text:
Q: How to get start of or end of week in dart How can I get the start of or end of a week in dart? An example is if three days ago was a Monday, and today is a Wednesday, how can I find the start of the week using dart, that is on Monday

A: The way you do this will probably depend on what your app's localization is. If you want to treat Sunday as the start of the week, you would do this:
DateTime now = DateTime.now();
int currentDay = now.weekday;
DateTime firstDayOfWeek = now.subtract(Duration(days: currentDay));

If you are treating Monday as the start, then do this:
DateTime now = DateTime.now();
int currentDay = now.weekday;
DateTime firstDayOfWeek = now.subtract(Duration(days: currentDay - 1));

MaterialLocalizations
If you're using Dart in Flutter, you can use the MaterialLocalizations class to get the index of the first day of the week (0 = Sunday, 6 = Saturday). This should help you decide which method from above that you should use.
The example given for the firstDayOfWeekIndex property is a good reference:
var localizations = MaterialLocalizations.of(context);
// The name of the first day of week for the current locale.
var firstDayOfWeek = localizations.narrowWeekdays[localizations.firstDayOfWeekIndex];

The MaterialLocalizations class comes with a ton of built in methods to format and display DateTimes.
dateTime: 2021-01-26 11:21:05.429320

*

*formatFullDate: Tuesday, January 26, 2021

*formatCompactDate: 01/26/2021

*formatMediumDate: Tue, Jan 26

*formatShortDate: Jan 26, 2021

*formatShortMonthDay: Jan 26

*formatMonthYear: January 2021

*formatYear: 2021

If none of these fit your needs, you can also use the DateFormat class to specify how the DateTime should be displayed. It's important to note that the DateFormat class indexes days differently where 1 = Monday and 7 = Sunday.
DateFormat.yMMMd().format(new DateTime.now()) // Jan 26, 2021
DateFormat(DateFormat.ABBR_MONTH_DAY).format(now) // Jan 26
DateFormat(DateFormat.WEEKDAY).format(now) // Tuesday

A: FIRST DAY OF THE WEEK
DateTime findFirstDateOfTheWeek(DateTime dateTime) {
    return dateTime.subtract(Duration(days: dateTime.weekday - 1));
}

LAST DAY OF THE WEEK
DateTime findLastDateOfTheWeek(DateTime dateTime) {
    return dateTime
        .add(Duration(days: DateTime.daysPerWeek - dateTime.weekday));
}

LAST DAY OF THE MONTH
DateTime findLastDateOfTheMonth(DateTime dateTime) {
    return DateTime(dateTime.year, dateTime.month + 1, 0);
}

FIRST DAY OF THE MONTH
DateTime findFirstDateOfTheMonth(DateTime dateTime) {
    return DateTime(dateTime.year, dateTime.month, 1);
}

LAST DAY OF THE YEAR
DateTime findLastDateOfTheYear(DateTime dateTime) {
    return DateTime(dateTime.year, 12, 31);
}

FIRST DAY OF THE YEAR
DateTime findFirstDateOfTheYear(DateTime dateTime) {
    return DateTime(dateTime.year, 1, 1); }

A: You can get the weekday from the DateTime using https://api.dart.dev/stable/2.5.1/dart-core/DateTime/weekday.html and add/subtract this number from you date:
void main() {
  final date = DateTime.parse('2019-10-08 15:43:03.887');

  print('Date: $date');
  print('Start of week: ${getDate(date.subtract(Duration(days: date.weekday - 1)))}');
  print('End of week: ${getDate(date.add(Duration(days: DateTime.daysPerWeek - date.weekday)))}');
}

DateTime getDate(DateTime d) => DateTime(d.year, d.month, d.day);

UPDATE
Please read and upvote the answer from lrn. He knows a lot more about this stuff than me. :)

A: Dart/Flutter – How to find the first date and the last date of a week
1. Find the first date of the week
/// Find the first date of the week which contains the provided date.
DateTime findFirstDateOfTheWeek(DateTime dateTime) {
  return dateTime.subtract(Duration(days: dateTime.weekday - 1));
}

2. Find the last date of the week
/// Find last date of the week which contains provided date.
DateTime findLastDateOfTheWeek(DateTime dateTime) {
  return dateTime.add(Duration(days: DateTime.daysPerWeek - dateTime.weekday));
}

Testing
void main() {
  // Find first date and last date of THIS WEEK
  DateTime today = DateTime.now();
  print(findFirstDateOfTheWeek(today));
  print(findLastDateOfTheWeek(today));

  // Find first date and last date of any provided date
  DateTime date = DateTime.parse('2020-11-24');
  print(findFirstDateOfTheWeek(date));
  print(findLastDateOfTheWeek(date));
}

// Output
2020-11-23 06:54:42.865446
2020-11-29 06:54:42.865446
2020-11-23 00:00:00.000
2020-11-29 00:00:00.000

A: Dart DateTimes have a weekday getter which is 1 for Monday and 7 for Sunday. Using that, I would do:
DateTime mostRecentSunday(DateTime date) =>
    DateTime(date.year, date.month, date.day - date.weekday % 7);

to get the most recent Sunday (which is the start of the current week if the week starts on a Sunday), and
DateTime mostRecentMonday(DateTime date) =>
    DateTime(date.year, date.month, date.day - (date.weekday - 1));

for the most recent Monday (which is then the start of the current week if the week starts on a Monday).
You can generalize to
/// The [weekday] may be 0 for Sunday, 1 for Monday, etc. up to 7 for Sunday.
DateTime mostRecentWeekday(DateTime date, int weekday) =>
    DateTime(date.year, date.month, date.day - (date.weekday - weekday) % 7);

If you are going to be using the results as calendar dates, I'd used DateTime.utc as the constructor instead. (Always use UTC for calendar dates, then you can do day-based arithmetic on them safely).
I'd even consider using DateTime.utc in any case because it avoids any potential issues with a daylight saving that starts at midnight (rare, but with time zones, even unlikely things tend to have happened somewhere at some point).

A: None of the above worked for me but @JoeMuller gave an interesting piece of info on the material localizations, which led me to find out that for what i want, sunday in date.weekday should be 0 took a while to figure it out many thanks to joe and @julemand101 I have this for UK calendar starting from sunday and ending on saturday
void main() {
   final date = DateTime.parse('2021-08-01');

   print('Date: $date');
   final weekDay =  date.weekday == 7 ? 0 : date.weekday;
   print('Start of week: ${getDate(date.subtract(Duration(days: weekDay)))}');
   print('End of week: ${getDate(date.add(Duration(days: DateTime.daysPerWeek - weekDay - 1)))}');
}

DateTime getDate(DateTime d) => DateTime(d.year, d.month, d.day);

A: I have 2 function:
DateTime getStartTimeWeek([DateTime? date]) {
  final currentDate = date ?? DateTime.now();
  final dateTime = DateTime(currentDate.year, currentDate.month, currentDate.day);
  return dateTime.subtract(Duration(days: currentDate.weekday - 1));
}

DateTime getEndTimeWeek([DateTime? date]) {
  final currentDate = date ?? DateTime.now();

  final dateTime = DateTime(currentDate.year, currentDate.month, currentDate.day, 23, 59, 59, 999);
  return dateTime.add(Duration(days: DateTime.daysPerWeek - currentDate.weekday));
}

A: Below is the code which should work fine in most cases.
We can get start and end of the week like this:-
To get the first day of the week for a date use the below function.
Like Sunday (Also known as 7 in WeekDay).
Read lines of comments in code for code clarifications.
DateTime getFirstDayOfWeek({required DateTime currentDateTime}) {
  // Converting date provided to UTC
  // So that all things like DST don't affect subtraction and addition on date
  DateTime dateTimeInUTC = DateTime.utc(
      currentDateTime.year, currentDateTime.month, currentDateTime.day);

  // Getting weekday for the date
  // For reference Sunday weekday is 7 and Friday weekday is 5
  int currentWeekDayInUTC = dateTimeInUTC.weekday;

  // Getting Date for nearest Sunday from the provided date
  // By going back a number of weekdays from the current date to reach Sunday
  DateTime firstDayOfWeekInUTC;
  // If current date is not Sunday subtract days to reach Sunday
  if (currentWeekDayInUTC != DateTime.sunday) {
    firstDayOfWeekInUTC =
        dateTimeInUTC.subtract(Duration(days: currentWeekDayInUTC));
  }
  // If current date is Sunday use it as the first day of week
  else {
    firstDayOfWeekInUTC = dateTimeInUTC;
  }

  // Converting back the date for Sunday from UTC type to Local
  // You can also use UTC type depending on your use case
  DateTime firstDayOfWeekInLocal = DateTime(firstDayOfWeekInUTC.year,
      firstDayOfWeekInUTC.month, firstDayOfWeekInUTC.day);

  if (currentDateTime.isUtc) {
    return firstDayOfWeekInUTC;
  } else {
    return firstDayOfWeekInLocal;
  }
}

To get the last day of the week for a date use the below function.
Like Saturday (Also known as 6 in WeekDay).
Read lines of comments in code for code clarifications.
DateTime getLastDayOfWeek({required DateTime currentDateTime}) {
  // Converting date provided to UTC
  // So that all things like DST don't affect subtraction and addition on date
  DateTime dateTimeInUTC = DateTime.utc(
      currentDateTime.year, currentDateTime.month, currentDateTime.day);

  // Getting weekday for the date
  // For reference Sunday weekday is 7 and Friday weekday is 5
  int currentWeekDayInUTC = dateTimeInUTC.weekday;

  // Getting Date for nearest Saturday from the provided date
  // By going forward a number of weekdays from the current date to reach Saturday
  DateTime lastDayOfWeekInUTC;
  // If current date is not Sunday add days enough to reach Saturday
  if (currentWeekDayInUTC != DateTime.sunday) {
    lastDayOfWeekInUTC = dateTimeInUTC
        .add(Duration(days: DateTime.saturday - currentWeekDayInUTC));
  }
  // If current date is Sunday add days UpTo saturday
  else {
    lastDayOfWeekInUTC = dateTimeInUTC.add(Duration(days: DateTime.saturday));
  }

  // Converting back the date for Sunday from UTC type to Local
  // You can also use UTC type depending on your use case
  DateTime lastDayOfWeekInLocal = DateTime(lastDayOfWeekInUTC.year,
      lastDayOfWeekInUTC.month, lastDayOfWeekInUTC.day);

  if (currentDateTime.isUtc) {
    return lastDayOfWeekInUTC;
  } else {
    return lastDayOfWeekInLocal;
  }
}


On Saturday, the sun was high up in the sky, with a nice wind to cool us down. As for the visitors by air, we had a fair number of them, although the English Stampes gave a no show. Later in the evening three German Stampes turned up and made the day.
On Sunday, the public appeared 'en masse' to enjoy a nice day out at the airport with hot weather.
Like last year, we had the company of re-enactment groups who contributed with their version of life in 1914-1918, much enjoyed by the visitors and our ground crew.
Photographs by Alex Evertse, Dirk Buytaert, Walter Van Brempt, Paul Soons, Freddy Fyen, Willy Hoskens and Jan Schotmans.
Thanks to all volunteers have been working during three long days to get everything ready in time and with their never ending enthousiasn realised this magnificent 20Th Stampe and 4th Ercoupe Fly In. Thanks also to the participants of the Chipmeet at Zoersel, who came to visit us during these two days of fun and hard work.
G-BEOL Olivier Noël 1 Short Skyvan 11h00 EBZR .


text:
John Howard FRS (2 de septiembre de 1726-20 de enero de 1790) era un inglés filántropo y reformista de las prisiones.

Primeros años

Howard nació al norte de Londres, ya sea en Hackney o en Enfield. Su padre, de nombre también John, estaba en el negocio de los tapices en el mercado de Smithfield.  Huérfano de su madre Ann Pettitt a los cinco años, y descrito como "niño enfermizo",  fue enviado para vivir a Cardington, Bedfordshire, a unas cincuenta millas de Londres, donde su padre tenía propiedad. Su padre, un estricto disciplinario con fuertes creencias religiosas, envió al joven John joven a una escuela en Hertford y posteriormente a una academia religiosa en Londres.

Prisionero
Partió a Portugal a continuación del terremoto de Lisboa, viajando en el Hanover, que acabó siendo capturado por corsarios franceses. Estuvo encarcelado en Brest por seis días antes de ser transferido a otra prisión en la costa francesa.  Posteriormente le intercambiaron por un agente francés apresado por los británicos, y él viajó de inmediato y apeló a la Comisión de Marineros Enfermos y Heridos en Londres para buscar ayuda a favor del resto de cautivos de los franceses.  Generalmente se cree que esta experiencia personal generó el interés de Howard en las prisiones.

Carrera
John Howard fue nombrado alguacil mayor de Bedfordshire en 1773,  inicialmente por un periodo de un año. Tal era su dedicación, más bien que delegar sus deberes al sub-alguacil como era costumbres, que Howard inspeccionó la prisión del condado él mismo. Impresionado por lo que vio, se  encontró motivado a inspeccionar prisiones por todas partes de Inglaterra.  Una preocupación particular a Howard era aquellos prisioneros quienes estaban retenidos porque no podrían pagar su propia manutención al carcelero. Llevó este asunto al Parlamento, y en 1774 Howard se apersonó para dar evidencia sobre las condiciones de prisión a un comité de la cámara de los Comunes. Los miembros de aquel comité quedaron tan impresionados que, inusualmente, Howard fue convocado a la barra de la cámara y públicamente se le agradeció por su "humanidad y dedicación".

En 1784, Howard calculó que había viajado más de 42,000 millas (68,000 km) visitando prisiones. Se le había otorgado un doctorado (LLD) por la Universidad de Dublín y se le había dado la Libertad de la Ciudad de Londres (equivalente poco más o menos a recibir las llaves de la ciudad y un gran honor en Inglaterra).  Su cuarta final visita de prisiones inglesas empezó en marzo de 1787 y dos años más tarde  publicó El Estado de las Prisiones en Inglaterra, y Un Relato de los Principales Lazarettos de Europa.

En 1879 Howard visitó la prisión de Ochakov, de la cual opinó: «incluso un corazón de piedra debería sangrar ante semejante espectáculo»

Honores
Howard ha sido el primer civil  en ser honrado con una estatua en la catedral de San Pablo en Londres. Fue elegido un miembro honorario extranjero de la Academia estadounidense de Artes y Ciencias en 1790.

Referencias

Miembros de la Royal Society
Miembros de la Academia Estadounidense de las Artes y las Ciencias
Filántropos de Inglaterra
Calvinistas de Inglaterra
Nacidos en Londres
Fallecidos en Jersón

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Intelligent Gaming (Pty) Ltd was formed as a software development\software reseller company specializing in high technology software application development and sales within the Gaming industry. Since then, we have put our knowledge gained from many years of experience in the IT sector at the disposal of our customers.
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This coffee comes from the Segovia Mountains of Nicaragua and grown at an elevation of 4100 feet. The coffee is sun dried on patios on the slopes of the mountains. The cupping notes are clean, dark, and creamy.


Dressage Pony - Commonwealth Dressage & Combined Training Assoc.
CDCTA will present the year-end Dressage Pony Award for a pony ridden by an adult (21 years or over as of January 1st) in dressage classes (excluding Musical Freestyle.) Validation forms must be postmarked within 60 days of the date of competition, or by Dec. 5th, whichever comes first.
The award will be based on the four highest scoring tests for rides at training level or above, to include at least two scores for Test 3. The four tests may be at more than one level. All scores must be earned by the same pony/rider combination. Ponies include any pony with a USE permanent pony card or any pony confirmed by a current veterinary statement as not exceeding 148cm without shoes, and 149cm with shoes. Once measurement of height is established, the pony will continue to be eligible without subsequent measurement during the same competition year.
A pony with a permanent USEF pony measurement card need not be measured again. To be considered for the Dressage Pony Award in any given year, riders must submit the current measurement card or veterinary statement to the Pony Award designee by the end of the current competition season, November 30.


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WE STAY ONE STEP AHEAD IN THE EVER-CHANGING HEALTHCARE AND COMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY.


text:
"I hand it to Rex and his campaign and wish him the very best," Martin said. "The people of the county have been very good to me for a number of years in their support of me and I hope they will be equally supportive of him."
Read more: Lewis upsets Loftis in runoff for sheriff
Martin beat Rice four years ago, but this is his first time facing him in a primary. Rice ran as a petition candidate in 2012.
Third party political action groups had waged negative campaigns, with Martin's supporters bashing Rice for trying to get the sales tax raised and Rice's surrogates painting Martin as a part of the good-ole boy culture of the Legislature, more interested in staying in office than fighting for his constituents.
The candidates themselves generally stayed above the fray, focusing on their own perceived positives.
Martin got the endorsement of Gov. Nikki Haley when she came to Easley in the week before the runoff to sign a legislative ethics reform bill she credited Martin with championing.
Rice emphasized his background as a small businessman and family man, peppering voters with robocalls from his wife and a daughter asking for support.
Martin, who took heat from some conservatives for his vote to remove the Confederate battle flag from the Statehouse grounds a year ago, was the front-runner in a four-way race two weeks ago, with 45 percent of the vote.
Rice claimed 33.3 percent of the vote, with Don Joslyn getting 11.7 percent and Allan Quinn 9.9 percent.
Talley beats Bright with help from advocacy groups, Haley
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text:
Global Africans
Africa Gone Global!
5 Instances of Controversial Art In South Africa
The Art of Controversy in South Africa
There is more to South African art than ancient rock paintings, colourful Ndebele geometry, and watercolours of leopards in the bushveld. The arts were a powerful tool of protest before, during, and after the Apartheid era, and are no stranger to controversy.
The works described below have all been at the centre of storms in the media, in ordinary conversation, and online. The artists who created them did so to start conversations, to fuel debates, and to prompt – or goad – people into questioning leaders, institutions, and the contrasting social realities that affect millions of South Africans.
1. The Spear – Brett Murray
Those who did not know the name of Brett Murray before May 2012 certainly knew it by June that year. A painting titled the Spear was exhibited at Johannesburg's Goodman Gallery, and it sparked heated debates.
The painting depicted former president Jacob Zuma standing in a pose borrowed from soviet communist propaganda art, with genitals exposed. According to the artist, it satirised corruption, bad governance, political power, and patriarchy.
2. Various Works – Ayanda Mabulu
Exhibited as part of a solo exhibition in 2010, Ngcono iHlwempu Kunesibhanxa Sesityebi caused outrage. The artist had depicted not only Zuma, but Robert Mugabe, Barack Obama, PW Botha, Nelson Mandela, George W. Bush, and others.
That was just the beginning, because he later painted Zuma, as well as other figures, in various compromising positions. One of the worst offenders being Zuma-Mandela, which the artist claimed depicted the rape of Mandela by Zuma.
3. Bitterkomix – Anton Kannemeyer
Also known as Joe Dog, Anton Kannemeyer co-founded the Bitterkomix comic magazine in 1992. Kannemeyer often draws in the style of Belgian Tintin creator Hergé, and has explained that his art confronts Apartheid-era images and stereotypes of Afrikaners.
It also questions colonialism, race relations, and xenophobia. In 2010, he published Pappa in Afrika, a satire of Tintin in the Congo that examines the ongoing legacy of colonialism in South Africa.
4. The Night Watch – Yiull Damaso
Painted by Yiull Damaso in 2010, the Night Watch! is based on Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Dr Nicolaes Tulp. It shows deceased child AIDS activist Nkosi Johnson performing an autopsy on Mandela, while Zuma, Tutu, Cyril Ramaphosa, Thabo Mbeki, FW de Klerk, and others look on.
An ANC spokesman said the publication of the then-unfinished painting on the front page of a newspaper was similar to a witch's curse, because Mandela was alive at the time. In 2018, it sold for R450,000; an amount of money that many would be happy to win at the best Australian betting sites.
5. F**k White People – Dean Hutton
Johannesburg-based genderqueer artist Dean Hutton uses mixed media to produce confrontational art, but none had been more controversial than F**k White People. It was installed at Iziko South African National Gallery in 2016.
Part of the Art of Disruptions show curated by the gallery, it featured an old chair, a pair of sneakers painted gold, and posted bearing the slogan. The Cape Party found it so offensive, it laid charges of racism and hate speech, which were dismissed by the court.
Breakthrough African Fashion Designers You Should Know
5 South African Ceramicists You Should Know
Top South African Sculptors
Elenor Jones
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[This event was obscenely funny and strong despite the sad subject: the removal of the possibility of awakening. Followed by the revelation that the only hope in such hopeless times is the Enlightenment Transmission.
"Massive, heavy objects carried by a wave indicates the power of that wave. The power of Dave's transmission was such that it made "light" of subjects and realities that are almost unbearably dark/heavy (I laughed more than in just about any previous meeting). It was able to re-contextualize the "doom" into a field of positivity, joy, and well-being. That this was possible both indicated that even the worst sorts of conditions aren't beyond redemption and, by the same token, displayed the penetrative power of the light that is able to redeem them, us."
Now is the only time that there is still sufficient freedom and opportunity to wake up, therefore you should give your all now to become Enlightened. Tomorrow is too late, because it never comes.


text:
Lakers players undergo coronavirus testing; were Nets' last opponent
By Top-Bit	 On Mar 18, 2020
The Los Angeles Lakers underwent testing for coronavirus Wednesday, sources confirmed to ESPN's Dave McMenamin, following the Brooklyn Nets' announcement Tuesday that four players had tested positive for the virus.
The testing was administered to Lakers players only — not the coaching staff or support staff — sources told McMenamin. Players arrived at the test site and never left their vehicles during the procedure, which involved a Q-tip being placed up their nostril to secure a culture, according to sources.
Each test took a matter of minutes, according to sources. A Lakers spokesperson would not comment on the testing, citing medical privacy rules. The Lakers played the Nets in their last game before the NBA suspended play last Wednesday following a positive test by Utah's Rudy Gobert.
The Lakers will self-quarantine for 14 days. Most of the Lakers are still in town, so testing should not be a logistical issue, sources told ESPN.
"Given the exposure risks from our game against the Nets on March 10th, we are following the next steps of our COVID-19 procedures and protocol that are established in consultation with various health officials, the NBA and our UCLA Health doctors," the Lakers said. "The health and well-being of our players, staff, fans, and society in general, is of paramount importance to us, and will continue to be our focus."
On Tuesday, the Nets announced that four players had tested positive for the virus, and Kevin Durant told the Athletic that he was one of the players. The Nets said they had reached out to anyone known to have had contact with the players.
Two NBA players in addition to Gobert are known to have tested positive for the virus: Utah's Donovan Mitchell and the Detroit Pistons' Christian Wood.
The Los Angeles Times was the first to report the Lakers would be tested.
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ZIP Code: 10060 - Town Hall address: Via Birago 8, Phone: ++39 011 9739223, Fax: ++39 011 9739223, E-Mail: virle.piemonte@reteunitaria.piemonte.it. Province: Torino. Distance from the chief town (Torino): 32 chilometri. Inhabitants: 1,206 (Istat 2016). Denomination: Virlesi. For the town of Virle Piemonte are also available the following PEC o CEC-PEC e-mail addresses: virle.piemonte@cert.ruparpiemonte.it (pec).
Geographic data: Surface: 14,06 square kilometers. Height above sea level: 246 meters. Min. height: 240 meters. Max. Height: 250 meters. Altimetric difference: 10 meters.
Population and Statistical data: Population density: 75,53 inhabitants per square kilometer. Population on 1991: 919 inhabitants - Population on 2001: 1.065 inhabitants - Population on 2011: 1.191 inhabitants .- Percentual variation 2001 -1991: 15,89%. Percentual variation 2011 -1991: 29,60%. Percentual variation 2011 -2001: 11,83%. Families: 423. Medium value of the components of a generic family: 2,52 people.
Most recent data about Population: On January, 1 2016 there where 1,206 inhabitants in Virle Piemonte, 595 males and 611 females. There where 10 inhabitants less than one year old (4 males and 6 females) and 0 inhabitants being one-hundred years old or more (0 males and 0 females).
Foreign citizens: On January 1, 2014 were resident in Virle Piemonte 126 foreign citizens, 62 of whom males and 64 females.On December 31 of the same year were resident in Virle Piemonte 139 foreign citizens, 70 of whom males and 69 females, thus being the 11.67% of the population of Virle Piemonte.
Workers: 469 people, that is the 44,04% of the inhabitants of the town of Virle Piemonte.
NOTICE: in what follows data refers to Viale Piemonte, where rises the City Hall of Virle Piemonte, (and then not to the whole territory of Virle Piemonte). For the sake of simplicity we will us the term of Virle Piemonte.
In Virle Piemonte live one thousand and ninety-nine people: five hundred and fourty are males and five hundred and fifty-nine are females.
There are four hundred and thirty-two singles (two hundred and fourty males and one hundred and ninety-two females). There are five hundred and fourty-eight people married, and twenty-two people legally separed. There are also twenty-three divorced people and seventy-four widows and widowers.
In Virle Piemonte live one hundred and twenty-six foreigners, sixty are males and sixty-six are females. 107 come from Europa, 16 from Africa, 3 from America, 0 from Asia and 0 from Oceania.
There are in Virle Piemonte one thousand and thirty-seven people in school age, five hundred and eight are males and five hundred and twenty-nine females.
There are in Virle Piemonte 527 people aged 15 years or more. 496 are employed and 27 were previously employed but now are unemployed and seeking for a new job. There are 327 males aged 15 years or more, 314 are employed and 12 were previously employed but now are unemployed and seeking for a new job. There are 200 females aged 15 years or more, 182 are employed and 15 s were previously employed but now are unemployed and seeking for a new job.
There are in Virle Piemonte 465 families, for a total of 1086 people.
There are 465 famiglie living in Virle Piemonte. 72 live in rented houses, 348 live in houses of their own property and 45 live in houses for different reasons.
There are in Virle Piemonte 343 buildings, but only 320 are used. 303 buildings are for residential use, 17 buildings are for commercial or productive pourposes. Among the 303 buildings for residential use 152 were build using bricks of tuffs, 123 were built using concrete and 28 were built using other materials like steel, wood and so on. Among the 303 buildings for residential use 156 are in excellent condition, 121 are in good conditions, 26 are in mediocre conditions and 0 are in bad conditions.
In the following three tables the buildings built for residential use in Virle Piemonte are classified by building year, by floors number and by rooms number.
The local taxes in Virle Piemonte ordered by kind and date, along with their old values ones.
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2017-03-17 "IMU"
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2016-05-24 "IMU"
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2015-05-26 "IMU"
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2014-09-08 "IMU"
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2012-11-06 "IMU"
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2017-03-17 "TARI"
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2016-06-06 "TARI"
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2015-05-26 "TARI"
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2017-03-17 "TASI"
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2016-05-24 "TASI"
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2015-05-26 "TASI"
Piemonte Torino Virle Piemonte 2014-09-05 "TASI"
No data available for the town of Virle Piemonte.
For the town of Virle Piemonte are presented in what follows data on expenditure items and their related amounts, ranked in descending order by amount of expenditure, from the highest amount to the lowest one for the most recent year available. Data are subject to revision and integration depending by available updates. Data Source: Italian General Accounting Office.
For the town of Virle Piemonte are presented in what follows data on incomes items and their related amounts, ranked in descending order by amount of income, from the highest amount to the lowest one for the most recent year available. Data are subject to revision and integration depending by available updates. Data Source: Italian General Accounting Office.
The municipality of Virle Piemonte is surrounded by the following 6 municipalities. These latter are reported ordererd by increasing distances from Virle Piemonte.
In the territory of Virle Piemonte also rise the villages of Cascina Gorre (3,41 km), Cascina Miglia (2,48 km), Case sparse (-- km), Viale Piemonte (8,32 km).
The number in parentheses following each village name indicate the distance between the same village and the municipality of Virle Piemonte.
Look at the interactive map of Virle Piemonte and get the road maps, the satellite maps and the mixed ones too. Interactive maps of Virle Piemonte also allow an immediate view of: bar, restaurants, pubs, pizzerias, dancing, night clubs, banks, jewellers, beauty centers, hair stylists, supermarkets, pharmacies.
Hotels, Resorts, B&B in Virle Piemonte and its neighborhoods.
Most recent free ads in Virle Piemonte, province of Torino, region Piemonte, updated at 03:43:28, 21 April 2018. Place your free ad on Virle Piemonte: no registration needed. Place your free ad.
Please find in what follows the full listing of the Mayor, the Aldermen and the Councillors of the municipaly of Virle Piemonte that are actually on charge.
Mattia Robasto , nato il 20/12/1991 a TORINO (TO).
eletto il 31/05/2015 e nominato il 01/06/2015.
Lorena Allasia, Mario Luigi Bonetto, Maria Borda, Rinaldo Candeago, Mariagrazia Colla, Loretta Federico, Luca Lardone, Roberto Piga, Daniele Pochettino, Dott Guido Viscardi.
Additional biographical information, educational qualifications and occupations exercised by the Aldermen and Councillors of the municipality of Virle Piemonte are available by clicking the "Additional Information" button.
There are 1 parishes in Virle Piemonte.
Please find in the previous table the full listing of the parish in Virle Piemonte.
There is no Parapharmacy in Virle Piemonte.


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Video: Teresa Wright Looks at Protest and Resistance in China
Professor Teresa Wright looks at how, when, and why Chinese individuals and groups have engaged in protests and how the targets of their complaints have responded; thus shedding light on the stability of China's existing political system and its likely future trajectory.
Chairs Issue Statement about Forced Labor in Apple's Supply Chain in Xinjiang
The Congressional-Executive Commission on China urged Apple CEO Tim Cook to ensure that Apple's supply chains are free of forced labor.
Statement by the Chairs on the 32nd Anniversary of the Violent Suppression of the Tiananmen Square Protests
The. Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) issued the following statement commemorating the 32nd anniversary of the Tiananmen Square protests and their violent suppression.
CECC Chairs Urge NBA Players to End Endorsement Deals with Chinese Forced Labor
The Congressional-Executive Commission on China released a letter sent to National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) concerning the contracts between NBA players and Chinese sportswear companies that use cotton produced in the Xinjiang, China.
Corporate Social Responsibility in China
H&M's statements about forced labor in Xinjiang have angered both Chinese and human rights groups.
Jennifer Pan on China's Welfare Program for the Urban Poor
Jennifer Pan examines how China's major social assistance program, Dibao, has been used to quell dissent.
Joshua Goldstein on Recycling in Beijing
Historian Joshua Goldstein discusses the role recycling and recyclers have played in China's economy and its new sustainability challenges.
Hong Kong Since The Handover
After the 1997 return of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty, the region was supposed to enjoy 50 years of autonomy. That seems to be ending much sooner.
Video: Michael Davis Looks at "One Country, Two Systems"
The USC U.S.-China Institute talks with author Michael Davis. His new book looks at Beijing's growing interference in the "one country, two systems" model China promised Hong Kong during the 1997 handover.
Negotiating Queer Fantasy And The Normative: Boys' Love Stories Fandom In China
Originally published by


Higginson must be referring to what were the first dinosaur tracks ever discovered, turned up by a plough-boy named Pliny, in South Hadley, MA, in 1802. This was roughly 40 years before the word dinosaur was first used in print (1841), and a long time before dinosaurs were understood to be related to birds.
Obviously the marks were ancient. It stood to reason that they had been left in the mud tracts that would have formed as the diluvian waters receded.
Back to Emily Dickinson, who loved birds and who made prints on paper like bird-tracks in stone, according to Higginson. The blurb writer at the Emily Dickinson Museum suspects that as a student at Amherst Academy the young Miss Emily heard Hitchcock lecture on geological topics at Amherst College, a few blocks down the road. Hitchcock himself (and his wife) had been involved with Amherst Academy in various capacities, among his other intellectual contributions to the town. Cynthia Wolf says "Surely no thinker in [Dickinson's] environment influenced her as much as Hitchcock." Others think he was a source of the scientific vocabulary and geological tropes (especially volcanic ones) in some of her poems, while others still think his ideas on the relation between science and religion were important to her.
What I do like about Higginson's evocation of the bird-tracks of Amherst the idea of Dickinson's writing as somehow like a prehistoric set of prints, left behind for future scholars to make sense of according to the prevailing taxonomies and phylogenies of the day, or else having to invent new ones to accommodate them. There is something mysterious and monumental about her writings, if not her handwriting, and the way her manuscripts have been studied (and revered) does resemble that of a rare and momentous archaeological find.
Similarly too, just as dino prints irresistibly provoke an imaginary image of the living thing stepping across the local terrain at some impossible remove of time, these manuscripts give rise almost willy nilly to the image of a living Emily Dickinson putting words down, character by character on the page, a poem or a letter [or both, as often] taking shape in real living time, and getting stuck there for all time. Emerson said, "language is fossil poetry," an idea that resonates in Dickinson's talk of "loved philology"–here we have poetry as fossil writing, a metaphor that works at least as well.


Yoga Guru Baba Ramdev, actress Sonakshi Sinha among others were snapped on the sets of Nach Baliye.
Bollywood actress Kareena Kapoor Khan was spotted after yoga session.
Kangana Ranaut was spotted at Bandra in an elegant white dress.
The music of the horror Dobaara: See Your Evil was launched by its cast Huma Qureshi, Saqib Saleem and Rhea Chakraborty.
Bollywood actress Kareena Kapoor Khan was spotted with son Taimur Ali Khan.


To sell at approximately 4:30 at Van Buren County Engineer's Office. This commercial building was formerly used as the secondary roads department office. This building offers 1225 sq feet of space with 1 bathroom. This property is located on 4th street across from the Chamber of Commerce. Perfect opportunity for a small business in this unique, quaint town, near the Des Moines river. Call Mike Goehring to arrange a showing at 319-288-0704.
CORRECTION: The seller will not be furnishing an abstract to this property. If the buyer would like to have one it will be at buyer expense to have one created.
REAL ESTATE TERMS: 20% down day of sale with balance due in cash at closing.
POSSESSION: At closing. CLOSING ON OR BEFORE November 15, 2014.
Additional items added: Wooden chairs (28); desks; book shelves; TVs; recliners; tables; cabinets; office chairs; and plastic swimming pools.


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COLLEGE BASKETBALL TOURNAMENT RESULTS FROM FEBRUARY 28TH
February Frenzy continues here at Balladeer's Blog. The NAIA-2 college basketball conference tournaments drew to a close last night, but the NAIA-1 conference tournaments are just getting started. Meanwhile the CCCAA regionals continue and the ACCA gets its National Tournament rolling tonight.
To recap last night's final five tickets to the Big Dance that Continue reading →
Tagged as ACCA tournament, Association of Christian College Athletics, basketball, college basketball, college basketball scores February 28th, NAIA basketball, NAIA Conference tournaments, NorCal Basketball tournament, SoCal Basketball tournament, Sport
MILESTONES IN LEAP DAY HISTORY
Charles "The Bearded Badass" Darwin
Some things happen only once every four years – things like Michael Moore having a coherent thought and Bill O'Reilly prying his head out of his ass. Another one of those things would be February 29th: Leap Day. Balladeer's Blog takes a look at some of the milestone events that got cheated out of a yearly anniversary by happening on this date.
1704 – French provocateurs and Native Americans attack Deerfield, MA and kill roughly 50 inhabitants while abducting 100. Ronald Reagan's ancestor recommends selling arms to Persia to secure the release of the abductees.
1712 – In Sweden February 29th is followed by February 30th to help usher in the new calendar system … and because Al Sharpton's ancestor demanded an extra day in February to make Black History Month a little bit longer.
1720 – Back to Sweden, where Queen Ulrica Eleonora resigns following general public ridicule of her name "Ulrica". I'm kidding! But she did resign.
1784 – In France, the Marquis de Sade is transferred from the fortress of Vincennes to the Bastille in exchange for 3 other sadists and a masochist to be named later.
1832 – Charles Darwin explores the Brazilian jungle and gets a great idea for how he can screw with religious nuts even long after he's dead.
1836 – In Paris, Meyerbeers' opera Les Huguenots premieres. Nobody cared back then either.
1840 – Future Penn State Coach Joe Paterno is born. (Disclaimer: that probably isn't true.)
1868 – The first British government of Benjamin Disraeli is formed. Later in the year he would form his first Swedish government and first Argentinian government to much popular acclaim.
1892 – The United States and Great Britain sign a treaty regarding seal hunting in the Bering Sea. The seals, however, had no representation in the talks.
1904 – U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt appoints a 7 man Panama Canal committee. After countless staff-hours and $900 million dollars in taxpayer's money they determine the canal hasn't been built yet.
1908 – Dutch scientists produce solid helium. The world yawns.
1936 – U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt signs the 2nd Neutrality Act after nobody commited to the 1st one. (Thank you! I'm here all week!)
1940 – Gone with the Wind wins 8 Oscar awards. Conservatives bitterly complain about the movie promoting the homosexual agenda in some really obscure, indecipherable way.
Also 1940 – The international community notes that 45 U-Boats, total tonnage 170,000, were sunk in the 29 days of February. Decades later, liberals bitterly cite this as proof of man-made global warming in some really obscure, indecipherable way.
1944 – In World War Two action United States forces land on Los Negros in the Admiralty Islands. Al Sharpton's ancestor demands the name be changed to Los Islands of Color. Michael Moore's ancestor insists the U.S. is only in the Admiralty Islands for the oil and demands that the war effort be crippled.
1948 – As of this date the collective Muslim world has failed to provide a homeland for the Palestinians. Later in the year, after the official birth of the nation of Israel, the Muslim world will suddenly remember that the most important thing in all of their lives is providing a homeland for the Palestinians.
1952 – The island of Heligoland is given back to Germany even though they don't want it. (I'm kidding!)
1956 – The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is formed, vowing to "set back the clock on several centuries of social and scientific progress."
Also 1956 – Determined to further refine his golf game, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower announces he will seek a 2nd term in office.
1960 – The 1st Playboy Club opens in Chicago. Later on, Gloria Steinem will pretend she uncovered something earth-shaking by revealing that the cocktail waitresses who work there don't lead glamorous, exciting lives. Wow! Stop the presses on that one, Gloria! Here in the year 2016 cocktail waitresses in nearly every casino in Las Vegas wear outfits far more revealing than the Playboy Bunnies ever wore, proving that women can hold elected office, have high-powered careers and head major corporations no matter what allegedly "demeaning" outfits are worn by cocktail waitresses.
1964 – In New York, the musical Rugantino closed after a mere 28 performances. The comparatively brief run is explained by angry patrons who thought Rugantino was a new Italian dish.
Also 1964 – Frank Rugani sets the badminton shuttlecock distance record before a record crowd of 2 million spectators, all of whom mistakenly thought they were showing up for the musical Rugantino instead.
Also 1964 – President Lyndon Johnson announces that the U.S. secretly developed the A-11 jet fighter, but nobody believes him. (Credibility gap jokes! Who doesn't love them?)
1968 – Howard Hanson's 6th Symphony premieres, causing widespread violence in the outraged Muslim world. (Well, that's what I'm assuming, anyway, since it seems like anything and everything outrages the Muslim world.)
Also 1968 – The Beatles' album Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band wins a Grammy Award. The zombified corpse of Paul McCartney accepts the award on behalf of the band.
1972 – Hank Aaron becomes the 1st baseball player to sign a contract for $200,000 per year, causing widespread violence in the outraged Muslim world.
1980 – In England, Michael Bracey was finally freed after 59 hours and 55 minutes trapped in an elevator. The rest of the world tells Bracey they don't even want to know what he did about bathroom breaks.
1988 – Mark Greatbatch scores 107 vs England in his Test Cricket debut. Disgraced former president Richard Nixon accidentally gets a glimpse of Mark in the shower and says "It is indeed a Great Batch."
Also 1988 – KWK in St Louis changes their call letters to WKBG … forever changing life as we know it.
Also 1988 – New York City mayor Ed Koch calls President Reagan a wimp in the war on drugs. Reagan offers to sell Hawk missiles to drug dealers to show Koch he means business.
1996 – In the Cricket World Cup Kenya defeats the West Indies, shocking citizens of both countries, who had no idea people still played cricket.
2000 – Nothing much happens, causing the most widespread violence the outraged Muslim world has ever seen.
2004 – In Haiti, Jean Bertrand Aristide resigns as president following the public outcry over the fact that his name isn't as catchy as "Papa Doc" and "Baby Doc" Duvalier.
2012 – At last, after 8 years of chaos, Aristide is replaced by college football player "Munchie" Legeaux, who isn't even Haitian but has a really kickass nickname.
2020 – Democrats are still awaiting a prison sentence against de facto Third Party President Trump, which they are convinced will be handed down "any minute now!"
Take care, folks! Let's do this again in four years.
FOR MY RELATED LOOK AT PRESIDENTIAL HISTORY CLICK HERE: https://glitternight.com/2012/02/19/balladeers-blogs-presidential-pros-and-cons/
https://glitternight.com/2012/02/19/balladeers-blogs-presidential-pros-and-cons-part-2-harrison-to-obama/
© Edward Wozniak and Balladeer's Blog, 2012-2016. Unauthorized use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this blog's author and/or owner is strictly prohibited. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Edward Wozniak and Balladeer's Blog with appropriate and specific direction to the original content.
Some things happen only once every four years – things like Michael Moore having a coherent thought and Rush Limbaugh prying his head out of his ass. Another one of those things would be February 29th: Leap Day. Balladeer's Blog takes a look at some of the milestone events that got cheated out of a yearly anniversary by happening on this date.
1720 – In Sweden, Queen Ulrica Eleonora resigns following general public ridicule of her name "Ulrica". I'm kidding! But she did resign.
1832 – Charles Darwin explores the Continue reading →
Filed under humor, LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES
Tagged as busty Teddi Barrett, Charles Darwin, February 29th, Gloria Steinem, Historical events on February 29th, Leap Day, Leap Year, Muslim world, New York City, Ronald Reagan, Sex goddess Teddi Barrett, Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, Teddi Barrett, THEODORE ROOSEVELT
COLLEGE BASKETBALL CONFERENCE TOURNAMENT RESULTS FROM FEBRUARY 27TH
As Balladeer's Blog's February Frenzy continues the Indiana University Southeast Grenadiers (logo at left) take on the Brescia Bearcats in tonight's championship game in the KIAC. The winner gets the conference's automatic bid to the NAIA's National Tournament, which begins next Wednesday. Automatic bids are also on the line tonight for the Cal Maritime Keelhaulers in the Continue reading →
Tagged as Balladeer's Blog, basketball, CCCAA basketball, college basketball, college basketball tournaments, February Frenzy, NAIA, NAIA basketball, NorCal Basketball tournament, SoCal Basketball tournament, Sport
TERRIFIC BOOK – A GOD WHO HATES: THE COURAGEOUS WOMAN WHO INFLAMED THE MUSLIM WORLD …
At Balladeer's Blog I'm always open about how much contempt I feel for American liberals because they are too cowardly to subject Islam's misogyny and homophobia to the same criticism they subject Christianity to. I'm an ardent non-believer in ANY religion and see the gutless silence of the politically correct left to be an obstacle to convincing the Muslim world into ever joining the 21st Century. ( And no, whiny liberals, I'm not a conservative. Just read around my blog and see. )
If people had been as cowardly about criticizing Christianity we'd still be living like the 1600's Puritans or Continue reading →
Tagged as Al Jazeera, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Irshad Manji, Islam, Islam and homphobia, Islam and misogyny, Muslim, Muslim world, religious fanatics, Wafa Sultan
FEBRUARY FRENZY: COLLEGE BASKETBALL AND HOCKEY RESULTS FROM FEBRUARY 26TH
The Monroe College Tribunes (logo at left) won the 2012 NJCAA College Hockey Championship by defeating the equally cool-named Williston State Tetons 4-2 in the title game yesterday.
The Tetons (as in the mountains of that name) started off the scoring with a power play goal just a few minutes into the game, but the Tribunes came back to lead the game 2-1 by the end of the First Period. Both goaltenders shut the opposition out in the Second Period but Continue reading →
Filed under College Basketball, college hockey
Tagged as basketball, college basketball, college hockey, Jamestown College basketball, Monroe College Tribunes, NAIA basketball, National Junior College Athletic Association, NJCAA hockey, Sport, St Ambrose basketball, Williston State Tetons
MOVIE HOSTS: MR PLINKETT
I've been debating with myself for over a year now about whether to include Mr Plinkett, the fictional movie critic from Red Letter Media's site, in my Movie Host section. I'm amazed to learn there are still people out there who haven't tasted the Harry S Plinkett experience (and for the record, it tastes like pizza rolls ) so that got me energized to finally add an article about him.
Purists and politically correct fools may object to my classifying Plinkett (pictured at left) as a movie host, but Continue reading →
Filed under Movie Hosts
Tagged as Balladeer's Blog, Horror Hosts, Movie Hosts, Mr Plinkett, Red Letter Media, Star Wars prequels, Star Wars prequels suck, The Phantom Menace
FEBRUARY 25TH COLLEGE BASKETBALL CONFERENCE TOURNAMENT RESULTS
Balladeer's Blog's February Frenzy nearly saw three 1 seeds of conference tournament season take a fall yesterday. The Mid- Central College Conference's 1 seed, the Indiana Wesleyan Wildcats became this postseason's first number 1 to be taken down. The (4) St Francis (IN) Cougars did the honors 78-65.
In the Association of Independent Institutions the top- seeded Jamestown College Jimmies (logo at right) survived a semifinal scare against the 4th- seeded Dickinson State Blue Hawks in a 71-70 Instant Classic. The Jimmies play the Dakota State Trojans in the championship game later today.
Meanwhile in the KCAC tournament the (4) Tabor College Blue Jays nearly brought down the (1) McPherson Bulldogs in a 68-66 thriller.
In other action this has been pretty much The Year of the Seven Seeds. Last night the KIAC's Asbury Eagles joined other 7th-seeded teams like the Lourdes University Gray Wolves and the Grand View Vikings in taking down their 2nd- seeded opponents.
To recap yesterday's Continue reading →
Tagged as basketball, CCCAA basketball, college basketball, college basketball scores February 25th, February Frenzy, NAIA basketball, NCCAA basketball, Sport, USCAA basketball
MAN IN BLACK REVIEWS HAS BEEN KIND ENOUGH TO ADD ME AS A REVIEWER
Your old buddy Balladeer has been added as a movie reviewer at the eccentric culture site Man In Black Reviews. There's an entire team of witty and informative reviewers at that site and they cover movies, comics, games, tv, novels and music.
My review of the obscure Philippine monster movies about Zuma (pictured at left) is on their site right now at this link: https://glitternight.com/2011/06/27/bad-movie-page-zuma-1985/
While you're there check out the other items and add the place to your favorites. It's what Whitney Houston would have wanted, dammit!
Tagged as Bad Movies, badfilm, Film criticism, Man In Black Reviews, MIB Reviews, movies, Whitney Houston, Zuma (1985)
COLLEGE BASKETBALL CONFERENCE TOURNAMENT ACTION: FEBRUARY 25TH
Balladeer's Blog's February Frenzy continues! The Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference climbs aboard today as their conference tournament tips off, featuring the top- seeded Indiana University Southeast Grenadiers (logo at right). Other teams making the tournament field from the KIAC are the St Louis College of Pharmacy Eutectics, the Indiana East Red Wolves and many others.
Meanwhile, other conferences will be featuring their semifinals or championship games today, and there are regional tournaments already underway in the NCCAA and CCCAA. First, to recap yesterday's Continue reading →
Tagged as basketball, CCCAA basketball, college basketball, college basketball scores February 24th, Ed Wozniak, Edward Wozniak, February Frenzy, IUS Grenadiers, Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, NAIA basketball, NCCAA, NCCAA basketball, Sport, USCAA basketball, Yankee Small College Conference, Yankee Small College Conference Basketball Tournament
LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES AND CLICHES
The sexual tension is palpable!
Welcome back to the Independent Voter site Balladeer's Blog, the Open City in an America being torn to pieces by uncompromising liberal and conservative fanatics. As the only site on the 'net that is truly non- partisan in its criticism of liberal zombies and conservative zombies Balladeer's Blog now takes a look at the many, many, MANY mindless cliches that mean so much to left-wing and right-wing zealots but that make the rest of us (AKA "adults") laugh and roll our eyes.
If you can actually use the following expressions without chuckling with contempt you're a liberal zombie: Continue reading →
Filed under LIBERALS AND CONSERVATIVES
Tagged as Balladeer's Blog, Conservatives, Ed Wozniak, Independent Voters, Left-wing politics, Liberals, Liberals vs Conservatives, Obama, Right-wing politics, White House


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Romulus (Serapis Classics) ebook
Wydawca: Serapis Classics
Kategoria: Dla dzieci i młodzieży
SOME men are renowned in history on account of the extraordinary powers and capacities which they exhibited in the course of their career, or the intrinsic greatness of the deeds which they performed. Others, without having really achieved any thing in itself very great or wonderful, have become widely known to mankind by reason of the vast consequences which, in the subsequent course of events, resulted from their doings. Men of this latter class are conspicuous rather than great. From among thousands of other men equally exalted in character with themselves, they are brought out prominently to the notice of mankind only in consequence of the strong light reflected, by great events subsequently occurring, back upon the position where they happened to stand. The celebrity of Romulus seems to be of this latter kind. He founded a city. A thousand other men have founded cities; and in doing their work have evinced perhaps as much courage, sagacity, and mental power as Romulus displayed. The city of Romulus, however, became in the end the queen and mistress of the world. It rose to so exalted a position of influence and power, and retained its ascendency so long, that now for twenty centuries every civilized nation in the western world have felt a strong interest in every thing pertaining to its history, and have been accustomed to look back with special curiosity to the circumstances of its origin. In consequence of this it has happened that though Romulus, in his actual day, performed no very great exploits, and enjoyed no pre-eminence above the thousand other half-savage chieftains of his class, whose names have been long forgotten, and very probably while he lived never dreamed of any extended fame, yet so brilliant is the illumination which the subsequent events of history have shed upon his position and his doings, that his name and the incidents of his life have been brought out very conspicuously to view, and attract very strongly the attention of mankind...
History of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt
History of Pyrrhus
History of King Richard the First of England
History of Julius Caesar
History of King Richard the Second of England
Darius the Great. Ancient Ruler of the Persian Empire
History of Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI of England
History of William the Conqueror
I. —CADMUS
II. — CADMUS'S LETTERS
III. — THE STORY OF ÆNEAS
IV. — THE DESTRUCTION OF TROY
V. — THE FLIGHT OF ÆNEAS
VI. — THE LANDING IN LATIUM
VII. — RHEA SILVIA
VIII. — THE TWINS
IX. — THE FOUNDING OF ROME
X. — ORGANIZATION
XI. — WIVES
XII. — THE SABINE WAR
XIII. — THE CONCLUSION
SOME men are renowned in history on account of the extraordinary powers and capacities which they exhibited in the course of their career, or the intrinsic greatness of the deeds which they performed. Others, without having really achieved any thing in itself very great or wonderful, have become widely known to mankind by reason of the vast consequences which, in the subsequent course of events, resulted from their doings. Men of this latter class are conspicuous rather than great. From among thousands of other men equally exalted in character with themselves, they are brought out prominently to the notice of mankind only in consequence of the strong light reflected, by great events subsequently occurring, back upon the position where they happened to stand.
The celebrity of Romulus seems to be of this latter kind. He founded a city. A thousand other men have founded cities; and in doing their work have evinced perhaps as much courage, sagacity, and mental power as Romulus displayed. The city of Romulus, however, became in the end the queen and mistress of the world. It rose to so exalted a position of influence and power, and retained its ascendency so long, that now for twenty centuries every civilized nation in the western world have felt a strong interest in every thing pertaining to its history, and have been accustomed to look back with special curiosity to the circumstances of its origin. In consequence of this it has happened that though Romulus, in his actual day, performed no very great exploits, and enjoyed no pre-eminence above the thousand other half-savage chieftains of his class, whose names have been long forgotten, and very probably while he lived never dreamed of any extended fame, yet so brilliant is the illumination which the subsequent events of history have shed upon his position and his doings, that his name and the incidents of his life have been brought out very conspicuously to view, and attract very strongly the attention of mankind.
The history of Rome is usually made to begin with the story of Æneas. In order that the reader may understand in what light that romantic tale is to be regarded, it is necessary to premise some statements in respect to the general condition of society in ancient days, and to the nature of the strange narrations, circulated in those early periods among mankind, out of which in later ages, when the art of writing came to be introduced, learned men compiled and recorded what they termed history.
The countries which formed the shores of the Mediterranean sea were as verdant and beautiful, in those ancient days, and perhaps as fruitful and as densely populated as in modern times. The same Italy and Greece were there then as now. There were the same blue and beautiful seas, the same mountains, the same picturesque and enchanting shores, the same smiling valleys, and the same serene and genial sky. The level lands were tilled industriously by a rural population corresponding in all essential points of character with the peasantry of modern times; and shepherds and herdsmen, then as now, hunted the wild beasts, and watched their flocks and herds, on the declivities of the mountains. In a word, the appearance of the face of nature, and the performance of the great function of the social state, namely, the procuring of food and clothing for man by the artificial cultivation of animal and vegetable life, were substantially the same on the shores of the Mediterranean two thousand years ago as now. Even the plants and the animals themselves which the ancient inhabitants reared, have undergone no essential change. Their sheep and oxen and horses were the same as ours. So were their grapes, their apples, and their corn.
If, however, we leave the humbler classes and occupations of society, and turn our attention to those which represent the refinement, the cultivation, and the power, of the two respective periods, we shall find that almost all analogy fails. There was an aristocracy then as now, ruling over the widely- extended communities of peaceful agriculturalists and herdsmen, but the members of it were entirely different in their character, their tastes, their ideas, and their occupations from the classes which exercise the prerogatives of government in Europe in modern times. The nobles then were military chieftains, living in camps or in walled cities, which they built for the accommodation of themselves and their followers. These chieftains were not barbarians. They were in a certain sense cultivated and refined. They gathered around them in their camps and in their courts orators, poets, statesmen, and officers of every grade, who seem to have possessed the same energy, genius, taste, and in some respects the same scientific skill, which have in all ages and in every clime characterized the upper classes of the Caucasian race. They carried all the arts which were necessary for their purposes and plans to high perfection, and in the invention of tales, ballads and poems, to be recited at their entertainments and feasts, they evinced the most admirable taste and skill;—a taste and skill which, as they resulted not from the operation and influence of artificial rules, but from the unerring instinct of genius, have never been surpassed. In fact, the poetical inventions of those early days, far from having been produced in conformity with rules, were entirely precedent to rules, in the order of time. Rules were formed from them; for they at length became established themselves in the estimation of mankind, as models, and on their authority as models, the whole theory of rhetorical and poetical beauty now mainly reposes.
The people of those days formed no idea of a spiritual world, or of a spiritual divinity. They however imagined, that heroes of former days still continued to live and to reign in certain semi-heavenly regions among the summits of their blue and beautiful mountains, and that they were invested there with attributes in some respects divine. In addition to these divinities, the fertile fancy of those ancient times filled the earth, the air, the sea, and the sky with imaginary beings, all most graceful and beautiful in their forms, and poetical in their functions,—and made them the subjects, too, of innumerable legends and tales, as graceful, poetical, and beautiful as themselves. Every grove, and fountain, and river,—every lofty summit among the mountains, and every rock and promontory along the shores of the sea,—every cave, every valley, every water-fall, had its imaginary occupant,—the genius of the spot; so that every natural object which attracted public notice at all, was the subject of some picturesque and romantic story. In a word, nature was not explored then as now, for the purpose of ascertaining and recording cold and scientific realities,—but to be admired, and embellished, and animated;—and to be peopled, everywhere, with exquisitely beautiful, though imaginary and supernatural, life and action.
What the genius of imagination and romance did thus in ancient times with the scenery of nature, it did also on the field of history. Men explored that field not at all to learn sober and actual realities, but to find something that they might embellish and adorn, and animate with supernatural and marvelous life. What the sober realities might have actually been, was of no interest or moment to them whatever. There were no scholars then as now, living in the midst of libraries, and finding constant employment, and a never-ending pleasure, in researches for the simple investigation of the truth. There was in fact no retirement, no seclusion, no study. Every thing except what related to the mere daily toil of tilling the ground bore direct relation to military expeditions, spectacles and parades; and the only field for the exercise of that kind of intellectual ability which is employed in modern times in investigating and recording historic truth, was the invention and recitation of poems, dramas and tales, to amuse great military audiences in camps or public gatherings, convened to witness shows or games, or to celebrate great religious festivals. Of course under such circumstances there would be no interest felt in truth as truth. Romance and fable would be far more serviceable for such ends than reality.
Still it is obvious that such tales as were invented to amuse for the purposes we have described, would have a deeper interest for those who listened to them, if founded in some measure upon fact, and connected in respect to the scene of their occurrence, with real localities. A prince and his court sitting at their tables in the palace or the tent, at the close of a feast, would listen with greater interest to a story that purported to be an account of the deeds and the marvelous adventures of their own ancestors, than to one that was wholly and avowedly imaginary. The inventors of these tales would of course generally choose such subjects, and their narrations would generally consist therefore rather of embellishments of actual transactions, than of inventions wholly original. Their heroes were consequently real men; the principal actions ascribed to them were real actions, and the places referred to were real localities. Thus there was a semblance of truth and reality in all these tales which added greatly to the interest of them; while there were no means of ascertaining the real truth, and thus spoiling the story by making the falsehood or improbability of it evident and glaring.
We cannot well have a better illustration of these principles than is afforded by the story of Cadmus, an adventurer who was said to have brought the knowledge of alphabetic writing into Greece from some countries farther eastward. In modern times there is a very strong interest felt in ascertaining the exact truth on this subject. The art of writing with alphabetic characters was so great an invention, and it has exerted so vast an influence on the condition and progress of mankind since it was introduced, that a very strong interest is now felt in every thing that can be ascertained as actually fact, in respect to its origin. If it were possible now to determine under what circumstances the method of representing the elements of sound by written characters was first devised, to discover who it was, that first conceived the idea, and what led him to make the attempt, what difficulties he encountered, to what purposes he first applied his invention, and to what results it led, the whole world would take a very strong interest in the revelation. The essential point, however, to be observed, is that it is the real truth in respect to the subject that the world are now interested in knowing. Were a romance writer to invent a tale in respect to the origin of writing, however ingenious and entertaining it might be in its details, it would excite in the learned world at the present day no interest whatever.
There is in fact no account at present existing in respect to the actual origin of alphabetic characters, though there is an account of the circumstances under which the art was brought into Europe from Asia, where it seems to have been originally invented. We will give the facts, first in their simple form, and then the narrative in the form in which it was related in ancient times, as embellished by the ancient story-tellers.
The facts then, as now generally understood and believed, are, that there was a certain king in some country in Africa, named Agenor, who lived about 1500 years before Christ. He had a daughter named Europa, and several sons. Among his sons was one named Cadmus. Europa was a beautiful girl, and after a time a wandering adventurer from some part of the northern shores of the Mediterranean sea, came into Africa, and was so much pleased with her that he resolved if possible, to obtain her for his wife. He did not dare to make proposals openly, and he accordingly disguised himself and mingled with the servants upon Agenor's farm. In this disguise he succeeded in making acquaintance with Europa, and finally persuaded her to elope with him. The pair accordingly fled, and crossing the Mediterranean they went to Crete, an island near the northern shores of the sea, and there they lived together.
The father, when he found that his daughter had deceived him and gone away, was very indignant, and sent Cadmus and his brothers in pursuit of her. The mother of Europa, whose name was Telephassa, though less indignant perhaps than the father, was overwhelmed with grief at the loss of her child, and determined to accompany her sons in the search. She accordingly took leave of her husband and of her native land, and set out with Cadmus and her other sons on the long journey in search of her lost child. Agenor charged his sons never to come home again unless they brought Europa with them.
Cadmus, with his mother and brothers, traveled slowly toward the northward, along the eastern shores of the Mediterranean sea, inquiring everywhere for the fugitive. They passed through Syria and Phenicia, into Asia Minor, and from Asia Minor into Greece. At length Telephassa, worn down, perhaps, by fatigue, disappointment, and grief, died. Cadmus and his brothers soon after became discouraged; and at last, weary with their wanderings, and prevented by their father's injunction from returning without Europa, they determined to settle in Greece. In attempting to establish themselves there, however, they became involved in various conflicts, first with wild beasts, and afterward with men, the natives of the land, who seemed to spring up, as it were, from the ground, to oppose them. They contrived, however, at length, by fomenting quarrels among their enemies, and taking sides with one party against the rest, to get a permanent footing in Greece, and Cadmus finally founded a city there, which he called Thebes.
In establishing the institutions and government of Thebes, and in arranging the organization of the people into a social state, Cadmus introduced among them several arts, which, in that part of the country, had been before unknown. One of these arts was the use of copper, which metal he taught his new subjects to procure from the ore obtained in mines. There were several others; but the most important of all was that he taught them sixteen letters representing elementary vocal sounds, by means of which inscriptions of words could be carved upon monuments, or upon tablets of metal or of stone.
It is not supposed that the idea of representing the elements of vocal sounds by characters originated with Cadmus, or that he invented the characters himself. He brought them with him undoubtedly, but whether from Egypt or Phenicia, can not now be known.
Such are the facts of the case, as now generally understood and believed. Let us now compare this simple narration with the romantic tale which the early story-tellers made from it. The legend, as they relate it, is as follows.
Jupiter was a prince born and bred among the summits of Mount Ida, in Crete. His father's name was Saturn. Saturn had made an agreement that he would cause all his sons to be slain, as soon as they were born. This was to appease his brother, who was his rival, and who consented that Saturn should continue to reign only on that condition.
Jupiter's mother, however, was very unwilling that her boys should be thus cruelly put to death, and she contrived to conceal three of them, and save them. The three thus preserved were brought up among the solitudes of the mountains, watched and attended by nymphs, and nursed by a goat. After they grew up, they engaged from time to time in various wars, and met with various wonderful adventures, until at length Jupiter, the oldest of them, succeeded, by means of thunderbolts which he caused to be forged for his use, in vast subterranean caverns beneath Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius, conquered all his enemies, and became universal king. He, however, divided his empire between himself and his brothers, giving to them respectively the command of the sea and of the subterranean regions, while he reserved the earth and the heavenly regions for himself.
He established his usual abode among the mountains of Northern Greece, but he often made excursions to and fro upon the earth, appearing in various disguises, and meeting with a great number of strange and marvelous adventures. In the course of these wanderings he found his way at one time into Egypt, and to the dominions of Agenor,—and there he saw Agenor's beautiful daughter, Europa. He immediately determined to make her his bride; and to secure this object he assumed the form of a very finely shaped and beautiful bull, and in this guise joined himself to Agenor's herds of cattle. Europa soon saw him there. She was much pleased with the beauty of his form, and finding him gentle and kind in disposition, she approached him, patted his glossy neck and sides, and in other similar ways gratified the prince by marks of her admiration and pleasure. She was at length induced by some secret and magical influence which the prince exerted over her, to mount upon his back, and allow herself to be borne away. The bull ran with his burden to the shore, and plunged into the waves. He swam across the sea to Crete, and there, resuming his proper form, he made the princess his bride.
Agenor and Telephassa, when they found that their daughter was gone, were in great distress, and Agenor immediately determined to send his sons on an expedition in pursuit of her. The names of his sons were Cadmus, Phœnix, Cylix, Thasus, and Phineus. Cadmus, as the oldest son, was to be the director of the expedition. Telephassa, the mother, resolved to accompany them, so overwhelmed was she with affliction at the loss of her daughter. Agenor himself was almost equally oppressed with the calamity which had overwhelmed them, and he charged his sons never to come home again until they could bring Europa with them.
Telephassa and her sons wandered for a time in the countries east of the Mediterranean sea, without being able to obtain any tidings of the fugitive. At length they passed into Asia Minor, and from Asia Minor into Thrace, a country lying north of the Ægean Sea. Finding no traces of their sister in any of these countries, the sons of Agenor became discouraged, and resolved to make no farther search; and Telephassa, exhausted with anxiety and fatigue, and now overwhelmed with the thought that all hope must be finally abandoned, sank down and died.
Cadmus and his brothers were much affected at their mother's death. They made arrangements for her burial, in a manner befitting her high rank and station, and when the funeral solemnities had been performed, Cadmus repaired to the oracle at Delphi, which was situated in the northern part of Greece, not very far from Thrace, in order that he might inquire there whether there was any thing more that he could do to recover his lost sister, and if so to learn what course he was to pursue. The oracle replied to him that he must search for his sister no more, but instead of it turn his attention wholly to the work of establishing a home and a kingdom for himself, in Greece. To this end he was to travel on in a direction indicated until he met with a cow of a certain kind, described by the oracle, and then to follow the cow wherever she might lead the way, until at length, becoming fatigued, she should stop and lie down. Upon the spot where the cow should lie down he was to build a city and make it his capital.
Cadmus obeyed these directions of the oracle. He left Delphi and went on, attended, as he had been in all his wanderings, by a troop of companions and followers, until at length in the herds of one of the people of the country, named Pelagon, he found a cow answering to the description of the oracle. Taking this cow for his guide, he followed wherever she led the way. She conducted him toward the southward and eastward for thirty or forty miles, and at length wearied apparently, by her long journey, she lay down. Cadmus knew immediately that this was the spot where his city was to stand.
He began immediately to make arrangements for the building of the city, but he determined first to offer the cow that had been his divinely appointed guide to the spot, as a sacrifice to Minerva, whom he always considered as his guardian goddess.
Near the spot where the cow lay down there was a small stream which issued from a fountain not far distant, called the fountain of Dirce. Cadmus sent some of his men to the place to obtain some water which it was necessary to use in the ceremonies of the sacrifice. It happened, however, that this fountain was a sacred one, having been consecrated to Mars,—and there was a great dragon, a son of Mars, stationed there to guard it. The men whom Cadmus sent did not return, and accordingly Cadmus himself, after waiting a suitable time, proceeded to the spot to ascertain the cause of the delay. He found that the dragon had killed his men, and at the time when he arrived at the spot, the monster was greedily devouring the bodies. Cadmus immediately attacked the dragon and slew him, and then tore his teeth out of his head, as trophies of his victory. Minerva had assisted Cadmus in this combat, and when it was ended she directed him to plant the teeth of the dragon in the ground. Cadmus did so, and immediately a host of armed men sprung up from the place where he had planted them. Cadmus threw a stone among these armed men, when they immediately began to contend together in a desperate conflict, until at length all but five of them were slain. These five then joined themselves to Cadmus, and helped him to build his city.
He went on very successfully after this. The city which he built was Thebes, which afterward became greatly celebrated. The citadel which he erected within, he called, from his own name, Cadmia.
Such were the legends which were related in ancient poems and tales; and it is obvious that such narratives must have been composed to entertain groups of listeners whose main desire was to be excited and amused, and not to be instructed. The stories were believed, no doubt, and the faith which the hearer felt in their truth added of course very greatly to the interest which they awakened in his mind. The stories are amusing to us; but it is impossible for us to share in the deep and solemn emotion with which the ancient audiences listened to them, for we have not the power, as they had, of believing them. Such tales related in respect to the great actors on the stage in modern times, would awaken no interest, for there is too general a diffusion both of historical and philosophical knowledge to render it possible for any one to suppose them to be true. But those for whom the story of Europa was invented, had no means of knowing how wide the Mediterranean sea might be, and whether a bull might not swim across it. They did not know but that Mars might have a dragon for a son, and that the teeth of such a dragon might not, when sown in the ground, spring up in the form of a troop of armed men. They listened therefore to the tale with an interest all the more earnest and solemn on account of the marvelousness of the recital. They repeated it word for word to one another, around their camp-fires, at their feasts, in their journeyings,—and when watching their flocks at midnight, among the solitudes of the mountains. Thus the tales were handed down from generation to generation, until at length the use of the letters of Cadmus became so far facilitated, that continuous narrations could be expressed by means of them; and then they were put permanently upon record in many forms; and were thus transmitted without any farther change to the present age.
THERE are two modes essentially distinct from each other, by which ideas may be communicated through the medium of inscriptions addressed to the eye. These two modes are, first, by symbolical, and secondly, by phonetic characters. Each of these two systems assumes, in fact, within itself, quite a variety of distinct forms, though it is only the general characteristics which distinguish the two great classes from each other, that we shall have occasion particularly to notice here.
Symbolical writing consists of characters intended severally to denote ideas or things, and not words. A good example of true symbolical writing is to be found in a certain figure often employed among the architectural decorations of churches, as an emblem of the Deity. It consists of a triangle representing the Trinity with the figure of an eye in the middle of it. The eye is intended to denote the divine omniscience. Such a character as this, is obviously the symbol of an idea, not the representative of a word. It may be read Jehovah, or God, or the Deity, or by any other word or phrase by which men are accustomed to denote the Supreme Being. It represents, in fine, the idea, and not any particular word by which the idea is expressed.
The first attempts of men to preserve records of facts by means of inscriptions, have, in all ages, and among all nations, been of this character. At first, the inscriptions so made were strictly pictures, in which the whole scene intended to be commemorated was represented, in rude carvings. In process of time substitutions and abridgments were adopted in lieu of full representations, and these grew at length into a system of hieroglyphical characters, some natural, and others more or less arbitrary, but all denoting ideas or things, and not the sounds of words. These characters are of the kind usually understood by the word hieroglyphics; though that word can not now with strict accuracy be applied as a distinctive appellation, since it has been ascertained in modern times that a large portion of the Egyptian hieroglyphics are of such a nature as brings them within the second of the two classes which we are here describing, that is, the several delineations represent the sounds and syllables of words, instead of being symbols of ideas or things.
It happened that in some cases in this species of writing, as used in ancient times, the characters which were employed presented in their form some natural resemblance to the thing signified, and in other cases they were wholly arbitrary. Thus, the figure of a scepter denoted a king, that of a lion, strength; and two warriors, one with a shield, and the other advancing toward the first with a bow and arrow, represented a battle. We use in fact a symbol similar to the last-mentioned one at the present day, upon maps, where we often see a character formed by two swords crossed, employed to represent a battle.
The ancient Mexicans had a mode of writing which seems to have been symbolical in its character, and their characters had, many of them at least, a natural signification. The different cities and towns were represented by drawings of such simple objects as were characteristic of them respectively; as a plant, a tree, an article of manufacture, or any other object by which the place in question was most easily and naturally to be distinguished from other places. In one of their inscriptions, for example, there was a character representing a king, and before it four heads. Each of the heads was accompanied by the symbol of the capital of a province, as above described. The meaning of the whole inscription was that in a certain tumult or insurrection the king caused the governors of the four cities to be beheaded.
But though, in this symbolical mode of writing, a great many ideas and events could be represented thus, by means of signs or symbols having a greater or less resemblance to the thing signified, yet in many cases the characters used were wholly arbitrary. They were in this respect like the character which we use to denote dollars, as a prefix to a number expressing money; for this character is a sort of symbol, that is, it represents a thing rather than a word. Our numerals, too, 1, 2, 3, &c., are in some respects of the character of symbols. That is, they stand directly for the numbers themselves, and not for the sounds of the words by which the numbers are expressed. Hence, although the people of different European nations understand them all alike, they read them, in words, very differently. The Englishman reads them by one set of words, the Spaniard by another, and the German and the Italian by others still.
The symbolical mode of writing possesses some advantages which must not be overlooked. It speaks directly to the eye, and is more full of meaning than the Phonetic method, though the meaning is necessarily more vague and indistinct, in some respects, while it is less so in others. For example, in an advertising newspaper, the simple figure of a house, or of a ship, or of a locomotive engine, at the head of an advertisement, is a sort of hieroglyphic, which says much more plainly and distinctly, and in much shorter time, than any combination of letters could do, that what follows it is an advertisement relating to a house, or a vessel, or a railroad. In the same manner, the ancient representations on monuments and columns would communicate, perhaps more rapidly and readily to the passer-by, an idea of the battles, the sieges, the marches, and the other great exploits of the monarchs whose history they were intended to record, than an inscription in words would have done.


The scopes of the company are simple and understandable : recover , recycle , refine and trade silver and gold . Arezzo Refinery is indeed by all means a market oriented company where the customer is the center of the whole activities either in purchases or reuse at the best possible level . Despite the youthness of the company the staff is handled by processing manager and managers with long experience ( more than 30 years ) and high qualification .
The industrial processes are supported with latest technology and procedures complying the requirements of UNI EN ISO 11426 / ISO 9202 / 91 specific for precious metals and jewelry / goldsmith manufacturers.
The dimension and the structure of the company has been projected to match the necessary flexibility to work in large scale as well as in small scale without penalizing lead time or costs for the services delivered.
The structure is simple with no unnecessary steps in the flow or in the chain of command thus giving the customers quick answers and decisions in strict control and full transparency.
In Arezzo Refinery we have our own laboratory to test and pre test all the committed orders of work before finalizing the processes .
We perform assays after smelting but we also perform the "ash assay" after burning to compare the expectations of the client with the results of the early stage according to a "no surprise" policy strictly observed in our operative procedures .
The most assays are performed according to the standard of ISO 11426/93 which is commonly named "fire assay" or "cupellation" or else by AAS ( atomic absorption spectroscopy ) and ICP ( Inductive coupled plasma ) according to necessities and materials to be detected.


BLOG | Here are the top 5 most popular blog articles from April which cover payroll and HR.
BLOG | Here are the top 5 most popular blog articles from March which cover payroll and HR.
Gender Pay Gap Reporting - What's Required and When?
BLOG | Large businesses in the UK are now just weeks away from starting to analyse your gender pay gap before publicly reporting on findings in 2018.
BLOG | To celebrate International Women's Day today, we look at a recent update on the gender pay gap which was revealed on Monday.
BLOG | The Government Equalities Office has begun consultations to gather views and opinions ahead of October's changes to Gender Pay Reporting in England.
BLOG | More than half of UK businesses view the upcoming changes to Gender Pay Reporting as the biggest issue they'll face over the next five years.
Workie; the physical embodiment of the workplace pension has been introduced by The Pensions Regulator to remind small businesses not to ignore pensions in the workplace.
In a recent announcement HMRC have confirmed that RTI submission will be delayed another five months for small employers. This change in approach though frustrating for small businesses who have rushed to comply, should give HMRC time to improve their data quality.
Could you be affected by HMRC mistakes?
Workers across the UK could be getting an unwelcome surprise from HMRC as it has come to light that around 3.5 million individuals haven't paid enough tax in the 2013 – 2014 tax year. This money will have to be re-paid to HMRC leaving many feeling out of pocket.


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Q: topLayoutGuide messes up after UITableViewCell reuse I have a UITableViewCell subclass in which I instantiate a UIViewController subclass and add it's view to the UITableViewCell's contentView:
viewController.view.frame = CGRectMake(0, 0, contentView.frame.size.width, contentView.frame.size.height)
contentView.addSubview(viewController.view)

Inside viewController (which is created as in a Storyboard), I have a UIImageView which is pinned to the top of the view (well, it's topLayoutGuide, since Xcode 6 Interface Builder seems to only allow me to pin to the topLayoutGuide, and not the container top edge anymore...)
I should also mention that the cell height is 230, which is the same size as viewController.view in Storyboard, so the viewController should take up the entire size of the cell.
This all works fine the first time the cell is displayed, but after reuse the topLayoutGuide in viewController seems to randomly mess up, causing the UIImageView no longer to be pinned to the top of the cell, and is instead shifted down:
On the first display, topLayoutGuide.length is 0 which is correct. However, after scrolling up & down a bit, I can see in the cell's prepareForReuse() that viewController.topLayoutGuide.length changes to 179.333333333333 or 163.666666666667 which causes the whole cell layout to mess up.
I can't figure out why topLayoutGuide is changing itself like this after cell reuse.
I suppose one workaround would be simply to pin the affected UIImageView to the top container edge rather than topLayoutGuide, which would sidestep this issue -- but it seems Xcode 6 no longer provides this functionality (at least, not without creating the constraints manually in code...)
This behaviour is exhibited in iOS 8, I've not tested other iOS versions.

A: I never managed to find out what the problem was, and why the topLayoutGuide was going weird after cell reuse, but I did manage to find out how to pin to the superview (container) bounds rather than the layout guides in Xcode 6, and this solved the issue.
In Interface Builder I used Editor > Pin > Top Space to Superview and this solved it for me.
Given that this option doesn't seem to exist anywhere else other than the menu options, it seems completely unintuitive, but that's Interface Builder for you...!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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So now you don't have to weigh up On-premise to customise or on-line for ease. With Live Edition you can have both.
Unlike other SaaS providers our prices include on-boarding, basic training, support and helpdesk. And should you want to leave we also include free off-boarding for you. This leaves you free to concentrate on delivering your projects, programmes and portfolios. And of course enjoying the savings you made by choosing PROJECT in a box Live Edition.
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Since January 2015 UK Public sector customers wanting to use Live Edition have been able to purchase this via G Cloud. The price is the same but it removes the need for having to go through the expense and complexity of tendering.
You can see our entry in the G Cloud Marketplace here easily rather than searching for it.
If you are not in the public sector you can still purchase Live edition either via our online store or by contacting us by email.