Almost all of Herman Melville's novels draw from his experiences at sea. Even as his writing evolved to become emblematic of 19th-century American literature's dark, psychological style, Melville wove the experiences of his personal travels into his works and helped develop the young country's thirst for tales of adventure and independence. This set of Melville books features custom printed jackets that recognize the author's ever-present maritime themes.
We also offer a Melville set in book jackets designed with a nautical engraving.


text:
Q: Michelson-Morley Experiment as evidence for Special Relativity Context: Our state (NSW, Australia) recently got a new syllabus for the year 12 physics course, and as such we are the first year going through with the new course.
One of the things we need to learn is evidence for Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Throughout the year, my physics teacher has said that the Michelson-Morley experiment does not provide evidence for SR as it was a null result - it could not conclude the aether existed, and it didn't set out to prove that light was constant regardless of the frame of reference.
However, during my course of studying for the final exams, I have been finding many people and school papers claiming that Michelson-Morley does support SR as it implied that light travelled at a constant speed regardless of the frame of reference.
I do not know which view is correct, and would like someone to clarify.

A: Null result is a measurement, and it excludes the hypothesis that light needed a medium to propagate. The solutions of Maxwell's equations had to be interpreted in a different way than the solutions of other wave equations: it is not a medium that carries the energy and momentum of the light beams.
When one's modeling  stops depending on a medium the other consequences of the model can be explored.
Lorenz and Larmor:

looked for the transformation under which Maxwell's equations are invariant when transformed from the aether to a moving frame. They extended the FitzGerald–Lorentz contraction hypothesis and found out that the time coordinate has to be modified as well ("local time"). Henri Poincaré gave a physical interpretation to local time (to first order in v/c, the relative velocity of the two reference frames normalized to the speed of light) as the consequence of clock synchronization, under the assumption that the speed of light is constant in moving frames. Larmor is credited to have been the first to understand the crucial time dilation property inherent in his equations.

They still  believed the aether at the time. When  the MM experiment demonstrated there was no aether, the mathematics of the Lorenz transfrmations is left to describe the motion  of magnetic and electric field solutions of the Maxwell equations. Lorenz transformations have c constant , the velocity of light in the medium , inherent. As there was no medium, c became the velocity of light in vacuum.
So it is a deduced proof, but aren't most proofs in physics deduced?

A: The Michelson-Morley (MM) experiment is influential because it falsified the aether theories of the 19th century and thus lead to the development of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR).
Up until the 1970s, the common view has been that the MM experiment provided the measurements on which STR is based. And if STR is based on these measurements, then they can also serve as evidence for the theory.
The null result of the experiment has two important implications:

*

*First, it implies that the earth is not moving through space, as only
observers at rest with respect to the vacuum of space should measure
an isotropic speed of light.

*Next, provided that the earth is in fact moving through space, the null result implies that the speed of light is independent of the motion of the observer, as apparently even observers in motion with respect to the vacuum of space measure an isotropic speed of light.

The first of these implications has been interpreted to mean that the motion of the earth through space is undetectable - and more generally, that observers cannot detect their own motion. Hence, motion in STR is strictly relative, meaning that you always need a reference point for motion; without a reference point, you can't tell whether you are moving or not (as suggested by the null result of the MM experiment).
The second implication is the basis for the "principle of the constancy of the velocity of light", as defined by STR.

A: The null result of M-M experiment actually tells you that there is some problem with  Galilean transformation of Maxwell's equations for electrodynamics. For further details refer to Tests of special relativity
. For a much detailed discussion on relativistic electrodynamics refer to Liénard–Wiechert potential and Feynman lectures.
PS. If you even do a bit of research you will find out that there are even no direct tests for length contraction.

A: Many tests of special relativity such as the Michelson–Morley experiment and the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment have shown within tight limits that in an inertial frame the two-way speed of light is isotropic and independent of the closed path considered.
However, the "one-way" speed of light, from a source to a detector, cannot be measured independently of a convention as to how to synchronize the clocks at the source and the detector. What can however be experimentally measured is the round-trip speed (or "two-way" speed of light) from the source to the detector and back again.
In popular and educational books on the theory of relativity, it is frequently claimed that Michelson and Morley experimentally proved the fallacy of the ethereal concept. This is an untrue statement. The outcome of the Michelson-Morley experiment demonstrated the
impossibility of detecting ether using an experiment of this type, but not the absence of ether.
One must not lose sight of the fact that the results of the Michelson and Morley experiment did not prevent the notions about the ether from being retained for a good two decades after they obtained their negative measurement result. Michelson himself and Lorentz shared these notions.
Indeed, FitzGerald and Lorentz explained this result by way of the longitudinal shortening of objects moving through the ether, i.e., they explained it within the framework of the ethereal world view. And so it was that in the waning years of his life, in 1952, Einstein wrote in the article "Relativity and the Problem of Space : "Concerning the experiment of Michelson and Morley, H. A. Lorentz showed that the result obtained at least does not contradict the theory of an ether at rest".
In this regard, the remark of a proponent and popularizer of the theory of relativity, M.
von Laue, should also be clear, who wrote: "…it was experimentally impossible to make a
choice between this theory (the Lorentz theory) and Einstein's theory of relativity, and if the Lorentz theory nonetheless took a back seat – even though it still has proponents among physicists – this then undoubtedly occurred due to reasons of a philosophical nature".
How should M. von Laue's remark that it is experimentally impossible to make a choice
between the Lorentz theory and the Einstein theory be taken? Indeed, according to Lorentz, reference systems at rest in the ether and inertially absolutely moving through the ether are not physically equal. Is this circumstance really in agreement with the fact of the equality of inertial systems in Einstein's STR?
The equality of inertial systems in the STR is expressed by way of the invariance of the
mathematical notation of the laws of nature in these systems, but this form of equality
historically migrated to Einstein's STR from the Lorentz theory. Indeed, the transformations that ensure the immutable form of notation of these same Maxwell equations in different, physically unequal inertial reference systems appear in Lorentz's work as a consequence of the requirement for such immutability. While Einstein tied the immutability of the form of notation of the physical laws of nature in different reference system to physical equality, Lorentz demonstrated that this requirement can be met even in physically unequal systems absolutely at rest and absolutely in motion. I.e., Lorentz showed that physically unequal inertial reference systems can be transformed into mathematically equal ones by imposing the requirement of invariance on them

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
\section{Introduction}
One of the most challenging tasks in describing strongly correlated many-body systems relies on the accurate determination of their many-body spectra. Even if one considers very simplified theoretical models describing interacting particles, finding an appropriate numerical approach to capture their eigenstates is very hard. The main obstacle comes from the fact that the size of the corresponding Hilbert space grows exponentially with the number of particles considered, while interactions couple all (or almost all) of them \cite{1971FetterBook}. Thus, the many-body basis of any approximate method has to be adequately tailored to capture the appropriate Hilbert subspace containing desired many-body state. It was recently shown that a very useful method for this purpose is the eigenvalue continuation method. In short, the method originates on the observation that for smoothly varying Hamiltonians their temporal eigenstates are well-captured in the basis spanned by eigenstates obtained for other values of varying parameters~\cite{2018FramePRL}. This method has been used successfully in a variety of systems~\cite{2020DemolPRC,2021DrischlerPhysLettB,2020KonigPhysLettB}, and recent studies have focused on the determination of its numerical convergence~\cite{2021SarkarPRL}.

In this work, our aim is to shed some light on the limitations of this widely explored method. Our motivation is based on the observation that the fundamental reasoning standing behind eigenvalue continuation, {\it i.e.}, smoothness of states on control parameters, is in practice not always sufficient to obtain well-converged results. The reason is that the final accuracy (accuracy of the eigenstate obtained for the extrapolated parameter) depends substantially on the accuracy of the sampling states. Even if the location in the Hilbert space of the sampling states is well-determined it does not necessarily mean that the target state obtained by smooth extrapolation is well characterized by their linear combination. With two exemplary models discussed in the following we show that, along with changing control parameters, the target state may quickly flow out from the subspace spanned by sampling states and lead to inaccurate or simply wrong results.

\section{Few-fermion system}

As the first example, let us consider a one-dimensional system of well-defined number of fermions of equal mass $m$ belonging to two different components $\sigma\in\{\uparrow,\downarrow\}$ which are confined in a parabolic potential of frequency $\Omega$. We assume that interactions between particles are the simplest possible, {\it i.e.}, they have a contact form between opposite-spin particles. It means that the whole Hamiltonian of the system is a linear function of interaction strength $g$ and it can be written as $\hat{H}(g)=\hat{H}_0+g\hat{H}_I$, where the single-particle Hamiltonian $\hat{H}_0$ and the interaction Hamiltonian $\hat{H}_I$ read
\begin{subequations} \label{Ham}
\begin{align}
\hat{H}_0 &= \int\!dx\,\hat\psi^\dagger_\sigma(x)\left(-\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\frac{d^2}{dx^2}+\frac{m\Omega^2}{2}x^2\right)\hat\psi_\sigma(x), \\
\hat{H}_I &= \sqrt{\frac{\hbar^3 \Omega}{m}}\int\!dx\,\hat{n}_\uparrow(x)\hat{n}_\downarrow(x).
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
Here, the fermionic operator $\hat\psi_\sigma(x)$ annihilates $\sigma$-component particle at position $x$ and $\hat{n}_\sigma(x)=\hat\psi^\dagger_\sigma(x)\hat\psi_\sigma(x)$ is the $\sigma$-component local density operator. It is clear that in this convention both parts of the Hamiltonian have a dimension of energy, thus interaction strength is controlled by a dimensionless parameter $g$. Although it is not crucial for this discussion, it is worth underlining that physical systems described by the Hamiltonian $\hat{H}(g)$ are attainable in the state-of-the-art experiments with ultra-cold atoms and they can be controlled with tremendous accuracy (for review see \cite{2012BlumeRPP,2016ZinnerEPJ,2019SowinskiRPP}). Therefore, the discussion is not only academic but have also practical consequences. Since the exact solution of the problem with $N>2$ is known only in two trivial limits, {\it i.e.}, $g=0$ and $g\rightarrow \infty$ (see \cite{1960Girardeau,2001Girardeau,2007Girardeau} for details), one tries to harness all possible numerical methods to obtain the spectrum of $\hat{H}(g)$ as precisely as possible. This is especially challenging for strong interactions ($g\gg 1$) since then interactions dominate single-particle excitations. In this range, the decomposition of any many-body eigenstate always contains an essential contribution from Fock states containing highly excited single-particle orbitals. Thus, in practice it is not possible to handle all information needed for a precise description of the state. In the following, we limit ourselves only to the problem of the many-body ground state since this case already exposes the bottleneck of the eigenvalue continuation in all its glory. However, generalization to other many-body eigenstates is straightforward.

According to the eigenvalue continuation scheme, to get the ground-state wave function and its energy for some target interaction strength $g_\odot$, first we choose $K$ different values of interactions $\{g^{(1)},\ldots,g^{(K)}\}$ for which corresponding many-body ground states $\{|G^{(1)}\rangle,\ldots,|G^{(K)}\rangle\}$ and their energies $\{E^{(1)},\ldots,E^{(K)}\}$ can be determined with appropriately high accuracy. In the case studied, we pick $K=4$ interaction strengths from the vicinity of the non-interacting system, $g\in\{0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4\}$, for which the exact diagonalization of the many-body Hamiltonian can be performed very accurately. The diagonalization is performed in the Fock basis $\{|F_i\rangle\}$ of non-interacting many-body states having the lowest energy, {\it i.e.}, from the infinite set of all many-body eigenstates of the Hamiltonian $\hat{H}_0$ we select only these whose energy is not larger than a fixed energy cut-off $\mathtt C$. Of course, along with increasing cut-off $\mathtt C$ the accuracy of the final result is improved. However, since we consider here quite weak interactions, we find that for large enough $\mathtt C$ further increasing of the cut-off does not change the result noticeably. A detailed prescription of this approach can be found in earlier works \cite{1998HaugsetPRA,2007DeuretzbacherPRA,2019ChrostowskiAPPA,2020RojoMathematics,2022RammelArxiv}. After all, as a result of this procedure we obtain all four ground-states $|G^{(k)}\rangle$ as a set of decomposition coefficients in the Fock basis, $|G^{(k)}\rangle = \sum_i \alpha_i^{(k)} |F_i\rangle$.
Then, to obtain the many-body ground state and its energy for the target interaction $g_\odot$, we apply standard eigenvalue continuation prescription \cite{2018FramePRL}. First, we calculate all matrix elements of the overlap matrix ${\cal N}_{k,k'} = \langle G^{(k)}|G^{(k')}\rangle=\sum_i \bar\alpha_i^{(k)}\alpha_i^{(k')}$ and the full many-body Hamiltonian at target interaction ${\cal H}^{\odot}_{k,k'} = \langle G^{(k)}|\hat{H}(g_{\odot})|G^{(k')}\rangle$. As a result we obtain two $4\times 4$ matrices which in principle contain maximal information about the many-body ground state at target interaction which is encoded in the sampling states and can be efficiently exploited via the eigenvalue continuation approach. Indeed, after solving a generalized eigenproblem for the Hamiltonian matrix ${\cal H}^{\odot}$ with respect to the overlap matrix ${\cal N}$, $\left({\cal H}^{\odot}-E_0{\cal N}\right)|G_\odot\rangle = 0$, one obtains the target ground state as a simple decomposition in the sampling ground-state basis, $|G_\odot\rangle = \sum_k \gamma_k |G^{(k)}\rangle$, and its corresponding eigenenergy $E_\odot$.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{_Fig1.pdf}
\caption{Ground-state energy (expressed in natural units of the harmonic oscillator $\hbar\Omega$) as a function of dimensionless interaction strength $g$ for systems with a different number of particles and obtained with different approaches. Black dots represents energies obtained for small interactions $g\in\{0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4\}$ with exact diagonalization method for two different energetic cut-offs of the Fock basis $\mathtt{C}$. Then, these energies are continued according to the eigenvalue continuation prescription (solid red and blue lines). These predictions are compared with results obtained with exact diagonalization (red and blue dots) and a very precise variational scheme based on the Jastrow pair-correlation ansatz. In the case of $N_\uparrow=N_\downarrow=1$ we compare with the exact analytical solution \cite{1998BuschFoundPhys}. Note, that predictions served by eigenvalue continuation never improve direct exact diagonalization results. \label{Fig1}}
\end{figure}

We apply the scheme described above to the system studied containing  different numbers of particles up to five and for different target interactions from a large range. The results for the ground-state energy are presented in Fig.~\ref{Fig1} where we compare predictions of the eigenvalue continuation approach gaining from the exact diagonalization at sampling interactions (solid red and blue lines for different cut-offs $\mathtt{C}$) with the method based on  direct diagonalization of the Hamiltonian of the system. For a clear comparison, the latter is performed on the same Fock basis as the sampling eigenstates for  which the eigenvalue continuation were determined. It is clear that the eigenvalue continuation method works perfectly and is able to extrapolate low-interaction results to very strong repulsions and attractions, far from the perturbative regime. Unfortunately, the results obtained are never more accurate than the results obtained directly by the exact diagonalization method. Moreover, for strong interactions, the method clearly overestimates the ground-state energies of the system with infinite repulsions (horizontal dashed line). In fact, in this particular case, there is no additional gain from using the eigenvalue continuation method and its predictions are fairly worse than results obtained by other, much faster, and more suitable approaches. As an example, with black lines, we present the ground-state energies obtained with the Jastrow-like variational approach \cite{2018KoscikEPL,2021KoscikSciRep}. These comparisons show that increasing accuracy of the sampling states (forced by increasing the cut-off $\mathtt C$), although does not change their energies noticeable, significantly improves the eigenenergy of the target ground state predicted by the eigenvalue continuation method.

The results clearly signal that the main obstacle and essential limitation for the eigenvalue continuation approach come from its impossibility to go beyond (even approximately) the Hilbert subspace in which the sampling states are calculated. In the case studied, their accuracy is almost perfect since contributions from highly-excited Fock states not included to initial calculations are negligible. However, when interactions are increased, the importance of these neglected states becomes significant and their omission leads to essentially wrong results. Although the ground state is always isolated from other states and smoothly changes with interactions $g$, it always successively flows out of the initial Hilbert subspace; independently of how large and accurate the sampling problem is. This observation should be taken into account when the eigenvalue continuation approach is applied to problems for which structures of many-body eigenstates are not sufficiently known. In the case studied, this effect is directly triggered by the form of mutual interactions assumed. Since contact interactions give rise to cusps in the ground state wave functions at the positions where two interacting particles meet, one needs to extend considered Hilbert space and include additional many-body states to describe the ground state appropriately with increasing interaction $g$. Consequently, the problem is inherently intractable by the eigenvalue continuation. In other words, there is no path leading to the desired target state that can be followed from the sampling points.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{_Fig2.pdf}
\caption{ The spectrum of the toy three-level model \eqref{ToyHam} as a function of interaction parameter $g$. In subsequent plots, with red lines, we present the ground-state energy as predicted by the eigenvalue continuation method depending on the choice of two sampling ground states (red dots) obtained exactly for interaction parameters $g_1$ and $g_2$. It is clear that independently of this choice, the eigenvalue continuation cannot reproduce appropriately ground-state energy in the entire range of the coupling since for some interactions $g$ the exact ground state (thin black line) has an essential contribution from the state being perpendicular to the two sampling states. Consequently, the ground-state energy is significantly overestimated by the eigenvalue continuation approach. \label{Fig2}}
\end{figure}

\section{System of three coupled states}

In fact, one can construct different simple models containing all the elements sufficient to expose the main obstacle for the eigenvalue continuation approach. For example, let us consider a simple three-level system described by the Hamiltonian $\hat{H}(g)=\hat{H}_0+g\hat{H}_1$ where Hamiltonians $\hat{H}_0$ and $\hat{H}_1$ are represented by following matrices:
\begin{equation} \label{ToyHam}
H_0 = \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 0.1 & 0 \\
0.1 & 2 & 0.5 \\
0 & 0.5 & 4
\end{array}
\right), \qquad
H_1 = \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
2 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & -2
\end{array}
\right).
\end{equation}
The exact spectrum of the system can be obtained straightforwardly for any interaction $g$ and it is presented in Fig.~\ref{Fig2} (solid thin lines). We have chosen this Hamiltonian intentionally to illustrate the limitations of the eigenvalue continuation method. As in the original example \eqref{Ham}, the model fulfills all the conditions required for the applicability of the eigenvalue continuation method. In particular, there are no crossings between many-body levels (counterparts of quantum phase transitions in many-body systems) or any breaks of analyticity across the extrapolation. It is clear that all eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian \eqref{ToyHam} are smooth functions of the coupling parameter $g$. Let us also mention that the model, although very simple, is not very far from physical realizations with three-level atomic systems that can be almost perfectly engineered with state-of-the-art quantum optics experiments.

From Fig.~\ref{Fig2} it is evident that, if we perform the eigenvalue continuation in the subspace spanned by two sampling states (marked by red dots), the target state (solid red line) can be well-captured only for some interactions $g$, {\it i.e.}, interactions for which the target state has no essential contribution from the perpendicular subspace. It is clear that in the case studied it is not possible to choose two sampling states in the way that the target state would reproduce the exact ground state in the whole range of interactions. The reason is that along with varying interaction $g$ the ground state always flows out from the subspace of sampling states and this information can not be retrieved by the eigenvalue continuation from anywhere. The only possibility to patch this problem is to include an additional state to the sampling basis. But this will make the eigenvalue continuation method useless, since its complexity becomes equivalent to the complexity of the whole problem of the three-level system. On a much larger scale, the same mechanism of inaccuracy generation is present in the original problem of a two-component mixture of several fermions \eqref{Ham}. Probably, it is also the generic problem for a large class of many-body problems describing interacting quantum particles.

\section{Conclusions}

The eigenvalue continuation method has many advantages and in many cases it serves as an alternative, accurate, and fast method for determining eigenstates of complicated Hamiltonians \cite{2018FramePRL,2021SarkarPRL}. One should remember, however, that its efficiency crucially depends on the quality of the sampling states used for extrapolation to other values of the control parameters. Moreover, it quickly looses its accuracy if the target eigenstates have tendency to flow out from the Hilbert subspace spanned by chosen sampling states.This is not evident in many systems, where the identification of this limitation may be difficult. We illustrate this in a toy model only with three levels, where the third level does not play any role for one set of parameters, but its inclusion becomes crucial in the extrapolated region of parameters. In our first example, for a systems of few interacting fermions, it is more difficult to diagnose this limitation, because as the interactions are increased more eigenvectors has to be included. We show that indeed the accuracy cannot be better than exact diagonalization.

The main obstacle of the eigenvalue continuation method is that, in contrast to other numerical methods, it is not a self-converging method, {\it i.e.}, it gives no tool to affirm that the results obtained are inaccurate or simply wrong. Moreover, even if the problem is detected, it does not serve any prescription for increasing the accuracy of the target state since this would require appropriate capturing of an additional sampling state close to the target one. Without support of other methods, it is not feasible.

All these limitations of the eigenvalue continuation method are closely related to the orthogonality catastrophe phenomenon \cite{1967Anderson,1967Andersonb} which has been identified for variety of systems of few interacting fermions as well as bosons \cite{2011Goold,2014Campbell,2020Fogarty}.

In summary, the eigenvalue continuation approach has some fundamental limitations when, along with changes of the control parameter, eigenstates of the Hamiltonian (particularly its ground state) flow into unknown areas of the Hilbert space that are not adequately captured by the sampling states. Related methods as generalized reduced basis methods \cite{2013Lassila,2015quarteroni} also shows this limitations. Unfortunately, this ailment cannot be detected solely within the eigenvalue continuation method and requires support from other, complementary approaches.

\acknowledgments
TS acknowledges fruitful discussions and hospitality at the UPV in Val\`encia. This work was supported by (Polish) National Science Centre Grant No. 2016/22/E/ST2/00555 (TS). MAGM acknowledges funding from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (MEFP) through the Beatriz Galindo program 2018 (BEAGAL18/00203) and Spanish Ministry MINECO (FIDEUA PID2019-106901GBI00/10.13039/501100011033). We thank Pablo Giuliani, Edgard Bonilla, and Kyle Godbey for useful comments on our work and bringing to our attention the connection to generalized reduced basis methods.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Q: Is there some pattern on Random() method? I started making a project where there are goats! Yeah Goats.
Currently there is only one function, when I click a goat, it create another goat in a Random position.
I realized that there is a pattern of positions:

Here is the code:
public class GameActivity extends Activity {

    private int[] arrGoats = new int[5];
    private RelativeLayout battlefield;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_game);

        battlefield = (RelativeLayout) findViewById(R.id.rel_battlefield);

        arrGoats[0] = R.drawable.amarelo;
        arrGoats[1] = R.drawable.azul;
        arrGoats[2] = R.drawable.branco;
        arrGoats[3] = R.drawable.verde;
        arrGoats[4] = R.drawable.vermelho;

        criarCabra(60, 100);

    }

    private void criarCabra(float x, float y) {
        int cabraImg = arrGoats[new Random().nextInt(4)];

        ImageView cabra = new ImageView(this);
        cabra.setImageResource(cabraImg);
        cabra.setX(x);
        cabra.setY(y);

        LayoutParams params = (LayoutParams) new LayoutParams(MarginLayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT,
                MarginLayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
        params.width = 150;
        params.height = 120;
        cabra.setLayoutParams(params);

        cabra.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                criarCabra(new Random().nextInt(2000), new Random().nextInt(1000));
            }
        });

        battlefield.addView(cabra);
    }
}

I would like to know why this pattern is being created although I'm using Random().NextInt() to define goats positions.
Am I crazy?

A: You are creating new instances of Random with every call to criarCabra and every invocation of onClick.  Create a single static instance of Random, then re-use it.
Unless you really know what you're doing and have a very good reason to be doing it, the best practice is to only create one instance of Random per program and then poll it whenever you need additional values.

A: First, you're creating a new Random object each time. In Android, the initial seed is derived from current time and the identity hash code:
public Random() {
     // Note: Using identityHashCode() to be hermetic wrt subclasses.
     setSeed(System.currentTimeMillis() + System.identityHashCode(this));
}

For two objects created in sequence, the identity hash codes are close to each other. On my Android KitKat Dalvik VM, I get identity hash codes that differ only by 32.
The currentTimeMillis() does not provide much difference to the seeds either.
The random itself is a linear congruential generator of the form
random[i+1] = a * random[i] + b (mod c)

where random[0] is the seed and a, b and c are parameters.
Based on this answer, similar seeds indeed produce similar results in linear congruential generators:

The reason you're seeing similar initial output from nextDouble given similar seeds is that, because the computation of the next integer only involves a multiplication and addition, the magnitude of the next integer is not much affected by differences in the lower bits.

Hence, your two successively generated Randoms with default seeds will produce values that seem to be correlated and make your goats get positioned on a line.
To fix it, use the same Random object and/or a more random pseudorandom generator than a linear congruential one.


text:
Opening reception with artist Bev Koski in attendance:
Friday March 18th 7-9pm
Exhibition runs until: Saturday April 23rd
"The Social Life of Beads" – artist talk by Bev Koski
Friday March 18, 11:30 am @ NU Small Cafeteria, A246
ABOUT THE EXHIBITION:
Recast suggests the changing of roles often associated with theatre or film, or the remaking of something. This exhibition presents Christian Chapman's video collaboration and Bev Koski's photographic series to consider how meaning shifts with the recasting of narrative and objects. Chapman invites Sébastien Aubin's and Caroline Monnet's media art collective AM, filmmaker Marja Bål Nango, and artist Nathan Young to join him as each edits super eight footage of a self-taught Woodland painter living in the bush. This experiment of outcomes reveals multiple roles of an artist. Koski's photographs of tourist kitsch figurines peering out from under beaded covers creates new personas for caricature depictions of Indigenous North Americans. These larger than life portraits give new meaning to the objects they represent, performing new roles and declaring an unexpected presence.
Co-presenter: Enji Giigdoyang (the Office of Aboriginal Initiatives), Nipissing University
See attendant beading workshop series facilitated by Bev Koski.
BEV KOSKI
Bev Koski is an Anishnabekwe artist who lives in Toronto. She is a graduate of the Ontario College of Art and has a BFA from York University. Koski was involved with 7th Generation Image Makers, an art and mural programme for Indigenous youth run by Native Child and Family Services of Toronto. She currently teaches beading at the Native Canadian Centre of Toronto, among other places. She is a constant beader and occasional artist. She
CHRISTIAN CHAPMAN
Christian Chapman is of Anishnaabeg heritage from Fort William First Nation. His interests include painting, printmaking and film. Chapman uses storytelling as a main theme in his practice to compose his images. The act of storytelling has been an important part of his life: it has informed him of his culture by shaping his identity and personal experiences.
Collaborators for Edmazinbiiget:
With a Bachelors of Fine Arts (major in Graphic Design) from the University of Québec, Sébastien Aubin has worked for Kolegram, one of the most prestigious graphic design studios in Québec, and has since shaped his professional career as a freelance graphic artist. Aubin has done publications for numerous artists, organizations and art galleries in Winnipeg, Montréal and Ottawa, including Plug In ICA Close Encounters, the next 500 years, Terrance Houle, KC Adams, Carleton University Art Gallery, Thunder Bay Art Gallery, and Art Gallery of South Western Manitoba. Aubin is one of the founding members of the ITWÉ collective that is dedicated to research, creation, production and education of Aboriginal digital culture. Currently based in Montréal, QC, Sébastien Aubin is a proud member of the Opaskwayak Cree Nation in Manitoba.
Nathan Young is a multidisciplinary artist working in the mediums of film, documentary, animation, multi-media installation, and experimental and improvised music. Young's filmmaking focuses primarily on health and social issues in American Indian communities and his films have screened in international film festivals as well as having been featured in the National Geographic All Roads Film Festival and the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian Film + Video Festival. He received his Bachelors degree in art history from the University of Oklahoma. Nathan is of Pawnee, Kiowa and Delaware decent.
Caroline Monnet (1985) is a self-taught multidisciplinary artist of Algonquin ancestry from Outaouais, Québec. Her work demonstrates a keen interest in communicating complex ideas around Indigenous identity and bicultural living through the examination of cultural histories. Monnet has exhibited in Canada and internationally in such venues as the Palais de Tokyo (Paris) and Haus der Kulturen (Berlin) for the Rencontres Internationales Paris/Berlin/Madrid, Toronto International Film Festival, Aesthetica (UK), Cannes Film Festival (not short on talent) and Arsenal (Montréal). Monnet lives in Montréal and is also a founding member of the Aboriginal digital arts collective ITWÉ.
Marja Bål Nango is an Sámi artist and filmmaker from Galgujávri in Norway. Nango attended Nordland College of Art, Film and Film & Television studies in Lillehammer University College and studied film producing at Sámi University College. During Riddu Riddu Indigenous Festival 2011, she was the young artist of the year, with a solo-exhibition of art and her own film program. In 2012, Her short film for children, Juletrollet (The Christmas Troll) was purchased by The Norwegian Film Institute and screened in children's short film program at cinemas all over Norway. She is now working on two different film projects with a three year film grant, a documentary project and a longer film script.
Lisa Myers is of Anishnaabe ancestry from Beausoleil First Nation and the Georgian Bay region. She grew up in Milton, Ontario. Myers earned her Master of Fine Arts in Criticism and Curatorial Practice at OCAD University and continues her research as an independent curator. Myers has curated exhibitions at the MacLaren Art Centre and the York Quay Centre at Harbourfront in Toronto. She lives and works in Toronto and Port Severn, Ontario.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Carnival Row Season 2 Release Date: Amazon Ends Carnival Row With Season 2, Sets Premiere Date
Mehak Rajput
carnival row season 2 release date
Carnival Row, a new Amazon Prime series, released its first season in June of 2019. Despite the show receiving mixed reviews from critics and fans, it is on its second season so far.
The second season of Carnival Row is likely to come out after Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power. So, it shouldn't come before November 2022 at the earliest.
A fantasy show called Carnival Row is available to watch on Amazon Prime Video. The show has a dystopian society that looks like Victorian England. The show takes place in a world where humans and mythical humanoid creatures live in the same cities.
They have left their war-torn countries to live as refugees in this city. This makes them have social problems with each other, just like it would with any group of people from different cultures who live close together.
Carnival Row Season 2: Release Date Details
Unfortunately, season 2 of Carnival Row isn't on the list of upcoming shows and movies on Amazon Prime Video for August 2022. There were rumors at first that the game would come out in August, but it looks like fans will have to wait a long time.
Keeping with the pattern, the first season came out 17 months after it was filmed. And if the second season follows the same schedule, it should come out in the last quarter of 2022. Even though the filming is done, there is still a lot of CGI work to be done, which will probably take months to finish. Also, there is no information about whether each episode of the show will come out every week or all at once.
What Can We Expect From Season 2 of Carnival Row?
Philo and Vignette are stuck in the now-closed-off Carnival Row, so it's likely that the next season will be about the divide between the two worlds and how the critch community is being pushed down more and more. This season, viewers learned about the criminal underworld of the Black Raven and the groups of extremists who are trying to rise up against the Burgue's ruling class.
Both of these groups are likely to play a big role in Season 2's inevitable uprising. The world outside of the Burgue is another direction the show will definitely go. Since Imogen and Agreus are going to other countries across the ocean, it's likely that we'll learn more about the show's larger world.
Jonah was briefly swayed by Sophie's charms, but it's clear that she's very dishonest, and let's not forget that Jonah used to like it when humans and fae got along. Jonah could rebel against his new possible partner, be betrayed by her, or just keep going down to the Dark Side in Season 2.
There are still a lot of secrets to be found and told by the many people who live in Carnival Row in the next season. As the fae try to get their freedom back, things are likely to get a lot worse for the people who live in this huge fantasy world before they get better.
Trailer Of Carnival Row Season 2
Amazon hasn't released a teaser or full trailer for Carnival Row Season 2 yet, but it should come out a few months before the show's premiere. When it comes out, we will let you know here on Epicstream.com. Here is where you can see the first season's trailer for now:
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Home » The Huffington Post: Egypt Women Show Courage Participating In Mubarak Protests
The Huffington Post: Egypt Women Show Courage Participating In Mubarak Protests
Tagged with: egypt interviews Jake Bialer January 25 Protest Protesters The Huffington Post
By: Jake Bialer
"If I wasn't pregnant, I would've just stayed home." Marwa Rakha told the Huffington Post by phone, explaining her attendance of the protests in Egypt while seven months pregnant. "I went out because of my baby. I owe this to him."
Rakha, an adjunct professor at the American University in Cairo, is one of many women who has participated in the recent protests in Egypt. In these demonstrations, which have already led to Mubarak agreeing not to run for re-election, women have taken an active role: promoting them, leading crowds, and providing aid to harmed protesters.
This is in a country where women typically don't have a large public role. Before their last election, Al Jazeera reported that even with election reforms, women would only hold 12 percent of the seats in the Egyptian parliament:
Last year, the assembly passed a law mandating the creation of 64 new seats in the house that must go to women. With only four women elected in 2005, that means parliament's female cadre will leap by a whopping 1,500 percent, and 12 percent of the new house will consist of women.
The Atlantic's Garance Franke-Ruta characterizes Egypt as "a country in which men and women are barely tolerated holding hands in public in the most liberal precincts of comparatively Christian Alexandria, and where public displays of affections are frowned upon and likely to be met with cutting glances and vicious neighborhood gossip elsewhere."
But in the recent wave of protests in Egypt, women have been important contributors and have been accepted by their male counterparts.
ABC News reported earlier that unlike past Egyptian protests, these protests were largely free of sexual harassment.
"Egyptian state TV was spreading rumors that in the protests girls were being sexually harassed," said Rakha. "That's a complete lie. In those protests, I've witnessed Egyptians that I didn't think still existed. They're very supportive of one another. If a girl fell, they would just pick her up, help her, no sexual harassment of any sort."
Rakha said she went to the protests alone.
"I just took my cell phone and went," she said. "I met people and we just began talking, regardless of our religion, regardless of our gender, regardless of our age, regardless of our social class, regardless of anything, we were Egyptians out there who were very angry at lies we've been fed for the last 30 years."
Anna Day, a 22-year-old American M.A. student who is studying conflict resolution, who is writing freelance on the Palestinians and lives in Israel-Palestine, traveled down to Egypt from Israel to attend and document the protests.
Day told The Huffington Post by phone she stood out amongst the crowd. "Everyone wanted to talk to me because I was like the only white person there and I have blonde hair so I looked ridiculous," she said.
Having previously lived in Cairo, she "didn't expect many women to be at these protests," and she was surprised by the involvement of women in the protests. "Women were leading the chants and men were responding which I didn't expect to see in Cairo," she said.
Women's role in the protests wasn't limited to their activity on the street, they were also involved in the online campaigns that led up to the protests. The New York Times reported on Asmaa Mahfouz who used social media to help spread the message of the protests.
That's not to say women were the majority of the protesters. "If you look at the pictures, it's clearly mainly men," Day said. "But for the society of Egypt, the number of women at these protests and their role, they were at the front with tear gas and everything, their role was not something I expected to see."
The majority of women have been avoiding the more dangerous events. "In the evenings, I didn't see as many women out at nighttime," Day added. "At nighttime, it just does set a different mood. People get a little angrier, a little crazier, so I haven't seen women in the nighttime at the same rates as I've seen men."
The number of female participants are in the protests are hard to determine. Slate looked into the participation at the protests on Tuesday:
"Ghada Shahbandar, an activist with the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, estimated the crowd downtown to be 20 percent female. Other estimates were as high as 50 percent. In past protests, the female presence would rarely rise to 10 percent."
But the anecdotal evidence of their participation is everywhere. A "Women of Egypt" Facebook group has emerged to collect pictures of women at the protests. The Global Post has published photos of women. There have been photos of women kissing police officers. They've beeninterviewed. And they've been shown alongside men in videos.
According to Day, women helped treat protesters who were overwhelmed by tear gas using Pepsi.
"If you put Pepsi in your eyes, it neutralizes the pain of the teargas," she said. "These cars full of protesters were bringing Pepsi and water to the protesters."
It was women who discovered the Pepsi trick, Day said. "They're bringing Pepsi and helping people back, putting Pepsi in people's eyes."
Despite their increased role, the women still weren't the rowdiest participants. "They aren't the ones on top of government vehicles holding Egyptian flags," Day said.
But, as the Egyptian feminist Nawal El Saadawi told Democracy Now, "Women and girls are beside boys in the streets."
Follow our Egypt live blog here and learn about the unrest with our Egypt revolution guide.
You can also send us Egypt tips anytime at egypt@huffingtonpost.com or by leaving a message at 00-1-315-636-0962.


The Aquarian Theosophist, June 2003, Suppl.
The Aquarian Theosophist is the monthly journal of the Yahoo e-group E-Theosophy and its associated websites.
You can find the entire collection of "The Aquarian Theosophist" in our associated websites.


Our client, the Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency (PHFA), won a gold 2018 MarCom Award!
The MarCom Awards honor excellence in marketing and communication, recognizing the creativity, hard work, and generosity of industry professionals. The annual awards have evolved into one of the largest, most respected competitions in the world. Each year since 2004, approximately 6,000 print and digital entries are submitted from dozens of countries, and we're proud that PHFA's 2017 annual report, "Part of the Community," was recognized in such an esteemed competition.
For several years, Graphcom has partnered with PHFA to conceptualize, design, print, and mail the annual reports to more than 2,500 recipients including state legislators and government officials. This is the third MarCom award Graphcom and PHFA been received for annual reports. In addition, "Part of the Community" was awarded a 2018 Platinum Hermes Creative Award. We've also received American Advertising Awards from the American Advertising Federation and Davey Awards for previous PHFA annual reports.
PHFA provides the capital for decent, safe, and affordable homes and apartments for older adults, persons of modest means, and those with special housing needs. Since its creation by the Pennsylvania state legislature in 1972, PHFA has generated $14.1 billion of funding for more than 175,000 single-family home mortgage loans and 134,507 rental units, while saving the homes of more than 49,500 Pennsylvania families from foreclosure.
Put your next annual report in print. From design to printing to distribution, we can support it all. Contact us today to get started.


If you think you already are a member of Redemption Church in a spiritual sense, or if you want to become one, take three simple steps: (1) listen to the sermon from February 25, (2) read our belief statement, and (3) fill out the form below. We'll be in touch!
If you're in a HUB group, which one?
If you already serve at Redemption, which teams?
If you didn't check all the boxes above, why not?
Anything else you'd like us to know? Any questions or comments?


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Home Football
UEFA awards for 2020/21 season announced as Chelsea and Barcelona players dominate the list in men's and women's football
Check out the list of UEFA award winners for the season 2020/21 announced in the Champions League draw event.
Somdeb Khaskel
Thomas Tuchel, Edourard Mendy and Kante
The UEFA awards for the recently concluded 2020/21 season was announced on the day, the groups were drawn in Istanbul, Turkey. Having won the men's UEFA Champions league title last year, it was no surprise that Chelsea players dominated in the awards list.
Italian midfielder Jorginho was named UEFA's player of the year as his teammates N'golo Kante and Edouard Mendy also earned themselves awards for the performances in the Blues' incredible run last year.
Chelsea's coach Thomas Tuchel, was named the coach of the year after leading them to an incredible title after joining the club in December and taking over from Frank Lampard who had made sure Chelsea finished top of their group during his tenure.
Edouard Mendy received the UEFA Goalkeeper of the Year award, while N'Golo Kante won the best midfielder award.
Men's Uefa awards
Edouard Mendy
Player of the year – Jorginho (Chelsea)
Coach of the year – Thomas Tuchel (Chelsea)
Goalkeeper of the year – Edouard Mendy (Chelsea)
Defender of the year – Ruben Dias (Manchester City)
Midfielder of the year – N'Golo Kante (Chelsea)
Forward of the year – Erling Braut Haaland (Borussia Dortmund)
N'Golo kante with the trophy
President's award – Denmark captain Simon Kjaer and the medical team that saved Christian Eriksen's life at Euro 2020.
In women's football, FC Barcelona players received most of the awards after the Barcelona side lifted the Women's Champions league title last year.
Captain and midfielder Alexia Putellas won the top award and was named the player and midfielder of the year, as her teammates Sandro Panos and Jennifer Hermoso won the goalkeeper and forward of the year respectively.
Irene Paredes won the defender of the yearaward for her stellar season with Paris Saint-Germain and stopped Barcelona from sweeping all of the awards to themselves. Interestingly she joined the Spanish giants this year and is a current FC Barcelona player.
Women's Uefa awards
Player of the year – Alexia Putellas (Barcelona)
Coach of the year – Lluis Cortes (Barcelona)
Goalkeeper of the year – Sandra Panos (Barcelona)
Defender of the year – Irene Paredes (PSG)
Midfielder of the year – Alexia Putellas (Barcelona)
Forward of the year – Jennifer Hermoso (Barcelona)
Also Read: La Liga: Valencia vs Alaves Dream11 Prediction, Playing XI, Teams, Preview, and Top Fantasy picks
UEFA Awards
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Somdeb is a Football and NFL writer at FirstSportz since 2020. He has been interested in football since 2014 and is currently pursuing a Master's degree in Economics. He is an avid football and cricket fan and tries to channel his passion for the game into his writing,
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New coach, same old Dolphins dysfunction.
DAVIE Zach Brown Jersey , Fla. (AP) — Two-time Pro Bowl safety Reshad Jones skipped the first practice Tuesday under new coach Brian Flores, who declined to specify a reason for the absence of the team's highest-paid player.Flores, hired in February after the Dolphins fired Adam Gase, said Jones has been attending meetings and remains part of the team. But Flores declined to say whether Jones wants to play for the rebuilding Dolphins, or say whether he was disappointed by Jones' decision to sit out the workout."It's voluntary," Flores said. "He made a decision to train somewhere else. There's not much we can do about it."Jones is expected to miss this week's three practices Shareef Miller Jersey , which the Dolphins are allowed to conduct because they have a new coach. They missed the playoffs last year for the 15th time in 17 seasons, and oddsmakers list their 2019 championship chances as the NFL's worst.Jones, a starter for Miami since 2011, has four years remaining on his contract, with a base salary of $13 million this year. He played in 14 games last season and underwent offseason shoulder surgery, and his recovery contributed to his decision to skip practice, Flores said."There are a few factors Devin Bush Jersey ," the coach said. "He's rehabbing his shoulder. He's training. He has been here. He looks good. He has been in all the meetings. He is learning all the terminology and the defense. That has been good."Jones' willingness to participate was also an issue last year under Gase. Jones took himself out of a midseason game against the Jets and watched the second half from the sideline, unhappy with a plan to rotate safeties.Jones' agent didn't respond to messages seeking comment.Others missing practice Tuesday included receivers Albert Wilson and Jakeem Grant, who are still recovering from season-ending 2018 injuries."Those guys are working extremely hard to get back out on the field," Flores said. "Hopefully we see them out there as soon as possible."Among those on the field was cornerback Xavien Howard, who tied for the NFL lead with seven interceptions last year and made the Pro Bowl. He's heading into the final year of his contract and negotiating an extension."I'm here today, and we'll just see how it goes from there," Howard said.Also taking part in the workout was veteran newcomer Ryan Fitzpatrick http://www.steelersauthorizedshops.com/authentic-diontae-johnson-jersey , the caretaker quarterback until the Dolphins acquire a franchise QB — which could happen in next week's draft.Fitzpatrick said the team is in the early stages of learning Flores' offense."I think as long as we have 11 guys in the huddle and we don't line up with 10 or 12, then I've done my job, and we'll go from there," Fitzpatrick said.Flores declined to talk about the draft. The Dolphins have the 13th pick and a multitude of needs besides quarterback.Issues with his star safety didn't dampen Flores' enthusiasm about his new job. He was hired after helping the New England Patriots win the Super Bowl as their linebackers coach and defensive play caller."I'm living the dream," he said. "It has been a learning process. Like the players, I try to learn and improve every day. This begins the phase I enjoy the most: coaching football. Today is a special day for me." ALLEN PARK, Mich. (AP) — The Detroit Lions put rookie running back Kerryon Johnson on injured reserve with a knee injury.Detroit also activated returner Jamal Agnew from IR on Wednesday. Agnew has been out since Week 5 because of a knee injury. The Lions host Minnesota on Sunday.Johnson ran for 641 yards and three scores before his injury last month. He also had 32 receptions for 213 yards and a score. Johnson ran for a season-high 158 yards in a win at Miami and had 101 yards rushing in a victory over New England."We have to keep the run game going like we've been doing since Kerryon got hurt Justin Layne Jersey ," coach Matt Patricia said. "Kerryon, obviously, was great when he was out there and it's part of the season of growing and learning as a young player, but right now it's all about the Vikings for us and the players that we have."Johnson, a second-round draft pick from Auburn, has rushed for more yards this season than any Detroit player since 2014 — despite playing in only 10 games.Detroit added depth at running back by signing running back Justin Stockton to the practice squad and cutting guard Salesi Uhatafe from it.Agnew's return could help. He was an All-Pro last season as a rookie after returning two punts for touchdowns. He also plays cornerback."He's someone that works really hard and has really done everything we've asked to push through his situation," Patricia said. "I think in the beginning part of the year and really through the spring http://www.steelersauthorizedshops.com/authentic-benny-snell-jr.-jersey , there was a lot of growth and a lot of development there, not only in special teams but on defense, which was great to see."


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THAI FIRM TO HELP REVIVE PH SWINE INDUSTRY — DAR
Post author By Richard Sanchez
No Comments on THAI FIRM TO HELP REVIVE PH SWINE INDUSTRY — DAR
Agriculture Secretary William Dar welcomed the participation of Charoen Pokphand Foods Philippines Corporation (CPFPC), an agro-industrial and food conglomerate based in Thailand, as it forged ties with the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) and the Department of Agriculture (DA) to revive the country's swine industry.
The DBP and CPFPC firmed up their partnership through a memorandum of agreement (MOA) in Gerona, Tarlac for the implementation of the "Swine Rehabilitation, Repopulation and Recovery Credit" or Swine R3 program.
It will finance bio-secured farm projects and thus support the national government's efforts in reviving the local swine industry adversely affected by the African swine fever (ASF).
"We will be able to level up our efforts in reviving the industry."
"This is a welcome development for us at the DA as we pursue joint efforts to control ASF and repopulate ASF-free areas. With CPFPC's technological expertise in modern bio-secured farms and DBP's support in providing credit assistance to eligible public and private institutions, we will be able to level up our efforts in reviving the industry," said Dar, who witnessed the MOA signing.
DBP President and CEO Emmanuel Herbosa said through this partnership, the national government will be able to elevate and expedite its swine repopulation and rehabilitation initiatives that will eventually allow the country to recover to its pre-ASF status.
"Through this program, we hope to assist in the recovery of our hog industry and eventually contribute to the country's food security," Herbosa stressed.
The DBP said "Swine R3" credit program borrowers include duly registered private enterprises and local government units (LGUs).
The loan should be used for the construction of bio-secured swine farms, and acquisition of farm machineries and equipment. Eligible projects include swine breeder farms, swine wean-to-finish farms, and consolidated swine facility projects.
For his part, CPFPC Vice Chairman Khun Sakol Cheewakoset expressed his sincerest gratitude and thanksgiving for the trust that was given to their company to help in the recovery of the Philippine swine industry through the DBP's credit program.
"Through this partnership, we will be able to share our knowledge in helping boost a sustainable business climate not only for our company, but also for our Filipino farmer-partners," Cheewakoset stressed.
"Our state-of-the-art bio-secured farms enable us to be resilient from ASF."
"Our state-of-the-art bio-secured farms enable us to be resilient from ASF, thus making our business a success. Moving forward, this will also open export opportunities for the Philippines. We assure and commit to you our continuous support in investing in the Philippines," he added.
"I am glad that we have partnered with a well-known company such as the CPFPC, showing the way to help the government revive our swine industry. They have the technologies and the modern systems in managing ASF, especially when it comes to biosecurity measures. I hope the CPFPC can expand their operations in regions near the NCR, where the country's main pork market is," the agriculture chief said.
"When we rolled out the Integrated National Swine Production Initiatives for Recovery and Expansion or INSPIRE program, we emphasized the whole-of-nation approach. We galvanized support from the private sector, financing institutions, and local government units (LGUs) and commit to strongly implement the hog repopulation program. We are glad that this is slowly coming into fruition," the agriculture head added.
Tags African Swine Fever, ASF, Department of Agriculture, Secretary Dar, swine industry, thailand
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Josh Glikin Secures Groundbreaking Victory in Appellate Court, Creating New Maryland Law
Josh Glikin and firm associate, Cynthia Polasko, recently secured a major victory in a Maryland appellate court that created a new Maryland law that helps plaintiffs who have been wronged by a group of individuals who live outside of Maryland. The case involved a client's former employee from North Carolina accused of stealing customers and trade secrets, in violation of his employment agreement. The employee's agreement permitted the employer to sue him in Maryland. But the employee's wife and two North Carolina companies who helped him had not agreed to be sued in Maryland, and had no contacts in this state. The legal question was, could they be sued here? As Ms. Polasko explains, no Maryland court had ever answered that question, but the Maryland appellate court agreed with Mr. Glikin that the answer should be "yes".
Maryland's Appellate Court Widens the Personal Jurisdiction Net: Part 1
By: Cynthia L. Polasko
One of the first steps in a lawsuit is making sure the court where the lawsuit is filed has personal jurisdiction over the parties. If a court does not have personal jurisdiction over a party, then it does not have the power to make a decision regarding that party. These days, the issue of personal jurisdiction is often addressed by contract. Many contracts contain "forum-selection clauses," in which the parties to the contract agree to the jurisdiction of a particular court in the event a dispute arises.
But what about persons or entities that did not sign the contract, but that are closely related to a party that did? Can those non-signatories also be bound by a contractual forum-selection clause and, as a result, be sued in a state where they would otherwise not be subject to personal jurisdiction? The Court of Special Appeals of Maryland recently decided that the answer is "yes."
Bowie & Jensen, LLC represented Evapco, Inc. and several of its subsidiary companies in a lawsuit against a former employee, his wife, and two corporations that the husband and wife formed together. In the course of that representation, Joshua A. Glikin successfully argued that the Circuit Court for Carroll County had personal jurisdiction over all defendants, and Evapco, Inc. ultimately prevailed at trial. When the defendants appealed, Bowie & Jensen attorneys, led by Mr. Glikin, presented argument to the Court of Special Appeals of Maryland that the trial court's exercise of personal jurisdiction over all defendants had been proper. He urged the court to adopt this new principle of personal jurisdiction that Maryland courts had never considered before. Maryland's appellate court agreed with the firm's arguments and adopted the "closely related" doctrine, already embraced by a number of state and federal courts, and held that a North Carolina resident and two North Carolina companies that had not signed a contract containing a forum-selection clause could nevertheless be sued in Maryland.
North Carolina residents Charles Peterson and his wife, Carmen, founded a company in North Carolina called Tower Components, Inc., which manufactured and sold components for cooling towers. In 2005, the Petersons sold Tower Components, Inc. to a Maryland company, Evapco Products, which was in turn a subsidiary of a Maryland corporation, Evapco, Inc. As a part of the sale, both Petersons signed a stock purchase agreement. Also as part of the sale, Mr. Peterson—but not Mrs. Peterson—signed a confidentiality agreement that specified that "[a]ll claims hereunder shall be tried solely and exclusively in the Circuit Court for Carroll County … and the parties consent to the sole and exclusive jurisdiction and venue of such court, regardless of where I [Mr. Peterson] am residing at the time[.]" Mr. Peterson remained employed by Tower Components, Inc. after it was sold to Evapco Products.
Several years later, while Mr. Peterson was still working for Tower Components, Inc. he and his wife formed two North Carolina companies that also bought and sold cooling tower parts. Mr. and Mrs. Peterson were the officers and managers of these North Carolina businesses, and they used them to make bids and sales that directly competed with Evapco, Inc. Because such competitive business activities were prohibited by the confidentiality agreement between Mr. Peterson and Evapco, Inc., Evapco, Inc. fired Mr. Peterson.
Evapco, Inc. later sued Mr. Peterson for breaching his confidentiality agreement, and sued Mrs. Peterson and the two North Carolina companies for assisting Mr. Peterson with his unlawful competitive activities. Mrs. Peterson and the North Carolina companies moved to dismiss the claims against them because, they asserted, the Maryland court did not have personal jurisdiction over them. They insisted that, while Mr. Peterson had agreed to the jurisdiction of the Maryland court when he signed the confidentiality agreement, Mrs. Peterson and the North Carolina companies had not signed the agreement and had not agreed to personal jurisdiction in Maryland.
The Court of Special Appeals joined other courts from across the country in holding that a non-signatory to a contract may nonetheless be bound by that contract's forum-selection clause if the non-signatory is so "closely related" to the dispute such that it becomes "foreseeable" that it will be bound. The applicable test is to ask: (1) is the forum-selection clause valid, (2) is the non-signatory a third-party beneficiary of the agreement or closely related to the agreement, and (3) does the claim at hand arise from the non-signatory's status related to the agreement? If the answer to all three questions is yes, then a non-signatory may be bound.
For more information on non-signatories cases, confidentiality agreements and the legality of similar cases, please contact Cynthia L. Polasko for more information. Be sure to visit Bowie & Jensen's news page soon to read part 2 of this article and for more insight from the region's top attorneys.
Posted in Blog, In the News


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Systematic management of technical codes and standards
Designing, constructing and operating a gas transmission system and guaranteeing the safe, available and efficient transmission of gas require the application of current standards and technical regulations. With its tried-and-tested standards information system, NormA, Open Grid Europe ensures the availability of these documents for its employees in the work place and in the field. Wherever international, European or German standards require further substantiation, Open Grid Europe develops its own work standards and, together with other gas transmission system operators, guidelines to define and provide precise specifications for employees and suppliers.
Standards management at Open Grid Europe encompasses all activities connected with ensuring that all technical codes and standards including in-house standards made available in NormA are up-to-date.
In addition to this internal service, we also make our standards management system and the provision of standards in particular available as a service to our partner companies. This service is based on decades of experience and collaboration with standards and regulatory associations (e.g. ISO, CEN, DIN, DVGW), standards issuers and publishers, IT service providers and industry partners.
Michael Noll Head of Standards Management, Committees, Suggestions +49 201 3642 18520 michael.noll@open-grid-europe.com
Service Management +49201 3642 12288 dienstleistungen@open-grid-europe.com


Barnwell, S.C. – Swiss Krono Group, the world leader in laminate flooring, appoints a new CEO & President, Erik Christensen, to run its US operations in Barnwell, South Carolina, effective October 24, 2017.
"Erik's strong performance in the building products market segment, specifically his previous work within the US flooring industry, makes him the ideal leader for our US operations. We look forward to working with Erik as Swiss Krono continues to grow its presence in the United States and as our Barnwell plant becomes home to our new HDF line, which starts up at the end of 2018.", says Mr. Brettenthaler, CEO & Chairman of the Executive Committee of Swiss Krono Group.
Mr. Christensen will lead the Swiss Krono USA management team comprised of R. Dichiara (Finance), W. Graf Grote (Manufacturing), T. Bass (Sales & Marketing), C. Billue (Supply Chain) and N. Grant (HR). With his vast experience, Mr. Christensen, and the leadership team will oversee turning the investment of US $250 million into a new plant, where construction is now well under way and the erection of the new factory has started. This new plant is another major milestone for the further growth of the Swiss Krono Group.
Swiss Krono USA is located in Barnwell, S.C. As a subsidiary of Swiss Krono Group, one of the worldwide leading manufacturers of engineered wood, Swiss Krono USA is one of the largest manufacturers of laminate flooring in the U.S. – and growing. The investment into a high performance production facility announced last year emphasizes the importance of the US market for the whole Group. The wide range of products is sold through distributors, dealers, and retail outlets nationwide. More information can be found by visiting the company website at www.swisskronousa.com.


text:
Q: pandas - getting max rows from groups I have the following data frame:
    id  value col1 col2 col3
 0   1   10    W    A    B
 1   1   15    X    Y    Z
 2   2   4     K    L    M
 3   3   8     M    N    B
 4   3   15    M    N    B

And following gives the columns with max value for each id with groupby() and transform()
df.groupby("id")["value"].transform(max)

Output:
1   15
2   4
3   15

What I need is to get the following.
    id  value col1 col2 col3
 1   1   15    X    Y    Z
 2   2   4     K    L    M
 4   3   15    M    N    B

I need all the row with the maximum value for each unique id, in other words. I believe answer is pretty straightforward, but could not find it. Thanks in advance.
Edit: Please notice that values could be the same for different id's, and the value column is in string format in my original df. Values it could get are finite and their hierarchy is predefined though.
Following gives "ValueError"
df.loc[df.groupby('id')['value'].idxmax()]

pandas\core\groupby\groupby.py in wrapper(*args, **kwargs)
    777             if self.obj.ndim == 1:
    778                 # this can be called recursively, so need to raise ValueError
--> 779                 raise ValueError

A: You can sort by the value, and then drop duplicates to only keep the largest of the value you care about.
import pandas as pd
data = [['0', '1', 10, 'W', 'A', 'B'],
['1', '1', 15, 'X', 'Y', 'Z'],
['2', '2', 4, 'K', 'L', 'M'],
['3', '3', 8, 'M', 'N', 'B'],
['4', '3', 15, 'M', 'N', 'B']]
df = pd.DataFrame(data=data,columns=['idx', 'id', 'value', 'col1', 'col2', 'col3'])
df.sort_values(by=['id','value']).drop_duplicates(subset=['id'],keep='last')


text:
Home » OCR Fines Pharmacy Over Potential Violation of HIPAA Privacy Rule
OCR Fines Pharmacy Over Potential Violation of HIPAA Privacy Rule
By Katy Linsky on April 28, 2015
Posted in Government Agencies, Information Management, Privacy
On April 22, 2015, Cornell Prescription Pharmacy (Cornell), a small pharmacy with a single location in the Denver, Colorado area, agreed to settle potential violations of the HIPAA Privacy Rule with the Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights ("OCR"). The settlement requires Cornell to pay a $125,000 fine and agree to implement a Corrective Action Plan ("CAP"). The settlement is the result of an OCR investigation commenced after OCR received a tip from a local news outlet that Cornell had improperly disposed of documents containing Protected Health Information (PHI) of its patients. In the course of the investigation, OCR discovered that Cornell had left documents containing PHI of 1,610 patients in a publicly-accessible dumpster without shredding the information. The investigation also revealed that Cornell had not implemented any written policies and procedures or trained its workforce as required by the HIPAA Privacy Rule. Thus, in addition to the fine, the CAP requires Cornell to draft policies and procedures governing the security, use, and disclosure of PHI, to train its workforce on those policies, and to report to OCR periodically on the progress of those efforts.
This marks one of only a handful of OCR settlements, few of which have focused on improper disposal of paper records under the Privacy Rule. Unlike the HIPAA Security Rule (which applies only to electronic PHI and contains detailed requirements for securing that information), the Privacy Rule (which generically requires sufficient administrative, technical, and physical safeguards) applies to all PHI in paper or electronic form. The settlement serves as a reminder that, even in an age of increased reliance on electronic records, Covered Entities and Business Associates must continue to pay careful attention to how paper records containing PHI are handled and disposed.


text:
At least 12 killed as two trains collide in southern Italy
Italy's prime minister, Matteo Renzi, said the collision between two trains in which 12 people have died so far is "a moment of tears".
The two trains collided in Puglia, in the south of Italy, at 11.30 am. Emergency services are currently freeing people from the wreckage.
According to reports in Italian media 12 people have been confirmed dead so far and many are injured.
The accident happened between the town Corato and Andria. The scene of the accident from the air. Every train engine had four carriages. The two trains collided on a single train track.
At least ten feared dead as trains collide in Italy https://t.co/0lHiqr9z8V pic.twitter.com/Pf7iRHC9JQ — RTÉ News (@rtenews) July 12, 2016
The cause of the accident is not yet known.
Sources: rt.com, independent.co.uk, reuters.com, mailonline.com
Kom vind liefde onbeperke
I am a very honest and straight talking person, only honest people will understand me


text:
Gili Tepekong
Padangbai
Pulau Menjangan
Tulamben
Diving & Snorkeling in Gili Tepekong
GonnaDive
About Gili Tepekong
Gili Tepekong and its two smaller cousins, Gili Mimpang and Gili Biaha are three rocky islets just outside the Amuk Bay in the east of Bali, Indonesia. Among the three of them they boast some of Bali's, if not the world's best adventure dive sites, featuring superb marine life.
As these small, almost barren islands are out in the open sea, they battle strong, tricky currents which are for advanced divers only (50+ dives). These currents bring a lot of nutrients to the underwater biosphere and that means large groups of fish that attract lots of predators like barracudas, rays and sharks. The coral cover is somewhat sparse due to the force of the current but beautiful and radiant. Another highlight is the variety of spectacular black, volcanic rock formations.
These are demanding but extremely rewarding dives that should only be undertaken through the best local operators. There are caves with sharks here, a tunnel from one end of a coral slope to the other, whitetip reef sharks resting in the sand and hundreds of reef fish species.
Weather report is currently unavailable
Best diving spot around Gili Tepekong - The Canyon
The Canyon (or Toilet Bow) is a big fish dive in the western area of the small island, also known as Pulau Kambing (Goat Island) depending on who you ask. It involves challenging currents, especially around the full moon and new moon. In fact, the dive operator will make the final call on the day whether the conditions are suitable for diving there. If all systems go then you will enter an amphitheater like canyon that offers a natural viewing platform to see lots and lots of fish.
First you will drift across sloping, vibrant coral reefs with many crinoids on each sea fan from depths of 12 m (39 ft) to about 30 m (98 ft). The sponges and other coral scattered around the black basalt boulders and fantastic pinnacles are home to a lot of small critters like nudibranchs and shrimp. Shoals of fish zip everywhere - Moorish idols, unicornfish, yellowtails, butterflyfishes, basslets, trumpetfish, angelfish and chromis. Whitetip sharks rest in the current. The schools of fish found here are favourite meals of the big fishes; barracudas and tunas are often seen in this area. Napoleon wrasse, grey reef sharks, leopard sharks, eagle rays, even mola mola may make an appearance as you bobble through the canyon.
Exploring the Underwater World
Gili Tepekong, Mimpang and Biaha are a fish heaven from the smallest ones to the big daddies of the underwater world. All the reef fish that the Coral Triangle is famous for - sweetlips, batfish, trevally, snappers, fusiliers, golden jacks, mackerels, lionfish, groupers and hundreds of other species live here in astonishing quantities. Moray eels, cuttlefish, barracudas, tuna, dolphins, turtles, octopuses pop up regularly. Several types of sharks and eagle and manta rays may lurk in the deep blue a bit further away from the coral. Whale sharks have also been seen feeding on plankton between these islands.
Gonnadive travel tip
These boat dives usually start at the Padangbai port or, by arrangement, from nearby Candidasa village on the other side of the small bay. Most dive sites can be reached by a 15-20 minute boat ride. In fact, these rocky outcrops are normally visible from Candidasa. See our page about Padangbai to check how you can get there from Denpasar International Airport or from the south of Bali where most visitors stay. If you take a speedboat from Sanur at the south of Bali it usually takes an hour to reach Gili Mimpang which is the first of the islands from that direction.
Dive sites around Gili Tepekong
Gili Tepekong - East side - Sloping ridges with sponges and hard and soft corals and shoals of fish. Coral bommies at a depth of 18-24 m (59-79 ft) that hide nurse sharks, reef sharks, turtles and stingrays. At around 18 - 21 m (59 - 69 ft) there is a tunnel (Blue Hole) at the southern end of the slope that leads to a sheer wall on the other side. It's not for the faint-hearted but after a 7 m (23 ft) swim you will emerge at 28 m (92 ft) depth on the vertical wall that is almost twice as deep as that. Schools of yellowtails greet you just past the end of the tunnel.
This site is for advanced divers only. The current can take you in any direction, including up and down in a vertical surge, requiring constant equalizing. Depending on tidal activity and sea currents it can feel like being at the spin cycle of a washing machine. Once in a while it can be a tranquil place but that is more the exception than the rule.
Gili Mimpang (also known as Batu Tiga - 3 Rocks) - This varied dive site goes from a sandy bottom at 5 m (16 ft) between the rocky outcrops to a sloping coral reef then a drop off from 30 m (98 ft) to unreachable depths. Whitetip reef sharks are a constant feature as they rest at a sandy area (Shark Junction / Shark Point) on the northwest side at around 20-25 m (66-82 ft). The elusive ocean sunfish, the mola mola, growing to the size of a small car, is often seen here in the right season (August - September). Shoals of fish fight the current and manta rays, blacktip reef sharks can often be ticked off here from your must-see list. Ocean eagles nest on the rocks and spend the dawn fishing. Yes, there are 4 small islands, don't ask why they are called three rocks... maybe it was high tide when they decided on the name!
Gili Biaha / Gili Likuan - The west side of the island offers a a gradual slope toward the mainland, reaching depths of 36 m (120 ft). Large barrel sponges host an army of crinoids that are often bent by the strong currents. A veritable abundance of fish species feast on the nutrition that the currents bring. Surgeonfish and triggerfish can be seen swooping up and down for tasty morsels. Schools of yellowtail fusiliers check out divers, not shying away from coming quite close to them for a mesmerizing moment then, their curiosity satisfied, they are gone in a flash. There is not a lot of coral here compared to more sheltered diving spots around Bali but all the local sea fans and coral heads are healthy and magnificient. Large pelagics that sometimes swim by include tuna, sharks or manta rays. Toward the open sea there is a cave at 7-12 m (23-39 ft) where whitetip sharks may sleep and lobsters poke around in the dark. In strong surge you must exercise utmost caut on entering the cave.
GonnaDive recommends in the neighborhood
As you start these dives by hopping on a boat at Padangbai, might as well stay for a few days there and explore some lovely dive sites around the Padangbai port. Then you can get on other diving boats to Nusa Penida or Padangbai port. Then you can get on other diving boats to Nusa Lembongan with more challenging current dives or set the island of Lombok in your sights. If you wish to stay on the Bali mainland, you can head northeast to Amed or Tulamben for some wreck diving. If you'd like to get to Bali's party central, you need to travel south to Sanur or Nusa Dua where you ill also find diving courses and reef diving and snorkeling opportunities just past the beaches.
Best Time for a Scuba Diving or a Snorkeling Vacation
All year round but visibility is best from June to October, often up to 25 m (82 ft). November, just before the onset of the monsoon can be an excellent time to dive here. Thick wetsuits are recommended as currents and the thermocline can bring the water temperature down below 20 °C (68 °F) from the usual 24-26 °C (75-79 °F) here, already a far cry from the balmy 28-29 °C (82-84 °F) around Bali's shores.
Gonnadive safety tip
You need to respect all of these dive sites and follow the instructions of your local guide closely. In fact you need to stay close to your guide underwater so they can instruct and assist you quickly. Should your dive instructor decide that any of the above mentioned dive sites are not accessible that day then you can rest assured that your and their own personal safety is paramount to them. There are enough dive sites around these islands that you should be able to see some amazing places on any day. Should the water and weather conditions be really bad they will probably offer you a dive the next day.
So, are you up for some watching sharks and tussling with a current? Gili Tepekong awaits you!
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His sins included idolatry, marrying foreign women and, ultimately, turning away from Yahweh, and they led to the kingdom's being torn in two during the reign of his son Rehoboam.
Solomon is the subject of many other later references and legends, most notably in the 1st-century apocryphal work known as the Testament of Solomon.
The Hebrew Bible credits him as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem, He is portrayed as great in wisdom, wealth and power beyond either of the previous kings of the country, but also as a king who sinned.Members describe in detail their Jewish background, ancestry, participation in Jewish causes, their commitment to Israel and the Jewish people.All Jewish Religious affiliations are welcomed and respected.At Greek Dates.com, we excel at helping you find your match safely and quickly.Through our extensive profiles, members can learn about each other before meeting in person.
Transgenderdate is a full service dating website offering more features than any other Trans personals website.
__1879: __Thomas Edison crowns 14 months of testing with an incandescent electric light bulb that lasts 13½ hours.


text:
<meta name="generator" content="groff -Thtml, see www.gnu.org">
<meta name="Content-Style" content="text/css">
<title>NCDUMP</title>

NCDUMP

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

EXAMPLES

REFERENCES

SEE ALSO

BUGS

NAME

ncdump − Convert netCDF file to text form (CDL)

SYNOPSIS

ncdump [-c] [-h] [-v var1,...] [-b lang]
[-f lang] [-l len] [-n name] [-p
f_digits[,d_digits]] [-k] [-x] [-s] [-t]
file

DESCRIPTION

ncdump generates a text representation of a
specified netCDF file on standard output. The text
representation is in a form called CDL
(‘‘network Common Data form
Language’’) that can be viewed, edited, or serve
as input to ncgen. ncgen is a companion
program that can generate a binary netCDF file from a CDL
file. Hence ncgen and ncdump can be used as
inverses to transform the data representation between binary
and text representations. See ncgen for a description
of CDL and netCDF representations.

As of NetCDF version 4.1, and if DAP support was enabled
when ncdump was built, the file name may specify a
DAP URL. This allows ncdump to print out data sources
from DAP servers. When used with the -h option,
ncdump can be used to show the translation from the
DAP DDS data model to the NetCDF data model.

ncdump defines a default display format used for
each type of netCDF data, but this can be changed if a
‘C_format’ attribute is defined for a netCDF
variable. In this case, ncdump will use the
‘C_format’ attribute to format each value. For
example, if floating-point data for the netCDF variable
‘Z’ is known to be accurate to only three
significant digits, it would be appropriate to use the
variable attribute

Z:C_format = "%.3g"

ncdump may also be used as a simple browser for
netCDF data files, to display the dimension names and sizes;
variable names, types, and shapes; attribute names and
values; and optionally, the values of data for all variables
or selected variables in a netCDF file.

ncdump uses ‘_’ to represent data
values that are equal to the ‘_FillValue’
attribute for a variable, intended to represent data that
has not yet been written. If a variable has no
‘_FillValue’ attribute, the default fill value
for the variable type is used if the variable is not of byte
type.

ncdump may also be used to determine what kind of
netCDF file is used (which variant of the netCDF file
format) with the -k option.

OPTIONS

-c

Show the values of coordinate variables
(variables that are also dimensions) as well as the
declarations of all dimensions, variables, and attribute
values. Data values of non-coordinate variables are not
included in the output. This is the most suitable option to
use for a brief look at the structure and contents of a
netCDF file.

-h

Show only the header information in the output,
that is the declarations of dimensions, variables, and
attributes but no data values for any variables. The output
is identical to using the -c option except that the
values of coordinate variables are not included. (At most
one of -c or -h options may be present.)

-v var1,...,varn

The output will include data values for the specified
variables, in addition to the declarations of all
dimensions, variables, and attributes. One or more variables
must be specified by name in the comma-delimited list
following this option. The list must be a single argument to
the command, hence cannot contain blanks or other white
space characters unless escaped. The named variables must be
valid netCDF variables in the input-file. A variable within
a group in a netCDF-4 file may be specified with an absolute
pathname, such as ‘/GroupA/GroupA2/var’. Use of
a relative pathname such as ‘var’ or
‘grp/var’ specifies all matching variable names
in the file. The default, without this option and in the
absence of the -c or -h options, is to include
data values for all variables in the output.

-b lang

A brief annotation in the form of a CDL comment (text
beginning with the characters
‘‘//’’) will be included in the data
section of the output for each ‘row’ of data, to
help identify data values for multidimensional variables. If
lang begins with ‘C’ or ‘c’,
then C language conventions will be used (zero-based
indices, last dimension varying fastest). If lang
begins with ‘F’ or ‘f’, then Fortran
language conventions will be used (one-based indices, first
dimension varying fastest). In either case, the data will be
presented in the same order; only the annotations will
differ. This option is useful for browsing through large
volumes of multidimensional data.

-f lang

Full annotations in the form of trailing CDL comments
(text beginning with the characters
‘‘//’’) for every data value (except
individual characters in character arrays) will be included
in the data section. If lang begins with
‘C’ or ‘c’, then C language
conventions will be used (zero-based indices, last dimension
varying fastest). If lang begins with ‘F’
or ‘f’, then Fortran language conventions will
be used (one-based indices, first dimension varying
fastest). In either case, the data will be presented in the
same order; only the annotations will differ. This option
may be useful for piping data into other filters, since each
data value appears on a separate line, fully identified.

-l len

Changes the default maximum line length (80) used in
formatting lists of non-character data values.

-n name

CDL requires a name for a netCDF data set, for use by
ncgen -b in generating a default netCDF file name. By
default, ncdump constructs this name from the last
component of the pathname of the input netCDF file by
stripping off any extension it has. Use the -n option
to specify a different name. Although the output file name
used by ncgen -b can be specified, it may be wise to
have ncdump change the default name to avoid
inadvertantly overwriting a valuable netCDF file when using
ncdump, editing the resulting CDL file, and using
ncgen -b to generate a new netCDF file from the
edited CDL file.

-p float_digits[,double_digits]

Specifies default precision (number of significant
digits) to use in displaying floating-point or double
precision data values for attributes and variables. If
specified, this value overrides the value of the
‘C_format’ attribute for any variable that has
such an attribute. Floating-point data will be displayed
with float_digits significant digits. If
double_digits is also specified, double-precision
values will be displayed with that many significant digits.
In the absence of any -p specifications,
floating-point and double-precision data are displayed with
7 and 15 significant digits respectively. CDL files can be
made smaller if less precision is required. If both
floating-point and double-presision precisions are
specified, the two values must appear separated by a comma
(no blanks) as a single argument to the command. If you
really want every last bit of precision from the netCDF file
represented in the CDL file for all possible floating-point
values, you will have to specify this with -p 9,17
(according to Theorem 15 of the paper listed under
REFERENCES).

-k

Show what kind of netCDF file the pathname references,
one of ‘classic’, ‘64-bit
offset’,‘netCDF-4’, or ‘netCDF-4
classic model’. Before version 3.6, there was only one
kind of netCDF file, designated as ‘classic’
(also know as format variant 1). Large file support
introduced another variant of the format, designated as
‘64-bit offset’ (known as format variant 2).
NetCDF-4, uses a third variant of the format,
‘netCDF-4’ (format variant 3). Another format
variant, designated ‘netCDF-4 classic model’
(format variant 4), is restricted to features supported by
the netCDF-3 data model but represented using the HDF5
format, so that an unmodified netCDF-3 program can read or
write the file just by relinking with the netCDF-4 library.
The string output by using the ‘-k’ option may
be provided as the value of the ‘-k’ option to
ncgen(1) to specify exactly what kind of netCDF file to
generate, when you want to override the default inferred
from the CDL.

-x

Output XML (NcML) instead of CDL. The NcML does not
include data values. The NcML output option doesn’t
yet display netCDF-4 data correctly.

-s

Output special virtual attributes that provide
performance-related information about the file format and
variable properties for netCDF-4 data. These special virtual
attributes are not actually part of the data, they are
merely a convenient way to display miscellaneous properties
of the data in CDL (and eventually NcML). They include
‘_ChunkSizes’, ‘_DeflateLevel’,
‘_Endianness’, ‘_Fletcher32’,
‘_Format’, ‘_NoFill’,
‘_Shuffle’, and ‘_Storage’.
‘_ChunkSizes’ is a list of chunk sizes for each
dimension of the variable. ‘_DeflateLevel’ is an
integer between 0 and 9 inclusive if compression has been
specified for the variable. ‘_Endianness’ is
either ‘little’ or ‘big’, depending
on how the variable was stored when first written.
‘_Fletcher32’ is ‘true’ if the
checksum property was set for the variable.
‘_Format’ is a global attribute specifying the
netCDF format variant, one of ‘classic’,
‘64-bit offset’, ‘netCDF-4’, or
‘netCDF-4 classic model’. ‘_NoFill’
is ‘true’ if the persistent NoFill property was
set for the variable when it was defined.
‘_Shuffle’ is ‘true’ if use of the
shuffle filter was specified for the variable.
‘_Storage’ is ‘contiguous’ or
‘chunked’, depending on how the variable’s
data is stored.

-t

Controls display of time data, if stored in a variable
that uses a udunits compliant time representation such as
‘days since 1970-01-01’ or ‘seconds since
2009-03-15 12:01:17’. If this option is specified,
time values are displayed as human-readable date-time
strings rather than numerical values, interpreted in terms
of a ‘calendar’ variable attribute, if
specified. Calendar attribute values interpreted with this
option include the CF Conventions values
‘gregorian’ or ‘standard’,
‘proleptic_gregorian’, ‘noleap’ or
‘365_day’, ‘all_leap’ or
‘366_day’, ‘360_day’, or
‘julian’.

EXAMPLES

Look at the structure of the data in the netCDF file
‘foo.nc’:

ncdump -c foo.nc

Produce an annotated CDL version of the structure and
data in the netCDF file ‘foo.nc’, using
C-style indexing for the annotations:

ncdump -b c foo.nc > foo.cdl

Output data for only the variables ‘uwind’
and ‘vwind’ from the netCDF file
‘foo.nc’, and show the floating-point
data with only three significant digits of
precision:

ncdump -v uwind,vwind -p 3 foo.nc

Produce a fully-annotated (one data value per line)
listing of the data for the variable ‘omega’,
using Fortran conventions for indices, and changing the
netCDF dataset name in the resulting CDL file to
‘omega’:

ncdump -v omega -f fortran -n omega foo.nc >
Z.cdl

REFERENCES

What Every Computer Scientist should Know About
Floating-Point Arithmetic, D. Goldberg, ACM Computing
Surveys, Vol. 23, No. 1, March 1991, pp. 5-48. Climate
and Forecast Metadata Conventions,
http://www.cfconventions.org.

SEE ALSO

ncgen(1), netcdf(3)

BUGS

Character arrays that contain a null-byte are treated
like C strings, so no characters after the null byte appear
in the output.

Multidimensional character string arrays are not handled
well, since the CDL syntax for breaking a long character
string into several shorter lines is weak.

There should be a way to specify that the data should be
displayed in ‘record’ order, that is with the
all the values for ‘record’ variables together
that have the same value of the record dimension.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub