text:
Q: In DynamoDB can you UpdateItem ignoring undefined values? DynamoDB is used to manage PATCH requests where 1 or more properties may be provided. I'd like those properties to be updated if they exist in the request, otherwise ignored in the update. DocumentClient.update(params) where params is:
    TableName: '...',
    Key: {...},
    UpdateExpression: `set
      Cost = :Cost,
      Sales = :Sales,
      ...
    ExpressionAttributeValues: {
      ':Cost': get(requestBody, 'form.cost', undefined),
      ':Sales': get(requestBody, 'form.sales', undefined),
      ...
    }

Or is this achieving this only possible by manipulating the expression strings?

A: I feel like I'm using DynamoDB wrong for this multi-field PATCH, especially since the solution is overly complex.
Leaving this here in case anyone else finds it helpful, or better, has a tidier solution:
  let fieldsToUpdate = [
    // these are just string constants from another file
    [dynamoDbFields.cost, apiFields.cost],
    [dynamoDbFields.annualSales, apiFields.annualSales],
    ... ]
    // get the new DynamoDB value from the request body (it may not exist)
    .map(([dynamoDbField, apiField]) => [dynamoDbField, _.get(requestBody, apiField)])
    // filter any keys that are undefined on the request body
    .filter(([dynamoDbField, value]) => value !== undefined)

  // create a mapping of the field identifier (positional index in this case) to the DynamoDB value, e.g. {':0': '123'}
  let expressionAttributeValues = fieldsToUpdate.reduce((acc, [dynamoDbField, value], index) =>
    _.assignIn(acc, {[`:${index}`]: value}), {})

  // and create the reciprocal mapping of the identifier to the DynamoDB field name, e.g {ID: ':0'}
  let updateExpression = fieldsToUpdate.reduce((acc, [dynamoDbField], index) =>
    _.assignIn(acc, {[dynamoDbField]: `:${index}`}), {})

  const params = {
    TableName: TABLE_NAME,
    Key: {[dynamoDbFields.id]: _.get(requestBody, apiFields.id)},
    UpdateExpression: `set ${Object.entries(updateExpression).map((v) => v.join('=')).join(',')}`,
    ExpressionAttributeValues: expressionAttributeValues,
    ConditionExpression: `attribute_exists(${dynamoDbFields.id})`,
    ReturnValues: 'ALL_NEW'
  }


text:
For other uses, see Corporation (disambiguation).
"Corporate" redirects here. For the Bollywood film, see Corporate (film).
This article is part of a series on
General corporate forms
Joint-stock
Corporate forms
Societas (SE)
Societas cooperativa (SCE)
Societas privata (SPE)
Societas unius personae (SUP)
Economic interest grouping (EEIG)
UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
Charitable incorporated organisation (CIO)
Community interest company (CIC)
Industrial and provident society (IPS)
Limited company (Ltd.)
by guarantee
by shares
Unlimited company
Benefit corporation
Limited liability company (LLC)
Low-profit LLC
Series LLC
Limited liability limited partnership (LLLP)
Delaware corporation / statutory trust
Massachusetts business trust
Nevada corporation
Aktiebolag (AB)
Aktiengesellschaft (AG)
Ansvarlig selskap (ANS)
Aktieselskab (A/S)
Aksjeselskap (AS)
Kabushiki gaisha (K.K.)
Naamloze vennootschap (N.V.)
Osakeyhtiö (Oy)
Société à responsabilité limitée (SARL)
Doctrines
De facto and estoppel corporations
Internal affairs doctrine
Piercing the corporate veil
Rochdale Principles
Corporate registers
Company portal
McDonald's Corporation is one of the most recognizable corporations in the world.
A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) and recognized as such in law. Early incorporated entities were established by charter (i.e. by an ad hoc act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature). Most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration.
Corporations come in many different types but are usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where they are chartered into two kinds: by whether or not they can issue stock, or by whether or not they are for profit.
Where local law distinguishes corporations by ability to issue stock, corporations allowed to do so are referred to as "stock corporations", ownership of the corporation is through stock, and owners of stock are referred to as "stockholders" or "shareholders." Corporations not allowed to issue stock are referred to as "non-stock" corporations; those who are considered the owners of the corporation are those who have obtained membership in the corporation, and are referred to as a "member" of the corporation.
Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to be for profit or not are referred to as "for profit" and "not-for-profit" corporations, respectively.
There is some overlap between stock/non-stock and for profit/not-for-profit in that not-for-profit corporations are always non-stock as well. A for profit corporation is almost always a stock corporation, but some for profit corporations may choose to be non-stock. To simplify the explanation, whenever "Stockholder" or "Shareholder" is used in the rest of this article to refer to a stock corporation, it is presumed to mean the same as "member" for a non-profit corporation or for profit, non-stock corporation.
Registered corporations have legal personality and are owned by shareholders[1][2] whose liability is limited to their investment. Shareholders do not typically actively manage a corporation; shareholders instead elect or appoint a board of directors to control the corporation in a fiduciary capacity.
In American English, the word corporation is most often used to describe large business corporations.[3] In British English and in the Commonwealth countries, the term company is more widely used to describe the same sort of entity while the word corporation encompasses all incorporated entities. In American English, the word company can include entities such as partnerships that would not be referred to as companies in British English as they are not a separate legal entity.
Despite not being individual human beings, corporations, as far as the law is concerned, are legal persons, and have many of the same rights and responsibilities as natural persons do. Corporations can exercise human rights against real individuals and the state,[4][5] and they can themselves be responsible for human rights violations.[6] Corporations can be "dissolved" either by statutory operation, order of court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders. Insolvency may result in a form of corporate failure, when creditors force the liquidation and dissolution of the corporation under court order,[7] but it most often results in a restructuring of corporate holdings. Corporations can even be convicted of criminal offenses, such as fraud and manslaughter. However, corporations are not considered living entities in the way that humans are.[8]
Late in the 19th century, a new form of company having the limited liability protections of a corporation, and the more favorable tax treatment of either a sole proprietorship or partnership was developed. While not a corporation, this new type of entity became very attractive as an alternative for corporations not needing to issue stock. In Germany, the organization was referred to as Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung or GmbH. In the last quarter of the 20th Century this new form of non-corporate organization became available in the United States and other countries, and was known as the limited liability company or LLC. Since the GmbH and LLC forms of organization are technically not corporations (even though they have many of the features of one) they will not be discussed in this article.
See also: List of oldest companies
1/8 share of the Stora Kopparberg mine, dated June 16, 1288.
The word "corporation" derives from corpus, the Latin word for body, or a "body of people." By the time of Justinian (reigned 527–565), Roman law recognized a range of corporate entities under the names universitas, corpus or collegium. These included the state itself (the populus Romanus), municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a religious cult, burial clubs, political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders. Such bodies commonly had the right to own property and make contracts, to receive gifts and legacies, to sue and be sued, and, in general, to perform legal acts through representatives. Private associations were granted designated privileges and liberties by the emperor.[9]
Entities which carried on business and were the subjects of legal rights were found in ancient Rome, and the Maurya Empire in ancient India.[10] In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the Pope and the City of London Corporation. The point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member, existing in perpetuity. The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world, the Stora Kopparberg mining community in Falun, Sweden, obtained a charter from King Magnus Eriksson in 1347.
In medieval times, traders would do business through common law constructs, such as partnerships. Whenever people acted together with a view to profit, the law deemed that a partnership arose. Early guilds and livery companies were also often involved in the regulation of competition between traders.
See also: Mercantilism
A bond issued by the Dutch East India Company, dating from 1623, for the amount of 2,400 florins
Many European nations chartered corporations to lead colonial ventures, such as the Dutch East India Company (VOC) or the Hudson's Bay Company. These chartered companies became the progenitors of the modern corporation. Acting under a charter sanctioned by the Dutch government, the Dutch East India Company defeated Portuguese forces and established itself in the Moluccan Islands in order to profit from the European demand for spices. Investors in the VOC were issued paper certificates as proof of share ownership, and were able to trade their shares on the original Amsterdam Stock Exchange. Shareholders are also explicitly granted limited liability in the company's royal charter.[11]
In England, the government created corporations under a royal charter or an Act of Parliament with the grant of a monopoly over a specified territory. The best known example, established in 1600, was the East India Company of London. Queen Elizabeth I granted it the exclusive right to trade with all countries to the east of the Cape of Good Hope. Some corporations at this time would act on the government's behalf, bringing in revenue from its exploits abroad. Subsequently, the Company became increasingly integrated with English and later British military and colonial policy, just as most corporations were essentially dependent on the Royal Navy's ability to control trade routes.
Labeled by both contemporaries and historians as "the grandest society of merchants in the universe", the English East India Company would come to symbolize the dazzlingly rich potential of the corporation, as well as new methods of business that could be both brutal and exploitative.[12] On 31 December 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted the company a 15-year monopoly on trade to and from the East Indies and Africa.[13] By 1711, shareholders in the East India Company were earning a return on their investment of almost 150 per cent. Subsequent stock offerings demonstrated just how lucrative the Company had become. Its first stock offering in 1713–1716 raised £418,000, its second in 1717–1722 raised £1.6 million.[14]
Chart of the South Sea Company's stock prices. The rapid inflation of the stock value in the 1710s led to the Bubble Act 1720, which restricted the establishment of companies without a royal charter.
A similar chartered company, the South Sea Company, was established in 1711 to trade in the Spanish South American colonies, but met with less success. The South Sea Company's monopoly rights were supposedly backed by the Treaty of Utrecht, signed in 1713 as a settlement following the War of the Spanish Succession, which gave Great Britain an asiento to trade in the region for thirty years. In fact the Spanish remained hostile and let only one ship a year enter. Unaware of the problems, investors in Britain, enticed by extravagant promises of profit from company promoters bought thousands of shares. By 1717, the South Sea Company was so wealthy (still having done no real business) that it assumed the public debt of the British government. This accelerated the inflation of the share price further, as did the Bubble Act 1720, which (possibly with the motive of protecting the South Sea Company from competition) prohibited the establishment of any companies without a Royal Charter. The share price rose so rapidly that people began buying shares merely in order to sell them at a higher price, which in turn led to higher share prices. This was the first speculative bubble the country had seen, but by the end of 1720, the bubble had "burst", and the share price sank from £1000 to under £100. As bankruptcies and recriminations ricocheted through government and high society, the mood against corporations, and errant directors, was bitter.
In the late 18th century, Stewart Kyd, the author of the first treatise on corporate law in English, defined a corporation as:
a collection of many individuals united into one body, under a special denomination, having perpetual succession under an artificial form, and vested, by policy of the law, with the capacity of acting, in several respects, as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, of contracting obligations, and of suing and being sued, of enjoying privileges and immunities in common, and of exercising a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its institution, or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time of its creation, or at any subsequent period of its existence.
— A Treatise on the Law of Corporations, Stewart Kyd (1793–1794)
Modern company law
Due to the late 18th century abandonment of mercantilist economic theory and the rise of classical liberalism and laissez-faire economic theory due to a revolution in economics led by Adam Smith and other economists, corporations transitioned from being government or guild affiliated entities to being public and private economic entities free of government direction.
Adam Smith wrote in his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations that mass corporate activity could not match private entrepreneurship, because people in charge of others' money would not exercise as much care as they would with their own.[15]
"Jack and the Giant Joint-Stock", a cartoon in Town Talk (1858) satirizing the 'monster' joint-stock economy that came into being after the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844.
The British Bubble Act 1720's prohibition on establishing companies remained in force until its repeal in 1825. By this point, the Industrial Revolution had gathered pace, pressing for legal change to facilitate business activity.[16] The repeal was the beginning of a gradual lifting on restrictions, though business ventures (such as those chronicled by Charles Dickens in Martin Chuzzlewit) under primitive companies legislation were often scams. Without cohesive regulation, proverbial operations like the "Anglo-Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life Assurance Company" were undercapitalised ventures promising no hope of success except for richly paid promoters.[17]
The process of incorporation was possible only through a royal charter or a private act and was limited, owing to Parliament's jealous protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted. As a result, many businesses came to be operated as unincorporated associations with possibly thousands of members. Any consequent litigation had to be carried out in the joint names of all the members and was almost impossibly cumbersome. Though Parliament would sometimes grant a private act to allow an individual to represent the whole in legal proceedings, this was a narrow and necessarily costly expedient, allowed only to established companies.
Then, in 1843, William Gladstone became the chairman of a Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies, which led to the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844, regarded as the first modern piece of company law.[18] The Act created the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies, empowered to register companies by a two-stage process. The first, provisional, stage cost £5 and did not confer corporate status, which arose after completing the second stage for another £5. For the first time in history, it was possible for ordinary people through a simple registration procedure to incorporate.[19] The advantage of establishing a company as a separate legal person was mainly administrative, as a unified entity under which the rights and duties of all investors and managers could be channeled.
However, there was still no limited liability and company members could still be held responsible for unlimited losses by the company.[20] The next, crucial development, then, was the Limited Liability Act 1855, passed at the behest of the then Vice President of the Board of Trade, Mr. Robert Lowe. This allowed investors to limit their liability in the event of business failure to the amount they invested in the company - shareholders were still liable directly to creditors, but just for the unpaid portion of their shares. (The principle that shareholders are liable to the corporation had been introduced in the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844).
The 1855 Act allowed limited liability to companies of more than 25 members (shareholders). Insurance companies were excluded from the act, though it was standard practice for insurance contracts to exclude action against individual members. Limited liability for insurance companies was allowed by the Companies Act 1862.
This prompted the English periodical The Economist to write in 1855 that "never, perhaps, was a change so vehemently and generally demanded, of which the importance was so much overrated. "[21] The major error of this judgment was recognised by the same magazine more than 70 years later, when it claimed that, "[t]he economic historian of the future. . . may be inclined to assign to the nameless inventor of the principle of limited liability, as applied to trading corporations, a place of honour with Watt and Stephenson, and other pioneers of the Industrial Revolution. "[22]
These two features - a simple registration procedure and limited liability - were subsequently codified into the landmark 1856 Joint Stock Companies Act. This was subsequently consolidated with a number of other statutes in the Companies Act 1862, which remained in force for the rest of the century, up to and including the time of the decision in Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd.[23]
The legislation shortly gave way to a railway boom, and from then, the numbers of companies formed soared. In the later nineteenth century, depression took hold, and just as company numbers had boomed, many began to implode and fall into insolvency. Much strong academic, legislative and judicial opinion was opposed to the notion that businessmen could escape accountability for their role in the failing businesses.
Further developments
Lindley LJ was the leading expert on partnerships and company law in the Salomon v. Salomon & Co. case. The landmark case confirmed the distinct corporate identity of the company.
The last significant development in the history of companies was the decision of the House of Lords in Salomon v. Salomon & Co. where the House of Lords confirmed the separate legal personality of the company, and that the liabilities of the company were separate and distinct from those of its owners.
In the United States, forming a corporation usually required an act of legislation until the late 19th century. Many private firms, such as Carnegie's steel company and Rockefeller's Standard Oil, avoided the corporate model for this reason (as a trust). State governments began to adopt more permissive corporate laws from the early 19th century, although these were all restrictive in design, often with the intention of preventing corporations for gaining too much wealth and power.[24]
New Jersey was the first state to adopt an "enabling" corporate law, with the goal of attracting more business to the state,[25] in 1896. In 1899, Delaware followed New Jersey's lead with the enactment of an enabling corporate statute, but Delaware only became the leading corporate state after the enabling provisions of the 1896 New Jersey corporate law were repealed in 1913.[24]
The end of the 19th century saw the emergence of holding companies and corporate mergers creating larger corporations with dispersed shareholders. Countries began enacting anti-trust laws to prevent anti-competitive practices and corporations were granted more legal rights and protections.
The 20th century saw a proliferation of laws allowing for the creation of corporations by registration across the world, which helped to drive economic booms in many countries before and after World War I. Another major post World War I shift was toward the development of conglomerates, in which large corporations purchased smaller corporations to expand their industrial base.
Starting in the 1980s, many countries with large state-owned corporations moved toward privatization, the selling of publicly owned (or 'nationalised') services and enterprises to corporations. Deregulation (reducing the regulation of corporate activity) often accompanied privatization as part of a laissez-faire policy.
Ownership and control
A corporation is, at least in theory, owned and controlled by its members. In a joint-stock company the members are known as shareholders and each of their shares in the ownership, control, and profits of the corporation is determined by the portion of shares in the company that they own. Thus a person who owns a quarter of the shares of a joint-stock company owns a quarter of the company, is entitled to a quarter of the profit (or at least a quarter of the profit given to shareholders as dividends) and has a quarter of the votes capable of being cast at general meetings.
In another kind of corporation, the legal document which established the corporation or which contains its current rules will determine who the corporation's members are. Who a member is depends on what kind of corporation is involved. In a worker cooperative, the members are people who work for the cooperative. In a credit union, the members are people who have accounts with the credit union.[26]
The day-to-day activities of a corporation are typically controlled by individuals appointed by the members. In some cases, this will be a single individual but more commonly corporations are controlled by a committee or by committees. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of committee structure.
A single committee known as a board of directors is the method favored in most common law countries. Under this model, the board of directors is composed of both executive and non-executive directors, the latter being meant to supervise the former's management of the company.
A two-tiered committee structure with a supervisory board and a managing board is common in civil law countries.[27]
Historically, corporations were created by a charter granted by government. Today, corporations are usually registered with the state, province, or national government and regulated by the laws enacted by that government. Registration is the main prerequisite to the corporation's assumption of limited liability. The law sometimes requires the corporation to designate its principal address, as well as a registered agent (a person or company designated to receive legal service of process). It may also be required to designate an agent or other legal representative of the corporation.
Generally, a corporation files articles of incorporation with the government, laying out the general nature of the corporation, the amount of stock it is authorized to issue, and the names and addresses of directors. Once the articles are approved, the corporation's directors meet to create bylaws that govern the internal functions of the corporation, such as meeting procedures and officer positions.
The law of the jurisdiction in which a corporation operates will regulate most of its internal activities, as well as its finances. If a corporation operates outside its home state, it is often required to register with other governments as a foreign corporation, and is almost always subject to laws of its host state pertaining to employment, crimes, contracts, civil actions, and the like.
Corporations generally have a distinct name. Historically, some corporations were named after their membership: for instance, "The President and Fellows of Harvard College." Nowadays, corporations in most jurisdictions have a distinct name that does not need to make reference to their membership. In Canada, this possibility is taken to its logical extreme: many smaller Canadian corporations have no names at all, merely numbers based on a registration number (for example, "12345678 Ontario Limited"), which is assigned by the provincial or territorial government where the corporation incorporates.
In most countries, corporate names include a term or an abbreviation that denotes the corporate status of the entity (for example, "Incorporated" or "Inc." in the United States) or the limited liability of its members (for example, "Limited" or "Ltd."). These terms vary by jurisdiction and language. In some jurisdictions, they are mandatory, and in others they are not.[28] Their use puts everybody on constructive notice that they are dealing with an entity whose liability is limited: one can only collect from whatever assets the entity still controls when one obtains a judgment against it.
Some jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word "company" alone to denote corporate status, since the word "company" may refer to a partnership or some other form of collective ownership (in the United States it can be used by a sole proprietorship but this is not generally the case elsewhere).
United States corporate law
European corporate law
German company law
History of company law in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom company law
Anti-corporate activism
Blocker corporation
Community interest company
Corporate haven
Corporation sole
Corporatization
Decentralized autonomous organization
Evil corporation
Good standing
Government-owned corporation
History of competition law
Incorporation (business)
Megacorporation
Multinational corporation
Professional corporation (PC or P.C.)
Public limited company (PLC)
Shelf corporation
South Sea Company
Tulip mania
United States antitrust law
Unlimited liability corporation
Review on the Loss Problem of the Listed Corporations Based on the Valuation IJTEMT
↑ Pettet, B. G. (2005). Company Law. Pearson Education. p. 151. Reading the above, makes it possible to forget that the shareholders are the owners of the company.
↑ Courtney, Thomas B. (2002). The Law of Private Companies (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Professional. 4.001. As a corporation, or body corporate, a private company is regarded in law as having a separate legal personality from its shareholders (owners) and directors (managers).
↑ corporation. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved December 07, 2012.
↑ Emberland, Marius (2006). The Human Rights of Companies: Exploring the Structure of ECHR Protection (PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-928983-7. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
↑ e.g. South African Constitution Sect.8, especially Art.(4)
↑ Phillip I. Blumberg, The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality, (1993) discusses the controversial nature of additional rights being granted to corporations.
↑ See, for example, the Business Corporations Act (B.C.) [SBC 2002] CHAPTER 57, Part 10
↑ e.g. Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007
↑ Harold Joseph Berman, Law and Revolution (vol. 1): The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, pp. 215–16. ISBN 0674517768
↑ Vikramaditya S. Khanna (2005). The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India. University of Michigan.
↑ Om Prakash, European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998).
↑ John Keay, The Honorable Company: A History of the English East India Company (MacMillan, New York 1991).
↑ http://web.utk.edu/~gerard/romanticpolitics/britisheastindia.html
↑ Ibid. at p. 113
↑ A Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) Book V, ch 1, para 107
↑ See Bubble Companies, etc. Act 1825, 6 Geo 4, c 91
↑ See C Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1843) ch 27
↑ Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies (1844) in British Parliamentary Papers, vol. VII
↑ Paul Lyndon Davies (2010). Introduction to Company Law. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
↑ Re Sea Fire and Life Assurance Co., Greenwood's Case (1854) 3 De GM&G 459
↑ Graeme G. Acheson & John D. Turner, The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control: Irish Banking, 1877–1914, School of Management and Economics, Queen's University of Belfast, available at and .
↑ Economist, December 18, 1926, at 1053, as quoted in Mahoney, supra, at 875.
↑ Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22
1 2 Smiddy, Linda O.; Cunningham, Lawrence A. (2010), Corporations and Other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems (Seventh ed.), LexisNexis, pp. 228–231, 241, ISBN 978-1-4224-7659-8
↑ The Law of Business Organizations, Cengage Learning
↑ Besley, Scott; Brigham, Eugene (2008). Principles of Finance (4th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 105. ISBN 9780324655889. A credit union is a depository institution that is owned by its depositors...
↑ "Company & Commercial – Netherlands: In a nutshell – one-tier boards". International Law Office. 10 April 2012.
↑ The U.S. state of California is an example of a jurisdiction that does not require corporations to indicate corporate status in their names, except for close corporations. The drafters of the 1977 revision of the California General Corporation Law considered the possibility of forcing all California corporations to have a name indicating corporate status, but decided against it because of the huge number of corporations that would have had to change their names, and the lack of any evidence that anyone had been harmed in California by entities whose corporate status was not immediately apparent from their names. However, the 1977 drafters were able to impose the current disclosure requirement for close corporations. See Harold Marsh, Jr., R. Roy Finkle, Larry W. Sonsini, and Ann Yvonne Walker, Marsh's California Corporation Law, 4th ed., vol. 1 (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2004), 5–15 — 5–16.
A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law
Blumberg, Phillip I., The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality, (1993)
Bromberg, Alan R. Crane and Bromberg on Partnership. 1968.
Brown, Bruce. The History of the Corporation (2003)
Cadman, John William. The Corporation in New Jersey: Business and Politics, , (1949)
Conard, Alfred F. Corporations in Perspective. 1976.
Cooke, C. A., Corporation, Trust and Company: A Legal History, (1950)
Davis, John P. Corporations (1904)
Davis, Joseph S. Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations (1917)
Dignam, A and Lowry, J (2006) Company Law, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-928936-3
Dodd, Edwin Merrick. American Business Corporations until 1860, With Special Reference to Massachusetts, (1954)
DuBois, A.B. The English Business Company after the Bubble Act, , (1938)\
Freedman, Charles. Joint-stock Enterprise in France, : From Privileged Company to Modern Corporation (1979)
Freund, Ernst. MCMaster.ca, The Legal Nature of the Corporation (1897)
Hallis, Frederick. Corporate Personality: A Study in Jurisprudence (1930)
Hessen, Robert. In Defense of the Corporation. Hoover Institute. 1979.
Hunt, Bishop. The Development of the Business Corporation in England (1936)
Klein and Coffee. Business Organization and Finance: Legal and Economic Principles. Foundation. 2002.
Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. Corporate Life in Ancient India, (1920)
Means, Robert Charles. Underdevelopment and the Development of Law: Corporations and Corporation Law in Nineteenth-century Colombia, (1980)
Micklethwait, John and Wooldridge, Adrian. The Company: a Short History of a Revolutionary Idea. New York: Modern Library. 2003.
Owen, Thomas. The Corporation under Russian Law, : A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy (1991)
Rungta, Radhe Shyam. The Rise of the Business Corporation in India, 1851–1900, (1970)
Scott, W. R. Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720 (1912)
Sobel, Robert. The Age of Giant Corporations: a Microeconomic History of American Business. (1984)
Barnet, Richard; Muller, Ronald E. (1974). Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporation. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Hessen, Robert (2008). "Corporations". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.
Low, Albert, 2008. "Conflict and Creativity at Work: Human Roots of Corporate Life, Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-272-3
PG Mahoney, 'Contract or Concession? An Essay on the History of Corporate Law' (2000) 34 Ga. Law Review 873
PI Blumberg, The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law (1993)
PL Davies and LCB Gower, Principles of Modern Company Law (6th edn Sweet and Maxwell 1997) chapters 2-4
RR Formoy, The Historical Foundations of Company Law (Sweet and Maxwell 1923) 21
P Frentrop, A History of Corporate Governance 1602–2002 (Brussels et al., 2003)
S Kyd, A Treatise on the Law of Corporations (1793–1794)
J Micklethwait and A Wooldridge, The company: A short history of a revolutionary idea (Modern Library 2003)
W Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765) 455–473
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I wonder what they are going to do with it?
"Is it ever going to stop snowing?"
While the boys continue to shovel snow, I'm working on creating and updating photo albums. The 'Valentine's Chocolates' is finished. 'Erzulie's Birthday' should be done soon. The 'Snow Removal Service' story is up to date, I've started a 'JIDs Everyday' for miscellaneous photos of my JIDs, and then there's the 'Iplekids Everyday' to update.
I'm not a stickler for 'historical accuracy', so take away the hat and give him a different sword, and he can also pass as a fantasy adventure hero. Anyway, since I consider Owen and Leona a 'couple', she's going to need something appropriate to go with him. Right now she's the only JID I have dressed in something contemporary. But first I need to make a couple of Renaissance gowns for the larger dolls.
I don't think Lonnie is too sure she likes her new perm.
Well, it's another one of those 'catch up, finish off, so I can start something new' weeks. Owen's outfit is coming along nicely. I still need to make him a belt for his rapier, and then he's done. I also have mountains of photo work to catch up on. I've taken so many photos the past three months but haven't put hardly any of my doll's new outfits into the Galleries. There's also several story albums needing to be put together.
My next costuming project will be something different. I'm going back to my 'roots', to my very first doll - my Ryung - whose not been out of the cupboard in years (yes, I do have other dolls besides Iplehouse) I'm going to be making her a series of Renaissance gowns. I've chosen a beautiful wine red brocade velour for an Italian Renaissance gown, and I think I'll also make her something similar to my Carina - something out of the magenta embossed velour. I might have enough fabric for two of each, but I know there's not enough of the fabric I used for Carina's underskirt left, so I'm going to have to chose something different.
What could be in all those beautifully wrapped boxes?
"A pony!! I LOVE ponies!! Thank you so much!!"
"It's another pony!! Thank you so much!!"
Then it was time to cut the cake. "Chocolate or vanilla?"
Coco can't decide. Maybe he needs a slice of each?
Which tastes better - the chocolate or the vanilla?


Country Chippendale Furniture - Antique. A genuine country antique furniture information resource.
We hope you enjoy the wealth of Antique Country Furniture information we have tried to provide. Check back often, as we are growing fast!
By 1760, even furniture makers in small towns in America were making Chippendale furniture., emulating the high-style designs that were then the rage in Philadelphia and Boston. While the basic forms the earlier Queen Anne style continued in the Chippendale period, the smooth surfaces gave way to rich decorative carving: the more carving the more expensive the piece. Country chairs were designed with delicate pierce carved back splats, and the finest furniture pieces had claw-and-ball feet.
By this time, the parlor, now known as the best room or "setting room," might boast wallpaper and an imported English carpet. As in the parlor at right, rooms were arranged, with all the furnishings placed along the walls: desks were set near windows, which provided a natural light source, and tables were pulled into the center of a room only when needed. Once the furniture was returned to the perimeter, a room was considered "straight" - hence the expression "to straighten a room."
Many of Chippendale's designs called for mahogany, which was imported to Europe and America from the West Indies. The fine grain of the wood allowed for the elaborate carvings he developed in "the modern taste". In America, such delicate, formal furniture was generally considered overly fancy. More typically, American furniture makers relied on simpler, outdated English forms - such as the sturdy cabriole leg and claw-and-ball foot-which they combined with modified versions of Chippendale's carving on chair backs, table stretchers, and high chest tops.
Although Chippendale himself would probably not approved, these modifications were fashionable by colonial standards, and continued to influence the design of both higher style and country furniture well after the designer's death in 1779.


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We here today know the promises you make to another are promises of commitment and devotion. Your commitments to each other are not only for a lifetime partner. They are commitments of a companion and friend as well, a friend with whom you will share your hopes, dreams, ambitions, successes, and yes, sometimes your disappointments and sorrows that are all a part of life.
This sharing is not at the expense of each partner's individuality; rather, the uniqueness of each marriage partner is enhanced by the strength of the common bond. Marriage is a celebration of love. Matrimony symbolizes the ultimate intimacy between a man and a woman. A marriage that lasts is one that always has a little more to grow.
Will you now face each other, and hold hands?
To you, Bride, and to you, Groom, I would say happiness in marriage doesn't just happen. A good marriage must be created, nurtured, and worked at. In marriage, little things are big things. Marriage is never being too old to hold hands. It is remembering to say, "I love you" It is not taking each other for granted. It's a hug sent over the phone lines when you're apart. The courtship shouldn't end with the honeymoon, it should continue through all the years together. A solid marriage is having a mutual sense of values and common objectives; it is you two standing together facing the world and all it offers. It is also forming a circle of love around you that gathers in family and friends. Marriage is doing things for each other, not in the attitude of duty or sacrifice, but in a spirit of joy. It is speaking words of appreciation and demonstrating gratitude in thoughtful ways. It's a continuously open dialog. There are also things marriage is not. For example, it is not looking for perfection in each other. It is cultivating flexibility, patience, understanding and a sense of humor. Nor is marriage a winner take-all argument. It is sharing in all things. It is having the capacity to forgive and forget. It is giving each other an atmosphere in which each can grow. Marriage certainly is finding room for things of the spirit. It is a search for the good and beautiful as well as the meaningful. It is establishing a relationship in which; the independence is equal, the dependence is mutual, and the obligations are reciprocal. Perhaps most important, marriage is not simply marrying the right partner; it is being the right partner.
Today's celebration is the outward sign of a sacred and inward commitment, which religious societies may consecrate, states may legalize, but which neither can create nor annul. Such union can only be created by loving purpose, be maintained by abiding will, and be renewed by human feelings and intentions. In this spirit these two persons stand before us and we are gathered here merely to acknowledge the true marriage which already dwells within them.
Groom, do you promise to encourage Bride, to stand by her side. To share laughter during the good times and stand strong through the bad. To dry her tears when necessary and offer a kind word when needed. To share all you have to offer. Do you come with love and without reservation to join together with this woman in marriage?
Bride, do you promise to encourage Groom, to stand by his side. To share laughter during the good times and stand strong through the bad. To offer a kind word when needed. To share all you have to offer. Do you come with love and without reservation to join together with this man in marriage?
These rings symbolize your union. An unbroken circle of love to be worn all the days so long as you both shall love. May the spirit of love bless these rings and may they be a true symbol of the love of the one who gives it, and the one who wears it.
Now you will feel no rain, for each of you will be the shelter for the other. Now you will feel no cold, for each of you will be warmth to the other. Now there is no more loneliness, for each of you will be companion to the other. Now you are two persons, but there is only one life before you. Go now to enter into the days of your life together. And may your days be good and long upon the earth.
In as much as Bride and Groom have consented together in marriage before their family and friends, have pledged their love, and declared their unity by each giving and receiving a ring and are now joined in mutual esteem and devotion; by the powers vested in my by the State of Florida, I pronounce that they are husband and wife together forever.


text:
Lakers debut NBA championship rings, won't unveil banner at Staples Center without fans
The Los Angeles Lakers handed out their NBA championship rings ahead of their season opener on Tuesday night, but the iconic title banner unveiling will have to wait.
Instead of the classic reveal on Tuesday — the Lakers kicked off the shortened 2020-21 season against the Clippers at the Staples Center — the Lakers are planning to wait to do so until fans are allowed back into the arena.
Instead, a black cloak will be hanging over the banner at the Staples Center with the words, "Stay Tuned, Lakers Family" on it.
"We won't be unveiling a banner because we want to wait for the fans on that," Lakers president of business operations Tim Harris said Tuesday, via ESPN. "When you win a championship, the championship has a lot of quote-unquote owners. A championship belongs to the team, it belongs to the players, it belongs to the fans.
"And then the stuff that comes with a championship, the assets that come with a championship, it's kind of like the ownership group are the caretakers of the trophy. And the rings when you win a championship, those belong to the players. And the banner when you win a championship belongs to the fans. That's kind of how I look at this."
Lakers players and coaches still got their championship rings on Tuesday night, though they were actually presented virtually by various special guests — including both select frontline workers around the Los Angeles area and family members.
This is what it's all about 💍 pic.twitter.com/kZlYMYb93X
— Los Angeles Lakers (@Lakers) December 23, 2020
AD's family congratulates him on his first championship ring 💍🏆 pic.twitter.com/pMMDY8YLur
— NBA on TNT (@NBAonTNT) December 23, 2020
Giannis & Thanasis congratulate their brother Kostas on his Lakers championship ring 👏 pic.twitter.com/Rb6XGCbUZZ
LeBron James even had students from his I Promise School in Ohio help his family present his ring.
Students from the Promise School and LeBron's family give him his ring virtually pic.twitter.com/paAYj2YLec
— CJ Fogler #BlackLivesMatter (@cjzero) December 23, 2020
Though they didn't have rings, Clippers players weren't left without a gift of their own.
Looks like all the LA Clippers players got PlayStation 5's and headphones ahead of tonight's season opener vs. the Lakers. pic.twitter.com/mcelRrFFDm
— Tomer Azarly (@TomerAzarly) December 23, 2020
When will Lakers, Clippers be allowed to welcome fans back?
Though Harris is planning to wait for fans to return before unveiling the banner, it may be awhile before they can actually do so.
Public gatherings in Los Angeles County are currently banned under COVID-19 restrictions, and the pandemic continues to surge both in Southern California and across the country. The state recorded more than 43,000 new cases of the coronavirus on Monday, according to The New York Times. The county has run out of ICU beds, and daily hospitalization rates are rising off the charts, per the Los Angeles Times.
So while it may take awhile, waiting is an important part of the process for Harris — even if Tuesday night's ceremony looked a little strange.
"We started thinking, 'How are we going to do this? How are we going to pull this event off when we have no fans?' When you're doing a television show," Harris said, via ESPN.
"For the banner, we're missing part of that. We're missing a component to it, and that is the people who are a big part of winning this, and that's the fans. So we'll wait."
Lakers owners Jeanie Buss speaks surrounded by players after the Los Angeles Lakers won the 2020 NBA Finals on Oct. 11, 2020. (Mike Ehrmann/Getty Images)
2020-21 NBA season predictions: Who will win it all?
Reeling Steelers stunned by Bengals for third straight loss
Where do Jets turn if they miss out on Clemson's Lawrence?
UK's Calipari asked freshman to 'step away' from team


Interactive AI methods that combine system-driven active learning with extensive user-driven control over learning and reasoning processes.
I am also interested in applications of AI to medicine, search and rescue, and space exploration.
This research has also produced a number of software packages, which I make freely available for academic and not-for-profit use.
Lifelong learning is essential for an intelligent agent that will persist in the real world with any amount of versatility. Animals learn to solve increasingly complex tasks by continually building upon and refining their knowledge. Virtually every aspect of higher-level learning and memory involves this process of continual learning and transfer. In contrast, most current machine learning methods take a "single-shot" approach in which knowledge is not retained between learning problems.
My research seeks to develop lifelong machine learning for intelligent agents situated for extended periods in an environment and faced with multiple tasks. The agent will continually learn to solve multiple (possibly interleaved) tasks through a combination of knowledge transfer from previously learned models, revision of stored source knowledge from new experience, and optional guidance from external teachers or human experts. This project is closely related to my previous work in selective knowledge transfer. The goal of this work is to enable persistent agents to develop increasingly complex abilities over time by continually and synergistically building upon their knowledge. Lifelong learning could substantially improve the versatility of learning systems by enabling them to quickly learn a broad range of complex tasks and adapt to changing circumstances.
This project is funded under the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Active Transfer Learning program and is joint work with Terran Lane (University of New Mexico). For further details on this ongoing project, please contact me directly.
My dissertation research focused on the selective transfer of knowledge between learning tasks [Eaton, 2009]. In this context, a task is a single learning problem, such as learning to recognize a particular visual object. An agent, having faced multiple tasks, would have built up a repository of learned knowledge that could be used to improve future learning. I developed methods that automatically select the particular source knowledge to transfer in learning a new target task. Until my dissertation, the problem of source knowledge selection had received little attention, despite its importance to the development of robust transfer learning algorithms. My dissertation showed that proper source selection can produce dramatic improvements in transfer performance by identifying the knowledge that would best improve learning of the new task. This aspect can be measured by the transferability between tasks -- a measure, introduced in my dissertation, of the change in performance between learning with and without transfer.
I developed selective transfer methods based on this notion of transferability for two general scenarios: the transfer of individual training instances and the transfer of model components between tasks. For instance-based transfer, I developed the TransferBoost algorithm, which uses a novel form of set-based boosting to select individual source instances to augment a target task's training data [Eaton & desJardins, 2011; Eaton & desJardins, 2009]. For model-based transfer, my approach organizes the source tasks onto a manifold that captures the transferability between tasks [Eaton, desJardins & Lane in ECML 2008]. Using the basis functions of this manifold, it learns a transfer function that represents how components of previously learned models are best transferred between tasks, and uses this function to select the model components to transfer to a new target task.
My research on interactive AI methods seeks to give users extensive control over reasoning and learning processes. In many critical applications, especially in military and medical domains, users will reject traditional AI automation without the ability for each result to be checked and altered by a human operator. Interactive AI methods incorporate such levels of user control to facilitate the transition of AI into these types of applications. This interactive AI paradigm combines user-driven control with the complementary system-driven approach of active learning.
In recent work, we explored interactive learning of a regression function in collaboration with the user [Eaton, Holness, & McFarlane in AAAI 2010]. The user views a scatterplot of data scored by the function and can graphically correct the score of individual instances. The system then generalizes each correction to nearby instances, as determined by a manifold underlying the data, and updates the learned function and associated scatterplot. Interactive learning based on this manifold generalizes each user adjustment to other related data in an intuitive manner that monotonically improves performance with any correction. This property of continuous improvement ensures that the system will be accepted by users, in contrast to several other learning approaches which initially overfit each correction, potentially causing users to decrease their trust in the AI components. This work was applied to an information management system used to monitor threats -- an application in which users require the ability to rapidly adjust the scoring function in response to changing requirements. This technique could also be applied to other systems used by network security analysts, stock traders, and crisis monitoring centers.
Constrained clustering uses background knowledge in the form of must-link constraints, which specify that two instances belong in the same cluster, and cannot-link constraints, which specify that two instances belong in different clusters, to improve the resulting clustering. My Master's thesis work [Eaton, 2005] focused on a method for propagating a given set of constraints to other data instances based on the cluster geometry, decreasing the number of constraints needed to achieve high performance. This method for constraint propagation was later used as the foundation for the first mult-view constrained clustering method that supports an incomplete mapping between views [Eaton, desJardins, & Jacob in KAIS 2012; Eaton, desJardins, & Jacob in CIKM 2010]. In this method, clustering progress in one view of the data (e.g., images) is propagated via a set of pairwise constraints to improve learning performance in another view (e.g., associated text documents). The key contribution of this work is that it supports an incomplete mapping between views, enabling the method to be successfully applied to a larger range of applications and legacy data sets that have multiple views available for only a limited portion of the data.
In collaboration with Marie desJardins (UMBC) and Kiri Wagstaff (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory), I developed the DDPref framework for learning and reasoning about a user's preferences for selecting sets of objects where items in the set interact [desJardins, Eaton & Wagstaff, 2006; Wagstaff, desJardins & Eaton, 2010]. The DDPref representation captures interactions between items within a set, modeling the user's desired levels of quality and diversity of items in the set. Our approach allows a user to either manually specify a preference representation, or select example sets that represent their desired information, from which we can learn a representation of their preferences. We applied the DDPref method to identify sets of images taken by a remote Mars rover for transmission back to the user. Due to the limited communications bandwidth, it is important to send back a set of images which together captures the user's desired information. This research is also applicable to search result set creation, automatic content presentation, and targeted information acquisition.


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 Arkariusz Olech – polski astronom
 Artur Olech – polski bokser, olimpijczyk
 Beata Chmielowska-Olech – polska dziennikarka
 Halina Olech – polska artystka ceramiczka, wykładowczyni na Akademii Sztuk Pięknych im. Eugeniusza Gepperta we Wrocławiu
 Jarosław Olech – polski trójboista
 Jerzy Olech – polski duchowny luterański
 Joanna Olech – polska graficzka
 Robert Olech – polski lektor, aktor oraz montażysta
 Zbigniew Olech – polski bokser

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home Money Ladbrokes owner GVC makes the running to beat pay revolt
Ladbrokes owner GVC makes the running to beat pay revolt
The boss of the UK's largest gambling company, GVC, which owns Ladbrokes, has announced he's going to swallow a £150,000 pay cut in the hope it will quell a swelling shareholder rebellion at the firm's annual meeting on Wednesday.
The only problem is the cut in Kenny Alexander's basic salary, from £950,000 to £800,000, doesn't touch the Scot's long-term incentive plan (LTIP). The mega-bonus scheme bumped up Alexander's total pay package to £19.1m for 2018, and £18.3m the year before.
The salary reduction, which GVC said came after "feedback" from investors, equates to a overall cut of just 0.8%. Many of GVCs' investors are not impressed and a big protest vote is expected at the annual meeting.
Few of them, though, are expected to turn up in person as the Isle of Man-headquartered company is holding its AGM in the Sunborn hotel in … Gibraltar.
One of GVC's top five shareholders, Merian Global Investors, has gone on the record stating it will vote against the pay report, despite Alexander's £150,000 pay cut. "We are concerned by the apparent lack of consistency between the targets under the new LTIP awards and the performance that we, and we understand management as well, expect of the business," said Richard Buxton, Merian's head of UK equities.
Shareholder advisory firms Pirc and Glass Lewis are both recommending shareholders vote down the remuneration report, describing the payouts as "excessively disproportionate", and point out that Alexander's pay is roughly 550 times more than that paid to the company's average employee.
READ Crossrail delays: MPs berate top executives for 'staggering' over-optimism and soaring costs
Alexander got investors' backs up further this spring, when he and chairman Lee Feldman sold about £20m worth of GVC stock – causing the firm's shares to drop almost 20%.
That sale came just three days after Alexander had insisted that the betting group, which includes Coral as well as multiple online brands, was "significantly undervalued".
GVC isn't the only company raising hackles over excessive pay. The boss of Gulf Marine Services, a London-listed, Abu Dhabi-based oil and gas services company, is fighting for his job after more than 85% of investors voted against his pay last week.
Duncan Anderson, 56, was paid £650,000 last year, including a £165,000 bonus, despite the company's shares falling 77% in 2018. Anderson's re-election as a company director was opposed by 32% of investors. The firm's incoming chairman, Tim Summers, told shareholders the board "recognises the judgment of our shareholders".
More than 42% of shareholders in FTSE 100 asset manager Standard Life Aberdeen revolted earlier this year against the remuneration report in frustration at the £1.25m pay package proposed for incoming chief financial officer Stephanie Bruce. In May, almost 40% of investors failed to back the pay report at Asian-focused bank Standard Chartered.
Excessive pay is also on the agenda in the US, where leading Democratic presidential candidate Bernie Sanders is preparing to gatecrash Walmart's annual meeting, also on Wednesday, to demand the world's biggest retailer increase "poverty wages" for its 2.2 million workers.
The question for Alexander, who first got a taste for making money as a 13-year-old when his father took him to the races at Ayr, is whether GVC can get the remuneration report away with a smaller rebellion than the 44% of investors who voted down his pay award last year. The form guide suggests he will get away with it, just.
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Q: what does the lock id mean in java thread dump I usually observed the lock id (as following) in the thread dump:
"Thread-pool-Bill" - Thread t@42
   java.lang.Thread.State: RUNNABLE
    at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.socketConnect(Native Method)
    at java.net.AbstractPlainSocketImpl.doConnect(AbstractPlainSocketImpl.java:339)
    - locked <79f0aad8> (a java.net.SocksSocketImpl)
    at java.net.AbstractPlainSocketImpl.connectToAddress(AbstractPlainSocketImpl.java:200)

In locked <79f0aad8> (a java.net.SocksSocketImpl), what does 79f0aad8 mean? It doesn't seem to be an object address nor object id cause I couldn't find it from heap dump. So what it is?

A: its address of internal lock construct(monitor object) for hotspot JVM.

code for your reference
    oop o = _locked_monitors->at(i);
    instanceKlass* ik = instanceKlass::cast(o->klass());
    st->print_cr("\t- locked <" INTPTR_FORMAT "> (a %s)", (address)o, ik->external_name());

A: You can consider it an opaque identifier. The key is that other pieces of code may be waiting on that particular lock, which will also show up in the thread dump. So you can use it to match up waits and locks between threads. It may also show up in the JVMs thread dump deadlock detection outputs - but I'm not sure.
The entry appears in the stack trace from either a synchronised method, or explicit synchronised block, and is related to the object synchronized on.

A: Its the hashcode/id of the object on which the Thread owns the lock.  Since your thread is RUNNABLE so some other thread may or may not be waiting on it. If another thread is waiting for this lock then your Thread dump would have another entry somewhere else showing a BLOCKED or WAITING Thread which is waiting for lock on the same id i.e 79f0aad8
But since you say you cannot find this String (79f0aad8) anywhere else in your file so either:

*

*you have multiple thread dump files or

*the thread Thread t@42 wasn't blocking any other thread when the thread dump was taken.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Too few local residents are aware that we live in one of the UK's strongest economic sub-regions and that within that sub-region Crawley's economy is the dominant player. We have a real tendency for doing ourselves down as a town, when we really should recognise that we really have a vast amount going for us.
That said, it's always a good idea to take stock and see where there's room for improvement. Last month the Centre for Cities, an organisation dedicated to improving the success of UK cities, published a report on the 'Gatwick Diamond', our economic sub-region. Overall, the report continued to highlight just how well we perform economically compared to the national picture, even against the other top sub-regions we still do unusually well when it comes to things like our number of high-skill jobs.
However, while a high-performer, growth within the sub-region is not what it could be and if we want to continue to do well there are things we are going to need to address. The cost and availability of housing for instance is strained, there is a shortage of high quality office space in our town centres and our transport infrastructure is struggling. Without addressing these things we will limit the potential of the area and potentially jeopardise our current success. Fortunately these issues aren't news to us and we're already working to try and resolve them, not least because regardless of their economic impact, tackling our housing and transport problems would be a huge boost to the quality of life of our residents.
On housing, our Local Plan ensures we can deliver the maximum sustainable number of units over the next fifteen years, with 40% required to be affordable. The council itself is providing many of those units directly, having bought up significant amounts of land in the town for new council housing developments.
Our proposal to redevelop the Town Hall site will also provide housing, in addition to the exact sort of high grade office space which they identify as important. Providing this new office space will not only offer a boost to the local economy but generate an additional income stream through which the council can continue to fund local services.
Lastly: transport. The infrastructure deficit in Surrey and Sussex alone amounts to billions, we have just three years to persuade Government to invest in major railway junction improvements if we're to ensure passengers in Crawley will still be able to board trains between London and Brighton by 2040, and the road network into and around the town is already struggling with new housing developments planned across the area. Only central government has access to the funding we need to resolve this problem, but while other areas now have Mayors, Assemblies and Parliaments to speak up for them in our patch there's nothing. That's why at the last Full Council meeting we voted to join the Greater Brighton Economic Board, bringing together the major economic players across the wider sub-region. Together we have a much stronger voice and the structure already in place following the City Deal provides a ready made vehicle for delivering improvements if, or when, we get the funding we need. It may not seem like much, but it's our best chance of securing the improvements our area needs.
On every one of these proposals members of Conservative Group have opposed us, although admittedly not all of them in every case, and on every one of these issues the evidence now suggests we were right. At the end of the day, Labour delivers for Crawley.


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The amazing thing about the internet is how it gives us the opportunity to do a lot of shopping without any stress. However buying the car of your choice at rates that are favorable to you could be a difficult thing though online auto auctions. Everyday on the internet the numbers of websites springing up where you can bid for cheap cars continue to grow.
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To sell a car registered salesperson can view all available requests and provide his quotes to the buyer. Poole car auction website works as a reverse auction where salespersons have to provide the most competitive prices to sell. There are also other factors to characterize a request such as car condition option mileage fuel and model. To bid on any car from the Poole car auction catalogue the buyer must only click on the corresponding caron and he will have a daily updated list for excellent condition cars at significant low prices. Poole car auction specarts will make easier to purchase cars at a good price.
Published by , in Buy Used Car. Tagged with Government Auction, Government Auction Honda, Honda Ct110.


Fall is just flying by – I can hardly believe it. The weather is getting colder, Halloween is tomorrow! I figure it is finally time the most ultimate and classic fall recipe before pumpkin season comes to an end – Classic Pumpkin Bread.
Clearly I love fall flavors – between Pumpkin Cheesecake Crumble Bars, Pumpkin Spice Waffles, Salted Dark Chocolate Caramel Bars, and 10 Must Try Recipes with the BEST Fall Flavors – clearly I can't get enough.
This recipe has been in my family for who knows how long – until now, it has only been written on an old notecard, scrawled in pencil that fades a little more each year. Rich, dense, and packed with a pumpkin punch!
I love this recipe because it not only features pumpkin, but also two other amazing fall flavors – cinnamon and nutmeg. The swirl of flavors all together create a beautiful symphony of fall deliciousness in your mouth!
Everyone in the family likes it slightly different – for my dad, pecans are a must! For me, I need those chocolate chips. And for my brother – it's plain pumpkin all the way.
How do you like your pumpkin bread? Cakey? Dense? Light? With a crumb topping? In muffin form?
Enjoy this recipe your way and share exactly why you love it the way you do!
Preheat oven to 325F. Lightly grease two 9x5 loaf pans, set aside.
In a medium bowl, combine the oil, water, eggs and pumpkin - set aside.
In a large bowl, combine flour, sugar, baking soda, salt, cinnamon and nutmeg.
Add liquid ingredients to dry ingredients, fold ingredients into each other just until mixed. Add chocolate chips and walnuts, if desired.
Spoon batter evenly into prepared loaf pans.
Bake at 325F for 55 minutes or until an inserted wooden toothpick comes out clean.
Remove from oven and allow to cool in pan for at least 15-20 minutes. Remove loaves from pans - allow to cool completely on wire rack.
Slice and serve plain, with butter, jam or cream cheese.
Storage: Wrap bread in plastic wrap, store in cool, dry place - best if eaten within 4-5 days. For longer lasting storage, store in refrigerator or freezer.
For pumpkin muffins: Bake at 325F for 25 minutes. Yield 24 muffins.
**IMPORTANT Note: I actually think this bread tastes even BETTER second day, so be sure to save some and try for yourself!


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Q: download .doc files on iphone via application? in my app i have one option,
"Collect files" so if user press on this option, this request will send to server and server will reply....
my Que is
1: which type of file(extension) supported by iphone device, so user can download it and see data in it.
2.what is the maximum size of file we can use for download?
thank u in advance

A: Not sure about the max file size. But for displaying .doc and .pdf (and a few more) will work fine. The easiest way yo display document is using a UIWebView. The UIWebView will allow you to display a wide array of filetypes, including .doc and .pdf.  For more information on supported types check out this document.
There is also the QuickLook framework that has a few more bells and whistles for displaying documents your app don't support internally.