not go further….The Plaintiffs' status as subsequent purchasers does not foreclose them from arguing that the Defendants' practices violated FDUTPA." Karpel, supra, at *9.
However, the trial court noted that actual damages under FDUTPA may implicate the economic loss rule because actual damages under the statute "are the difference in the market value of the product or service in the condition in which it was delivered and its market value in the condition in which it should have been delivered according to the contract of the parties." Karpel, supra, at *9 (quotation and citation omitted). For this reason, the court ordered the plaintiff and defendant to submit supplemental briefing because if the economic loss rule is implicated, the FDUTPA claim will fail (due to the same limitations relating to the strict liability claim).
THE RELEVANCE AND REASONABLENESS OF DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
Destructive testing is a routine investigatory procedure in construction defect disputes. The destructive testing is necessary to determine liability (causation), the extent of damage, and the repair protocol. Destructive testing is designed to answer numerous questions: Why did the building component fail? Was the building component constructed incorrectly? What is the magnitude of the damage caused by the failure? What specifically caused the damage? What is the most effective way to fix the failure and damage? There are different iterations to the same questions, but in many instances, destructive testing is necessary to answer these questions.
Claimants sometimes prohibit destructive testing. Of course, destructive testing is intrusive. In many instances, it is very intrusive. But, this testing is a necessary evil. Without this testing, how can a defendant truly analyze their potential exposure and culpability? They need to be in a position to prepare a defense and figure out their liability. This does not mean destructive testing is warranted in every single construction defect dispute. That is not the case. However, to say it is never warranted is irrational.
Florida Statutes Chapter 558 (the pre-suit notice of construction defects process) addresses the issue of destructive testing when parties are participating in this obligatory pre-suit notice of construction defect process:
(a) If the person served with notice under subsection (1) determines that destructive testing is necessary to determine the nature and cause of the alleged defects, such person shall notify the claimant in writing.
(b) The notice shall describe the destructive testing to be performed, the person selected to do the testing, the estimated anticipated damage and repairs to or restoration of the property resulting from the testing, the estimated amount of time necessary for the testing and to complete the repairs or restoration, and the financial responsibility offered for covering the costs of repairs or restoration.
(c) If the claimant promptly objects to the person selected to perform the destructive testing, the person served with notice under subsection (1) shall provide the claimant with a list of three qualified persons from which the claimant may select one such person to perform the testing. The person selected to perform the testing shall operate as an agent or subcontractor of the person served with notice under subsection (1) and shall communicate with, submit any reports to, and be solely responsible to the person served with notice.
(d) The testing shall be done at a mutually agreeable time.
(e) The claimant or a representative of the claimant may be present to observe the destructive testing.
(f) The destructive testing shall not render the property uninhabitable.
(g) There shall be no construction lien rights under part I of chapter 713 for the destructive testing caused by a person served with notice under subsection (1) or for restoring the area destructively tested to the condition existing prior to testing, except to the extent the owner contracts for the destructive testing or restoration.
If the claimant refuses to agree and thereafter permit reasonable destructive testing, the claimant shall have no claim for damages which could have been avoided or mitigated had destructive testing been allowed when requested and had a feasible remedy been promptly implemented.
Florida Statute s. 558.004(2).
Under this pre-suit process, if a claimant refuses to permit reasonable destructive testing, the claimant shall have no claim for damages which could have been mitigated or avoided had destructive testing been allowed and had a feasible remedy been promptly implemented. In my opinion, this has very little teeth as it raises too many factual issues such as 1) was the destructive testing reasonable, 2) what damages could have realistically been mitigated and how do you prove this, 3) what is a feasible remedy and how is one to know whether the defendant would have even proposed or implemented a feasible remedy, 4) is the feasible remedy a remedy that mitigates future damage or fully addresses the root of the problem, and 5) what is the quantum of damages that could have been mitigated or avoided. Establishing the reasonableness of the destructive testing is likely easy as an expert would support this. But the same expert would have to establish the other requirements as a basis to establish an affirmative defense that some of the claimed damages the plaintiff is seeking could have been mitigated had the claimant allowed pre-suit destructive testing.
Oftentimes, however, a defendant wants to undertake certain destructive testing after a lawsuit has been initiated. What happens if the plaintiff refuses such testing in this scenario? In a recent products liability case, Westerbeke Corp. v. Atherton, 42 Fla.L.Weekly D1741c (Fla. 2d DCA 2017), a defendant wanted to perform destructive testing on a gas generator that caused an explosion on a boat. The plaintiff did not want this testing to be performed. In support of the testing, the defendant relied on a federal district case that applied four factors to consider whether the destructive testing is warranted:
1) Whether the proposed testing is reasonable, necessary, and relevant to proving the movant's case; 2) Whether the non-movant's ability to present evidence at trial will be hindered, or whether the non-movant will be prejudiced in some other way; 3) Whether there are any less prejudicial alternative methods of obtaining the evidence sought; and 4) Whether there are adequate safeguards to minimize prejudice to the non-movant, particularly the non-movant's ability to present evidence at trial.
Westerbke Corp., supra, quoting Mirchandani v. Home Depot, U.S.A., Inc., 235 F.R.D. 611, 614 (D.Md. 2006).
The trial court did not apply these four factors and denied the defendant's request to perform destructive testing on the gas generator. On appeal (through a petition for writ of certiorari), the appellate court reversed. Unfortunately, the appellate court punted without providing specific guidance as to what standard the trial should follow when granting or denying a request for destructive testing. The appellate court simply held that the four factors above may provide guidance to the trial court, but are not controlling in Florida. The appellate court further summarily pointed to the Florida's Rules of Civil Procedure to address the issue:
The Florida law regarding discovery in general provides that a party in a civil case is entitled to discover evidence that is relevant to the subject matter of the case and that is admissible or reasonably calculated to lead to admissible evidence. Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.280(b)(1); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Langston, 655 So. 2d 91, 94 (Fla. 1995). In addition, "[a]ny party may request any other party . . . to inspect and copy, test, or sample any tangible things that constitute or contain matters within the scope of rule 1.280(b) and that are in the possession, custody, or control of the party to whom the request is directed." Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.350(a)(2). "The discovery rules . . . confer broad discretion on the trial court to limit or prohibit discovery in order to 'protect a party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense.' " Rasmussen v. S. Fla. Blood Serv., Inc., 500 So. 2d 533, 535 (Fla. 1987) (citing Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.280(c)). We conclude that the trial court departed from the essential requirements of the law in failing to apply the proper discovery standard…..
The four factors outlined above are reasonable factors that comport with Florida law – whether the testing is relevant to the subject matter of the case. The factors provide guidance as to how to determine relevancy of destructive testing during the course of a lawsuit. Plus, the court can always impose limitations or restrictions to reduce any intrusion and protect the claimant's interests while allowing testing to be performed. By the appellate court punting and not even ruling on whether the destructive testing would be relevant in the underlying action, the court is simply inviting another appeal.
SUBCONTRACTOR'S LIABILITY INSURER'S DUTY TO DEFEND THE "ADDITIONAL INSURED" GENERAL CONTRACTOR
Posted on April 22, 2017 April 22, 2017 by Edward Garber
Construction projects can lead to insurance coverage disputes. One such dispute arises when a general contractor is sued for construction defects and resulting property damage and it tenders the defense of the claim / lawsuit to an implicated subcontractor's liability insurer. A general contractor does this because it (hopefully) will be an additional insured under the subcontractor's liability policy. Being identified as an additional insured under a subcontractor's liability policy is imperative for a general contractor as part of its normal risk assessment. The issue will typically come up in any construction defect lawsuit because if the general contractor is an additional insured it will, and should, tender the defense of the lawsuit to implicated subcontractors' insurers.
Sometimes, a subcontractor's liability insurer will deny the duty to defend the general contractor. Yes, this happens. When it does, the general contractor's insurer will provide a defense to the general contractor but may pursue the subcontractor's insurer for reimbursement of fees and costs based on the general contractor being an additional insured under the subcontractor's liability policy.
For example, in Travelers Property Casualty Co. of America v. Amerisure Ins. Co., 161 F.Supp.3d 113 (N.D.Fla. 2015), the general contractor's liability insurer (Travelers) sued a stucco subcontractor's liability insurer (Amerisure) where the underlying issue was whether the general contractor was an additional insured under the subcontractor's liability policy. The subcontractor's insurer refused to defend the general contractor in an underlying construction defect lawsuit. The general contractor's insurer provided a defense in the underlying lawsuit and sued the subcontractor's insurer for reimbursement.
"Under Florida law, a liability insurer's duty to defend extends to an entire lawsuit if any claim in the lawsuit may come within the policy's coverage." Travelers Property Casualty Co., 161 F.Supp.3d at 1137. The underlying complaint against the general contractor alleged property damage caused by defective stucco installation. This meant that the complaint triggered the duty to defend and the Court held the general contractor was an additional insured under the subcontractor's liability policy. For this reason, the Court maintained that the subcontractor's insurer (Amerisure) owed the general contractor's insurer (Travelers) the reasonable attorney's fees incurred in the defense of the general contractor in the underlying lawsuit:
When Amerisure [subcontractors' insurer] failed to step up, Travelers [general contractor's insurer] did what Amerisure should have done: Travelers provided Yates [general contractor] a defense. The attorneys Travelers hired chose to defend the case not only by answering the claims but also by asserting third-party claims against subcontractors, including Jemco [stucco subcontractor]. Travelers paid the fees and costs incurred in connection with the third-party claims, apparently concluding that this was the best strategy for defending the claims and that its duty to defend Yates thus obligated it to pay for the third-party claims as well. There is support for that view.
Had Amerisure provided a defense as it should have done, the attorneys it hired might or might not have made the same strategic decision as the attorneys hired by Travelers. But now Amerisure can complain, at most, about unreasonable decisions, not about decisions that reasonably could have gone either way. As a leading commentator has put it, when an insurer breaches its duty to defend,
the insured is justified in assuming the defense of the action and is released from the contractual obligation to leave the management of the case to the insurer. Not only does the insurer lose the power to control the defense or dictate to the insured how the case should be handled, but the insurer cannot complain about the conduct of the defense by the insured or the negligent handling of the case by the insured's attorney.
Travelers Property Casualty Co. of America, 161 F.Supp.3d at 1138-39 (internal citations omitted).
SPEARIN DOCTRINE AS AN AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE
Posted on November 26, 2016 November 26, 2016 by Edward Garber
The Spearin doctrine, referred to as the implied warranty of constructability doctrine, is oftentimes utilized as an affirmative defense by a contractor being sued for construction defects. Under the Spearin doctrine (recognized in the government contract setting), a contractor is NOT liable for defects in the plans and specifications furnished by the owner if the contractor constructs the project pursuant to the plans and specifications. This is because the owner impliedly warrants the constructability of the plans and specifications it furnishes to the contractor. Hence, the contractor should not be liable for defective construction caused by the owner furnishing defective plans and specifications.
As with any affirmative defense, the contractor asserting the Spearin doctrine has the burden to prove the merits of the defense. Specifically, the contractor has the burden to prove that there was an error in the plans or specifications and that such error was the proximate cause of the defective construction. The contractor needs to prove this in order to sustain the Spearin doctrine as an affirmative defense. See, e.g., Underwater Engineering Services, Inc. v. Utility Board of the City of Key West, 194 So.3d 437, n. 4 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016) ("By raising this defense [of the Spearin Doctrine] Underwater [contractor] had the burden to prove not only that there was a defect in the specifications, but that the defect in the specifications was the proximate cause of the failure of the eight [concrete] collars."); see also Rick's Mushroom Service, Inc. v. U.S., 521 F.3d 1338, 1344-45 (Fed.Cir. 2008) ("'When the government provides a contractor with defective specifications, the government is deemed to have breached the implied warranty that satisfactory contract performance will result from adherence to the specifications, and the contractor is entitled to recover all of the costs proximately flowing from the breach.'") quoting Essex Electro Eng'rs, Inc. v. Danzig, 224 F.3d 1283, 1289 (Fed.Cir.2000).
Asserting the Spearin doctrine as an affirmative defense is one thing, but proving it is another. If relying on this defense, make sure to prove through expert testimony that there was (i) a defect in the plans or specifications furnished by the owner and (ii) that this defect proximately caused the defects or failures being asserted by the plaintiff (e.g., owner).
OWNER'S OBLIGATION GIVING NOTICE TO CURE TO CONTRACTOR AND ANALYZING REPAIR PROTOCOL
Recently, I read an informative article from another attorney addressing considerations of an owner when it receives a repair protocol in response to a Florida Statutes Chapter 558 notice of defect letter. This is a well-written article and raises two important issues applicable to construction defect disputes: 1) how is an owner supposed to respond to a repair protocol submitted by a contractor in accordance with Florida's 558 notice of construction defects procedure and 2) irrespective of Florida's 558 procedure, how is an owner supposed to treat a contractual notice to cure / notice of defect requirement that requires the owner to give the contractor a notice to cure a defect. This article raises such pertinent points that I wanted to address the issues and topics raised in this article.
558 Procedure–Owner's Receipt of Contractor's Repair Protocol
When a contractor submits a repair protocol to an owner in response to a notice of construction defects letter per Florida Statutes Chapter 558, the owner should seriously consider that protocol. The owner does this by discussing with counsel and any retained expert. The owner needs to know whether the protocol is a reasonable, cost-effective protocol to repair the asserted defects or, alternatively, whether the protocol is merely a band-aid approach and/or otherwise insufficiently addresses the claimed defects. Every scenario is different.
Oftentimes, I want my client's expert (if I represent the owner) to analyze the protocol and opine as to the deficiencies in the repair protocol, as well as problems concerning the actual logistics of implementing the protocol. The objective would be that these opinions would come out down the road (say trial) when the contractor argues that the owner failed to mitigate damages by not promptly implementing the contractor's repair protocol. Sometimes, I want a tolling agreement (an agreement to extend the statute of limitations where the other side agrees not to raise the statute of limitations as a defense) so that if the repairs do not work, the owner's rights are not prejudiced and the owner can still pursue the defect claim.
As the article correctly pointed out, every scenario is fact-specific, however, in each scenario, the owner should consider the repairs being proposed by the contractor in response to a Florida Statutes Chapter 558 notice of construction defects letter.
Contractual Notice to Cure / Opportunity to Repair
The article further discussed the case of Underwater Engineering Services, Inc. v. Utility Board of the City of Key West, 194 So.3d 437 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016). Without getting into all of the technical facts, a public owner hired a contractor to perform certain structural repairs and, applicable here, the contract provided:
1.5 DEFECT ASSESSMENT
A. Replace the Work, or portions of the Work, not conforming to specified requirements.
B. If, at the request of the Contractor and in the opinion of the Engineer, it is not Practical to remove and replace the Work, the Engineer will direct one of the following remedies:
1. The defective Work may remain, but the Unit Price will be adjusted to a new price as agreed to by the Owner and Engineer.
2. The defective Work will be partially repaired to the instructions of the Engineer, and the Unit Price will be adjusted to a new price.
The public owner claimed that the contractor defectively constructed eight concrete collars. However, the public owner failed to give the contractor an opportunity to cure / replace the defectively constructed concrete collars. In other words, the contractor was never given an opportunity to actually cure or replace the asserted defect pursuant to the terms of the contract. As a consequence of the public owner violating this opportunity to cure requirement, the appellate court reversed an award of damages in favor of the public owner and remanded with directions to enter judgment in favor of the contractor as to the owner's defect claim. Thus, by the public owner failing to give the contractor a contractual opportunity to cure–and unilaterally fixing the defects–the owner recovered nothing from the contractor due to the defective work.
Irrespective of the requirements of Florida Statutes Chapter 558, an owner should absolutely comply with a contractual notice to cure / repair requirement. Otherwise, the contractor has the argument that the owner's failure to comply with this contractual requirement should preclude the owner from recovering any damages for fixing the defect.
Further, if an owner receives a repair protocol, whether in response to a contractual notice to cure requirement or Florida Statutes Chapter 558, the owner should consider the repair protocol and consult with counsel and any retained expert to analyze the reasonableness and logistics of the protocol.
SHOULD CGL INSURER HAVE DUTY TO DEFEND INSURED DURING CHAPTER 558 NOTICE OF CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS PROCESS???
Does a CGL insurer have a duty to defend its insured-contractor during Florida Statutes Chapter 558 notice of construction defects pre-suit process? This answer is currently undecided and will be up to the Florida Supreme Court to decide. (It is on appeal stemming from a federal district court saying that an insurer does not have a duty to defend its insured-contractor in the 558 process based on the definition of the word "suit" in the CGL policy.)
Why is this an important issue?
The 558 pre-suit notice of construction defects process is designed to facilitate an avenue for construction defect lawsuits to get resolved without having to file a lawsuit or, at least, have issues narrowed before a lawsuit needs to be filed. (Check here for a summary of the 558 process.) It requires pre-suit notifications so that implicated parties can become aware of the defects and have an opportunity to inspect the defects / damage, test the defects / damage, and respond to the notice of construction defects; it provides an avenue for beneficial pre-suit discovery. Through participating in the 558 process, the contractor and/or design professional (and those downstream from them) can: (i) offer to remedy the defect, (ii) settle the defect, whether through money or a combination of money and repairs, (iii) dispute the defect, or (iv) advise that available insurance proceeds will be determined by its liability insurer. See Fla. Stat. s. 558.004.
There are definitely some pros and cons to the 558 pre-suit process. There is no doubt about this. But, if the insured-contractor's insurer is not on board with the process, then it invariably will fail (unless the defects are relatively minor in nature). Why will it fail? Because 558 notice of construction defect letters can contain an extensive laundry list of defects–some minor, some major and complicated. This means that the insured-contractor really needs an expert or experts on board to truly analyze these issues from a liability and damages standpoint including the most cost effective approach to remedy the defects and corresponding damage. This, as you can imagine, is costly. The insured-contractor also wants to know that if a monetary settlement is made, the settlement includes insurance proceeds for damages covered by the CGL policy.
All of this can really only effectively take place if the insurer defends the insured-contractor in this process to best assess its risk and any forthcoming lawsuit that should (hopefully) nevertheless trigger the insurer's duty to defend its insured-contractor. Hence, there is no reason for the insurer not be engaged in the process and defend its insured-contractor, at least under a reservation of rights. Unfortunately, if the liability insurer disengages from the process and is not willing to defend its insured in the process, then the insured-contractor in many instances is best-off waiting for that lawsuit that will then (a) trigger the insurer's duty to defend and (b) require the insurer to now incur the costs of the defense, including experts, to defend its insured. By the insurer not defending its insured-contractor earlier, such as the 558 process, all it is doing is inviting an expensive multi-party lawsuit and not educating itself of the nature of the defects and damage (i.e., its risk assessment) so that efforts can be made to resolve the defect claim, narrow the issues, or develop the framework of the defense.
VIOLATION OF THE BUILDING CODE IS A QUESTION OF LAW
In construction defect disputes, oftentimes the owner (or developer or association, as may be applicable) will assert a claim against the general contractor, and perhaps, subcontractors for a violation of the building code. Such a claim is authorized pursuant to Florida Statute s. 553.84 that provides:
Notwithstanding any other remedies available, any person or party, in an individual capacity or on behalf of a class of persons or parties, damaged as a result of a violation of this part or the Florida Building Code, has a cause of action in any court of competent jurisdiction against the person or party who committed the violation; however, if the person or party obtains the required building permits and any local government or public agency with authority to enforce the Florida Building Code approves the plans, if the construction project passes all required inspections under the code, and if there is no personal injury or damage to property other than the property that is the subject of the permits, plans, and inspections, this section does not apply unless the person or party knew or should have known that the violation existed.
A violation of the building code serves as evidence of negligence by the offending party. See Russ v. Wollheim, 915 So.2d 1285, n.1 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) ("A building code is designed to protect the general public rather than a particular class of individuals, and therefore, violation of a building code is merely evidence of negligence." )
But who determines whether an asserted defect, error, or omission constitutes a violation of the building code? Is this a question of law for the judge? Or, is this a question of fact for the jury (in a jury trial)? Remarkably, cases have held that a violation of a building code, a complicated and rather specialized issue, is a question of law for the judge to determine.
In Edward J. Seibert, A.I.A. Architect and Planner, P.A. v. Bayport Beach and Tennis Club Ass'n, Inc., 573 So.2d 889 (Fla. 2d DCA 1990), a condominium association filed suit against the architect among others. The jury found that the architect was liable for violating the building code in the fire exit design even though the design had been approved by the building department upon the issuance of the building permit. To support this violation, the association had an expert testify regarding his interpretation regarding the building code. The architect testified that his design complied with the building code and had two supporting expert opinions. The verdict form asked the jury if the fire exist design complied with the applicable code. The Second District held that the interpretation of the code was a question of law that should not have been submitted to the jury.
They [the parties] instead presented conflicting opinions as to how the code should be interpreted. The jury was allowed to determine the meaning of the code and then whether Seibert [architect] violated the code by designing only one fire exit. This was error. An expert should not be allowed to testify concerning questions of law, and the interpretation of the building code presented a question of law.
It was the duty of the trial court to interpret the meaning of the code and instruct the jury concerning that meaning. Any conflicts in interpretation were for the court to resolve and their resolution was not a jury issue.
Edward J. Seibert, 573 So.2d at 891-9 (internal citations omitted).
Further, in Lindsey v. Bill Arflin Bonding Agency, Inc., 645 So.2d 565 (Fla. 1st DCA 1994), a personal injury plaintiff sued an owner for slipping on a wet spot on stairs. The plaintiff claimed that the stairs lacked handrails in violation of the building code. The owners relied on testimony from a building department official opining that handrails were not required based on his interpretation of the code / ordinance at-issue. The First District, however, found:
Expert testimony as to the meaning of an ordinance is not appropriate when the disputed language consists of "ordinary words susceptible to being given plain effect consistent with their ordinary meaning." The legal effect of a building code presents a question of law for the court, not a question of fact for the jury. While expert testimony may be relevant and helpful to the court where a statute or ordinance contains words of art or scientific and technical terms, even then such testimony cannot dictate the court's construction of the enactment.
Lindsey, 645 So.2d at 568 (internal citations omitted).
DID I JUST BUY THE MONEY PIT?
You bought a house. Congratulations! You are all excited. You move in, get settled, and then the dreadful happens. You discover that the new house you bought contains water intrusion or other significant construction defects. You begin to think about the money pit you just bought; hilarious movie, by the way, so I digress with a funny scene from the movie:
Back to the issue. What do you do with the perceived money pit that you know or anticipate will cost you substantial sums to repair. First, assuming this was not new construction, you pull up the seller's disclosure to see whether the seller (former owner) disclosed any of the water intrusion or construction defects. The seller did not. You believe the seller knew or reasonably should have known of these construction defects. How could they not? So you consult a lawyer (always a good first step) to explore what is known as the Johnson v. Davis line of cases that stand for the proposition that a seller has a duty to disclose known defects with the house they are selling. See Johnson v. Davis, 480 So.2d 625 (Fla. 1985).
A new case, Bowman v. Barker, 40 Fla. L. Weekly D2091b (Fla. 1st DCA 2015), bolsters a buyer's claims against a seller for not disclosing known defects in their house. In this case, the sellers apparently purchased a dilapidated house (cheaply) and renovated the house with the intent on flipping the house to another buyer. The house was sold. Defects were not disclosed. After the sale, the buyer discovered numerous construction defects. The buyer sued the seller, amongst others, for failing to disclose these defects that the buyer contended the seller knew about or should have reasonably known about.
The First District explained:
The duty to disclose known defects under Johnson v. Daviscontinues to exist for a home sold "as is." The sellers do not dispute this principle. Despite selling this house "as is," the sellers had a duty to disclose what they knew about its condition, and they undertook to make disclosures to Appellant [buyer] about the condition of the house. The record demonstrates triable issues of fact about what that condition was, what the sellers knew about it, what disclosures were made, and whether those disclosures were accurate.
This means the buyer is able to let the trier of fact (jury or judge) determine the issue of whether the seller knew of the construction defects but failed to disclose them to the buyer. This is a good case for a buyer since it supports the argument that these are issues to be determined by the trier of fact, putting pressure on the seller based on how the trier of facts may interpret the facts knowing the house they just sold contains numerous construction defects. For instance, in this case, the First District noted: "This evidence raises a question of fact about the appellees' [seller's] knowledge, as well as questions about their credibility and the plausibility of their denying knowledge of the property's substantial defects and what repairs it needed."
Consult an attorney if you purchase a house and discover construction defects, especially if you believe you just bought a money pit. An attorney can assist you with potential recourse under the law.


text:
Why ditching health coverage for international students could turn them off Manitoba
Manitoba's plan to repeal health coverage for foreign students studying here could be enough to drive them away to other provinces, a spokesperson for international post-secondary students in Canada says.
While Ontario and Quebec have private systems, all western provinces still offer public health coverage
Laura Glowacki · CBC News · Posted: Mar 29, 2018 11:53 PM CT | Last Updated: March 30, 2018
Manitoba's decision to repeal health coverage for international students could turn foreign scholars away from the province, says the Canadian Federation of Students. (Darryl Dyck/Canadian Press)
The Progressive Conservatives recently passed an amendment to the Health Services Insurances Act stripping international students' provincial health coverage. The government says it will save $3.1 million.
Manitoba repeals universal health care for international students
It's not uncommon for penny-conscious students to move between provinces and one of Manitoba's main selling features is its affordability, says Mary Asekome, the international students commissioner for the Canadian Federation of Students.
She's critical of the government's move, calling it "a step back."
"One of the main reasons why international students go to Manitoba is because of the health plan," Asekome said.
Manitoba colleges and universities are now devising a way to create a single private system for students before international students are cut from the public system Sept. 1, 2018.
(Source: Canadian Federation of Students)
Several provinces enrol international students in universal health care once they arrive, according to the Canadian Federation of Students. Alberta, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia (after the first year) and Newfoundland and Labrador all cover foreign students under the provincial health plan.
British Columbia enrolls international students in the public system but they have to pay a monthly premium of $37.50.
Quebec has a private system with some exceptions depending on what country students are from, while in Ontario, the system is entirely private.
Asekome, an international student from Nigeria studying at York University, has to pay $612 for health coverage on top of the mandatory health and dental insurance fees at her university. Her bill comes to more than $800 a year.
The private system means Asekome often has to pay upfront for lab tests or doctor visits off campus, she said. It can also be confusing figuring out what's covered and what isn't.
"A lot of times you don't get that money back … Because it's private there's all these loopholes," she said.
Asekome said it's not uncommon for students to put off going to the doctor unless the issue is really pressing just to avoid the financial headache.
Mary Asekome, the international students commissioner for the Canadian Federation of Students, says Manitoba's affordability is a key draw for international students to the promise. (courtesy Mary Asekome)
John Danakas, spokesperson for the University of Manitoba, said switching students into the private system could turn some students off the province, but for most, their decision where to study is more complex than that.
Factors like campus safety, the courses offered and research opportunities all factor into the decision, he said.
The University of Manitoba is pursuing a new private health plan for international students not because the administration is concerned about students moving away but because international students expressed worry.
"The university has been hearing from international students that they're concerned about the changes," he said.
Universities scramble to find health insurance for international students after provincial cut
Every year, more students from countries like China, India and nations in Africa and South American elect to study in Manitoba, said Danakas.
There is a seemingly unending stream of students willing to pay, meaning while some competition exists between Canadian universities to attract the best and brightest, there are more than enough good students fill admission targets.
International students rise up
Universities Canada, an organization that advocates for colleges and universities, found international student enrolment rose by 10.7 per cent last year. It was the 22nd straight year that the number of international students in Canada went up. There are now about 194,000 international students on university campuses alone.
Manitoba saw a 5.6 per cent increase in international university students last year, according to Universities Canada.
The Canadian Federation of Students has long complained about using foreign students as money pits when provincial dollars stagnate.
Foreign students flock to Canada as government struggles to get grads to stay
On average, international students pay more than three times what domestic students pay to study in Canada. At the University of Manitoba, that means tuition for Canadian students is $4,400 and for international students it's $14,800.
And international students are growing tired of it, says Asekome.
"There is an assumption that international students come from wealthy families but that's not true," she said.
"A lot of international students are from middle income families and our parents have basically emptied their savings accounts to make sure that we're here."
International students pay taxes, inject money into local economies and bring valuable global perspectives to universities, she said. They are growing tired of being seen as mere cash cows.
"We're beginning to talk about our issues … I know we're not going to back down."
Asekome is calling on Canadian students to join the fight and speak out against the fees facing students from away.
Laura Glowacki
Laura Glowacki is a reporter based in Ottawa and Winnipeg. Previously, she worked as an associate producer for CBC's Metro Morning in Toronto. Find her on Twitter @glowackiCBC and reach her by email at laura.glowacki@cbc.ca.


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text:
Disneyland ends annual passes 10 months after virus closure
Jan. 14, 2021 Updated: Jan. 14, 2021 5:56 p.m.
FILE - In this file March 18, 2020, file photo of one of the normally bustling entrances to the Disneyland resort is vacant due to the coronavirus closure in Anaheim, Calif. Disneyland is ending its annual pass program 10 months after the theme park shutdown due to the coronavirus pandemic. The park in Anaheim, said Thursday, Jan. 14, 2021, it would begin issuing pro-rated refunds to eligible passholders.
Photo: Chris Carlson, AP
ANAHEIM, Calif. (AP) — Disneyland is ending its annual pass program 10 months after the theme park shut down because of the coronavirus pandemic, the theme park said Thursday.
The park in Anaheim, California, said it would begin issuing pro-rated refunds to eligible passholders.
"Due to the continued uncertainty of the pandemic and limitations around the reopening of our California theme parks, we will be issuing appropriate refunds for eligible Disneyland Resort Annual Passports and sunsetting the current program," Ken Potrock, president of Disneyland Resort, said in a statement. He said the park will develop new membership offerings for when it can reopen.
Disney officials would not say how many people hold these passes or how much the move will cost the company.
The announcement comes the same week that Disneyland allowed county health officials to use its parking lot for a large-scale coronavirus vaccination site.
Disneyland closed in March and has not reopened since because coronavirus metrics in the county where the park is located have not declined to the levels required by the state.
California health officials have said large amusement parks like Disneyland can only reopen once transmission reaches minimal levels, and then park capacity will be limited to 25% and reservations required.
California has seen a surge in coronavirus cases in recent months that has prompted a shutdown of many businesses and nighttime curfews in much of the state.
Man arrested in 3 slayings at NYC senior housing project
By Jeff Forward, Staff writer
DSC to revisit denied home business permit