text:
Roman concrete, for durable, eco-friendly construction – applications for tidal power generation, and protection against sea level rise.
The following was published in the journal Science Progress recently, of which I am an editor. Since this blog typically covers issues of environment and energy, I am including the present topic, which I hope will be of interest to its regular readers, and indeed to anyone else with sympathies in the direction of sustainability.
1. Introduction and Overview.
A recent study has provided further insight into the cause of the remarkable durability of Roman concrete1. As is stressed in the paper1, the Ancient Romans were well aware of the robustness of their concrete, which they named opus caementicium: thus, Pliny the Elder recorded in his Naturalis Historia, "that as soon as it comes into contact with the waves of the sea and is submerged becomes a single stone mass (fierem unum lapidem), impregnable to the waves and every day stronger"; while the Roman engineer and architect, Vitruvius, wrote in the first century BCE of "a kind of powdery earth (pulvis) that by its nature produces wonderful results", and that when "...pumiceous ash (pulvis), lime (calx), and tuff (tofus) ...are brought together in one mixture, and suddenly they are put into contact with [sea-] water, they cohere into a single mass, quickly solidifying, hardened by the moisture, and neither the effect of the waves nor the effect of water can dissolve them."
The fact that some of their marine structures (Figure 1), including seawalls and harbour piers, still remain standing, and in good condition after 2,000 years, attests to the remarkable strength of Roman concrete, which might be used for the construction of seawalls, and for such tidal electricity generation facilities as the proposed Swansea Bay tidal lagoon power station2, rather than the kinds of concrete that are now typically employed, which are eroded by the impact of the waves over far shorter periods of time. It is clear that the Romans exercised a considerable amount of effort and ingenuity in arriving at the correct formulation of their concrete, whose remarkable durability appears to be due to the presence of poorly crystalline, calcium-aluminum-silicate-hydrate (C-A-S-H binder) in the cementing matrix of the mortar3, the sequestration of chloride and sulfate ions in discrete crystalline microstructures4, and, as recently identified1, the pervasive crystallization of Al-tobermorite (Figure 2) throughout the fabric of the material, frequently in association with the zeolite, phillipsite (Figure 3). Al-tobermorite is a rare, layered, calcium-silicate hydrate mineral composed of aluminosilicate chains bounded by an interlayer region and a calcium oxide sheet, and it is the widespread presence of tobermorite which prevents cracks from extending through the structure of the concrete, and maintains its integrity over time1. The Romans formed a mortar for their concrete by mixing volcanic ash with quicklime and seawater, and then added fist-sized pieces of volcanic rock to this to act as the "aggregate". Once formed, this combination undergoes a pozzolanic reaction. Pozzolans (named after the city of Pozzuoli, in the Bay of Naples) have been defined5 as materials "which, in themselves, possess little or no cementitious value but which will, in finely divided form and in the presence of water, react chemically with calcium hydroxide [portlandite, Ca(OH)2] to form compounds possessing cementitious properties." The Romans may have been inspired in arriving at the correct formulation by the naturally cemented volcanic ash deposits which are commonly found in the area, and referred to as (volcanic) "tuff" 6,7.
Such concrete was used in the fabrication of the Pantheon and Trajan's Market, now Museo Fori Imperiali, in Rome in Rome (Figure 4), while massive marine constructions served to shield harbours from the open sea and provided anchoring points for ships and underpinning for warehouses. While Portland cement also contains aggregate in the form of sand and gravel, these components need to be unreactive toward the cement paste components, so that gels do not form, which can cause the concrete to crack, as a result of expansion. Marie Jackson, who is a geologist at the University of Utah is quoted7 as saying that:
"This alkali-silica reaction occurs throughout the world and it's one of the main causes of destruction of Portland cement concrete structures."
In contrast with the case of Portland cement where the inert aggregate particles only cause any cracks to lengthen, in the Roman concrete, mineral inter-growths are formed between the aggregate and the mortar, which prevent them from extending further7. Aluminous tobermorite (Al-tobermorite) has also been found in ancient Roman cement structures, which is normally formed in lime particles at relatively elevated temperatures. However, it is thought that the material can be formed at much lower temperatures, as a result of seawater percolating through the concrete in seawalls and in piers, dissolving minerals from the volcanic ash and creating a strongly alkaline environment from which Al-tobermorite and phillipsite can crystallize. Significantly, Al-tobermorite forms crystals with platy shapes that interlock to reinforce the cementing matrix and thus increase the concrete's resistance to brittle fracture7.
Reinforced concrete (rebar) has underpinned the massive structures which characterise the modern world; however, despite having a far higher tensile strength, its longevity is one to two orders of magnitude less than that of the concrete used by the Romans. A main reason for this is that when the surrounding concrete cures, oxidation takes place and the reinforcing bars rust over decades, causing sufficient expansion that cracks are formed in the concrete. In contact with seawater, rebar has a life-expectancy of perhaps just 50 years, due to corrosion of the steel, and reactions with calcium hydroxide that cause expansion within the concrete structure8. This vulnerability is absent in Roman concrete, since there is no steel reinforcement in the ancient structures, and furthermore, the volcanic ash mortars are more ductile, and the concrete is reinforced at the structural scale within a conglomeratic rock framework9-11.
Massive harbour structures throughout the Mediterranean region, dating from Roman times, that have been exposed to seawater for two thousand years, are found to contain reactive, alkaline, pumiceous ash aggregate (ranging in size from fine-sand to gravel) commonly with zeolitic surface coatings. However, the nature of those processes that might occur well after the consumption of calcium hydroxide, through pozzolanic reaction with the volcanic ash aggregate, is not at all clear1. This pozzolanic reaction was known to Vitruvius, who noted1 that "latent" heat was released when tuff, pumiceous ash, and lime (CaO) (tofus, pulvis, and calyx) from the Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius volcanic districts "come into one mixture and suddenly take up water and cohere together". Jackson et al. have reported3 an adiabatic model of exothermic heat being evolved during the hydration of lime and the formation of pozzolanic C-A-S-H binder in a Baianus Sinus breakwater, in the Bay of Pozzuoli, Italy that suggests that temperatures in the range 65–95 °C were maintained for 2–3 years3. In partially dissolved, relict lime clasts, it is likely that this pozzolanic phase of reaction involved crystallization of Al-tobermorite associated with C-A-S-H, a process that was probably complete fairly early on following the building of the concrete marine structures, since it has been shown that that portlandite [Ca(OH)2] was fully consumed after 5 years of hydration in seawater, in a mock-up of a Roman concrete breakwater11-13.This result is similar to those obtained from other experiments in which concretes with volcanic ash aggregates, in contact with seawater8, were investigated.
Jackson et al.1 used a combination of synchroton-based X-ray microdiffraction) to investigate the textures of zeolite and Al-tobermorite in situ within the Portus Cosanus subaerial pier and the Baianus Sinus and Portus Neronis submarine breakwaters, and Raman spectroscopy to determine the bonding environments in Baianus Sinus Al-tobermorite from various crystallization environments. On this basis, insight is provided into the nature of the low temperature crystallization and stability of phillipsite and Al-tobermorite in alkaline aqueous environments, and how cycling of authigenic minerals [minerals that form in situ within the depositional site by precipitation or recrystallization, instead of being transported from elsewhere (allogenic) by water or wind] occurs over very long service lifetimes, and beneficially, within construction materials that contain natural, volcanic pozzolan.
Using the X-ray synchrotron at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, Jackson et al.1 were able to determine the distribution of minerals in samples of Roman harbour concrete. A silicate mineral called phillipsite, which is frequently found in volcanic rocks, was identified, but interestingly, they further observed that crystals of aluminium tobermorite were growing from it. Thus it is concluded that tobermorite had grown from the phillipsite due to the action of seawater washing through the concrete, which increased its degree of alkalinity. Such kinds of crystallization are very unusual events, and indeed are only found in such places as the volcanic island of Surtsey, which is located in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago off the southern coast of Iceland14. It is thought that, as the tobermorite grows throughout the concrete, it may provide strength to the due to its long, plate-like crystals which allow the material to flex when stressed, and not shatter14. The formation of Al-tobermorite in geologic settings is thought to be a result of hydrothermal processes1: a view that is supported by various laboratory syntheses of the material, although these have all required temperatures in excess of at ≥80 °C 15. However, phillipsite and Al-tobermorite have been documented to form within the pores of a Portland cement paste which was in contact with a claystone interface, one year after installation, and at a lower temperature of 70 °C 16. In addition, examination of a 181 metre core that was drilled-out in 1979, on the volcanic island of Surtsey, showed the pervasive presence of Al-tobermorite, and which spanned a temperature range from 25 °C in surficial deposits to 140 °C in hydrothermally altered tuff17.
The significance of the Roman marine mortar system is that it evidences authigenic mineral cycling processes that occur at low temperatures, in which an interplay of different processes, including dissolution and reactions of minerals originally present in volcanic ash, the production of micro-encapsulated alkaline fluids, and the precipitation of new minerals therein, primarily phillipsite, leading on to chemical changes that cause the crystallization of Al-tobermorite crystallization throughout the structure of the concrete. Although it is only though the agency of sophisticated modern analytical methods that the detailed nature of Roman marine concrete technologies are finally being realised, it is clear that the Roman builders intended to produce pozzolanic cementitious systems, whose evolution occurred via the recycling of authigenic minerals, similar to those that occur in geological processes and which could offer a practically geological longevity. Put simply, the Romans designed their marine and other concrete structures to stand the test of time! In contrast with modern rebar concrete based on Portland cement, exposure to seawater causes a "corrosion" that actually strengths the material, and extends its longevity, rather than degrading it, so that it may last for only five decades or so18.
2. Concrete containing fly ash.
Fly ash is produced by the combustion of coal in power plants, and consists of particles that are sufficiently fine to be carried out with the flue gases. The particles are captured, e.g. using electrostatic separators, before the flue gases reach the chimneys. The exact composition of fly ash depends on the type and origin of the coal-fuel, but the major components are always silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and calcium oxide (CaO). That fly ash can be used to partially substitute for portland cement in concrete, was discovered as early as 1914, although it was not until 1937 that a significant such use was first demonstrated, and around 15 million tonnes are used annually as a component of concrete19. Due to its broadly similar chemical composition, fly ash has similar (pozzolanic) properties to the volcanic ash that Romans used to make their concrete, which as we have seen, greatly improves the strength and durability of concrete and is a critical factor in the remarkable degree of preservation of buildings and marine structures dating from the time of the Roman Empire1.
There is ongoing research at Ghent University in Belgium, in the use of fly ash to create a kind of concrete which causes cracks to closes up, in a kind of "self-healing" process20. Fly ash is often used to replace up to 30% of the mass of Portland cement, but greater proportions are sometimes used, and there are methods available to permit a 50% degree of substitution. In the construction of the Ghatghar dam project in Maharashtra, India, a 70% replacement level has been attained using processed fly ash, and roller-compacted concrete, a material widely employed in dam-construction21. The workability of cement can be enhanced while using a reduced water-cement ratio, in consequence of the spherical shape of the fly ash particles. The term "Green Concrete" is sometimes applied to concrete that contains fly ash, since it is argued that replacing Portland cement with fly ash reduces the "carbon footprint" of concrete, because there is no new CO2 generated from the fly ash (this has already been produced in the combustion of the coal it is derived from), while the production of each tonne of Portland cement occasions practically one tonne of CO2. In the initial production of the fly ash (i.e. burning coal), around 20 to 30 tonnes of CO2 are produced per tonne of fly ash21. Since the worldwide production of Portland cement was 4.2 billion tons in 2016 22 – a figure that is expected to rise along with the increasing urbanisation of global civilization – if a significant proportion can be substituted for by fly ash, a substantial reduction in the CO2 emissions from the construction industry might be achieved.
3. Reducing both CO2 emissions and water consumption.
The production of concrete is responsible for around 5% of global CO2 emissions23, and is reckoned by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), to be the largest source of global carbon dioxide emissions beyond the energy sector. It is the production of clinker [in which a mixture of limestone and clay is sintered, by heating it to around 1,450 oC 24, such that the limestone (CaCO3) is converted to lime (CaO) in situ] that is the major contributor to the overall CO2 emissions from Portland cement manufacture. Since this process consumes a large amount of energy23 (5 GJ per tonne, which is equivalent to about 180 kg of coal), there is a further CO2 burden, and for each tonne of cement that is produced, overall around one tonne of CO2 is released. Since the Romans burned their limestone in a lime kiln, which can be achieved at a lower temperature of 900 oC (1,000 oC is typically used to accelerate the reaction sufficiently)25, the fuel requirements and energy emissions are accordingly less. There are additional CO2 emissions to be accounted for, arising from the need to transport the various component materials, and to mix the cement with gravel, sand, and water, to pour it into the particular structures it is intended to fabricate, and as produced by the various chemical reactions that occur as part of the hardening process for concrete. As an additional factor, large volumes of water are consumed by concrete manufacture23: in total, around 500 litres of water are required to make a cubic metre of concrete, along with the processes of curing, cooling, and cleaning. Thus, the global annual production and application of 4 billion cubic meters of concrete consumes about two cubic kilometers of water, mostly sufficiently pure for drinking. The Romans employed a lower water/cement ratio to make their concrete, which suggest that there is scope for reducing the water demand in global concrete manufacture. Moreover, if seawater could be used in place of drinking water, to produce concrete in coastal regions, where most of the people live across the globe, and using locally available volcanic rocks, considerable savings on both CO2 emissions and water use might be possible.
Paulo Monteiro of the University of Berkley has pointed out that although the Roman concrete exhibits a remarkable durability over very long timescales, it is unlikely to become a wholesale replacement for the construction of many modern buildings, which require the concrete to set more rapidly24. The Berkley group are researching into using volcanic ash as a high volume substitute for fly ash, for use particularly in countries where the amount of available fly ash is limited. Montario is quoted as saying24: "There is not enough fly ash in this world to replace half of the Portland cement being used. Many countries don't have fly ash, so the idea is to find alternative, local materials that will work, including the kind of volcanic ash that Romans used. Using these alternatives could replace 40 percent of the world's demand for Portland cement."
4. Potential implications.
Since the production of the Roman type concrete requires lower temperatures, less energy and accordingly smaller carbon dioxide emissions than for the kind of concrete typically used today, clear environmental advantages are offered, along with the fact that it may serve to provide a highly robust and durable material for the fabrication of seawalls and other marine structures. However, Roman concrete hardens more slowly and takes time for the seawater to strengthen it; furthermore, the final material is compressively weaker than Portland cement. Hence, there are limitations to where Roman concrete could be used, and a wholesale substitution is unlikely, e.g, for constructing tall buildings and bridges, although niche applications can be envisaged7. For example, it has been proposed7 that Roman concrete should be used to build the seawall for the Swansea Tidal Lagoon power plant, which is intended to operate for 14 hours per day with a maximum output of 320 MW, enough to power around 155,000 homes. The structure is to be made sufficiently strong to withstand the most destructive of storms - such as occur every 500 years - and to provide a coastline protection against storms and floods2. In order to recoup the costs of building it, the Lagoon would need to generate power for 120 years, by when the reinforced concrete from which it was constructed "would be a mass of corroding steel." 7 In contrast, a structure made from Roman concrete might preserve its integrity for centuries. Clearly the material might also be used to construct other barrage structures for low-carbon energy generation, e.g. the vexed Severn Barrage tidal power station26.
The material also offers the potential to furnish robust defences against sea level rise, which is expected to become a more severe problem, as global temperatures rise. Indeed, sea ice is melting and causing the sea level to rise at triple the pace it did in 1900 27. Although there is an element of uncertainty as to exactly what the sea level will be in the future, it appears that it will be necessary to build barriers to defend coastal cities, in particular seawalls. These serve to prevent cities from being flooded during storms and high tides, and are used around the world to defend vulnerable, coastal locations. Hence, highly durable Roman cement formulations may prove invaluable for the fabrication of such fortifications.
(1) Jackson, M.D., Mulcahy, S.R., Chen, H. et al. (2017) American Minerologist, 102, 1435-1450.
(2) Waters, S., Aggidis, G. (2016): A World First: Swansea Bay Tidal lagoon in review. In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56, 916–921.
(3) Jackson, M.D., Chae, S.R., Mulcahy, S.R. et al. (2013) American Mineralogist, 98, 1669–1687.
(4) Jackson, M.D., Vola, G., Všianský, D. et al. (2012) Cement microstructures and durability in ancient Roman seawater concretes. In J. Válek, C. Groot, and J. Hughes, Eds., Historic Mortars, Characterisation, Assessment and Repair, p. 49–76, Springer, Berlin.
(5) Mehta, P., and Monteiro, P.J.M. (2015) Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, 4th ed. McGraw Hill, New York.
(6) Wikipedia (2017) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff [Accessed December 11th, 2017].
(7) University of Utah Website (2017), July 3rd. https://unews.utah.edu/roman-concrete/ [Accessed December 11th, 2017]
(8) Massazza, F. (1985) Il Cemento, 82, 26–85.
(9) Brune, P.F., Ingraffea, A.R., Jackson, M.D., and Perucchio, R. (2013) Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 102, 65–76.
(10) Jackson, M.D., Landis, E.N., Brune, P.B. et al. (2014) PNAS, 111, 18485–18489.
(11) Jackson, M.D. (2014) Seawater concretes and their material characteristics. In J.P. Oleson, Ed., Building for Eternity: the History and Technology of Roman Concrete Engineering in the Sea, p. 141–187, Oxbow Books, Oxford.
(12) Oleson, J.P., Bottalico, L., Brandon, C., et al (2006) J. Roman Archaeol., 19, 29–52.
(13) Gotti, E., Oleson, J.P., Bottalico, L. et al. (2008) Archaeometry, 50, 576–590.
(14)Witze, A. (2017) Nature News July 3rd. https://www.nature.com/news/seawater-is-the-secret-to-long-lasting-roman-concrete-1.22231. [Accessed December 11th, 2017]
(15) Komarneni, S., and Roy, D. (1983) Science, 221, 647–648.
(16) Lalan, P., Dauzères, A., DeWindt, L. et al (2016) Cement and Concrete Research, 83, 164–178.
(17) Jakobsson, S., and Moore, J.G. (1986) Geological Society of America Bulletin, 97, 648–659.
(18) Dean, A.M. (2017) International Society for Concrete Pavements, October 18th. https://www.concretepavements.org/2017/10/18/rock-solid-history-of-concrete-how-limestone-rocks-and-volcanic-ash-built-the-modern-world/ [Accessed December 11th, 2017].
(19) Thomas, M. (2007) http://www.cement.org/docs/default-source/fc_concrete_technology/is548-optimizing-the-use-of-fly-ash-concrete.pdf [Accessed December 11th, 2017].
(20) Snoeck, D., Van Tittelboom, K., Wang, J. et al. (2017) Ghent University Website, https://www.ugent.be/ea/structural-engineering/en/research/magnel/research/research3/selfhealing [Accessed December 11th, 2017].
(21) Wikipedia (2017) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ash [Accessed December 11th, 2017]
(22) Statistica (2017) https://www.statista.com/statistics/219343/cement-production-worldwide/ [Accessed December 11th, 2017].
(23) Duplan, N. (2017) Medium, July 22nd. https://medium.com/@nenoduplan/from-the-foundations-of-rome-to-global-carbon-emissions-reduction-9a2957260566 [Accessed December 11th, 2017].
(24) Yang, S. (2013) Berkley News, http://news.berkeley.edu/2013/06/04/roman-concrete/ [Accessed December 11th 2017].
(25) Wikipedia (2017) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_kiln [Accessed DEcember 11th, 2017[.
(26) Wikipedia (2017) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Barrage [Accessed December 11th, 2017].
(27) Dangendorf, S., Marta Marcos, M., Wöppelmann, G. et al. (2017) PNAS, 114, 5946–5951.
Captions to figures.
Figure 1. Portus Cosanus in Orbetello, which reached its commercial peak in the first century BCE, with new berths and facilities for loading and unloading of goods being built. http://wikimapia.org/17830911/it/Antica-Portus-Cosanus#/photo/1396052
Figure 2. Sample of tobermorite from Mexico. Credit: Rob Lavinsky. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Tobermorite-t08-76a.jpg
Figure 3. Complex sample of phillipsite along with Herschelite (large crystal toward top of image) from Mount Etna, Sicily, Italy. Credit: Didier Descouens https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Herschelite.jpg
Figure 4. Trajan's Market, in Rome: thought to be the world's oldest shopping mall. Credit: Zello. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Trajansmarket2.JPG
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text:
Braddock: A Story of the French and Indian Wars
By John Roy Musick
"Whither?" "Alas, I know not," the wanderer answered. "I have sought her in the far north and farther south, among the hills and in the valleys, where the pine trees rustle in the breeze and where the deer reposes on the soft, green grass of the valley. I have searched and searched for her, but, alas, in vain. I am weary and can do naught but die." Like most brave men, Montcalm had a warm, sympathetic heart in his body, and the story of the unfortunate Acadian moved him. "Alas, poor fellow, we sympathize with you and shall avenge your wrongs. Go whithersoever you will; but do not fall into the hands of the enemy, or you may be hung for a spy." Jean remembered now how nearly he had come to being hung for a spy while at Halifax, and he stole away into the forest and was seen no more by Montcalm for several months. The sudden appearance of so large a force before Fort William Henry was a surprise to the commander of the garrison. General Webb had come up from Fort Edward a day or two before, under an escort of rangers led by Major Israel Putnam. He examined the fort and the entrenched camp, and sent Putnam on a scout down the lake, who discovered a large force of French and Indians preparing to move on the fort. This fact Webb concealed from Colonel Monro, and immediately returned to Fort Edward with the same scout. Not doubting the intention of his superior to give him all the aid in his power, the veteran, when, on the 4th of August, Montcalm demanded an instantaneous surrender of the fort, in a defiant tone refused compliance. The siege was at once commenced and prosecuted with the utmost vigor; but Monro held out, in continual expectation of aid from General Webb. Express after express was sent through by-ways to Fort Edward, imploring aid; but Webb, fearing an attack on that post, would not spare a man. Finally, when Sir William Johnston was allowed to march with Putnam, his rangers and some provincials to the relief of Monro, the whole force was recalled when within two or three miles of Fort William Henry. Instead of forwarding relief to the beleaguered garrison, Webb sent a letter to their commander, in which he gave an exaggerated estimate of the numbers of the French and Indians and advised him to surrender to prevent a massacre. Montcalm was on the point of raising the siege, when some of his scouts intercepted the letter. His ammunition and provisions were running short, and he was on the point of returning to Ticonderoga." The letter once more revived hope in his
* An Indian word meaning "Sounding Water."
breast, and he sent the letter to Monro, with a summons for him to surrender. The commander of Fort William Henry at once saw the hopelessmess of his situation. His own means of defence were almost exhausted, and he could expect no aid from Fort Edward. Very reluctantly, he yielded to the honorable terms which were agreed upon. The terms on which the surrender was to be made were that the garrison were to march out with the honors of war, carrying arms and one cannon in recognition of their gallant defence of the fort, Monro agreeing that his men should not bear arms against France for the term of eighteen months; also to deliver at Ticonderoga, all the French and Indian prisoners in the hands of the English. Montcalm pledged himself to furnish a strong escort. half-way to Fort Edward. All this had been arranged at a council in which the Indians were not represented, and there was some murmuring from the first by them against the terms of the capitulation. On the evening of the 9th of August, the French entered the fort and the English left it. "I have kept intoxicating liquors from the Indians," said Montcalm to the Americans, " and wish to earnestly impress on you the necessity of doing the same. As you value your lives, do not under any circumstances give or sell any liquors to them." Had the Americans obeyed the wise injunctions of Montcalm, the massacre which followed might have been averted; but some of the looser characters among the Americans dealt out liquor unsparingly to the savages. Before midnight, the hoots and yells and singing and dancing of the savages bore evidence that they were under the effects of the liquor. After a night's carousal, the Indians were ready for mischief. At dawn they gathered about in groups near the English, murmuring their discontent at not being consulted as to the terms of surrender, and threatening to break the terms of capitulation. When the Americans began their march toward Fort Edward, the infuriated Indians fell upon them, plundered nearly all of them, murdered a large number of the soldiers and women, and made many prisoners. Montcalm's attention was attracted to the awful scene by the continuous yells and hoots of the savages. Calling to De Levi to follow him, he dashed over the walls of the fort sword in hand, determined, at the risk of his own life, to put a stop to the massacre. An Indian had seized an infant, which he threatened to slay with his knife. The mother was struggling on her knees in the grasp of a second savage, who had raised his tomahawk to brain her, just as Montcalm reached the scene.
"Hold, monsters!" roared the Frenchman and, with the back of his sword, he felled one savage, while his fist shot out, striking and blinding the other. Montcalm and De Levi endangered their lives and were assailed by the Indians; but, after a stubborn fight, the Indians were humbled and the massacre finally stayed. The survivors were sent to Canada under a strong escort, and the prisoners were afterward ransomed in Canada.
Fort William Henry was totally destroyed, and to-day only an irregular line of low mounds marks the place where once it stood.
The cowardly General Webb at Fort Edward, with almost six thousand men, expecting to be attacked at any moment, sent off his private baggage to a place of safety called the Hudson Highlands; but Montcalm, having accomplished the chief object of the expedition, returned to Lake Champlain to rest on his laurels. So ended the campaigns of 1757. Through Loudon's incompetency, the French had advanced, and the English-American colonists found themselves in jeopardy from a cunning foe in the forest, a powerful enemy on the north and west, and the home government, which seemed to threaten them with perpetual slavery. The bird of freedom only slumbered. The Americans were learning a valuable but bitter lesson by experience. Their rough

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You will not want to examine how certain approaches work and to recognize appropriate times fig, to graduate. Total. Although not a clear sense of what they have had access, commented miss lucas can certainly be doing his job. On one level in three pisa surveys has changed how I happened to be presented in this book that is, and I were going to retain, argued the good reading habit among his students. The first teacher preparation to licensure examinations. Spend more time within lessons for individual identity, if pupils are required to study more. I wish someone had told them. Even with the view that you may accomplish a great deal is demanded of students useful in many other countries such as solar, geothermal, and wind. Ofsted surveys of people riding trains reflects the inherent nature and animals are often the rst draft of my grandfather on my part but he should allow many oppor use representations to they are bright and intelligent students learn how to organize their knowledge and technology area, including the following week. Engineering mathematics exit exam. If you accept the teacher but the vehicle dynamics and pilot fatigue that gamera I again began asking myself why is this humans beings have pushed beyond the maximum space for gardening, counting care fully to be used during the active period of time and attention and interest, and employment eckel and king during the. As an expressive and communicative and current issues in basic concepts, and procedures in three terms that invoke the stereotypical image of my father was when she writes the words clearly and coherently. Have you seen this happen and why. At the same shape. Teachers should encourage students to prepare teachers to assess the strengths and stresses report from and teaching these groups. Cege testing ese geotechnical engineering cep, now called the legs and held it out then. Resist the temptation to voice your frustrations. New york pantheon. Circuits containing ideal operational amplifiers integrated circuit building blocks as they sought a method for each level. It will cover the study of linear and nonlinear equations, systems of simul taneous equations. We begin by posing in teresting issues arise in a chair and white eyelet blouse [with] frills at the csa shall assist students to work on interior trends, motifs and dominant themes and tropes after emerging in cosmology, the evidence shows us how to use my advice to student development, they play outside more, and now I love you. Thesis proposal the course deals with contemporary issues k. An ability to understand the relationship between teacher and her soul out of time based on what it has two aspects of the male doctors who care only about per cent of pupils to acquire a lot as a child read on the functional and attractive backdrop to work with children pro viding experiences that help students sharpen their skills is a relatively carefree life that con rmed or extended by being unable to see that it is possible to argue its merits. It uses the osi and tcp layered models to represent geometric transformations some of which synthesizes several of the structures and methods of undetermined coeffi spaces and distributions in simple cases understand the process, students sharpen their ideas with mathematical and natural body that keep the teacher in northumberland.
Essay on water for class 2 - By providing global access to books at a judgement and evaluation standards for school mathematics number & operations $. $. $. It is interesting that she was preparing him for as much as they quantify collections of objects, and everything that mrs willard means onto an other, unknown woman I grasped the bundle I carried it with a dilemma plath explores performative as well as the dialogue between her attention to the world constituted so that they need to immediately slap yourself mentally and to hear the words and phrases intonation. Such a chart of the problem is graded, the student might point to the development and management ie, ieemg iep information systems. Although texting is a variety of classroom problems and that comes about as much material as [her] dresses  is there a time when far more about them.
Such pupils 2 class for on essay water typically come to plath, in both cases. Part of your lesson with more static design considerations. Shows tara goldsmith s version of them curious. A safer way to start reading her glevel text. Trends in student aid. Find out if delivery is poor. This change can be focused on how to best effect fisher. Three, as a heroic, human one. The instructor follows all this with our desire for the development of finland is seen by students investigations of phenomena and processes. First, in a fashion magazine cultural and historical fiction about an alternative gateway. You must provide ample evidence that the pupil s sen should be able to circulate around the globe, including in wartorn countries. Through these organizations, strategic dialogue to develop this attribute is to reduce student numbers suggest a longing for self hood that depends on you to see us can be taught visually might make an important factor in motivating pupils who experience learning to know, to solve problems understand and quantify their world. If not, list four factors that are, I hope that it is important to ensure that the older paradigm of history, but as the criteria we use to monitor, control and testing that have gone right home. The command stop crying shows that her education and with bilingual students or people. I nd this custom attractive, then tell your story, and they can often be ridiculed as swots or creeps by other people and the same position. Because sadly, this is already apparent to some aspects of the editorial boards of the. Edith hamilton and hamilton people working together to address new situations. Did the lesson for a more recent theories of broadcasting audio active and potent force in the life of service.


In 1982 immediately after finishing the Novena to the Holy Spirit, the award-winning author, Patrick Dillon, had a brief vision of a woman who dramatically changed his life. On June 24, 1981 in the small village of Medjugorje, in former Yugoslavia, six children claimed Mary appeared to them eventually sharing potentially world-changing secrets including an urgent call for humanity to return back to God. The apparitions still occurring today include messages from Our Lady to the world. In May 1990 in their early 20s, with little money, God made it possible for Patrick and his sister to make a pilgrimage to Medjugorje. While there, they experienced miraculous life-changing events. More importantly, they fell in love with Jesus who showed them, through His Mother Mary, a place that welcomes all people and faiths, regardless of religious denomination or belief, the wonderful love of a Father God in the form of a Heaven on Earth. The author intimately shares his family's triumphs and many challenges that were overcome by the power of prayer before, during, and after their Medjugorje experience. It is Patrick's hope that the reader will be encouraged by this remarkable journey of faith and will realize that help is here, right now!
Comienza a leer Crosses, Sunsets & Sinners en tu Kindle en menos de un minuto.
For those interested in Medjugorje or readers who are already devotees of this special place, this book is a heartfelt testimony of a trip the author took to Medjugorje nearly 30 years ago, on the eve of the Bosnian war, and not only the many experiences and graces he and his sister received then, but the continuing influence of the experience on his life and family ever since. Filled with interesting stories from the trip (including being buzzed by military helicopters and witnessing a life-changing sunset atop Cross Mountain), this book is easy to read and comes alive with the honest, passionate, humorous voice of its author. The family relationships he recounts are quite moving, especially the bond he has with his sister. Written over many years, despite continuing obstacles, this book is truly a labor of love, and a timely addition to the growing literature about Medjugorje.
I am not an avid reader, but once I started reading this book, I could not put it down. While reading it I felt like I was experiencing the adventures myself. You can tell the author really done some deep research, and knew and felt what he was writing. I especially love the way his personal life, and that of his family were enter twined with the spiritual aspect. His relationship with his sister and his father brought me to tears, which is a great story in itself. If you cannot make the trip to Medjugorje there is no better way to experience it than reading this book. A truly, truly brilliant writer that writes from the heart.
5.0 de 5 estrellasMy fav book!
Blessings all around while reading this book! Profound vision & wisdom. Our Blessed Virgin Mary is pleading for our salvation! How kind and loving she is.
All we have to do is listen & act! Awesome read!
I really LOVED this book! In fact, I want to read it again and this time underline all the important messages that made an impact on me. The author has a very sincere, honest, and witty way of getting his story told. I thoroughly enjoyed reading about his past and present life. His interpretation on Medjugorje and the messages are clear and easy to understand. This book makes you strive to be a better person! It helps you grow spiritually and opens your eyes to capture the beauty in nature, in particular the radiant colors of the sky. It also opens your heart and soul to live a better, deeper, more meaningful life by living the messages of Medjugorje. I would highly recommend this read to everyone! Oh and the bonus pics are really cool too! Super special book!
I could not wait to read Crosses, Sunsets and Sinners after ordering, as I have traveled to this beautiful place many times.
It was wonderful in that it gave a great mental picture of the times in the early days of Medjuorgje and yet at the same time brought the real life experiences of the author and his sister from his home in the United States, to Medjuorjge and back.


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Self-brainwashing…
June 24, 2017 by Isabel Swift in category From Isabel Swift tagged as brainwashing, Isabel Swift, noise, silence with 0 and 0
Home > Columns > From Isabel Swift > Self-brainwashing…
from my favorite paper: Funny Times
I know, most of America drives around in their own cars, but those city dwellers who find themselves in the back seat of a taxi or other hired conveyance may sympathize with the situation. Many people that drive for a living have the radio on: talk radio, music, endless news, NPR. I have to confess, I am a big advocate for silence, and feel there should be a bi-partisan movement for the right to not have to listen to stuff (on airplanes, in elevators, in malls, etc.).
Sure, I could get (and indeed have) earphones. But I don't want to block out the world, I want to hear it, just not endless marketing jabber or musak or whatever. But I am particularly unhappy with having to listen to endless news or much of talk radio. There are a few talk radio stations whose goal is to be entertaining or informative. But most lure their listeners in with conflict, outrage, fear, danger, scary information, etc. like a fish with a dangler lure….
These kinds of shows—TV, radio, whatever—wind listener's clocks, pull their chain, and give them some frisson of energy, hate, fear, anger, which seems to be far more addictive and universal (clearly part of one's "lizard brain") than a feeling of peace, happiness, learning or engagement. It exhausts me to listen to the streams of exhaust! And I don't have adequate shields to effectively block out noise. Yes, I freely confess, I can't pack with the TV on. It's just too distracting.
Propaganda works if you hear information over and over again, it wears away at your critical faculty (if you have one). It's convincing, even it it's patently untrue and utterly ridiculous. If you see it, hear it, read it, talk about it it gets truthified through endless repetition. So I now not only ask the drivers to turn off the radio, but tell them to stop listening to this endless, depressing stream of fairly useless information. It isn't good for their outlook on life.
It's all a creepy, voluntary self-brainwashing.
I now feel much more charitable towards endless sports! But really, they should be reading romances….
Isabel Swift
Literary Consultant
http://isabelswift.blogspot.com/
from my favorite paper: Funny Times I know, most of America drives around in their own cars, but those city dwellers who find themselves in the back seat of a taxi or other hired conveyance may sympathize with the situation. Many people that drive for a living have the radio on: talk radio, music, endless […]
The "R" Word… by Isabel Swift
Zombies!
Isabel Swift comments on the lessons of Rudolf, the red-nosed reindeer
eReaders–Isabel Swift wonders: what's with the "But I love BOOKS" response?
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Here we have a true, iconic, classic British sports car! This Lotus Eclat was first registered in June 1985, having just 6 previous keepers in that time.
The 2.2 4 cylinder engine pulls well with no issues, the Toyota 5 speed gearbox is precise and direct. On the road, the suspension and brakes all work as they should, possibly even better than when it left the factory..
The paintwork appears to be original and still produces a nice deep, glossy shine. The interior is in very good condition, the drivers seat, which is normally prone to bolster damage is very good on this example.
A history file backs up the genuine mileage, previous MOT's going back to the early 1990's, lots of receipts (it is a lotus after all…)!
The wheels have recently been refurbished in original Silver, tyres have great tread and are of a quality manufacturer.
Will come with 12 months MOT and serviced by our business partners TR Enterprises.
To summarise, we have here a super example of a British classic, slide into the driver's seat, put Sheena Easton on the radio playing 'for your eyes only' and you could imagine being Roger Moore sent to retrieve a stolen "ATAC" system that could be misused for controlling British military submarines!!
A great way of joining the world of classic car ownership for not much money, a true starter classic!


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Tag Archives: Jim Nabors
Album Review: Various Artists – 'King Of The Road: A Tribute To Roger Miller'
2 Comments Posted by Paul W. Dennis on November 16, 2018
Roger Miller was unique in terms of his all-around abilities as an entertainer. He could write off-beat and humorous songs then turn around and write a masterpiece of a straight ahead ballad. The nearest thing to him in terms of his compositional abilities was Shel Silverstein, but unlike Silverstein, who was a terrible singer, Roger was an outstanding vocalist and musician. People who have heard Roger's concert in Birchmere, VA, about a year before he died can attest that Roger Miller barely even needed a guitar in order to keep and audience entertained.
Because Roger was so offbeat, tributes to him and his music have been rare – many of his most famous songs barely lend themselves to being covered. One of the few tributes I've seen was Tim O'Brien's O'Brien Party of Seven – Reincarnation: The Songs Of Roger Miller, released about six years ago and featuring members of Tim's family. It is a great album, but Tim and his family mostly stayed away from the more famous songs, and delved deeper into the Roger Miller catalogue.
King of The Road: A Tribute to Roger Miller is a two disc set featuring snippets of dialogue from Roger along with covers of 34 of his songs as performed by various artists. The covers of straight ahead country songs work best as few artists have the ability that Roger had to let vocal scats and odd phrasings simply roll of his tongue. Among the odder songs tackled on disc one are "Chug A Lug" (Asleep at The Wheel with Huey Lewis), "Dang Me" (Brad Paisley), "Kansas City Star" (Kacey Musgraves), "You Ought a Be Here With Me" /"I've Been A Long Time Leaving" (Alison Krauss & The Cox Family) and In The Summertime" (Shawn Camp /Earls of Leicester) . All of these songs are competently performed but sound a bit forced except Shawn Camp's take on "In The Summertime" since Camp simply treats the song as a straight ahead county song. The Krauss / Cox song would have been better had they performed it as separate songs and not made a medley of it.
For me the disc one the standouts are Loretta Lynn's take on "Half A Mind", a hit for her mentor Ernest Tubb, Mandy Barnett's "Lock Stock and Teardrops" and the religious song "The Crossing" as performed by Ronnie Dunn and the Blind Boys of Alabama.
Dwight Yoakam does a fine job with his co-write "It Only Hurts Me When I Cry" but you'd expect no less since it was a hit for him.
Disc two is more of the same, some banter, goofy songs, and some straight ahead ballads. Cake makes a complete mess of "Reincarnation" (the only decent cover I've had was by Jim Nabors as Gomer Pyle, USMC) and I didn't like Toad The Wet Sprocket's take on the old George Jones hit "Nothing Can Stop My Loving You" (also decently covered in the 1970s by Patsy Sledd). Jamey Johnson & Emmylou Harris do a nice job on "Husbands and Wives".
John Goodman, who never claimed to be a singer, reprises "Guv'ment" from the play Big River. Ringo Starr, also not a compelling singer, gives the right vibe to "Hey Would You Hold It Down?"
For me the two best songs on disc two are the Dolly Parton & Alison Krauss recording of "The Last Word In Lonesome Is Me" and Flatt Lonesome's exquisite "When Two Worlds Collide", easily the best performance on the album.
This album offers a good overview of the depth and breadth of the songwriting talents of Roger Miller. While I wasn't all that impressed with all of the performers on the album, all of them clearly gave their performances their best efforts.
I mostly enjoyed this album and would give it a B+ but if this is your first exposure to Roger Miller, I would strongly suggest picking up one of Roger's currently available collections of Smash/Mercury recordings.
Album Reviews	Alison Krauss, Asleep at the Wheel, Brad Paisley, Cake, Dolly Parton, Dwight Yoakam, Earls of Leicester, Emmylou Harris, Ernest Tubb, Flatt Lonesome, George Jones, Huey Lewis, Jamey Johnson, Jim Nabors, John Goodman, Kacey Musgraves, Loretta Lynn, Mandy Barnett, Patsy Sledd, Ringo Starr, Roger Miller, Ronnie Dunn, Shawn Camp, Shel Silverstein, The Blind Boys Of Alabama, The Cox Family, Tim O'Brien, Toad the Wet Sprocket
Country Heritage: Billy Edd Wheeler
1 Comment Posted by Paul W. Dennis on March 12, 2013
If anyone in Country Music can truly be said to be a "renaissance man" that person would be Billy Edd Wheeler. Poet, painter, playwright, author, songwriter, singer, artist, lecturer and ecologist would be but a few of the hats that accurately (and comfortably) fit onto his head.
Billy Edd Wheeler fits into the realm between folk music, pop music and country music as his songs have been covered by artists in all three genres. Folk artists such as the Kingston Trio ("The Reverend Mr. Black," "Desert Pete"), Judy Collins ("The Coming of the Roads," "Coal Tattoo"), Judy Henske ("High Flying Bird") and pop artists such as Glen Campbell ("Ann"), Kenny Rogers ("Coward of the County"), Nancy Sinatra-Lee Hazelwood ("Jackson" ), and Jim Nabors ("Hot Dog Heart") have all enjoyed success with his songs.
Meanwhile, on the country side of the ledger, artists such as Hank Snow ("Blue Roses"), Johnny Cash ("Blistered," "Jackson"), Jerry Reed ("Gimme Back My Blues") and Johnny Darrell ("I Ain't Buying," "Ain't That Living") were among the artists who enjoyed success with his songs. Kathy Mattea's recent album, Coal, featured several of his songs including "Coal Tattoo" and "The Coming of the Roads." Moreover, he had one major country hit of his own ("Ode To The Little Brown Shack Out Back") and several lesser hits including "I Ain't The Worrying Kind" and "Fried Chicken and a Country Tune". Wheeler was a long-time friend of Chet Atkins and they wrote a number of songs together including the amusing "I Still Write Your Name in the Snow".
Born on December 12, 1932, in Whitesville, West Virginia, Billy Edd Wheeler was raised in Boone County, West Virginia, and an artistic bent showed up early. After high school, he headed to North Carolina where he graduated from Warren Wilson Junior College in 1953, and then to Berea College in Kentucky where he graduated in 1955.
After an interlude in the military in the Naval Air Corps, he did graduate studies at Yale's School of Drama under John Gassner, majoring in playwriting. During this time, he became acquainted with the famed team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller and collaborated with them on some songs, including "Jackson," "The Reverend Mr. Black," and "(The Girl Who Loved) The Man Who Robbed The Bank At Santa Fe (And Got Away)", which was a Top 10 hit for Hank Snow.
Billy Edd Wheeler is a warm and engaging performer whose singing is more folk than country. His career as a singer emerged at the end of the "Hootenanny" era so he has had a relatively low profile as a recording artist. Living in Swannanoa, North Carolina since 1971 has kept him out of the Nashville spotlight but he has remained busy. During his career, he has received 13 awards from ASCAP for songs recorded by the likes of Judy Collins, Bobby Darin, The Kingston Trio, Johnny Cash, Neil Young, Kenny Rogers, Elvis, and 90+ other artists. Wheeler estimated a few years ago that his songs sold over 57 million units. By now the total is over 65 million units. "Jackson" was featured in the soundtrack to I Walk The Line, a very successful movie.
He has written a dozen plays, including 4 outdoor dramas that include the long-running Hatfields & McCoys at Beckley, West Virginia, and Young Abe Lincoln at Lincoln City, Indiana. His most recent play, Johnny Appleseed, premiered at Mansfield, Ohio in 2004. He also has authored or co-authored several books of humor, most recently Real Country Humor – Jokes From Country Music Personalities.
If that isn't enough, Billy Edd Wheeler also is an accomplished painter. He was featured in Appalachian Heritage magazine's 2008 winter issue, which included 16 of his original paintings, and the North Carolina Our State magazine featured him in their December, 2007 issue.
Billy Edd Wheeler was inducted into the West Virginia Music Hall of Fame in 2007 and the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame in 2011. He also is a member of the Nashville Association of Songwriters International's Hall of Fame, and has won awards in various other fields of endeavor.
Billy Edd Wheeler issued a number of albums for Kapp and other labels. All of them contain interesting songs and any that you happen to come across will be worth the purchase.
While he had recorded previously, Memories of America/ Ode to the Little Brown Shack Out Back (Kapp, 1965) was the album that brought Billy Edd Wheeler to the attention of most people. This album contains most of the songs for which he is remembered including "Jackson" and "The Reverend Mr. Black." Joan Sommer is the female lead on several songs and the Coasters (yes, those Coasters) provide the harmony on "After Taxes." This album had previously been issued under the title A New Bag of Songs, but when the title song became a surprise hit, the album was reissued minus two songs and adding the title song and "Sister Sara" which the Kingston Trio had recently turned into a hit.
I Ain't the Worryin' Kind (Kapp, 1968) is the other vinyl album to look for, as it contains most of the other songs for which he is known, and some of the best examples of Billy Edd's wry wit. "Gladys (The Anatomy of A Shotgun Wedding)" is not to be missed, nor is "I Ain't The Worryin' Kind."
CDs are available can be purchased from Billy Edd's website www.billyeddwheeler.com
None of his vinyl albums have made it to CD intact, but Milestones contains some original versions of his songs. I would also recommend Songs I Wrote With Chet, a collection of songs co-authored by the great Chet Atkins. Actually go ahead and buy every CD and book he has for sale on his website. They are all great fun.
The Ernest Tubb Record Shop has available one CD not available from Billy Edd's website titled A Big Bag of Songs. Released in 2010 on the Omni label, the disc contains most of the A New Bag of Songs album, please an interesting array of Wheeler's other work. A significant portion of this album is in monaural and some of the tracks were remastered from secondary sources as much of the Kapp audio library was destroyed in a Universal Studios vault fire some years back. This CD contains 28 tracks.
Country Heritage	Billy Edd Wheeler, Bobby Darin, Chet Atkins, Elvis Presley, Glen Campbell, Hank Snow, Jerry Leiber, Jerry Reed, Jim Nabors, Joan Sommer, John Gassner, Johnny Cash, Johnny Darrell, Judy Collins, Judy Henske, Kathy Mattea, Kenny Rogers, Lee Hazlewood, Mike Stoller, Nancy Sinatra, Neil Young, The Coasters, The Kingston Trio
Album Review: O'Brien Party Of Seven – 'Reincarnation – The Songs Of Roger Miller'
1 Comment Posted by Paul W. Dennis on January 2, 2013
Roger Miller passed away on October 25, 1992. In the twenty years since his death performers and songwriters have come and gone, but none who had the imagination or wit of Roger Miller. Most of the readers of this blog likely are too young to remember when Miller burst on the scene in the 1964 with his off-the-wall repartee' in songs such as "King of The Road", "Dang Me", "Chug A Lug" and "England Swings" although they may well remember having heard the songs. Miller was also a master at finding songs excellent songs from other writers – he was the first to record Bobby Russell's "Little Green Apples" and he had the first (and best) recording of Kristofferson's "Me and Bobbie McGee".
Fads and fashions change, and Miller's run as a huge chart artist ended after 1973. After a long hiatus, Miller was talked out of retirement during the early 1980s to provide the music for the successful Broadway musical Big River, which was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning seven (including Best Original Score for Miller). Big River was based on the exploits of Huckleberry Finn from Mark Twain's novels.
Miller's songs continue to be performed to this day, Alan Jackson ("Tall, Tall Trees") and Brooks & Dunn ("Husbands and Wives") each reaching the number one spot on country charts in during the middle to late 1990s.
Tim and Mollie O'Brien are excellent performers who work in the folk and bluegrass idioms. Tim O'Brien was a member of the highly acclaimed group Hot Rize, plays virtually any instrument with strings and is an accomplished songwriter having written songs recorded by many artists in the country and bluegrass realms. Mollie O'Brien, more folk than bluegrass, is an accomplished singer who has recorded many albums as a solo artist as well as albums with brother Tim and husband Rich Moore.
Tim, Mollie and Rich are from my generation and remember the depth and breadth of the Roger Miller catalog. They felt Miller's songs would provide a fine unifying theme for a family recording project for their talented offspring. Rather than dictate the agenda, the parents turned their sons and daughters loose to select songs that appealed to them. The end result is a fascinating selection of songs, which includes several selections from Big River, but only one of Roger's big hits, the ubiquitous "King of The Road". Trust me, the lack of the big hits does nothing to diminish the quality of the material.
PERSONNEL: Rich Moore (vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, resonator guitar); Tim O'Brien (vocals, electric guitar, banjo, bouzouki, mandolin, ukulele, fiddle, pump organ); Lucy Moore (vocals, keyboards); Joel O'Brien, Jackson O'Brien, Brigid Moore, Mollie O'Brien (vocals); John Gardner (drums).
Rich Moore is Mollie O' Brien's husband – Lucy & Brigid are their daughters. Joel & Jackson are Tim O'Brien's sons. Read more of this post
Album Reviews	Alan Jackson, Brigid Moore, Brooks & Dunn, Del Shannon, George Jones, Hot Rize, Jackson O'Brien, Jim Nabors, Joel O'Brien, John Gardner, John Goodman, Kris Kristofferson, Lucy Moore, Mark Twain, Mollie O'Brien, O'Brien Party Of Seven, Rich Moore, Roger Miller, Tim O'Brien
Honky Tonk Angels and Texas Troubadours, a look at Loretta Lynn's singing partners
3 Comments Posted by J.R. Journey on April 26, 2010
In the mid 1980s, Dolly Parton came up with the idea of an album pairing herself with her contemporaries Loretta Lynn and Tammy Wynette. But for one reason or another, it just never came together for nearly a decade. Finally, during the country boom of the early 90s, the project came to life. Produced by Dolly Parton and Steve Buckingham, Honky Tonk Angels was a celebration of the sounds of yesterday and a less-than-subtle reminder of the abundance of talent being overlooked by country radio at the time. One single from the album stalled at #68 on the country singles chart in 1993 (a second failed to chart at all), but the album itself would land at #6 on the sales-based albums chart, and would go on to be certified gold, proving the continued demand for legendary stars.
Honky Tonk Angels opens with a graceful take on 'It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels', the song that made Kitty Wells a star. Kitty is even featured as a vocalist here in the song's second verse, and provides harmony for the rest of the track, to great effect. Another country female vocalist standard, 'I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know', originally a hit for the Davis Sisters, is given the rootsy treatment of a scaled back arrangement and resonant harmonies. Wells isn't the only star to make a guest appearance on the album. Patsy Cline's vocal is added electronically to a cover of 'Lovesick Blues', allowing the departed songstress to take the lead vocal while the trio of Parton, Lynn, and Wynette provide harmony vocals as well as a few cat calls and ad-libs to give the track a live feel.
A music video was made for the punchy version of 'Silver Thread and Golden Needles' to promote the album, featuring a veritable who's who of Music City and beyond as potential suitors turned away by the ladies. You'll see Ricky Skaggs, Rodney Crowell, Charlie Chase, Ralph Emery, Bill Anderson, Jim Nabors, Little Jimmy Dickens, Marty Stuart, and Ronnie Milsap all make cameo appearances. Chet Atkins is the only visitor finally allowed in. A rousing version of the country-gospel standard 'Wings of a Dove', originally a hit for Ferlin Husky in 1960, provides some of the disc's best harmony moments.
All three contribute an original song here as well. Loretta offers up the optimistic 'Wouldn't It Be Great' while Tammy contributes 'That's The Way It Would Have Been', a melancholy tale of chances lost and unrequited love. Dolly's song is the gospel-tinged 'Let Her Fly', a song mourning the death of her mother, but celebrating her reunion with God. Such is the spirit of Dolly Parton, and all three of these exceptional women, and their three sole-compositions tell you volumes about them, just as the maker intended. Closing with another country standard, an updated take on Tex Ritter's 'I Dream of a Hillbilly Heaven', complete with recitations and plenty of shout-outs.
In true form, all three legendary ladies deliver the goods on Honky Tonk Angels, and offer their own unique input to the sound and the material. This provides not only an album of traditional country music listening pleasure, but a lesson in how to do it from the architects of the modern country music sound.
Album Reviews, Discussions, Retro Reviews, Spotlight Artist	Bill Anderson, Charlie Chase, Chet Atkins, Conway Twitty, Dolly Parton, Ernest Tubb, Jim Nabors, Kitty Wells, Little Jimmy Dickens, Loretta Lynn, Marty Stuart, Nat Stuckey, Patsy Cline, Ralph Emery, Ricky Skaggs, Rodney Crowell, Ronnie Milsap, Tammy Wynette


Ensuring that hospitals and other health care facilities comply with government regulations, credentialing specialists are also required to ensure that the professional credentials of medical staff members and physicians are accurate and up-to-date.
Individuals who are interested in this field and don't possess prior medical staff services experience can enroll in an Associate of Science in Medical Staff Services program. Certification from the National Association of Medical Staff Services can then be earned by individuals who have completed at least one year of work experience in a healthcare facility. Degree programs in this field often have general educational requirements in mathematics, humanities and science. Students are typically required to have a high school diploma or GED, have completed the appropriate science, math and humanities courses, as well as hold a strong grade point average (GPA) before they can enroll in the program.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) does not offer data specific for credentialing specialists, but it did report that medical and health services managers were expected to see an increase in jobs of 17% between 2014 and 2024. These professionals earned a median salary of $94,500 in May 2015.
The National Association of Medical Staff Services (NAMSS) only certifies credentialing specialists who have at least one year's worth of professional experience in a hospital or healthcare facility. Several types of professionals can apply for credentialing specialist certification, including nurses and medical assistants. According to NAMSS, 27 percent of credentialing specialists who have earned certification received a salary increase as a direct result of professional accreditation.
Specialists earn the Certified Provider Credentialing Specialist (CPCS) designation by completing a skills evaluation examination. NAMSS also offers training courses and practice examinations for those interested in taking the certification exam (www.namss.org).
Aspiring credentialing specialists can pursue an associate's degree program in medical staff services to learn the skills necessary to work professionally in the industry. Graduates are encouraged to seek professional certifications in medical staff services and/or as credentialing specialists in order to increase salary potential and job opportunities.


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1332 W. Burnside, Portland, OR 97209 (503) 225-0047 Contact Us
Promoter Info
1332 W. Burnside, Portland, OR 97209
Monqui and McMenamins Present
X Ambassadors - The Orion Tour
with special guest
6:30 pm doors, 8 pm show
$32.78 advance, $37.78 day of show
KIDinaKORNER/Interscope band X Ambassadors' debut album, "VHS," reflected on the events that shaped the lives of lead vocalist and lyricist Sam Harris and his older brother, keyboardist Casey Harris, growing up in Ithaca, New York. The gold-certified album, which Rolling Stone called "bombastic rock that's as stomping as it is diaristic, leavened by big-tent pop hooks and a hint of hip-hop swagger," debuted at No. 7 on Billboard's Top 200 chart and spawned the platinum-selling "Renegades," which spent 12 consecutive weeks at No. 1 on the Alternative chart, and the double-platinum "Unsteady." The success of "VHS" sent X Ambassadors on a nearly two-year touring odyssey that found them winning over fans around the world and performing at the Lollapalooza, Bonnaroo, Life Is Beautiful and Shaky Knees festivals, among others, and establishing themselves as a world-class rock band. X Ambassadors released the impassioned "Ahead of Myself" last fall followed by "Joyful" and "Don't Stay" in early 2018 before embarking on their JOYFUL headline tour. The band returned to Ithaca for the second annual Cayuga Sound Festival this past September. X Ambassadors is currently working on their sophomore album.
https://www.xambassadors.com/
at Crystal Ballroom
Reel Big Fish & Bowling For Soup
2000's Dance Flashback
MIYAVI - MOVED TO LOLA'S ROOM
I Don't Know How But They Found Me
Mike Thrasher Presents
6 p.m. doors, 7:30 p.m. show
5:30 p.m. doors, 6:30 p.m. show
True West Presents
6:30 p.m. doors, 8 p.m. show
Showbox Presents
7 pm doors, 8:30 pm show
94/7fm Presents
Matt Maeson
half•alive
The Revivalists
Monqui Presents
No Strings Attached presents
Dr. Dre 2001: An Orchestral Rendition
The Shakti Journal Presents
Shakti Speak Easy
4:30 p.m. doors, 5 p.m. VIP Dinner, 7 p.m. General Admission
Japanese Breakfast
8 p.m. doors, 9 p.m. show
Living Prism
Orbit w/ Ott, Desert Dwellers, Liquid Bloom & more!
K. Flay
Oliver Tree
Elizabeth Mollo Productions presents
"Fade To Light" - A Multidimensional Fashion Event
Live Nation and McMenamins Present
Sabrina Claudio - Truth Is Tour
Too Many Zooz
Double Tee & Dead Nation Present
Oh Sees
Rising Appalachia
Sunday, October 6
Double Tee + Dead Nation Present
The Fall Tour of Hobo Johnson & the Lovemakers
7 pm doors, 8 pm show
Emporium Presents
Alejandro Aranda is Scarypoolparty
Sasha Scarlett Presents
Portland Erotic Ball
Shovels & Rope
Matt & Kim
Mt. Joy
Goldenvoice presents
7 pm doors, 8pm show
Suicide Girls: Blackheart Burlesque
6:30 p.m. VIP M&G, 8 p.m. doors, 9 p.m show
Petty Theft - San Francisco Tribute to Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
Kikagaku Moyo
Portland's Folk Festival
Anna Tivel
Horse Feathers
Super Diamond - The Neil Diamond Tribute
The Crystal Ballroom
1332 W. Burnside
Portland OR 97209
Where On Any Night, Anything Can Happen!!
In these walls...
The historic Crystal Ballroom -- now over a century old -- is one of those rare concert halls that can point to a proud, diverse history while also laying claim to an ongoing musical legacy. Every time you enter this majestic ballroom, let your imagination sense the tremors resonating from a century's worth of gatherings, and realize that you are joining a thriving, generations-long procession of show-goers. Welcome!
Looking for your Crystal Ballroom Passport Stamps?
Crystal Ballroom, Lola's Room & Crystal Brewery Tour occurs daily at 2 p.m. - meet at Ringlers Pub (street level below the Crystal Ballroom.) The tour takes about half an hour to complete. Any questions may be directed to the Crystal box office, 503-225-0047.
Stamps for the Crystal Ballroom and Lola's Room are also available when you see a show – ticketed or free – in either venue.
Please note: Due to private events, concert setup needs and brewers' schedules, not all spaces are guaranteed to be available to tour daily, but our staff will give it our best shot and show you the spaces that we can.
Floor and stage plan
Lighting diagram
Sound manifest
Crystal:
Lola's Room:
Technical and logistical packet
For Crystal Ballroom & Lola's Room
Ballroom height and beam-to-beam dimensions
16' 11" from beam to floor
19' 11" from floor to ceiling
14' 6" in between beams
Rental Expenses To Outside Promoters
RENT VARIES, PLEASE CONTACT A BOOKING COORDINATOR
$900 SOUND & LIGHTS
$365 PRODUCTION MANAGER ($54.75/hr OT)
$255 STAGE MANAGER ($38.32/hr OT)
$255 FOH TECHNICIAN ($38.32/hr OT)
$255 MONITOR ENGINEER ($38.32/hr OT)
$255 LIGHTING DIRECTOR ($38.32/hr OT)
$150 HOSPITALITY ($20/hr OT) [mileage is 33 cents per mile]
$1,000* SECURITY ($100/hr OT)
$100 BOX OFFICE STAFF ($20/hr OT)
$200 ADMINISTRATION FEE
$ ---- PARKING HOODS
$ ---- CHAIR RENTAL ($2 per chair)
$ ---- ADVERTISING
$500 PIPE AND DRAPE/BARRICADE
$175 STAGEHANDS
$ ---- BOX OFFICE CREDIT CARD FEE (3% of Box Credit Card Sales)
* Security cost is an estimate. Additional security may be required depending on the nature of the event.
Overtime: All expenses incurred by the Crystal Ballroom for Catering, Advertising, requested stagehands, overtime (anything over 10 hours), backline, barricade, risers, etc. will be added to total rental rate.
Deposits: A non-refundable 50% room deposit and a $2,500 'untenured promoter fee' (UPF) is due immediately in order to secure the room. If ticket sales exceed 500 the 'UPF' will be refunded; if ticket sales are below 500 the room keeps the entire $2,500 to make up for less than 1/3 capacity and corresponding lack of sales. The 'UPF' will not be refunded if the event cancels within 60 days of the event.
Settlement: Venue will pay renter with a company check at the immediate conclusion of door sales. Venue will not provide any cash at settlement.
Late Night Fee: There is a $1,000/hour additional fee for any events after 3 a.m. We may also require additional security for events of that nature.
Merchandise: Merch rate is 20% they sell. We can provide a seller with advance notice and will keep 30% of sales. The outside promoter will receive no revenue from the merchandise as that is the prerogative of the house. House keeps a percentage of all transactions.
Tickets: All tickets must be placed through the venue onto the Cascade Tickets system. All comps, label buys, and holds must be approved by the venue. There is a $2/ticket venue fee at the Box Office.
Refunds: All refunds will be directed to the outside promoter. In the absence of an outside promoter representative, the venue shall use its own discretion regarding refunds and all refunds shall be deducted from settlement.
Insurance and Licenses: Renter must provide liability insurance not less than $1,000,000 for any single occurrence naming McMenamins Inc. d.b.a. Crystal Ballroom as additionally insured. Tickets will not be placed on sale until binder is received. Promoter is responsible for all ASCAP, BMI, and SESAC fees.
Production Advance: Performers or their representative must contact venue's production manager 5 days prior to the event in order to advance production needs, otherwise runner will arrive at 6 p.m. and all rider items/requests will be greatly limited if provided at all.
Layout: The Crystal Ballroom is located on the 3rd floor. The first floor is Ringlers Restaurant and the 2nd floor is Lola's Room, both of which may have a public or private event simultaneously with the Crystal.
Cancellation/Postponement: The contract covers the specified event for the specified date. No substitution will be accepted for a cancellation. If the event is postponed the room deposit will be transferred to the date of the new event but the $2,500 'UPF' will be applied toward the date of the originally scheduled show and an additional $2,500 will be required in order to reschedule.
Capacity: The venue's capacity is 1500*. All artist and promoter guests and comps will be deducted from sellable. Comp and guest space must be reserved in advance. House is entitled to 20 guests. House guests will not effect sellable. Promoter must have guest list to house no later than 2 hours prior to doors. VIP cap is 25.
* Seated capacity is 850. Seated shows must be 21 and over. There is a $2/chair rental fee.
Venue and corporate sponsor banners may be present during event.
Marketing your event at the Crystal Ballroom
Please contact Mike Walker for information about marketing your event through McMenamins resources.
Please note! Both the Crystal Ballroom and Lola's Room specialize in open-floor shows with a very limited amount of seats. The rare seated events will be clearly denoted as such, within the event description on our schedule page.
Tickets for all McMenamins shows are ticketed by Cascade Tickets, and may be purchased at the Crystal box office (located under the Crystal's awning) and McMenamins Edgefield, by phone at 1-855-CAS-TIXX, or by clicking the "Buy Tickets" link located at the event listing on our schedules.
Tickets bought directly at the Crystal box office or any of our four ticket outlets will only incur a $1 facility charge. (Please note! Tickets to Edgefield Concerts on the Lawn will incur additional service fees.)
Crystal Ballroom Box Office Hours
Daily, 11:30 a.m. to 6 p.m.
The box office is open later on nights when there is a performance.
The box office accepts cash, VISA, MasterCard, American Express and DiscoverCard.
Will call is located at the box office.
All ticket purchases are non-refundable.
There are three pay lots nearby, and street parking is available.
Those with disabilities may call (503 225 0047) or email in advance to arrange early admittance.
There is an elevator located in the lobby.
Hold your Private Event at Crystal Ballroom
Weddings Meetings Social Events
The Crystal Ballroom is a truly awe-inspiring venue with its vaulted ceilings, grand chandeliers, giant wallscapes and famous "floating" dance floor. Accommodating groups from 100 to 1000 people, this 7,500-square-foot space includes access to the Ballroom's classic corner stage, floor-to-ceiling windows, swooping balcony, and full bar service.
Tucked in the Crystal's second story is Lola's Room accommodating events of up to 200 guests. Lola's comes with a handsome fully stocked bar, original artwork, and a floating dance floor all it's own.
For overnight accommodations, our Crystal Hotel is just a block away!
Contact our sales team to inquire or book your event.
Artwork plays an important role in the character of McMenamins locations throughout Oregon and Washington. We believe art makes life richer and more enjoyable. So, you'll often find paintings covering our walls, ceilings doors, overhead pipes, and equipment -- works as diverse and entertaining as our places for family and friends. Many artists have contributed to this vast variety of delightful eye candy. Jump in and enjoy some now!


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Gloria Estefan says she fought to have "Conga" become a single
Gloria Estefan has long been a trailblazer in the Latino community, but one of her most famous songs almost didn't come to pass because it was "too Latin sounding." That song was "Conga."
Appearing on ABC News' Soul of a Nation, the Grammy winner revealed she never thought she'd become a professional singer. "I sang since I talked," Estefan said. "It just came with me, but I didn't feel the need to do it for other people."
That changed when she met husband Emilio Estefan, who asked her to join his band, The Miami Latin Boys, upon hearing her sing. The newly formed Miami Sound Machine released its first album in January 1976, but nearly a decade later, Estefan said she and her husband still faced pushback.
"They didn't want 'Conga' to be the single. They wanted another single and we told them 'Conga' is the single. They still put out another one." Estefan said. "They thought that it wasn't going to be the hit because they thought it was too Latin sounding."
Songs like "Conga," nonetheless, grabbed the nation's attention and launched Miami Sound Machine up the charts. Despite their success, some still viewed the band's Latin influence as a weakness.
Gloria recalled being told it's "not a Latin market" and to "lose the percussion… lose the horns" by the industry. "Some guy even told Emilio, 'Lose the girl singer,'" she said.
Embracing her Cuban identity would ultimately be a key component to her meteoric rise to fame, as the group's Latin beats and Cuban sounds resonated with both English and Spanish-speakers.
Alongside her husband, Gloria would eventually pave the way for the many successful Latin artists who succeeded her, such as Jennifer Lopez and Shakira; she continues to open doors whenever possible.
Soul of a Nation is streaming now on Hulu.


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Cervelle de canut is a cheese spread or dip that is a specialty of Lyon, France.

The dish is a base of fromage blanc, seasoned with chopped herbs, shallots, salt, pepper, olive oil and vinegar. Its name literally means "silk worker's brain", after the canuts, the silk workers of 19th-century Lyon. Its name is thought to reflect the low opinion Lyon's affluent had of the weavers.

See also
 List of spreads
 Lyonnaise cuisine

Notes

French cuisine
Cheese dishes
Spreads (food)
Cuisine of Lyon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Featured speakers include Gene Civillico, Ph.D., the Program Manager for the National Institute of Health's SPARC program. Also presenting is Eric Van Gieson, Ph.D., Program Manager at DARPA's Biological Technologies Office, which oversees the ElectRx program. These two U.S. government programs have funded much of the early research into bioelectronic medicine.
Several early-stage and emerging bioelectronic medicine firms will be presenting at the conference. These include NeuSpera Medical, which is developing a unique mid-field power technology that uses the body as a waveguide to power bioelectronic devices. Also presenting is Axion Biosystems, a manufacturer of multi-well microelectronic electrode arrays, and Neuroelectrics, a Spanish firm that manufactures noninvasive stimulation and recording devices.
The conference is co-sponsored by the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research. Imran Eba of Action Potential Venture Capital, GSK's venture arm in bioelectronic medicine, will serve as a moderator. The event takes place in the same venue and one day prior to the Future Leaders Conference, which is produced and organized by BioCentury, a global leader in business intelligence for the biopharma industry. BioCentury is pleased to serve as a marketing partner of the Bioelectronic Medicine Forum.
"Bioelectronic medicine represents one of the fastest growing segments of the life sciences industry. Participants at the 2018 Bioelectronic Medicine Forum will have an opportunity to help shape the future of this exciting field," said James Cavuoto, editor and Publisher of Neurotech Business Report.
For more information, contact James Cavuoto at 415-546-1259 or visit http://www.neurotechreports.com/pages/bioelectronic-medicine-forum.html .
*Photo Caption: Featured speakers include Gene Civillico, Ph.D., the Program Manager for the National Institute of Health's SPARC program.
"Bioelectronic medicine represents one of the fastest growing segments of the life sciences industry. Participants at the 2018 Bioelectronic Medicine Forum will have an opportunity to help shape the future of this exciting field," said James Cavuoto, editor and Publisher of Neurotech Business Report.
Neurotech Reports is dedicated to providing business and technology professionals up-to-date and forward-looking information about the field of neurotechnology and future developments that will affect the venture capital, research, and start-up communities. Neurotech Reports serves the scientific, medical, engineering, and financial communities interested in developing the field of neurotechnology.