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Market Commentary: S&P 500 Finishes Second Year of Pandemic 28.7% Higher Than It Started
Chelsi Balfour
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2021 was a very happy year for U.S. stock investors. The S&P 500 finished the second year of a pandemic 28.7% higher than it started the year. Other countries did not do as well. The MSCI ACWI, which includes U.S. stocks, rose 18.5% in 2021. Those returns are still very impressive, but they lag behind the S&P 500. Bonds declined slightly. The Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index slipped 1.5% last year.
Key Points for the Week
The S&P 500 returned 28.7% in 2021 as large U.S. companies continued to outperform many asset classes.
Valuations on the S&P 500 remain above average even though strong earnings have helped reduce ever higher valuations from late last year.
Industrial production data from Japan and South Korea show those two countries are helping to ease the shortage of semiconductors and automobiles.
Earnings are likely to have grown more than 45% in 2021, based on the first three quarters of results and estimates for the fourth quarter. As shown in Figure 1, the strong earnings growth allowed the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio to drop in 2021 even though markets moved significantly higher. While valuations have declined, they remain above average and are being supported by low bond rates. Figure 1 shows the next 12-month earnings (NTM) have fallen from a peak of 30 to just under 25. The last 12 months (LTM) P/E ratio has also declined.
Moving back to fundamentals, industrial powerhouses Japan and South Korea reported strong bounces back in industrial production after having slowed in October. Strength in auto and semiconductor manufacturing boosted Japan to 7.2% growth and South Korea to 5.1% growth.
Weekly results were in line with the yearly themes. The S&P 500 index added 0.9% last week. The MSCI ACWI gained 0.8%. The Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index added 0.2%. The U.S. employment report will headline a series of key labor market reports this week.
Three Big Shifts in 2021
Why do people set New Year's resolutions? Humans use auspicious dates, such as New Year's or birthdays, to evaluate their lives and plan for next steps. Nothing stops us from setting our next big goals on August 10, but those with birthdays on that day are much more likely to do so than the rest of us.
The downside of this approach is we start to lump time periods together based on the calendar and attribute more meaning to those periods than they deserve. A natural consequence is failing to notice major changes because the annual data obscure some underlying movement.
In this week's update, we review three keys shifts from 2021 that will likely shape markets in the coming year.
The biggest shift occurred in interest rate policy. The supply shortages and government stimulus proved too much for supply structures, and the Fed turned hawkish as inflation rose. The first step was to begin reducing extra purchases of government bonds and mortgages. Once those extra purchases have tapered to zero, the Fed signaled it will likely move rates away from the near 0% rate it established shortly after the pandemic began.
Chinese Policy
China shifted away from a free-market approach for its most innovative companies and moved toward reining them in with more regulation. Those companies had made their founders and others very wealthy. But rather than embrace that growth, President Xi Jinping sought to reshape it with an emphasis on a broader distribution of wealth. The resultant risk for Chinese companies is one reason emerging markets finished lower last year.
Another example of the calendar giving the wrong impression comes from style box performance. "Small value" was the top performing style box in the Morningstar Style Box universe, rising 31.8% last year and beating out second place "large core," which rose 29.3%. It would be logical to assume small-cap value had some momentum going into 2022. But the truth is small-cap value built up a big lead and then limped to the finish. In the first five months of the year, small value gained 31.5% and outperformed large core by more than 20%. For the last seven months small value barely moved while large core posted steady gains.
2021 will go down for most of us as the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic. As we enter the third year of wrestling with the virus, our focus will rightly be on managing life. Yet, some major shifts are occurring that may turn out to be very important next year, especially if COVID begins to fade.
This newsletter was written and produced by CWM, LLC. Content in this material is for general information only and not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. All performance referenced is historical and is no guarantee of future results. All indices are unmanaged and may not be invested into directly. The views stated in this letter are not necessarily the opinion of any other named entity and should not be construed directly or indirectly as an offer to buy or sell any securities mentioned herein. Due to volatility within the markets mentioned, opinions are subject to change without notice. Information is based on sources believed to be reliable; however, their accuracy or completeness cannot be guaranteed. Past performance does not guarantee future results.
The Standard & Poor's 500 Index is a capitalization-weighted index of 500 stocks designed to measure performance of the broad domestic economy through changes in the aggregate market value of 500 stocks representing all major industries.
MSCI ACWI INDEX
The MSCI ACWI captures large- and mid-cap representation across 23 developed markets (DM) and 23 emerging markets (EM) countries*. With 2,480 constituents, the index covers approximately 85% of the global investable equity opportunity set.
Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index
The Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index is an index of the U.S. investment-grade fixed-rate bond market, including both government and corporate bonds.
Morningstar U.S. Small Cap Value
The index provides a comprehensive depiction of the performance and fundamental characteristics of the Small Value segment of U.S. equity markets. This Index does not incorporate Environmental, Social, or Governance (ESG) criteria.
Morningstar U.S. Large Core
The index measures the performance of US large-cap stocks where neither growth nor value characteristics predominate. This Index does not incorporate Environmental, Social, or Governance (ESG) criteria.
https://assets.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltabf2a7413d5a8f05/blte17a5c5c6424f2b8/5e6b98f7c745241f422a79ae/INS_INX_OneSheet.pdf
https://indexes.morningstar.com/our-indexes/details/morningstar-us-large-core-FSUSA00KGW?currency=USD&variant=TR&tab=overview
https://indexes.morningstar.com/our-indexes/details/morningstar-us-small-value-FSUSA079P8?currency=USD&variant=TR&tab=overview
https://www.wsj.com/articles/xi-jinping-aims-to-rein-in-chinese-capitalism-hew-to-maos-socialist-vision-11632150725
https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5wYWNpZmljLWNvbnRlbnQuY29tL2Nob2ljZW9sb2d5/episode/OTI2ZTgzZDktZGNmYi00OWNlLWJlMTctMjVlZTY4NDdiZDEx?hl=en&ved=2ahUKEwjAzZXbhJT1AhXGklYBHR31AVEQieUEegQIAhAF&ep=6
https://www.factset.com/hubfs/Website/Resources%20Section/Research%20Desk/Earnings%20Insight/EarningsInsight_121721A.pdf?hsCtaTracking=31d0f488-5c02-4193-b93b-f1708067f4fa%7Cb994622e-6b82-4c98-ad34-76c848088314
Compliance Case #01230023
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Market Commentary: U.S. Inflation Challenges Likely Linked to Robust Government Aid, Policy Changes
Inflation remains a challenge to the U.S. economy. CPI rose 0.5% in December and surged 7.1% during the last year. It wasn't all food and energy prices. Core inflation, which excludes those more volatile elements, increased 0.5% as well. As the bright blue line in Figure 1 shows, inflation …
Market Commentary: Job Surveys Show Conflicting Data; Fed May Shrink Balance Sheet Sooner Than Expected
The employment report released last week may have raised more questions than it answered. The establishment survey, which surveys businesses, showed only 199,000 jobs were created, missing expectations of 400,000 (Figure 1). The household survey gave a very different picture. Unemployment f …
Market Commentary: Inflation Continues to Challenge U.S. Economy as Key Indicators Rise
The PCE price deflator confirmed inflation remains a strong challenge for the U.S. economy, rising 0.6% last month and 5.7% in the last 12 months. The annual increase was the highest since 1982. Core PCE inflation rose 0.5%, suggesting food and energy prices rose only slightly more than bro …
Market Commentary: Fed Addresses Inflation Concerns, Doubles its Pace to Reduce Bond Purchases
The Federal Reserve announced last week it would reduce its bond purchases faster than expected and signaled it intended to raise interest rates up to three times next year. The purchases were being reduced by $15 billion per month and will now accelerate to $30 billion per month, and the p …
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Russ & Daughters to open Hudson Yards location
This famed NYC institution is embarking on its next big step: a new uptown expansion.
Russ & Daughters, the iconic Lower East Side appetizing hotspot, has announced it's set to open a shop farther north — in Hudson Yards.
The 109-year-old seller of smoked salmon, bialys, rugelach and other Jewish delicacies will cut the ribbon on its new, 4,500-square-foot 502 W. 34th Street counter, seat-yourself dining area and private event space next spring. The counter will offer hand-sliced fish via a take-a-number system and there will also be a glass-encased bagel bakery, as well as a caviar and champagne bar. The branch will be open seven days a week and offer delivery within Hudson Yards.
"Congruent with the feel of existing Russ & Daughters establishments, this new location will also include hand-painted lightboxes, neon signs, original artwork and appetizing showcases," reads a press release.
It's located at the base of 50 Hudson Yards which, at 2.9 million square feet and 1,011 feet tall, is the developer-built neighborhood's largest commercial office building. Other building residents will include the investment management company BlackRock and social-media giant Meta.
The shop is set to open in spring 2023.
Courtesy of Hudson Yards
Currently, Russ & Daughters maintains a retail space in the Brooklyn Navy Yard as well as the original shop and cafe on the Lower East Side. (The cafe reopened this July following a two-year pandemic closure.)
"This newest Russ & Daughters will provide an immersive appetizing experience that celebrates our roots in the Lower East Side and the innovative spirit of New York," fourth-generation Russ & Daughters co-owner Niki Russ Federman said in the release.
The shiny West Side office tower will be quite a contrast to Russ & Daughters' humble history: The business was begun in 1907 by a Polish-Jewish immigrant named Joel Russ who peddled herring from a pushcart until, in 1914, he'd saved enough to open a brick and mortar store on East Houston Street.
Rob Gronkowski's former Tampa party pad penthouse asks $5.4M
NYC's first fungus festival welcomes mushroom-curious amateurs

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Conservationists began to speak out against the use of certain real animals for fur-particularly, big cats -in the mid-`60s. In 1968, members of the Audubon Society picketed in front of luxury fashion store Saks Fifth Avenue. At the time, they claimed not to take issue with the fur industry as a whole, simply the use of endangered animals. But the attacks mounted over the next few years as activists broadened their missions to include the overall well-being of animals and not simply their conservation in the wild.
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Home IT Management
Navy-EDS Deal Hits Troubled Waters
Paula Musich
One year into the largest government outsourcing contract ever awarded, the going has been anything but smooth sailing for the $6.9 billion Navy Marine Corps Intranet project.
Not only is political support for the closely watched deal wavering, but also, due to scope creep, outsourcing provider Electronic Data Systems Corp. has so far taken over only a fraction of the 360,000 desktop systems the deal calls for. As a result, the future of the hulking project—and all other huge government outsourcing deals—is in question.
Despite some observers doubts and persistent obstacles in the early stages, officials from the Department of the Navy and EDS said they are pressing ahead with the plan to rebuild the military organizations IT infrastructure. They remain confident that the NMCI will serve as a model for other large government outsourcing deals.
The NMCI deal calls for EDS to pull together the 360,000 desktop systems and 200 networks across Navy and Marine commands into a single intranet starting with the Naval Air Systems Command. According to Secretary of the Navy Richard Danzig, the goal of the project is to save about $1.2 billion a year through increased productivity and the removal of redundant systems.
That may prove a good deal for the Navy, but what about EDS? Some observers say they believe that the NMCI contract is more of a trophy win than a moneymaker for the Plano, Texas, services company.
The project may have taken its biggest hit Sept. 11, when the terrorist attack on the Pentagon destroyed most of the Navys Washington-based IT infrastructure, including parts of the new intranet system. The Navy and the contractors are scrambling to rebuild those systems (see story, Page 28). But the project has been under fire for some time as critics and government administrators point out flaws and change the rules for what was already an unwieldy package of technology services, private partnerships and government bureaucracy.
Among the first signs that all is not well with the NMCI is the apparent eroding of hard-won congressional support for the effort. Although the Navy had delayed awarding the contract to ensure that it had adequate political support, the House Armed Services Committee in its fiscal 2002 authorization bill has recommended the exclusion of the Marine Corps from the project. Excluding tens of thousands of Marine Corps users could reduce the value of the deal and result in layoffs.
The Marine commandant sent a letter to the House committees members making it clear that the Marines need to participate in the NMCI, but no decision has been made. Navy officials said they remain confident the Marines will participate.
And the changing scope of the NMCI is just one of the projects problems. EDS and its Navy counterparts have also had to deal with changing rules. Last spring, the Department of Defense demanded that the projects environment be tested as rigorously as any military weapons system. While the DOD and the Navy hammered out an agreement, work on the project stopped, which forced EDS to temporarily lay off 10 percent of the NMCI Strike Force, or roughly 300 workers. Officials said their overall schedule was set back only slightly and that implementations are nearly back on track.
"Weve broken up what we planned for both commercially run tests and customer-run tests for the contract into what [the DOD] and Congress want to see," said Ron Turner, deputy CIO for infrastructure, systems and technology, with the Navy, in Crystal City, Va.
Many of the problems with projects the size of the NMCI can be attributed to underestimating individual steps when drafting the project as a whole, sources said. In preparing to move applications over to the NMCI early in the project, the Navy discovered it had far more applications to assess than it had anticipated. Those applications had to be certified before they could be moved onto new desktops and then given back to users. "They had to run in Windows 2000 and not violate our security model. That delayed almost everything," said Turner, who blamed the delay on poor planning by the Navy, not EDS.
The list of the applications that had to be assessed was long enough to "wallpaper a hallway 50 feet long," said Ken Gremillion, sales manager at Miramar Systems Inc., in Denver, one of the NMCI Strike Force subcontractors providing the migration utilities for the project.
Individual commands were left with the task of whittling down the total number of applications that would be moved to the NMCI environment.
"Now they are rationalizing from tens of thousands down to thousands of applications," said Rick Rosenburg, EDS program client executive for the NMCI Strike Force, in Herndon, VA.
Beyond such external crosscurrents, the Navy has also faced a challenge selling the ubiquitous NMCI to its people.
Engineers and logisticians who created "fantastic" networks to facilitate communication were essentially being asked to give up their "baby," Turner said. The Navy wanted such individuals to "solve business problems," rather than run networks. "Weve moved them into knowledge management, application and Web development, and some are working on linking applications in wireless devices," Turner said.
For those who wanted to continue with hands-on IT work, the Navy encouraged them to join EDS.
"We had a clause in the contract that EDS offered them a 15 percent pay raise, signing bonus, and some people were able to negotiate transferring their government retirement package to EDS," Turner said. Despite the incentives, only 46 of the 280 people affected opted to go to EDS. Others were moved to different jobs in the Navy. No one has yet been permanently laid off.
EDS to date has taken responsibility for about 42,000 existing seats, a fraction of the total to be handled by the NMCI. The setbacks and glitches have cost EDS real money. The services company had expected to collect $728 million in the first year of the contract but will see $600 million due to delays imposed by the new testing schedule.
"They will be very challenged to make money on that contract," said Chris Ambrose, an analyst at Gartner Inc., in Stamford, Conn. "My personal feeling is they probably had to invest a lot of money in this. They have to perform at every level of the contract." Still, there is a strategic value in having such deals. Wall Street in the past has punished EDS when it did not have such deals in its portfolio, Ambrose said.
Despite the reduced receipts, EDS Rosenburg is unfazed. EDS officials said theyve made good on their promise to move workers to the private sector as well as on the promise to distribute up to 40 percent of the work to small businesses.
"The total contract value has not changed. $128 million was added to the 2003 number. We will be able to make up what didnt get done in 2002 in 2003," Rosenburg said.
That said, members of both the Navy team and the NMCI Strike Force said theyve learned valuable lessons from their progress thus far—lessons that could help others considering outsourcing deals of the NMCIs scope.
"First, get your legacy environment in shape prior to outsourcing or moving into a concept such as this," the Navys Turner said.
Rosenburg said upfront communication is key. "Id have gotten more information out about the contract sooner, so there would be less resistance to the program," he said.
Turner agreed. "We caught too many people off guard—to the point where Congress changed the law," he said. If he could do it differently, Turner said he would have "targeted the House and Senate Armed Services committee, House and Senate Appropriations committee; I would have started earlier with the union president to let him know this is not a job reductions program." Then, "buy a condo on Capitol Hill," he said.
Despite the "amazing amount of political push back" it took to move the NMCI forward, industry observers said they believe other government organizations—military and otherwise—will move toward more outsourcing.
Rishi Sood, a Gartner outsourcing analyst in Mountan View, Calif., said, "There is a mandate to move more responsibility to the private sector in the form of outsourcing." Sood predicted that over the next two years, the industry will see another four or five large outsourcing contracts from the federal government—especially in the military and intelligence communities.
But despite rumors to the contrary, the Air Force will not be among them, according to Col. Neal Fox, director of the commercial IT product area directorate, Maxwell/Gunter Air Force Base, in Alabama.
"We are watching the NMCI to see how it does," Fox said. "My personal view is that I dont think its necessary for the Air Force. Processes we have in place will meet the needs of the Air Force—they will give the Air Force CIO control of IT resources in a way that will make outsourcing unnecessary."
Still, despite the sticker shock that caused Congress to recoil when it saw the price tag for centralizing IT procurement with the NMCI, Turner said he believes the Navy had no other choice.
"We, frankly, could not figure out a good way to come up with the minimum $2.6 billion wed need to upgrade our basic communications infrastructure, let alone the other $1 billion wed need for all-new computers and software," Turner said. "Plus, we have almost 67 percent of our IT work force eligible to retire within about three years, and there is no groundswell of new hires in this field. We needed to find a new way of doing business."
And it could be that the Defense Department, Army, Air Force and Joint Chiefs of Staff are watching the NMCI even more closely than they had been after the events on Sept. 11.
"After Sept. 11, the government learned the need to be able to move quickly and to innovate. Were starting to see a centralized CIO in government, and they see the need to bring in external service providers to bring in a technology refresh," Gartners Sood said.


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The coronal mass ejection (CME) produced by the M5.5 solar flare on September 4, 2017 arrived at the DSCOVR spacecraft on September 6 at 23:08 UTC and at Earth 30 minutes later. The impact did not spark a geomagnetic storm, but the potential still exists as the CME continues passing over Earth.
A sudden impulse was observed at several of Earth's magnetometers at 23:48 UTC due to effects from the shock arrival at Earth.
While solar wind speed initially reached speeds of around 600 km/s and total interplanetary magnetic field strength (IMF) increased to around 14 nT, the Bz component was directed northward in the early stages of the event - an unfavorable orientation for escalating geomagnetic responses.
However, the potential for geomagnetic storming still exists as the CME continues passing over Earth.
Meanwhile, CME produced by September 6th X9.3 solar flare is now modeled and expected to arrive late September 8 or early September 9. The first CME visible on the model was produced on September 4.
Yesterday's X9.3 is the strongest solar flare of Solar Cycle 24 (2008 - present). Although X-class solar flares were expected (25% chance) since Region 2673 rapidly grew into a monster region and attained 'beta-gamma-delta' magnetic configuration, such powerful flare comes as a huge surprise, as our star is heading toward Solar Minimum. The previous record for the strongest flare of the cycle was X6.9 of August 9, 2011.
The previous cycle, Solar Cycle 23 (1996 - 2008), had 6 stronger flares than yesterday's X9.3, including X28+, also called the "X-Whatever" mega flare of November 4, 2003, the largest ever recorded solar flare in history. They were, X28+ (in 2003), X20.0 (in 2001), X17.2 (in 2003), X17.0 (in 2005), X14.4 (in 2001), and X10.0 (in 2003).


The Inventory Transfer screen allows multiple-location businesses to transfer inventory quickly and easily from one location to another. In the event that an inventory transfer is entered incorrectly, simply transfer the items back to the original location to correct.
Access the Create Inventory Transfer Screen by hovering over Inventory on the menu bar, then choosing the Create Inventory Transfer option.
The program will automatically assign a number for the transfer when it has been saved.
The location where the transfer is created will show here after saving the transfer.
Select the end location of transferred items.
If a transfer was created and not received, the transfer status will be "Open". If some of the items have been marked as received, the status will be "Partial". If the transfer was received in it's entirety, the status will be "Complete".
Select the date the transfer will be sent. You may use the small calendar button to the right to choose a day from the pop-up calendar.
The date that a transfer was received will show here, once the transfer has been marked as received.
Enter any notes about this transfer that you wish to show.
Once entered above, the items to transfer will show in this list. Adjust the quantity as desired.
Selecting the remove button will remove the item from this list.
Begin typing the item ID, or scroll to select the item for transfer.
Clicking the barcode button opens a pop-up window to allow quantity and barcode entry. Scan or type the barcode and select to Add Item.


New Product Development (NPD) for any organization is an exciting yet challenging task. While the prospect of new software product development opens the doors to future business development and an additional source of revenue, it also involves technical, marketing, and financial risks. Most of the decisions taken in this phase are with a degree of uncertainty and are therefore risky.


WE June monthly board meeting. New members and non-members welcome, but please register. Come join the WE Board to network, learn, and hear about new and exciting opportunities. We will be upstairs at La Tosca, recently awarded "Best Happy Hour in DC" by Washingtonian Magazine. Our meeting overlaps with the happy hour. You pay for your food and drink, we'll bring the entertainment! See you there.


The Air Force, in a rare example of cross-service standardization, will use a cloud-based procurement system built for the Defense Information Systems Agency as the basis for its own acquisition software, according to procurement documents.
"DISA will host the CON-IT solution," states an amended "sources sought" notice from the USAF Life Cycle Management Center at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, posted Monday. CON-IT is the service's projected computerized contracting system, which will be built in DISA's cloud, the newly posted "performance work statement" says.
The Air Force is using DISA's cloud-based Integrated Defense Enterprise Acquisition System, known as IDEAS, as the basis for the system, according to the original sources sought notice.
IDEAS, which the notice calls "a mature, operationally proven Government-Off-the-Shelf contract writing solution," is a business process management platform built for DISA by software development contractors Appian. It automates the processes involved in offering, issuing and managing a contract, but can be specialized for particular procurements like telecom.
"It's a gateway to further innovation," Appian CEO Matt Calkin told FedScoop of the IDEAS platform.
IDEAS integrated 12 legacy procurements systems into a single web-based platform that was originally deployed on the agency's own network, but then moved to the cloud, according to the Appian website.
"I love that DISA migrated it to the cloud" after Appian built it on premise, Calkin said.
Now the Air Force will build the system out further in DISA's cloud in a pair of "Virtual Operating Environments" — one to allow users of the system access so they can use the procurement capability, and another which will serve as a "staging (integration and pre-production) environment for system functional verifications and user acceptance testing," according to the procurement notice.


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Q: Iterating over a list of mongo DB collections I'm trying to iterate over a list of collections and remove any document with the _id of '1236' in the cheese db. When running the code below, nothing gets deleted. The logic does, however, work when explicitly use a collection's name self.db.chips.remove({"_id":_id})). What am i doing wrong?
from pymongo import MongoClient

class dump:

    def __init__(self,MONGODB_HOST,MONGODB_PORT,DBS_NAME):
        self.client = MongoClient(MONGODB_HOST, MONGODB_PORT)
        self.db = self.client[DBS_NAME]

    def delete_account(self,_id):
        names = self.db.collection_names()
        for name in names:
            self.db.name.remove({"_id":_id})

db1 = dump('localhost',27017,'cheese')

print db1.delete_account('1236')

A: You have two problems there:

*

*In your for loop name is string so self.db.name.remove({"_id":_id}) will result in attribute error.

*You can't delete from system namespace so you need to filter out collection with name starts with system. note the dot.
def delete_account(self,_id):
    names = [collection for collection in  self.db.collection_names() if not collection.startswith('system.')]
    for name in names:
        self.db[name].remove({'_id': _id})

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Rivans is excited to announce that her collaboration with Laura Marling for a new book called 'Stories for Ways and Means' has finally been released!
The founder of Waxploitation Records, Jeff Antebi (Danger Mouse, Gnarls Barkley, Broken Bells), had the idea to ask his favourite music artists and favourite contemporary painters to come together and collaborate on original children's stories for a benefit project.
Rivans is in such good company as #SFWAM also includes stories and images by Tom Waits, Nick Cave, Alison Mosshart, Kathleen Hanna and Dan Baldwin, just to name a few.
The money raised will go to children's literacy programmes and non-profit organisations worldwide, working to build schools and educate children. 'At the end of the Yard' is the finished piece of work to accompany Laura's story, 'The Old Oak Tree' and you can get your copy here.
Be sure to follow Rivans updates on social media for more news.
**This is a book for (older)kids, featuring outré art, weird images, graphic displays of nasty stuff and 'cuss' words**!


text:
On January 1 2013, new ecodesign requirements for fans driven by electric motors came into force (Commission Regulation (EU) No 327/2011 of 30 March 2011). The requirements, which are minimum requirements, concerns fans driven by an electric motor with a power input between 125 W and 500 kW and designed at its point of optimum energy efficiency.
The requirements mean that energy efficiency is not to be measured and calculated, as the industry was accustomed to, wherein the efficiency was calculated from the static or dynamic pressure increase, the airflow and the input power of the fan. Energy efficiency is now to be measured and calculated as a total efficiency for the entire ventilation system, i.e. fan, electric motor and control.
According to the Regulation, measurements and calculations must be made using a reliable, accurate and reproducible method, which takes into account the generally recognized state-of-the-art measurement methods, and whose results are deemed to be of low uncertainty.
A measurement and calculation method that lives up to these criteria is the ISO 5801 standard for fans.
1 January 2015, the ecodesign requirements for energy efficiency were tightened up and extended to more types of fans.
The figure below shows energy requirements (target energy efficiencies) for fans applicable since 1 January 2015.
The methodology for calculating the energy efficiency of a specific fan is based on the ratio of gas power to electrical input power to the motor, where fan gas power is the product of gas volume flow rate and pressure difference across the fan. The pressure is either the static pressure or the total pressure, which is the sum of static and dynamic pressure depending upon the measurement and efficiency category.
Measurement category means a test, measurement or usage arrangement that defines the inlet and outlet conditions of the fan under test. The categories, which are described in the ISO 5801 standard for fans, are:
Where the fan is supplied as a 'final assembly', the gas power and the electric input power of the fan are measured at its optimum energy efficiency point.
Where the fan does not include a variable speed drive, the overall efficiency is calculated using the following equation:
ηe = Pu(s)/Pe
he is the overall efficiency
Pu(s) is the fan gas power when it is operating at its optimal energy efficiency point
Pe is the power measured at the mains input terminals to the motor of the fan when the fan is operating at its optimal energy efficiency point
where the fan includes a variable speed drive, calculate the overall efficiency using the following equation:
ηe = (Pu(s)/Pe) ∙ Cc
Pe is the power measured at the mains input terminals to the variable speed drive of the fan when the fan is operating at its optimal energy efficiency point
Cc is a part load compensation factor as follows:
for a motor with a variable speed drive and Ped≥ 5 kW, then Cc = 1,04
for a motor with a variable speed drive and Ped < 5 kW, then Cc = – 0,03 ln(Ped) + 1,088
Not final assembly
Where the fan is supplied as 'not final assembly', the fan overall efficiency is calculated at the impeller's optimum energy efficiency point, using the following equation:
he = hr · hm · hT · Cm · Cc
hr is the fan impeller efficiency according to Pu(s)/Pa
Pu(s) is fan gas power determined at the point of optimal energy efficiency for the impeller
Pa is the fan shaft power at the point of optimal energy efficiency of the impeller
ηm is the nominal rated motor efficiency in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 640/2009 whenever applicable
ηT is the efficiency of the driving arrangement
Cm is the compensation factor to account for matching of components
Cc is the part load compensation factor
A more detailed description of this method is shown in Commission Regulation (EU) No 327/2011 and Regulation (EC) No 640/2009.
Fan gas power, Pu(s)
The fan gas power, Pu(s) (kW), is calculated according to the measurement category test method chosen by the fan supplier:
where the fan has been measured according to measurement category A, fan static gas power Pus is used from the equation Pus = q · psf · kps
where the fan has been measured according to measurement category B, fan gas power
Pu is used from the equation Pu = q · pf · kp
where the fan has been measured according to measurement category C, fan static gas power Pus is used from the equation Pus = q · psf · kps
where the fan has been measured according to measurement category D, fan gas power
q is the airflow
psf is the fan static pressure which means the fan total pressure pf minus the fan dynamic pressure corrected by the Mach factor.
pf is the fan total pressure which means the difference between the stagnation pressure at the fan outlet and the stagnation pressure at the fan inlet
The stagnation pressure means the pressure measured at a point in a flowing gas if it were brought to rest via an isentropic process
The Mach factor means a correction factor applied to dynamic pressure at a point, defined as the stagnation pressure minus the pressure with respect to absolute zero pressure which is exerted at a point at rest relative to the gas around it and divided by the dynamic pressure
kps and kp are compressibility factors. The value is approximately 1.
At air velocities below 40 m/s the error by calculating the difference between the static or the total pressure at the outlet and the inlet in the traditional way is less than 1 %.
Minimum energy efficiency requirements have been established for electric motors in Commission Regulation (EC) No 640/2009 of 22 July 2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for electric motors, including electric motors equipped with variable speed drives. They also apply to those motors which are part of a motor-fan system. However, many fans covered by this Regulation are used in combination with motors not covered by Regulation (EC) No 640/2009. That is motors like permanent magnet motors (e.g. EC motors) or synchronous reluctance motors. These types of motors are specified to operate exclusively with a VSD (motors that cannot be used directly online) and are excluded from the Regulation.


On November 7th, under the leadership of Mrs. Kloster our History Day Team visited the Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library to do continued research for their projects that will be presented in March at the History Day LA competition. These students work extremely hard on their chosen projects as they prepare for the competition. They put hours of work into development of their projects that includes research, interviewing historical figures involved in the point of history, developing bibliographies and writing their scripts. Each year Del Mar students compete well and move on to the California History Day competition in Sacramento. We are very proud of Mrs. Kloster and our History Day Team.
Please click on this article to see more pictures of our team!
Del Mar History Day Team: Alize Oviedo, Joshua Polanco, Andrea Quevado, Alexis Retzepis, Liliana Reyes, Jeannine Saldana, Isaiah Subia, Anthony Valdez, Mrs. Kloster.


Bath & Body Works is one of the world's leading specialty retailers and home to America's Favorite Fragrances®. We offer a breadth of exclusive fashion fragrances for your body and your home, including the #1 fragrance collection in America, Japanese Cherry Blossom; the #1 selling 3-Wick Candle and the #1 selling Hand Soap collection. Experience it for yourself at any one of our more than 1,700 Bath & Body Works or White Barn stores across North America, or online at BathandBodyWorks.com.
We are looking for goal-oriented professionals who love to sell and work in a team environment. We reward exceptional results with competitive wages and provide great opportunities for advancement.
Work with us during the holiday season and other peak times. We offer a generous merchandise discount and a competitive hourly wage.
At Bath & Body Works, we are driven by passion for our products and believe our customers rule! Join our field and store leadership team, where you can build a great career while being rewarded with competitive pay, sales incentives and benefits.
Bath & Body Works associates are collaborative, innovative and committed to excellence. Whether you are a college graduate just starting your career or an experienced professional looking for your next challenge, we welcome you to visit the L Brands career site and explore our exciting opportunities. Our home office functions include: product development, design, finance, human resources, digital and information technology, marketing, merchandising, merchandise planning and allocation, store operations and visual merchandising.


Make no mistake: There's nothing demure about maiden grass. Long an icon of North American grass masses, Miscanthus is equal parts prized for its vigor, size and multi-season impact. Today's selections combine the best of the genus' varied offering, including lovely oversized striking plumes and gracefully arching masses of foliage. Miscanthus' huge range of cultivars makes it easy to find one for virtually any setting or use.
Two new selections to be sure and check out: Scout has slender green blades with white midribs that take on spectacular fall color. It's a handsome, infertile form from the University of Georgia's esteemed program. A sun lover, Scout reaches a mature height of 5 to 6 feet and is hardy in Zones 5 to 10.
And Fat Cat™, an Emerald Coast Growers introduction, produces graceful, spherical masses of green leaves with prominent white midribs, turning rich ruby in cool weather. Red flowers soar up to 7 feet over 3 foot clumps. Also a sun lover and hardy in Zones 6 to 9.
Sure to be a favorite of consumers as well as growers, Miscanthus make it easy for all. Low maintenance and high impact, they provide great color and texture in the garden both as specimen plants or in masses. Their texture and subtle color take them well into winter before fading, and even then they maintain the structure and form to add a touch to any dreary landscape.
The good news is, producing Miscanthus in the greenhouse is as easy as the crop is on the eyes. With a little care and some attentive growing, you'll have a crop sure to catch retailers' and consumers' attention.
Miscanthus can grow quite quickly, so the recommended finish size is at least a 1 gallon trade container (a 2 or 3 gallon is also suitable for larger cultivars). Choose a well-draining commercial growing media.
Maintain soil pH at approximately 5.8 to 6.2, and keep soil electrical conductivity (EC) in the range of 1.8 to 2.2 mS/cm using the 2:1 extraction method.
Miscanthus wants high light levels of 5,000 foot candles or more. Provide daytime growing temperatures of 70 to 80° F and nighttime temperatures of 55 to 65° F. Note that plants will not establish root growth under cool temperatures and short days.
Plants should be finished for spring sale in approximately eight to 10 weeks.
Growing Info: Pinching is not required, and plant growth regulators generally aren't needed.
Fertilizer: Provide a constant liquid feed at medium levels of 150 to 200 ppm Nitrogen. Be careful not to feed too much, too fast, or these fast growing plants may grow too fast and become weak and floppy.
Moisture Level: Allow plants to dry between ample waterings. Miscanthus are particularly susceptible to overwatering, so be cognizant of their potential for root rot.
Supplemental Lighting: Miscanthus requires 12 or more hours photoperiod.
Day Length: Miscanthus prefers long days.
Generally pests and diseases should not be a problem with today's Miscanthus, provided standard sanitation practices are included in the production plan.
Ensure a good preventive program is in place, including managing humidity levels and maintaining good air circulation. Scout vigilantly and regularly for pests and diseases, including in particular aphids, mealybugs, spider mites and Miscanthus blight.
Apply a broad spectrum fungicide drench at liner planting. You may also follow a monthly broad spectrum fungicide control program.
Josiah Raymer is head grower and general manager for Emerald Coast Growers, one of the country's largest ornamental grass and perennial producers. He can be reached at 877-804-7277, sales@ecgrowers.com or www.ecgrowers.com.
This article originally appeared in GrowerTalks.


There is a big gap in my knowledge of NZ's former leading communist organisation, the Socialist Unity Party.
That is, in what year and in what circumstances did the SUP fold its tent?
I know that the occasional ex-comrade tunes into this blog, so if someone would be good enough to answer the question I'd much appreciate it.


well it looks like i cant get rid of this car for my truck... sooo time for Hahn Overhaul!!!!!!
is there a timing belt or timing chain?
About the only 4-bangers that continue to use timing belts are the Subaru Boxer's. I personally hate timing belts. The OEM's claim 100k replacements now, but you can never trust rubber over steel IMHO. I still don't understand how that Boxer H4 got the Ward's award while the LNF remains off their radar. Then again, they awarded Ford the award several years in a row for the 4.6L 3V V8 that was based on the 2002 5.4L 3v V8 that debuted in Australia. The LNF produces a lot of bang for the buck and displacement. Fisker and Eflin use it on their specialty supercars but it remains an unsung hero for the most part. I bet the LNF would make a great engine for the Crown Vic, much better than the 239 hp 4.6L 2V V8 that they continue to use. The LNF w/ Stage 2 would also make more torque than the V8.
The SRT-4 uses a timing belt as well, more than likely the same with the regular neon. Not sure about the caliber though.
Hi I have a 09 tc and I'm wondering if a tune will make my exhaust sound diffrent. there is a kid on you tube with the same exhaust setup I'm running and the only diffence is that he has a tune. It kinda sounds like a subaru.I'm looking for a pretty unique sound. Any imput would help?
I'd try to make my exhaust NOT sound like a Subaru... those H4s sound horrible.
Hyundai still puts timing belts in some 4 cylinder vehicles.
The Cobalt SS turbo does not set a boost pressure. It is looking for a specific torque and will set the boost needed to make that torque. The amount of boost is dependent on weather conditions and what altitude you are driving. Members here can report what they are seeing under specific conditions.
Stock is 20 PSI according to GM's LNF documentation.
However, the stock TMAP sensors are rated at 2.7 bar, so they're good for up to 24.9 psi.
I am a new cobalt ss owner I'm planning on putting full Hahn bolt ons.and I'm looking into tune's I've been having a hard time deciding wether the ppc tuner is a good choice or to just go with the trifecta tune can anyone give me some suggestions it would be greatly appreciated.
Thanks for posting this. Cool info.
why would my no lift shift not work? every time i try n shift into second with it.. it doesnt work..
rpms arent high enough or your not shifting fast enough or your not pushing the clutch in fast enough. start with 2-3 or 3-4, 1-2 is hard to nail when your learning.


text:
The Rumbling Volcano and the Leaping Frog: The Impact of Economics and Technology on Medicine
University of Chicago Medical & Biological Sciences Alumni Association
Arizona State University School of Engineering
Chicago Booth Alumni Club of Phoenix
February 22, 2009: 11:30 AM - 4:00 PM
A Joint Event for Phoenix-based University of Chicago Medical & Biological Sciences Alumni and Chicago Booth School of Business
Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Building
Sawyer and Unity Avenue
Driving Directions:View map (in PDF)
This exciting event will be held on Sunday, February 22nd on the campus of ASU. Alums, spouses and invited guests will be able to tour the bioengineering labs at ASU, then enjoy light snacks on the patio at the Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Building on the ASU campus. The first portion of the official program will be a panel of physicians, businesspeople and economists discussing the economics of medicine. The second portion of the program will allow technology leaders at ASU to present bioengineering, biotechnology and infomatics innovations that will impact medicine in the near future, with questions from the audience. There will be reading materials assigned before the session to allow the participants to prepare for a thought provoking afternoon.
Register By Email
Please register at registration site above
Deadline: 2/8/2009
Robert Topel (Speaker)
Isidore Brown and Gladys J. Brown Professor in Urban and Labor Economics, Chicago Booth
Robert Topel conducts research on areas of economics including labor economics, industrial organization and antitrust, business strategy, health economics, national security economics, economic growth, and public policy. Topel and fellow GSB faculty member Kevin Murphy won the 2007 Kenneth J. Arrow Award for the best research paper in health economics. The award is given annually by the International Health Economics Association. Topel is a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, an elected member of the Conference for Research on Income and Wealth, an elected founding member of the National Academy of Social Insurance, and a member of the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity. From 1993 to 2003 he served as editor of the Journal of Political Economy, and from 1991 to 1993 he was a member of the editorial board of the American Economic Review, the two leading professional journals in economics. Topel was also a founding editor of the Journal of Labor Economics. In 2004, he was elected an inaugural Honorary Fellow of the Society of Labor Economists, and the following year he received the Research America Eugene Garfield Prize for Medical and Health Research. He received a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of California at Santa Barbara in 1974 and a PhD in economics from UCLA in 1980.
Paul J. Chang, M.D. (Speaker)
Professor and Vice-Chairman, Radiology Informatics, University of Chicago School of Medicine
Medical Director, Pathology Informatics University of Chicago School of Medicine Medical Director, Enterprise Imaging University of Chicago Hospitals
David Meltzer, AM, '87, PHD '92 (Economics), MD '93 (Speaker)
Director of the Center for Health and the Social Sciences, University of Chicago
Associate Professor in the Departments of Medicine, Economics, and the Harris School of Public Policy Studies.
Arnie Calica or Colleen Canale


So if you know me, you know that I love to bake....seriously...like at least once a week, probably twice. Now that we have a little guy and are more a "family" than the free-wheelin' couple we used to be, I feel the need to start incorporating traditions that will be memories for the years to come....And fun in the meantime!
So almost every Sunday afternoon, Dillan and I will bake something together (he pretty much sticks to mixing for now). Today it was cookies...the amazing Smitten Kitchen's "crispy chewy chocolate chip cookies." And it wasn't first time we made them, won't be the last. If you like food- at all- you should really check out her blog...amazing. Her process, photos, humor- all very fun...Enjoy!
Okay, so you may have already seen the awesome purses that Katie makes and sells in her etsy shop madebyhank, but these sweet little small purses are just the best!
The stiching and gathering on the front is whimsical and modern at the same time- the back is simple and fun, with the cool little tag that she adds. Each piece is hand sewn and there is a lot of care that goes into each of these little pieces. I also commissioned a bag from Katie a couple months ago and the awesomeness of that bag deserves its own post....but until then, happy Saturday!
It is pretty straight-forward. 50 readers who leave comments here on this post will get a free gift from Little Oranges....maybe notes, maybe bookmarks or a note pad. The great part is that 50 randomly-selected readers will get the goods- hooray!!! The deadline for this giveaway is midnight on Friday, April 3rd!
I just added some new notes to the shop. They are small and sweet and just right for a spring addition to your stationery drawer...enjoy!
The other weekend, I was out with friends and this little vintage painting caught their eyes...They knew I would love it and they were right. Gosh, I can't believe how much I ended up paying for a little 5 x 7 paint-by-numbers art piece, but it everything about it makes me happy. The colors are really unique and the way that the lines were left unpainted makes it look like a mosaic landscape, and the patina of age just touching the edges... it is like a little beach getaway for my mind....yes, I will take that anyday!
The result was awesome! And the arrangement holders work well on their own, great with other candlesticks and perfectly with my vintage find- hooray!
...since I, well not rock 'n' rolled, but paid attention to the blog. Almost two years, in fact...I'll spare the details. Long story short, I will be back posting and doing it a little differently.
There will be weekly postings on favorite recipes, new products out there, a weekly "vintage find" and just a lot of craftiness in general.


text:
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TCU's Gary Patterson Says They'll Have to Get Their Hands a Little Dirty with NIL
Gary Patterson says let's do crimes.
By Dbbm Oct 6, 2021, 4:15pm EDT
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There's a positive way to portray the TCU NIL program, which pairs TCU's athletic department with the campus's business school. It's not particularly hard to make this sound good. For example, from Matt Brown's Extra Point's newsletter,
"On paper, this sounds like exactly the sort of arrangement that would most benefit TCU's athletes. Outside vendors may have great advice on how to introduce athletes and brands, but it is unlikely that any outside firm will have more experience and more dedicated knowledge on entrepreneurship than TCU professors."
I would not be writing this article if Gary Patterson had made this sound good. No, Gary stood in front of a room of TCU boosters and local businessmen and told them that he could lose twenty to thirty players (the equivalent of an entire recruiting class and then some) if they were not "up and running by the end of November".
Do I believe that Gary Patterson could lose thirty players because of NIL alone — No. That sounds like someone worried about the transfer portal conjuring up a specter more so than any reality to me.
If you were confused as to what Mr. Patterson means by up and running, allow him to clarify. All quotes from Gary Patterson via The Fort Worth Star-Telegram,
"In taxes, do you do short form or do you do deductions? I can promise you there's nobody in this room that does the short form," Patterson said, smiling. "That's what I'm talking about in recruiting. Everybody lives in the gray area. Everybody in this room lives in the gray area. The bottom line to it is we're going to have to live in the gray area if we want to keep up."
Patterson followed up by claiming that many SEC schools are calling one of his star freshmen,
"There's five SEC schools calling him and telling him, 'Here's what we'll give you if you come here and not stay at TCU,'" Patterson said. "At the end of the day, that's just real life. If we don't do anything about it, within a year we lose him. The rules have changed. There is no wrong anymore."
Gary does not leave room to be misinterpreted here. He wants TCU boosters to immediately and aggressively use NIL deals as a sort of team slush fund and he tied the continued success of the program to it. Again, I'm not sure that I believe Gary Patterson that this is "real life" right now but it's certainly a way to make boosters feel important in roster retention.
"I hear, 'Well, I don't want to get dirty. It feels dirty. I don't know the rules.' Let me just say, you guys know me, I'm just going to tell the truth — the bottom line to it is I can lose 25-30 guys on scholarships by January. Players recruit players. When a kid calls, 'Well, how are they taking care of you?' If they don't say they're giving me this then the kid is not going to come. Players recruit players."
This is a direct and flagrant violation of the spirit of the law. I don't mind that. I just want to point out that if you want people to give you the benefit of the doubt in the future, erasing the benefit of the doubt at a publicly reported banquet are some words you can get hung with. If you're an athletic program trying to get away with rebranding the bag man, doing it quietly may have been wiser. The NCAA has its tail between its legs these days but enforcing NIL violations is within their rights. TCU just went and put a target on its back.
I guess we shouldn't be surprised that Gary Patterson, a man who built his career off of identifying under-recruited and sometimes literally underfed players and threatening to send them back if they step out of line (and who used the n-word during the conversation at least once) isn't the best communicator.
This is a man who knows his players often come from poverty and uses that to his advantage. You can even see it in his NIL pitch, where the coach directly told local boosters "five thousand dollars to someone who has dirt on their floors is a lot of money." He's not wrong, but using the school's ability to connect players with NIL deals to maximize the leverage he has as the head coach over players coming from poverty feels gross - particularly when Gary Patterson is pulling down nearly six million dollars a year.
This pitch for boosters to pay players to keep up with the SEC is an example of Gary Patterson giving in to the old coaching mentality that has fed the facilities arms race in college football for my entire life. Many coaches (if not the overwhelming majority of them) are absolutely convinced that the most minute difference between them and another school will be constantly exploited in recruiting. The statistics don't quite bear them out, but a lot of coaches are control freaks. This gets exacerbated by the SEC, which often serves as a proxy for "Alabama and company," making everyone lose their minds.
Now may be a good time for a bit of history on TCU and where they come from. You see this isn't exactly a heel turn from a clean-nosed program. TCU is an old Southwest Conference school, with every single bit of cheating your ass off that entails. In extraordinarily Texan fashion, in the '80s they went on probation (and suspended a Heisman candidate) because a coach's "honesty and integrity" sermon encouraged a player to disclose the boosters slush fund.
Kicking these players off the team in 1985 led to TCU going from a top program to cratering. The Horned Frogs did not record another winning season until 1991. This decline in quality (as well as inadequate attendance) can be seen as a contributing factor to TCU winding up outside the Big 12 in 1994. TCU does not ever, ever want to go back to the Mountain West Conference. They know exactly what it is like to be outside a P5 conference and they did not enjoy the experience. They are going to do whatever it takes to remain a major conference team. What Gary Patterson did was say the quiet part out loud and in public - take it away Gary,
"It takes more to stay where we're at than it took to get here. We've done a lot to get here, but if you want to play at a very high level, what you have to understand is we're going to have to do some things to make sure that we stay and keep growing. At the end of the day, what does that entail? We're going to have learn but we're going to learn it a lot faster than what everybody right now is willing to do."
Yes it is nice that Gary Patterson is attempting to get his players paid but both his motivation (increasing his programs leverage over said players) and the inequality between what TCU employees and TCU players are likely to earn aren't exactly making things more fundamentally fair. You may have heard that the National Labor Relation Board had some thoughts vis a vis whether college employees are employees lately.
Labor conditions in college football are changing dramatically and how well coaches do at navigating this new world of NIL, transfers, and potentially even players as employees will go a long way towards determining programs futures. How well Dabo does at building a plane while flying it is going to go a long way towards determining Clemson's future.
The NCAA is set to convene for a constitutional convention, change is not stopping in the foreseeable future. Gary Patterson is absolutely right that people are going to have to learn lot faster than they are going to want to. Look around, Clemson's starting quarterback has a Dr. Pepper sponsorship. The future is already here.
More From Shakin The Southland
2023 Clemson Football Schedule Released
Clemson Basketball Brings 10-1 ACC Record to Boston College
2022 Clemson Football Season Review: Safeties
Clemson 2023 Football Schedule to be Released Monday
Hunter, Clemson edge Florida State in final seconds
Tigers travel to Tallahassee for matchup with Florida State
2023 Clemson Football Schedule Released Let's see how the Tigers will play this season out.
Clemson Basketball Brings 10-1 ACC Record to Boston College The ACC-leading Clemson Tigers head to Chestnut Hill to face the Boston College Eagles.
2022 Clemson Football Season Review: Safeties A talented group played well overall.
Hunter, Clemson edge Florida State in final seconds The Tigers outlasted the Seminoles for a thrilling road win.
Clemson 2023 Football Schedule to be Released Monday The ACC will release football schedules on Monday, January 30th.


A Christmas Poetry Competition on PoetryZone!
Roger Stevens' excellent PoetryZone has a new competition – Write a Poem for Christmas.
It can be a funny, sad or serious poem. If you don't celebrate Christmas, send a poem about the holidays, or about winter.
Poems can be long, short, rhyming or non-rhyming, and in any style. You may enter as many poems as you like. But remember, Roger is looking for originality.
Three winners aged 7 and under will win copies of Joshua Seigal's Little Lemur Laughing Three winners aged 8 or over will win copies of Joshua Seigal's I Don't Like Poetry.
All the details here on PoetryZone. Get writing!
Next Post Scottish Poetry Library – Poetry for Peanuts!


text:
Posts tagged "Berkeley Software Distribution"
Tag: Berkeley Software Distribution
If you're looking for Tag: Berkeley Software Distribution and whether you're experienced or fresher & don't know what kind of questions will be asked in job interview, then go through the below Real-Time Tag: Berkeley Software Distribution PDF to crack your job interview.
50+ TOP Berkeley Software Distribution Interview Questions and Answers [UPDATED]
If you're preparing for Berkeley Software Distribution job interview and whether you're experienced or fresher & don't know what kind of questions will be asked in Berkeley Software Distribution(BSD) interview, then go through the below Real Time 50+ Top Berkeley Software Distribution Interview Questions and Answers to crack your job interview.
Berkeley Software Distribution(BSD) Interview Questions and Answers
Question: What Are The Key Objects Oriented Concepts Used By Windows Nt?
Question: Describe About Checkpointing?
Checkpointing a process means that its state is written to a file so that it can be restarted later. The checkpoint contains not only the memory image, but also the resource state, that is, which resources are currently assigned to the process. To be most effective, new checkpoints should not overwrite old ones but should be written to new files. Whole sequences of checkpoint files are accumulated due to the process getting executed.
Question: Describe About Multics?
MULTICS is described as having a series of concentric rings, with the inner ones being more privileged than the outer ones. When a procedure in an outer ring wanted to call a procedure in an inner ring, it had to make the equivalent of a system call which is a TRAP instruction. MULTICS hardware made it possible to designate individual process as protected against reading, writing, or executing.
Question: Describe About Preemptive Scheduling Algorithm?
A preemptive scheduling algorithm picks a process and lets it run for a maximum of some fixed time. If it is still running at the end of the time interval, it is suspended and the scheduler picks another process to run. Doing preemptive scheduling requires having a clock interrupt occur at the end of the time interval to give control of the CPU back to the scheduler.
Question: Describe About Threads?
Different threads in a process are not quite as independent as different process. All threads share the same global variables as they have the same address space. One thread can read, write, or even completely wipe out another threads stack.
Question: Describe System Calls For File Management?
To make changes a file must be opened. This call specifies the file name to be opened, either as an absolute path name or relative to the working directory, and a code of O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY or O_RDWR, meaning open for reading, writing or both. The file descriptor can then be used for reading or writing.
Question: Describe The Mechanism Of Upcall?
When the kernel knows that a thread has blocked, the kernel notifies the processes run time system, passing as parameters on the stack the number of the thread in question and a description of the event that occurred. The notification happens by having the kernel activate the run-time system at a known starting address, roughly analogous to a signal in UNIX.
Question: Describe The Two Phases Of Two-phase Locking?
In the first phase, the process tries to lock all the records it needs, one at a time. If it succeeds, it begins the second phase, performing its updates and releasing the locks. No real work is done in the first phase.
Question: Explain About The Paging Systems?
Paging systems can be modeled by abstracting the page reference string from the program and using the same reference string with different algorithms. These models can be used to make some predictions about paging behavior. Attention to issues such as determining the working set, memory allocations, and page size are required.
Question: Explain About What A Signal Is?
A signal is a software mechanism that informs a process of the occurrence of asynchronous events. It does not employ priorities but it is more or less similar to a hardware interrupt. That is, all signals are treated equally. Signals that occur at the same time are presented to a process one at a time, with no particular ordering.
Question: Explain The Difference Between Sighup, Sigusr1 And Sigusr2?
Those are application specific and therefore are not defined on the OS level.
Question: Explain The Difference Between Sigterm And Sigkill?
SIGTERM asks the application to terminate in a polite way, it warns about the pending closure and asks the app to finish whatever it is doing. SIGKILL will kill the process no matter what. This is telling the application that it will be shut down no matter what.
Question: Give A Case Situation Where A Scheduling Is Needed?
When an interrupt occurs, a scheduling decision may be made. If the interrupt came from an I/O device that has now completed its work, some process that was blocked waiting for the I/O may now be ready to run. It is up to the scheduler to decide if the newly ready process should run or not.
Question: Give An Example Of Page Replacement In The Areas Of Computer Design?
Majority of the computers have more than one memory caches consisting of 32-byte or 64-byte blocks of memory. Whenever a cache is full then some part of the block should be chosen for removal. This problem is precisely the same page replacement except on a shorter time scale.
Question: How Did You Find Initial Support For A New Distro?
The support from the community was awesome! As one of the first real Desktop oriented FreeBSD systems on the market, there was a ton of interest.
Question: How Do You Change Your Shell To Bash?
% chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash
Question: Is Openbsd Really Free?
OpenBSD is all free. The binaries are free. The source is free. All parts of OpenBSD have reasonable copyright terms permitting free redistribution. This includes the ability to REUSE most parts of the OpenBSD source tree, either for personal or commercial purposes. OpenBSD includes NO further restrictions other than those implied by the original BSD license. Software which is written under stricter licenses cannot be included in the regular distribution of OpenBSD.
Question: Is Windows Nt A Full Blown Object Oriented Operating System?
No Windows NT is not so, because its not implemented in object oriented language and the data structures reside within one executive component and are not represented as objects and it does not support object oriented capabilities.
Question: List Out Some Reasons For Process Termination?
Normal completion
Time limit exceeded
Memory unavailable
Bounds violation
Protection error
Arithmetic error
Time overrun
I/O failure
Invalid instruction
Privileged instruction
Data misuse
Operator or OS intervention
Parent termination.
Question: State And Explain About What An Operating System Is?
Operating system is made up of basically two functions they are managing resources and extending the machine. Operating system gives a user interface through which he can perform various functions. It acts as a medium for communication between the machine and user.
Question: What Are Rings In Windows Nt?
Windows NT uses protection mechanism called rings provides by the process to implement separation between the user mode and kernel mode.
Question: What Are Server Operating Systems?
These run on servers, which are very large personal computers, work stations, or even mainframes. They serve multiple users at once over a network and allow the users to share hardware and software resources. Server O.S. provide various functions such as file and print service, or web service. Typical server operating systems are UNIX and Windows 2000.
Question: What Are The Contexts In Which Concurrency May Occur?
Concurrency may arise in three different contexts.
Multiple applications: -Processing time of the computer to be dynamically shared among a number of active jobs or applications
Structured application: – With principles of modular design and structured programming some applications can be effectively implemented as a set of concurrent process.
Operating system structure: -The same structuring advantages apply to the system programmer.
Question: What Are The Reasons For Process Suspension?
Reasons for Process Suspension:
Swapping: OS needs to release some memory
Other OS reason: suspicion of causing problem or system performance
Interactive user request: debugging or other resource reasons
Timing:submit but hold (suspend) a process until another has completed
Question: What Design And Management Issues Are Raised By The Existence Of Concurrency?
The operating system must be able to keep track of the various active processes.
The operating system must allocate and de-allocate various resources for each active process.
The operating system must protect the data and physical resources of each process against unintended interference by other processes. This involves techniques that relate to memory, files, and I/O devices.
The results of a process must be independent of the speed at which the execution is carried out relative to the speed of other concurrent process.
Question: What Is A Data Register And Address Register?
Data registers can be assigned to a variety of functions by the programmer. They can be used with any machine instruction that performs operations on data.
Address registers contain main memory addresses of data and instructions or they contain a portion of the address that is used in the calculation of the complete addresses.
Question: What Is A Drawback Of Mvt?
It does not have the features like ability to support multiple processors virtual storage source level debugging
Question: What Is Dispatcher?
Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves: Switching context, Switching to user mode, Jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program, dispatch latency ? time it takes for the dispatcher to stop one process and start another running.
Question: What Is Dram? In Which Form Does It Store Data?
DRAM is not the best, but it?s cheap, does the job, and is available almost everywhere you look. DRAM data resides in a cell made of a capacitor and a transistor. The capacitor tends to lose data unless it?s recharged every couple of milliseconds, and this recharging tends to slow down the performance of DRAM compared to speedier RAM types.
Question: What Is Fragmentation? Different Types Of Fragmentation?
Fragmentation occurs in a dynamic memory allocation system when many of the free blocks are too small to satisfy any request.
External Fragmentation: External Fragmentation happens when a dynamic memory allocation algorithm allocates some memory and a small piece is left over that cannot be effectively used. If too much external fragmentation occurs, the amount of usable memory is drastically reduced. Total memory space exists to satisfy a request, but it is not contiguous.
Internal Fragmentation: Internal fragmentation is the space wasted inside of allocated memory blocks because of restriction on the allowed sizes of allocated blocks. Allocated memory may be slightly larger than requested memory; this size difference is memory internal to a partition, but not being used
Question: What Is In The File /etc/ttys?
Configuration for virtual consoles for the startup. By default FreeBSD has 8 virtual consoles.
Question: What Is New In Openbsd 4.3?
The complete list of changes made to OpenBSD 4.2 to create OpenBSD 4.3 can be found on plus43.html, and highlights on the OpenBSD 4.3 Information page, however here are a few changes the OpenBSD team anticipate will require or warrant some special note to people upgrading or installing OpenBSD 4.3 who are familiar with older versions.
Question: What Is Process Migration?
It is the transfer of sufficient amount of the state of process from one machine to the target machine
Question: What Is Process Spawning?
When the OS at the explicit request of another process creates a process, this action is called process spawning
Question: What Is The Cause Of Thrashing? How Does The System Detect Thrashing?
Once it detects thrashing, what can the system do to eliminate this problem? – Thrashing is caused by under allocation of the minimum number of pages required by a process, forcing it to continuously page fault. The system can detect thrashing by evaluating the level of CPU utilization as compared to the level of multiprogramming. It can be eliminated by reducing the level of multiprogramming.
Question: What Is The Difference Between Hard And Soft Real-time Systems?
A hard real-time system guarantees that critical tasks complete on time. This goal requires that all delays in the system be bounded from the retrieval of the stored data to the time that it takes the operating system to finish any request made of it. A soft real time system where a critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains that priority until it completes. As in hard real time systems kernel delays need to be bounded
Question: What Is The Important Aspect Of A Real-time System Or Mission Critical Systems?
A real time operating system has well defined fixed time constraints. Process must be done within the defined constraints or the system will fail. An example is the operating system for a flight control computer or an advanced jet airplane. Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems. Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time.
Hard real-time: Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM), Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by general-purpose operating systems.
Soft real-time: Limited utility in industrial control of robotics, Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced operating-system features.
Question: What Is Throughput, Turnaround Time, Waiting Time And Response Time?
Throughput : number of processes that complete their execution per time unit.
Turnaround time : amount of time to execute a particular process.
Waiting time : amount of time a process has been waiting in the ready queue.
Response time: amount of time it takes from when a request was submitted until the first response is produced, not output (for time-sharing environment).
Question: What Is Virtual Memory?
Virtual memory is hardware technique where the system appears to have more memory that it actually does. This is done by time-sharing, the physical memory and storage parts of the memory one disk when they are not actively being used.
Question: What Resources Are Used When A Thread Created? How Do They Differ From Those When A Process Is Created?
When a thread is created the threads does not require any new resources to execute the thread shares the resources like memory of the process to which they belong to. The benefit of code sharing is that it allows an application to have several different threads of activity all within the same address space. Whereas if a new process creation is very heavyweight because it always requires new address space to be created and even if they share the memory then the inter process communication is expensive when compared to the communication between the threads.
Question: When Blue Screen Error Will Occur In Computer?
It is an error screen displayed by certain operating systems, most notably Microsoft Windows, after encountering a critical system error. Bluescreens can be caused by poorly written device drivers, faulty memory, a corrupt Registry, or incompatible DLLs
Question: Who Maintains Openbsd?
OpenBSD is maintained by a development team spread across many different countries. The project is coordinated by Theo de Raadt, located in Canada.
Question: Why Is/is Not Productx Included?
People often ask why a particular product is or isn't included with OpenBSD. The answer is based on two things: the wishes of the developers and compatibility with the goals of the project. A product will not be included simply because it is "neat" — it must also be "free" for use, distribution and modification by our standards. A product must also be stable and secure — a bigger version number does not always mean a better product.
Question: Why Paging Is Used?
Paging is solution to external fragmentation problem which is to permit the logical address space of a process to be noncontiguous, thus allowing a process to be allocating physical memory wherever the latter is available.
Question: You Are Told That The Permissions Of A File Are 645. Quick, How Do You Calculate What It Means?
The permissions value are always 4 for read, 2 for write, 1 for execute. The three numbers are always for owner, group, and everybody on the system. Therefore 645 means: owner – read and write, group – read only, everybody – read and execute. You'll rarely see such a permission set, but for interview question it might just work.
Categories: Interview QuestionsTags: Berkeley Software Distribution


What type of sentence is it? What members of sentence are here?
It(song) was no strain on the voice, and I guessed that Margaret knew what she was doing when she chose it.
My observations: It's a compound sentence.There are 5 clauses:1) It was no strain on the voice, 2) I guessed 3) that Margaret knew, 4) what she was doing, 5)when she chose it.
On her voice - the prepositional object.
3) that Margaret knew - is it some kind of object clause?
4)what she was doing - object clause? What does it consist of?
5)when she chose it - adverbial clause of time.
As you can see,my grammar is preaty bad,please,help me.
what -- relative pronoun, the object of "do" (was doing).
... when she chose it.
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"She is married to a dentist." In this sentence which type of parts of speech "married" is?


Leisurelink Aquatic & Recreation Centre is a large health, fitness and swimming centre located in Geelong, just 1 hour south-west of the Melbourne CBD.
The centre is home to diverse facilities including a pool, gym and offers a huge range of classes including aqua aerobics, group exercise classes and a swim school.
The must fun part of the complex is the undercover water park which features waterslides, splashpad and fun adventure playground. Kids will have a blast playing in the water here, as there are heaps of fun activities to enjoy at the waterpark. Kids must be over 1.2m to ride the waterslide and the SpaceBOWL and Black Hole slides must be ridden on a tube.
There is also a 50 metre pool (2 x 25m pools) located here, a multi-use warm water pool with ramp access, toddler pool, spa, sauna and steam room.
Many people also come here to workout with a large gym which offers cardio and weight equipment, as well as a cycle room and group exercise programs. For families, you will find family changerooms and a creche located here as well.
There are clean toilets on site and lockers available for use. There is a cafe where you can grab a coffee or a quick snack and Wifi on the premises. There is also free car parking located here.