text:
Carolina Quiroga-Stultz
22 - Pre Columbian Narratives
The Aztec world was created in several attempts. Each time the gods disagreed on detail and restarted the world again. In the afterword, we dive into the theories associated with the meaning of this creation myth and how it seems to be a more historical account than a mere story.
#Mythology, #Nahua, #Aztec, #Toltec, #Quetzalcoatl, #Tezcatlipoca, #ancientgods, #mesoamericanhistory, #conquest, #Nezahualcoyotl, #epicpoetry, #indigenousnarratives, #nativenarratives, #nativeliterature, #nahualiterature #evolution, #CharlesDarwin, #ClimateChange, #BernardinodeSahagun, #Nahuatl, #Mictlantecultli, #Mictlan, #Creationmyths, #StoriesMexico.
1. Pre-Columbian Literatures of Mexico. Miguel Leon-Portilla. Translated from the Spanish by Grace Lobanoy and the Author. Published by the University of Oklahoma. 2. Leyenda de los Soles continuada con otras leyendas y noticias. Relación Anónima escrita en lengua mexicana. Año 1558. Publicada por la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080012504/1080012504.PDF 3. PDF extract from the Códice Chimalpopoca. UNAM, Mexico, 1992. URL: https://pilaricahistoria.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/leyenda.pdf 4. The fifth sun, with ancient Mexican history and astronomy. Volume 2 Issue 6 - 2018. Zoltan Andrew Simon, Geologist and land surveyor with diploma. Canadian Hungarian amateur scholar. Canada. Published in the Arts and Humanities Open Access Journal. 5. The Nahua Myth of The Suns. History and Cosmology in Pre-Hispanic Mexican Religions. Wayne Ellet. Miami University, USA. Numen, Vol XXIII, Fasc. 2. 6. Can the position of the moon or the planets affect seismicity? Are there more earthquakes in the morning/in the evening/at a certain time of the month? USGS Science for a changing world. URL:https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/can-position-moon-or-planets-affect-seismicity-are-there-more-earthquakes-morningin-eveningat-a?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products 7. Climate Shocks. Swings between wet and dry landscapes punched some of our ancestors toward modern traits-and killed off others. Peter B. DeMenocal. Magazine Scientific American. Volume 28, Number 4. 8. Humanity has wiped out 60% of animal populations since 1970, report finds. Journal The Guardian. Damian Carrington. Oct 2018. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/30/humanity-wiped-out-animals-since-1970-major-report-finds
THE FIVE SUNS
We are Mortals, a poem by Nezahualcoyotol
I comprehend the secret, the hidden: O my lords! Thus we are, we are mortal, humans through and through, we all will have to go away, we all will have to die on earth… Like a painting we will be erased. Like a flower, we will dry up here on earth. Like plumed vestments of the precious bird, that precious bird with the agile neck, we will come to an end… think on this, o lords, eagles and tigers, though you be of jade, though you be of gold, you also will go there, to the place of the flesh-less. We will have to disappear, no one can remain.
NOTE: In order to have access to the text of the story, please consider purchasing the book!
Click here to order the book!
Very well, dear listeners it is about time to talk about the story, a story, that some had categorized as the Aztec Myth of creation. But the truth is, that it is much more complex] than that. It is a sacred narrative that has shaped the political, and religious systems of many of the ancient people of Mesoamerica.
In the book Pre-Columbian Literatures of Mexico, Miguel Leon-Portilla, tell us that "The great myth told in Nahuatl, and other native tongues, is probably the oldest poetry of Pre-Hispanic times. Similar legends often recorded in different languages suggest a common origin for the main cultures of Mesoamerica."
And even when the text was translated into other contemporary languages, these pre-Columbian literatures still hold their rhythmic style, expression and color. The author also points out that "these texts were memorized in the pre-Hispanic centers of learning, and recited during important religious festivals."
In other words, these narratives were not necessarily told around the fire, with the purpose of passing down an old story, instead it was a way to invoke the gods.
Also, Portilla stresses that "the myths show a concern for detail, expressing an idea from different angles. But along with this attention to detail, there also appears the concept of the whole in which small things become meaningful. What sometimes appears to be concrete details, such as flowers, a song, quetzal plumage, or jade, and precious stones, are metaphors used to express the most subtle and beautiful abstractions."
I believe it is time to debunk the idea that these old narratives should be considered children's stories or simply pagan beliefs of the ancient people. On the contrary, they were expressions of artistic literature, of a religious system, of a philosophical way of understanding an interpreting their world. Most importantly, they are historical accounts of a cultural, and political evolution staged in the environmental understanding of the world they journeyed.
Before digging more into the theories of what the narrative of the Five Suns means, we should explore the number of ages or eras.
Nahuatl sources tend to agree on five ages ruled by suns of different elements, water, earth (represented by the jaguar), fire, wind and movement. However, that these sources are not the only ones depicting different cosmological periods of evolution of a culture in Mesoamerica. Other texts, such as the Popol Vuh and Chilam Balam, of Mayan origin, tell us of four cosmic periods, not five.
Furthermore, Wayne Ellet, in his article: The Nahua Myth of The Suns, tell us that early missionaries recorded the beliefs, practices, customs, and institutions of the religions of central Mexico. This resulted in more than twenty different variants of the myth of the Suns within about hundred years of the conquest. Among those missionaries that recorded different chronicles were Andres de Olmos, Bernardino de Sahagún, Diego Duran, Toribio de Motolinia, Geronimo de Mendieta.
For instance, Ellet says that Bernardino de Sahagún recorded his information after questioning native informants, and later doing cross-checking with sources from other locations. He was like an early type of journalist. Whereas part of Diego Duran's work comes from translating directly from native history.
Other sources, such as the Leyenda de los Soles and the Anales de Cuauhtitlan, "were written as commentaries on native picture writings by bilingual and trilingual pupils trained in the missionary schools. [...]" And of course, other versions had some strong Christian influences that apparently were trying to present local traditions under a more favorable light. I assume to not scare the European audiences.
As a result of all these multiple versions, the number of world ages described by the story, vary from three to six, and even the length of each era, or the sum of all them varied as well.
Thus, the story you just heard is my literary adaptation of the most well-known of all the versions. This adaptation can be found in my latest book "The Hungry Goddess and The Five Suns," that you can purchase online on our website www.trescuentos.com.
The book was illustrated by the Mexican-American artist Emmanuel Valtierra who has studied the way the ancient Mexica people used to illustrate their pictographic books. So, when you have this book in your hands is like going back in time, and finding one of those old pictographic codices. But the good news is that although the graphics might seem foreign to you, the text is in English!
And that was the advertisement of the day!
Let's continue with the five ages, and how long they seemed to have lasted. Perhaps the number may give us an idea of how old this story is.
Wayne Ellet indicates that in the version of Histoyre du Mechique by the cosmographer Jean Thévet written in 1543, a single age lasted twenty three years. Whereas in the Leyenda de los Soles written around the year of 1558 by an unknown source the first age lasted 676 years; and in the Codex Vaticanus B translated by Eduard Seler, and published in 1902, one era lasted 5042 years. This means that the different sources not even agree on the length of each era.
Ellet also stresses that in one variant the destruction of the past ages is due to the vices of their inhabitants; whereas in another version the destruction was due to insufficient food.
Nevertheless, most sources agree that at least there were four cosmic ages, and the fifth is the last one. They also agree that each era ended with a cataclysm in which there was mass destruction or a transformation of the population.
Now, let's briefly take a look at how long each era lasted according to the Codex Chimalpopoca, known as one the most reliable sources. You can find a more detail info graphic about it in our website. Just go and check the transcript of this story.
From the Codex Chimalpopoca we know that the first era lasted 676 years, and ended with the extinction of the giants; tragedy that lasted for another 10 years. The next era lasted for 364 years, and ended with some terrible winds. The third era had a duration of 312 years, and ended with a rain of fire. The fourth era lasted for 676 years and ended with a tremendous flood that continued for 52 years. This was followed by another 25 years during which the gods unleashed their wrath upon the couple that had survived.
Until here, the sum of all four ages is approximately 2115 years, give or take. Notice that we cannot add the fifth era to the math because it's the era in which we still live.
To those who know more about the Aztec history, the count of more than 2000 years doesn't make much sense. Their empire rose around the year of 1345 C.E, and ended with the arrival of the Spaniards in 1521.
This is why we could assume that either there was a mistake in the recording process, or in the interpretation of the information, or that this story precedes the Aztecs. And they, as astute politicians, and conquerors saw a great opportunity by appropriating it and adapting it to their own political and religious needs.
The Aztecs could have known that the story itself had a powerful message, and could give credibility, and legitimize their young culture under the eyes of those who they were conquering.
In other words, this story could have been inherited or appropriated from the Toltecs, the Teotihuacans, the Maya or other ancient cultures such as the Olmec. Indeed stories are immortal.
Now, let's dive into the multiple, and possible explanations of the story. Wayne Ellet sheds some light on this.
He says that most scholars agree "that the story of the ages of the world is an allusion to the stages of a culture, and that each new age represents a stage of new cultural progress...The fifth Sun is the synthesis [sin-the-sis] of progress achieved in the earlier ages...(thus) It is regarded as superior to all."
Here I ask myself if we accept this consensus, then could it be that the fifth sun represents the birth and rise of the Aztec culture? If so, then the four previous ages represent previous cultures that perished overtime due to different natural cataclysms and, or political disturbances. Let's remember that the Aztecs were not the only ones telling the story, the Toltecs apparently told it too.
In this manner, the fifth era comes to represent the most important culture in the region at the time the conquistadors arrived. Remember we mentioned this on episodes 5 and 10, when we said that the Aztecs rewrote their own history in order to present themselves as inheritors of a long ancient and royal tradition. And in this way secure their political and military conquests.
Nonetheless, the theory that says that the story is an allusion to the states of a culture is not the only theory. Wayne Ellet mentions that there had been other interpretations of the meaning of the story.
1- Among those interpretations is that the story is an imaginative account of the historic conquest and growing political power of the Nahua tribes from which the Aztecs descended. Remember that old story that tells that several tribes left Aztlán, and in doing so they became nomads, often called Chichimecas; and once the Aztecs and other Nahua tribes had secured their power in Mesoamerica, they sought to rewrite their own history and origins, making sure to align it with the Toltecs. Also remember that the Toltecs arrived centuries before, conquered the region and built a long-lasting civilization. An achievement that apparently the Aztecs wished to achieve too.
2- Another view point tells us that it could be a story of a gradual success of a new solar cult and religious system. If so, the four previous eras resemble Old Testament stories, while the fifth sun is similar to a type of New Testament that began with the sacrifice of the gods in Teotihuacan.
3- A third perspective says that it is an allegory on the progressive liberation of spirit from matter, symbolizing the life cycle of the individual from infancy to maturity . This one, kind of escapes my understanding. It makes sense to me, if we see the giants as defenseless as babies, the monkeys as young children, the turkeys as the stubborn teenagers, and the lazy people that were turned into fish as young adults. Perhaps the cataclysms that ended each era are like rites of passages that represent the stages of human development. Who knows?
4- Last, that the story could be a symbolic history listing the gradual evolution of agriculture. In some versions, it is mentioned what type of food the people ate, but there is no evidence of how they developed crops. It is only mentioned the type of food available or what they chose to eat. This could indicate an evolution of their diet but not necessarily of agriculture.
On the other hand, and to make things more complex, Ellet says that "the sequence of the world ages is disjunctive". That is that each Sun or era is autonomous, and there is no internal change or development until the solar disk, and the landscape are destroyed and replaced.
In other words, in each era the human species starts anew. Except for that time when Quetzalcoatl brings forth from the underworld the bones of the people that perished before, so they can live through the fifth era. This was briefly mentioned in my earlier story. We will address it at the end of this episode.
Also, the only "transitional" periods are those marked by chaos, floods, battle, earthquake, and darkness. So, the story does not appear to be linear or circular in human terms.
As well, not a single version appears to address what happened to the animals that had been humans before. Did they survive to the next era? If so, can we say that there was a continuation of the animal species? If not, then why waste time transforming them? Was it an extra punishment? The story doesn't tell us anything about it.
All this to say that it appears that there is no evidence of the evolution of our human species in the story. Let's remember that science has thought us that we came from animals, not the other way around. Unless, that is, that the transformation into animals is an allegory to the old belief in Nahuales, that is our animal spirit.
Here, I dare to say that the transformation of the people into animals sort of touches on our relationship with other species. If you have watched the wonderful program Cosmos in Netflix hosted by the astrophysics Neil deGrasse Tyson, you already know that science have proved that we share DNA with all other beings in the planet, including the trees.
At this point, since I have brought evolution into the mix, I am going to dare to speculate a little on the subject of linearity. If you draw a line that represents an each era, you will have to stop when every cataclysm happened; and then draw another line for the next era. Thus, some will argue that there were not such abrupt interruptions in the evolution of our human species.
But remember that scientists have found humanoid species whose lineage became extinct. They might have contributed to our ancestry but they could not continue their own.
Take the famous ancestral lineage of "Lucy", Australopithecus afarensis, and other two distinctive groups. One of them had large brains and was some of the first members of our own evolutionary family.
However, they didn't make it as far as the Homo Erectus, because they couldn't adapt to climate change. Basically, they did not have a flexible diet, they ate mostly grass, and related foods; whereas the Homo Erectus, our most common ancestor, who had a larger brain, and was more adaptable in his food choices, and that included meat.
Now, I am not saying that the Five Suns depicts Darwin's evolutionary theory, but I think there are some connections, if we address it from the perspective of climate change. In the article, "Climate Shocks" by Peter B. DeMenocal published in the magazine Scientific American, fall 2019, we learn that a growing number of scientists believe that climate change played an important role in shaping human evolution.
The author reminds us that Darwin stayed that: "the disappearance of a favorite food or the replacements of a long wet season with a longer dry one creates pressures that lead, eventually, to adaptation, extinction or evolution into different species."
In Darwin's book "On the Origin of Species" is noted that seasons of extreme cold or drought directly affected species numbers. From what we now know about our constantly changing earth, deMenocal says that "the process of change was not always subtle. Each of the big five mass extinctions, over the past 540 million years was accompanied by an environmental disruption. During each of these events, between 50 and 90 percent of all species perished, but this was followed by bursts of new species."
He continues saying that "We mammals owe a debt of gratitude to the Manhattan-size meteorite that struck the Yucatán Peninsula in what is today Mexico, about 66 million years ago. It killed off the dinosaurs, and other less charismatic species, ushering the rapid radiation and diversification of mammals."
I know, you may be saying, but all that happened millions of years ago, the story can't be that ancient. Perhaps, but my point is that our planet is in constant change, geological or climatic change.
Many of the hurricanes, earthquakes, and wild fires that have impacted the Americas in the past 100 years have led to massive destructions followed by mass relocations of people. To those who lost much and left, there was an abrupt end of the life they used to know. Was there a sort of anatomical evolution, as a result of such cataclysm? Probably not, but there was a memory of an era that ended, and a new one that they were forced to start again somewhere else.
In conclusion, there is an accumulation of experience that eventually translated into long lasting knowledge and memories, and that is stories.
For instance, we are on the verge of one of those eras of massive extinction. The journal The Guardian, tell us that "Humanity has wiped out 60% of mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles since 1970". Unfortunately, we cannot blame nature for this one, but ourselves. People don't seem to be worried about it, in the end is the animals that are going extinct, not us.
However, what people do not stop to consider is the impact that the animal extinction will have on our immediate future. So, that is something to think about, but more importantly to act upon.
There is much more we could say about the story of the Five Suns, including that it could be a historical account of a journey that began in Aztlan. Where each total-sun eclipse, and the natural disaster associated with it represent the tragic culmination of each era. Those events could have indicated to the Nahua tribes, that it was time to start somewhere else. This could be the birth of the fifth sun, the beginning of a long journey that ended when the Aztecs founded Tenochtitlán.
The truth is that all we have from the past are the monuments, artifacts, drawings and stories. Some stories may seem to be drawn out of imagination. They seem too wild to be true, but in reality, by following the story of the epic poem The Iliad, is that Schlieman found, and excavated the legendary city of Trajan in 1870. Sometimes, what appears to be a product of mere imagination is far more real than it seems.
To me each story is someone's cultural journey in this chaotic and ever changing world.
Personally, I am more inclined to believe that the first four eras give us hints on how previous Mesoamerican civilizations went in declined or ended; and that the fifth one, is the way the Aztecs, added themselves to the historical equation.
In addition, if we pay attention to the scene in which the gods sacrificed themselves in order to give movement to the new sun, we find the justification for human sacrifices that the Aztec religious cult demanded.
We also find the excuse to foster a political strategy known as the flowery wars, that kept the Aztec military in shape and provided the habitual sacrificial lambs, but that of course is another cuento.
To finalize our program I will leave you with the short story of how Quetzalcoatl gave the life back to the humans beginning the fifth era.
The following story is based on the version from the book Pre-Columbian Literatures of México by Miguel León-Portilla.
And as soon as the gods came together they said:
Who shall live on earth? The sky and the earth have already been established. Oh gods, who shall live on the earth?
The gods Citlalinicue, Citlaltonac, Apantecuhtli, Tepanquizqui, Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca were grieved about the issue. They thought, how about recycling the old bones of those who had perished before, and so Quetzalcoatl was left in charge with the new goal. He went down to Mictlan to retrieve the bones.
He approached Mictlantecuhtli and Mictlancihuatl, the lord and lady of the underworld, and said to them: I have come to take the precious bones that you keep here.
Mictlantecuhtli said to him: What would you do with them, Quetzalcoatl?
Quetzalcoatl answered: The gods are concerned; someone shall live on the earth.
Mictlantecuhtli replied: Very well, sound my conch shell and go four times around my domain and the bones shall be yours.
But there was a catch. The conch shell had no holes in it, it wasn't meant to be played. Quetzalcoatl suspected the scam and called the worms. They came, and made holes in it and then the bees and hornets went inside and they made the conch sell sound loud.
Upon hearing it the sound, Mictlantecuhtli said to Quetzalcoatl: Very well. You may take the bones.
But then, while his guest walked to the place where the bones were, Mictlantecuhtli turn to those who served him and shouted: People of Mictlan! Don't let him take my bones.
In the meantime, Quetzalcoatl gathered up the precious bones of men, and women, and made a bundle with them.
Alarmed by the imminent success of his guest, Mictlantecuhtli said to those who served him: People of Mictlan, go an dig a big hole.
The hole was dug and as Quetzalcoatl was on his way out he walked on it, stumbled, and fell in the pit. He fell down as if dead, the precious bones were scattered, and the quail bird quickly came and chewed and gnawed upon them, breaking them in smaller pieces.
After a while Quetzalcoatl woke up, he was grieved, and asked to his Nahual: What shall I do now?
The dog Xolotl, his Nahual answered him: Although the affair has started badly, let it continue as best it may.
So, Quetzalcoatl gathered up the bones, put them together, bundle them up, and carried them to Tamoanchan, the place of origin.
As soon as he arrived, the goddess Quilaztli, also called Cihuacoatl, ground them up, and put them in a fine earthen tub. Then Quetzalcoatl bled his male organ on them, and immediately the gods named Apantecuhtli, Huictlolinqui, Tepanquizqui, Tlallamanac, Tzontemoc, and Quetzalcoatl, did penance.
And they said: Oh gods, the Macehuales are born. And thus we mortals owe our life to penance, because for our sake the gods did penance. And since the bones were broken in smaller pieces that is why we don't live forever.
In our next episode on Pre Columbian narratives, we will tell the legendary story of a remarkable man that was elevated to the status of a god, and how his departure was taken as the reason for the fall of an entire culture. Until the next cuento! **
Foreign_Land_Sting – Jingle Punks
Allemande_Sting – Wahneta Meixsell
Songs by Kevin MacLeod: A_Turn_for_the_Worse_Sadness, Crusade_Video_Classica, Final_Count, Decline, All_This_Scoring_Action, Exotics, Gagool, Dreams_Become_Real– (is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license)
Tribal_War_Council - Doug Maxwell Media Right Production
Camaguey – Silent Partner
We_Were_Once_Kings - Silent Partner
Far_The_Days_Come – Letter Box
Song_For_Michael – Magic In The Other
34 - Day of the Dead
33 - Latinx Literature in the US
32 - Latinx Literatures in the US


Max elevation: 1,283 ft.– total elevation gain approximately 922 ft.
With over 8,000 acres on the Shawangunk Ridge, Mohonk Preserve is the largest member and visitor-supported nature preserve in New York State. The Mohonk Preserve is a private land conservation organization established to protect the Shawangunk Ridge, it is not public land funded by the government. Therefore, there is a day use fee to use the preserve which funds its maintenance and programs.
Having received an annual Mohonk Preserve membership for Christmas, it was high time that I used it. I normally prefer to hike the Mohonk/Minnewaska area on a weekday due to the large crowds on weekends. With that in mind, I tried to design a hike that utilized some of the lesser used trails. Not an easy task, but it worked out well on this day. Although this hike began in the Mohonk Preserve, it travels into Minnewaska State Park through the Peter's Kill area as well.
This hike began from the West Trapps Parking Area, but passes through the Coxing Kill and Peter's Kill parking areas, which can be used as alternative starting points. The West Trapps lot opens at 9:00 am and we arrived at 9:03 am. There were only a few spaces left by that time. This hike was done in a counterclockwise fashion, but if done in reverse order, it will be the same amount of elevation gain. I wanted to get to Split Rock early since it attracts crowds, being so close to the Coxing Kill Parking Area.
West Trapps Connector Trail – (600 ft. at start) (0.3 mile on return) This yellow-blazed gravel Road connects the West Trapps parking area to Overcliff and Undercliff Roads and also the Trapps Bridge over Route 44/55, which gives access to Trapps Road and the Millbrook Ridge Trail.
Shongum Path – (0.8 mile) Marked by signs and red blazes, the 0.8 mile long Shongum Path connects the yellow-blazed West Trapps Connector Trail with the Old Minnewaska Trail, linking the West Trapps parking area with the Coxing Kill area.
Old Minnewaska Trail – (550 ft.) Marked by signs and light blue trail blazes, this trail runs from Laurel Ledge Road and continues to opposite the Coxing Kill parking area.
High Peter's Kill Trail – (1 mile) Marked by signs and light blue trail blazes, this trail can be accessed from either Mohonk Preserve at the Coxing Kill parking area or from Minnewaska State Park.
Bull Wheel Footpath – (0.5 mile) This white-blazed trail begins at the intersection with the High Peter's Kill Footpath. The trail gradually descends through a former ski area and ends at an intersection with the Red Loop Trail.
Awosting Falls Connector Footpath – (0.15 mile) This white-blazed footpath connects the Peter's Kill Parking Area to the Awosting Falls Carriage Road.
Awosting Falls Carriage Road – (1.9 miles) At the eastern boundary of the park preserve, this carriage road provides a multi-use connection between Minnewaska State Park Preserve and the Mohonk Preserve.
Trapps Road – This unmarked wide gravel road begins on the south side of the Trapps Bridge over US-44/NY-55. The trail continues along US-44/NY-55 and dead ends into Lyons Road. This is the point at which it leaves Mohonk Preserve and enters Minnewaska State Park.
Bayards Path – (0.21 mile) A red-blazed trail that connects Trapps Road to the Millbrook Ridge Trail, near the saddle in the ridge.
Millbrook Ridge Trail – (0.8 mile) Marked by light blue blazes, the trailhead starts at Trapps Road just beyond the bridge over 44/55 and leads to the summit of Millbrook Mountain.
The hike begins at the eastern end of the parking area at the kiosk.
We followed the yellow-blazed West Trapps Connector Trail, which heads east, parallel to Route 44/55.
In about 600 feet, we turned left onto the start of the red-blazed Shongum Path, the route of an old Lenape Indian trail.
The Shongum Path descends gradually over bare rock at first, as it heads north. Along the way, I heard a loud commotion in the woods. I saw what appeared to be a Black Bear about 30-40 yards ahead of me, to the left of the trail. I saw black fur through the trees and at first thought it was a large dog, but by the time I got near to where I first saw it, there was no trace of anyone or anything.
The trail travels through several wet areas on wooden planks. Eventually the trail veers to the northeast and parallels the Coxing Kill (creek), which is visible through the trees.
After about 0.8 mile, we came to the terminus of the Shongum Path at a T-intersection with the blue-blazed Old Minnewaska Trail, a gravel road, and turned left.
Now heading southwest, we crossed a wooden bridge that spans the Coxing Kill. We turned right and walked down to check out Split Rock.
The Coxing Kill plunges into a small gorge of solid rock and streams out on the other end into a pool.
Located at the site of the former Enderly Family sawmill, Split Rock has long been a favorite place for picnicking by the Coxing Kill. Luckily, we arrived at this spot at approximately 9:30 am and had the place to ourselves.
While there is no "official" swimming area or lifeguard, swimming seems to be allowed and this is a very popular swimming hole. The channel flows into a small sloped pool that is about 3-4 ft deep with a sandy/small rock bottom.
We walked back up to the Old Minnewaska Trail and turned right. Alongside the trail are the Fieldstone foundations of a house and barn, and other outbuildings, which tell of the Enderly family farm, which occupied this place in the 19th century.
For about a century, the Enderly family operated their farm, sawmill, and blacksmith forge on the Coxing Kill.
A short distance ahead, we reached Clove Road and the end of the Old Minnewaska Trail. Just across the road is the Coxing Kill Parking Area.
At the southern end of the parking area, there is a kiosk, which marks the start of the light-blue-blazed High Peter's Kill Trail. This is also the route of the blue-blazed Shawangunk Ridge Trail (SRT).
The High Peter's Kill Trail follows a woods road, passing the Enderly Burial Ground on the right.
The High Peter's Kill Trail heads southwest then turns right, crosses a stream on rocks then turns left, now heading in a westerly direction.
and passes a junction with the King's Lane Trail.
The ascent steepens as we continued heading west on the High Peter's Kill Trail and entered Minnewaska State Park Preserve.
The climb becomes very steep, with the trail routed over stone steps in places. For part of the way, the trail follows the Dugway, a 19th century woods road used to transport millstones quarried near here.
After passing lichen-covered rock outcrops and an interesting "cave" formed by an overhanging rock, the grade moderates.
A short distance beyond the end of the steep climb, as the High Peters Kill Trail turns left, we veered right on an unmarked trail. In about 150 feet, there is an expansive east-facing viewpoint over the Trapps ridge, with the Sky Top tower of the Mohonk Mountain House visible to the northeast.
The cliffs of Dickie Barre.
We sat here and took a short break while enjoying the view. To the left is the southern end of the Trapps ridge and the northern ridge of Millbrook Mountain is on the right. The Village of New Paltz may be seen through the narrow notch between The Trapps and Millbrook Mountain.
We returned to the High Peter's Kill Trail and turned right. The trail now follows a relatively level path through blueberries and mountain laurel, with some pitch pines.
Just below the crest of the rise, the white-blazed Bull Wheel Trail, which leads to the Peters Kill parking area on Route 44/55, begins on the left.
The Bull Wheel Trail descends gradually on an eroded woods road.
In some sections, the trail narrows to a footpath.
There are dual-colored-blazes on either side of the trail that are not on the hiking map. These trails are designated for rock climbing and bouldering, which require a permit, which can be purchased at the Peter's Kill Parking Area.
The trail then passes through a flat open area over rock slabs.
The trail passes a concrete slab, with steel bolts protruding. A tower that was anchored to the slab via the bolts once supported a pulley for a ski lift, part of the Ski Minne downhill ski area, which operated from 1964 to 1978. The pulley is commonly referred to as a "bullwheel," hence the name for the trail.
The trail then widens back to a gravel road as it descends.
After about 0.5 miles on the Bull Wheel Trail, it ends at a T-intersection with the Red Loop Trail.
We turned left on the Red Loop Trail and walked a short distance on the gravel road to the Peter's Kill Parking Area. We took a short rest at a picnic table and enjoyed a snack.
When we were ready to resume our hike, we walked out to Route 44/55 via the entrance road to the Peter's Kill Area.
Directly across the road from the entrance is the start of the white-blazed Awosting Falls Connector Footpath.
This short white-blazed footpath connects the Peter's Kill Parking Area to the Awosting Falls Carriage Road.
We took this trail a short distance to its terminus, at a T-intersection with the red-blazed Awosting Falls Carriage Road.
We then turned left on the Awosting Falls Carriage Road and walked about 350 feet to the paved Lyons Road. Just beyond, the carriage road crosses paved Lyons Road and re-enters the Mohonk Preserve (the red blazes end here).
continues around a hairpin curve….
and in another two-thirds of a mile, crosses the Coxing Kill on a wooden bridge.
Trapps Road continues to parallel Route 44/55, but for most of the way, the highway is located some distance from the carriage road and cannot be seen (although sounds of traffic can sometimes be heard).
Along the way, we passed a junction for the Coxing Trail and about 0.5 mile later, we reached the junction with the red-blazed Bayards Path.
Although carriage roads are normally nice to walk on, I was glad to leave it and jump back on a trail.
The red-blazed Bayards Path ascends on a moderate grade to the saddle of Millbrook Mountain.
The narrow footpath is overgrown in some spots.
In about 0.21 mile, the trail ends at a T-intersection with the Millbrook Ridge Trail.
We turned left on the Millbrook Ridge Trail and began heading northeast along the ridge of Millbrook Mountain.
This was the best part of the hike for me. The ridge walk was quite scenic and I enjoyed it very much. With no more real elevation gain, it was now a walk in the park, sort of speak.
The trail passes some partial views along the ridge then comes to open rock ledges with more expansive views.
The trail continues over rock slabs along the ridge, with pitch pines.
More views open up along the ridge, with the Catskill Mountains visible to the north. The Devil's Path range of the Catskills.
Directly northeast is the southern end of the Trapps.
The trail comes out onto slanted rock with more views. The trail then descends steeply to the left of the boulder.
I happened to see a survey marker along this spot as well.
There are still more views as the trail descends. Below, the cliffs of Dickie Barre.
Ashokan Highpoint is visible to the right of Dickie Barre.
The trail continues its steep descent over open rock slabs. This part of the hike was fun, especially because we didn't have to climb up this way.
After almost a mile of hiking the ridge, we descended to Trapps Road.
We turned right on Trapps Road and walked about 150 feet to the Trapps Bridge.
After crossing the Trapps Bridge over Route 44/55, we turned left, descended stone steps, and turned right on the yellow-blazed West Trapps Connector Trail that leads back to the parking area where the hike began.
On the way out, while driving by the visitor center on Route 44/55, a Black Bear came rolling down the hill and landed on the road. It promptly got up and crossed the road and I believe walked down into the visitor center parking area. I watched this through the rear view mirror as I drove.
This was another great hike in the Gunks. I was surprised at the lack of crowds along the way. We passed a few groups on the Millbrook Ridge Trail as we neared the end and several other hikers earlier. For a Saturday, we mostly had the trails to ourselves.
Pros: The Gunks, views, Split Rock, cliffs, well marked trails.
Cons: A little road noise along Trapps Road.
Many years ago, I found the Millbrook Ridge to Minnewaska route. But it was a complete surprise to find myself at Lake Minnewaska, as I had taken a wrong turn after sunset. I wasn't very happy with the long walk on the highway back to my car!


The sporting world has been rocked by the news that Norwich has poached the 2017 World Water Balloon Tossing Championship from its traditional host, Bristol. The elite athletic event has moved from its regular spot at Bristol Harbour Fest and will instead take place at the Norwich Lord Mayor's Celebration on July 8. Furious Bristol residents have expressed their anger.
Bristol Harbour Fest will still host some regional heats on July 22 & 23 – click here for details.
Catch us bringing arts & animations to Sprung Up in Springfield Park on May 13th and Round About Radstock on May 20th as the final DNAarts project events burst into bloom. We've loved this three-year feast of family arts – click here for more details.
The seeds have been sown for the third Wye Valley River Festival 2018. Whispers in the woods tell us the dates will be May 5th – 19th 2018 and the theme will be TREES & WOODLAND. Click here to find out more.
Find out where you can see us in 2017, from Passage Fest in the wild fjords of Denmark and Sweden to the Marine Theatre in the Jurassic Coast stronghold of Lyme Regis.
Four hundred guests thronged the Grand Hall of Bristol Museum for Booty, Baddies & Beasties, our contemporary take on the 1000 year old epic poem of Beowulf. Click here to see the film.


4 Bedroom 2.5 bath 2 story home with 2238 SQ. FT. PLUS A POOL! Kitchen with tile counter tops, dishwasher, disposal, gas range and large pantry. Inside laundry room. 2 car garage with opener. Large master suite. Master bath with tub and shower and a walk in closet. 1.5 bath downsrstairs. All new interior paint and carpet throughout!! Backyard oasis with the pool and shed for storage. Owner to pay for pool service - chemicals only. Sorry, no pets allowed.
North on American Eagle Dr. Right onto Thrush Dr to Sparrow Hawk.


It is said that "Basiron (Netherlands)" has 19 flavors such as "Basiron Pesto Rosso" and "Basiron Wasabi ". The new product is "Basiron Lavender". I want to try it! This time I ate "Basiron Garlic" as it was. I felt garlic flavor was a little bit strong for me, so I used the cheese for the dish. I cooked Cheese Fondue and put potatoes in the pot! It tasted mild garlic flavor.


text:
package com.spotify.heroic.metric.memory;

import com.spotify.heroic.HeroicConfigurationContext;
import com.spotify.heroic.HeroicModule;
import com.spotify.heroic.dagger.LoadingComponent;

public class Module implements HeroicModule {
    @Override
    public Runnable setup(final LoadingComponent loading) {
        final HeroicConfigurationContext config = loading.heroicConfigurationContext();

        return () -> {
            config.registerType("memory", MemoryMetricModule.class);
        };
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
ADB to provide $100 million loan to upgrade power distribution in Bengaluru
"The ADB and the Government of India on December 31, 2020 signed a USD 100 million loan to modernise and upgrade the power distribution system to enhance the quality and reliability of electricity supply in Bengaluru city in the state of Karnataka," the statement said.
BESCOM is one of five state-owned distribution utilities and the largest in Karnataka.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) will provide a USD 100 million (around Rs 730 crore) loan to modernise and upgrade the power distribution system in Bengaluru city, a finance ministry statement said.
Beside the USD 100 million sovereign loan, ADB will provide a USD 90 million loan without sovereign guarantee for the project to Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Ltd (BESCOM), one of the five state-owned distribution utilities in Karnataka.
"The ADB and the Government of India on December 31, 2020 signed a USD 100 million loan to modernise and upgrade the power distribution system to enhance the quality and reliability of electricity supply in Bengaluru city in the state of Karnataka," the statement said.
In parallel to underground distribution cables, over 2,800 km of fibre optical cables will be installed to strengthen communication network. Moving about 7,200 km of distribution lines underground will help reduce technical and commercial losses by about 30 per cent, it said.
The fibre optical cables will be used for smart metering systems, distribution automation system (DAS) in the distribution grid, and other communication networks.
The project will install 1,700 automated ring main units adapted with a DAS to monitor and control the distribution line switchgears from the control centre, it added.
The statement further said the loan will strengthen the capacity of BESCOM in operation and maintenance of underground cabling, environment and social safeguards, financial management and commercial financing.
Improved financial management capability will help BESCOM access domestic and international commercial financing market.
ADB to provide $100 million loan to upgrade power distribution in&nbspBengaluru
1Shriram Automall enters public sector forward auction industry
2Don't worry about volatility, says Kumar Mangalam Birla
3Market now getting ready for ultra-fast pre-pack, says Sahoo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Lawyers who specialize in personal injury law may be involved in a wide range of matters. Many personal injury lawyers are involved in litigation. Some tend to specialize in representing individuals or groups of individuals who have suffered harm, while others tend to specialize in representing the defendants in such lawsuits, which are often (though not always) businesses and other large organizations. Some lawyers work in smaller practice settings while others work for larger firms. Another set of lawyers specializing in this area of the law work for public interest groups, government agencies, policy think tanks, and legal services organizations. Personal injury practice can involve lawyers in fascinating public policy issues and deep moral debates about who should bear the costs of harm in an inextricably interconnected society in which people are pursuing sometimes conflicting activity goals. Subjects encompassed under the scope of personal injury practice include toxic torts, class action litigation, product liability law, environmental harm, insurance reform, workplace accident law, medical malpractice, libel and defamation law, business torts, mass disasters. Personal injury lawyers must understand a wide array of legal issues, ranging from procedure, common and statutory law doctrines, administrative law, remedies, and insurance law, as must also be conversant in varied theoretical approaches to the law including law and economics, moral philosophy, and critical legal theory approaches.


text:
Comparisons between the dynamic and quasi-static performances of a dissipative dielectric elastomer under pure shear mode
S. E. Chen, Z. C. He, Eric Li
SCEDT Engineering
Based on the Helmholtz free energy function of the dielectric elastomer (DE) with consideration of the dissipation processes and thermal effects, the dynamic equations derived from the work done by the inertia forces and Euler-Lagrange equation along with the quasi-static equation can be established. Under typical loading patterns, including linear and sinusoidal voltages and a sinusoidal force coupled with a constant voltage, the distinctions between the performances of DE induced by the two different governing equations can be fully discussed. Therefore, the effects of the inertia forces in both plane and thickness directions can also be revealed in detail. Furthermore, the mechanisms of failures are briefly studied. The numerical results have indicated that the deformations calculated from the quasi-static and dynamic models are identical under small amplitudes and frequencies of actuation. However, when the external loading is large enough to cause failures, obvious distinction appears and the DE suffers from rupture sooner using the quasi-static model, especially under linear actuation. In addition, no resonance can be detected via the quasi-static equation and the mean stretch calculated from the dynamic equation coincides with the stretch obtained from the equivalent voltage (static) of the applied sinusoidal voltage in some extents. Under a sinusoidal force with a static voltage, the stretch calculated from the dynamic equation oscillates around the curve induced by the quasi-static model at first and finally coincides with it. When power source is cut off, the current leakage lowers the mean stretch of the oscillation.
Smart Materials and Structures
https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa87d8
10.1088/1361-665X/aa87d8Licence: Unspecified
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Comparisons between the dynamic and quasi-static performances of a dissipative dielectric elastomer under pure shear mode'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Elastomers Chemical Compounds
elastomers Physics & Astronomy
static models Physics & Astronomy
shear Physics & Astronomy
Electric potential Chemical Compounds
electric potential Physics & Astronomy
actuation Physics & Astronomy
Chen, S. E., He, Z. C., & Li, E. (2017). Comparisons between the dynamic and quasi-static performances of a dissipative dielectric elastomer under pure shear mode. Smart Materials and Structures, 26(10), [105044]. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa87d8
Chen, S. E. ; He, Z. C. ; Li, Eric. / Comparisons between the dynamic and quasi-static performances of a dissipative dielectric elastomer under pure shear mode. In: Smart Materials and Structures. 2017 ; Vol. 26, No. 10.
@article{93df5d4ea0fc45ed80868bdd093a5409,
title = "Comparisons between the dynamic and quasi-static performances of a dissipative dielectric elastomer under pure shear mode",
abstract = "Based on the Helmholtz free energy function of the dielectric elastomer (DE) with consideration of the dissipation processes and thermal effects, the dynamic equations derived from the work done by the inertia forces and Euler-Lagrange equation along with the quasi-static equation can be established. Under typical loading patterns, including linear and sinusoidal voltages and a sinusoidal force coupled with a constant voltage, the distinctions between the performances of DE induced by the two different governing equations can be fully discussed. Therefore, the effects of the inertia forces in both plane and thickness directions can also be revealed in detail. Furthermore, the mechanisms of failures are briefly studied. The numerical results have indicated that the deformations calculated from the quasi-static and dynamic models are identical under small amplitudes and frequencies of actuation. However, when the external loading is large enough to cause failures, obvious distinction appears and the DE suffers from rupture sooner using the quasi-static model, especially under linear actuation. In addition, no resonance can be detected via the quasi-static equation and the mean stretch calculated from the dynamic equation coincides with the stretch obtained from the equivalent voltage (static) of the applied sinusoidal voltage in some extents. Under a sinusoidal force with a static voltage, the stretch calculated from the dynamic equation oscillates around the curve induced by the quasi-static model at first and finally coincides with it. When power source is cut off, the current leakage lowers the mean stretch of the oscillation.",
author = "Chen, {S. E.} and He, {Z. C.} and Eric Li",
doi = "10.1088/1361-665X/aa87d8",
journal = "Smart Materials and Structures",
Chen, SE, He, ZC & Li, E 2017, 'Comparisons between the dynamic and quasi-static performances of a dissipative dielectric elastomer under pure shear mode', Smart Materials and Structures, vol. 26, no. 10, 105044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa87d8
Comparisons between the dynamic and quasi-static performances of a dissipative dielectric elastomer under pure shear mode. / Chen, S. E.; He, Z. C.; Li, Eric.
In: Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 26, No. 10, 105044, 20.09.2017.
T1 - Comparisons between the dynamic and quasi-static performances of a dissipative dielectric elastomer under pure shear mode
AU - Chen, S. E.
AU - He, Z. C.
AU - Li, Eric
N2 - Based on the Helmholtz free energy function of the dielectric elastomer (DE) with consideration of the dissipation processes and thermal effects, the dynamic equations derived from the work done by the inertia forces and Euler-Lagrange equation along with the quasi-static equation can be established. Under typical loading patterns, including linear and sinusoidal voltages and a sinusoidal force coupled with a constant voltage, the distinctions between the performances of DE induced by the two different governing equations can be fully discussed. Therefore, the effects of the inertia forces in both plane and thickness directions can also be revealed in detail. Furthermore, the mechanisms of failures are briefly studied. The numerical results have indicated that the deformations calculated from the quasi-static and dynamic models are identical under small amplitudes and frequencies of actuation. However, when the external loading is large enough to cause failures, obvious distinction appears and the DE suffers from rupture sooner using the quasi-static model, especially under linear actuation. In addition, no resonance can be detected via the quasi-static equation and the mean stretch calculated from the dynamic equation coincides with the stretch obtained from the equivalent voltage (static) of the applied sinusoidal voltage in some extents. Under a sinusoidal force with a static voltage, the stretch calculated from the dynamic equation oscillates around the curve induced by the quasi-static model at first and finally coincides with it. When power source is cut off, the current leakage lowers the mean stretch of the oscillation.
AB - Based on the Helmholtz free energy function of the dielectric elastomer (DE) with consideration of the dissipation processes and thermal effects, the dynamic equations derived from the work done by the inertia forces and Euler-Lagrange equation along with the quasi-static equation can be established. Under typical loading patterns, including linear and sinusoidal voltages and a sinusoidal force coupled with a constant voltage, the distinctions between the performances of DE induced by the two different governing equations can be fully discussed. Therefore, the effects of the inertia forces in both plane and thickness directions can also be revealed in detail. Furthermore, the mechanisms of failures are briefly studied. The numerical results have indicated that the deformations calculated from the quasi-static and dynamic models are identical under small amplitudes and frequencies of actuation. However, when the external loading is large enough to cause failures, obvious distinction appears and the DE suffers from rupture sooner using the quasi-static model, especially under linear actuation. In addition, no resonance can be detected via the quasi-static equation and the mean stretch calculated from the dynamic equation coincides with the stretch obtained from the equivalent voltage (static) of the applied sinusoidal voltage in some extents. Under a sinusoidal force with a static voltage, the stretch calculated from the dynamic equation oscillates around the curve induced by the quasi-static model at first and finally coincides with it. When power source is cut off, the current leakage lowers the mean stretch of the oscillation.
U2 - 10.1088/1361-665X/aa87d8
DO - 10.1088/1361-665X/aa87d8
JO - Smart Materials and Structures
JF - Smart Materials and Structures
Chen SE, He ZC, Li E. Comparisons between the dynamic and quasi-static performances of a dissipative dielectric elastomer under pure shear mode. Smart Materials and Structures. 2017 Sep 20;26(10). 105044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aa87d8


text:
Böcklin, Arnold [Swiss, 1827-1901]
Navigate: Home → Site index → Bocklin Arnold [Link Partners] [Help] → Help support the e.Gallery!
[ 19th Century Artists | Symbolist Artists ]
Arnold Böcklin (1827–1901), was a Swiss painter, born at Basel on the 16th of October 1827. His father, Christian Frederick Böcklin (b. 1802), was descended from an old family of Schaffhausen, and engaged in the silk trade. His mother, Ursula Lippe, was a native of the same city. In 1846 he began his studies at the Dusseldorf academy under Schirmer, who recognized in him, a student of exceptional promise, and sent him to Antwerp and Brussels, where he copied the works of Flemish and Dutch masters. Böcklin then went to Paris, worked at the Louvre, and painted several landscapes; his Landscape and Ruin reveals at the same time a strong feeling for nature and a dramatic conception of scenery. After serving his time in the army he set out for Rome in March 1850, and the sight of the Eternal City was a fresh stimulus to his mind. So, too, was the influence of Italian nature and that of the dead pagan world. At Rome he married (June 20, 1853) Angela Rosa Lorenza Pascucci. In 1856 he returned to Munich, and remained there four years. He then exhibited the Great Park, one of his earliest works, in which he treated ancient mythology with the stamp of individuality, which was the basis of his reputation. Of this period, too, are his Nymph and Satyr, Heroic Landscape (Diana Hunting), both of 1858, and Sappho (1859). These works, which were much discussed, together with Lenbach's [1836–1904] recommendation, gained him his appointment as professor at the Weimar academy. He held the office for two years, painting the Venus and Love, a Portrait of Lenbach, and a Saint Catherine. He was again at Rome from 1862 to 1866, and there gave his fancy and his taste for violent color free play in his Portrait of Mme Böcklin, now in the Basel gallery, in An Anchorite in the Wilderness (1863); a Roman Tavern, and Villa on the Sea-shore (1864); this last, one of his best pictures. He returned to Basel in 1866 to finish his frescoes in the gallery, and to paint, besides several portraits, The Magdalene with Christ (1868); Anacreon's Muse (1869); and A Castle and Warriors (1871). His Portrait of Myself, with Death playing a Violin (1873, and used as the image accompanying this article), was painted after his return again to Munich, where he exhibited his famous Battle of the Centaurs (in the Basel gallery); Landscape with Moorish Horsemen (in the Lucerne gallery); and A Farm (1875).
From 1886 to 1892 he settled at Zurich. Of this period are the Naiads at Play, A Sea Idyll, and War. After 1892 Böcklin resided at San Domenico, near Florence. An exhibition of his collected works was held at Basel from the 20th of September to the 24th of October 1897. He died on the 16th of January 1901. His life has been written by Henri Mendelssohn.
File: war.jpg
Title: War
File: bocklin8.jpg
Title: Spring
File: war+.jpg
File: hunt.jpg
Title: Diana's Hunt
Title: Nymphs bathing
File: euterpe.jpg
Title: Euterpe
File: plague.jpg
Title: The Plague
File: adventurer.jpg
Title: The Adventurer
Dims: 1024 x 595
File: Island_of_the_Dead_1
Title: Island of the Dead (II)
File: mayflute.jpg
Title: Children carving may flutes
File: battle-centaurs.jpg
Title: Battle of the Centaurs
File: flora.jpg
File: birth-venus.jpg
Title: The Birth of Venus
File: flora-flowers.jpg
Title: Flora Scattering Flowers
File: triton.jpg
Title: Triton and Nereid


See Signs Ltd - based in Hindhead, Surrey.
Banners, signs, posters, vehicle graphics, exhibition graphics, point of sale displays, pull-up stands, pavement signs, magnetic signs, event signage, flags, canvas prints, business stationery, you name it, we print it!
For more information, or to get a quote, please email [email protected] or call 07938 670671.


EARLY MORNING fog is seen in this early morning, eastward-looking view of construction work in progress on two bridges on Hubbard Road west of North W… Please login below or subscribe to the Ponca City News access this article.
The Ponca City Farmers Market will hold its 2018 organizational meeting Saturday, April 28 at 10:15 a.m. at the Pioneer Woman Museum. All vendor membe… Please login below or subscribe to the Ponca City News access this article.
Friday Larry Ray Graham — A graveside service will be held at 2 p.m. at Sunset Memorial Park Cemetery under the direction of Trout Funeral Home and Crematory. Dustin Kell Schmidt — A memorial service at 2 p.m. at Trout Funeral Home Chapel.
The Pioneer Woman Museum gift shop offers a variety of unique Oklahoma made items. For the month of April and May, the museum is showcasing consignor … Please login below or subscribe to the Ponca City News access this article.
THE FOUR FRESHMAN will perform at the Poncan Theatre on Sunday, April 29 at 2:30 p.m. as a bonus concert for the Ponca City Concert Series. NASHVILLE,… Please login below or subscribe to the Ponca City News access this article.
On April 16 TOPS 0308 met with Donna McCoy calling the meeting to order with 15 members present.Devotions were read by Ila McKee.Joanne Radabaugh led … Please login below or subscribe to the Ponca City News access this article.
HOUSTON – ConocoPhillips today reported first-quarter 2018 earnings of $0.9 billion, or $0.75 per share, compared with first-quarter 2017 earnings of … Please login below or subscribe to the Ponca City News access this article.
PAWLEYS ISLAND, S.C. — Courage isn't required to condemn the Syracuse University chapter of the Theta Tau fraternity for simulating a sexual assault o… Please login below or subscribe to the Ponca City News access this article.
WASHINGTON — Has it been noted that the country's political disagreements are becoming increasingly violent? About 15 years ago, the "angry left" appe… Please login below or subscribe to the Ponca City News access this article.


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text:
Sarah Snyder and Jaden Smith dating, Body Measurement & Net Worth
Sarah Snyder is an American model who came to limelight after her alleged relationship with the famous rapper Jaden Smith. In the modeling industry, only a few people can survive after having a dispute against Kardashian. Surprisingly, Sarah Snyder is one of them in the industry who is unscathed from the popular model.
In 2017, Sarah and Jaden parted their ways because things didn't go as much as they had anticipated. Unfortunately, Kardashian also got into the mix. Today, we will know more about this rumor and reveal more about this model.
Sarah Snyder's Wiki-Bio (Early Life, Family, Education)
How old is Sarah? (Age, Height, and Body Measurement)
Some Rumors about Sarah Snyder
Is Sarah Snyder single? Is she dating her secret boyfriend?
Sarah Snyder Net Worth
Sarah Snyder, aka Sarah Irene Snyder, was born in New York. The model is very delicate when it comes to her family. As a result, no further information is on the media yet. However, it's understood that Sarah grew up in the Big Apple and later moved to California.
Who is Grace Elizabeth? Age, Height, Measurements, Dating, Wiki-Bio>>
Moreover, there is no information about where this diva has been for her education. Also, there are no details about her siblings to the general mass. The gorgeous model holds the nationality of America and belongs to Caucasian descent.
Sarah Snyder was born on the 30th of July in 1995, which makes her 24 years old in 2019. Also, she falls in the sun sign of Leo. The dark brown hair with a pair of brown eyes is a distinctive feature of Sarah, making her fans jealous.
With the help of training, she has been able to get the perfect measurement of bust-waist-hips as 31-22-32 in or 79-56-81 cm. The model is always recognizable in the runway with a height of 5 ft 7 in or 170 cm. Being a slim model, she weighs about 108 pounds, which translates to 49 kg. She prefers the dress size of 0-2 (US) or 32-34 (EU) or 4-6 (UK).
Many of her fans might be familiar with the theft allegation in June 2015. Sarah got accused of stealing a Hermes Birkin bag, worth of approximately $15,995. Later, this accusation was not true. Snyder denied the allegation and showed time-stamped plane tickets, pictures and cellphone records.
Mandy Kay: Adult Star, Age, Height, Body, Boyfriend, Instagram, Net Worth, Wiki-Bio>>
On top of that, she provided her credit card statement, an affidavit sworn by her father to prove her innocence. Sarah also presented pictures of herself in her dad's home during the day of the theft. Despite all these, Snyder had to spend several hours in a holding cell.
Sarah Snyder is a well known professional model and an Instagram star. Currently, she signed to Re: Quest Model Management and has done several photoshoots. This beautiful model has also promoted the makeup brand, Mary Gordon Beauty.
This beauty rose into fame when she featured in luxury brands such as Uniqlo and Calvin Klein. Luckily, she got an invitation to fashion shows organized by famous designers like Dolce & Gabbana and Versace.
Ashley Graham: Plus-Size Model, Age, Height, Weight, Husband, Instagram, Wiki-Bio>>
Asides from modeling, the versatile lady, Snyder is also a well-known actress. She amuses her fans by accomplishing so many things in such a short time. She has featured in many movies. Many of them include horror movies. They include Greencastle, Dead Woman's Hollow, Skeleton Key 2, and Living Dead: Genesis.
In the movie Scarlet Rain, she portrayed the character of Dotty. The film is about a group of young children who notice a change in their lives when their storybook tales start inspiring them.
Talking about relationship, she has dated Ian Connor from 2014 to 2015. After that unsuccessful relationship, she has dated the son of famous rapper Will Smith. He is none other than Jaden Smith.
The lovey-dovey couple commenced their career in 2015. They were spotted graphically smooching at New York Fashion Week. Not only that, the duo was on the premiere of Pitch Perfect 2 in May 2015.
Unfortunately, their romance didn't last as long as their fans had expected. So, in 2017 they parted their ways. There was also another rumor that the diva was cheating Jaden with the photographer Gunner Stahl.
Sarah got a cold shoulder from Kylie Jenner (Jaden ex) when Jenner posted a selfie captioned Kylief*******Jenner. That was similar to the official Insta Id of Sarah. The charming Sarah replied with a selfie captioned 'one n only.' Fortunately, the argument didn't last long and backed off from each other.
The 24 years-old model is a famous actress. There is no doubt that the model earns a lot of fortune from her career. However, there are no details about her cars, mansions, net worth, and salary.
The Internet can play the parts of both a curse and a boon in an individual life. Use it wisely, and it becomes a weapon. Sarah is well aware of the Internet and has used it, unlike any other models, to increase her fame. Her Instagram is full of pouty selfies, hot photos, outfits of the day (OOTDs). These daily model outfits include vintage Harley Davison T-shirts, Gucci tops, and many more.
Instagram: 1.7m followers
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text:
How does domestic violence affect adolescence?
The adolescent may feel extreme guilt over not being able to prevent the domestic violence from occurring, or, in some cases, feeling they are somehow to blame for the family's problems. They may also experience reactions similar to those of adults, including: Flashbacks to the episodes of domestic violence.
What percentage of teens ages 14 17 know someone their age that has been beaten by their partner?
40 percent of teenage girls, ages 14-17, report knowing someone their age who has been hit or beaten by a boyfriend.
What percent of teenage relationships are abusive?
¨ 1 in 3 young people will be in an abusive or unhealthy relationship. ¨ 33% of adolescents in America are victim to sexual, physical, verbal, or emotional dating abuse.
How does domestic violence affect children's mental health?
Children who witness or are victims of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse are at higher risk for health problems as adults. These can include mental health conditions, such as depression and anxiety. They may also include diabetes, obesity, heart disease, poor self-esteem, and other problems.
How does domestic violence affect children's Behaviour?
Studies show that living with domestic violence can cause physical and emotional harm to children and young people in the following ways: ongoing anxiety and depression. emotional distress. eating and sleeping disturbances.
Has the rate of domestic violence increased?
2020), recent Australian evidence from New South Wales and Queensland suggests that domestic violence reported to the police did not increase in March or April 2020 (Freeman 2020a, 2020b), nor did the number of protection order breaches (Payne, Morgan & Piquero 2020).
What are three statistics on teen dating violence?
Teen dating violence is common. Nearly 1 in 11 female and approximately 1 in 14 male high school students report having experienced physical dating violence in the last year. About 1 in 8 female and 1 in 26 male high school students report having experienced sexual dating violence in the last year.
What are characteristics of an abuser?
Red flags and warning signs of an abuser include but are not limited to:
Extreme jealousy.
Possessiveness.
Unpredictability.
A bad temper.
Cruelty to animals.
Verbal abuse.
Extremely controlling behavior.
Antiquated beliefs about roles of women and men in relationships.
How does domestic violence affect a child's social development?
They may have temper tantrums and problems with school. They may behave as though they are much younger than they are. They may become aggressive or they may internalise their distress and withdraw from other people. They may have a lowered sense of self-worth.
How does domestic violence affect children and adolescents?
More than half of the school-age children in domestic violence shelters show clinical levels of anxiety or posttraumatic stress disorder (Graham-Bermann, 1994). Without treatment, these children are at significant risk for delinquency, substance abuse, school drop-out, and difficulties in their own relationships.
How many people are affected by domestic violence each year?
During one year, this equates to more than 10 million women and men. 1 1 in 3 women and 1 in 4 men have experienced some form of physical violence by an intimate partner. This includes a range of behaviors (e.g. slapping, shoving, pushing) and in some cases might not be considered "domestic violence." 1
How is domestic violence a public health problem?
About two-thirds of abused children are being parented by battered women (McKay, 1994). Of the abused children, they are three times more likely to have been abused by their fathers. Studies of the incidence of physical and sexual violence in the lives of children suggest that this form of violence can be viewed as a serious public health problem.
What can be done about domestic violence in children?
Domestic Violence and Children. Children and adolescents exposed to domestic violence should be evaluated by a trained mental health professional. There are good treatments for the emotional and behavioral problems caused by domestic violence. Treatment can include individual, group or family therapy, and in some cases,…
What is the best car in Mario Kart: Double Dash?
How do I make a digital photo album?


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Home→Canada→Non-citizens and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Non-citizens and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Posted by Catherine Dauvergne on March 14, 2014 | Canada, immigration, inequality, politics
Almost thirty years ago, when the Charter of Rights and Freedoms was brand new, the Supreme Court of Canada made two decisions that were vitally important for the rights of non-citizens in Canada. Since that time, it has been all down hill.
What has gone wrong and why? The beginning was promising. In 1985, the Supreme Court ruled than anyone physically present in Canada was protected by the Charter. This ruling was followed in 1989 with a decision that a lack of citizenship was analogous to the grounds of discrimination listed in the Charter and thus was a basis for equality protection.
My study published late in 2013 showed both that very few questions of non-citizens' rights reach the Supreme Court of Canada, and that those that claims that do are frequently rejected by the Court. The commitment of the Court to ensure that the Charter meets international human rights standards is not being met in this area. The result is that on key issues such as deportation to torture, indefinite detention, and some equality provisions, non-citizens now have fewer rights protections here than they would in the United Kingdom, the United States, New Zealand and even in some cases, Australia .
Despite a promising start, the Charter has done very little for non-citizens. As cases are decided each on their own merits, there is no overarching explanation why this is so. But some trends can be identified.
In many important cases, rather than making a firm rights-based decision, the Court has instead ruled that governmental discretionary decision making is appropriate, provided it follows constitutional limits. This is a position of possibly admirable restraint on behalf of the Court, but it does amount to leaving matters squarely in government hands.
Another factor is the ruling that fundamental principles of justice vary with context, and that for immigration matters a key feature of that context is that non-citizens have no right to remain in Canada. This is certainly true, but it has been restated so frequently and so emphatically as to overshadow the rights that non-citizens do have. Citizenship is not a requirement for human rights entitlements: being human is.
The sole area where the Charter era has seen robust rights protections for non-citizens is in interpretations of the core elements of international refugee law. In this area, the Supreme Court of Canada has produced several rulings that are world leading in terms of their rights content and their subsequent international influence.
There are however, two ironies to this fact. The first is that refugee claims rarely reach Canadian courts, let along the Supreme Court of Canada. There have been only four refugee decisions at the Supreme Court in the thirty-two years since the Charter. Non-citizens face severely restricted access to the courts. Judicial oversight of most refugee and immigration decisions is limited by the need to seek permission of the Federal Court before bringing an argument. This permission is denied about 85% of the time. Access to courts for non-citizens in Canada is more restricted than in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and the United States.
The second irony is that while Canada refugee law remains world leading, fewer and fewer refugee claimants actually have any access to it. Beginning in 2002, and ramping up rapidly in the past three years, the government has changed the 'eligibility' provisions for refugee determination in Canada. This means that fewer people who want to make a refugee claim are able to do so. International law does not allow these limitations, but there is no avenue for an individual to make an international complaint about this.
As the Canadian government intensifies its attack on non-citizens rights in a variety of ways (refguee health care, access to citizenship, and security measures, are just a few examples) non-citizens' rights are more important than ever. All Canadians need to realize that the era of humanitarian triumphalism is well and truly over. Anyone who believes that Canada's humanitarian tradition was important and valuable should now be protesting its loss, loudly. Such protest may or may not make a difference to the government's agenda. But a shift in public attention should embolden the courts, at all levels, to return to a position of international leadership.


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SEASON & EVENTS
Magic's 2016-17 Season
We are thrilled to share with you our 2016-2017 season, in which we welcome two vibrant world premieres, a very Virgin Play Festival featuring exclusive access to work in gestation, and two legacy masterworks that will launch the new year and Magic's 50th birthday in high style!
4 Ticket Flex Pass
Customize your Magic Theatre experience.
Use your 4 tickets in any combination
during Magic's 2016-17 season.
(excludes opening/closing performances)
Rolling World Premiere
written by Richard Montoya
directed by Sean San José
Campo Santo & Borderlands Theater
Laney College Performance: October 29th @ 2:30
[click learn more about Laney College performances]
What are people saying about Nogales?
Who should see Nogales?
Loretta's Opening Night Speech
Ran October 12 - October 31, 2016
With irreverence and searing humor, Richard Montoya, famed member of Culture Clash, explores the conflicts and supersized personalities in the iconic border town of Nogales. Blending a variety of historical and current sources, Nogales delivers a powerful story about a contemporary America that has lost its moral center.
"Nogales rests primarily on the sturdy shoulders of its actor-creators, Richard Montoya and Sean San José. Separately and as a team, they deliver powerful performances that show the audience what can happen when two master craftsmen are at work. I truly hope this play has a longer life span than its initial co-production. Montoya's script is a most impressive achievement." -Huffington Post
"Two hours after Donald Trump referred to "bad hombres" illegally crossing the border in the Wednesday, Oct. 19, presidential debate, Magic Theatre, in collaboration with Campo Santo and Tucson's Borderlands Theater, opened a show that marked a stunning rebuke to the Republican candidate's racism, xenophobia and demagoguery."
"A co-founder of the pioneering Latino performance trio Culture Clash, which specialized in satire, Montoya is wonderfully restrained with his punch lines. He makes you lean in and work to keep up, much as it must be like to play audience to the real-life master manipulator."
-SF Chronicle
Richard Montoya is an American playwright, actor, filmmaker, and co-founder of the collective performance trio, Culture Clash, which was formed in 1984 in San Francisco's Mission District. Born in 1959, Montoya is the son of well- known artist, poet, and activist José Montoya, a co-founder of the Chicano artistic collective known as the Royal Chicano Air Force. While José Montoya went to art school in the East Bay (CCAC) in the early 60's he quickly gravitated to Berkeley and the Beat Movement still percolating in SF's North Beach.
While growing up, Montoya witnessed his family's involvement in the civil rights movement and Cesar Chavez' United Farm Workers movement as artist activists. He continues that legacy through his career as a playwright, actor and indie filmmaker. Through searing satire or heightened realism Montoya's writings dig deep into the margins of America. The shadow lands: barrios, deserts, jails where characters confront racism, discrimination, and the difficulties and dangers of displacement and the ghosts of a post-colonial reality on the Mexico-U.S. border. He has co-authored several important works for the national stage and several published anthologies of plays. Among others, he has authored commissioned works for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, Cal Shakes, Arena Stage, the Mark Taper Forum, Yale Repertory, Huntington Theater, Berkeley Rep, Getty Villa, South Coast Repertory and La Jolla Playhouse. As a solo writer he has created Water & Power, Palestine New Mexico, Anthems, American Night and The River. Montoya is an alumni of Luis Valdez' Teatro Campesino and of the Sundance Institutes Writers and Directors Lab, as well as a two-time Annenberg Film Fellow. Montoya was also a staff writer on the critically acclaimed television show Southland. He studied drama at CSU Sacramento and graduated from the Summer Training Congress at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco under Artistic Director Bill Ball. Life on the Water, Asian American Theater, Stages/Studio 24 with Rene Yanez, La Pena and The Intersection are where he cut and sharpened his satirical fangs. He is writer and star of the recently released film The Other Barrio filmed entirely on location in the Mission District with producers Rene Yanez, Lou Dematteis, and Dante Betteo. Grateful for this Magic Theater debut and to be in the orbit of Loretta Greco and stardust of playwright hero Mr. Sam Shepard! Montoya dedicates his performance in Nogales to the memory of director Mark Rucker (The Birds) and to all who hazard their souls to the misfortunes of the desert.
MAGIC'S 2019-2020 SEASON
We are so excited to add a fourth show back into our Season!
Magic Theatre's 2019-2020 Season will include the Bay Area Premiere of Llyod Suh's The Chinese Lady; Nasssim Soleimanpour's Nassim, the World Premiere of Ricardo Pérez González' Don't Eat the Mangos, and West Coast Premiere of Caryl Churchill's Escaped Alone!
The Season will also include Magic's beloved, annual Virgin Play Festival.
Subscriptions
Previews $160
Preview subscriptions include one ticket to each of the four shows to any preview performance as well as a pass to the Virgin Play Festival.
Weekday $215
Weekday subscriptions include one ticket to each of the four shows to any weekday performance as well as a pass to the Virgin Play Festival.
Weekend $240
Weekend subscriptions include one ticket to each of the four shows to any weekend performance as well as a pass to the Virgin Play Festival.
Flex Pass $280
Flex Pass subscriptions include four tickets to be used as you choose as well as a pass to the Virgin Play Festival.
NextGen $80
NextGen subscriptions include one ticket to each of the four shows as well as a pass to Virgin Play Festival. NextGen Subscriptions are for patrons 35 & under, proof of age required.
Opening $400
Opening includes one ticket to each of the four shows as well as a pass to Virgin Play Festival.
The Chinese Lady
Written by Lloyd Suh
October 9-November 3
Inspired by the true story of the first Chinese woman to arrive on American soil, The Chinese Lady, follows Afong Moy, after she is brought from China to America and put on display for an eager public yearning to learn of the exotic East. Leavened with humor and insight, Suh explores the way we consider both ourselves and others. Featuring Rinabeth Apostol.
Written by Nassim Soleimanpour
No rehearsal. A sealed envelope, A new actor in each performance. An evening unlike any other. The latest play from Iranian born playwright Nassim Soleimanpour
(White Rabbit, Red Rabbit) is a wondrous consideration of live theater, language, and the transcendent power of friendship. Direct from sold out
performances around the globe.
Don't Eat the mangos
By Ricardo Pérez González
February 26-March 22
Three grown sisters.
An Island full of secrets.
Just outside of San Juan, three sisters take turns caring for their ailing Papa. As a hurricane wreaks havoc, secrets are spilled and ugly truths emerge. Confronting their legacy, the sisters wrestle with what it means to stay true to self, familia, homeland and…how to best seek their revenge.
A wickedly funny tragedy featuring Bay Area luminary Wilma Bonet.
Escaped Alone
By Caryl Churchill
April 14-May 10
"I'm walking down the street and there's a door in the fence open and inside there are three women I've seen before…"
Three old friends and a neighbor spend a summer of afternoons in their English backyard.
Entwined histories, laughter, and song abound over tea and catastrophe.
Virgin new play festival
Our play festival centers on bringing emerging and mid-career playwrights together, giving each writer the time and space to create and experiment and hear their work out loud.
It's an exciting opportunity for writers to get space and time to work, for us to get to know new playwrights and familiar playwright's work, and for our audience to meet new playwrights and new plays. We invite Magic Family patrons to join us for readings presenting new work by writers we love.
Recent writers have included: Jessica Hagedorn, Ashlin Halfnight, Barbara Hammond, John Kolvenbach, Lauren Yee, Clare Barron, Dipika Guha, Han Ong, Mfoniso Udofia & many, many more.
Book Your Subscription
written by Han Ong
Begins May 31, 2017
It's a homecoming for MacArthur Genius award winner Han Ong, who returns to Magic after a 25 year hiatus. Grandeur imagines a meeting between an ambitious young journalist and the shape-shifting music legend, Gil Scott-Heron. Questions of legacy, art, hope, and redemption drive this funny and gut-wrenching exchange.
Han Ong is a novelist and playwright. His novels are Fixer Chao (Farrar Straus & Giroux, 2001), which was named a Los Angeles Times Best Book of the Year and cited as a new immigrant classic by the New York Times; and The Disinherited (Farrar Straus & Giroux, 2004), nominated for a Lambda Book Award. Among Ong' s more than three dozen plays are The L.A. Plays (1990), The Chang Fragments (1996), Middle Finger (1997), and The Suitcase Trilogy (1992–97). They have been widely produced in the US in such venues as the Joseph Papp Public Theater (New York), Berkeley Repertory Theater (Berkeley, California), the Mark Taper Forum (Los Angeles, California) and the American Repertory Theater (Cambridge, Massachusetts), as well as abroad, at London' s Almeida Theater. Ong is one of the youngest recipients of the MacArthur Fellowship, awarded to him in 1997, when he was 29. He has also received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, the Guggenheim Foundation, and the Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers at the New York Public Library. Born in the Philippines to Chinese parents, he immigrated to the US with his family as a teenager. He lives in New York city. He has been a guest lecturer at Columbia University and Long Island University and has taught playwriting for several years at New York' s 92nd Street Y.
Magic Lab
For Magic Theatre Subscribers Only
Have you ever wondered how a play gets from the page to the stage? The 2016 Virgin Play Festival is an exclusive insider's look at writing in the making! Showcasing young playwrights working side-by-side with Magic's family of mid-career writers, 2016 will feature work in progress from Christina Anderson, Dipika Guha and John Kolvenbach among many others.
Every subscription includes tickets to the Virgin Play Series
Subscribers Only Schedule
Friday, Dec. 2 - 8pm
You Got Older by Clare Barron
Saturday, Dec. 3 - 8pm
How to Catch Creation by Christina Anderson
Sunday, Dec. 4 - 2:30pm
Eva Trilogy by Barbara Hammond
Tuesday, Dec. 6 - 7pm
No One is Forgotten by Winter Miller
Wednesday, Dec. 7 - 8pm
Go. Please. Go. by Emily Feldman
Thursday, Dec. 8 - 8pm
Reel to Reel by John Kolvenbach
Dates Open to Subscribers and the Public
Tuesday, Dec. 13 - POSTPONED • Stay Tuned
Hoodwinked by Emily Mann
Wednesday, Dec. 14 - 2:30pm
Untitled play by Dipika Guha
Clare Barron
You Got Older // Friday, Dec. 2 - 8pm
When her dad gets sick at the same moment her life implodes, Mae moves back to her childhood home. Tender and darkly comic, You Got Older is a meditation on the fragility of ordinary happiness, a new play about family and fantasy—and how we learn to keep going.
Christina Anderson
How to Catch Creation // Saturday, Dec. 3 - 8pm
What would we forgive for those we love? What can we give up for them? Weaving through San Francisco over 40 years How to Catch Creation explores family, connection, and parenthood. A celebration of the power of regeneration this story asks the question—who has the right to start over?
Barbara Hammond
The Eva Trilogy // Sunday, Dec. 4 - 2:30pm
An Irish expat returns home from her rebellious life in Paris. A reunion with her mother forces her to make a choice that has irreparable consequences. We move through time and space, the mundane and the magical to celebrate a woman unbound by social constraint. Spanning thirty years The Eva Trilogy asks how do you stand up for what you know to be true when the world asks you to compromise?
Winter Miller
No One is Forgotten // Tuesday, Dec. 6 - 7pm
A woman. A man. Indefinite time. Their lives filled with un-answerable questions, two people create a whole world in the confines of captivity. No One is Forgotten celebrates the power of intimacy, imagination, and the radical resilience of the human spirit.
Go. Please. Go. // Wednesday, Dec. 7 - 8pm
A couple decides: This isn't working. He says he'll leave, and then he doesn't. He stays and stays and stays. Through seventy years of marriages, bar mitzvahs, baptisms, and funerals, he stays. People get drunk. People get sober. People plan vacations. People die. Somebody wins the lottery. A baby grows up. Everybody dances. GO. PLEASE. GO. asks what it means to love somebody for a lifetime, and what a lifetime even means.
John Kolvenbach
Reel to Reel // Thursday, Dec. 8 - 8pm
What does it sound like when you fall in love? Moving through time and space, sound and word, Reel to Reel presents a collage of sounds, a spliced portrait of a life together. This is an aural history, a love story told over fifty-five years and three months.
Hoodwinked // Tuesday, Dec. 13 - POSTPONED • Stay Tuned
Drawing from interviews, transcripts and other primary sources Hoodwinked is a riveting exploration of Islamic extremism sparked by the 2009 mass shooting on the Army base in Fort Hood, Texas. Urgent and difficult, the play asks how we make sense of the questions, confusion and misinformation surrounding one of the most pressing issues of our time.
Questions? Call 415.441.8822 or send an email to: boxoffice@magictheatre.org


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Nybohovsstationen är en tidigare transformatorstation i stadsdelen Liljeholmen, södra Stockholm. Stationen uppfördes för dåvarande Stockholms Gas- och Elektricitetsverk och invigdes 1914. Idag finns olika kontor i byggnaden.

Historik

I samband med att Brännkyrka landskommun inkorporerades i Stockholm år 1913 hade staden förbundet sig att bland annat leverera elektricitet till hushåll, industrier och för gatubelysning samt till Södra Förortsbanan. Redan 1911 hade en provisorisk överföring av kraft till Södra Förstadsbanan  ordnats, man ville därmed hinna före ett privat alternativ. Därefter uppfördes en permanent anläggning på nordöstra sluttningen av Nybohovsberget (dagens adress Nybohovsbacken 23), som stod färdig 1914.

Byggnaden är uppförd i rött murtegel med enkel utsmyckning. Över entrédörren finns Stockholms vapen med Sankt Erik. Vem som var arkitekt för anläggningen är svårt att fastställa. Vid den tiden var Ferdinand Boberg chefsarkitekt vid Stockholms elektricitetsverk och hans närmaste medarbetare var Gustaf de Frumerie. Troligen har båda medverkat vid utformningen. Nybohovsstationen påminner en hel del om Enskedestationen (invigd 1911) och Lillsjöstationen (invigd 1913). Den senare hade ritats av Gustaf de Frumerie.

Nybohovsstationen lades ner på 1970-talet och blev sedan ombyggd till kontor. Bland annat påbyggdes transformatorhallen med en våning.

Källor
  "Ljus och Kraft" i de södra förstäderna  av David Nilsson.
, s. 103

Externa länkar

Elektricitet
Tekniska försörjningssystem i Stockholm
Liljeholmen
Byggnader i Söderort

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Canadian Animals
Date of Issue October 20, 2005
Series Canadian Animals
Hidden Date
The hidden date for this stamp can be found on the trunk of one of the birch trees.
This stamp contains a few security features that are visible on the stamp. First, the white-tailed deer's scientific name, Odocoileus virginianus, is micro-printed underneath the word "CANADA".
Second, the stamp's blue sky is printed with small images of deer hoof prints.
Pane of 16 stamps - 2 stamps se tenant
Quantity Produced - 250,000
Perforation: 13+
Dimension: 48 mm x 39.65 mm (horizontal)
Printing Process: Lithography in 6 special colours plus steel engraving in 3 colours
Gum Type: P.V.A.
Tagging: General, 4 sides
Paper: Tullis Russell Coatings
Souvenir sheet of 4 stamps se tenant
Dimension: 130 mm x 160 mm (vertical)
Official First Day Cover
Quantity Produced - Unknown
Cancellation Location: Hall Beach, Nunavut
"It's amazing the quality that was achieved 100 years ago with intaglio presses," says David Craib of Ottawa's Parable Communications. "I've enjoyed working within this tradition, with such a classic, craft-based printing technique and such high production values."
In another nod to the past, this fall Canada Post issues four new high value definitives in its ongoing wildlife series. David Craib designed all four stamps, which feature beautiful wildlife portraits steel-engraved by Jorge Peral of Canadian Bank Note Company, Limited. This traditional approach honours our philatelic history, as the wildlife engravings present a modern tribute to Canada's first stamp, the 1851 three-penny beaver.
This heritage was on Craib's mind as he worked on the new stamps. "These designs are about continuity and change, about respecting tradition but also bringing in something new."
The $1 definitives feature engravings of two animals indigenous to Canada, the white-tailed deer and the Atlantic walrus. The two stamps are printed on both intaglio and offset presses, with background colours in lithography, so colour is a big part of what's new. "Traditionally, engraved stamps were very simple in colour terms, and very easy to look at," says Craib. "Even though our approach to colouration is different, we tried to suggest this simplicity with subtle colour changes. For the white-tailed deer, for example, we used multiple greens and blues to avoid colour shifts that were too obvious."
Subtle colours solved some practical problems as well. "Registration challenges always exist when you're combining two printing techniques," says Craib. "To avoid misregistration, the printers at Canadian Bank Note worked with our design team to find soft colours, and we were cautious about colour density. The printers also paid extra attention to where the intaglio colours broke."
The two $1 stamps are available in panes of 16 and souvenir sheets of four. On the souvenir sheet an entirely different, more contemporary approach was taken. Colourful photographs of the featured animals appear in the selvage area, making it clear that despite traditional production techniques, these stamps belong in the 21st century.
A similar souvenir sheet is available for the new $2 definitives. In fact, the four stamps work well as a set, though each engraved portrait is distinctive within the group. "There is a family resemblance between the $1 and $2 definitives, a continuity of style," says Craib. "But we made an effort to ensure that each one has its own unique look and feel."
The new $1 definitives are being released in conjunction with coins issued by the Royal Canadian Mint bearing similar images. They replace the $1 loon definitive issued in 1998, which remains available until existing stocks are depleted.
Information about the Atlantic Walrus can be found on the Fisheries and Oceans Canada website.
Based on an illustration by Xerxes Irani. Illustrated and engraved by Jorge Peral.
Canada Post Corporation. Canada's Stamp Details, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2005, p. 14-15.


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Home / Instruction and Research / Graduate Student Resources
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is one of the leading graduate research universities in the United States. As one of the most comprehensive universities in the nation, Carolina provides a breadth of study and interdisciplinary experience matched by few institutions. The Graduate School hosts more than 80 graduate programs. Support for graduate education plays a major role in its success as a research university.
The Graduate Funding Information Center is a resource for graduate students seeking information on funding sources for independent research, collaborative projects, fellowships, program development and other scholarly activities.
The Graduate and Professional Student Government (GPSG) is the arm of student government that represents all graduate and professional students.
The Graduate School Professional Development Program provides a full range of training opportunities and resources to graduate students, preparing students for career success as innovative future leaders.
The Graduate Student Center is designed to be a central space where graduate and professional students from all disciplines and departments on campus can come together.
Guidelines for Graduate Research
The Graduate Catalog contains basic information about the doctoral-level and master's-level programs in the Graduate School, including admissions standards and requirements, tuition and fees, financial aid information, academic and research resources and program and course descriptions.
The Graduate School Handbook contains the policies and procedures of The Graduate School. Each student should become familiar with the material pertaining to his or her degree program, and, together with a faculty advisor, make certain that the chosen program of study complies with all policies.
The Graduate School provides leadership to envision, shape and support the highest quality education for a diverse community of graduate students whose contributions will have global impact.


TALL BEARDED IRISES are the kings of the iris world. The most common of all iris groups are defined by a height of 27 1/2 inches and up and a fuzzy protrusion on the falls or lower petals that is called a beard. They are the last of the bearded irises to bloom in the spring and their bloom season during that time can vary from early to medium to late. This bloom season along with an approximate height will be listed with each description in our website. Please note, iris varieties are registered from their original home gardens. If an iris is registered in California, it may not grow quite as tall in Missouri. It quite often will also not have as many buds in a colder climate area that has a shorter growing season. Basic culture is full sun with good drainage.
Tall bearded irises are shipped from the last week of June through September 1st. Preference is given to cold climates, but special ship dates will be honored to the best of our ability.