When an epic party comes your way, the best idea is to run right at it. So, get your running shoes ready cause the Mirchi Neon Run is back to make you glow.
The Mirchi Neon Run took its first step in 2015 and is now a 22 city event across India. With a winning combo of a Zumba warm-up session, a post-run BDM party and loads of exciting neon glow-in-the-dark merchandise & accessories, this fun run is all that you need for a colourful night out.
Now, it's time to get, set, GLOW.
Each participant will receive a T-Shirt.
Parking near or at the event premises is at the risk of the vehicle owner. Organizer will not hold responsibility for any damage or theft of any vehicles within the stipulated parking premises of the event.
Professional cameras, any form of recording instruments, arms, and ammunition, eatables, bottled water, beverages, alcohol are not allowed from outside the event. Food and beverages will be available inside the event, to be purchased at applicable rates.
Organizers are not responsible for any negative effects of food items or drinks consumed in the venue by event guests; Radio Mirchi MNR encourages guests to drink responsibly and in moderation.
Attendees suspected of carrying items that may be used in an offensive or dangerous manner or carrying out illegal activities within the site may be searched.
IMPORTANT DISCLAIMER: Possession sale and dealing in Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic substances attracts stringent punishments under the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 which ranges from 6 months up to 20 years imprisonment and fine up to Rupees Two Lakhs. Consumption of the narcotic drug or psychotropic substance (cocaine, morphine, diacetylmorphine or any other narcotic drug) or any psychotropic substance is liable for rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine which may extend to Twenty Thousand rupees; or with both under NDPS Act, 1985.
The event is subject to government permissions. In case the permissions are not granted and the event is canceled, a full refund shall be immediately issued to all patrons.


I almost wrote an end-of-year recap for this particular blog post. I thought back to all of the things I'd accomplished over the past year. It didn't take me long to realize that I didn't really keep track of them as well as I should. The other thing that changed my mind was Greg's great post about looking forward. I've only been blogging for about 3 months. I've really only had an online presence for about half the year. So recapping what I've done wouldn't really do much to help me take stock of what's been going on. But I've been trying to codify some things that I'm looking forward to in 2011 and I thought that putting them down in print would be a great way to make me own up to them. So, without further ado, here's what I'm looking forward to for the next 365 days.
1. Passing the CCIE R&S lab. We are quickly getting to put-up or shut-up time when it comes to my CCIE lab. I know that I've only failed when I decide to quit trying, but the trying is really starting to smart. I'm in a unique position amongst some of my peers, in that my employer has been very gracious in allowing me to keep attempting the lab. But I'm starting to feel like I'm imposing on their goodwill. I'm starting to see a lot of RFPs being released that are requiring CCIE credentials to design what are essentially enhanced layer 2 networks. I realize that these RFPs have been crafted in some degree to lock my employer out of consideration in the bidding process. My pride tells me that I want to pass the lab for no other reason that to fly a big middle finger to them, as if to say "Ha! Guess what I did?!?" In the end, I want to really succeed here because I've never let any test beat me, save one. And I'm not about to let the CCIE become the second.
2. Upgrade my VCP to version 4. The other thing that I do a lot of at my job that doesn't revolve around networks concentrates on VMware. I work with it more than I do with the actual OSes that get loaded to it, and I think it's about time I made the move to getting certified on the current version. There are some interesting possibilities that await should I manage to get there, including the idea of getting the VCAP4 – Design. My job focus is quickly moving on toward building networks and systems on paper rather than physically, so some more designed-focused learning would do me some good. But first things first. I've got to get with the now.
3. Start looking at the CCIE Voice. Heh, compared to #1, this one looks kind of silly. Why start looking at another CCIE track when you aren't even done with the one you started with? If the truth be told, I've stuck with R&S as long as I have because of my stubborn streak. I don't work with BGP or MPLS in my every day job. I doubt I ever will unless I switch roles and/or employers. But I deal with voice every day. It's not what I started out to do, but I find it interesting. And so I'm thinking that I might consider looking at some of the Voice courses and whether or not they appeal to me. Who knows? Maybe Voice will be an easier lab for me?
4. Wikify my documentation. I've been putting this off for a lot longer than I should. I need to take all of the information that I've gathered that resides on my laptop and put it into a form that other people can use and edit easily. I want to have all of my knowledge in a place my peers can get to so that they might find the information they need quickly. I want to clean up my haphazard note-taking style and make it readable. I also want to be able to disappear for a few days at a time without getting ten phone calls and tons of e-mails. I want to be able to pass the Bus Test.
5. Start teaching more. Part of the reason that I started this blog was to collect all the random things that I come across and write them down in a place that I could easily find. As an ancillary objective, I hope that other people might benefit from my research and study so that they could avoid the mistakes I've made. I've considered bringing that into something a little more formal. Some of my old college professors have talked to me about speaking to student groups. My boss has discussed having me train user groups and train-the-trainer type scenarios. I look at it as a two-fold opportunity. I get to disseminate my knowledge, but I also gain the ability to tighten my presentation skills and put a little polish on my approach. I don't want to end up as a curmudgeon that sits behind a keyboard all day and loses all social ability. I figure that forcing myself to get out and speak to people might just do that.
I figure five things should be a good list to work on. Especially since #1 is going to consume a lot of my time. I hope to look back on this in 52 weeks and check off a few things. I also hope that I can add a few more items to the list as I go. Because surprises are always a good way to keep your edge sharp.
This entry was posted in CCIE, Training, Voice by networkingnerd. Bookmark the permalink.


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Does WIPO's New Leadership Have the Vision to Shake Up Global Copyright Policy-Making?
Brigitte Vézina
New beginnings at WIPO
On March 4, Daren Tang was nominated director general of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the United Nations agency dealing with intellectual property matters. Tang is currently the chief executive of the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS) and his six-year term as top WIPO official will start on October 1, 2020. He will replace Francis Gurry, who has led the organization since 2008.
Mr. Daren Tang, nominated director general of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), at the Global Innovation Index in 2016. Source: WIPO via Dean Studio, licensed CC BY-NC-ND.
This change in leadership opens the way for bold new perspectives and a sharpened focus on much needed global copyright policy reform that has been urged for decades. With Tang at the helm, WIPO and its member states will have a unique opportunity to recalibrate an outdated, unbalanced copyright system, embrace on equal terms the views and opinions of civil society organizations, and create a new order where rules are fit for the digital environment in which we all learn, create, and share.
In this post, we outline what needs to be done to drive copyright policy in the right direction, with a special focus on the three main substantive issues under discussion at WIPO: broadcasting rights, limitations and exceptions, and copyright and the digital environment.
Time for sweeping changes in the SCCR
From 2018 to 2019, Tang served as chair of WIPO's Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights (SCCR), the international forum where discussions on copyright and related rights take place. As a permanent observer to the SCCR, Creative Commons (CC) actively contributes to shaping global copyright policy with a view to upholding strong user rights and a robust and thriving public domain within a balanced ecosystem conducive to creativity, collaboration, and cultural interaction. Here are some of the initiatives pending before the SCCR where CC and other civil society organizations have taken a stance in support of the modernization of copyright.
Discussions over a potential new treaty for the protection of broadcasting organizations have been taking place for more than a decade within the SCCR. CC has time and again made the case that such a treaty is clearly not needed. Current legal frameworks provide more than enough enforcement mechanisms and remedies for so-called "signal piracy." Promoting and delivering content via a broadcast signal should not convey rights to control access and use of the content itself. In addition, the creation of new rights atop copyright to "protect" a broadcast signal would severely compromise users' right to make certain uses of the underlying creative work, either thanks to exceptions, limitations or via public licenses, such as CC Licenses or even to material in the public domain. At a minimum, broad exceptions and limitations should append to any new rights to allow wide use and reuse of works by the public so that underlying uses of works by the public that currently exist are not blocked by any new rights granted. There is significant risk that granting this new broadcasting right will limit access to information and culture. Instead of keeping this item on the agenda where, clearly, there is no outcome in sight, WIPO should halt the proceedings of the broadcast treaty.
Exceptions and limitations
Exceptions and limitations (E&L) are also a long-standing item on the SCCR agenda that need a complete reshuffle. While some interest groups proselytize licensing over E&L, licensing simply cannot uphold fundamental rights such as the right to information, the right to access to culture and freedom of expression, as noted in CC's latest submission to the SCCR. CC licenses are an excellent way to share culture, information and knowledge—our licenses are the international standard for open licensing and the broadest, best understood and recognizable way to signal an intention to share. However, licensing (especially collective licensing) falls short of addressing the problems that libraries, museums, archives, educational and research institutions, as well as persons with disabilities, face on a daily basis.
That's why we fully support a treaty on educational and research activities and for international copyright law to enshrine clear, mandatory, and flexible E&L for educational uses both offline and online, such as teaching and learning. We are also in favor of E&L for cultural heritage institutions, including for the preservation of cultural heritage by galleries, libraries, archives and museums (GLAMs).
Copyright and the digital environment
New technologies and the internet have forced many countries to reform their copyright laws. Despite those efforts, we are still faced with a global copyright system that fails to keep up with digital advancements. Old rules that were designed for the analog world cannot be tweaked slightly to address the new realities of the digital world. What we need is a complete redesign of the legal and policy architecture supporting the creation, sharing and reuse of creative works. This new copyright architecture needs to be simple, efficient, targeted, effective, and realistic. WIPO was challenged more than ten years ago to serve as a leader in reforming copyright, and to date has done extremely little by our estimation. For copyright to be fit for the digital environment, where millions of copies of copyright works can circulate within seconds of their publication and be used by millions of users, policy action is urgently needed. Copyright needs to embrace and bolster the novel business models and interaction patterns emerging around creativity and online participation in culture. On that point, we champion the fundamental recognition that digital reproductions of works in the public domain should stay in the public domain.
With the support of an extensive network of experts from all over the world, including copyright reform experts, CC is driving policy change to bring copyright in line with the realities of creation and online dissemination of creative works. This copyright upheaval is necessary to tear down the barriers that copyright erects around creative content and allow everyone to freely enjoy the benefits of access to culture, information, and knowledge.
Fairness, transparency, and neutrality
We expect WIPO to facilitate a healthy and meaningful debate in the SCCR among all stakeholders, including those representing the public interest. This also holds true for all normative activities at WIPO, including those taking place in the Committee on Development and Intellectual Property (CDIP), which plays a vital role in making sure the voices of developing countries are taken into account in discussions shaping global copyright law. Our expectations of fairness, transparency, and neutrality extend to WIPO's capacity-building and technical assistance activities as well.
We urge Tang and his senior management team to rise to the challenge of creating a copyright framework befitting 21st century technologies and sharing customs, including providing leadership in the global policy-making arena, with the goal of achieving a balanced and modern copyright system. To this end, we stand ready to break new ground and catapult copyright into the future, because the future is already here.
Category:Policy / advocacy / copyright reform
Tags:copyright, copyright policy, intellectual property, WIPO
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The growing commons
1.6 billion works and counting. Explore these featured Creative Commons Licensed resources below — from literary works, to videos, photos, audio, open education, scientific research and more! Or you can share your work, and help light up the global commons!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Do you see the same error when using npm v6.9.0?
There was a similar issue with a CDN in the Ireland region a while ago, something to keep in mind if we see more of this in the next few days. Other than that, verifying the cache (or clearing if that doesn't turn up anything) could be required to fix the problem entirely.
Or the online documentation should have some more information.


You will work with our connected devices, ensuring our products respond in the correct way when controlled by a Mobile Application or Cloud Server.
Dyson HQ is home to over 3,500 people who work across a medley of engineering and commercial functions. The award winning campus has three cafes, a sports centre and a number of engineering icons including our Harrier and Lightning jets – one of which hangs from the ceiling of our café. Based in Malmesbury, the campus is within easy reach of both the Cotswolds and cities like Bath and Bristol along the M4 corridor.
The way technology is controlled will be integral to how it performs. Dyson's software engineers have transformed the way our owners interact with their machines. Our first connected robot vacuum launched in 2014 and its companion app takes cleaning into the digital era. Connected Products with advanced software and app platforms are cementing Dyson's place as a pioneering global technology organisation.
* Use of scripting languages and tools for post processing techniques, or control of test equipment etc.


text:
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pthread_attr_setschedparam(const pthread_attr_t *attr, const sched_param *param)
{
	return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The continuous polarized vesicle secretion in pollen tubes is essential for tip growth but the location of endo- and exocytic sub-domains remains however controversial. In this report we aimed to show that Arabidopsis thaliana syntaxins are involved in this process and contribute to spatially define exocytosis and membrane recycling.
Using GFP-fusion constructs, we imaged the distribution of pollen-specific (AtSYP124) and non-pollen syntaxins (AtSYP121 and AtSYP122) in transiently transformed Nicotiana tabacum pollen tubes. All three proteins associate with the plasma membrane and with apical vesicles indicating a conserved action mechanism for all SYPs. However, the GFP tagged SYP124 showed a specific distribution with a higher labelling at the plasma membrane flanks, 10-25 μm behind the apex. This distribution is affected by Ca2+ fluxes as revealed by treatment with Gd3+ (an inhibitor of extracellular Ca2+ influx) and TMB-8 (an inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+ release). Both inhibitors decreased growth rate but the distribution of SYP124 at the plasma membrane was more strongly affected by Gd3+. Competition with a related dominant negative mutant affected the specific distribution of SYP124 but not tip growth. In contrast, co-expression of the phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate 5-kinase 4 (PIP5K4) or of the small GTPase Rab11 perturbed polarity and the normal distribution of GFP-SYP but did not inhibit the accumulation in vesicles or at the plasma membrane.
The results presented suggest that in normal growing pollen tubes, a net exocytic flow occurs in the flanks of the tube apex mediated by SYP124. The specific distribution of SYP124 at the plasma membrane is affected by changes in Ca2+ levels in agreement with the importance of this ion for exocytosis. Apical growth and the specific localization of SYP124 were affected by regulators of membrane secretion (Ca2+, PIP5K4 and Rab11) but competition with a dominant negative mutant affected only SYP distribution. These data thus suggest that syntaxins alone do not provide the level of specificity that is required for apical growth and that additional signalling and functional mechanisms are required.
Pollen tube growth and reorientation occur only at the extreme apex of the tube due to polarized fusion of secretory vesicles, which transport cell wall components to the growing tip [1, 2]. This exocytic delivery of material to the extending apex is found in root hairs , fungal hyphae  and rhizoids , all tip-growing cells. In pollen tubes, the membrane material provided by vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane was calculated to exceed the needs to maintain growth rates suggesting an underlying recycling process [2, 6]. It was generally assumed that exocytosis events occur mostly at the extreme apex while membrane recycling (endocytosis) would take place further back from the tip, at the flanks of the apex and/or at sub-apical regions. Several lines of evidence supported this hypothesis: (a) higher Ca2+ values at the extreme apex  which could favour exocytosis; (b) a higher concentration of pectin methylesterases , Sec-GFP and AGP-GFPs  reported at the extreme apex; (c) the presence of an exocyst complex also reported at the extreme tip ; and (d) the absence of clathrin-coated vesicles from the extreme apex in pollen tubes preserved by freeze-fixation . However, some of these data only indirectly concerned secretion or were obtained with methods that precluded a proper analysis of vesicle dynamics. The use of FM styryl dyes (FM1-43 and FM4-64) helped to generate a picture of vesicle and membrane dynamics during apical growth [2, 11] but no evidence is available at present to actually prove that these labels correspond to that of vesicles destined for exocytosis . It nevertheless allowed us to generate other working hypothesis namely the existence of a rapid endocytosis (or kiss-and-run) mechanism at the extreme apex coupled to a "conventional" mechanism with clathrin-mediated endocytosis occurring at sub-apical regions [12, 13].
In this work we tried to further dissect the secretory process by investigating the distribution and role of syntaxins during pollen tube growth. The syntaxins are a large evolutionarily conserved family of proteins required for docking and fusion of transport vesicles in eukaryotic cells. Individual syntaxins reside on the organelles of the endomembrane system in which it is believed that they assemble with other proteins of the SNARE (for soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) family to form SNARE complexes . Syntaxins are classified on a structural base as Qa-SNAREs, they interact on the target membrane with two partners classified as Qb- and Qc-SNAREs . The SNARE complex on the target membrane (also known as t-SNARE complex) serves as a binding site for R-SNAREs on the transport vesicle (for this reason also called v-SNAREs) and assures docking of the vesicle to target membrane driving membrane fusion . Mapping of these proteins in live cells can thus help to pinpoint exocytic events and their dynamics. Using GFP-fusion proteins, we analysed the distribution of SYP124, a pollen-specific syntaxin [Microarray Database Genevestigator, GeneChip; ], during pollen tube growth and upon modulation by inhibitors and regulatory proteins. Although highly conserved, some research has suggested that individual members of particular gene families have distinct localizations and thus may have distinct functions [15, 18, 19]. So in order to test how specific is SYP localization, we also transformed pollen with GFP-tagged, non-pollen specific, SYP121 and SYP122. All three SYPs belong to the same sub-family of Qa-SNAREs, a family of 17 members with broad distribution inside the cell [20, 21]. SYP121 was reported to be involved in ABA-related secretion  while SYP122 seems to have a more general function in secretion , including a role in cell wall deposition . Here we report that GFP-SYP124 showed a specific distribution with a higher labelling at the plasma membrane flanks, 10-25 μm behind the apex of growing pollen tubes and that this distribution is affected by regulators of membrane secretion (Ca2+, PIP5K4 and Rab11).
To study the distribution of syntaxins during pollen tube growth, pollen of Nicotiana tabacum was transiently transfected with a GFP-AtSYP124 fusion construct with the chimera cloned downstream of the Lat52 promoter . This strategy had already been successfully used in previous studies [e.g. [26, 27]]. Tobacco pollen is easily transformed using biolistics, the tubes are large, grow fast and they are more tolerant to the laser irradiation required for imaging (when compared to pollen from Arabidopsis). AtSYP124 is a pollen-specific gene [Microarray Database Genevestigator, GeneChip; [17, 28]]) from a highly conserved family. To investigate if this specificity is translated into a specific distribution or if syntaxin distribution simply follows the cell's secretory requirements, we also transformed pollen with GFP fusion constructs of AtSYP121 and AtSYP122, non-pollen syntaxins that have been previously characterized in protoplasts by us  and with dominant-negative (DN) versions of all three proteins.
In actively growing pollen tubes (growth rate of at least 3 μm.min-1) imaged 5-6 h after transformation, free GFP showed a uniform distribution throughout the cytoplasm (figure 1A). In cells expressing GFP-SYP124 (n = 12), the fluorescence mainly localized to the plasma membrane with a higher signal at the flanks of the pollen tube (10-25 μm behind the extreme tip) and in the characteristic inverted cone of apical vesicles (figure 1B, E, F). When pollen tubes slowed down or ceased to grow, fluorescence was still visible associated to the plasma membrane but the higher apical vesicle labelling dissipated (figure 1C). Over-expression of higher levels of GFP-SYP124 (observations made 7-9 h after transformation - figure 1D) led to a significantly higher amount of fluorescence associated with the plasma membrane (figure 1F) and perturbations in apical morphology (changes in tip diameter) but not to a significant disturbance of polarity. As recently described by McKenna et al.  using phase-correlation analysis, we frequently observed that higher growth rates correlated with higher signals in the sub-apical membrane (when compared to the extreme apical membrane)(figure 1E).
Confocal imaging of N. tabacum pollen tubes expressing GFP-AtSYP124. Scale bars = 20 μm. A: Optical section of a growing pollen tube transformed with free GFP showing a cytosolic distribution. B: Time-course series of a growing tobacco pollen tube transiently transformed with the GFP-SYP124 construct showing the subcellular localization of SYP124 (observation made ~6 h after transformation). The protein seemed to accumulate mostly in apical vesicles and at the flanks of the plasma membrane near the pollen tip. Numbers refer to the time interval (in seconds). Images are representative of twelve independent experiments. C: Optical section of a non-growing pollen tube transformed with GFP-SYP124. D: Pollen tube expressing high levels of GFP-SYP124 exhibited disturbed growth and perturbations in apical morphology. The protein accumulates at the flanks but also at the apical plasma membrane. E: Time course analysis of GFP fluorescence intensity in the growing pollen tube shown in B. Each line is representative of measurements of the fluorescent signal made in the lines/circles depicted in the diagram for 12 different pollen tubes: apical plasma membrane (black circle); apical cytoplasm (black square); sub-apical plasma membrane (lozenge); sub-apical cytoplasm (triangle). Growth rate measurements (μm.min-1) are displayed by the dashed line. F: Distribution of average fluorescence intensity along the first 40 μm of the pollen tubes plasma membrane as depicted in the diagram for growing (Grow - solid line; n = 12), non-growing (Non-grow - dashed line; n = 3) and pollen tubes over-expressing GFP-SYP124 (Over-exp - dotted line; n = 5). Differences are statistically significant (P = 5E-9). Error bars not displayed for the sake of clarity.
Observations made in cells expressing the non-pollen SYP121 (n = 9) and SYP122 (n = 7) revealed also GFP-chimeras localization on the plasma membrane (figure 2A-C) in agreement with the highly conserved structure of these proteins (Additional file 1). The distribution pattern of the non-pollen SYP was nevertheless distinguishable from that of GFP-SYP124, with changes that could justify the specific expression profile in different tissues. The fluorescence distribution at the plasma membrane, even at regions further back from the sub-apex (25-40 μm behind the extreme tip), was more uniform with SYP121 and SYP122 (when compared to their pollen homologue - figures 1F and 2D). This pattern was more similar to the labelling provided by FM1-43 and FM4-64 dyes [, additional file 2], indicative of less specific sorting. Higher levels of either GFP-SYP121 or GFP-SYP122 led to saturation of plasma membrane fluorescence but to no changes in pollen morphology (figure 2E,F).
Confocal imaging of N. tabacum pollen tubes expressing GFP-AtSYP121 and GFP-AtSYP122. Scale bars = 20 μm. A and B: Time-course series of growing tobacco pollen tubes transiently transformed with the GFP-SYP121 (A) and GFP-SYP122 (B) constructs (observations made ~6 h after transformation). Both proteins seem to accumulate similarly, mostly in apical vesicles and at the plasma membrane near the pollen tip. Numbers refer to the time interval (in seconds). C: Time course analysis of GFP fluorescence intensity in the growing pollen tubes shown in A and B. Imaging and measurements were performed under the same conditions and settings as in figure 1E. D: Distribution of average fluorescence intensity along the first 40 μm of the pollen tubes plasma membrane as depicted in the diagram for growing pollen tubes expressing GFP-SYP121 (dotted line; n = 9) and GFPSYP122 (solid line; n = 7). The distribution of SYP121 and SYP122 are significantly different from GFP-SYP124 (P = 9E-39 and P = 2E-25 respectively) with the region 10-25 μm behind the apex not showing the highest labelling. Error bars not displayed for the sake of clarity. E and F: Pollen tubes expressing high levels of GFP-SYP121 (E) and GFP-SYP122 (F) exhibited disturbed protein localization but no perturbations in apical morphology.
To test if the sub-cellular localization of syntaxins was affected by changes in [Ca2+]c levels (a known modulator of growth and exocytosis), pollen tubes expressing GFP-fusion constructs of SYP124, 121 and 122 were imaged before and after addition of 20 μM gadolinium chloride or 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester (TMB-8). Gadolinium (Gd3+) is an inhibitor of plasma membrane cationic channels, preventing Ca2+ influx, while TMB-8 inhibits intracellular Ca2+ mobilization . At this concentration both inhibitors transiently reduced growth rate but allowed fast recovery upon wash-out (figure 3).
Time course analysis of GFP fluorescence intensity in N. tabacum growing pollen tubes transformed with GFP-SYPs (124, 121, 122) and exposed to 20 μM of extracellular Gd 3+ (A-C) or TMB-8 (D-F). Imaging and measurements were performed under the same conditions and settings as in figure 1E. Growth rate measurements (μm.min-1) are displayed by the dashed lines. Addition of the inhibitors was performed at the time indicated by the vertical dotted line and collection of data resumed after inhibitor wash out. Each graph is representative of 5 independent pollen tubes. Symbols indicate measurements performed in the apical plasma membrane (black circle), apical cytoplasm (black square), sub-apical plasma membrane (lozenge) and sub-apical cytoplasm (triangle) according to the diagram in figure 1E.
Gd3+ had a similar effect in the localization pattern of all three syntaxins. In pollen tubes expressing GFP-SYP124, along with a reduction in growth rate, the addition of this ion to the extracellular medium caused a transient but significant (≥ 5%) reduction in the association of the fluorescent signal with the apical (P < 0,01) and sub-apical plasma membrane (P < 0,001) (figure 3A; n = 5). However, the signal associated with both apical and sub-apical cytoplasmic regions exhibited no significant changes (< 5%; P > 0,01). The fluorescent signal of SYP121 and SYP122 was also found to reduce upon addition of Gd3+ (figure 3B-C; n = 10) but in contrast to SYP124, the reduction was below our significance threshold. This suggests that influx of extracellular Ca2+ is important for specific SYP localization (and accumulation) at the plasma membrane but not to their trafficking through secretory vesicles. We further quantified if the reduced accumulation at the plasma membrane upon addition of Gd3+ was higher in the apical or sub-apical region. In all three syntaxins, the reduction was found to be slightly higher in the sub-apical region but this difference was also below our significance threshold.
TMB-8 had a reduced effect in the localization of all three syntaxins (figure 2D-F; n = 15). Its addition caused a transient reduction in plasma membrane and cytoplasmic fluorescence for SYP124, 121 and 122 but changes were non significant (≤5%) in contrast with the inhibition of growth rates. These observations suggest that the effects are likely to be a consequence of growth rate inhibition and not directly of intracellular Ca2+ modulation.
The recent modelling of Kato et al.  suggests that, although essential, syntaxins play more of a structural than a regulatory role in the secretory process. To further investigate this we devised a set of experiments where syntaxins were co-expressed with a truncated version consisting only in the N-terminal portion of SYP  or with known regulatory proteins of the secretory pathway (PIP5K4 [27, 32] and Rab11 ).
The co-expression of full GFP-SYP124 with its truncated version (SYP124T) led to no visible change in pollen tube morphology or growth rate. However, the localization pattern of SYP124 at the plasma membrane shifted with regions further back from the sub-apex now more evidently labelled (figure 4A-C; n = 10). This pattern resembles the localization of the non-pollen SYPs (121 and 122; figure 2) and suggests a perturbation in the interaction of SYP124 with its targets. In agreement with a specificity issue, the localization pattern of SYP121 or 122 was not changed by the co-expression with their respective truncated versions (data not shown).
Confocal imaging of N. tabacum pollen tubes co-expressing SYP124T (truncated protein lacking the transmembrane domain) with full GFP-SYP124. A: Optical sections of a growing pollen tube. The cell exhibited no perturbations in apical morphology but protein localization exhibits a higher labelling in the plasma membrane further away from the sub-apical region (when compared to figure 1B). Numbers refer to the time interval (in seconds). Scale bar = 20 μm. B: Time course analysis of GFP fluorescence intensity in the first 20 μm of the pollen tube shown in A. Each line is representative of measurements of the fluorescent signal made in the lines/circles depicted in the diagram of figure 1E for 10 different pollen tubes. Growth rate measurements (μm.min-1) are displayed by the dashed lines. C: Distribution of average fluorescence intensity along the first 40 μm of the pollen tubes plasma membrane (n = 10) as depicted in the diagram. The distribution is significantly different (P = 3E-54) from GFP-SYP124 alone (compare with figure 1F) but very similar to GFPSYP121 and GFP-SYP122 (P = 0,01) (compare with figure 2D). Error bars not displayed for the sake of clarity.
The co-expression of GFP-SYP124 with PIP5K4 led to a different scenario. It was recently shown that over-expression of PIP5K4, a protein that normally concentrates in the flanks of the pollen tubes, perturbs pollen tube morphology and affects secretion [27, 32]. Here we found that co-expression (~7-9 h after transformation), along with a disturbance in polarity, caused changes in GFP-SYP124 localization (figure 5A-C; n = 10). Accompanying the partial loss of polarity, the association of GFP fluorescence with the apical plasma membrane increased, the typical higher labelling of the apical cytoplasm dissipated (figure 5A-C), and some cells (n = 4) exhibited large labelled structures in the cytoplasm that extended to the apical region (figure 5D). Similar results were obtained when co-expression was performed with GFP-SYP121 or with GFP-SYP122 (data not shown) and indicate a modulation of syntaxin trafficking and distribution by the phosphoinositide signalling pathway.
Confocal imaging of N. tabacum pollen tubes co-expressing PIP5K4 with GFP-SYP124. Scale bars = 20 μm. A: Optical section of a non-growing pollen tube due to PIP5K over-expression. The cell exhibits partial loss of polarity and high protein localization in the flanks and apical plasma membrane. B: Optical section of a depolarized pollen tube due to PIP5K over-expression. SYP124 distribution is almost uniform in the swollen apex. C: Distribution of average fluorescence intensity along the first 40 μm of the pollen tubes plasma membrane (n = 10) as depicted in the diagram. The distribution is statistically different (P = 3E-31) from GFP-SYP124 alone (compare with figure 1F). Error bars not displayed for the sake of clarity. D: Optical section of a halted pollen tube due to PIP5K over-expression. Along with high protein localization in the flanks and apical plasma membrane, labelling of large endomembrane-like structures is visible.
Syntaxin activity was also recently shown to be modulated by small GTPases of the Rab sub-family, namely Rab11 . In pollen tubes, expression of a dominant-negative GDP-bound version of Rab11 was shown to induce depolarization of the growth axis and to disturb membrane trafficking . Therefore we co-expressed a dominant-negative GDP-bound Rab11DN together with GFP-SYP124. This co-expression led to significant changes in pollen tube tip morphology, occasional depolarization and also to altered SYP localization (figure 6A-D; n = 10). As observed with the co-expression of PIP5K4, the association of SYP with the apical plasma membrane increased and the typical higher labelling of apical vesicles dissipated (figure 6A,C). Furthermore, the expression of the Rab11DN led to the labelling of large structures in the apex that could result from vesicle aggregation or large vesicles formation (figure 6D). Similar results were obtained when co-expression was performed with GFP-SYP121 or with GFP-SYP122 (data not shown).
Confocal imaging of N. tabacum pollen tubes co-expressing Rab11DN with GFP-SYP124. Scale bars = 20 μm. A and B: Optical section of pollen tubes with disturbed apical morphology due to Rab11DN over-expression. Along with a partial loss of polarity, the cells exhibit high protein localization in the flanks and apical plasma membrane and almost complete dissipation of the apical vesicle labelling. C: Distribution of average fluorescence intensity along the first 40 μm of the pollen tubes plasma membrane (n = 10) as depicted in the diagram. The distribution is statistically different (P = 2E-18) from GFP-SYP124 alone (compare with figure 1F). Error bars not displayed for the sake of clarity. D: Optical section of a depolarized pollen tube due to Rab11DN over-expression. SYP124 distribution is uniform in the swollen apex. Along with high protein localization in the flanks and apical plasma membrane, labelling of large endomembrane-like structures is visible.
Although essential for understanding pollen tube apical growth, the location and dynamics of exocytic events is still controversial [2, 33]. GFP fusion proteins have been used linked to secreted proteins [8, 7, 29, 34] so the localization reflects their accumulation and not necessarily the point of vesicle fusion . Zonia and Munnik  took advantage of the complementary emission spectra of FM1-43 and FM4-64 to perform an elegant experiment where the pollen tubes were first labelled with one dye until the endomembrane compartments were saturated and all exocytic vesicles labelled. The authors then imaged the cells shortly after addition of the second dye; the assumption was that the later will label only endocytic vesicles. By comparing the two signals the authors suggested that exocytosis takes place in the flanks of the pollen tube while at the extreme apex endocytosis prevails. Although limited by the characteristics of the dyes, this hypothesis raises new questions concerning the localization of the exocytic machinery and vesicle dynamics in the pollen tube apex. Here we analysed the localization and dynamics of syntaxin proteins which are required for docking and fusion of secretory vesicles . Expression of the pollen-specific SYP124 fused to GFP did not affect pollen tube growth rate or morphology and comparison with data obtained using non-pollen syntaxins (SYP121 and 122) revealed different and specific dynamics. As expected for such protein, the GFP fluorescent signal was strongly associated to the plasma membrane and secretory vesicles in the apical region thus strengthening the use of GFP-SYP124 as a marker for the study of secretory events in pollen tubes.
We found that GFP-tagged SYP124 mostly localizes to vesicles in the apical inverted cone and to the plasma membrane at the flanks of the growing pollen tube, 10-25 μm behind the tip. This pattern suggests that the preferential location for fusion is on a limited membrane domain at the sub-apical flanks and not at the extreme apex (additional file 2), in agreement with the recent hypothesis of an annulus shaped release zone [11, 12]. The observation that membrane fluorescence extends to regions further back from the apex is likely explained by diffusion of the GFP-SYP124 when its ligands (yet to be identified) are saturated. When the tubes slowed down (or eventually stopped growing) the protein seemed to spread to the extreme apex of the tube and to regions further back from the sub-apical region. In a recent work, Enami et al.  also looked at the localization of AtSYP124 and showed its localization all over the plasma membrane and in the apical region. But in this case a critical interpretation is required because the work was done in Arabidopsis pollen, a system where is notoriously difficult to obtain proper imaging of growth and cell dynamics. Thus our option for using an heterologous system - tobacco pollen - where such limitations are minor and which have been used as a valid model to analyse the sub-cellular localization of Arabidopsis protein [26, 27]. The data must be interpreted bearing in mind these advantages and limitations.
Imaging of the non-pollen SYP121 and SYP122 showed significant differences from SYP124 in the wider labelling of plasma membrane regions. Given the high degree of conservation in this protein sub-family, the data suggests that tissue-specificity may be relevant to assign interaction with membrane targets and not to determine rates of vesicle fusion. This hypothesis gain support by the co-expression experiments of SYP124 with its truncated version deleted of the transmembrane domain but still able to interact with the other partners of the SNARE complex . This co-expression resulted in a less confined accumulation of SYP124 at the plasma membrane. In other experimental systems (e.g. protoplasts), the co-expression of truncated soluble variant of SYPs induced an alteration of the corresponding GFP-tagged full-length protein distribution pattern [23, 35]. This was due to the dominant negative potential of the truncated form that competes with the native protein for the SNARE partner but has minimal impact on the formation of functional complexes . Consequently, the "pool" of interactors with the non-mutated SYP is reduced and the protein will flow on the membrane differently.
Calcium is a known regulator of membrane secretion and of pollen tube growth [1, 13]. SNARE fusion is inherently Ca2+-insensitive but an increase in Ca2+ enhances SNARE-mediated liposome fusion . We thus tested if the labelling intensity of SYP localization was affected by changes in the extracellular influx or intracellular release of Ca2+. In such experiments we resorted to low concentrations of specific chemical inhibitors that have been widely tested in plant cells . But the results must nevertheless be interpreted with caution as one cannot rule out the possibility of side effects. When influx was partially blocked, a transient reduction was observed in the SYP124 fluorescence associated to the plasma membrane consistent with a reduction in fusion rates but continued membrane recycling. When we instead blocked the intracellular release of Ca2+, changes in SYPs distribution at the plasma membrane were not significant in agreement with recent findings that exocytosis is not profoundly affected by intracellular [Ca2+]c .
Consistent with previous finding that PIP5K4 modulates secretion and membrane recycling [27, 32] we found that co-expression of PIP5K4 leads to altered distribution of SYPs. Namely, SYP124 is displaced and accumulates at the extreme apex and also in large endomembrane structures. This is in agreement with previous reports that PtdIns(4,5)P2 (the end product of PIP5K4 activity) helps to mark the plasma membrane as the appropriate target for vesicle fusion  and that PtdIns(4,5)P2 levels are known to positively correlate with the pool of secretory vesicles .
A similar effect was observed upon co-expression with a Rab11 DN mutant which was reported to modulate exocytosis in protoplasts  and to be crucial for tip growth in pollen tubes . The observed effect of the Rab11DN confirms the role of these small Rab GTPases in the targeting of vesicles to the plasma membrane. Taken together these data suggests that syntaxins play mostly a structural role in pollen tube growth rather than specifying the rate of vesicle delivery. Their turnover and localization most likely follows the changes triggered by the multiple signalling pathways acting on pollen tube secretion. The data also agrees with the theoretical predictions of Kato et al.  that a knockout of SYP124 will not affect tube length; only a double knockout of SYP124 and SYP125 (the other pollen-specific gene coding for a syntaxin reported to have asymmetric localization - ) will have an effect. However, it should be noted that syntaxins are only one element of the complex machinery required for vesicle fusion and that other factors might be limiting the effect of SYP124. Additional work is required to characterize the function of syntaxins in plant fertilization.
It was recently proposed that a rapid endocytosis mechanism might occur in the apex of rapidly growing pollen tubes [2, 12, 40]. This mechanism is a Ca2+-dependent process, coupled to exocytosis which does not require clathrin [41, 42]. This rapid endocytosis could operate in parallel to a system where endo- and exocytosis are uncoupled. The uncoupling would be favoured when cell growth is arrested or it is slowed down (apical [Ca2+]c is lower) as it occurs in situations where the cell needs to interpret extracellular cues and reorient the growth axis. Evidence for the existence of two endocytic modes has been obtained in pollen tubes [29, 43] and all the required molecular components have been identified [e.g. [9, 34, 44]]. The localization here reported for the pollen-specific SYP124 and its modulation by different signaling mechanisms fits this hypothesis. The changes observed on SYP124 distribution upon growth modulation possibly reflect a repositioning of the vesicle's docking machinery and highlight the importance of syntaxins in secretion and tip growth.
Lat52 pollen promoter (pLat52, ) was amplified from pGreen pLat52-GFP vector  with forward (5'-CCCCCCAAGCTTGTCGACATACTCGACTCAGAA-3') and reverse (5'-CCCCCCCCATGGTTGATTATAATGAAATAGCCTTTTTA-3') primers carrying HindIII and NocI restriction sites (underlined) respectively. The resulting DNA fragment was used to replace 35S promoter (PCaMV35S) in plasmid GFP-122F , resulting in GFP-AtSYP122F. GFP-AtSYP121F was similarly constructed; AtSYP121 (AT3G11820, The Arabidopsis Information Resource) was amplified with forward (5'-GAGTCGACCATGAACGATTTGTTTTCCAGCTCATTCTCTCGC-3') and reverse (5'-CGAAACTCAACTTCAACTGCAGCTTCAACGCAA-3') primers carrying SalI and PstI restriction sites (underlined).
AtSYP124 cDNA (AT1G61290, The Arabidopsis Information Resource) was amplified with forward (5'GTCGACCATGAATGATTTATTCTCTAGTTCGTTC-3') and reverse (5'-CTGCAGTCACTTCAACATGAGCATGATATGAGG-3') primers carrying SalI and PstI restriction sites (underlined) respectively. The resulting DNA fragment was used to replace the SalI-PstI fragment in plasmid pSGFP5K . After digestion with NdeI and EcoRI the resulting DNA fragment was used to replace the corresponding fragment in plasmid GFP-AtSYP122F, resulting in GFP-AtSYP124F fusion coding sequence controlled by the pLat52.
GFP-AtSYP122F was amplified with forward (5'-GCCCATGGCCCCCCATGAACGATCTTCTCTCCGGC-3') and reverse (5'-AGCCTGCAGCAAAATGGCAAATCAAGTCCA-3') primers, resulting in 122T (AtSYP122ΔC287-R341) coding sequence carrying NcoI and PstI restriction sites (underlined) respectively. The resulting DNA fragment was used to replace the NcoI-PstI fragment in plasmid GFP-AtSYP122F resulting in 122T coding sequence controlled by the pLat52. Construct 124T was similarly obtained but amplifying GFP-AtSYP124F with forward (5'-GCCCATGGCCCCCCATGAATGATTTATTCTCTAGTTC-3') and reverse (5'-ACTGCAGATCAAGTCCATTTCCTCGAGCTCTT-3') primers carrying NcoI and PstI restriction sites (underlined) respectively, resulting in AtSYP124ΔC257-K283 coding sequence controlled by the pLat52.
pLat52:Rab11DN was constructed using the forward (5'-CCCCCCAAGCTTGTCGACATACTCGACTCAGAA-3') and reverse (5'-CGCGGATCCATGGTTGATTATAATGAAATAGCCTTTTTATAG-3') primers carrying SalI and BamHI restriction sites (underlined) respectively. The resulting DNA fragment was used to replace the XhoI-BamHI fragment - PCaMV35S - in plasmid Rab11S22/27N  resulting in Rab11S22/27N coding sequence controlled by the pLat52.
Construct PIP5K4 (pLat52-PIP5K4) was generated as described previously .
Nicotiana tabacum (cv Petit Havana SR1) plants were grown in a greenhouse under standard conditions. Mature pollen was collected and germinated in culture as previously .
A helium-driven PDS-1,000/He particle delivery system (BioRad) was used for the biolistic transformation of tobacco pollen as described by . For single plasmid expression 2 μg of plasmid DNA was used per sample; for co-expression 2 μg of each plasmid DNA was used (unless stated otherwise). Pollen grains were then allowed to germinate and transferred onto cover slips for microscopic analysis. Cells expressing the construct(s) were followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) 5 to 9 hours after transformation.
Thin time-course optical sections (~2 μm thick) were acquired with a Leica SP-E CLSM using <20% laser intensity and operating in the mode 512 × 512, 400 Hz (~1/4 sec per frame). A ×20 Plan Apo dry objective (NA = 0.75) or a ×40 Plan dry (NA = 0.85) (Leica) were used. For quantification purposes, gain and offset settings were kept constant so that the average background pixel intensity was between 0 and 10 and the fluorescent signal coming from the cells was between 60 and 220 (0-255 scale for 8 bit images). Co-labelling with FM4-64 was performed as described before [13, 27, 30] with 2 μM of the FM solution (Molecular Probes) prepared in pollen tube growth medium and observed 5-10 min after labelling.
20 μM Gadolinium chloride (Sigma) and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester (TMB-8, Sigma) were prepared in liquid pollen growth medium (stock solution - 100 μM) and let to diffuse through the ~1-2 mm thick agarified (0.8%) growth medium. Upon inhibition of growth (~1 min), fresh growth medium was used to wash-out the inhibitors. This method minimizes any side perturbations to pollen tubes that could affect imaging settings and conditions (e.g. change of focus, mechanic shock, etc).
Numerical data extraction was performed using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (Media Cybernetics). Fluorescence measurements of the pollen tube cytoplasm and/or plasma membrane correspond to medium fluorescence intensity in the areas depicted in the figure diagrams. Fluorescence was quantified in terms of average pixel intensity and statistically analysed with a t-student test (2-tailed distribution). Variations of >5% were considered to be meaningful.
Except where mentioned, numerical data in figures correspond to single cell analysis of typical experiments and not to summary statistics. This is because there is a significant degree of variability at a biological level but also at a technical one; even minor changes in the degree of expression, disturbance on drug addition, and responsiveness of the cell can play a role in the extent of cellular response [27, 40].
The work was supported by Fundação Ciência e Tecnologia, Lisboa, Portugal (Grant No PTDC/AGR-GPL/67971/2006; FEDER) and by a Marie Curie Fellowship to RR (PIIF-GA-2008-219339). Technical assistance of Dr Eva Sousa and critical discussion of Prof A.J. Trewavas is gratefully acknowledged.
RM conceived the study and prepared the manuscript. PAS carried out the imaging experiments and performed quantification. PAS, RUR, CR and GDS made the molecular constructs. All authors discussed the results, read and approved the final manuscript.


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Is Milo Ventimiglia Gay? The Truth About His Sexuality Exposed!
By Deepak Rajput Last updated Dec 19, 2022
Is Milo Ventimiglia Gay? This article will tell people who like Milo Ventimiglia if he is gay or not. Milo Anthony Ventimiglia is an actor from the United States. In 1995, he made his acting debut on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. In 2000, he played the lead in the short-lived show Opposite Sex.
The next year, he got his big break as Jess Mariano on Gilmore Girls (2001–2007). Milo Ventimiglia's bio, net worth, marital status, and other details are included in this article. Continue reading to find out if Milo Ventimiglia is gay.
Who is Milo Ventimiglia?
Is Milo Ventimiglia Gay?
Milo Ventimiglia and Girlfriend Alexis Bledel
Milo Ventimiglia and Hayden Panettiere
What is Milo Ventimiglia's Net Worth?
Milo Anthony Ventimiglia was born on July 8, 1977, to Carol and Vietnam War veteran Peter Ventimiglia. He grew up in Anaheim, California, which is home to the Disneyland Resort. He was the family's youngest child and grew up with two sisters, Leslie and Laurel.
He hurt the nerves in his face and couldn't move his mouth, just like actor Sylvester Stallone. Both of them were in "Rocky Balboa," which is interesting. Stallone once said, "I thought that (Milo) would be a great child if Rocky and Adrian had a child. He looks a little bit like her, and Rocky seems to scare him."
A post shared by Milo Anthony Ventimiglia (@miloanthonyventimiglia)
Ventimiglia said in an interview about what he wanted to be when he was young, "I wanted to be an actor, a naval aviator, or a pediatric surgeon. Those three things were what I wanted to do. I wanted to work with kids, fly airplanes, or just be an actor.
And acting took over in a way. I started working in the business when I was 18. I went to a few auditions. In fact, my first audition was for a movie called "Radio Flyer" in 1992, when I was only 12 years old. Elijah Wood got the part for which I tried out."
Milo Ventimiglia is not gay, and he has a straight sexual orientation. Milo's character, Jack Pearson, became the dream husband very quickly, and fans can't help but wonder if he is married in real life, too. Well, he hasn't married anyone yet, but he's been in a few relationships with his co-stars in the past.
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Ventimiglia and Alexis Bledel, who was also on Gilmore Girls, were together from 2002 to July 2006. He dated Hayden Panettiere, who he worked with on the show Heroes, from December 2007 to February 2009.
While they were both working on "Gilmore Girls," Milo Ventimiglia fell in love with Alexis Bledel. When they started dating in 2002, the news was full of stories about them. Did you know that they talked about getting married?
In an interview with People in 2005, Bledel said, "I think everyone who has been dating for more than a couple of years talks about it at some point. It's fun to talk about, but it's not going to happen for a while.
A post shared by Alexis Bledel (@alexisbledelofficial)
Fans cheered for the couple, who were known for their TV roles as "good girl" Rory Gilmore and "bad boy" Jess Mariano. But four years later, in 2006, the two broke up.
The breakup hurt a lot of people, and they never said why they broke up, but they did get back together for an episode of the reboot of "Gilmore Girls," "Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life."
Milo Ventimiglia fell in love again a year later when he began dating his co-star from the TV show "Heroes." When they fell in love, Hayden Panettiere was 18 and Milo Ventimiglia was 30. When asked in an interview what he liked about Panettiere, he joked, "Ask me on August 21 (Panettiere's 18th birthday), and I'll tell you a million things."
Panettiere said, "He's like the big brother." She added, "He always raises an eye when he walks by to let me know he's watching, which makes me laugh." But after two years together, they broke up.
After they broke up, he said he wouldn't mix work and pleasure. Ventimiglia told Mr. Porter, "Never do it again," when he was asked what he had learned from the situation. "There are things that happen in your life that make you who you are.
A post shared by Hayden Panettiere (@haydenpanettiere)
Everything I've done, from jobs to friendships to relationships, has made me who I am today. You figure things out. You learn how to do things better," he went on. "It wasn't until my mid- to late-20s that work and relationships started to wear on me."
He also said, "There's nothing I would change… When you get knocked down in life, it gives you a better view of things." In another interview, the actor, who is currently single, said, "I'm sure I'll be a father when it's my time to be one.
If I don't have kids, that means I wasn't meant to have them. I think it's normal for people to get married, start a family, raise that family, and then pass themselves on to that family. "After that, you move on," he said.
Milo Ventimiglia has a $12 million net worth as an actor, director, and producer. Milo Ventimiglia is best known for his roles on the TV shows "Gilmore Girls," "American Dreams," "Heroes," and "This Is Us."
He also had major roles on shows that didn't last long, like "Opposite Sex," "The Bedford Diaries," "Mob City," "Chosen," and "The Whispers." Ventimiglia has acted in movies like "Rocky Balboa," "That's My Boy," "Kiss of the Damned," "Grace of Monaco," and "The Art of Racing in the Rain."
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The LHG 5 ac is a compact and light 5GHz 802.11ac wireless device with an integrated dual polarization 24.5 dBi grid antenna at a revolutionary price. It is perfect for point to point links or for use as a CPE at longer distances and supports Nv2 TDMA protocol.
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The UCR Botanic Gardens is managed by a Director who reports to the Dean of the UCR College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences (CNAS). The Gardens employs five full-time permanent staff, two part-time staff, and numerous student workers. Administrative support is provided by the CNAS BEES administrative unit, and assistance with facilities, internet technology, communications, and other needs are available from campus service units.
The Director and staff are responsible for the administration, maintenance, and enhancement of the Gardens collection, gardens, and other features. A dedicated group of volunteers assists in these areas as well as with educational programming, guided tours, and events. Learn how to become a volunteer at http://gardens.ucr.edu/involved/volunteer.html.


When you move into apartments for rent in London you will start to realize just how fast-paced the city lifestyle can be. The many people who reside here will have 9-5 jobs, which mean that they do not always have the time to look after their children. Because of this, they will require a 'nanny' or a babysitter. If you have experience in working with children and want to earn some money to afford the payments for apartments for rent in London, you should learn some tips about what is required and how you can get a job as a child minder in the city.
Many website are specifically catered to jobseekers and employers who live in apartments for rent in London. Examples of these websites include www.gumtree.com, www.totaljobs.com and www.findababysitter.com. If you register with these websites and put an up-to-date CV on your profile, potential employers can view your details. If they like what they see, they can contact you and arrange an interview. This is a great way to get your name out there and a possible chance of employment. Your CV should include information and references to the people who have employed you in the past. It is essential to look professional, because dealing with children is a very serious issue when living in apartments for rent in London.
Something that is a necessity for any employer will be the experience of the person who is living in apartments for rent. If an individual is busy and needs someone to babysit their child on a regular basis, they want their children to feel comfortable and safe. This is a difficult goal to achieve if you do not possess any skills or relevant experience. The more experience you have to prove to a potential employer, the better the chance will be that they hire you. Some good jobs could be working in a nursery, working in a school, working in a toy store, etc. Make yourself stand out from other people applying for these jobs when living in London.
Probably the best way to market your skills would be to speak with others who work and live in the city. Word of mouth is a powerful tool, because it offers honest opinions and guidance to others. If you befriend people, whether it is through social networking, socializing in language classes or attending bars and clubs, you can expect your name to be heard. This will enhance the possibility of people contacting you for possible jobs when living in apartments for rent in London.


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Video Suggests Pakistani Soldiers Executed 6 Men An Internet video has surfaced that shows men dressed in Pakistani military uniforms executing six young men. The graphic video shows blindfolded men, with their hands tied behind them, being lined up and then gunned down by what appears to be soldiers in uniform. Jane Perlez of The New York Times, talks to Steve Inskeep about the authenticity of the video.
Video Suggests Pakistani Soldiers Executed 6 Men
Video Suggests Pakistani Soldiers Executed 6 Men 5:18
< Video Suggests Pakistani Soldiers Executed 6 Men
September 30, 20106:51 AM ET
Welcome to the program.
JANE PERLEZ: Good morning.
INSKEEP: What do you see when you watch this video?
PERLEZ: Well, you see some very horrifying images and actions, for about five and a half minutes, of men in uniforms lining up quite young men - some teenagers - in Pakistani plain clothes and then shooting them and the horrific images of the bodies hitting the ground, and several bodies seemingly not killed and some groans. And then one of the soldiers going forward and shooting them all at very close range. It's very gruesome.
INSKEEP: This all seems to be happening in a forest somewhere and captured on a cell phone video. It is obviously not a judicial proceeding of any kind?
PERLEZ: No, it's not a judicial proceeding.
INSKEEP: Now, does this appear to be an authentic video that really does involve Pakistani soldiers?
PERLEZ: We showed this to Pakistani retired officers, and we showed it to American retired officers and analysts. And various American officials in the administration have seen it. Two of the Pakistani officers believed it was real. One of them, in particular, believed he knew where it took place and why. And the dance of opinion among the Americans was that it was real.
INSKEEP: Where was it that this supposedly took place?
PERLEZ: This supposedly took place in Swat, which is a region where the Pakistani army, last year, was engaged in a fairly fierce battle against the Taliban.
INSKEEP: Now, what are the implications then, if Pakistan, a critical U.S. ally, is implicated in this way, in what would qualify as a terrible human rights abuse?
PERLEZ: There is a law in the United States that forbids an administration from funding units in a foreign army that are found to have conducted gross human rights violations. And so that's one thing. And then there is the overall embarrassment of the Americans being entangled, and supporting, and encouraging an army that may have allowed such a thing to happen.
INSKEEP: What has Pakistan said about this video?
PERLEZ: The Pakistani military has a very effective and well-spoken public relations unit. And the head of that unit, General Athar Abbas, says that the video is fake, that it first appeared on a jihadi Web site; and, in part because of their origin, it is a propaganda tool by the Taliban to discredit the Pakistani army - which he says, would never conduct such a thing.
INSKEEP: Is the military spokesman able to point to anything about the video that would tend to demonstrate that it was, as he says, a fake?
PERLEZ: He did not point to particulars within the video. But he did point to, as I said, where the video was first posted.
INSKEEP: How widely has this news spread inside Pakistan?
PERLEZ: Not at all. There's a very lively media here, but it usually quite obedient to the wishes of the military. So I would be very surprised if this story got much daylight here.
INSKEEP: You know, I'm curious, Jane Perlez, of The New York Times, the Pakistan military has a certain reputation within the country. Do you think people would be terribly surprised to learn that Pakistani soldiers might be involved in an execution, in the woods somewhere?
PERLEZ: It's hard to say, but I think there'd be some shock and may be not some shock.
INSKEEP: Jane Perlez of The New York Times is in Islamabad. Thanks very much.
PERLEZ: Thank you.
INSKEEP: It's MORNING EDITION from NPR News.


Traditionally, the field of ecological modeling was divided into correlative approaches with relatively simple empirical models that were tightly connected to data, and process-based approaches with often more complicated models that were, however, not systematically fit. As computers got more powerful and data more complex, this classical divide has started to fade: statistical modelers increasingly specify mechanism-oriented, hierarchical structures, and process-modelers fit their models more consequently to data. This development at the intersection between process-models and statistics has been welcomed with high expectations: statistically fit mechanistic models promise synthesis of heterogeneous data, more concrete tests of ecological hypotheses, and better predictions. However, substantial theoretical challenges remain for this field. Among the most pressing of those is the question of how to optimize mechanistic models not for the "traditional" purpose of exploring the consequences of known assumptions, but rather for the purpose of model-data integration. I use simulations with existing process-based models to highlight issues in this area.
Simulation results show that existing process-based vegetation models are often too rigid to make them ideal as catalysts of process-knowledge and data. In these models, small errors can accumulate over time to create strong biases in the inference. I demonstrate potential statistical solutions, including the use of partially specified ecological models, and introducing stochastic errors into the processes. The latter creates a state-space structure that provides more stable inferential results in the presence of structural errors. I conclude that much potential exists for optimizing process-based vegetation models specifically for model-data integration, rather than as predictive tools.


Alien Pastures » New pipelight release, accompanied by wine-pipelight. And what about chromium?
New pipelight release, accompanied by wine-pipelight. And what about chromium?
You are of course subscribed to my repository's RSS feed and/or you are using slackpkg+ . Then you certainly noticed the update of Chromium to the new major version 35 two weeks ago. I really should have written about this update earlier, because Chromium 35 brings some unfortunate side effects to the table.
I also updated the accompanying package for chromium-pepperflash-plugin (extracted from the official Chrome binaries) to 13.0.0.214. This is a security update.
You're forced to switch (back) to Firefox in these cases.
Luckily this all still works on Slackware-current's kernel – there were fears that 32-bit Wine applications would stop working on the 3.14.4 and newer kernels.
Together with this pipelight release, the pipelight developers released their latest "wine-compholio patches", a set of patches for the official Wine sources which are needed for proper Windows plugin support in your Linux browser. Naturally I created new wine-pipelight packages for you, based on Wine 1.7.19.
In my original post about pipelight, you will find full installation and configuration instructions, as well as a troubleshooting section. That blog article is also referred to on the pipelight.net support page.
Posted: 5 June, 2014 in Slackware, Software.
Hi Eric! I'd like to thank you for your build of Chromium 35. It feels much lighter and faster than the previous versions.
However, there is a problem and I'd like to troubleshoot it in order to know whether the issue lies in the build, or the software itself, or my own configuration.
My keyboard layout is US International, which has dead keys. Now, starting from Chromium 35 I cannot produce some characters with dead keys, but I can produce others. Among the characters that I can write are: á é ñ, and among the characters that I cannot produce are: « » ¿ ç. Some of them (like ¿) are essential to write proper Spanish.
Thus: Is this due to some ./configure parameter? Is this because the software itself (I understand they're using a new toolkit).
My own configuration may also be the culprit, but I doubt it because I had no problems until Chromium 34.


Lot (/ l ɒ t /; Hebrew: לוֹט , Modern Lōt Tiberian Lōṭ, "veil" or "covering") was a patriarch in the biblical Book of Genesis chapters 11–14 and 19.
Cavaliers of Order ofOwls Open Enchanted Grove to Women BOHEMIANS REPEAT!. wives and sisters and daughters of. night in outing costumes.Wives and Daughters. Wives & daughters week pt. 4: cynthia's costumes. Ben Mankiewicz's path from snarky newbie to a classic in his own right The vintage movie.Wives and Daughters (DVD): Sweet Molly Gibson was living life pleasantly when her widowed father decides that, for the good of his daughter, he must remarry. Molly's.
Find this Pin and more on Movie Costumes by jenrosbrugh. Wives & Daughters BBC. (LOC) (by The Library of.
Wives and Daughters - Elizabeth Gaskell. I've seen the movie production of Wives and Daughters and it was excellent. lovely costumes and great.
Top 20 Cult Classic Lifetime Movies. who is divorced and has a teenaged daughter, it's sure to be a. An abused battered wife has had enough of her husband.
"WIVES AND DAUGHTERS" (1999) Review Eleven years have passed since the BBC first aired "WIVES AND DAUGHTERS", the 1999 adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell.
With all the new technology regarding fertility recently, a 75-year-old friend of mine was able to give birth. When she was discharged from the hospital and went home...The Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes Fariseus, Saduceus e Essênios sa General Information Informação Geral. Essenes Essênios The Essenes were a Jewish religious.Wives and Daughters (DVD): Sweet Molly Gibson was living life pleasantly when her widowed father decides that, for the good of his daughter, he must remarry. In. The Tri-City Herald McClatchy Featured Jobs View all featured jobs. Network Analyst Yakima Valley Farm Workers Clinic.
Molly's Plaid Dinner Gown Many Ruffles in the skirt Wives and Daughters. Molly's Plaid Dinner Gown Many Ruffles in the skirt Wives and Daughters.Wives and Daughters (DVD) Wives and Daughters (DVD) Wives and Daughters (DVD) Skip to main navigation Skip to main navigation Skip to search Skip to search Skip.Amazon.com: Wives and Daughters: Francesca Annis, Justine Waddell, Bill Paterson, Keeley Hawes, Deborah Findlay, Barbara Flynn, Emily McKenzie, Iain Glen, Tom.Watch the video «wives and daughters ( 1999 ) episode 4 part 2» uploaded by perioddrama on Dailymotion.Amazon.com: Wives and Daughters: Justine Waddell, Bill Paterson, Francesca Annis, Keeley Hawes, Tom Hollander, Anthony Howell, Michael Gambon, Barbara Flynn, Deborah. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for Wives and Daughters. This BBC mini-series is a superb costume drama with stellar. IMDb Movies, TV.
Wives and Daughters is a novel by Elizabeth Gaskell, which was originally published as a serial in Cornhill Magazine, (Aug.1864-Jan.1866.) The actual story takes.. the thwarted hopes and dreams, and the costumes!. Wives and Daughters. among many other great movies and series). I think Wives and Daughters is my.
"WIVES AND DAUGHTERS. I must admit that I have rarely come across a movie or television series set during the 1820s or. I adore Deirdre Clancy's costumes.
Elizabeth Gaskell's enchanting tale of romance, scandal, and intrigue in a gossipy English town comes to Masterpiece Theatre in a lavish four-part production of Wives.


Explain strategies for educating patients and families on the treatment and management of the hematologic or metabolic disorder.
Jimmy is a 3-year-old "picky" eater according to his mother. He refuses to eat anything but waffles for breakfast and macaroni and cheese or chicken nuggets for lunch and dinner. He will eat apples and bananas but refuses all vegetables except corn. After a normal physical examination, you obtained blood testing that revealed the hemoglobin is 11.4 mg/dl and his hematocrit is 30% (both obtained by venipuncture). The CBC revealed microcytic hypochromic RBCs.
•Review and Analyze the patient information.
•Consider strategies for educating patients and families on the treatment and management of the hematologic or metabolic disorder.
1.An explanation of the differential diagnosis for the patient in the case study you selected.
2. Explain which is the most likely diagnosis for the patient and why.
3. Include an explanation of unique characteristics of the disorder you identified as the primary diagnosis.
4. Then, explain a treatment and management plan for the patient, including appropriate dosages for any recommended treatments.
5. Finally, explain strategies for educating patients and families on the treatment and management of the hematologic or metabolic disorder.
•Hyperbilirubinemia: current guidelines and emerging therapies by Schwartz,H.P., Haberman, B.E., & Ruddy, R.M. in Pediatric Emergency Care, 27(9), 884-889.


A bed without a nightstand is like a Thanksgiving without turkey! Choose from a collection of painted and distressed finishes that are beautiful and stylish. Mix and match or just get the same of two! It's your room but we insist you do it in style!


text:
Home E-Commerce Influencer Marketing 101, Part 1: What Is It?
Influencer Marketing 101, Part 1: What Is It?
What do Kim Kardashian, Armando Roggio, and your neighbor have in common? They're all influencers.
Influencer marketing is the digital equivalent of word-of-mouth promotion. Within ecommerce, we can segment influencers into three categories: celebrities, authorities, and peers.
3 Types of Influencers
Celebrities. Most consumers think an influencer is a celebrity. Celebrity influencers are aspirational because they sell what others might aspire to. Millions of Gen Zs (under age 25, roughly) and Millennials (ages 25 to 40) model their purchases after Kim Kardashian, for example. They want the same makeup, food, and clothing.
Aspirational influencers are usually expensive and correlate with audience size — the larger the more costly, especially for mega audiences of 50 million or more followers. I've seen fees of $500,000 and more for audiences of that magnitude.
For ecommerce merchants, the practical considerations to using celebrities depend on how broad of an appeal a product or service carries, as well as risk tolerance. Gigantic audiences mean loose targeting. This is why you'll see Kim Kardashian, with 219 million followers on Instagram, promoting Uber Eats and other generic categories, as a large segment of her followers will presumably find them useful. Niche products with a narrow focus typically experience a poor return on investment with aspirational influencers.
Celebrity influencers such as Kim Kardashian offer massive audiences — and a high risk to merchants. Kardashian has 219 million followers on Instagram.
The risk of using celebrity influencers has to do with spending the money (or, in some cases, a share of a company) in the hopes a single voice will drive response. To be sure, celebrities can have a big impact. But they are not for the faint of heart and beyond the reach of most ecommerce retailers.
Authorities. Authority equates to expertise. Armando Roggio, Practical Ecommerce's longtime senior contributor, is an authority. He has written nearly 300 articles and hosted many dozens of webinars. He's also a merchant, marketer, and web developer. He's an ecommerce expert.
Readers of Armando's work trust his opinions.
There is a caveat, however, with authoritative influencers. The career's worth of trust can be lost quickly if their credibility is questioned. Thus authoritative influencers have to be exceedingly careful in the products and services they vouch for. Like celebrity influencers, acquiring the influence rights of authorities can be expensive, although less than celebrities. Moreover, the risk of using authorities is lower as their audiences are more aligned with the promoted products and services.
Peers, micro-influencers, nano influencers — all are arbitrary names for the most common type of ecommerce influencer. They are best understood in the context of your neighbors. Say you purchased a Tesla because Kim Kardashian did. That's aspirational. But what if all of your neighbors buy a Tesla? Regardless of how you feel about the product, you're likely going to wonder what they know that you don't. Peer influencers are the digital equivalent of keeping up with the Joneses and recognizing the trust we put in the opinions of those we know.
Peer influencers are generally the least expensive and the easiest to test. The cost is as little as $10 for influencers with fewer than 1,000 followers.
Peer influencers are generally the least expensive and the easiest to test. In this example, "completely.maginlee," a Los Angeles-based mother with roughly 16,000 followers on Instagram, promotes a linen brand.
Ecommerce merchants will often create campaigns using an aggregate of peer influencers and then apply filters such as geography, interest, network, number of prospects, and other variables.
Peer influencers carry a much lower risk. A 50-million audience made up of 50,000 peer influencers has a higher probability of success versus a similar-sized audience from one person. Spreading the risk and paying less is why ecommerce brands have flocked to peer influencers.
20 Years in Ecommerce for Miva's CEO
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Działalność dobroczynna Kościoła katolickiego – ogół działań podejmowanych przez katolików w celu udzielenia pomocy biednym i potrzebującym.

Pierwsze wieki chrześcijaństwa
Pierwotne wspólnoty katolickie kierowały się zasadą solidarności nakazującą nieść pomoc
bliźnim w potrzebie. Już święty Paweł organizował zbiórki na rzecz cierpiących biedę chrześcijan w Jerozolimie. Zorganizowane rozdzielanie pomocy materialnej wdowom, sierotom, chorym, niewolnikom i więźniom rozpoczęło się wraz z wprowadzeniem diakonatu. Począwszy od epoki konstantyńskiej działalność dobroczynna przybierała coraz bardziej zróżnicowane formy. Zakładano szpitale, domy dla pielgrzymów (tzw. xenodocheia), a także przytułki dla sierot i nędzarzy (tzw. ptôchia). Istniał także, mający wielu naśladowców, szpital Basilias założony przez św. Bazylego Wielkiego.

Wieki średnie

W średniowieczu, obok instytucji dobroczynnych powołanych do życia w starożytności, które kontynuowały swą działalność, powstały nowe formy zorganizowanej pomocy związane z nowymi okolicznościami. W 1095 roku w Saint Didier de la Mothe zawiązało się zgromadzenie osób świeckich pod nazwą Szpitalników św. Antoniego. Pod koniec XII wieku założono zgromadzenie Szpitalników Ducha Świętego. Początkowo działali oni w Montpellier, a potem także w innych miastach, m.in. w Rzymie, gdzie papież Innocenty III powierzył im opiekę nad chorymi w szpitalu Santa Maria in Sassia. Tuż przed końcem XII wieku św. Jan z Math założył Ordo SS. Trinitatis de Redemptione Captivorum - Zakon Trójcy Przenajświętszej Dla Wykupu Niewolników.

Na innym polu działały zakony rycerskie powołane w okresie wypraw krzyżowych. Ich pierwotnym zadaniem było zapewnianie bezpieczeństwa i gościny pielgrzymom udającym się do Ziemi Świętej. Do obowiązków Joannitów i Templariuszy należała też opieka nad chorymi. Różnorodną działalność dobroczynną rozwinęły także inne bractwa powoływane do życia przez mieszczan i chłopów.

Czasy nowożytne
Wraz z rewolucją przemysłową, powstaniem kapitalizmu i fabryk pracy pojawił się proletariat. Z myślą o udzieleniu mu pomocy katolicy powoływali m.in. konferencje św. Wincentego (1833 r. w Paryżu), i konferencje św. Elżbiety (1840 r. w Trewirze). W okresie tym przybrała na sile działalność katolickich zgromadzeń poświęcających się opiece, wychowaniu i kształceniu zawodowemu dzieci i młodzieży. Założone we Włoszech przez salezjanina św. Jana Bosko zgromadzenie zajmowało się m.in. opieką nad emigrantami i pozbawioną życiowych perspektyw młodzieżą. Ks. Lorenz Werthmann w 1897 roku zjednoczył w Niemczech różne organizacje dobroczynne w ramach Niemieckiej Ligi Charytatywnej (Deutscher Caristatsverband). W 1934 roku powstał Caritas, działający w wielu krajach na świecie.

W Polsce
Pomoc ubogim prowadził m.in. ks. Piotr Skarga. Założył on wiele stowarzyszeń dobroczynnych np. "Bank pobożny" zajmujący się pomocą dla mieszczan zagrożonych lichwą, "Skrzynka św. Mikołaja" (pomoc dla panien bez posagu), "Bractwo Betanii św. Łazarza" (pomoc dla opuszczonych i samotnych) czy też "Bractwo Miłosierdzia". Niektóre z dzieł ks. Skargi kontynuują swą działalność także dzisiaj.

Caritas Polska
Według sprawozdania finansowego z 2010 roku Caritas Polska prowadził w Polsce łącznie 9165 placówek, w tym:
 Parafialne i diecezjalne punkty wydawania odzieży – 3393
 Parafialne i diecezjalne punkty wydawania żywności - 3538
 Punkty doraźnej pomocy – 398
 Wypożyczalnia sprzętu rehabilitacyjnego – 143
 Stacje Opieki Caritas – 175
 Świetlice socjoterapeutyczne – 162
 Świetlice parafialne – 396
 Inne świetlice – 47
 Jadłodajnie dla ubogich – 109
 Domy pomocy społecznej – 28
 Środowiskowe Domy Pomocy Społecznej – 30
 Świetlice parafialne dla seniorów – 19
 Domy dziennego pobytu dla seniorów – 15
 Inne placówki dla seniorów – 40
 Noclegownie dla bezdomnych i ogrzewalnie – 30
 Schroniska dla bezdomnych – 37
 Łaźnie dla bezdomnych – 28
 Mieszkania chronione - 67
 Okna życia – 41
 Ośrodki kolonijne – 51
 Warsztaty terapii zajęciowej – 62
 Hospicja domowe i stacjonarne – 43
 Poradnie lekarskie – 36
 Domy dziecka – 9
 Przedszkola i punkty przedszkolne – 20
 Szkoły – 5
Zakłady Opieki Lekarskiej – 15
 Stacjonarne i ambulatoryjne zakłady rehabilitacyjne – 101
 Domy dla ofiar przemocy domowej – 67
 Domy samotnej matki – 15
 Centra adopcyjno-opiekuńcze - 4
 Apteki – 12
 Centra Integracji społecznej dla bezdomnych – 3
 Biura Aktywizacji Bezrobotnych – 3
 Kluby integracji społecznej i kluby pracy – 11
 Stacjonarne i ambulatoryjne placówki dla uzależnionych – 4

Teraźniejszość
Według danych na koniec 2011 r., Kościół katolicki prowadzi w Afryce 1284 szpitali, 5398 przychodni, 211 domów dla trędowatych, 615 domów dla starców i niepełnosprawnych, 3232 centrów rehabilitacji społecznej, 1435 sierocińców, 2010 żłobków, 14379 przedszkoli, 35821 szkół podstawowych i 11882 szkół średnich.

Bibliografia

Przypisy

Pomoc społeczna
Kościół katolicki

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


You are here: Home / Categories / Astro News & Commentary / Astro News / AstroEvent: The Return of Saturn 2011.
Ever wondered what Venus would look like with a moon, or perhaps what might have spurred those old Neith sightings in the 19th century? Now is your chance to catch nearby Neptune if seeing permits. Viewers in central Asia longitudes will have the best shot; Venus is a fast mover and the two will be about 30' apart by the time that US East Coast viewers get a look later the same morning. Venus is now displaying a gibbous phase & will provide an easy, if dazzling guide post to locate faint Neptune at magnitude +8.0.
Fast forward to the evening of April 3rd, when the planet Saturn reaches opposition. A star party staple, this heralds the planets' return to favorable evening viewing, as the rings are currently tipped open by about 9° degrees from our line of sight and the planet shines at +0.4 magnitude in the constellation Virgo. This also marks a personal watershed, as I remember first starting to observe the ringed world as a teenager with my new 60mm refractor as it sat in the same constellation, 29 years ago… we've been exploring the universe for precisely one Saturnian year!
The Astronomy term for this week is the Seeliger Effect. This is the apparent brightening of a planet in days leading up to opposition, and was first noted by Hugo von Seeliger in the late 1800's. Sometimes also referred to as the opposition effect, this phenomenon is especially notable in the case of Saturn, and Seeliger himself attributed it to the loss of shadow casting by the individual particles in the ring system as seen from our vantage point. Current thoughts on the Seeliger Effect stem from the concept of the coherent backscattering of light, again seen face on from our vantage point during opposition. You see this same phenomenon in action after a glittering fresh snowfall, and reflective street signs also utilize the same effect. An interesting project would be to photograph Saturn on successive nights leading up to and after opposition, and perhaps catch the Seeliger Effect in action. Good luck, and we always love to see those images!


World of Warcraft has forever changed the world of online gaming.
In the mid-2000s, it captured the hearts and minds of millions of players, when many were worried that PC gaming might be on its way out.
Its launch shattered expectations. It set the gold standard for MMO design, and many features that were revolutionary when the game launched are now simply expected. WoW was huge in an era when it became socially acceptable to be what had previously been taboo: a nerd.
For the owners of the over one hundred million accounts that have logged in, WoW is many things: a constant reminder of earlier days, an occasional dalliance when a new expansion drops, or a continued passion.
Whether or not you've ever loved the game, its story helped shape an industry, changed the way people thought about success in video games, and fought its way into the cultural consciousness.
This is the story of World of Warcraft.


The Chinese language contains many idioms that make use of animals. Learning these idioms is essential in facilitating your comprehension skills in the Chinese language. Knowing how to use these idioms will further make a conversation more lively. Below we list some popular Chinese idioms that contains the word "dog". Often these idioms include two animals in one phrase.
Used to describe a society that is stable and peaceful.
A phrase that means when the parents or ancestors possess talents, the descendants will not be mediocre.
A phrase that means willingness to serve and be directed by others.
An analogy for an aide who is in love with a monarch.
Used to describe a quiet country life. For more idioms about rooster, click here.
Used to describe a studious person from a poor background.
The literal translation means "an elephant's tusk will not come out of a dog's mouth". Used to indicate that a bad person will not say good things.
Used to describe someone who looks down on others.
A metaphor for things being unpredictable.
Literally, this phrase means one needs to know who the master of the dog before hitting it. It means when handling bad people or matters, one must take into consideration the overall parties involved.
A metaphor for scolding someone happily.
A metaphor for a person who likes to give bad ideas; also used to refer to someone who deliberately gives bad ideas.
Learn Mandarin online today with our Chinese for Professionals course.


Graham Allen, chair of the political and constitutional reform committee, hasn't been particularly happy with the debate about what exactly happens when the voters return a hung parliament. His team of MPs united to renew their criticisms of the Cabinet manual 'rule-book' earlier this year, warning much more needs to be done to boost public awareness - and get clearer rules, too. Now he has emailed out fresh concerns.
"If the result of the May 7th general election is not clear cut, the days immediately after it should not be characterised by a private fix by the party leaders, where newly elected members of parliament and their parties are bypassed," Allen says. This is exactly what happened in 2010, of course, when the Conservative-Lib Dem coalition was formed before parliament was recalled. Allen wants an alternative approach this time round.
"The royal proclamation can be issued as early as March 30th," he continues. "If it repeats the precedent of 2010 it would not convene MPs in parliament until May 19th. This would be 12 days after the election, by which time deals will have been done, manifestos compromised, and patronage promised."
The party leaders want to preserve this 12-day period for manoeuvring and negotiation; putting MPs in the position of voting on a new government would create a pressured situation in which backbenchers would be empowered at the expense of the leaders. It is unthinkable. But Allen believes it might just work.
So he's calling for parliament to be summoned to meet on Saturday May 9th, just two days after polling day. This would "debate and confirm any proposed arrangements for the composition and programme of the new government", he suggests.
The Saturday after the election on May 10th was a day of uncertainty and excitement. Behind closed doors frenzied talks were taking place, but it would take another three days before an agreement was reached. And that was in a scenario where there was, arithmetically speaking, only one feasible option for a stable coalition. In 2015, it might take much longer.
But Allen insists: "Deferring proper democratic scrutiny of any coalition deal-making particularly in the Queen's name should be avoided. Once parliament is dissolved, it is Her Majesty who issues a proclamation summoning the first meeting of the new parliament. This matter has to be resolved now before the dissolution since once the proclamation of the date of summoning the new parliament has been issued, it appears that the date of parliament's first meeting cannot be brought forward."
With a hung parliament now viewed as the most likely outcome of the election, Allen's comments aren't just dry theory any more. But with 47 months of this parliament past and one to go, the debate about what constitutes the rules of the game really should have been settled by now.