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The Fatality Inquiries Amendment Act
This is an unofficial version.
If you need an official copy, use the bilingual (PDF) version.
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S.M. 2017, c. 15
Bill 16, 2 nd Session, 41st Legislature
Bilingual (PDF)
This note is a reader's aid and is not part of the law.
The Fatality Inquiries Act requires the reporting of sudden or unexpected deaths and deaths that occur in specified circumstances. An inquiry must be conducted into all reported deaths. A medical examiner must conduct an investigation into a death if the inquiry raises questions about the manner or cause of death. The chief medical examiner may arrange for a judicial inquest to be held to examine the circumstances of a death and make recommendations to prevent deaths in the future.
This Act
clarifies the roles of investigators and medical examiners;
specifies who has responsibility for taking control of a body that is the subject of an inquiry; and
authorizes inquiries into deaths of Manitoba residents that occur outside Manitoba.
Amendments in this Act clarify when an inquest into a death is to be held. An inquest must be held if a person died as the result of the use of force by a peace officer. There is a presumption that an inquest is to be held if a person dies while in custody or while residing in specified provincial facilities. However, an inquest is not required in such cases if the death was due to natural causes and was not preventable or if there was no connection between the death and the supervision or care provided to the deceased. The chief medical examiner is not required to arrange for an inquest in specified situations.
The manner in which an inquest is called is updated. The amendments clarify the roles of the judge presiding at an inquest and counsel for the inquest. The ability of the Minister of Justice to call an inquest or have an active role in relation to matters under the Act is removed.
Act updated
Several provisions are rewritten or reorganized to improve readability. Outdated provisions are repealed. Consequential amendments are made to The Vital Statistics Act.
(Assented to June 2, 2017)
C.C.S.M. c. F52 amended
The Fatality Inquiries Act is amended by this Act.
The centred heading "INTERPRETATION" is added before section 1.
(a) in the definition "inquiry", by striking out "subsection 7(5)" and substituting "section 7.3";
(b) in the definition "inquiry report", by striking out "subsection 7(5)" and substituting "subsection 7.4(1)";
(c) by replacing the definition "cause of death" with the following:
"cause of death" means the medical cause of death according to the most recent version of the International Classification of Diseases as published by the World Health Organization; (« cause du décès »)
(d) by adding the following definition:
"custodial facility" means
(a) a custodial facility as defined in The Correctional Services Act,
(b) premises operated by a police service where people are detained, or
(c) a prescribed facility; (« établissement correctionnel »)
Interpretation: death that requires an inquiry
In this Act, a "death that requires an inquiry" refers to any type of death set out in subsection 7.1(1).
The centred heading "ADMINISTRATION" is added before section 2.
Clause 3(2)(a) is repealed.
Subsection 6(1) is amended by striking out "death to which clause 7(9)(a), (b), (c) or (d) applies" and substituting "death that requires an inquiry".
Subsection 7(1) is amended by striking out "the minister or".
Subsections 7(5) to (10) are repealed.
INQUIRIES AND INVESTIGATIONS INTO DEATHS
Deaths that require an inquiry
An inquiry into a death is to be conducted under section 7.3 if it appears that the death occurred
(a) due to accident;
(b) by suicide or homicide;
(c) suddenly and unexpectedly when the deceased appeared to be in good health;
(d) due to poisoning;
(e) due to a contagious disease that is a threat to public health;
(f) during pregnancy, or following pregnancy in circumstances that might reasonably be related to pregnancy;
(g) in any of the following circumstances:
(i) during surgery or the performance of an invasive medical procedure,
(ii) within 10 days after surgery or the performance of an invasive medical procedure,
(iii) while the deceased was under anaesthesia;
(h) within 24 hours after the deceased attends at a hospital seeking admission;
(i) while the deceased is in the custody of a peace officer or as the result of the use of force by a peace officer who was acting in the course of duty;
(j) as the result of
(i) contracting a disease or condition,
(ii) sustaining an injury, or
(iii) exposure to a toxic substance,
at the deceased's current or former place of employment or business;
(k) while the deceased is a resident in a facility under The Mental Health Act or a developmental centre under The Vulnerable Persons Living with a Mental Disability Act;
(l) while the deceased is imprisoned or detained in a correctional facility, jail or penitentiary;
(m) when the deceased is a child;
(n) in a prescribed type or class of facility or institution; or
(o) in prescribed circumstances.
Interpretation: suicide and homicide
For the purpose of clause (1)(b), the terms "suicide" and "homicide" do not include a death that is a result of the provision of medical assistance in dying as defined in section 241.1 of the Criminal Code (Canada).
Inquiry into deaths that occur outside Manitoba
If the death of a Manitoba resident occurs outside Manitoba in circumstances where an inquiry into the death would have been required if the death had occurred in Manitoba, the chief medical examiner may, in his or her discretion, direct a medical examiner or investigator to conduct an inquiry into the death.
When the chief medical examiner makes a direction under subsection (1), all provisions of this Act apply to the death as if it had occurred in Manitoba.
Inquiry into a death
When a medical examiner or investigator becomes aware of a death that occurs in any of the circumstances set out in subsection 7.1(1), he or she must conduct a prompt inquiry to determine
(a) the identity of the deceased;
(b) the date, time and place of death;
(c) the cause of death;
(d) the manner of death;
(e) the circumstances in which the death occurred; and
(f) whether the death warrants an investigation.
Taking charge of body
When an inquiry is commenced into a death
(a) the medical examiner or investigator conducting the inquiry must take charge of the body; or
(b) a police officer must
(i) take charge of the body when directed to do so by a medical examiner or investigator, and
(ii) comply with any additional directions from a medical examiner or investigator respecting the handling and transportation of the body.
Inquiry if no body
A medical examiner or investigator must conduct an inquiry into a death even if the body has not been recovered or located.
Inquiry report
The medical examiner or investigator conducting an inquiry must prepare a written report setting out his or her findings on the matters set out in subsection 7.3(1).
No opinion on culpability
The medical examiner or investigator must not express an opinion in an inquiry report with respect to culpability for the death.
Section 8 is amended by striking out "clauses 7(5)(a) to (f)" and substituting "subsection 7.3(1)".
Clause 9(1)(b) is amended by striking out everything after "made the inquiry," and substituting "the medical examiner who is directed by the chief medical examiner to conduct the investigation;".
(a) in the section heading, by striking out everything after "Mandatory investigation"; and
(b) by striking out "of a child".
(a) in the section heading, by striking out "minister or";
(b) by striking out "the minister or"; and
(c) by striking out "clauses 7(5)(a) to (f)" and substituting "subsection 7.3(1)".
Subsection 9(6) is amended by striking out "clauses 7(5)(a) to (f)" and substituting "subsection 7.3(1)".
Subsection 9(7) is amended by adding "— including personal health information as defined in The Personal Health Information Act —" after "extract information".
Subsection 12(1) is replaced with the following:
If a medical examiner conducting an investigation determines that an autopsy is required, he or she must engage a pathologist to perform the autopsy.
External examination
If a medical examiner conducting an investigation determines that an external examination is required, he or she must engage a pathologist to perform the examination, unless the chief medical examiner authorizes the medical examiner to perform the external examination.
Subsection 12(2) is repealed.
Subsection 12(4) is amended by striking out everything after "under this Act" and substituting "must submit an autopsy report to the chief medical examiner in accordance with directions from the chief medical examiner.".
Subsections 12(4.1) and (6) are repealed.
Investigation report
When a medical examiner has completed an investigation into a death, he or she must provide the chief medical examiner with a written report that includes the following:
(a) the medical examiner's determination of the cause and manner of death;
(b) identification of the documents on which the report relies;
(c) a recommendation as to whether an inquest into the death is advisable, including the reasons for the recommendation.
Subsection 15(1) is amended by adding "or investigator" after "medical examiner".
Subsection 15(3) is amended by striking out "subsection (1) or (2)" and substituting "subsection (2)".
Subsection 16(2) is amended in the part before clause (a) by striking out "death to which clause 7(9)(a), (b), (c) or (d) applies" and substituting "death that requires an inquiry".
Subsection 17(3) is amended by striking out everything after "to be a death" and substituting "that requires an inquiry.".
(a) in the English version, by striking out "that issues" and substituting "who issues"; and
(b) by adding "or investigator" after "medical examiner" wherever it occurs.
The centred heading "CALLING AN INQUEST" is added before section 19.
Section 19 is replaced with the following:
Decision to hold inquest
Following a review of the investigation report of a death, the chief medical examiner must determine if an inquest into the death should be held.
The chief medical examiner may determine that an inquest should be held if he or she is of the opinion that
(a) an inquest is necessary to determine the cause or manner of death or the exact circumstances in which the death occurred; or
(b) an inquest may enable the presiding provincial judge to recommend changes to provincial laws or the programs, policies and practices of the provincial government or of public agencies or institutions to prevent deaths in similar circumstances.
Discretion if other review being conducted
The chief medical examiner may determine that an inquest should not be held if
(a) the cause and manner of death and the circumstances in which a death occurred are already known; and
(b) a review into the death has been or will be conducted under another Act that will result in recommendations to prevent deaths in similar circumstances.
CME may make recommendations
The chief medical examiner may determine that an inquest into a death should not be held if
(a) the cause and manner of death and the circumstances in which the death occurred are already known; and
(b) he or she has made recommendations to the minister and any other person he or she considers appropriate on measures to prevent deaths in similar circumstances.
Presumption of inquest
Subject to subsections (6) and (7), an inquest into a death must be held if
(a) the chief medical examiner has reasonable grounds to believe that the deceased person died as the result of the use of force by a peace officer who was acting in the course of duty; or
(b) at the time of death, the deceased person was
(i) in the custody of a peace officer,
(ii) a resident in a custodial facility,
(iii) an involuntary resident in a facility under The Mental Health Act, or
(iv) a resident in a developmental centre as defined in The Vulnerable Persons Living with a Mental Disability Act.
An inquest is not required if a death occurred in any of the circumstances set out in clause (5)(b) if the chief medical examiner is satisfied that
(a) the death was due to natural causes and was not preventable and the public interest would not be served by holding an inquest into the death; or
(b) there was no meaningful connection between the death and the nature or quality of supervision or care provided to the deceased person by reason of the deceased person's status or circumstances as set out in clause (5)(b).
No inquest if public inquiry to be held
An inquest is not required if the death is or will be the subject of a public inquiry called under Part V of The Manitoba Evidence Act or the Inquiries Act (Canada).
CME to direct holding of inquest
If the chief medical examiner determines that an inquest into a death should be held, he or she must direct the Chief Judge to assign a provincial judge to conduct the inquest.
Single inquest for multiple deaths
The chief medical examiner may direct the Chief Judge to arrange for a single inquest to be held into two or more deaths if the facts or circumstances relating to those deaths are the same or are sufficiently similar that separate inquests are not required.
Sections 20 to 22 are repealed.
Section 23 is amended
(a) by renumbering it as section 36.1; and
(b) by striking out everything after "from the premises".
Section 24 is renumbered as section 36.2.
Assigning judge for inquest
When the Chief Judge receives a direction to hold an inquest, he or she must assign a provincial judge to conduct the inquest.
Inquest cancelled if public inquiry called
If a public inquiry into a death is called under Part V of The Manitoba Evidence Act or the Inquiries Act (Canada) after a direction to hold an inquest has been made, the inquest is cancelled.
The following is added as section 26.2:
Purpose of inquest
An inquest is a non-adversarial proceeding held for the sole purpose of establishing the facts necessary to enable the presiding provincial judge to prepare a report into the death under section 33.
Inquest not a civil or criminal proceeding
An inquest is not subject to the same rules of procedure and evidence that apply in civil or criminal proceedings.
Orders and directions
The presiding provincial judge may make such orders and directions as he or she considers appropriate for the fair and expeditious determination of the issues at the inquest.
Inquest counsel
When a direction to hold an inquest has been made, the minister must appoint a member of the Law Society of Manitoba to act as counsel for the inquest.
Subsection 28(1) is amended by striking out "examine or cross-examine" and substituting "question".
Subsection 28(2) is amended by striking out "examination or cross-examination" wherever it occurs and substituting "questioning".
Clause 31(4)(a) is replaced with the following:
(a) is acting as counsel for the inquest;
Inquest report
After completion of an inquest, the presiding provincial judge must provide the minister with a written report that sets out his or her findings respecting the following:
(e) the circumstances in which the death occurred.
Recommendations in inquest report
The report under subsection (1) may contain recommendations on changes to provincial laws or the programs, policies and practices of the provincial government or of public agencies or institutions to prevent deaths in similar circumstances.
(a) in subsection (1), by striking out "may" and substituting "must";
(b) in subsection (4) in the part after clause (b), by striking out "minister" and substituting "Chief Judge".
Section 34 is further amended by renumbering it as section 26.1 and by replacing subsection (2) with the following:
Inquest after criminal proceedings completed
Subject to subsection (2.1), an inquest may proceed when a criminal charge in respect of the death has been finally determined.
Cancelling inquest
26.1(2.1)
The presiding provincial judge may cancel an inquest if he or she is satisfied that
(a) the circumstances of the death have been adequately examined in the criminal proceedings; and
(b) the public interest would not be served by holding an inquest into the death.
Notice to minister
If the presiding provincial judge cancels an inquest under subsection (2.1), he or she must file a report with the minister setting out the reasons why the inquest was cancelled.
The centred heading "GENERAL MATTERS" is added before section 36.
Subsections 36(1) and (2) are amended by striking out "death to which clause 7(9)(a), (b), (c) or (d) applies" and substituting "death that requires an inquiry".
Subsection 38(1) is amended by striking out "the minister or" wherever it occurs.
Subsection 39(1) is amended by striking out "death to which clause 7(9)(a), (b), (c) or (d) applies" and substituting "death that requires an inquiry".
Subsection 40(1) is amended by striking out "to whom clause 7(9)(a), (b), (c) or (d) applies" and substituting "whose death requires an inquiry".
Clause 42(1)(a) is amended by striking out everything after "medical examiner or investigator".
Subsection 42(2) is amended in the part before clause (a) by striking out "subsection 33(1) or 34(2)" and substituting "subsection 26.1(2.2) or 33(1)".
(a) in the part before clause (a), by striking out "correctional institution, jail or prison" and substituting "custodial facility"; and
(b) in clause (a), by striking out "correctional institution, jail, prison" and substituting "custodial facility".
Clauses 44(g) and (h) are repealed.
If a direction to conduct an inquest into a death had been made under the former Act but the inquest had not yet started when this Act comes into force, the chief medical examiner must review the investigation report into the death again and decide whether an inquest should be held into the death using the criteria set out in section 19 of The Fatality Inquiries Act, as enacted by section 18 of this Act.
If the chief medical examiner decides under subsection (1) that an inquest into the death should not be held, he or she must give written notice of the decision to the minister, including the reasons why he or she decided that an inquest is not required.
If the chief medical examiner decides under subsection (1) that an inquest should be held into a death, he or she must direct the Chief Judge to arrange for an inquest to be held.
In this section, "former Act" means The Fatality Inquiries Act as it read before the coming into force of this Act.
CONSEQUENTIAL AMENDMENTS AND COMING INTO FORCE
Consequential amendments, C.C.S.M. c. V60
The Vital Statistics Act is amended by this section.
Deaths that require inquiry under Fatality Inquiries Act
Subject to subsection 17(2), if it appears that the deceased person died in any of the circumstances set out in subsection 7.1(1) of The Fatality Inquiries Act that require an inquiry to be conducted under that Act, no burial permit may be issued by the event registrar before
(a) an inquiry into the death is conducted under The Fatality Inquiries Act;
(b) a medical examiner completes and signs the medical certificate of death in accordance with subsection (4); and
(c) registration of the death is completed in accordance with this Act.
Subsection 14(7) is amended by striking out "and subclause (6)(b)(i)".
Subsection 14(7.1) is repealed.
Subsection 17(2) is amended by striking out "investigation" and substituting "inquiry".
This Act comes into force on a day to be fixed by proclamation.


When it comes to personal matters including the death of a loved one or managing your own assets, it is important that you get will dispute lawyers. These professionals have the industry experience and expertise to get you the best outcome possible. There are many factors that you could be looking at regarding these matters such as investing or even disputing someone's final wishes. Regardless of the specifics, having an expert in your corner will set you and your case up for success.
There are many different will dispute lawyers which makes it hard to find the one that is right for you. However there are some certain qualities these professionals should all have and that is what we will be exploring further.
One of and if not the most important quality you should be looking for is experience from some will dispute lawyers. Law is a very broad matter with many different sub aspects that people can specialize in. In saying so, will dispute lawyers have their own specialty field that they are an expert in. You would want an expert to take your case rather than someone with a specialty in another field.
To understand what specialty your solicitor has you can simply look it up on their website otherwise ask. There is no harm in asking questions and will make you feel a lot more comfortable if you are aware of every little detail that is going on with your case.
Sticking with that last point of giving you peace of mind with your case, having a solicitor that has effective communication skills will definitely achieve that state. While it may be all well and good to understand the law, if you can't translate that to your client they are going to be left in the dark and will ultimately become frustrated that there are details that they are unaware of. You should be looking for will dispute lawyers to have excellent communication skills so that they can talk about your case in a jargon free manner so you are fully aware what is going on.
Most firms offer free initial consultations which is a great avenue to ask them what their communication strategy is. Do they let you know of everything that is happening or will you have a weekly catch up on the new details that have emerged? Regardless, being aware beforehand will make the process a lot easier.
A quality you should definitely be looking for in a will dispute lawyer is their drive and determination to give you the results you are after. You don't want someone who simply sees you as another payday. When things in your case take a turn for the worse, you will want someone in your corner who will go above and beyond to make sure that things are resolved. While it may sound like a fantasy that the perfect solicitor will fight for you no matter what, they do exist and are always more than happy to help you out.
When they have the passion and determination for the law, they will translate that into their work which means you get to reap the rewards. Individuals who possess this drive will make sure that no avenue hasn't been explored to ensure that the strategy that they have put forward is the best choice to set you and your case up for success.


After another long, hard day sunbathing, we decided to take some photos in the evening because the Dolce hotel is quite spectacular at night.
After dinner, we had a quick session on the balcony admiring the views of the Mediterranean sea, and then we went outside.
Obligatory selfie by the Dolce pools.
We asked one of the Dolce guests to take a photo of us together.
Here is Beata. Behind her you can see the swimming pool and the restaurant on the right. On the left you can see some lovely houses nearby.
Next level up is a small deli that supplies drinks and food.
Like we said: Spectacular !


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We are STIHL exclusive for hand held equipment, however we can service most brands of lawn mower or riding mower that you may have.


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Posts Tagged 'University Mission Statements'
Mission Accomplished?
August 26th, 2014 | Author: James
Mission statements are constructed to give clear guidance and understanding to readers of an organization's focus. Universities are no different in this intent but vary in tone, focus and depth from one another. I am a research scientist in training, and so I looked at the mission statements of two prestigious research universities. One is a private university in the United States known for its deep pockets and impressive research capabilities. The second is a university in England that is one of the oldest of its kind and is known for being a great school of thought, history and research.
The american university kept its statement brief but generally all-encompassing, focusing on research, teaching, and service. Once this initial focus was set, the university went on to turn this statement into a set of goals where they would act as leaders on the forefront while encouraging creativity to that end. Surprisingly the university focused on the dissemination of knowledge and learning as a practice outside of the classroom and into the larger community. This is one way to discuss societal impact and steering without making it sound like a discussion on social skills and gatherings. The American university concluded its mission statement, goals, and values information stating that they want to complete these goals while valuing intellectual freedom in a way that encourage unfettered inquiry while promoting compassion and equality. The last word in the statement of values was "excellence."
The British university had a single sentence as its mission statement of course that ended with "excellence." Following that was over a page of "Core Values," and distinct headings that identified the focus area for each main set of values. These lists outlined perspectives on education, the relationship of the university with society, the colleges within the university, the staff of the university, and the other aspects of the university from athletics to cultural activities.
The British university's statement seems very different than the much younger private institution from the United States. The former took the time and effort to detail nearly every aspect of its habits as though it needed to use its incredible history to justify its size and activities. The latter of the two seemed to keep things light, affirmative and actionable. This active attitude imparts a dynamic mission of a university rather than a storied history of how things have always been done. The differences listed here are interesting and I wonder just how much they carry over into the everyday operations of the missions these universities seek to accomplish.
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Hold My Hand Jess Glynne Download 'Hold My Hand' on iTunes
Helen Mirren and Olivia Colman voice turtles in 'heartbreaking' Greenpeace film
Two Oscar-winning stars who have acted as the head of the monarchy are taking their talent to the depths of the sea.
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Dame Helen Mirren and Olivia Colman have landed new roles as endangered sea turtles in a film aimed at raising awareness of the crisis facing the world's oceans.
The stars, both famous for playing the Queen, voice the parts for Turtle Journey, made by Wallace And Gromit creators Aardman in collaboration with Greenpeace.
The animated short depicts a family of turtles facing oil drilling, plastic pollution and industrial fishing as they try to get home.
Oscar-winner Colman, who stars as Queen Elizabeth II in Netflix's The Crown, is voicing the family's mother
She called the project "heartbreaking".
"Sadly, the story of this turtle family trying to get home in a damaged and changing ocean is a reality for so many marine creatures that are having their habitats destroyed by human activities," Colman said.
"Most of us instinctively love the oceans and care about the amazing marine life that lives there, but far fewer people know how much pressure they are under.
"If we don't act now we risk causing irreversible harm to our oceans and losing species for good."
Colman said home was "the most important thing we have," being a "safe space for us and our family to live".
"But we're taking that away from turtles, whales, penguins and so many other incredible animals," she added.
Dame Mirren, who plays the family's grandmother, won the Best Actress Oscar for her role as Queen Elizabeth II in 2006 film The Queen.
She expressed sadness that her generation would leave future ones a damaged planet "which has already lost so much of the biodiversity that makes it special".
"During my lifetime, I've seen nature being destroyed on an unimaginable scale by human activity," Dame Helen said.
"However, we have a chance to do something now and leave a legacy of properly protected oceans to all the people who come after us.
"We can't bring back what we've already lost, but we can protect what we still have. I hope this film will help to make more people realise the ocean is worth protecting, and inspires us to act before it's too late."
Downton Abbey's Jim Carter, Game Of Thrones star Bella Ramsey, Stranger Things actor David Harbour and comedian Ahir Shah - all Greenpeace ocean ambassadors - also voice roles in the film.
Concerned about a warming planet, Ramsey said the world population and its descendants were watching the actions of governments.
"We, individually, need to play our part, but they, collectively, must act now to create positive, lasting and dramatic change," she said.
Greenpeace UK oceans campaigner Louisa Casson said the world's oceans were in crisis, with six out of seven sea turtle species threatened with extinction.
"Governments have an opportunity to take bold action at the United Nations this year when they meet to agree on a new global ocean treaty," she said.
"A strong treaty would pave the way for a global network of fully protected ocean sanctuaries, placing 30 per cent of the world's oceans off-limits to exploitation by humans and giving marine species such as turtles a chance to recover and thrive."
Turtle Journey ends with a call to action, urging viewers to sign Greenpeace's petition for a global ocean treaty.
According to Greenpeace, ocean warming and changing currents are forcing Pacific leatherback turtles to travel almost twice as far to reach new feeding sites in cooler waters after leaving nesting grounds.
Those findings come from research in French Guiana, where the population of turtle eggs on beaches is around 100 times smaller than they were in the 1990s.
Conservationists say the extra energy turtles use to get to the feeding grounds is likely to be slashing the number of eggs laid each season.
Greenpeace has released the short film as part of its push for a new Global Ocean Treaty at the UN summit and the publication of its report Turtles Under Threat.
(c) Sky News 2020: Helen Mirren and Olivia Colman voice turtles in 'heartbreaking' Greenpeace film
Australia bushfires: Three dead after water tanker plane crashes while fighting blazes


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Stanley Tucci Is Engaged to Emily Blunt's Sister Felicity!
By Justin Ravitz
Ian Gavan/Getty
Stanley Tucci found love again!
The Devil Wears Prada actor, 50, is engaged to Felicity Blunt — sister to actress Emily Blunt — a source confirms to Us Weekly.
"Stanley is very happy with her," the source says of British Blunt, who works at a London literary agency.
PHOTOS: Huge celeb engagement rings
Tucci and bride-to-be Felicity were recently set up by her famous actress sister Emily, with whom he worked in The Devil Wears Prada.
"Emily loved Stanley on the set of Devil, and just thought they would hit it off, so she set them up," the source explains, adding that Tucci has been making frequent visits to London to be with her.
PHOTOS: Stanley and other stars of The Hunger Games
It will be the second marriage for Tucci, whose first wife, Kate, lost her battle with cancer in April 2009. The spouses share three children together. "My wife was an extraordinary person who showed us all what great strength is," Tucci told the New York Post after her passing.
Explains the source of Tucci's bride-to-be: "It hasn't been easy for him getting into a new relationship, but Felicity is a lovely person and very warm and comforting." (Tucci, who does voice work for books on tape, shares a passion for literature with his new love.)
PHOTOS: Who's the hottest Brit?
The pair stepped out together Tuesday night at the afterparty for the fim Rampart held at Mondrian Soho in downtown NYC, where Blunt showed off a dazzling engagement ring.
With stars like Ben Stiller and wife Christine Taylor, Grace Gummer, Billy Crudup and director Abel Ferrara standing by, Tucci happily introduced Blunt as his fiancee and accepted plenty of congrats. "They looked completely content together," adds an observer.


Applicants whose score is greater than 35.71/100 are successfully accepted to the University and they can sign their contracts starting from 9th July 2018 at 11 am.
Applicants whose score is greater than 70/100 are allowed to skip the Preparatory Year and may start from the first level of bachelor program.
Applicants whose score is in the range between 30/100 and 35.71/100 are in the waiting list and they may sign their contracts starting from 23rd July 2018.
Please click HERE to review full results of admission test.
ALL the eligible students are required to collect their tuition fee contract in room 101, Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent.


Working women are leaving the church. Here's how to bring them back. Read more.
Homeschooling or considering Christian education? Here are five ways the Protestant Reformation significantly changed the face of education forever. Read more.
Here are guiding questions to ask yourself as you encounter forks in the road throughout your career. Read more.
If the Bible is our guide for faith and practice, why are so many of us getting lost? Read more.
5. What Are You Gifted to Do?
It doesn't have to be a mystery. Here are practical tips to discover your gifts and calling. Read more.
With all the resources on "work-life balance," why are people still struggling? Read more.
7. The Mirage of Democratic Socialism: Why Are Millennials So Attracted?
Millennials are increasingly supporting the idea of democratic socialism. What is it and how can Christians view it from a biblical perspective? Read more.
Let's face it, growing older is real. But if you've ever thought that it's too late to find your life purpose, think again. Read more.
9. Is Discerning Your Calling Becoming Your "Holy Grail"?
Be free from the need to always define yourself by your job. Read more.
In major life decisions, the most important question to ask is not "What?" or "How?" but "Why?" Read more.
Editor's Note: Setting goals for 2018? Check out this article and special message from IFWE's executive director, "Goal Setting as Servants of God." All of us at IFWE pray you have a blessed new year!


As we've discussed before, I'm a fashion designer, and that's how I spend the vast majority of my time. As such, it contributes to - and potentially exacerbates - my spinsterhood. So, as fashion is intrinsically connected to my spinsterhood, this week, I'd like to talk about the fashion industry and what it's really like. So, hold on to your hats!
When I was at FIT, I carried around a giant tote with assorted rulers, hip curves, french curves, rolls of pattern paper and oaktag that were taller than I am, T-pins, thread, and all manner of other things I needed to actually make a pattern, drape a garment, or stitch a seam. The schlepping was just part of my day. But, when I got my first job in an actual fashion company, I was delighted to find out there was little-to-no hefting involved. Well, not, at least, from home to work.
In the real fashion industry, I have never had to make a pattern or drape a dress. I'v never needed a hip curve, but I have definitely used plenty of T-pins. Below you'll find a list of the necessities for this real fashion designer.
1. A Mac with a giant screen: At home I work on a laptop computer so I can sit anywhere in my apartment (re: the bed or the couch) and watch Hulu or stalk people's online profiles. In the office, though, I like a nice, big desktop Mac. The bigger the screen is, the happier I am. As a fashion designer, I do a lot of computer drawing, so it is really important for me to be able to see things in great detail. As for the Mac platform, that's just my personal preference. I have worked at a couple of companies who only use the PC platform as their IT guys are much better versed in those systems. Additionally, the entire office is on a network server, and all other jobs besides design require PC computers. IT is always saying how the Mac's mess everything up, but I think they're just so much nicer.
2. A Wacom Tablet: I don't know what I would do without my Wacom tablet. For those of you who have never used a tablet to interface with your computer, I highly recommend it. It has a much more intuitive feeling and motion that works with movements you already use daily to actually write or draw. Once you work on one for a day or so, your hand-eye coordination will adjust so that you would so much rather use a tablet than a mouse any day.
My tablet is important because I draw so much on my computer, and in drawing, say, a ruffle, sometimes I need a freer movement than a mouse will readily allow. I find that the pen-to-tablet combo allows my drawings to look more natural and less stiff.
- Adobe Illustrator: This is, by far, my favorite part of Creative Suite, and it's the one I use the most. Fashion designers use this program to make flat sketches and technical diagrams to send to the factories. It's also useful in rendering graphic prints, and pretty much anything else you can think of that should be graphic or vector-based. I think this program is pretty amazing, and I love when I get to sit down and do a bunch of sketches for a couple of days in a row. It's calming.
- Adobe Photoshop: In truth, fashion designers probably don't really use this program that much any more. There are some people who are really into using photoshop to recolor things or render them, but this practice is seen as a little old-fashioned as with a Photoshop file, your dimensions can only be as large as you originally defined them upon first saving the file. With the need for extra-large printouts in fashion, this can be a bit of an obstacle.
- Adobe Bridge: I love Bridge. It's a great way to look at files without opening them. In CS4 and above, you can select a thumbnail of the file you'd like to see, press the spacebar, and it will become full-screen without your even having to open it. I really miss that function now that I'm back down to CS3.
- Adobe InDesign: I try to use this as little as possible. I know it's probably really useful, but I never learned it in school, and it doesn't really bear a direct relationship to the functionality of Photoshop and Illustrator. However, it's good for making documents, I'm told, though I'd just rather make mine in Illustrator and export them as a multi-page pdf.
4. T-Pins: You weren't expecting that one, were you? For some reason, in all the fashion design offices in which I've worked, the pin of choice is a #16 T-pin. This is the smallest size of pin, and to see a large, fat one is cause for a freak-out from our boss. All your pins must be uniform in size and shape. Fashion designers use them to pin pictures to boards.
5. Foam Core Boards: There never seem to be enough of the largest foam core boards. I think they're 48" x 36". Whatever they are, they're just shy of being as tall as I am, and they're wide enough to be awkward to carry. Most fashion companies like to use these for presentations and cover them in some sort of fabric for whatever reason. I always wonder why they don't just buy black boards and be done with it. But this is what you use the T-pins for.
4. A Clear Plastic Grid Ruler: This is much more important than I ever would have thought. I had never seen these rulers until I went to FIT, but once I got one, I was hooked. My personal preference here is the C-Thru Grid ruler with red lines in the 2" x 18" size. These are perfect for measuring just about anything you need to measure. I highly recommend them.
Well, friends, those are the essential tools to be a fashion designer. Check back tomorrow for another peek into the real world of fashion!


Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans have shown enhanced auditory cortex (AC) activations to attend sounds as compared with a condition when the same sounds are presented during a visual task [1-6]. Some studies also report that the distribution of AC activations to sounds during auditory and visual attention tasks differ so that the most pronounced auditory attention effects are seen in non-primary parts of AC in the lateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) while AC activations to sounds during visual attention are focused around Heschl's gyrus (HG) where primary AC is located [2, 3, 6]. Further, AC activations depend on the stimuli and characteristics of the auditory attention tasks [3, 7-11]. For example, AC activations to sounds are enhanced in the hemisphere contralateral to the attended ear as compared with activations in the same hemisphere during ipsilateral attention [12-15]. The functional significance of these modulations is not well understood but it is commonly assumed that the increase of AC activations during auditory tasks is due to activation of some additional processes required by active listening tasks, enhanced representation of task-relevant auditory information, or both. AC activations to task-irrelevant sounds may also be suppressed when attention is directed away from the sounds during, for example, a visual task [5, 13, 16, 17]. However, this idea has not been systematically investigated in fMRI studies. The present study was designed to directly test the hypothesis that suppression of activations to task-irrelevant sounds contributes to the attention-related AC modulations observed in previous fMRI studies.
fMRI data analysis is typically comprised of two-condition comparisons. However, based on a two-condition comparison alone, it is difficult to resolve whether the observed differences are due to increased activations during one condition or decreased activations during the other condition. Ideally, to study AC suppression effects, one would like to measure AC activations to sounds during auditory and, for example, visual attention tasks in relation to a neutral baseline condition when attention is not engaged to sounds or pictures. However, in practice, such neutral baseline is difficult to obtain. When there is no specific task (e.g., 'rest' or 'passive' condition), it is likely that subjects involuntarily anticipate the next task (beginning in a few seconds) or covertly attend to experimental stimuli or to complex sounds produced by the scanner and its cooling system. Instructing subjects to ignore sounds or to remain passive does not guarantee that no attentional resources are involuntary allocated . If AC activations during a baseline condition are contaminated by uncontrolled auditory attention effects, then it is possible that an illusory suppression is observed when AC activations during visual attention (activations to sounds when they are to be ignored) are compared with AC activations in the baseline condition (enhanced AC activations due to uncontrolled covert auditory attention). Thus, testing the suppression hypothesis is challenging as it is not easy to obtain a neutral strictly-controlled baseline when AC activations are not enhanced by attention to sounds (potentially leading to illusory suppression effects) or suppressed (blotting out suppression-related differences) because attention is directed away from the sounds.
Visual fMRI studies have shown that visual cortex activations to task-irrelevant pictures decrease as the difficulty of task at fixation is increased [18, 19] suggesting that the AC suppression hypothesis could be tested by systematically varying task difficulty in an attention-engaging task. In the present study, task difficulty was parametrically varied in three levels during visual and auditory selective-attention tasks. Subjects were presented with four asynchronous fast-rate stimulus streams throughout the experiment (Fig. 1): Left-ear and right-ear auditory streams consisted of broadband noise bursts. Temporal regularity of the noise bursts was manipulated so that there was a distinct pitch difference between the left and right ear sounds. In the auditory tasks (Auditory Left and Auditory Right), the subjects were required to selectively attend to sounds at the designated ear and to detect frequent (about once per second) pitch increases or decreases (small, medium or large pitch difference depending on the difficulty level) among the attended sounds and to indicate, by pressing one of the two buttons, the direction of the pitch change. The two visual streams, presented below or above fixation, consisted of Gabor gratings with varying orientations. In the visual tasks, the subjects were required to selectively attend to either visual stream, to detect orientation changes (small, medium or large orientation difference depending on the difficulty level) in that stream, and to indicate the direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) of the change. Based on previous studies, it was expected that AC activations to sounds would be higher during auditory attention than during visual attention and that AC activations would be higher in the hemisphere contralateral to the attended ear. Although the effect of task difficulty on AC activations has not been systematically studied in previous fMRI studies, it was assumed that increasing behavioral demands would increase AC activations to sounds presented in the attended ear. To test the suppression hypothesis, AC activations during visual attention and during ipsilateral auditory attention were examined. If increasing task difficulty during these conditions decreases AC activations, then the suppression hypothesis would be supported.
In 15-s blocks (alternating with 15-s baseline with no stimuli), the subjects were presented with broadband noise bursts (gray circles; duration 100 ms) with varying pitch and Gabor gratings with varying orientation in four (left and right ear, above and below fixation) concurrent, independent and asynchronous streams (within stream onset-to-onset interval 200–400 ms). In the auditory tasks, the subjects selectively attended to sounds presented to the left ear and ignored the input to the right ear or vice versa. In the visual tasks, the subjects selectively attended to Gabor gratings presented above fixation and ignored the pictures below fixation or vice versa. Throughout the experiment, subjects focused on a fixation mark which also indicated the current task. For example, an arrowhead pointing up instructed the subjects to attend to Gabor gratings presented above fixation.
Subjects (N=9, 5 women, all right-handed) were 23–30 years (mean 26 years) of age. All subjects had normal hearing, normal or corrected-to-normal vision, and no history of psychiatric or neurological illnesses. An informed written consent was obtained from each subject before the experiment. The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Finland.
Auditory stimuli consisted of bursts of iterated rippled noise (IRN, generated by iteratively adding delayed broadband noise, 3 iterations, duration 100 ms including a 5 ms linear onset and offset ramps). Asynchronous left- and right-ear sequences of IRN sounds were presented throughout all task blocks in the experiment. Within a sequence, sound onset-to-onset intervals varied randomly between 200 and 400 ms. Each sound stream contained either lower (pitch range approximately corresponding to 97–136 Hz, divided in 14 steps), intermediate (208–299 Hz, 14 steps), or higher pitch (466–687 Hz, 14 steps) IRN sounds. In each task block, sounds from one of these pitch groups were delivered to the left ear and sounds from another group to the right ear. In each sound stream, one pitch was repeated 3–6 times after which the pitch increased or decreased (Fig. 1).
Visual streams were constructed in an analogous manner using Gabor gratings (duration 100 ms, onset-to-onset interval 200–400 ms) presented below- and above-fixation (Fig. 1). The orientation of Gabor gratings varied from -60 to 60 degrees (in 14 steps). The onsets of visual and auditory stimuli were asynchronous.
During auditory tasks, subjects were required to selectively attend to sounds at the designated ear (Auditory Left and Auditory Right tasks) in order to detect pitch increases or decreases (1, 2 or 5–8 steps depending on the difficulty level) among the attended sounds and to indicate, by pressing one of the two buttons, the direction of the pitch change. During visual tasks, subjects were required to selectively attend to either visual stream, to detect orientation changes (1, 2 or 5–8 steps depending on the difficulty level) in that stream, and to indicate the direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) of the change.
The sounds and pictures were presented in 15-s blocks (30 Attend Left, 30 Attend Right and 30 Attend Visual blocks for each subject) alternating with 15-s breaks. During the breaks, the subjects focused on a fixation mark ('x') presented in the middle of a screen (viewed through a mirror fixed to the head coil) and waited for the next task. The fixation mark was replaced by an arrowhead 2 s before the onset of the next block. An arrowhead pointing to the left, right, up or down instructed the subjects to focus their attention to left or right ear sounds sounds or Gabor gratings presented above or below fixation, respectively.
The auditory stimuli were delivered with an UNIDES ADU2a audio system (Unides Design, Helsinki, Finland) via plastic tubes through a porous EAR-tip (ER3, Etymotic Research) acting as an earphone. The noise of the scanner was attenuated by the earplugs, circumaural ear protectors, and viscoelastic mattress inside and around the headcoil and under the subject. The experiment was controlled using Presentation software (Neurobehavioral Systems, Albany, CA).
The hardest difficulty levels were made intentionally highly demanding in order to reveal differences in brain activity between easy and hard tasks. Before the fMRI session, subjects were carefully trained to perform the demanding tasks (2(25 min of training 1-10 days before fMRI).
Mean hit rates (HRs), reaction times (RTs) and relative number of false alarms (FaRs) were calculated separately for each task and difficulty level. Responses (with both buttons) occurring between 200 and 1400 ms from target onset were accepted as hits. HR was defined as the number of hits divided by the number of targets. FaR was defined as the number of false alarms divided by the number of responses. Behavioral results were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVAs with factors Direction of Attention (above/left, below/right) and Task Difficulty (3 levels).
fMRI data were acquired with a 3.0 T GE Signa system retrofitted with an Advanced NMR operating console and a quadrature birdcage coil. Functional images were acquired using a T2*-weighted gradient-echo echo-planar (GE-EPI) sequence (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 32 ms, flip angle 90°, voxel matrix 96 x 96, FOV = 20 cm, slice thickness 2.1 mm with no gap, in-plane resolution 2.1 mm x 2.1 mm, number of slices 24). Based on an anatomical scout image (sagittal slices, slice thickness 3 mm, in-plane resolution 0.94 mm x 0.94 mm), the middle EPI slices were aligned along Sylvian fissures to cover the superior temporal lobe, insula and most of the inferior parietal lobe in both hemispheres. The functional scanning was divided in two 23 min runs resulting in approximately 2 × 690 images. After the first run, there was a short break during which subjects remained in the scanner and were instructed not to move their head or speak. After the functional scans, a fluid-attenuated inversion recovery image using the same imaging slices but with denser in-plane resolution was acquired (FLAIR; TR 10000 ms, TE 120 ms, voxel matrix 320 × 192, FOV 20, slice thickness 2.1 mm, inplane resolution 0.39 x 0.39). Finally, at the end of the session, high-resolution anatomical images were acquired (voxel matrix 156 × 256 × 256, resolution 1 mm × 0.98 mm × 0.98 mm).
Global voxel-wise analysis was performed using the tools developed by the Analysis Group at the Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB) and implemented within FMRIB's software library (FSL, release 4.1, www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl,). First, data from the the two runs were combined into one file for motion correction. The motion-corrected data was again splitted into two separate files, high-pass filtered (cutoff 100 s), and spatially smoothed (Gaussian kernel of 7 mm full-width half-maximum). First-level statistical analysis was carried out using FMRIB's improved linear model. Based on the timing information recorded during the experiment, each functional image was labeled as either attend left (3 difficulty levels), attend right (3 levels), or attend visual (3 levels), or baseline (15-s breaks with no sound stimuli). The hemodynamic response function was modeled with a gamma function (mean lag 6 s, SD 3 s) and its temporal derivative. Contrasts were specified to create Z-statistic images testing for task and difficulty effects. A second-level statistical analysis using fixed-effects combined the data from the two runs.
For analysis across participants (third level analysis), the data were anatomically normalized in the following steps: First, cortical surfaces were extracted from high-resolution anatomical images, transformed to spherical standard space, and anatomically normalized on the basis of the cortical gyral and sulcal patterns using FreeSurfer (v4.0.5, http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu). Next, the three dimensional (3D) spherical cortical surfaces were rotated and projected to a two dimensional (2D) space separately for each hemisphere using equal area Mollweide projection (Python libraries matplotlib and basemap, http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net). This procedure produced 3D-to-2D anatomical transformation matrices for each subject that were then applied separately for each subject to transform the results of the 3D second-level statistical analysis to 2D.
Finally, the group analysis (FMRIB's local analysis of mixed effects using automatic outlier de-weighting, N = 9) was run on these flattened data. Z-statistic images were thresholded using clusters determined by Z > 2.3 and a (corrected) cluster significance threshold of P < 0.05 (using Gaussian random field theory).
Subjects achieved acceptable performance levels in all tasks (Fig. 2; mean RT 819 and 943 ms in the visual and auditory tasks, respectively; mean HR 78 and 66%; mean FaR 6 and 5 %). RTs increased (ANOVA, Direction of Attention (above/left, below/right) x Task Difficulty (3 levels), linear contrast (Task Difficulty), visual task: F(1,8)=37, P<0.001; auditory task: F(1,8)=47, P<0.001) and HRs decreased (visual task: F(1,8)=48, P<0.001; auditory task: F(1,8)=67, P<0.0001) with increasing task difficulty.
Performance in the visual and auditory tasks as a function of task difficulty level (L1–L3).
AC activations to sounds in the absence of auditory attention were isolated by contrasting activations during the visual tasks with activations during the 15-s breaks with no stimuli. In both hemispheres, HG, areas posterior to HG (planum temporale), anterior insula and, in addition, areas in the right IPL were activated by presentation of sounds during visual tasks (Fig. 3b, blue and yellow; for anatomical labels, see Fig. 3g). General effects of auditory tasks were isolated by contrasting AC activations during auditory and visual tasks. AC activations were enhanced during auditory as compared with visual attention task in wide AC regions extending from the anterior to posterior STG and including HG (Fig. 3a, red and yellow). Auditory Left (Fig. 3b, blue and yellow) and Auditory Right (red and yellow) tasks activated (vs. visual tasks) similar areas (for individual subject data see Supplementary Fig. F1). However, left AC activations were higher during Auditory Right than during Auditory Left task (Fig. 3c, red). Correspondingly, right AC activations were enhanced during contralateral attention (blue).
(a, f) Activations shown on flattened mean 2D cortical surface (N = 9, threshold Z > 2.3, cluster-corrected P < 0.05 unless otherwise specified). (a) Activations to sounds in the absence of auditory attention (blue) were isolated by contrasting activations during visual tasks with activations during the 15-s breaks with no sounds. General effects of auditory tasks were isolated by contrasting all auditory tasks with visual tasks (red). Areas showing significant activations in both contrasts are shown in yellow. (b) Activations specific to Auditory Left (blue) and Auditory Right (red) tasks were extracted by comparing each auditory task (all difficulty levels) with activations during the visual task. For individual subject data, see Supplementary Fig F1. (c) Areas where activations were higher during the Auditory Left than Right (blue) and during the Auditory Right than Left (red). (d) Results of linear inverse contrast revealing areas where activations decreased with increasing visual task difficulty (threshold Z > 1.64 corresponding to uncorrected P = 0.05). For individual subject data, see Supplementary Fig F1. (e) Effects of task difficulty (linear contrasts) during Auditory Left (blue) and Auditory Right (red; threshold Z > 1.64 corresponding to uncorrected P = 0.05). (f) Areas where activations decreased (inverse linear contrasts) with increasing task difficulty during Auditory Left (blue) and Auditory Right (red). (g) Anatomical labels. STG superior temporal gyrus, HG Heschl's gyrus, IPL inferior parietal lobule (consisting of angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus).
Visual task difficulty did not significantly modulate AC activations. Only with a more lenient threshold (Z > 1.64, corresponding to uncorrected P< 0.05), clusters where activations decreased with increasing visual task demands were detected (Fig. 3d, blue; for individual subject data see Supplementary Fig. F1). These clusters were dominantly in the left hemisphere.
Increasing auditory task-difficulty did not significantly increase AC activations. Even with a more lenient threshold (Z > 1.64, corresponding to uncorrected P < 0.05), no substantial activation clusters were detected (Fig. 3e). However, during Auditory Right task (Fig. 3f, red and yellow) activations decreased with increasing task demands in areas of the anterior and posterior STG and during Auditory Left task (Fig. 3f, blue and yellow) in posterior STG.
The present study was designed to test whether AC activations to task-irrelevant sounds are suppressed during intermodal (auditory vs. visual tasks) and intramodal (auditory left vs. right) selective attention tasks in such a way that this suppression significantly contributes to attention-related modulations observed with fMRI. While most previous fMRI studies have shown enhanced AC activations to sounds during auditory tasks, some studies have also reported decreased AC activations when the sounds are to be ignored. However, it is not known whether such suppression of AC activations is a major or minor component of the attention-related modulations. The present study aimed first to demonstrate reliable intermodal and intramodal attention effects and, then, to examine whether suppression of AC activations during visual (intermodal attention) and ipsilateral (intramodal attention) auditory tasks is substantial enough to significantly contribute to these effects. As suppression effects and activation increases are difficult to disentangle from each other using two-condition comparisons, the present study used an experimental design in which task difficulty was parametrically varied: it was assumed that if suppression significantly contributes to attention-related modulations, then AC activations to task-irrelevant sounds should decrease when task difficulty is increased.
Behavioral data obtained during fMRI verified that the task and task-difficulty manipulations were effective: In both visual and auditory tasks, RTs increased and HRs decreased with increasing task demands. As expected, AC activations to sounds were higher during auditory than during visual tasks in areas extending from the anterior to posterior STG including HG in both hemispheres (Fig. 3a red and yellow; Fig. 3b and Supplementary Fig. F1). During intramodal auditory selective attention, AC activations were higher during contralateral than ipsilateral auditory attention in areas adjacent to HG (Fig. 3c). In general, the effects of task difficulty on AC activations were weak or non-existent (Fig. 3d-3f). In some AC areas activations tended to decrease with increasing visual task difficulty (Fig. 3d). However, these effects, most notable in the left anterior insula and left STG, do not match well with the observed robust AC attention effects (Fig. 3a red and yellow, see also Supplementary Fig. F1). During intramodal auditory selective attention, activations in some STG areas decreased with increasing task demands (Fig. 3f). However, this decrease did not systematically occur ipsilaterally to the attended ear and, therefore it cannot explain the enhanced AC activations observed during contralateral attention (Fig. 3c). Thus, although distinct intermodal and intramodal attention effects were detected, there was no systematic evidence for the hypothesis that suppression of AC activations to task-irrelevant sounds contributes to the attention-related modulations observed in the present and previous fMRI studies. Note that the present study was carefully designed to yield strong and reliable attention-related modulations. AC activation enhancements were reliably detected during both intermodal and intramodal attention conditions although intramodal (contralateral) attention effects are often more challenging to observe. Thus, it could be argued that the present study would have been able to detect suppression of AC activations to task-irrelevant sounds, if such suppression constitutes a major component of attention-related modulations. However, the present results suggest that suppression effects are small as compared with the strong attention-related modulations. Thus, it appears that the attention effects observed in the present and previous studies are mainly due to task-dependent activation enhancements and not due to suppression.
The present results seem in contrast with previous fMRI studies showing that visual-cortex activations to task-irrelevant visual stimuli are suppressed and decrease further with increasing difficulty of the relevant task at fixation [18, 19]. The retinotopic organization of the visual cortex makes it relatively easy to investigate activation differences between cortical areas processing stimuli in different locations of the visual field while in AC such topographic differences are less distinct. Previous fMRI studies have been able to reveal the tonotopic organization of different AC areas [6, 20, 21] but it appears more difficult to detect attention-related modulations of frequency-specific activations . Thus, although neurophysiologic studies in animals have shown that attention to one frequency enhances activation in tonotopically organized AC neurons preferring that frequency and suppresses activations in the adjacent neurons processing slightly different frequencies , the effect of such local suppression in topographically organized AC areas is likely to be negligible as compared with the strong and wide-spread attention-related AC modulations that are easily observed in fMRI.
Auditory and visual attention systems may also differ in their functional roles in behavior. For example, unlike vision, the auditory system receives and processes sensory information from all directions (including behind the head) and operates also in darkness and during sleep. It could be argued that, among other functions, the auditory attention system serves as a primary warning system detecting potentially significant events in the unattended environment. This idea is supported, for example, by the vast literature on the mismatch negativity (MMN) , an event-related potential (ERP) mainly generated in the bilateral AC, showing that even during highly demanding visual attention tasks [24-26] and sleep [27, 28] task-irrelevant auditory information is processed at least to the level where changes in the auditory environment can be detected. Thus, the contrast between previous fMRI studies showing suppression of visual-cortex activations to task-irrelevant stimuli and the present study finding no such effects in AC could be due to the more distinct topographical organization of the visual cortex and functional differences between visual and auditory attention systems.
Our recent study compared activations during two different auditory tasks, pitch memory and pitch discrimination, that were varied in difficulty . In general, we found that activations in the anterior STG increased during pitch discrimination but not during pitch memory tasks while IPL activations were increased during pitch memory tasks but not during pitch discrimination. Interestingly, we also found that as the difficulty of the pitch memory task increased activations in anterior AC areas decreased. This effect was not observed in the pitch discrimination task. We suggested that the decrease of anterior AC activations during the pitch memory tasks requiring only rudimentary pitch information was due to interruption of detailed pitch analysis that occurs as default for each incoming sound. Perhaps in the present study such AC suppression effects were small because the processing of task-relevant sounds during the present pitch discrimination task did not considerably differ from the default-mode processing of task-irrelevant sounds.
The present results suggest that attention-related modulations of AC activations observed in the present and previous fMRI studies are mainly due to increase of activations during the active listening task. Typically, suppression of AC activations to task-irrelevant sounds is likely to be small or negligible as compared with activation enhancements during active auditory tasks. However, strong AC deactivations may be observed in certain cases during demanding auditory tasks with conflicting processing requirements .
This work was supported by the Academy of Finland (grants #210587 and #135900) and Research Funds of the University of Helsinki. Special thanks to Ms. Suvi Talja for her help during data acquisition and in programming data analysis tools.
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 Dyson BJ, Alain C, He Y. Effects of visual attentional load on low-level auditory scene analysis Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2005; 5: 319-8.
 Sculthorpe LD, Collin CA, Campbell KB. The influence of strongly focused visual attention on the detection of change in an auditory pattern Brain Res 2008; 1234: 78-86.
 Sculthorpe LD, Ouellet DR, Campbell KB. MMN elicitation during natural sleep to violations of an auditory pattern Brain Res 2009; 1290: 52-62.
 Paavilainen P, Cammann R, Alho K, et al. Event-related potentials to pitch change in an auditory stimulus sequence during sleep Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl 1987; 40: 246-55.


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You reach for the door handle and it breaks. In that first instant you may think you're stuck in your car with no way out. Of course, you realize quickly that you can roll down the window and open the door from the outside, or even slide over and exit on the passenger side. Either way, you do have an escape route.
When this happened today, it started me thinking or, rather, remembering. Waaaaay back in the olden days, before cordless phones and caller ID, when the phone rang so seldom that you always went running to catch it, my boyfriend and I were alone in the house and got a little carried away.
But EVERY time we went too far in the wrong direction, the phone rang, and EVERY time it rang the person on the other end hung up as soon as I answered. After the fourth or fifth time, we realized we were in danger of being late somewhere and I had the sense to insist on us rushing to get ready to leave.
It was some time after this that I discovered 1 Corinthians 10:13.
What happened that day was clearly God making a way of escape for me, and it is a lesson I have never forgotten. If I give in to temptation, it's because I ignore the escape routes He has opened for me.
In the early 70s we moved into a "new" home, and my bedroom had hideous, antique wallpaper that I unsuccessfully tried to paint. Knowing we would be putting paneling over it, my mother gave me permission to "play," so I pulled out yet more paint…of course.
Leap forward several decades and you find my sister unearthing the evidence during renovations. She saved this piece for me and, given its history, I decided it was frame worthy and hung it by my bed; it's one of the first things I see in the morning.
I truly put it on the wall as a lark, but I find myself looking at it every day and smiling for various reasons. This morning, the smile came with the realization that my 12-year-old self was giving my 57-year-old self a great piece of advice: LIVE.
Don't just exist. Don't let the days merely drift by. LIVE THEM. It's YOUR life, given to you by God. Make the most of it.


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MusicAlbum Reviews
Featured Album Review: JPEGMAFIA – All My Heroes Are Cornballs
Album ReviewsMusic
Last year with the release of Veteran, Jpegmafia became the underground hip-hop fan's favorite ironic provocateur. His lyricism was self-aware, aggressive, and humorous. His beats were strange and infectious. He had been around for a few years prior, but Veteran was his true breakout. It was clearly a hip-hop album, despite its experimental qualities, but his new album makes a concrete genre descriptor a tad bit more difficult. It's filled with guitars, singing, and screaming. This was hinted at with the two singles, "Jesus Forgive Me, I Am A Thot" and "Beta Male Strategies," the latter of which featured a heavily distorted soul sample and very unstructured verses that barely qualify as rapping; while, the former of which is primarily propelled by Peggy's odd, gender swapping chorus. Identity is an important theme throughout Heroes as well. Whether it's a gender swap ("Jesus Forgive Me, I Am A Thot," "Thot Tactics," "PTSD") or an age swap ("No Child Left Behind"), he clearly has a complex relationship with who he is. He refers to himself as a "thot," a "slut," a "baby," and a "girl." He jumps from screaming on "JPEGMAFIA TYPE BEAT" to singing "No Scrubs" on "BasicBitchTearGas." Jpegmafia also has a lot to say about internet trolls ("Beta Male Strategies," "Rap Grow Old & Die") and their purported alpha-male status. On top of it all, Peggy releases an avalanche of celebrity references, comparing himself to everyone from Carly Rae Jepsen to Brian Wilson. Aside from all of the absurd song titles and lyrics, Jpegmafia is thematically consistent, his flows are inventive, and his beats are ever changing and flexible. He is one of the last artists you would think would make a beautiful song but he does just that on the absolute highlight "Free The Frail," which features a supremely gorgeous chorus. Jpegmafia's producer tag is relevant. He certainly feels that a lot of people think they know him, despite having no relationship with him at all. They think he's some sort of attention seeking left-wing troll. On All My Heroes Are Cornballs, he proves himself to be more complex than that.
-Leo pryor
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Also present: Road Commissioner Paul Carter, Planning Board Chairman Palmer Little, CEO Duane Ford, Fred Marston, Treasurer Cindy Reilly, Assistant Barbara Grindle.
1) Minutes of the last meeting read and approved.
3) Road Commissioner discussed tarring of the Old County Road.
4) Frank Peasley has applied for an oyster aquaculture permit north of Bears Head on the Bagaduce River.
5) Application to be made out for the Salt/Sand Shed. This is a 'shovel ready' project.
6) Nelson will do the specs for the Fire Department roofing job.
7) Putting a hold on the block grant until more information is gathered about the location of the anemometer.
8) Victor will contact Bill Jagger for information on the Small Harbor grant that he was working on.
9) The selectmen decided not to be responsible for burning the Snow's Cove Cemetery.
10) The Patten/4 Winds group now want to repair the building from the original state and then to upgrade all plumbing and wiring. CEO will write a letter to our attorney about discussing the new proposal only with the selectmen's agreement.
11) There will be a special election at the Town Office on May 27 at 6 pm regarding closing the Pertville/Polka Valley road to winter maintenance.


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A Generational Change in Streams, Trout, and Fishing Techniques
June 8, 2020 Children, Fishing, Maine, Maine Woods
These stories are in my book, A Lifetime Of Hunting and Fishing, published by North Country Press.
To a 12-year-old boy, it was wilderness, a place of fantasy, escape, high adventure. The wilderness was only a short half-mile walk from his house to the very top of High Street, into a tote road through a forest of sugar maples, huge oaks, and fir thickets, over the hill and into the next valley.
He'd seen bobcat, deer, partridge and lots of squirrels there, but it was along the small brook that meandered through the forested valley that he spent most of his time. That cold sheltered brook held wild trout, many trout, colorful trout, huge 6 and 7-inch trout. He dreamed of them often.
But the reality was even better than his dreams. Nestled in his backpack along with peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and candy bars, the boy carried a can of worms, usually dug from his 4-H award-winning garden out back of the house. Sometimes the can was brimming with huge night crawlers gently pulled from their holes on the front lawn during an evening rain storm when his parents allowed the boy to stay up late in order to replenish his crawler supply.
Sneaking across the lawn with a flashlight, quick reaction and fast hands were required to grab the crawlers, only partly out of their holes, and gentle hands to coax them all the way out of the ground without ripping the apart. The boy was an expert. Sometimes he did so well on a rainy night that he could sell his surplus to other fishermen, friends of his Dad. They used the crawlers to catch perch in Maranacook Lake.
He never told them about the trout in the brook up over the hill. Even then, he had an innate sense that too many fishermen could spoil a good thing. But he did take his buddies along sometimes and they'd make a daylong adventure out of it.
His fishing gear was basic stuff. The boy had an old rod hardly longer than himself and a small spinning reel, something his Dad had discarded. A plan bare hook was tied onto the end of strong monofilament line, line hefty enough that he never lost a hook to bottom. Ever. Which was a good thing because he only had a couple of hooks.
His fishing technique was simple too. Sneak along the alders, poke the rod out over the brook just above those places where he knew a trout would be hiding, dip the hook with a gob of worms into the water, let it drift past the hiding place, and when the trout darted out, give the rod a sharp yank which hooked the fish and pulled it right out of the water and onto the bank all in one motion.
The boy knew his water, every riffle, deep pool, long bank. He didn't know this was called reading the water. He just knew where those trout lived. And he got to be an exceptional trout fisherman. Returning home on late afternoons with a creel – really just an old canvas bag he'd found in the barn – full of ten 6 and 7-inch trout – well, that was the finestkind of living for a twelve-year-old boy.
He'd clean the trout after he got home and his Mom would fry them up in corn meal in a huge old cast iron skillet for supper, with lots of praise for her little sportsman who could feed his family. And boy, did those trout taste great. For the rest of his life there'd be no finer meal than wild brook trout, fried.
Of course things change, even deep cold fast rushing brooks, and when the boy returned to town after college to settle into the banking profession and trudged one Saturday morning up to the end of High Street, he was surprised to find that the street had been extended deep into his wilderness. Much of the forest was gone and the last half mile of the brook he had fished so many times now flowed through a housing development.
He fished the entire length of the brook that day and caught only four trout, all less than 6-inches long. You can't go back, even to fish.
So the boy moved on, buying a 12-foot boat to troll the lakes for brown trout that were introduced to a lot of Maine waters that could no longer grow brook trout because of diminished water quality. Some thought the trout were lost when water in the small tributaries which fed the lakes was warmed by timber harvesting and development along their banks. Those tributaries had been trout factories in the old days. The young man thought about that, content to gas up the boat and troll for hours up and down the lake.
Sometimes he'd hit the ocean for a cooler full of mackerel taken on Christmas-tree rigs six at a time as he and his Dad trolled John's Bay in Pemaquid. Lots of fun. Nothing like taking six fish at a time.
He clung to his worms too, filling up buckets with white perch during their spring spawning run and taking stringers of huge bass off their spawning beds in late May and early June with those old reliable night crawlers.
Marriage and children intruded, reducing fishing time, but before he knew it, the kids were old enough to fish. He took them perch fishing. Soon they could fling a worm and bobber out there with the best of them. A feast of fried perch wasn't hard to take either. But the kids never fished on their own. "Kids these days have too many things to do," he often said.
Occasionally, he day dreamed about that wilderness trout stream up over High Street, but that only made him sad so he stopped thinking about it.
He progressed in his profession, started his own consulting business, and soon had amassed enough savings to think about buying a camp someplace up north in the real wilderness. More and more he found himself thinking about the old brook, those colorful trout, wilderness adventures.
His boy was ten-years-old and his girl was seven when the perfect camp was found on Sourdahunk Lake just outside the northwest corner of Baxter Park, a forever wild sanctuary of 46 mountains, dozens of small ponds and miles of mountain streams. And oh yes, lots of wild brook trout.
Just one problem. Almost all of the waters were fly-fishing-only. He'd read a bit about fly fishing but never tried it.
But the camp was perfect, the setting sublime, and they bought it in September as the brookies began to spawn. Oh, how beautiful those fish were – and how difficult to catch.
With a borrowed fly rod and a few Royal Coachman flies, he flayed the water in great frustration. And caught just one trout all month. But it was gorgeous, 13-inches long and very tasty.
One month, one fish, but he was hooked on fly fishing.
The next spring, before going to camp, he attended LL Bean's introductory fly fishing school, a three-day adventure after which he headed to Sourdahunk with much more enthusiasm – and an improved casting motion – and of course with a lot more gear.
The new 8-weight rod and a world class collection of flies also helped. He caught a few fish, enough to feed the family a supper of fried trout several times in May and June. Yummy.
His boy began joining him at times, spending his time practicing casting with an old fly rod which his Grampy purchased at a yard sale and left at camp. Even Grampy was trying this new fly fishing thing.
But what really caught his attention was the daughter, casting from shore using an alder branch and string that her brother rigged up for her. She was amazing to watch. She really had the motion and rhythm down pat. Her little arm made a compact cast which was stunning in its simplicity and effectiveness.
One afternoon he took the kids to a nearby trout stream where worms were allowed and they limited out. But something didn't feel right. The trout were tiny, barely legal at 6 inches. Didn't fish that size used to thrill him, he wondered?
So the next time they tried the trout stream, they took the fly rods and did just as well. And because they'd eaten their fill of trout by that time, they released every single trout. It felt kind of good. As they trudged down the stream on their way out, a deer stepped into the water about 50 feet away and began drinking. When they got back to camp there were plenty of stories to tell. The empty creel didn't seem all that important.
And finally one evening as they enjoyed a stunning sunset while casting to rising trout on the lake, his son finally hit a ring and caught a trout, an eleven-inch beauty, his very first fish with a fly rod. Keeping his rod tip high he handled it like a pro bringing it quickly to the side of the boat. But when the father reached out to lift the fish into the boat, he heard his son say, "Dad, we don't need that one. Can we let it go?"
The boy's first big trout on a fly rod. And he wanted to let it go. The father couldn't believe it and tried briefly to talk his son into keeping the fish, but the boy persisted. Lifting the fish gently from the water, the father twisted the fly out of the trout's mouth, and gently released it back into the water.
After that the father started to admire the boy's casts. Somehow, quite suddenly, the boy was hitting every ring. And the father was busy releasing trout, almost too busy to fish himself. The next time the father did manage to catch a fish, he heard the boy say again, "Dad, we don't need that one. Let it go."
Oh, it was hard. Catch-and-release was not his heritage. Trout in the creel was how he judged his success. It just didn't seem right to let a keeper go. But for the boy's sake, the father began releasing fish that evening.
Eventually, with both his son and daughter releasing nearly all their fish, the father caught the spirit. Now they measured their success by how many fish they released. Two or three suppers a summer of fried trout were sufficient. The rest went back into the lake.
He started thinking about that boyhood stream and all the fish he'd taken out of it. Could he have ruined it, before the developers ever arrived?
When his daughter was nine she could cast a beautiful line, so he bought her a 7 ½ foot 4-weight rod (Ok, so he planned to use it himself too on some of those small alder-choked streams). The boy was twelve and tying flies by then and had become nearly a fanatic about fly fishing. He'd gotten a nice 8 ½ foot 7-weight rod for Christmas.
But the father could still out fish the boy most of the time.
Then one evening, when he had taken the boat out alone for the last half hour of fishing after the sun had set, to catch one fish for his morning's breakfast, it happened.
The biggest trout of the evening was just 10 inches long, a bit disappointing in a lake that held lots of 13 and 14-inch fish. But he kept it and returned to camp. Stepping onto the camp's porch, he heard the boy exclaim, "Dad, wait til you see my fish!"
Leading the father to the cooler on the porch, the boy shined his flashlight on a monstrous trout, a 16-inch beauty, the largest ever caught by our family here at camp. The boy had cast from shore shortly after sunset and landed the huge trout.
"Gee, Dad, what's that puny fish you've got in your hand there," laughed the boy.
He ignored the barb. Looking longingly at his boy's trout he replied, "Son, that is a fantastic fish."
It was the only fish the boy kept all summer.
So it was that a twelve-year-old boy fishing a stream near home with worms and filling his creel nearly every time with 6-inch brook trout, turned into a different twelve-year-old boy casting flies to eager wild brookies on a northern pond and keeping only a single fish all summer long.
← Great chance to get rid of lead sinkers	A boy's frightening night hike through a bog →


The country finds itself in the throes of a mediocre bartender turned climate "expert", it may well be that her comments on climate changes require another look. Doing her best Al Gore imitation she has declared that the Earth has only twelve years left. No questions on how she decided on twelve years and no evidence has shown that she even knows what she is talking about. Of course, she has the answer, a Green New Deal that would take our country back to the Stone Age. Not well thought out, the Green New Deal is nothing more than using the climate as a reason to control everything on the planet in the manner of progressive socialist agendas.
Now while there are those that do nothing more than nod with glassy eyes and parrot what she claims, they loudly spew forth that the Associated Press and the IPCC have both proclaimed that it has now become (again) a "life or death" matter. The rest of us, the sane people would appreciate a little evidence of what she proclaims we all must follow. The radical policies of the global warming Nazis continue in the attempt to force these policies on everyone, even going so far as influencing our children and teaching them how to confront those who disagree.
They use fear to warn of mass starvations, the collapse of farming overpopulation, and an ecological disaster to cause our children to fall in line with radical policies that follow the agenda of lies that they spew forth. They have taken to pressuring scientific journals not to publish dissenting views and have even caused the resignations of many editors who disagree with them through government coercion. As we see now with our Bartending climate "expert", anyone can parrot the climate change lie. She and many like her are willing to sacrifice millions of people for the radical environmental agenda based on falsehoods and lies.
The agenda has been around for quite a long time. After the Second World War, and with France in ruins, General Charles de Gaulle envisioned using the environment as a way to bring France back on the world stage. In 1968 he formed the French Federation of Nature Protection Societies (FFPSN) to assist in bring France to the pinnacle of the environmental movement. Russia was also an enthusiast of the government constraints imposed in the name of the environment. They are assuming that this could be used as a way to undermine the United States and make it easier to expand into Western Europe. The constraints on industry and its effect of the environment was not a concern to the Soviet Union as they had no intention of following the constraints themselves.
Now we have the progressive socialists in the Democrat party using this same agenda to push for renewable energy to alleviate the environmental impact on the planet. They will not and cannot understand that a massive economy like ours will never survive being powered by windmills. They refuse to acknowledge that oil is one of the largest industries worldwide, second only to IT, and the engine that promotes progress economically and strategically. The environmentalists and global warming Nazis refuse to admit that civilization is solidly based on oil, and other forms of carbon-based energy and that the agenda they have laid out will return the world to the 1500s.
The newest agenda-driven fear is the scare of crop failures in India, Bangladesh, Syria, and Honduras. The Climate Change Nazis claim that millions of Indian farmers have been displaced and devastation over the Indian subcontinent is being caused by, of course, global warming. Actual numbers show that as the frost season slows, soil moisture improves and atmospheric carbon helps to fertilize crops, farm yields have increased. The Indian government has demonstrated that food grains increased in 2016, 2017 and 2018 with wheat at an all-time high of 99.70 metric tons and rice at 112,91 metric tons. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has shown that Indian Farmers have set new records almost every year this decade.
Bangladesh, another country mentioned in the study, also has enjoyed increasing crop yields and grain production over the same period. Crop production in Bangladesh has risen by a third in the past ten years. The World Bank reported that agricultural production had been the driving force in poverty reduction in the country since 2000.
In Honduras, another country mentioned in the report, the production of coffee, rice, wheat, and maize have continually moved higher every year since 2013 as documented by the International Food Policy Research Institute.