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Injury Epidemiology
Volume 6 Supplement 1
Proceedings from the 23rd Annual Injury Free Coalition for Kids® Conference: Forging New Frontiers: Pediatric Injury Prevention - Process, Programs and Progress
Restraint use and injury in forward and rear-facing infants and toddlers involved in a fatal motor vehicle crash on a U. S. Roadway
Yu-Yun Huang1,
Chang Liu1 and
Joyce C. Pressley1, 2, 3Email author
Injury Epidemiology20196 (Suppl 1) :28
Use of appropriate child passenger safety restraints reduces injury in infants, with rear facing restraints favored over forward facing. In 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) began recommending that infants and children under the age of 2 years be restrained in a rear-facing seat installed in the vehicle's rear seat. This study examines the practice of rear-facing restraints pre- and post-AAP recommendations for children under 2 years.
Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) from 2008 to 2015 were used to examine restraint status and injuries in rear-seated infants and toddlers aged 0 to less than 2 years involved in fatal collisions (n = 4966). Subpopulation analyses were conducted on 1557 children with seat facing direction recorded. Multivariable logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Covariates considered for inclusion in the multivariable model included passenger characteristics (age, gender, seating position), driver characteristics (age, gender, seat belt status, alcohol status, drug status, previous traffic violations), vehicle characteristics (vehicle type), and crash-level characteristics (day/night, weekday/weekend, rush hour, expressway/surface street, urban/rural).
Approximately 6.7% (330 of 4996) of infants and toddlers were unrestrained with mortality that was approximately triple that of restrained infants (40.0% vs 13.7%, P < 0.0001). In multivariable adjusted models, predictors of an infant being unrestrained included unrestrained driver (OR: 3.17, 95% CI: 2.38–4.21), driver aged less than 20 years (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.42–3.34), driver alcohol use (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.42–3.44), center-seated infant (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.19–2.03) and weekday crash (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.12–2.01). Of all rear-seated children whose restraint status were reported (4966), rear-facing restraint use increased from 5.0% to 23.2% between 2008 and 2015 (P < 0.0001). The odds of rear-facing restraint use increased after introduction of the AAP guideline among infants aged 0 to < 1 year old (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.46–3.10) and among toddlers aged 1 to < 2 years old (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.03–3.79).
Trends in the use of rear-facing child restraints improved over the timeframe of this study, but remain low despite the introduction of AAP guidelines and the strengthening of child restraint laws.
Motor vehicle injury
Rear-facing
AAP guidelines
Previous studies have reported that child restraints are effective at lowering mortality and lessening injury severity (Agran et al., 1998; Elliott et al., 2006; Hertz, 1996; Sauber-Schatz et al., 2014; Huang et al., 2016). It is estimated that nearly three-quarters (71%) of infants in passenger cars and 58% of infants in light trucks and vans who die without a child safety seat would have survived had they been restrained properly in a child safety seat (Hertz, 1996). Proper restraint use is influenced by several factors including age, height and weight of the child.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendation that infants and toddlers aged 0–2 years be in a rear-facing child restraint in the vehicle's rear seat, originally introduced in 2011, has been updated recently (Durbin et al., 2018) to a policy that now recommends children remain rear-facing for as long as allowable by the car seat manufacturer's guidelines. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) suggests that infants < 1 year of age ride in the vehicle's rear seat in a rear-facing car seat, and for children over the age of 1 year, that they remain seated similarly for as long as height and weight permit (NHTSA, 2011). Currently, several states have laws or regulations that require infants less than 1 year of age or < 20 lbs. to be transported rear-facing in the vehicle's rear seat with other states requiring children younger than age 2 or < 40 pounds ride rear-facing in the rear seat (GHSA, 2017).
This study examined trends in infant restraint seat direction in the United States (U.S.). Observed before and after the 2011 policy recommending that infants aged less than two years ride in a rear-facing restraint. Specifically, it examines occupant mortality in infants aged 0 to < 1 and 1 to < 2 years of age who were rear-seated: (1) to characterize predictors of restraint use and non-use; (2) to describe the characteristics and compare trends for rear-facing restraint use pre- and post-2011 AAP recommendations; and (3) to describe the characteristics of fatal crashes with missing restraint documentation.
Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 2008 to 2015 were obtained from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA) public use data files (NHTSA, 2015). FARS is a census of all crashes on U.S. public roads in which at least one person died within 30 days of the crash. FARS contains person-, vehicle- and crash-level variables including driver and passenger characteristics, drug and alcohol information, restraint use, seating position, severity of injury, traffic violations, vehicle body type, crash time and other information. FARS is a publicly available de-identified data set, and this study was deemed exempt by the Columbia University Institutional Review Board (IRB).
Study population with descriptive information on exclusions
Of the 5661 children aged 0 to less than 2 years old involved in a fatal collision on a U.S. roadway, 5378 (95.0%) were occupants in passenger vehicles (Fig. 1). Infants were excluded who were: (1) not a passenger in a motor vehicle in transport (e.g. pedestrians) (n = 283, 5.0%); (2) not being transported in a passenger vehicle equipped with safety belts (n = 41, 0.72%); (3) missing driver information (n = 22, 0.39%); (4) seated in vehicle regions where no restraint was available (sleeper section of cab or enclosed/unenclosed cargo area) (n = 63, 1.11%); or (5) who were seated in the vehicle's front seat (n = 284, 5.0%).
Study population flow diagram, Fatality Analysis Reporting System, 2008–2015
The final study population included 4966 (87.7%) infants and toddlers who were seated in the vehicle's rear seat (Fig. 1). More than half (63.3%) of the records for 4242 restrained children did not specify whether they were in a forward-facing or rear-facing restraint system. A subpopulation analysis examined 1557 rear-seated children who had data indicating the direction the child restraint was facing.
Variable classification
Child Restraint
Child restraint status was examined as follows: (1) a dichotomous seat-variable for restrained vs. unrestrained; (2) a dichotomous seat-direction variable (rear-facing or forward-facing); and as (3) a four-category variable of child restraint, other restraint, unrestrained, and unknown restraint.
Child injury severity
Child injury severity was categorized as not injured, injured (including non-incapacitating injury, incapacitating injury, injured but severity unknown), died within 30 days of crash, or unknown.
Exposures
Pre- and post- American Academy of Pediatrics guideline
In late March 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published a policy recommending that all infants and toddlers ride in a rear-facing seat until 2 years of age (Committee on Injury Violence and Prevention, 2011). Crashes that occurred before April 1, 2011 were defined as Timeframe 1 (pre-AAP policy) and crashes occurring afterward as Timeframe 2 (post-AAP policy). The AAP updated this recommendation in August 2018 to remove the age specification and to say that most children could remain rear-facing beyond their second birthday, but this clarification occurred after our study period (Durbin et al., 2018).
Person-level characteristics
Child passenger age and gender
Child passenger age was examined as a dichotomous variable with age groups 0 to less than 1, and 1 to less than 2 years. Gender was categorized as male, female, and unknown.
Child seating position
Infants and toddlers in row 2 or higher were categorized as rear-seated. Children being transported in row 1 of a vehicle were categorized as front-seated. Child seating position was further categorized as center-seated or seated outboard.
Driver age and gender
Driver age groups were < 20, 20–29, 30–64, ≥65 years, and unknown. Gender was categorized as male, female, or unknown.
Driver Restraint
Driver's restraint status was categorized as restrained (shoulder belt only, lap belt only, shoulder and lap belt, restraint used with unknown type, safety belt used improperly, or other restraint), unrestrained, or unknown.
Driver alcohol and drug use
Driver's alcohol status was categorized as positive, negative or unknown. The driver was considered alcohol positive if police reported alcohol or if the driver had a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) ≥ 0.01. Of the 294 drivers categorized as positive BAC, 77.6% of drivers had BAC ≥ 0.08. Driver's drug use was categorized as positive, negative or unknown (either not tested, or tested but result unknown). A driver was considered positive for drugs if the police reported drug involvement or if the driver tested positive for drugs.
Driver's previous moving violations
Previous violations included having a history in the last three years of driver license suspensions or revocations for a moving violation, driving while intoxicated, speeding, or other moving violations within three years of the crash date.
Vehicle-level characteristics
Vehicle body type
Vehicles were categorized as passenger cars, SUVs, vans, pickups or other.
Crash-Level Characteristics.
Weekday/Weekend
Weekend was defined as 6:00 PM Friday to 6:00 PM Sunday. Weekday and weekend were analyzed as a dichotomous variable.
Daytime was defined as 6:00 AM to 5:59 PM and nighttime was defined as 6:00 PM to 5:59 AM.
Weekday rush hour
Weekday rush hour was defined as 7:00 AM to 9:30 AM or 3:30 PM to 5:59 PM.
Expressways/Surface streets
Expressways were defined as roadways with limited access, while "surface streets" comprised all other roadways.
The trafficway on which the crash occurred was classified as urban, rural or unknown.
The Chi-square (χ2) test was used in analyses of associations between child restraint status and injury severity and potential covariates. Significance was defined as a P-value < 0.05. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for child restraint use, car seat direction, missing child restraint documentation, and injury/mortality were analyzed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Except for age and gender, variables that were not significant predictors of the outcome were not included in the final models of the adjusted association between each predictor and the outcome. Subpopulation analyses were performed on 4466 children who were restrained (in any type of restraint) and on 1557 rear-seated child passengers whose child restraint direction was recorded. All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, 2014, Cary, North Carolina).
Of the 5661 children aged 0 to less than 2 years old involved in a fatal motor vehicle collision during the study timeframe, 4966 were rear-seated and comprised the population for this study (Fig. 1).
Restraint status in rear-seated children
Among 4966 rear-seated passengers, 4242 (85.4%) were restrained in a child restraint system, 224 (4.5%) were restrained in a non-child restraint system, 330 (6.7%) were unrestrained and 170 (3.4%) had unknown restraint status (Table 1). Drivers of unrestrained children were nearly 2.4 times more frequently unrestrained compared to drivers of children restrained in a child restraint (P < 0.0001)(Table 1).
Child restraint use among infants aged 0 to < 2 years involved in fatal crashes, FARS 2008–2015
Child Restraint a n (%)
Other Restraint a n (%)
Unrestrained n (%)
Unknown n (%)
Chi-square χ2(p value) b
Total (n, row%)
4242 (85.4)
224 (4.5)
Passenger characteristics
Passenger age (years)
1.9 (0.60)
0 to < 1
Passenger gender
Seating position
11.1 (0.011)
Center-seated
Outboard-seated
Injury severity
229.8 (< 0.0001)
Not injured
Driver characteristics
Driver age (years)
41.4 (< 0.0001)
< 20
> =65
Driver gender
12.7 (0.0054)
Driver restraint status
Restrained
Driver's alcohol status
Driver's drug status
Previous violations
Vehicle characteristics
11.7 (0.46)
72 (42.35)
Crash-level characteristics
1365 (2.5)
Roadway type
Surface street
aChild restraint include booster seat, rear-facing/forward-facing car seat, and child restraint type unknown. Other restraint includes lap belt, shoulder belt, and helmet
bUnknown categories were not used in the calculation of the chi-squares; NR not reported due to small numbers
Injury/mortality in unrestrained rear-seated infants and toddlers
Among children aged 0 to less than 2 years old involved in a fatal crash, mortality was nearly triple in unrestrained passengers compared to restrained passengers (40.0% vs 13.7%, p < 0.0001) (Table 1).
Factors associated with being unrestrained
Factors associated with the transport of an unrestrained infant passenger are shown in Table 2. In multivariable models, independent predictors of an infant being unrestrained included driver age (drivers aged < 20 years compared with drivers aged 20 to 29), driver restraint status (unrestrained), driver alcohol status (yes-alcohol positive), passenger seating position (center-seated compared to seated outboard), crash time (weekday compared to weekend) (Table 2). There was a tendency for infants traveling at night to be unrestrained in the unadjusted model. In both unadjusted and adjusted multivariable models, driver's age < 20 years and driver's unrestrained were predictive of having an unrestrained infant passenger (Table 2). Drivers who tested positive or were police reported as alcohol-involved crash were more likely to have an unrestrained infant compared to those who were alcohol negative (adjusted OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.42–3.44). In unadjusted models, the odds of male drivers transporting an infant unrestrained were 33% higher compared to female drivers but this effect was not significant in the adjusted models. Center-seated infants compared to those seated outboard and weekday compared to weekend crashes were associated with infant passengers being unrestrained in both unadjusted and adjusted models (Table 2).
Predictors of unrestrained infants aged 0 to < 2 years involved in fatal crashes, FARS 2008–2015
Unadjusted, unrestrained OR (95% CI)
Multivariable adjusted, unrestrained OR (95% CI)
0.98 (0.79–1.23)
Center seated
Seated outboard
≥ 65
Trends in rear-facing Restraint use
While child restraint use in crashes involving a fatality was stable at approximately 85% across the study period, the transport of all infants and toddlers aged 0 to less than 2 years old for whom restraint status was reported and who were being transported in a rear-facing restraint system increased from 5.0% to 23.2% from 2008 to 2015 (P < 0.0001) (Fig. 2a). During the pre-AAP policy era, the odds of being transported in a rear-facing restraint increased for infants aged 0 to < 1 year old (OR: 3.62, 95% CI: 1.61–8.10). However, this increase was not significant for toddlers aged 1 to < 2 years old (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 0.62–6.21). During the post-AAP policy era, the odds of an infant aged 0 to < 2 years old being transported in a rear-facing restraint increased (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.33–2.47). Similar to pre-AAP policy era, the increase was higher among children aged 0 to < 1 year old (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.46–3.10) compared to children aged 1 to < 2 years old (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.03–3.79).
a Trends in Annual Percent of Rear-Seated Rear-Facing Infants and Toddlers. a. Trends in annual percent of rear-seated, rear-facing infants shown by a dashed line before and after release of the AAP guideline with toddlers aged 1-2 years shown in the dotted line. Total for infants and toddlers is shown in the solid line, FARS 2008–2015 (n = 4996). b. Trends in Annual Percent of Rear-Seated Rear-Facing Infants and Toddlers among Children within the Same Age Group. b.Trends in annual percent of rear-seated infants (shown by dashed line) and toddlers (shown by dotted line) who were rear-facing, FARS 2008–2015 (n = 1557). 1Henary B, Sherwood CP, Crandall JR, et al. Car safety seats for children: rear facing for best protection. Injury Prevention. 2007;13(6):398-402. 2AAP recommended infants and toddlers ride rear facing until 2 years of age in March 2011
Among 4242 children who were restrained in a child restraint system, the majority were missing data on whether the child was in a forward or rear facing restraint direction. The proportion of children with missing data on forward or rear-facing restraint direction decreased significantly from 88.6% in 2008 to 56.3% in 2015 (χ2 = 178.8, p < 0.0001). Among the 1557 children aged 0 to < 2 years with restraint direction recorded, the proportion who were rear-facing increased during post-AAP policy era from 48.6% to 53.1%. Children aged 0 to < 1 years old increased from 73.7% to 85.4% and children age 1 to < 2 years improved from a base of 19.7% to 23.9%) (Fig. 2b).
Factors associated with rear-facing Restraint use
In the subpopulation of 1557, infant passengers aged 0 to < 2 years whose restraint direction was reported, 74.6% were compliant with the NHTSA recommendation that all infants 0 to < 1 year of age travel in rear-facing car seats; 47.8% were compliant with the AAP guideline that all infants 0 to < 2 year of age travel in rear-facing car seats. Infants aged 0 to < 1 year old were more likely to be rear-facing when compared to 1 to < 2 years old (OR: 10.04, 95% CI: 7.95–12.67).
Among infants with restraint direction reported, center-seated infants were more likely to be rear-facing compared to infants seated in an outboard position in multivariable analysis (adjusted OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.13–1.75). In multivariable analysis infant passengers who traveled in SUVs were more likely to be rear-facing than infants traveling in cars (adjusted OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.05–1.65).
Factors associated with missing/unknown Restraint facing direction
The restraint facing direction was more likely to be reported for infants than for toddlers (44.6% vs 40.3%, p = 0.004) as were injured children compared to uninjured ones (44.4% vs 38.8%, p = 0.0002). Restraint type was more likely to be reported when crashes occurred on expressway than on surface street (42.1% vs 37.8, p = 0.007) (Not shown).
Mortality in front-seated infants and toddlers
There were 284 front-seated child passengers who were excluded from the analysis of rear-seated infants and toddlers aged 0 to < 2 years. Among 912 fatally-injured infants aged 0 to < 2 years, 812 were rear-seated and previously reported. Of the 100 (10.9%) who were front-seated and excluded from previous analysis, 64.0% were unrestrained. Mortality was higher in front-seated compared to rear-seated children (19.6% vs. 13.7%, p = 0.038). The proportion of infants in pickup trucks who were front-seated was approximately five times that of other passenger vehicles (19.6% vs 3.5%; P < 0.0001).
This analysis of all fatal crashes occurring on a U.S. roadway from 2008 to 2015 was conducted to evaluate trends in the use of rear-facing child restraints pre- and post-release of an AAP guideline recommending this policy. Following release of the AAP guideline for rear facing seat restraint for infants and toddlers younger than 2 years of age, the proportion of infants being transported in a rear-facing restraint system increased among children involved in a fatal motor vehicle crash. Although this increase was much larger for infants aged 0 to < 1 year of age, with an increase that was approximately five-fold higher in 2015 compared to the baseline year of 2008, rear-facing restraint use remained unacceptably low. The analysis was first attempted for all rear-seated children aged less than two years of age to assess restraint use and restraint direction. However, due to the large quantity of unreported and missing restraint direction data, a subpopulation analysis was conducted in children with restraint direction recorded.
While the majority of children were restrained in a child restraint system, about one-fifth of children were unrestrained or restrained in a non-child restraint system. The finding that unrestrained children involved in a fatal crash were more likely to be transported by drivers who were unrestrained, younger (aged < 20 years) and positive for alcohol is consistent with previous studies (Hertz, 1996; Huang et al., 2016; Oh et al., 2017). These findings of lack of restraint use by drivers suggests an area where enforcement of seat belt laws in adults transporting children might improve the safety of child passengers as well.
An early study which used the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) database found that infants in rear-facing restraints had lower mortality and 75% fewer serious injuries (including death) compared to those in forward-facing seats (Henary et al., 2007). In 2017, reanalysis of this data with a slightly extended timeframe and survey-weighted Chi-Square tests was conducted on the sampled data. This updated study found that both infants and toddlers 0–11 months old and 12–23 months old tended to experience fewer injuries in rear-facing than front-facing restraints, but the findings failed to reach statistical significance (McMurry et al., 2018). Subsequent biomechanical work on forward- and rear-facing seats has been conducted. Recently, the AAP strengthened their recommendation that infants and very young children ride rear-facing for as long as feasible, which may be beyond their second birthday (Durbin et al., 2018).
Several car seat manufacturers have developed rear-facing car seats for children older than 1 year that accommodate larger height and weight measurements than the originally introduced seats. Despite AAP and NHTSA recommendations and the availability of seats to accommodate rear-facing infants and toddlers, some studies report that up to three-quarters are transported forward-facing earlier than recommended (Macy et al., 2015; NHTSA, 2009; NHTSA, 2016; O'Neil et al., 2011; Winston et al., 2004; Arbogast et al., 2002). Our finding that children in larger SUVs were more likely to be restrained in a rear-facing restraint than those in smaller cars suggests the need for further investigation as to the role that vehicle size and child restraint design might play in early forward-facing restraint direction.
Parental sources of information regarding when to transition to forward-facing car seats are most frequently obtained from car seat packaging and clinicians (doctor/nurse) (Macy et al., 2015). Parents who received information from car seat sellers were more likely to turn their child's car seat to face forward at 1 year old, while parents who had knowledge of AAP guidelines were less likely to turn car seat forward-facing before age 1. Although 69% of the parents had heard of AAP guidelines, there is still improvement for clinicians to educate parents on current recommendations for infant and toddler car seat safety (Macy et al., 2015). Education that emphasized the benefits of rear-facing restraints was reported to promote the intent and attitude for following rear-facing recommendations.
Improvements in legislation has been promoted as having potential to increase the use of rear-facing restraints. This is thought to establish community safety norms (Macy et al., 2015). However, there has been a time lag in knowledge diffusion and policy adoption. Even though the AAP published rear-facing guidelines in 2011, the first state law adoption did not occur until 2015. As of 2018, only eight states explicitly required the use of a rear-facing car seat until age 2. The uneven legislation among states suggests an opportunity for improved communication among public health researchers, advocates, concerned citizen groups and legislators to promote more effective policymaking (Bruce et al., 2011; Bae et al., 2014).
This study has limitations. Due to the large amount of unreported and missing restraint direction data, it is unknown how children with missing reported seat-facing position may differ from children whose rear-facing position is known. Furthermore, FARS includes only infants and toddlers involved in fatal crashes. Because having a child unrestrained or improperly restrained may have contributed to an increased likelihood to be fatally injured, the results of this study may not be generalizable to the total population of all passengers in this age range. During and since this study data were collected, several states have passed laws to require rear-facing restraints. Further study is needed to examine ways to improve the impact of changing laws on restraint direction.
More than two-thirds of infants and toddlers did not have data on restraint direction recorded. This suggests the need to conduct educational programs to encourage and train law enforcement personnel on the importance of recording restraint use and restraint direction. Improved data collection could facilitate improved examination of factors associated with a rear-facing seating position compared to forward-facing restraints in children involved in fatal crashes and with more in-depth examination of crash and vehicle factors associated with injury outcomes.
In summary, trends in rear-facing restraint use improved over the timeframe of this study. The majority of toddlers aged 1 to < 2 years who are involved in a fatal motor vehicle collision with documented restraint direction are not rear-facing. Despite AAP guidelines and the strengthening of state child restraint laws, an unacceptably low proportion of infants and toddlers are being transported in accordance with current best practices.
AAP:
BAC:
Blood Alcohol Concentration
FARS:
Fatality Analysis Reporting System
NHTSA:
SUV:
The authors are grateful for the final manuscript editorial assistance provided by Arusha Arora and Aaron Cheng. The FARS data used for this analysis was provided by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The contents and interpretation of the findings are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the National Highway and Traffic Administration. The contents of the manuscript are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the funding or data collection agencies.
Dr. Joyce Pressley receives partial salary support from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Grant 1R49 CE002). Publication costs are funded by the Injury Free Coalition for Kids™.
The FARS data set is publicly available and can be downloaded from NHTSA website at https://www.nhtsa.gov/research-data/fatality-analysis-reporting-system-fars.
About this supplement
This article has been published as part of Injury Epidemiology Volume 6 Supplement 1, 2019: Proceedings from the 23rd Annual Injury Free Coalition for Kids® Conference: Forging New Frontiers: Pediatric Injury Prevention - Process, Programs and Progress. The full contents of the supplement are available online at https://injepijournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/supplements/volume-6-supplement-1.
YY (Alicia) H performed statistical analysis, drafted and revised the manuscript. CL contributed to the statistical analysis, interpretation of data and revised the manuscript. JP suggested the study question(s), data selection, analytic approach, critically reviewed and revised the manuscript and provided supervision of the work. All authors will approve the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
This study does not include human subjects research. This study only includes analysis of publicly available de-identified datasets.
Not applicable. This study does not contain any human subjects research. This study only includes analysis of publicly available de-identified datasets.
The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose.
Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health Departments of Epidemiology and Health Policy and Management, 722 West 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA
Health Policy and Management, New York, NY, USA
Center for Injury Epidemiology and Prevention at Columbia, New York, NY, USA
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Submission enquiries: richard.rocas@springernature.com


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Just in case you happen to be driving at night along a country road and a drunken raccoon wanders into the path of your vehicle, forcing you to slam on the brakes to no avail because the animal ends up on your windshield, forcing you to pull over onto the shoulder and call 911, know this: You are not alone.
Such events are becoming less rare in this time of global climate change, thanks in our part of the world to the growing frequency of heave-frost cycles.
These in turn allow apples and other fruits that ripen in the fall to ferment. A recent sighting of drunken birds in Gilbert, Minn., made national headlines.
The Washington Post had this to say about the peculiar behavior of what turned out to be a band of confused mallards.
National Geographic fleshed out the science in a longish article published online.
But if such disturbances aren't so unusual among berry-eating birds, might climate change make them even more frequent? Yes, Larivee believes. Freezing causes the berries to convert starches into sugars, while subsequent thawing makes it possible for yeast to get in and speed up the fermentation process.
She examined a group of tipsy waxwings in her lab at the Yukon animal unit following several frosts and thaws due to warmer temperatures. Larivee says that while the effects of global warming are most pronounced in winter, longer autumns give more time for berries to ferment, and early frosts allow sugars to be produced in berries early in the fall.
As a garden writer, I've been writing about the effects of global warming on plants for many, many years, but this is my first exposure to the drunken-animal-fermentation angle. I regret having not been the one who broke the story, but in passing it on to you I hope that readers will be spared the panic attacks that afflicted many of those in Gilbert and elsewhere when they were confronted by raccoons on rampages in their back yards at all hours of the night and well into the day.
Yes, raccoons, too, have been wandering drunkenly about on rooftops in the dead of night and occasionally falling off, as well as into the path of oncoming vehicles, as the anecdote that led this column suggests. Owls, squirrels, feral cats and even bald eagles also have been cited for disorderly conduct.
In other news, winter is firmly ensconced, at least here at my house. I'm fretting over my chickens and not just because raccoons are about, hungry and drunk.
Is it true, I wonder at 4 a.m. when I should be dreaming of spring tulips, that chickens grow a layer of fat to insulate themselves against temperatures in the single digits? Do their silken feathers really offer something beyond mere magnificent beauty? Do the feathers keep them warm, too?
Should I insulate the indoor part of the coop to which they have access from the outdoor coop by means of a hole too small in circumference for a starving raccoon to wriggle through, or even the fattest squirrel?
The indoor coop, I should explain, is a shelf I built in the earth-sheltered portion of the detached garage. It is slightly warmer than outdoors, by virtue of that sheltering earth, but not THAT much warmer, because it is raised 6 feet above a cold cement floor.
The tool shed to which they also have access is marginally warmer because the birds move about on the ground. But alas, my birds don't have access to the tool shed during the coldest hours of the night. It is not well-protected from starving raccoons.
I put the chickens to bed each night in the raised coops, between whose indoor and outdoor regions they are free to roam about. An infrared bulb is attached to a plug in the interior coop, should temperatures fall to 20 below.
My chicken-raising friends tell me not to worry, but also not to expect eggs unless I'm willing to set the infrared light on a timer and rouse the chickens promptly at 4 a.m.
I am unwilling to do this. Why add additional stress at this impressionable stage in their development? They are, after all, still technically children, not yet 1 year old. There's plenty of time for egg laying.
Meanwhile, I am half tempted to toss a handful of fermented crabapples into their feed and see if that warms them up a bit.
How will I know if it does?
It's true that my birds are no different from others in that despite my overbearing presence in their lives they have not yet mastered speech beyond a few scolding clucks and caws. Yes, chickens caw.
They will tell me just as they tell me everything else: When they are hungry, they step into the food bowl, and when they are thirsty, they flip over the water bowl.
I can only assume that when they are drunk, they will behave accordingly, assuming they don't overdue it and pass out. They will totter about the coop in what appears to be a drunken stupor. Then I will rest easily, knowing that for the next few hours my chickens will be feeling no pain.
Bonnie Blodgett writes a weekly garden column for the Pioneer Press during garden season.


Main Street Shakopee is a collaborative community-wide effort to revitalize our historic downtown and Highway 101 business district. We are a Minnesota Main Street Community designated by the Preservation Alliance of Minnesota. The Main Street strategy for commercial district revitalization involves collaborate work in four areas. Our goals are accomplished by three volunteer teams and one resource-building campaign.
Main Street Design Team works to make visual improvements to the Main Street district through good design compatible with historic features.
Main Street Promotion Team enhances the image and prospects of the downtown's unique social, economic, and cultural character.
Economic Vitality Team works with the City and Chamber to support, diversify and grow businesses in the Main Street district.
Friends of Main Street is the campaign that builds a strong base of funding and network of resources to sustain Main Street's mission.
Team meetings are held monthly or quarterly. We also periodically need community event volunteers!
Sign up for our monthly First Friday E-News!


If you like jokes, I've got an even better one than 90% of rivers being swimmable by 2040. Over the last two months I have been trying to unpick where the Crown Irrigation Investments $460M fund (care of you, the taxpayer) goes. They have seven directors, including a Remuera lawyer, an ex-Hunter Downs director, a fertiliser company shareholder, ex Landcorp chief executive and a Transpower director. They are wholly owned by the government (MPI and Finance) and either lend or give out public money to private irrigation enterprises.
How many loans to irrigation schemes have been made?
The value of each of these loans?
How much of each loan has been paid back?
How many investment exits (i.e. get the loan back and walk away from the irrigation scheme) have been completed?
Dates by which current outstanding loans and investment exits are expected?
Surprisingly, given a total $460M bank balance, only two loans have been made to date: one for $6.5M which has been paid back with interest ($6.8M), and an agreement to loan $65M of which $2M has been drawn down. Only one investment exit was completed (presumably the $6.5M loan repayment) and CIIL refused to release the dates on which future loans are expected to be paid, and which particular irrigation schemes were benefitting was not provided.
In addition CIIL provides non-repayable grants to private irrigation companies; seven so far including the notorious Ruataniwha ($660,000) and Lee Valley Dam ($805,000) and five others totalling just shy of $5M. Thus, the total doled out to date, according to CIIL, is a mere $70M, leaving plenty of room in the pipeline for a shedload of future irrigation projects. Given CIIL has only doled out 15% of its public purse to create sediment, nutrients, pathogens, dewatering, drying up, de-oxygenation, hypertrophism, etc, in our rural waterways, is it not logical to assume, that should the government continue on its current course, that we should expect a further 85% degradation of freshwater?


Posted on Feb 1, 2019 at 3:22 p.m.
Q: The Christmas cactus I inherited from my mom is 3 feet across. It's quite uneven, short on the back side due to its previous growing conditions up against a window. The clay pot holds cement-like soil. How do I reshape and repot this precious plant? Or do I leave well enough alone? — Lori Krog, Underwood, Minn.
A: Wow, that is a terrific Christmas cactus, and it would be interesting to know how old it is. Trimming branches will help shape the plant, and new growth can eventually fill out the back side if the plant is routinely rotated.
Repotting of a large, old Christmas cactus is difficult. They can grow for decades in the same pot and soil, but eventually at least some new potting mix is needed to maintain the plant's health. Before repotting, it's wise to take cuttings of the plant in case something unforeseen happens. Cuttings are clones, which essentially preserves the original plant for you.
After you're sure the cuttings have rooted, there are several ways to approach the repotting, which is best done in March as the plant senses increased day length and gets the urge for new growth. One way is to leave the plant in its current pot, but scrape away a little soil from the top and outer inch of the rootball as best you can, and replace with fresh, quality potting mix.
Another way is to increase the pot size by about 1 inch in diameter, and do a total repot. If the current clay pot isn't valuable, it might be easier to crack it with a hammer and pull away the pieces before lifting the rootball into the new pot. Then add soil around the top and edges. I would avoid disturbing the roots any more than necessary. Good luck, and please keep us posted.
Q: Could you recommend a quality pruning shears for shrubs and small tree branches? The Fiskars I bought worked great for a couple seasons, but not so good last season. Thanks for all the info you send my way via The Forum! — Barb Anton.
A: One of the best brands of pruning shears is Felco, and I've had mine for many years. Handheld pruners are meant to be used on pencil-sized or only slightly larger branches. Long-handled loppers are for branches up to 1 inch in diameter, and pruning saws are for branches larger than 1 inch.
Q: Your articles encouraging plant pots with drainage are absolutely accurate. Yet many beautiful pots do not have the necessary drainage holes, so do you have experience drilling a drain hole in the bottom of glazed or unglazed pots? I would appreciate your help with the method, drill bits and how large an opening is best. — Karen Rosenvold, West Fargo.
A: Drilling holes successfully in glazed and unglazed clay and ceramic pots depends on using the right drill bit. Common, all-purpose drill bits usually work fine for drilling into plastic or vinyl pots, but can easily crack clay and ceramic material. For most pots, a half-inch diameter hole allows excess water to drain quickly.
Unglazed terra-cotta clay pots often have drain holes already. But if they don't, use a carbide-tipped masonry drill bit, sold at hardware and home improvement stores. Soak new clay pots in water for several hours to make them less brittle before drilling.
For glazed ceramic pots, choose a drill bit used for ceramic tile or glass. When drilling into clay or ceramic pots, it's often easiest to start with a small drill bit, and then enlarge the hole with a half-inch bit. Use very little pressure, letting the drill bit slowly do the work. Asserting too much force can easily crack the pot. For best results, have water handy and keep the surface wet while drilling.


Immaculate 3 bedroom / 2 bath home sitting on approx. 5 acres. Home has open living area with split bedroom floor plan. Enjoy sitting in large secreened in patio. Home is located at the end of road. Large fenced in yard!!
Come Enjoy The Country On 10.102 Acres. This home has 2,056 Sft, 3 bedrooms, 2 baths, wood burning fireplace, extra room that could be a fourth bedroom or office, 2 living areas, master bath with a Jacuzzi tub. Storage building and 2 carports also on the property.


text:
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HRM Cheat Sheet / March 2013 / Cheat Sheet: March 23-24: Weekend Roundup
Mar 25, 201311:31 AM
Cheat Sheet: March 23-24: Weekend Roundup
By Angela Blue
Two teens arrested in slaying of Georgia infant in stroller
On Friday Georgia police charged two teens with murder a day after a 13-month-old boy was shot dead in his stroller and his mother wounded during a holdup. De'Marquise Kareem Elkins, 17, was charged as an adult with first-degree murder. A 14-year-old companion was also charged with murder but was not identified because he is a juvenile. Sherry West said she and her son, Antonio, Santiago, were on a walk about 9 a.m. Thursday when they were approached by two young men, one of which revealed a handgun and demanded money. When West told them she didn't have any money, the gunman asked if she wanted him to kill her baby. West said that the gunman fired a shot into the ground, then shot her in the left ear and upper leg. Then he walked around the stroller and shot her child in the face, killing him instantly. (Source)
Boris Berezovsky, self-exiled Russian tycoon and Putin rival, found dead in England
Boris Berezovsky, a self-exiled and outspoken Russian tycoon who had a bitter falling out with Russian President Vladimir Putin, was found dead in southeast England on Saturday. He was 67. The cause of death was not immediately clear, and Thames Valley police said it was being treated as "unexplained." Lawyer Alexander Dobrovinky told Russian state TV that his client—who had survived assassination attempts in the past—lately had been in a "horrible, terrible" emotional state. (Source)
Man shot dead at Newport News party
A 19-year-old who has been identified as Donteous Trayvon McEachern was shot and killed at a party in Newport News late Friday night. Police responded to a large party in the 500 block of Clearbrook Road off Ridgeview Drive after receiving reports of a shooting. Officers discovered McEachern suffering a gunshot wound to his chest. He was taken to a local hospital where he was pronounced deceased. Witnesses told police that a physical alteration took place at the party between the victim and another man. Witnesses also told police that a woman became involved in the altercation. During the altercation, McEachern was shot and was able to make his way outside the party where he collapsed. (Source)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Small tools are replaced on a regular basis, usually with in two years. We have stock of approximately 20 strimmers and ten hedge cutters, as well as various other power tools.
Tools are well maintained and serviced at the company's workshops where large stocks of spares are kept.
Second hand tools are regularly sold of to domestic customers who get the advantage of a well maintained higher spec machine than they would usually purchase. Any enquiries should be emailed to the office.


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A chorus of strangers: Amanda Maddox on Janet Delaney's 'Red Eye to New York'
The taxi deposits Janet on Water Street around 3 a.m. She discovers she is locked out, having misplaced the key. Rather than search for a payphone and disturb her friend, she meanders south toward Wall Street, photographing under the low glow of streetlamps even though she knows it won't yield much. At 6, with the sun finally awake, she boards the Staten Island ferry, another way to kill time. On the front deck she notices a couple dressed in yesterday's clothes, deep in an embrace, so taken with each other they don't register Janet taking their photograph. Back in Manhattan, captain of her footpath, it's easy to assume that the city's grid system imposes a set of hard-and-fast rules. But as Janet sets out again without a prescribed route or destination, wending her way toward Union Square or to a museum uptown, the city reveals itself as a foreign language full of grammatical exceptions and disruptive punctuation marks. West 5th Street does not exist. Houston is pronounced Hows-tonne. The intersection at West 4th, Christopher, and 7th Avenue South resembles an asterisk that interrupts the fluency of traffic. The subway transfer at 14th Street—that seemingly endless em-dash of a tunnel—defies any hope of connection to another train. This is the dialect of a place that actively impedes the proficiency of non-native speakers.
"New York is a city that talks. And talks and talks and talks," write Rebecca Solnit and Joshua Jelly-Schapiro in Nonstop Metropolis. "Not only in different tones... but also in many different languages. Language can bridge from the old to the new but it can also be used as a drawbridge to keep outsiders at bay." The confusion of tongues is just one reason why New York is the kind of city that, on the face of things, should not work. Yet its chorus of strangers, with their capacity to band together, knows how to harmonize—as well as how to yell at each other from their windows and fire escapes—in spite of language barriers. If there is such a thing as a mother tongue shared by every New Yorker, Solnit and Jelly-Schapiro believe it would be ambition.
"I am reminded of this theory on a flight to New York in May of 2021, preparing to set foot in the city for the first time since departing JFK on March 7 the year before, hours after Governor Cuomo declared a state of emergency in response to the rise of COVID-19 cases. As the plane descends, the passenger in the aisle seat leans toward the window, points to one of many tall buildings near Wall Street, and then tells our row that she'll be starting work there on Monday. She is young, ponytailed, brimming with nervous excitement and ready for her life to begin somewhere on the ground below us. She has come to fashion her identity as a New Yorker, and to plan a career. The height of her ambition rivals our current altitude; from where she sits, at 20,000 feet, the possibilities seem limitless. I recognize this as "the sense, so peculiar to New York, that something extraordinary would happen any minute, any day, any month," a belief that resonated with me in 2003 when I first read it in Slouching Towards Bethlehem, a book that came recommended by the friend who helped me land a job in the city all those years ago.
I understand now that the limitless ambition characteristic of New Yorkers might actually be "powered by a sociopathic illusion," as Zadie Smith says. The city can turn its back on you. I know now, after countless cross-country trips during the past decade, that the red eye to New York is never really practical, even if it saves you the price of a hotel room for a night. I tend to believe that bodegas are insufficient conveniences in a metropolis where in-unit washer-dryers are scarce. I could tell her these things, but instead I wish her luck as we alight."
Linen bound hardback with tip-in


Interview with Iris Eichenberg in the context of WE WALKA School´s Intentional Workshop Program and WE WALKA Gallery Space Exhibition Program.
WE WALKA School and Gallery Space was honored to host Iris Eichenberg visit to Chile.
Her visit included a retrospective exhibition "The Shy Ones", a public lecture ""As close as I can get" and a 4 day workshop "The inter-implication of obsession and ritual in objects".


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Home / News / Fuel Cell
Japan To Spend $385 Million On Hydrogen For 2020 Olympics Deadline
Stephen Edelstein January 22, 2015 Comment Now!
Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, and officials there are already preparing the city to host an influx of athletes--and bask in the global spotlight.
Japan is also using the Games as an opportunity to promote hydrogen fuel-cell cars.
ALSO SEE: Japan Eases Laws, Boosts Incentives For Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Cars
Tokyo plans to spend 42.5 billion yen ($385 million) on fuel-cell vehicle subsidies and hydrogen fueling stations ahead of the 2020 Olympics--using the games to advance the Japanese government's plans to advance the use of hydrogen as an energy source.
The Japanese capital will build 35 hydrogen fueling stations, and is in negotiations with Honda and Toyota to get 6,000 hydrogen cars on its roads by 2020, according to Bloomberg.
2016 Toyota Mirai
More than 80 percent of the cost of building these stations will be subsidized by the Tokyo city government.
Costs for business owners will be capped at 100 million yen (about $847,500) and smaller businesses may see the government foot the entire bill for stations on their property.
MORE: BMW's Low-Emissions Olympic Fleet Lands In London
Tokyo-area residents will also be eligible for 1 million yen (about $8,500) in subsidies for fuel-cell cars--on top of the 2 million yen ($17,000) in subsidies offered by the national government.
That amount is more than triple the 950,000 yen ($8,136) offered for the Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric car in Japan.
Officials are promoting these policies now because they believe the 2020 Olympics can be used to spotlight hydrogen technology. The games are also expected to attract new investment--creating opportunities to upgrade Tokyo's infrastructure.
Honda FCV Concept
It's far from the first time the Olympics have served as a venue for green cars.
For the 2012 London Olympics, BMW brought 4,000 low-emission vehicles--including hybrids, diesels, and plug-in electric cars--to the British capital to transport dignitaries and athletes.
RELATED: Hydrogen-Fueled Olympics Taxis Sent 130 Miles To Refuel--On Diesel Trucks
There were also a handful of hydrogen-fueled London cabs, but these had to be ferried outside the city on diesel trucks to refuel after a station in central London shutdown--something Tokyo will hopefully avoid.
The Tokyo announcement comes shortly after Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe called for more-aggressive promotion of fuel cells.
After a recent test drive of the 2016 Toyota Mirai, Abe discussed construction of a national fueling-station network, and said the government would ease regulations relating to fuel cells.
He envisions a "hydrogen society" where fuel cells power homes and office buildings, as well as cars.
Abe and other officials hope turning to fuel cells will help reduce Japan's use of nuclear power, something the country as tried to do since the devastating accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in 2011.
The country is reportedly paying 10 billion yen (roughly $84.7 million) per day to buy natural gas after the accident led to the shutdown of all of Japan's nuclear plants.
Follow GreenCarReports on Facebook, Twitter, and Google+.
Fuel Cell Green hydrogen Infrastructure Japan Olympics
Hydrogen-Fueled Olympics Taxis Sent 130 Miles To Refuel--On Diesel Trucks
Japan Eases Laws, Boosts Incentives For Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Cars
Toyota Mirai Fuel-Cell Car To Get Global Showcase At 2020 Olympics
GM and Honda propose establishing alliance extending well beyond EV and fuel-cell tech
Even with $8,000 tax credit extended, fuel-cell lease prices won't change...
Another fuel-cell outage hampers Bay Area fuel-cell drivers
Hyundai Kona Electric and Nexo fuel-cell SUV recalled for brake issue
First drive review: 2021 Toyota Mirai goes faster and farther, but is that...
Hyundai HTWO hydrogen fuel-cell brand signals development push for...
Updated fuel-cell tech boosts Toyota semi project to 300 miles at full load


It's an old one, but I think it still looks quite good.
My first casemod from about 2 years ago. Based on a Lian Li PC-V2000 case, modded with lots of green acrylic from AC Ryan.
Working on a new computercase at the moment.
I agree with you, about it still looking good, I would say that it looks superb. Now I must also say, Welcome to Modders-Inc, you won't find a better modding site on the web. I sure that you will find that the members are willing to help to the best of their ability and that you will find us friendly to go along with the willingness to help. Happy Modding to ya.
your right it does still look nice....gotta ask has this rig been posted elsewear???
It has been posted on several forums, just like my current casebuild.
Would you mind posting some links on where it is posted at, so that it will be easy for us to go check it out. Thank you, Happy Modding to ya.
Welcome to M-I and what a great looking machine. Very clean and nicely done.
I will post a worklog of my current project "Evolutionary" on modders-inc soon.


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Q: natbib, et al by more than one author I've got some problems with my bibliography style
Code:
\usepackage[square]{natbib}
\usepackage[english,ngerman{babel}
\begin{document}
\chapter{Einleitung}

Text..... \citep{Marley2009}

\bibliography{literatur}
\bibliographystyle{plainnat}
\end{document}

@ARTICLE{Marley2009,
author = {Marley and Smith},
title = {Einsatz von Pulveraktivkohle zur Elimination von Mikroverunreinigungen
aus dem Abwasser},
journal = {blabla},
year = {2009},
owner = {bobmarley},
timestamp = {2012.10.31}
}

I'm getting then

[Marley and Smith2009]

what I want is

[Marley et al 2009], et al

by more than one authors.
Any idea how get that?

A: The plainnat BibTeX style abbreviates authors when there are 3 or more authors. You have to change the BibTeX style. A style that does that is chicago, or you can create you own BibTeX style with custom-bib. For option use a terminal window (command line) and run latex makebst and then follow the prompt.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Monica Jones | 9/3/2015, 12:54 a.m.
The Pre-Labor Day Weekend Experience is a collaborative effort from Latoya Hurley's Innovating Marketing & Management, La Bella Elise, and SwaggaCity.com which took place over the weekend as Houston's hip and fashionable hit the red carpet for a weekend of fashion, music, and social good. The weekend kicked off with an empowerment beauty brunch for women at the contemporary and chic Davis Street Restaurant where guests gathered to brunch, network, and share their experiences with other female business owners within the beauty industry. The dainty affair hosted by VH1's Love & Hip Hop reality star, Cyn Santana provided a platform for women to openly discuss ways to break into the beauty industry, business strategies for brand growth, and connect with other fashionistas. After an overwhelming turnout last year the All-white Celebrity charity fashion show offered both men & women a first look at collections from a host of up and coming designers and boutiques as the all-white charity at the swanky Mr. Peeple's Restaurant in Midtown.
This year the events cause hit home for most in attendance as the taboo topic of mental illness and suicide is becoming more prevalent in our society. SISFI Suicide Prevention Institute was the selected benefactor in which Brett Scudder, representative of the foundation opened the show with an impactful message about addressing the issues surrounding mental illness within minority communities. The event provided host, Aysia Garza former reality star of Oxygen Network's Bad Girl's Club, with a platform to showcase pieces from her new clothing boutique "Inside My Look". Other notable designers include Cyn Santana's "Nu", lingerie from La Bella Elise, and flirty dresses from Lux Monroe Boutique. Guest enjoyed performances. The experience was a great way for Houston tastemakers to kick-off the upcoming Labor Day festivities.


For being so close to Sacramento, Folsom Lake is a surprisingly pleasant destination. Last time we came, I had a head cold and just stayed in Dory being sniffly. We were also in the depths of the drought and there was no lake to be seen. This time around, I got to go for a nice dip while Richard clocked 50+ miles on his bike.
Dinner for both nights was a quick Trader Joes meal in a bag, heated up in a nonstick Magma pan and paired with half baked rolls. I had some reports to write, so I knew easy would be the way to go. Saturday I got "Squirt" out on the lake and just leisurely paddled around for a couple of hours before getting to work. The site we got was, I think, the nicest in the campground. There was plenty of room between us and anyone else. You have to be kind of careful in this park because if you don't get one of the three or four sites closer to the water, you're going to be looking at a road full of cars. You also can't see the lake from any site because there is a huge berm between you and the water. It is close to the bike trail that runs along the American River, all the way to Sacramento, and (when there is water) the day use area is nice for boating and swimming. The bathrooms are nicely done and very clean, and our site was perfectly level with full hookups. This meant we got to live it up with showering and run the AC even though it wasn't all that hot. The sewer connection was at the perfect location and low down so we got full dumps. It's those little things that make all the difference.
I sleep very soundly in Dory. Lately, our adopted cat has taken to sleeping adorably curled up on my legs at home. Thing is, I'm 50+ and periodically become a super efficient heat generator at night, so this makes for awkward sleeping. I've tried moving her or taking up my half of the bed before she comes in the room, but then she does her kneading and purring thing and puts her tiny fuzzy cheek on mine and I just surrender and make room for wherever she wants to be. And then don't sleep. So weekends out are now an important part of catching up. Besides the fact that I think she'd hate it, that makes for one more reason not to take her out with us. She does like napping in Dory in the garage though, so we have to be careful not to make her an accidental camping cat.
Nice weekend, nice site. I can't say this place is terribly remote or super nature like, but it does the trick and has a lot of conveniences that make for an easy outing.
Total miles: 99.7, 3 hours 2 min, 17.7 mpg. Site 53. I think I would only go here if I could get sites 52, 53, or 54. Maybe 50 or 51. But 53 was the nicest. LTE for both of us, full hookups, nice facilities.


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St. Euphrosyne (Feast Day - September 25)
By Protopresbyter Fr. George Papavarnavas
The life of Saint Euphrosyne is admirable and her way of life uncommon. She is a model of spiritual bravery, purity and chastity.
Born in Alexandria in the fifth century, she was an only daughter and very rich. Material wealth, fortunately, did not manage to harden her soul to become selfish and stingy, as it most often happens, but she remained benevolent and merciful. Her parents loved God and loved people, and they managed to give her true wealth of the heart, namely, to inspire love for God and for people.
At the age of twelve she was orphaned of a mother and her father showed greater zeal and diligence towards her upbringing. When she turned eighteen he wanted to marry her to a young man of high social status. But Euphrosyne chose the path of virginity in Christ and her decision was firm and irreversible. For this reason one day she divided her belongings among the poor and left secretly, to avoid her father discovering her and obligating her to return to the world and marry against her will. She changed her clothing and dwelled in a male monastery, changing her name also to Smaragdos. She lived in a male monastery for thirty-eight whole years without anyone knowing her secret.
In asceticism and virtue she far surpassed her fellow monastics, with the result that everyone marveled at the divine way of life of Smaragdos, and many struggled to emulate "him". Saint Nikodemos the Hagiorite admired her angelic way of life, writing: "It was given to her to shine among the men by her virtues, like a precious emerald (smaragdos) gemstone among other stones. Blessed Euphrosyne appeared like an emerald (smaragdos)."
Often parents, perhaps due to too much love, which is certainly not entirely free of selfishness, insist to impose upon their children their own decisions, in order to be benefited by their children. The legitimate reaction of children, which is sometimes dynamic and contains elements of exaggeration, create family conflicts with societal implications. True love is linked with freedom, and vice versa. As is often said by His Eminence Metropolitan Hierotheos and is written in his books, love without freedom is a dictatorship and freedom without true love is anarchy.
Saint Euphrosyne never stopped truly loving her father and praying for him. When he realized the end of earthly life was near he asked her to meet him. In the meantime he had become a monk in the same monastery without it passing through his mind that he would meet his daughter there. During this meeting he learned her secret and her real name. It is worth noting that Paphnutios, her father, is also a Saint and that both father and daughter celebrate their feast on the same day.
Inside the male monastery she made a superhuman struggle to live according to Christ. She had to continuously impersonate, but also took great pains to not be outdone in asceticism and spiritual performance by her fellow monastics. And truly, as the sacred hymnographer says, she rejected the weaknesses of a female and became manly, that is, she had a manly mindset. In this way she overcame the difficulties to defeat the various temptations and live with "imcorruptible purity and chastity, which is acquired by corruptible people with toil and sweat" (St. John of Sinai).
Indeed, purity and chastity is acquired with much toil and sweat. Saint John of Sinai, in his wonderful book called "The Ladder", devotes one chapter (15) to purity and chastity, where he writes among other things:
1. Purity means that we put on the angelic nature. Purity is the longed-for house of Christ and the earthly heaven of the heart. Purity is a supernatural denial of nature, which means that a mortal and corruptible body is rivaling the celestial spirits in a truly marvelous way.
2. He is pure who expels love with love and who has extinguished the material fire by the immaterial fire.
3. Chastity is the name which is common to all the virtues.
4. He is chaste who even during sleep feels no movement or change of any kind in his constitution.
5. He is chaste who has continually acquired perfect insensibility to difference in bodies.
6. The rule and limit of absolute and perfect purity is to be equally disposed towards animate and inanimate bodies, rational and irrational.
Saint Euphrosyne reminds us, among other things, that if one desires and truly wants to live according to Christ, there is nothing in the world that can deter them. Surely you will encounter temptations and difficulties will come, perhaps faced by people and situations, but if one truly loves the spiritual life, they will be patient and reach their goal, because love "always hopes, always perseveres", and it devises incredible ways to express itself.
For one to live with purity and chastity one must perform great labors and shed much sweat. By their bright example the Saints assure us that this life, despite its difficulties, is lovely. And it hides such joys that it is impossible for the "natural man" to even imagine.
Source: Ekklesiastiki Paremvasi, "ΟΣΙΑ ΕΥΦΡΟΣΥΝΗ", September 2002. Translated by John Sanidopoulos.
Labels: Female Saints, Saints of September


text:
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NRA convention calendar of events
Jill Phillips
jill.phillips@indystar.com
The National Rifle Association's Annual Meeting takes place in Indianapolis this week.
The Expo Hall inside the Indiana Convention Center, 100 S. Capitol Ave., will open Friday and Saturday from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., and Sunday, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Admission comes in the way of NRA membership. Annual membership is $35. One day memberships may be purchased for $10. Nearly all seminars and presentations are included. The event is free to current NRA members, uniformed military, law enforcement personnel, and organized youth groups.
A must see will be the 2014 NRA Foundation's Wall of Guns, featuring nearly 80 firearms of different makes and models.
Convention goers can try out the latest air rifles and pistols, among others, at The "Pyramyd Air" Gun range, located in the lobby of the Indiana Convention Center.
All events take place inside the Indiana Convention Center, unless otherwise noted.
NRA Gun Gurus, 2:30 p.m. See a live filming of the Outdoor Channel's show featuring Jim Supica and Phil Schreier. Taping will occur in the lobby across from Hall D. For more information visit www.NRAGunGurus.com
NRA RING OF FREEDOM Heritage Society Tour and Luncheon, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.
NRA Foundation Banquet and Auction, 5 p.m., Lucas Oil Stadium. $85
Firearms Law Seminar, 8 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., JW Marriott, 10 S. West St. Cost: $295/practicing attorneys; $175/general attendees; $75/active duty military and police officers. Cost includes course, study materials, continental breakfast, luncheon, and post-course reception. For more information, visit www.nrafoundation.org/lawseminar or call 1-877-NRF-LAWS.
Ring of Freedom Brunch, 9:30 a.m., Sagamore Ballroom. Gathering of Ring of Freedom family members each year. New members inducted into the NRA Golden Ring of Freedom.
Creating a Constitutionally Centered Estate Plan, 10 a.m., Westin Hotel. Free. Workshop will help attendees create an estate plan focused on passing fire arms from generation to generation.
Advanced Sausage Processing, BBQ and Smoke Cooking Techniques by Bradley Smoker (USA), 11 a.m., Room 137. Brad Lockwood demonstrates how to process and smoke cook sausage, jerky, fish, game and traditional barbeque food.
3 Gun 101, 11 a.m., Room 138. Travis Gibson demonstrates what a 3 Gun match is and how it's scored at club, regional and national levels.
Shoot to Win: Tips, Tactics and Techniques to Shoot like a Pro, 11 a.m., Room 136. Guest speaker: Chris Cheng, winner of Top Shot season 4, provides shooting advice.
Defensive Shooting Skills Development, 11 a.m., Rooms 140-142. Rob Pincus teaches attendees how to be prepared for defensive scenarios.
Women's Leadership Forum Luncheon & Auction, noon, JW Marriott. $250. Call (703) 267-1127 or apeschell@nrahq.org.
NRA Pistol Instructor Training Course – For Women Only, 12:30 p.m., Room 231. This class is designed to help meet the need for female pistol instructors. Friday class begins at the range for pre-qualification. Class lasts through Saturday.
Leadership Forum, 1 p.m. Speakers include: Gov. Mike Pence, Sen. Dan Coats, Sen. Marco Rubio, Colts kicker Adam Vinatieri, Sen. Rick Santorum. $10, Lucas Oil Stadium.
Refuse to be a Victim, 1 p.m., Room 232-233. Four-hour seminar discussing safety tips to avoid dangerous situations. Open to the public. Limited seating.
The Men and Guns of D-Day, 1 p.m., Room 130-132. Speakers: Martin K.A. Morgan, military historian, and Mark A. Keefe IV, editor-in-chief of American Rifleman Magazine discuss small arms used by American troops during the D-Day invasions.
Methods of Concealed Carry seminar, 1 p.m., Room 237-239. Guest speaker Tom Marx, former police officer, writer and trainer. This four-hour lecture and demonstration is intended for officers and civilians. The program is not just about concealing guns, but ammo, holsters, clothing, carrying environments, physical conditioning and women's issues.
Leadership in the Shadows, 2 p.m., Room 133-135. Guest speaker: Retired Delta Force Sergeant Major Kyle Lamb discusses leadership from his battlefield experiences from the Black Hawk Down incident as well as five tours in Iraq.
Wild Game Cooking: From Field to Table, 2 p.m., Room 138. Scott and Tiffany Haugen demonstrate how to prepare big game for the dinner table.
Puppy to Professional: Dog Training and Handling, 2:30 p.m., Room 137. Jennifer Broom, Cabela's pro-staff dog trainer and founder of Quinebaug Kennels, provides training tips for your family pet and hunting companion.
Home Defense Concepts, 2:30 p.m., Room 140-142. Rob Pincus talks about the balance between securing firearms from unauthorized access and having quick access to defensive tools.
ILA Dinner & Auction, 6 p.m., Indianapolis Motor Speedway, 4790 W. 16th St. Proceeds benefit the fight to defend the Second Amendment. $250. Sold out.
NRA Country Jam IV, 7 p.m., Crane Bay Event Center, 551 W. Merrill St., Indianapolis. Features country artists Joe Nichols and Jerrod Niemann.
NRA Pistol Instructor Training Course – For Women Only, 8 a.m., Room 231. Day 2 of a class is designed to help meet the need for female pistol instructors.
Annual Meeting of Members, 10 a.m., Sagamore Ballroom. Join Wayne LaPierre, Chris Cox and NRA officers as we zero in on the historical importance of the 2014 congressional elections and what they mean for the future of our right to keep and bear arms.
Creating a Constitutionally Centered Estate Plan, 10 a.m., Westin Hotel. Free. Workshop will help attendees create an estate plan focused on passing firearms from generation to generation.
Freedom First Financial Seminar, 11 a.m., Room 138. Fund managers, estate planners and gold experts provide advice for your financial future. Q & A to follow seminar.
The Men and Guns of the Battle of the Bulge, 11 a.m., Room 130-132. Martin K.A. Morgan talks about the men and guns used during Germany's massive defense that involved 600,000 American soldiers.
3 Gun 101, 11 a.m., Room 139 Travis Gibson demonstrates what a 3Gun match is and how its scored at club, regional and national levels.
Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act, 11 a.m., Room 136. Overview of the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act and the misconceptions around it. Presented by James Baranowski.
Puppy to Professional: Dog Training and Handling, 11:30 a.m., Room 136. Jennifer Broom, Cabela's pro-staff dog trainer and founder of Quinebaug Kennels, provides training tips for your family pet and hunting companion.
Refuse to be a Victim, 1 p.m., Room 232. Four-hour seminar discussing safety tips to avoid becoming a victim of a crime. Open to the public. Limited seating.
NRA Certified Instructor Update, 1 p.m., Room 234-236. See the NRA's new system for firearms instruction. Top trainers from across the country will demonstrate methods and offer tips. To register, visit http://www.nraam.org/seminars/instructors-update.aspx.
Methods of Concealed Carry seminar, 2 p.m., Room 237-239. Guest speaker is Tom Marx, former police officer, writer and trainer. This four-hour lecture and demonstration is intended for officers and civilians. The program is not just about concealed guns, but ammo, holsters, clothing, carrying environments, physical conditioning, and women's issues.
Survival Mindset: Are you Prepared?, 2 p.m., Room 133-135. Retired Delta Force Sergeant Major Kyle Lamb discusses combat mindset and training for confrontation.
Wild Game Cooking: From Field to Table, 2 p.m., Room 139. Scott and Tiffany Haugen demonstrate how to prepare big game.
Advanced Sausage Processing, BBQ and Smoke Cooking Techniques by Bradley Smoker (USA), 2:30 p.m., Room 137. Brad Lockwood demonstrates.
Defensive Shooting Skills Development, 2:30 p.m., Room 140-142. Rob Pincus teaches attendees how to prepare for defensive scenarios.
NRA Certified Instructor Techniques, 2:30 p.m., Room 233-236. Those who complete the course receive a free NextLevel Training SIRT affiliate instructor T-shirt for your efforts.
Secret Commandos: The Men and Guns of SOG, 2:30 p.m., Rooms 130-132. Major John L. Plaster talks about the weapons, tactics and techniques SOG's Green Berets used along the Ho chi Minh Trail during the Vietnam War. The presentation includes a fascinating variety of suppressed weapons, unusual explosive devices, diversionary devices and formerly classified sabotage materials.
Shoot to Win: Tips, Tactics and Techniques to Shoot like a Pro, 2:30 p.m., Room 136. Guest speaker: Chris Cheng talks, winner of Top Shot season 4, provides advice on training and shooting like a pro.
NRA Stand and Fight Rally, 7 p.m., Lucas Oil Stadium. Event features musical guests Alabama & Sara Evans, as well as Lt. Col. Oliver North and Former Gov. of Alaska Sarah Palin. $20.
Prayer Breakfast, 7 a.m., JW Marriott White River Ballroom. Keynote speaker is Dr. Franklin Graham, son of evangelist Billy Graham. John Smithbaker and Meredith Andrews will also be present.
National Gun Collectors Awards Ceremony, 9 a.m., Room 136.
Refuse to be a Victim, 9 a.m., Room 232. To be eligible for this workshop instructor candidates must attend the Friday or Saturday Refuse to be a Victim seminars and register with NRA staff. Successfully completing the Instructor Development Workshop earns individuals the NRA credentials required to teach the Refuse to be a Victim Seminar in their communities. $175
NRA Clubs and Associations, 9 a.m., Room 235-236. Network with other clubs and Second Amendment supporters.
NRA Women's New Energy Breakfast, 9:30 a.m. This women-only continental breakfast provides an opportunity to meet the NRA's female board members and volunteers. Open to all women. Tickets are $15 per person.
NRA Youth Day, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Exhibits and activities include Sport 3 Gun Experience, LaserShot, Duck Calling, Boy Scouts of America Pin Car Derby, Youth Hunter Education Challenge and rodeo roping. Attendees will receive a free six-month youth membership. For more information call (703) 267-1472 or email nrasports@nrahq.org.
3 Gun 101, 11 a.m., Room 138. Travis Gibson demonstrates what a 3 Gun match is and how it is scored.
Defensive Shooting Skills Development, 11:30 a.m., Room 140-142. Rob Pincus teaches ways to be prepared for defensive scenarios.
Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act, 11:30 a.m., Room 139. Overview of the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act and the misconceptions around it. Presented by James Baranowski.
Puppy to Professional: Dog Training and Handling, 11:30 a.m., Room 137. Jennifer Broom, Cabela's pro-staff dog trainer and founder of Quinebaug Kennels, provides tips for your family pet and hunting companion.
NRA Pistol Instructor Training Course – For Women Only, noon, Room 131. Day 2 of a class is designed to help meet the need for female pistol instructors.
Sheepdogs! The Bulletproof Mind for the Armed Citizen, 1 p.m., Room 130-132. Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, co-author of Glenn Beck's book "Control: Exposing the Truth About Guns," and author of "On Combat," will present abour the mental and physical preparedness of armed citizens.
US M16: A Half-Century of America's Combat Rifle, 1:30 p.m., Room 133-135. A history of the nation's most used combat rifle.
Advanced Sausage Processing, BBQ and Smoke Cooking Techniques by Bradley Smoker (USA), 2:30 p.m., Room 137. Brad Lockwood demonstrates how to process and smoke cook sausage, jerky, fish, game and traditional barbeque food.
Home Defense Concepts, 2 p.m., Room 140-142. Rob Pincus talks about the balance between securing firearms from unauthorized access and having quick access to defensive tools.
Shoot to Win: Tips, Tactics and Techniques to Shoot like a Pro, 2 p.m., Room 136. Guest speaker: Chris Cheng talks, winner of Top Shot season 4, provides advice on training and shooting like a pro.
Second Amendment: Now More Than Ever!, 2 p.m., Sagamore Ballroom. Ted Nugent talks about the right to keep and bear arms, and defend oneself.
Compiled by Jill Phillips. Follow her on Twitter @JillPhillips05.
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Our staff feels communication with the patient is paramount.
We have a translator on-site for Spanish speaking patients and a bilingual Polish-speaking therapist also available. At Excel we provide specialized one-on-one care for patients who need close supervision, as well as home exercise programs to teach patients how to treat themselves during and after the course of therapy. Our primary focus is the early return of patients to their pre-injury condition.


On 11.8.96 the firs regional conference of Karnataka was held at Vikas primary school Vithoba road Shimogga . Prof. S.R.Rao, Dr.A.Sundara, and many local scholars and a large number of persons who are deeply interested in the history of our country participated in the sessions.
In the second session Sri Haribhau vaze spoke on the necessity of collecting, collating and writing the local history at the village, the District, the State, and the regional level. .Sri B.S.Ramabhat spoke in detail about the considerable number of inscriptions that mention different incidents that had happened in the local area and also about the coins that are unearthed in the region which can answer many a puzzling practices that are prevalent in the region. Sri. Siddiah hiremath spoke on the places in the region, which are replete with historical information. Dr.S.R.Rao spoke on the different excavations in which he had done pioneering work like Dwarika, Poompuhar, Lothal. He also explained how recent discoveries throw an entirely a different light on the historical conclusions that we had entrained so far. All the lectures were followed by a keen discussion between the delegates and the scholars.
The aim of the convention was to Create awareness among the people about the necessity of knowing our own history and to bring a dialogue among the students, teachers and the lovers of history about means of improving History teaching in order to inculcate nationalistic pride among the students Bharata. Prof. Kalyana Raman a reputed Indologist of international fame addressed the inaugural session. It is goes to his credit of making the international community aware of the epochal discoveries in connection with the Sarsavati civilization. It is because of his untiring effort the under ground Sarasvati a huge river flowing under ground to be harnessed to make the deserts of Rajasthan blooms as it did 6000 years ago.
Sri Harbhau vaze National leader for the ABISY spoke about restructuring history, which is long over due in utilizing the information that is pouring from different branches knowledge which has thrown light on many a controversial points in history making resolutions easier. Vidwan M.Sivakumaraswamy, a senior research scholar Oriental Research Institute Mysore , spoke at length how from the Vedic times we have been aware of the concept of history and how our ancestors and its relevance in restructuring History to day.
The after noon session was for discussion about the Indian Kalaganana its accuracy and its necessity in handling events of longer duration along with the need of including traditions, folklore and local practices as sources of historical facts. Sri.M.A.Narasimhan and Dr. M.A.Jayashree Prof. of Sanskrit assisted the session.
Sri Narahari member of the Karnataka legislature addressed the concluding session. He spoke at length about how the cultural bias and the prejudices of the alien historians have distorted the history and regretted how such distortions of history is still being accepted even after fifty years of independence.
This conference was an unprecedented success for the extensive media coverage it got and also the delegates it attracted. Those who are interested in history overwhelmed those who were actually involved in learning, teaching and writing history. The total number of delegates who attended the conference was more than 300 in number hailing from different walks of life.


A Chinese official says the country is vowing to eliminate Christianity in China, according to The Christian Post.
"[We] must recognize that Chinese churches are surnamed 'China,' not 'the West'," Xu told delegates to the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
"The actions by anti-China forces that attempt to affect our social stability or even subvert the regime of our country are doomed to fail," he added.
He said he is worried that Christianity is a "western" influence that isn't best for the country.
"Therefore, people often say: "One more Christian, one less Chinese," Xu said, according to Xinhua News Agency.


text:
Okta signs Melbourne partner, eyeing another in Sydney
Identity and access management company in talks with a second reseller after appointing first one.
Patrick Budmar (ARN)
13 August, 2014 16:55
Identity Solutions has joined Okta as a reseller, becoming the identity and access management vendor's first Australian channel partner.
Okta Australia vice-president, Graham Pearson, said the Melbourne-based reseller stood out for its long track record in the local IT industry.
"Identity Solutions have been around for a long time since 1999, making them a pioneer for identity management in Australia from a reseller perspective," he said.
"To have an organisation that has the background, knowledge, and customer base they do is something special, and I think we're lucky to get them."
Okta set up a local presence in May, and Pearson said the deal with Identity Solutions came together after months of negotiations.
"Contacts and commitments needed to be done by both parties, and we've now come to an amicable arrangement," he said.
After Okta established itself in Australia, the next step was to get the channel enabled by finding the right partner and bringing them onboard.
"We haven't been on the ground very long, but we know the importance of the channel," Pearson said.
Ongoing discussions
The deal with Identity Solutions has completed, though Okta is currently in talks with a Sydney-based reseller to cover the New South Wales region.
Pearson said discussions with the reseller are currently in the "beginning stages," and both parties still need to work out an arrangement they are "comfortable with."
"Bringing onboard a partner is like a marriage or a relationship, so there is no point in just going out and appointing everybody," he said.
"We want to have specialised focus partners who can do the right thing by Okta and vice versa, and then grow what we have together."
Pearson adds identity management is a specialised field, so "focused partners" such as Identity Solutions are necessary.
Patrick Budmar covers consumer and enterprise technology breaking news for IDG Communications. Follow Patrick on Twitter at @patrick_budmar.
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