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Vaping - A New & Affordable Way of Smoking
You don't have to be a smoker to know about the harmful effects of smoking cigarette and other forms of tobacco. Tobacco is one of the leading killers around the world after heart disease and obesity related illness. Prolonged smoking of cigarettes can lead to a large range of respiratory problems and other health issues.
Not only are cigarettes harmful to your health, they can also put a heavy dent in your wallet if you are a regular smoker. But thankfully, there is a smoking alternative which is not only more affordable when compared to traditional cigarettes but also has a minimal effect on your health.
These include non-smoke methods like nicotine patches or gum. But we are going to talk about an option that produces less smoke while also making you feel like smoking a cigarette. Yes, we are talking about the new hip thing to do- Vaping. Not only is vaping affordable and better for your health than smoking, it is also the first and easiest step towards quitting smoking.
Now before we get into the comparison between smoking and vaping, it is important to learn what vaping really means. When you are vaping, you are exhaling and inhaling smoke produced by an e-cigarette. Most vaping devices come with a vaporizer or the smoking piece and vaping fluid which is used to generate the smoke.
The vaper can slowly bring down the level of nicotine using vaping, similar to using nicotine gum or patches. Vaping has allowed a large number of people bring down their dependence on cigarettes and other tobacco products. Vaping is also considered to be up to 95 times less harmful to the body when compared to cigarettes. Vaping allows you to ingest nicotine without the tar and other dangerous chemicals associated with a traditional cigarette. It does so by heating the e-liquid in the device and vaporizing rather than burning it.
How cheap is vaping when compared to traditional smoking?
We have been talking about how much better vaping is when compared to smoking cigarettes. It is being widely used today by people as an alternative to smoking cigarettes and to help them bring down their dependency on it. Vaping is also considered as a more affordable and cheaper alternative to smoking cigarettes. But let us see how much difference you can make by switching from traditional cigarettes to vaping.
Consider an average smoker who smokes a packet of 20 cigarettes a day. And considering the average rate of a dollar per stick, a person spends about 7300 AUD every year on cigarettes. Also, the cigarettes and other tobacco products have 12.5 percent taxes that can increase every year, making it more costly and less affordable to you.
The cost of vaping depends on many factors. First and for most, it is dependent on the model and company of the vaping device that you are using. There are many models and varieties of vapes available in the market for a wide range of price. There are models costing less than 30 AUD to thousands of AUD depending on the quality and the build of the device.
But most people begin vaping with simple and refillable second generation devices. They can cost from up to 30 to 40 AUD. It is always good to carry around a spare vape in the case of need. Even then the combined cost of the vaping device is under 60 AUD.
As we have said before, vaping devices work by heating the nicotine liquid till it gets converted to vapor. This is done with the help of a coil or heating element. These coils need to be replaced at regular intervals of a couple of weeks or so. They cost a meager 2-3 AUD on average and will only cost you a maximum of 80 AUD every year.
The most important part of the vaping device is the nicotine liquid or e-juice that it uses. It is this liquid that provides the nicotine. The amount of money that you will be spending on nicotine e-juice is directly dependent on the number of times that you vape. As per the Australian laws nicotine e-juice cannot be manufactured withing the country but they can be ordered from abroad using our international website, which has express delivery options.
In Australia, a bottle of 30ml of e-juice costs even less than 10 AUD. Considering that an average user uses up to 4ml of e-juice a day, the person will smoke through 1460ml of e-juice or nearly 50 bottles in a year. This means that the person will spend nearly a thousand dollars every year for their e-juice needs.
As we have seen, a heavy smoker can spend as much as 7300 AUD every year on cigarettes whereas an average vaper will spend a maximum of 1200 AUD a year, including all the maintenance and refills. As you can easily make out, vaping is more than 6 times cheaper when compared to traditional cigarettes.
And like we have mentioned earlier, cigarettes and tobacco are subject to many taxes and these keep on increasing with time. This makes changing from traditional cigarettes to e-cigarettes not only the healthier but also the more cost-effective option in the long run.
No smoker needs to be told about the harmful effects of smoking. Not only is smoking harmful to you, it also has an adverse effect on the people around you. Passive smoking is also a leading reason for lung and respiratory problem in households with heavy and regular smokers.
Many of us consider smoking to be an unstoppable addiction. But this is far from true. With proper awareness and help, it is possible to escape the clutches of cigarettes, and vaping is a popular and affordable option for this.
This article was written with the hope that you are already aware of the harmful effects of smoking. If you are still looking for more reasons to quit smoking cigarettes or at least bring it down, the amount of money you are wasting on it should be more than enough. It is important to stop smoking to ensure a safe and secure future for you and your loved ones.
The best way to stop smoking is not to smoke at the first place. The next best way is with vaping devices. We hope that this article has helped you understand not only the financial burdens of smoking traditional cigarettes but also some of the many harmful health effects associated with it.
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Srinagar, Apr 16 (KNS): The Supreme Court (SC) on Monday directed the Jammu and Kashmir government to provide police protection to Kathua victim's family members and their lawyers.
Sharing details of today's hearing, Former Secretary Supreme Court (SC) Bar Association, Advocate Ashok Arora told Kashmir News Service (KNS) that the apex court has directed the JK government to provide police protection to the victim family s well the lawyers who are pleading the case of a Kathua minor girl, Asifa.
Earlier, Advocate Deepika Singh Rajawat had said that she is being threatened for taking up the case. The victim's father had also asked the apex court for adequate security for family members of the victim, the local Advocate Rajawat and her family members and Advocate Talib Hussain.
A bench comprising Chief Justice Dipak Misra and justices A M Khanwilkar and D Y Chandrachud has fixed the next date of hearing on April 27.
Asifa was raped and killed in Kathua in January this year while as the eight men accused in the incident have been arrested.
The government has also assured that those who are involved in the case won't be spared.
Two Ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) who were serving in the current collation government have also quit.
Besides, the SC also today asked the lawyers not to obstruct the police in the investigation in Kathua incident.
Adv Ashok Arora told KNS that the blocking of challan by the lawyers in Kathua amounts to contempt. "Authorities should take action against those lawyers who tried to prevent Crime Branch from filing the charge sheet," former Secretary SC Bar Association told KNS.
Meanwhile, reports said that the Court has also sought J&K govt's reply on plea to shift the trial out of the state.


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I am an artist graduated
from the Academy of Fine Arts of Brera,
I paint, glue and I create.
© 2020 by Beatrice Di Francescantonio - Contact
Defining Beatrice Di Francescantonio an artist can be reductive. There are in fact more than one of the artists, or rather the artistic souls, that we capture in their works.
And in fact, few are able to go from abstract to figurative, from collage to design, with the same ease and easiness of this artist.
Beatrice Di Francescantonio, graduated from the Brera Academy which is already a guarantee of the solidity of her background. But what emerges is not so much her technical ability as her playful spirit veined by a strong "sense of humour". This artist likes to get involved and play with reality. And this is perhaps the "fil rouge" that goes through her varied production. It is no coincidence that in some of her works the pop art and surrealist spirit of an artist, like Lucio del Pezzo seems to emerge.
The combination of dissonant dimensions between them, such as the geometric and the figurative miniature, triggers a detachment from everyday life. A sort of joke or mockery in the face of the harshness of life that are located as a distant and therefore non-threatening background. In short, a measured serenity prevails over the drama.
It is as if the artist wanted to invite us to appreciate the little things in life which, on closer inspection, are the ones that matter most. Because it is easier to get lost in the vastness of an ocean than in the sly gaze of a cat or in the flapping of a bird's wings. Yet it is precisely in these details that lies the greatness of a work that has the ambition to last over time. Minimal aspects that the artist grasps through an uncommon sensitivity, and which she then reorganizes at a design level in works that combine fidelity to the academic tradition with the ruthlessness of a futuristic gaze.
This applies to the many dimensions (informal, geometric, portraiture ...) in which the artist's versatility unfolds. There is not one that prevails over the others. The choice probably depends on the spirit of the time, on the unpredictable desire to wear one dress rather than another, as well as on the desire to immerse yourself in the "classic" rather than the "contemporary". Not on a whim, but by a conscious choice, considering that to understand the complexity of the world, multiple interpretations are needed.
Paolo Avanzi
Beatrice Di Francescantonio
An artist with many souls.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to our Blackguards 2 cheats page. Here you'll find Blackguards 2 trainers, cheat codes, wallpapers, savegames, walkthroughs, and achievements.
How to using this Trainer?
Blackguards 2 is the sequel of the turn-based strategy-RPG and will deliver more hexfield battles and an even grittier story filled with violence and crime. Choose your playstyle: no matter if front line combat monster, mage or ranged fighter it's in your hands how you want to develop your character. Every action has consequences, so make your decisions wisely. Death may be just around the corner. Blackguards 2 strips the series of a tad of its past freedom by not letting you create your own character, but the story's the better for it. The spotlight here falls on Cassia of Tenos, who's spent years in a dungeon crawling with giant spiders who bite her and fill her mind with literal and figurative poison. Cassia, a young woman of noble descent, has only one goal: She wants to claim the Shark Throne, no matter the price; and be it only for one day. Unfortunately, there are two problems that potentially foil her plans. First of all, she spends her days incarcerated in a dungeon and secondly, there is already a man on her throne: Marwan. She is neither fond nor proficient in matters of diplomacy or politics, so she chooses a more… practical approach. She intends to break out of prison and overthrow Marwan to claim the throne. She is neither fond nor proficient in matters of diplomacy or politics, so she chooses a more… practical approach. She intends to break out of prison and overthrow Marwan to claim the throne herself. For this, she needs strong allies. She needs to recruit an army of Sellswords and rally the Vanquishers of the Nine Hordes around her. Sounds like a solid plan, doesn't it? But then again, how cunning must one be to escape the dungeon's walls; and how reckless must one be to gather and command the worst scum of the realms? Cassia's already a mess, so this is hardly the best crew for giving her advice in her quest for revenge, and it sometimes shows in the decisions she must make as her tale advances. For example, Cassia occasionally has to resort to her own methods of gaining intel by interrogating the prisoners the team brings back to camp. It sometimes gets as dark as it sounds. Hardly surprising, though, as this is a game with loading screens that sometimes feature a man getting disemboweled while another runs a sword across his neck.
Blackguards 2 will again be based on the RPG rulebook of The Dark Eye, but it will come along with some revisions, optimisations and simplifications. The gameplay will focus on turn-based battles once more – this time the players have to conquer Cassia's lands and defend them against intruders when the need arises. As in a fraction-based game the enemies can recapture the territories from the Blackguards.
If not in a battle, players take care of a lot of quests and the development of their characters. As common in RPGs, the quests will offer optional and alternative plotlines.
Blackguards 2 improves on its predecessor in almost every other respect. Daedalic effectively removed the elements that made last year's release annoying at all the wrong moments, and left its players with the best parts of the experience. It's still a methodical, almost plodding tactical roleplaying game, but now it's easier to find the fun and to enjoy its world and characters.


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For optometrists looking to head to the mid-Atlantic region of the US, Maryland is a beautiful coastal state with almost a quarter of its area surrounded by water. Home to prestigious universities like Johns Hopkins, Loyola, the University of Maryland, and the US Naval Academy, Maryland's neighboring cities of Baltimore and Annapolis house over 10% of the state's population.
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Lamar County
Vernon distance to Mobile
How far is Vernon from Mobile?
Shortest distance between Vernon and Mobile is 211.65 miles (340.61 km).
Flight distance from Vernon, AL to Mobile, AL is 211.65 miles. Estimated flight time is 00 hours 30 minutes.
It takes 00 hours 27 minutes to travel from Vernon to Mobile with an airplane (average speed of 550 miles).
The driving distance from Vernon, Alabama to Mobile, Alabama is: 252.98 miles (407.14 km) by car.
Driving from Vernon to Mobile will take approximately 04 hours 14 minutes.
#1 Vernon
City in Lamar County, Alabama, United States
33°45'25"N 88°6'32"W
#2 Mobile
County seat of Mobile County, Alabama, United States
Starting point in Vernon: Columbus Avenue Northeast (-88.108901,33.757162)
Ending point in Mobile: Saint Louis Street (-88.043038,30.694332)
Estimated Travel Time Between Vernon and Mobile
The distance between Vernon and Mobile is 407 km if you choose to drive by road. You can go 04 hours 31 minutes if you drive your car at an average speed of 90 kilometers / hour. For different choices, please review the avg. speed travel time table on the below.
There is no time difference between Vernon and Mobile. The current time is 04:25:56.
A car with a fuel efficiency of 8.3 l/100 km will need 33.79 liters (8.93 gallon) of gas to cover the route between Vernon and Mobile.
The estimated cost of gas to go from Vernon to Mobile is $29.41 (diesel $32.65).
The place names are translated into coordinates to approximate the distance between Vernon and Mobile (latitude and longitude). Cities, states, and countries each have their own regional center. The Haversine formula is used to measure the radius.
Driving distance from Birmingham, AL to Vernon 100.1 miles (161 km)
Driving distance from Decatur, AL to Vernon 108.01 miles (174 km)
Driving distance from Dothan, AL to Vernon 265.19 miles (427 km)
Driving distance from Hoover, AL to Vernon 107.41 miles (173 km)
Driving distance from Huntsville, AL to Vernon 137.12 miles (221 km)
Driving distance from Madison, AL to Vernon 125.91 miles (203 km)
Driving distance from Montgomery, AL to Vernon 162.47 miles (261 km)
Driving distance from Tuscaloosa, AL to Vernon 59.81 miles (96 km)
Driving distance from Auburn, AL to Vernon 209.16 miles (337 km)


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Top movies to stream or watch at the theaters
Jake Kremers, Writer
Filed under At the Movies, Lifestyles
A big part of our high school culture is streaming and binge watching movies, as groups like Netflix and Hulu have created easy access to an almost unlimited amount of movies. Some of these movies in the list below have already come out and are available to stream, while others have yet to release and are coming out in theaters. If you want quick access to the movies that are available to stream, look for the last sentence in each paragraph. The bottom half of these movies have yet to release yet, so they will not have the streaming site listed.
The first movie I would suggest is "Creed 2", which is a boxing movie that follows the events of the "Rocky" movies. If you're feeling like watching a movie which will inspire and motivate you, this is the movie you should see. Take note that Creed 2 has a Pg-13 rating. It will premiere on Nov. 21 and is expected to be a major hit at the box office. "Creed 2" currently is not on the main streaming sites like Netflix and Hulu, but you can find it on Youtube Red and Google Play.
Another movie available to stream is the "Dr.Seuss' The Grinch" movie. The characters have a new look as well as new voices (Tyler the Creator is featured on the main theme song), but it still reminds me of the Grinch movie from 2000. Remakes of originals usually don't get the best ratings, but this Benedict Cumberbatch lead movie may interest you. This movie comes out on Nov. 9, and can be a laid back and PG type of night if that's what you're going for. This movie is available on Netflix, along with Youtube Red and Google Play.
Next up is a Netflix original, called "Bird Box". This movie surprisingly became a huge hit even before coming to theaters. It features some suspenseful and tense moments, so I wouldn't watch it unless you're into the rated R movies. The Sandra Bullock lead film developed the popular "Bird Box" challenge, so I would recommend watching this movie if you want to understand what the challenge is all about. "Bird Box" released on Dec. 21 and is only available on Netflix.
The next movie on the list is another sequel, called "Ralph Breaks the Internet". "Wreck-It-Ralph" was the first movie, and did very well at the box office. But from the looks of the trailers, this movie looks like it will stand out on it's own, and can be a very fun movie to watch. This movie came out on Nov. 21, and also has a rating of PG. "Ralph Breaks the Internet" is still out in theaters, so it is currently unavailable to stream.
"Spider Man-Into the Spider Verse" is next up on the list and centrals around the whole Spider Man universe. It is an animated film with a P.G. rating, so it seems like a very family friendly movie. If you are a big Marvel fan, I would recommend seeing this movie as it will feature the original Spider Man, along with several new characters getting introduced into the "universe". Again, this movie is still in theaters so you can't stream it yet.
The last movie on the list is "Aquaman". "Aquaman" is in a universe opposite of Marvel, called the D.C. Universe. The movie came out on Dec. 14 and was a hit at the box office. "Aquaman" has appeared in multiple DC films, but this is his first solo film. The movie is Pg-13 and is currently in theaters. It will take around six months for the movie to hit Netflix and potentially Hulu.
Tags: entertainment, movies
Jake Kremers, Reporter
Jake Kremers is a junior at Carlsbad who is currently in his second year of journalism. He plays baseball and football for the school. He is a huge fan...
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The Gibraltar license is highly coveted as European governments have begun to restrict marketing to their residents by any online gaming company outside the EEA. In addition, the rigors of obtaining a Gibraltar license remain high. St Minver partners benefit from the company's ability to offer gaming services that run off the most highly regarded gaming license without the rigors and the expense.
Clients and customers should require access to secure banking mechanisms. You should ensure you work with a client that enables you to leverage credit card merchant facilities with at least two premier banking institutions. Customers should be offered the ability to use mainstream payment mechanisms (including Visa, MasterCard, Switch and Solo), with immediate credit at competitive rates. Competitors without such banking facilities are currently only able to offer niche payment processors, such as NETeller, which only offers 3-4 days' delayed credit or an instant credit option where customers are charged higher fees.
Operators should provide partners with the ability to create a product which is bespoke to each partner's brand requirements. The operator�s suite of games should enable a tailored product offering to better cater to specific audience demographics. In addition, the product offering should be tailored to comply with the specific look and feel of each partner's brand and site, to create an environment which is seamless to the end user.
The operators should work closely with you as a partner, to offer direct customer communication strategies and tools. The white label provider should have a team of knowledgeable CRM experts who bring together experience from a variety of leading online sites. Partners benefit from the economies of scale gained through the creation of a network. In addition, operators like St Minver offer partners special CRM tools on a more cost effective basis.
The operator should create a highly scalable solution for its white label partners. In creating the integrated platform, you should be offered the best-of-breed games that are plugged directly into the platform offering customers a unique gaming experience that is tailored to the individual site's look and feel.
Your VIP customers should be given the opportunity to participate in special bonus and loyalty programs. The VIP program should be tailored to create loyalty for high consistency players, and offered on an invite only basis. Those customers who qualify for the VIP program should be entitled to receive cash back on all wins and losses incurred in the month. In addition they may receive special gifts at any time including flights, upgrades, hotels and concerts.
Operators should provide 24 hour customer service in multi-language. St Minver provide service in English, German, Spanish and Turkish (restricted times). More importantly, providers should offer online chat support in multiple languages. Customer service on three levels: online chat, email and telephone are a huge advantage in showing customers that you can provide a secure and safe gaming experience.
Games and gaming operators should offer real time fraud security monitoring. The white label games operator should have a team of individuals who actively monitor the games for scams such as collusion, chip dumping and other fraudulent behaviour. With regard to Casino and Bingo, the company should implement the necessary precautionary processes to restrict underage gaming and gaming from non-legal jurisdictions such as the US. The company should also follow ethical gaming principles as set by associations like Gamcare, the industry leading player protection association.


We have two main facilities at ILBOC located in the Escombreras Valley of Cartagena. The IBL (Inside Battery Limit) plant, attached to the Repsol refinery, has an approximate surface area of 36,000 m2 and includes the Vacuum Distillation (VDU) and Reaction (CDW) units, as well as distillate storage capacity for 30,000 m3, distributed in 7 separate tanks. The plant's main operational management building is also located at this site.
The OBL (Outside Battery Limit) plant, located in the industrial port of Cartagena, near the island of Escombreras, has an approximate surface area of 56,000 m2, where12 tanks of finished product are located. ILBOC products are dispatched by truck or ship. For the latter, two loading arms are available at the Príncipe Felipe Quay.
In addition to the Cartagena facilities, ILBOC has offices in the city of Madrid, where the company's legal and financial activities are located.


Dec.3 (GMM) Kevin Magnussen's father says he is glad the Haas driver is now fully established in formula one.
Magnussen, 26, has had a stop-start career to date, with less successful stints at McLaren and Renault before he made the move to Haas.
But in 2018, he fared strongly against Romain Grosjean and will remain with the American team.
Magnussen's father Jan raced in F1 too, but his career sputtered to a halt with Stewart in 1998 when he was ousted mid-season for poor performance.
"I'm so proud," Jan told the Danish newspaper BT.
"What I'm most pleased about is that he established himself in formula one and people respect him. It's nice to see," he added.
However, Magnussen has earned a reputation as something of an on-track 'bad boy', getting into spats with drivers including Fernando Alonso.
Jan says Kevin is unfazed.
"Everything is more relaxed about him, and Kevin has made a name for himself in the paddock where he is very well liked," he said.
"Fernando Alonso may not like him, but I don't worry about that," Jan added.


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by Kapil | 11 Jan, 2023
Stephanie McMahon Net Worth, Husband, (WWE), Age, Children, Height, Parents
Today we will learn about Stephanie McMahon's personal life as well as Stephanie McMahon net worth, husband, wiki, biography, career, relationship, and parents. She is a businesswoman from the United States and a former professional wrestler. If you want complete information, then read this article till the end.
Stephanie McMahon Net Worth
Her net worth is $150 million.
Stephanie McMahon Husband- Relationship
Stephanie McMahon is married. Triple H is her husband's name. During their staged relationship, McMahon began dating Paul Levesque, best known as Triple H, in 2000. The pair got engaged on Valentine's Day in 2003 and married on October 25, 2003, at St. Teresa of Avila Church in Sleepy Hollow, New York, in a Roman Catholic wedding. Continue reading to learn more about her relationship, and find out more about her marriage here.
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How Many Children Does Stephanie McMahon Have?
Vaughn Evelyn Levesque
Murphy Claire Levesque
Aurora Rose Levesque
Stephanie McMahon Wiki & Biography
She was born on September 24, 1976, in Hartford, Connecticut, to professional wrestling promoters Vince and Linda McMahon. Shane is her elder brother. McMahon and her family are Irish Americans, and she is proud of her Irish ancestry. She stated her ancestors were from County Clare during a WWE live event in Dublin in 2004. Jess McMahon, her great-grandfather, was born in New York City to Irish parents who had moved from Galway in the 1870s. McMahon's family relocated to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after her birth, and she attended Greenwich Country Day School through her elementary years. At the age of 13, she began working for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) as a model for retail catalogs. If you're looking for Stephanie McMahon net worth, husband, wiki, or biography and want to learn more about her personal life, profession, and successes, keep reading.
Stephanie McMahon Age, Height & Weight
Stephanie is 46 years old, his height is 5' 8" and his weight is 65 kg.
Read Also: Ryan Murphy Net Worth
Stephanie McMahon Net Worth, Husband, Affair & Husband, Wiki/Biography, Age, Children, Height, Weight, Parents
Stephanie Marie McMahon
Co-Chief Executive Officer of WWE, Businesswoman, and professional wrestler
Husband Name
Vaughn Evelyn Levesque, Murphy Claire Levesque, Aurora Rose Levesque
Hartford, Connecticut, United States
Greenwich Country Day School
Vince McMahon (Father)
Linda McMahon (Mother)
Sibling's Name
Shane McMahon (brother)
Source Of Income
Stephanie McMahon Net Worth - Lifestyle-Career
Lifestyle & Career: - McMahon began her WWF business career as an Account Executive for the WWF headquarters in New York, but she joined the WWF as a model for the WWF's sales and merchandise department. She worked as a ring performer, receptionist, creative designer, and television producer in her early years with the organization. McMahon took over as the company's lead writer in November 2000, succeeding Chris Kreski. She was elevated to Senior Vice President of Creative Writing in 2006 after serving as the director of creative writing in 2002.
McMahon was promoted to the chief brand officer on December 4, 2013, where she will manage efforts to significantly boost WWE's brand reputation with key constituents such as advertisers, media, business partners, and investors. McMahon, together with CMO and CRO Michelle Wilson, announced a collaboration between WWE and KaBOOM! to develop a playground for WWE's annual WrestleMania week in Louisiana on February 5, 2014. McMahon announced on May 19, 2022, that she will be taking a leave of absence from the majority of her responsibilities at WWE. Vince McMahon announced his retirement from WWE on July 22, 2022, and McMahon Levesque was named the company's new Chairwoman and Co-CEO.
Read Also: Evan Peters Girlfriend
Stephanie McMahon's Ethnicity, Parents & Siblings
Stephanie McMahon's marital status is married, according to the information. Her parents' names are Vince McMahon (father) and Linda McMahon (mother). She also has siblings whose names have Shane McMahon (brother). If you want to see some information or their accounts from their social media, then it is given below.
Social Media of Stephanie McMahon
Stephanie McMahon Net Worth- FAQ About
Q.1 Who is Stephanie McMahon?
Ans. She is a Co-Chief Executive Officer of WWE, a Businesswoman, and a professional wrestler from Hartford, Connecticut, United States.
Q.2 How old is Stephanie McMahon?
Ans. Her age is 46 years old.
Q.3 What is Stephanie McMahon Net Worth?
Ans. Her net worth is $150 million.
Q.4 What is her Real Name?
Ans. Her real name is Stephanie Marie McMahon.
Thank you for spending time reading this content. Please share your opinions on this blog. Stephanie McMahon Net Worth
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Item is currently out of stock. Please contact us to pre-order. Smoked glass globe with aluminium reflector inside. Adjustable in height (125cm to 165cm).
This floor lamp is part of the Globe series by Frank Ligtelijn, who became a member of Raak's design team in the early 1960s. The globe series became highly successful and characteristic for the company Raak. The floor lamp is agile in all directions, which makes it possible to opt for indirect light or a focused beam. One of its attractions lies in the fact that the ball is not made out of plastic but quality glass from the German glass factory Peill & Putzler. This really adds to the beauty of the lamp and shows the attention to detail, typical for all Raak products.


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US companies give staff a day off for Juneteenth
18 June, 2021, 09:10 pm
Last modified: 18 June, 2021, 09:19 pm
10 people wounded in Florida mass shooting
US, S Korea to hold 'tabletop' exercises on nuclear threats
US to end Covid-19 emergency declarations on 11 May
President Joe Biden signed a bill on Thursday to recognize 19 June, or "Juneteenth", a federal holiday marking the end of legal enslavement of Black Americans, pressuring more companies to declare the day a company holiday
A view of the exterior of the JP Morgan Chase & Co. corporate headquarters in New York City May 20, 2015. REUTERS/Mike Segar
Several US companies, including JPMorgan Chase & Co and Nike Inc, have given their US employees a day off for the newly implemented Juneteenth federal holiday.
President Joe Biden signed a bill on Thursday to recognize 19 June, or "Juneteenth", a federal holiday marking the end of legal enslavement of Black Americans, pressuring more companies to declare the day a company holiday.
The law comes a year after the United States was rocked by protests against racism and policing following the murder of George Floyd, an African-American man, by a Minneapolis police officer.
Retailer Target Corp said the day would remain an annual company holiday moving forward, while it would be a paid holiday at Yelp Inc. Nike said it would close all US operations.
Coffee chain Starbucks Corp said its stores would remain open, but hourly workers would be paid at 1.5 times their regular rate and salaried staff will receive a holiday in lieu.
Employees can coordinate with managers for a paid day off between 1 July and 31 December, a memo from JPMorgan Chief Executive Officer Jamie Dimon said.
Bank of America Corp's staff will get a paid floating holiday this year and Juneteenth will be an official holiday starting next year, a memo showed.
Wells Fargo & Co will provide an additional personal holiday this year to eligible US-based employees, a company spokesperson said. Wealth manager UBS also unveiled similar plans, an internal memo showed.
Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday created in nearly four decades. Texas officially declared Juneteenth a state holiday in 1980 and since then the holiday has been officially recognized in most US states.
US / Companies / Staff / day off / Juneteenth


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Chloride transport protein, initially identified as voltage-gated chloride channel. The presence of the conserved gating glutamate residues suggests that is functions as antiporter.
Testis, ovary, small intestine, brain and skeletal muscle. Low level expression in aortic and coronary vascular smooth muscle cells, and aortic endothelial cells. Isoform 3 is only detected in kidney.
Belongs to the chloride channel (TC 2.A.49) family. ClC-6/CLCN6 subfamily.
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EU fires top official arrested in graft probe
Officers have conducted over a dozen searches and seized over half a million euros in the investigation
FILE PHOTO. Eva Kaili at the Greek parliament © Vladimir Rys / Getty Images
EU lawmakers have voted overwhelmingly to prematurely end the term of European Parliament Vice President Eva Kaili. The Greek politician was arrested in Belgium following a probe into corruption allegations, reportedly involving FIFA 2022 World Cup host Qatar.
During a session on Tuesday, 625 MEPs supported the decision, with only one voting against and two abstentions. The chamber's president, Roberta Metsola, had filed a motion of dismissal on Monday. It required a qualified majority of two-thirds to pass.
Kaili, who served as one of 14 vice presidents of the assembly, was arrested last week as part of a Belgian police investigation into alleged bribery of EU officials. Prosecutors say several MEPs were influenced using gifts and money provided to family and friends by a "Gulf country" that local media identified as Qatar. Kaili is one of four suspects in the case, according to Belgian authorities.
Both the Qatari government and Kaili have denied any wrongdoing.
The 44-year-old is a former TV presenter has been an MEP for the Greek Panhellenic Socialist Movement, better known as PASOK, since 2014. She was ousted by her own party as well as from the 'Socialists & Democrats' group in the EU Parliament, after news of her arrest broke.
READ MORE: Assets of EU parliament VP frozen
The Belgian Central Anti-Corruption Office has reported conducting 16 searches across several cities and confiscating over €600,000 ($633,700) as part of the probe. The Greek Anti-Money Laundering Authority announced on Monday that it had seized assets owned by Kaili, and by her family members and associates.
More searches took place in Belgium over the weekend and on Monday, including at the EU parliament building. Cash seized at homes associated with Kaili and another suspect, an Italian MEP, totaled more than €1.5 million, the newspaper LeSoir reported on Tuesday.
Disagreements have escalated in the EU over Qatar's human rights record, amid the ongoing FIFA World Cup in the country. There are long-standing accusations that Doha mistreats workers and that foreign forced labor was used in preparation for the football championship. Kaili rejected this line of criticism in a speech in November, arguing that Qatar is a "frontrunner" on labor rights in the region.
BelgiumEuropean Union – EUGreeceQatar


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Lauren O'Neil
Drake and Kylie Jenner might be dating and people are losing it
You guys. I can't. I literally cannot... but I'll try.
Degrassi teen-turned-global superstar Drake is reportedly getting cozy with Kylie Jenner, the Kardashian sibling and beauty industry billionaire behind the smash hit "Hhhrise and Shine."
People Magazine just declared that previous rumours of the pair's romantic involvement are true, citing multiple unnamed sources.
Now that's Sicko Mode 😂
— S.Dot (@SilasDaVirus212) November 6, 2019
"He and Kylie have been spending time together recently," said one of said mysterious (and who knows how reliable?) sources to People on Wednesday. "They've been friends for a long time and Drake is very close to the family."
I can confirm: Kylie's mom, Kris Jenner, once called Drake in an episode of her reality show, Keeping Up With The Kardashians. Kylie's brother-in-law, rapper Kanye West, confirmed on Twitter last December that Drake and Kris text regularly. Drake even gave Kris a shoutout on his track "4PM in Calabasas."
It is, in fact, quite possible that the brilliant matriarch of the Kardashian Klan is orchestrating this entire Drake-Kylie situation. It wouldn't be the first time she pimped out a daughter for publicity.
Drake dating Kylie would be Kris Jenner's finest work yet. Appearing on Keeping Up With The Kardashians is becoming the annual rap All-Star Game https://t.co/oIgjmhKEg5
— YP (@YoungPageviews) October 25, 2019
A "source close to Drake" told Us Weekly that the pair are not an official item, but another source (who may or may not be Kris Jenner) maintains otherwise.
"Kylie and Drake's friendship did take a romantic turn recently," said the source to Us. "At his Halloween party, they were affectionate and clearly there together. They've been seeing each other romantically. He also showed up to Kendall [Jenner]'s birthday."
The duo first made waves in late October when Kylie, who recently split with rapper Travis Scott, was spotted getting flirty with Drake at his birthday party in Los Angeles.
This wasn't the first time they'd partied together, either.
when drake kisses the wrong Kylie pic.twitter.com/M0HgBkRb8Y
— ky (@kyliemilner) August 11, 2014
The 33-year-old rapper performed at the now 22-year-old reality star's Sweet 16 birthday party in 2013, back when she had a different face.
It is not known if any "romantic" DMs have been exchanged since, but it's clear that they know each other pretty well.
Drake has collaborated not only with West, but with Kylie's now ex-boyfriend Travis Scott.
The couple remain on good terms as they collaborate on the raising of their young daughter, Stormi.
Latest in Entertainment
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"I like to work at Starbucks because we have such a good team and my housing is close to the place I work which is excellent!" – Daniel S.
Students should fly into New York JFK and take the AirTrain to Jamaica Station. Switch to the E Train (NYC Subway) to 42nd St./8th Ave (Port Authority Bus Terminal). Take the NJ Transit bus 319 to Atlantic City and then switch buses to the Ocean City bus. Visit njtransit.com for more info and planning your route.


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Home > Skurnik Unfiltered > News Feature > American Winemaker Video Series: Ehren Jordan
American Winemaker Video Series: Ehren Jordan
Celebrated for a career that has traversed varieties and styles, appellations and countries, Ehren Jordan is a high-wire act. He has deftly tightroped between power and elegance, always quietly testifying to the unshakeable tenets of great wine: it is of a place and time, and it cannot be manufactured, only ushered forth. Ehren's devotion is not to a single patch of dirt, or the illusive nuance of a particular variety, but to balance, transparency, and composition – a fine, tensile thread drawn throughout his wines.
Watching this act has been a dizzying and thrilling enough task for any admirer (it can be witnessed in every glass), but Ehren's journey has unfolded organically, though due to no lack of ambition. His story does not begin in enology school, as it does for many of his peers, but in front of retail shelves. A stint in distribution followed thereafter, but proved a poor complement to ski season in Colorado. A restaurant floor in Aspen was a better match. Roommates then pulled Ehren westward, where he found his first winery job at Joseph Phelps – and met Bruce Neyers. This meeting would prove fruitful in due time.
First, though, Ehren decamped to Cornas, a small, vertiginous corner of the Northern Rhone – and home to a clan of wine's titans, including Jean-Luc Columbo, for whom Ehren worked for two years. Upon returning to the United States, Ehren joined Neyers in building his eponymous winery, and concurrently found work with Helen Turley, through whom he was exposed to the virtues of the true Sonoma Coast. In 1995 he squirreled away a Fort-Ross Seaview property neighboring Marcassin, Flowers, and Hirsch, among others, which in short order would become a defining estate vineyard.
Helen Turley also introduced Ehren to her brother, Larry – and so began a defining chapter of Ehren's story, some two decades long. With Ehren at the helm (and often in the cockpit, flying between vineyard visits), Turley Wine Cellars became a community-leading voice in the celebration of California's old-vine Zinfandel, and a staunch advocate for organic farming. Here the balancing act continued: in 1998, only a handful of years into his eighteen year tenure at Turley, Ehren debuted Failla, a stage for crystalline, cold-climate Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, and Syrah. "Ripeness is a state of mind," he crows – a maxim that can only be uttered with confidence by someone who has drawn forth delicacy and tension both in the Napa Valley and at land's end in Sonoma simultaneously.
Ehren, ever-steadied by his guiding principles – organic farming, native fermentation, gentle handling – has befriended instinct and experimentation. This is indicative in small gestures at home in his cellar work, as he engages novel fermentation vessels, but also in his exploration of new lands, some quite far. A fondness for Chenin Blanc and Gamay has carried him north to Oregon, where a new estate vineyard will shape Failla alongside those in St. Helena, the Russian River, and true Sonoma Coast.
But an old friend did not stray far. Beginning in 2011, Ehren planted four acres of Zinfandel on his winery property in St. Helena, and with a new moniker, Day, he has begun again to dexterously wrangle with the variety's unbridled animation – this time with an eye toward Sonoma's plantings.
Failla 'Sonoma Coast' Chardonnay 2014
100% Chardonnay (Wente clone) from Olivet, Keefer Ranch, and Flood Gate vineyards. Whole-cluster pressed into Concrete Egg (10%), Stainless Steel (20%), New French Oak Puncheon (10%) and Neutral French Oak (60%). Native yeasts were used for primary fermentation, and the wine naturally completed malolactic fermentation. The wine rested sur lie for 9 months before bottling.
Failla 'Fort Ross-Seaview Estate VYD' Chardonnay 2015
The Gualala Ranch Estate property was planted in 1998, and is dry-farmed organically. Sitting at 1400ft. in elevation, just 5 miles east of the Pacific Ocean, this 90 acre parcel is planted to 11 acres of vineyard, with just over 2.5 to Chardonnay (Wente, 95). Native yeast and malolactic fermentations, aged 11 months in 55% French oak (20% new) and 25% concrete egg.
Failla 'Sonoma Coast' Pinot Noir 2015
Sourced from Olivet, Lola, Bohan, Placida, and Floodgate. Roughly 60% of the wine in this bottling was estate-grown and farmed. Native fermented, with full malolactic fermentation, and aged in French oak, of which 15% was new.
Failla 'Keefer Ranch' Pinot Noir 2015
Planted first in 1988 by husband and wife team Robert and Marcy Keefer. Marcy currently farms 13 acres of Pinot and Chardonnay in the heart of the Russian River Valley's Green Valley sub-region. Planted on Goldridge loam soil, vines sit well below the fog line for a cool-climate expression with afternoon sun exposure. This was Failla's first vineyard-designate Pinot Noir and Chardonnay. Calera and Swan clones were 100% destemmed. Aged for 11 months in 25% new French oak, and bottled unfined and unfiltered.
Failla 'Hudson Vineyard' Syrah 2015
The Hudson Vineyard, which covers 200 planted acres in southwestern Napa Valley, was planted in the early 1980s by Texas expat Lee Hudson on Haire loam soil at the southern tip of the Mayacamas Mountain range, approximately 20 miles north of the San Pablo Bay. Block 3, planted to Syrah in 1997, is exposed to cool nights and moderately warm days, providing a long growing season and even ripening. 100% whole-cluster, native fermented, treated to human-powered punchdowns, aged for 11 months in 25% new French oak, and bottled unfined and unfiltered.
DAY 'Grist Vineyard' Zinfandel 2015
Named for the old grist mill that was found on the property, Grist sits pretty at 1000 ft. elevation on Bradford Mountain in the Dry Creek Valley AVA. The site was originally planted 100 years ago, and has since been replanted on St. George rootstock in the early 1970s. Farming here is CCOF Organic.
The 58 acres under vine are head trained and cane pruned, and have spectacular views of the fog line by the Pacific Ocean. Iron-rich, red volcanic soil known as Boomer loam leads to low yields and concentrated wines. Peak temperatures in the summer time tend to be in the low to mid 80s, allowing for gentle and complete ripening without raisining. Native fermented, aged 11 months in 15% new, 85% neutral French oak barrique, and bottled unfixed and unfiltered.
Introducing Our Japanese Portfolio!
Here at Skurnik Wines and Spirits we are very excited to expand our horizons into the wide world of Japanese sake and spirits! Japanese whiskey in particular has deservedly received a lot of attention in the past few years as...
Aussie Spotlight: Moorooduc Estate – Mornington Peninsula, Victoria
Moorooduc Estate is a small, family-run winery on the Mornington Peninsula in Southern Victoria, an area with one of the most extreme climates in all of Australia. Established in 1981 by Richard and Jill McIntyre, the winery has developed an...
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Jose Luis Chilavert: Remembering Paraguay's Goalkeeping Mentalist
Despite being off his fucking tits, the South American legend became a household name. Well, in our house anyway.
Kieran Morris
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You never forget the first player to amaze you. If you ask most people who first wowed them, their responses would be fairly typical. Your granddad would say Pele or Eusebio; your dad would say Maradona or Cruyff; your uncle might try and be cool and say Nedved or Batistuta – for me, it was Jose Luis Chilavert.
I can still pinpoint the exact moment. I was six years old and over at my best friend's house for tea when we put on a copy of Danny Baker's Own Goals and Gaffs on VHS – a video I'd still urge anyone to buy, to be honest. The bulk of it was your typical bundle of mis-kicks, concussions and general aggro, but one particular moment stood out. From inside his own half, Chilavert stepped up for a free-kick for Velez Sarsfield, and then proceeded to strike the most blistering, astonishing lob towards the River Plate goal. The ball dipped just underneath the bar, leaving the stadium shellshocked, as Chilavert celebrated with the wild-eyed aplomb he was famed for. Suffice to say, I was gobsmacked, and from then on, I was a Chilavert obsessive.
He was an animal. Everything about his play encapsulated that graceful savagery of 90s South American football, from his surging, mazy dribbles, to his buccaneering one-on-one takedowns. He did things that other players simply did not do. As a goalkeeper, he was fearless. His reactions were sharp and instinctive and almost every save was followed by a primal howl and a clap of the hands, before he called upon his defence to reorganise. He was mad. But – as everyone remembers – he was more than just a world-class keeper: he was nigh-on unstoppable with a dead ball. 59 league goals in 728 games. 8 international goals for Paraguay. The only goalkeeper in football history to score a hat-trick. Chilavert was almost entirely unique.
Sure, Rogerio Ceni may have out-scored him over his 20 years at Sao Paulo, but Ceni has never been a top-class goalkeeper: Chilavert was voted the World's Best Goalkeeper three times by the IFFHS. He reached the very top of his game, whilst also contributing another attacking dimension that no other side could say they possessed. He was the wildcard.
The fire behind his performance came straight from his personality, which was every bit as crazy as his play. He spat at Roberto Carlos in the 1998 World Cup, and qualified his actions by claiming the match to have been a war, before demanding that Brazil return the territory they had taken from Paraguay during the 19th century War of the Triple Alliance. In a famously vicious clash against Colombia in 1997, Chilavert was sent off for brawling with Faustino Asprilla: a fight which sparked such a reaction amongst the players and staff that riot police were brought on to restore order. Strangely enough, Chilavert also received a six-month suspended prison sentence in 2005, after using false documents in a legal battle against his former employers, RC Strasbourg. It was this pugnacious, unpredictable spirit that earned him the nickname of 'The Bulldog' – a name he adopted with pride, even going so far as to having a print of a cartoon bulldog on the front of his shirt.
Chilavert was a one-of-a-kind player. He could have played anywhere on the pitch – in fact, he practically played everywhere on the pitch – and still, at his peak, he managed to maintain an exceptional level of performance. He was fucking batshit mental and dangerous and an endlessly watchable player: near equal parts Maradona, Gordon Banks and Vinnie Jones.
Go back and watch some of his compilations, because there will never be a player of his kind again.
@hipsterscumbag
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JavaScript is a powerful and versatile scripting language that is continuing to evolve in order to meet the requirements of the constantly changing online environment it was created to serve - the World Wide Web. It is often characterised as a "multi-paradigm" language because it readily lends itself to a number of different approaches, including both functional and object-oriented programming techniques.
JavaScript syntax is the set of rules that must be followed in order to produce correctly structured JavaScript code. According to JavaScript's creator Brendan Eich, JavaScript borrows most of its syntax from the Java programming language, although he acknowledges the influence of other languages, including Perl. In terms of program logic and flow control, JavaScript perhaps most closely resembles the C programming language, although it also exhibits features found in a number of other languages.
Because of the nature of the environment in which JavaScript is used, there is some latitude as to where JavaScript code can be placed. It is often found, for example, between the opening and closing <head> ... </head> tags of an HTML document, although it can also be found between the opening and closing <body> ... </body> tags. For most of the examples in these pages, the example code we provide will be in one of these two locations for the sake of convenience.
There are good arguments, however, for removing JavaScript code to an external file and linking to that file from your HTML document. Doing so allows you to keep your JavaScript code separate from your HTML code, making it easier to maintain both. It also means that the code used to implement any common JavaScript functionality can be stored in a single source file rather than being duplicated across multiple HTML documents.
If JavaScript code does appear within an HTML document, whether in the head of the document or somewhere within the body of the document, it must appear inside a pair of opening and closing <script> ... </script> tags so that the browser knows that it is dealing with JavaScript code. Consider the following code examples, which all do the same thing:
<script language = "javascript">
document.write("Hello World!")
<script type = "text/javascript">
The first example tells the browser specifically that the scripting language being used is JavaScript using the language attribute. You may see this from time to time in legacy code, but use of the language attribute was deprecated in HTML4 in favour of the type attribute which, as you can see, we have used for the second example. As you can see from the third example, we no longer need the type attribute because JavaScript is the default client-side scripting language for HTML5.
Coding style is often a matter of personal choice although if you work with an established development team there may be a set of style guidelines in place that you are expected to follow. Even if this is not the case, it is wise to adhere to common programming conventions in order to ensure that your code is both readable and easy to maintain. Above all, your coding style should be consistent.
A script can consist of a single JavaScript statement, or a whole series of JavaScript statements, function declarations and control structures. Individual program statements should appear on a separate line to make your code easier to read and debug, and should be terminated with a semicolon. As with any programming language, adding comments to your code will make it easier to maintain, and the judicious use of indentation and whitespace will make your code more readable.
Your JavaScript code will be easier to read and maintain if you give meaningful names (formally called identifiers) to user-defined variables, functions, and objects. As a programmer, you are free to use whatever naming conventions you like (subject, of course, to any organisational restrictions), but try and be consistent. There are also some rules and conventions that you should be aware of.
First of all, names can include both uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, the underscore character (_), and the dollar character ($). They may not contain hyphens, and must begin with either a letter, an underscore character, or a dollar sign. Remember also that JavaScript is case sensitive. The variable names myvar, myVar and MYVAR represent three different variables.
Be careful also not to use any JavaScript reserved words. The keyword let, for example, is used to declare variables in JavaScript. Having a variable named let in your code will result in a syntax error (a list of the words reserved by the JavaScript language is provided below). There are some generally accepted naming conventions among JavaScript programmers, and we will be adopting those conventions in these pages. These can be summarised as follows:
Function, object and variable names should begin with a lowercase letter, e.g.
function myFunction() { . . . }
let person = {firstName:"John", lastName:"Smith"};
let myVar;
Constants are usually written in all uppercase letters, e.g.
const PI = 3.141592653589793238;
Function, object and variable names that consist of more than a single word are generally written using camel case (or camel caps, or more formally medial capitals). This is where the first word appears in all lowercase letters, and the first letter of each subsequent word is capitalised, e.g.
myVeryFirstVariable = 1.0;
Obviously, this convention doesn't work for constant names consisting of two or more words if you have used all uppercase characters. The convention most often adopted here is to separate the words using the underscore character, e.g.
const MAXIMUM_OPERATING_TEMPERATURE = 220.0;
The JavaScript language uses a number of keywords that have a special meaning within the language. Use of these keywords is reserved. They may not be used as identifiers for user-defined JavaScript objects, functions or variables. Listed below are the reserved keywords as of ECMAScript 2015:
arguments extends protected
await false public
break finally return
case for static
catch function super
class if switch
const implements this
continue import throw
debugger in true
default instanceof try
delete interface typeof
do let var
enum new void
else null while
eval package with
export private yield
There are also a number of keywords that have been removed from the ECMAScript specification as of ECMAScript 2015, which are listed below. These words should nevertheless be treated as if they were still reserved words, and should therefore not be used as variable names, labels, or function names (there are still a number of older browsers in circulation that do not support recent ECMA standards).
abstract float synchronized
boolean goto throws
byte int transient
char long volatile
double native
final short
JavaScript allows the programmer to intersperse their code with comments to explain what is going on at various points in the code. A comment can consist of a short phrase at the end of a line of code, or may appear on its own line. It may even be several lines of text, depending on how much information the programmer wants to convey at a particular point in the code. Here are some examples:
document.write("Hello World!"); // outputs the text "Hello World!"
// My first JavaScript program
document.write("Hello World!");
/* This line of code implements the traditional
"Hello World!" program that everybody writes when
they start learning a new programming language. */
In the first and second examples, the comment in each case follows a double solidus (forward slash). Everything that follows a double solidus on a line is ignored by the JavaScript interpreter. The last example is a JavaScript block comment. A block comment can span several lines, and begins with a solidus followed by an asterisk (/*). The end of the block comment is marked using the same symbols, but in the reverse order (*/).
Those of you familiar with the C and/or C++ programming languages will no doubt realise that comments are written in JavaScript in exactly the same way as they are in those languages. The reason for including comments is also pretty much the same - namely to provide some documentation within your code to make it easier for you (or someone else) to understand what is going on with the code if you need to revisit it at a later date.
One thing to bear in mind when using comments is that JavaScript is often embedded within an HTML document. JavaScript comments in HTML documents should only appear inside the <script> ... </script> tags that enclose the JavaScript code. Note also that JavaScript recognises the opening character sequence of an HTML comment (<!--), and treats it as a single-line comment. It does not, however, recognise the closing sequence of an HTML comment (-->), which should instead be written as //-->.
In addition to providing a form of internal program documentation, comments can be used to mark the major divisions within a script and keep distinct areas of functionality separate. They can also be used in a debugging capacity. If, for example, there is a bug in the program and you think that a particular piece of code is causing the problem, you can temporarily comment out that piece of code to see if the problem disappears.
Values in JavaScript are either variable (i.e. values that can change over time) or fixed (values that never change). Values that can change are called variables (for obvious reasons), while fixed values are called constants. You will also come across the term literal. This refers to a value like a number or a string that is used in the code to represent itself (we'll see plenty of examples of numeric and string literals in due course).
In order to use a variable in a script, we should first declare it. It is in fact possible to use variables in JavaScript without first having declared them, but this practice is now frowned upon, and should be avoided. Before the publication of ECMAScript 6 (also known as ES6 or ECMAScript 2015), the accepted way of declaring a JavaScript variable was to use the var keyword:
var firstName;
var temperature = 0.0;
In the first example, the variable is given a name, but no initial value. We can perhaps assume from the variable name used that the value will be a text string, but that is by no means a given. Variables in JavaScript do not have a specific data type associated with them. In fact, different types of value can be assigned to the same variable at different points within the same script! JavaScript is thus said to be a dynamically typed (or loosely typed) language.
In the second example, the variable is given the name temperature, which indicates that it is probably a numeric value. Indeed, we have assigned the value 0.0 to the variable using the assignment operator (=). Note that all numbers in JavaScript are stored as 64-bit floating point numbers (i.e. double precision floating point numbers) giving possible values of between -(253 -1) and 253 -1. There is no distinction between integer and non-integer values.
Because of potential problems that can arise from the use of var, variables should now be declared using the let keyword. You should avoid the use of var as far as possible, although you certainly need to be aware of how it is used because it occurs in a huge body of legacy JavaScript code, some of which you may have to deal with from time to time. It also still makes an appearance in many popular JavaScript tutorials.
We could re-write the variable declarations above as follows:
let firstName;
let temperature = 0.0;
The main difference between var and let is that a variable declared with var outside of a function has global scope. In other words, it is visible from (and can be accessed from) anywhere in your code. Even if you declare a variable inside a block structure such as a for loop, the variable will still have global scope. In fact, before ECMAScript 2015, variables could only have local or global scope; JavaScript did not support block level scopes.
For reasons we won't elaborate on here, having a large number of global variables in a script is not a particularly desirable state of affairs. Obviously, since any variable declared with var outside of a function automatically becomes a global variable, the potential exists for our scripts to contain lots of global variables. The let keyword changes all that because a variable declared with let inside a block structure has block scope; it cannot be seen or accessed from outside the block.
Another change introduced by ECMAScript 2015 is the const keyword, which allows us to declare constant values whose value will not change over time. Unlike variables, which are declared with let (or var), a constant value must be initialised (i.e. given a value) at the same time it is declared. We saw the following example above:
Any attempt to declare a constant value using the const keyword without assigning a value to it will cause an error to occur. An error will also occur if you attempt to assign a different value to a constant after it has been declared.
Even though JavaScript does not have specific datatypes like integer or float or char, it does differentiate between the three most frequently used types of primitive datatype: strings, numbers and Boolean values. A string variable can be declared and initialised using a string literal inside either single or double quotes. Both of the following statements achieve exactly the same result:
let greetingString = "Hello World!";
let greetingString = 'Hello World!';
We have already seen that numeric variables are declared using numeric literals. If we enclose the numeric literal within quotes, however, we get a string:
let myValue = "12345.67"; // creates a string variable
Boolean variables can take one of two values, represented by the Boolean literals true or false. A Boolean variable is typically assigned the result of a logical operation or a comparison, for example:
let myBool;
myBool = (x === y);
if (myBool) {
document.write("x is equal to y");
document.write("x is not equal to y");
In addition to numbers, strings and Boolean values, there are two additional primitive value types that you will encounter: the literal values null and undefined. The difference between the two is subtle and can lead to confusion. Essentially, however, a value of undefined indicates that a variable has been declared, but has not yet been assigned a value. A value of null, on the other hand, can be explicitly assigned to a variable to indicate that it currently has no value.
There are also two special numeric values that are rarely used in scripts but that can nevertheless be quite useful on occasion. The first is NaN, which represents the value Not-A-Number. This value, which can be tested for, is the value returned when a Math function fails, or when a function trying to parse a number fails. The second is Infinity, which represents a number larger than the largest number that can actually be represented. An operation resulting in division by zero will return a value of Infinity.
The availability of these two values means that mathematical operations in JavaScript are safe. Even if we attempt to divide a numeric value by zero, or perform a mathematical operation on a non-numeric value, this will not result in a fatal error that causes our script to crash. The worst-case scenario is that the offending operation will return a value of NaN or Infinity.
There are two additional primitive datatypes that we have not so far mentioned that were introduced with ECMAScript 2015 - BigInt and Symbol. The BigInt datatype can represent integers larger than 253 – 1 (the size of the largest integer that could be expressed in JavaScript prior to ECMAScript 2015). Be advised, however, that the BigInt datatype cannot be used with existing JavaScript numbers. We will not be dealing with its use in these pages.
The Symbol datatype represents a token that is generated to serve as a unique identifier in place of a standard string identifier. Its primary purpose seems to be to serve as an alternative form of property key that avoids the possibility of the same string value inadvertently being used as the key for two or more different properties. Use of the Symbol datatype is a somewhat advanced topic, and we will not be dealing with it in these pages.
The datatypes we have described so far have all been primitive datatypes. A primitive datatype can only take a single value, and does not have properties and methods of its own (more on properties and methods in due course). There is however another broad class of datatype that you will frequently encounter in JavaScript - the object. In fact, anything that is not a primitive datatype is classed as an object. We will talk about objects in some detail elsewhere in this section.
One last point concerning JavaScript primitives is that they are described in various sources as being immutable, which means that once a primitive value (number, string or Boolean) has been created, its value can never change. You will probably find the concept of immutability somewhat counter intuitive, especially since we are applying it here to variables as well as constant values.
Obviously, as far as our program logic is concerned, the value of a variable must be able to change by definition. So how can the value of a variable be fixed? What actually happens is that, when you create a variable and assign a value to it, JavaScript allocates a block of memory big enough to hold the value, stores the value in it, and then associates the variable name with the address of that block of memory.
If you subsequently change the value of the variable programmatically, JavaScript creates a new block of memory to hold the new value, assigns the value to that block, and associates the variable name with the address of the new memory location. The contents of the original memory location remain unchanged, but that location is no longer referenced by any variable. Java Script has an automatic "garbage collector" that frees up memory that is no longer used so that it can be reused.
A JavaScript script consist of a series of instructions called statements. You can think of a statement as a piece of code that does something. Statements come in two basic flavours - simple statements and block statements (or compound statements). A simple statement occupies a single line and is usually terminated with a semicolon. Here are some examples of simple statements:
y = 2x;
const e = 2.718281828459045;
fullName = firstName + " " + lastName;
Note that the use of a semicolon to terminate a simple statement is not mandatory so long as it is the only statement on a line. It is however considered good practice to do so, and is the convention we will be adopting this in these pages.
A block statement is a series of zero or more statements enclosed within curly braces. Block statements are usually used to group together a number of statements to perform a complex task that cannot be carried out using a simple statement. Using a block statement allows you to use multiple statements in situations where JavaScript expects a single statement. The following if statement is an example of a block statement:
if ( loginAttempts > 3 ) {
accessAllowed = false;
alert ("Your access has been blocked.");
Note that a block statement should not be terminated with a semi-colon. The only exceptions are function expressions and object declarations. A function expression is an expression that contains a function definition whose value may be assigned to a variable, as shown in the following example:
let x = function (a, b) {return a * b};
An object declaration is the declaration of an object (or complex) variable. For example:
let person = {
firstName: "John",
lastName: "Doe",
eyeColor: "blue"
JavaScript statements often contain expressions. An expression is some combination of values and/or variables, together with operators that can be evaluated to produce another value (the result of the expression). Consider the following statement:
x = 5 * y + 10;
We have highlighted the expression part of the statement. As you can see, it consists of the values 5, y and 10, together with the multiplication operator (*) and the and addition operator (+). Expressions do not have to be numeric. They can be implemented using any kind of values. Consider the following code:
firstName = "Charles";
secondName = "Darwin";
fullName = firstName + " " + secondName;
alert (fullName);
In this example, the expression consists of three string variables. The addition operator (+) is used in this example to concatenate (join together) the three separate strings to create a new string value, which is then assigned to the variable fullName. Note that you should avoid using expressions that involve different kinds of variable, as the result will almost certainly be meaningless. For example:
amount = "10";
multiplier = 2;
result = amount * multiplier;
alert (result);
In this particular instance you would actually get a numeric result (20) from evaluating the expression, because JavaScript will assume that the value in quotes in the first line of code is should be interpreted as a numeric literal (i.e. 10). Suppose, however, that we had this instead:
amount = "Ten";
This time around the result will be Not-a-Number (NaN) because we are attempting to add a string value to a numeric value, and the result will be meaningless. JavaScript can't convert the word "Ten" to a numeric value, so we're essentially trying to apply a mathematical operator to a non-numeric variable.
Interestingly enough, swapping the multiplication operator for the addition operator will produce a result - the string value "2Ten" - because JavaScript converts the numeric value 2 to the string value "2" and then concatenates it with the word "Ten". You are, of course, unlikely to do anything like this in your code. But it's worth bearing in mind. We will, incidentally, be covering the topic of JavaScript operators in some detail in a separate article.
Blank spaces between the lines, words and symbols in a script are collectively known as whitespace. The purpose of some of this whitespace is to prevent the words and symbols from running together, which would render them more or less meaningless as far as the JavaScript interpreter is concerned. However, not all of the whitespace you will see in a typical script is actually necessary; much of it - probably most of it in fact - is ignored by the interpreter. So why is it there?
The simple answer is readability. Computers read program code sequentially, ignoring any additional white space they encounter. Once they have executed one program instruction, they move onto the next - whatever that happens to be. Human beings - or at least none of the human beings we know - can't cope very well with a continuous stream of written information, even when the information consists of simple sentences written in plain English (or whatever language you are familiar with).
That's why text on the page of a book, magazine or newspaper - or pretty well anywhere else for that matter - is broken up into headings, paragraphs and sentences. It gives us a chance to digest one chunk of information before we have to deal with the next. Programs and scripts are ultimately intended for the consumption of intelligent machines that are not encumbered by such constraints, but they are (so far at least!) written and maintained by human programmers.
Let's start by thinking about whitespace in individual statements. Consider the following statements, both of which do exactly the same thing:
let y=x*12;
let y = x * 12;
As far as the JavaScript interpreter is concerned, both of these statements will be treated in exactly the same way. From a human perspective, however, the second version is more readable then the first because we have left a space between the individual tokens that make up the statement (in the context of a script or program, the word token is a generic term for things like keywords, operators and variables).
We can also use one or more blank lines in our code to separate blocks of code that implement different programming tasks. This is a bit like the blank line that is often used to separate one paragraph from another on the printed page. Again, the JavaScript interpreter will completely ignore the additional lines, but to a human programmer it signals a break between different parts of the program, enabling them to concentrate on one logical construct at a time. Consider the following code fragment:
// This code uses three helper functions
let myObject = createObject();
objHandler(object);
doSomething();
// --- helper functions ---
function createObject() {
function objHandler(myObject) {
function doSomething() {
In this example, the script does whatever it does by calling three helper functions. The first block of code makes up the main body of the script, and consists of three program statements. The first calls a function that creates an object; the second calls a function that does something to the object; and the third calls a function that performs some final task. A pair of blank lines separates the main body of the script from the first function definition, and additional pairs of blank lines separate the function definitions from one another.
Note that the number of blank lines used between blocks of code is up to the programmer. We feel that two lines gives a good degree of separation, but do whatever you feel comfortable with. Note also that, although the order in which function definitions appear in a script usually makes no difference to the JavaScript interpreter, it's probably a good idea to keep them in the order in which they will be called as far as possible. That way, they will be easier to find if you need to change something at a later date.
You have probably noticed that we give each individual program statement its own line. You may also have noticed that not all program statements begin at the same level of indentation. To illustrate why we use newlines and indentation in the way that we do, consider the following piece of code, which defines a function to implement a simple bubble sort that sorts an array of string values alphabetically:
function bubbleSort(list){let sorted,temp;let n=list.length-1;let newList=Array.from(list);do{sorted=false;for(let i=0;i<n;i++){if (newList[i+1].localeCompare(newList[i])===-1){temp=newList[i+1];newList[i+1]=newList[i];newList[i]=temp;sorted=true;}}}while(sorted);return newList;}
Believe it or not this code works, despite the fact that it probably looks completely unintelligible to most people. The interpreter doesn't care about aesthetics, however, and will happily execute the code. We mere humans, on the other hand, need to make some kind of sense of the code, and as things stand that's going to be an uphill struggle. Let's see what we can do with some newlines and a bit of indentation:
function bubbleSort(list) {
let sorted, temp;
let n = list.length-1;
let newList = Array.from(list);
sorted = false;
for (let i=0; i < n; i++) {
if (newList[i+1].localeCompare(newList[i]) === -1) {
temp = newList[i+1];
newList[i+1] = newList[i];
newList[i] = temp;
sorted = true;
} while (sorted);
return newList;
Now we have given each program statement its own line and made some judicious use of indentation, our function definition is a lot more readable and (hopefully) easier to understand. Note that all of the code in the body of the function definition (i.e. all of the code between the opening and closing curly braces) is indented by two spaces in relation to the function header (the number of spaces you use for each level of indentation is usually a matter of choice; we tend to use two spaces in these pages).
The code inside the do ... while loop is also indented by a further two spaces to draw attention to the fact that we have a block of code here that will execute repeatedly while some condition is true. We're not done yet, however. Nested within the do ... while loop is a for loop, and within the for loop we have a nested if conditional statement. Each nested block of code is indented to a degree that reflects the level at which it is nested (don't worry if the loop and conditional programming constructs are not familiar to you. We'll be covering them elsewhere in this section).
You may have noticed that we tend to add spaces before opening parentheses and after closing parentheses (but not usually inside parentheses). The same goes for pairs of curly braces. The exceptions are function calls and function definitions; there should never be a space between the function name and the opening parenthesis that follows it (actually, doing so won't break your script; it's just considered bad practice for some reason).
As we have seen, an entire JavaScript script could, in theory, be written on a single line. It would however rapidly become very difficult to read and maintain. Using indentation and whitespace to make your programs readable, together with strategically placed comments to let you (or another programmer) know what is happening at various points in the code, is largely a matter of common sense. By all means adopt your own style in this respect, but bear in mind that there are many established conventions that have stood the test of time.
It is probably worth noting that the production versions of many JavaScript libraries are compressed by removing all whitespace that is not strictly necessary. This is done in order to reduce the file size of the library to optimise download times and performance, although it can be a little disconcerting when you open up the file and look at the code!
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