On June 6, 2010, my life forever changed when I fell down a flight of concrete stairs, crushing my lumbar spine and immediately causing permanent damage.
Before my accident, I was in the best physical shape of my life. I went from working out five to six days a week to not being able to tie my own shoelaces. I was absolutely devastated.
I filed a worker's compensation claim for the accident. However, as too often happens with such claims, the excruciating symptoms of ever-increasing pain I was experiencing were downplayed and dismissed. Over time, my condition deteriorated and my quality of life diminished drastically.
Four years in, I decided I had enough of the dragged-out workers' compensation process and settled my claim. I then underwent a spinal fusion — a massive surgery I believed would allow me to regain a normal life free of pain.
But my life did not go back to "normal" post-surgery. Instead, it was the start of a lifelong journey to manage chronic pain and the mental health challenges that come along with it.
I returned to work in a tender state four months post-operation — within a month, I developed horrible new symptoms. My surgeon ordered extensive imaging and found that the rest of my lumbar spine had deteriorated more rapidly than anyone could have imagined.
Needless to say, I was not pain-free. I could no longer work, so I lost the career I had strived hard to build. I lost any semblance of my life as I knew it, and I fell into a deep and paralyzing depression.
My friends and family members saw what I couldn't at the time — that I had depression and needed help. I begrudgingly set up an appointment with a mental health provider. I couldn't have known then that this decision would change the trajectory of my life.
I was saddled with thoughts that I would not have the life I had previously imagined and worked to build. I now had to accept that I would live with chronic pain for the rest of my life and learn to move forward with the life I had now.
The process of acceptance felt like going through a terrible heartbreak. My therapist helped me be OK with feeling that emotional pain and to mourn the loss of the life I had envisioned. Our work together equipped me with coping mechanisms.
Without that guidance, I would still be just as shattered as I was post-surgery.
I learned the importance of "self-care" and slowly began to practice specific techniques to focus on my present and future life, not the past.
I discovered that my identity was not tied to my work — that I was so much more than one aspect of my life. I learned that I am not a failure and that the voice telling me I was worthless for not being physically able to work was depression telling one of its favorite lies.
I learned to channel feelings of depression in other ways. One of the greatest blessings of my life came out of this: I started my blog, Emily Speaks, as a way to help others with chronic pain understand they're not alone. I've found my closest friends through my blog and the community that has come out of it.
The process of learning these coping mechanisms and accepting the pain was an important step in managing the impact of the chronic pain on my life.
While it can't make the pain go away, it has helped me to change the way I think about the pain. This allowed me to mitigate its disruption to my day-to-day life.
Those therapy sessions–once a week for nearly a year–were hard work. Sitting with your thoughts about your situation and letting ALL of your feelings and emotions pass through you is not fun.
As someone who has gone through that process, I can assure you that your precious mental health is worth every single moment of that fight.


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text:
Music World Quotes
Stylistically, I love make-up. I love doing my own make-up and stuff, but clothes-wise, I actually didn't ever really care. Initially the fashion world was more interested in me than the music world, which was strange when I first started singing.
Author Profession: Musician
Born: June 21, 1985
Find on Amazon: Lana Del Rey
Kanye West, Dolly Parton, Cardi B, Lil Peep, Bob Dylan, Billie Eilish, YoungBoy Never Broke Again, Kurt Cobain
Actually, Care, Doing, Ever, Fashion, Fashion World, First, I Love, Initially, Interested, Love, Make-Up, Me, More, Music, Music World, My Own, Own, Really, Singing, Started, Strange, Stuff, Than, Which, World
I have a personal ambition to live my life honestly and honor the true love that I've had and also the people I've had around me. I want to stay hopeful, even though I get scared about why we're even alive at all.
Life Love Me True Love
I believe nothing happens by mistake. You know, the universe has a divine plan. That sounds dramatic.
You Believe Mistake Nothing
If you are born an artist, you have no choice but to fight to stay an artist.
You Fight Born Artist
Fashion is inspired by youth and nostalgia and draws inspiration from the best of the past.
Best Fashion Youth Past
I don't believe in the school of hard knocks, although I've had them. All that stuff about whatever doesn't kill you makes you stronger is so not true. Do you know what makes you stronger? When people treat you and your art with dignity.
You People Art Believe
I have a personal ambition to live my life honestly and honor the true love that I've had and also the people I've had around me.
I have kind of a funny relationship with movies. I don't have to see the whole movie to get an impression of it or to let it have an influence on me.
Funny Me Relationship Movies
Seeing myself on the screen makes me cringe. I understand that I am that way - pouty.
Myself Me I Am Understand
I've been writing since I was really young, so I considered myself a writer for a really long time.
Myself Time Long Long Time
If you consider the definition of authenticity, it's saying something and actually doing it. I write my own songs. I made my own videos. I pick my producers. Nothing goes out without my permission. It's all authentic.
You Nothing Own Doing
A lot of the time when I write about the person that I love, I feel like I'm writing about New York.
Love Time Feel New
My music is a luxury.
Music Luxury
There's backlash about everything I do.
Everything About Backlash
When I got to New York City when I was 18, I started playing in clubs in Brooklyn - I have good friends and devoted fans on the underground scene, but we were playing for each other at that point - and that was it.
Good City Friends New

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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WILLIAM CRAGH: THE NOT SO HANGED MAN
William the Scabby was lead out to the scaffold on which he was to be hanged. A rebel against the Anglo-Norman rule, he had been sentenced to death on 13 counts of Homicide. Now it was time for him to meet his maker. Except, that is not how the story ends, for though William was hanged "until dead", he was not to stay as such and later in the day, his miraculous resurrection was witnessed by a large proportion of the population of Swansea, including the highly experienced executioner himself.
Hanska, J. (2001). The hanging of William Cragh: anatomy of a miracle. Journal of Medieval History, 27(2), pp.121-138.
Bartlett, R. (2006). The hanged man: A Story of Miracle, Memory and Colonialism in the Middle Ages. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Medievalswansea.ac.uk. (2019). The Story / The Twice-Hanged William Cragh | City Witness. [online] Available at: http://www.medievalswansea.ac.uk/en/the-story/the-twice-hanged-william-cragh/ [Accessed 1 Aug. 2019].
Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican MS Lat. 4015
On a cold November morning of 1290, deep in the southern Lordhsip of Gower, Wales, William the Scabby was lead out to the scaffold on which he was to be hanged. A rebel against the Anglo-Norman rule, he had been sentenced to death on 13 counts of Homicide. Now it was time for him to meet his maker. Except, that is not how the story ends, for though William was hanged "until dead", he was not to stay as such and later in the day, his miraculous resurrection was witnessed by a large proportion of the population of Swansea, including the highly experienced executioner himself. This is Dark Histories, where the facts are worse than fiction.
The Briouze Family & Medieval Wales
The Gower Peninsula, part of the county of Glamorgan with the city of Swansea to the East, lies in the heart of Southern Wales, extending out, westward into the Bristol Channel. In 1106, during the Norman expansion into Wales, the Welsh ruler of the parish was killed and Norman castles sprung up along the coastline, numbering over twenty by 1116, including the 4.5 acre stone fortress of Swansea, built by Henry de Beaumont, the first Lords to establish themselves in South-East Wales and one of the largest Anglo-Norman baronial families. After the Earl of Warwick died in 1184, the land passed back into the hands of the Royals. Despite a long period of tumultuous war and rebellion, by the late 12th Century in the reign of Henry II, both the Normans and Welsh were keen to negotiate a fragile form of peace, with the Normans settling for occupying the Southern principalities, creating a series of Lordships including that of Gower. These Lordships were not simple geographical divides in the country and the reality on the ground was a series of complicated districts that teetered on the edge of constant rebellion and uprising, peace and outright war. Gower itself was divided administerally into two halves, with the lower south western area named English Gower, and the upper North Eastern known as Welsh Gower. Welsh Gower was further split into the areas of Upper and Lower Wood and whilst the divide generally saw the English occupy the English Gower and the Welsh occupy the Welsh Gower, native Welsh still lived and worked in both areas alongside the influx of English peasant farmers who transformed the agricultural landscape and the Townsmen who took up residence in Swansea.
This delicate arrangement coasted in relative peace until Henry II died in 1189. Within the year, the Welsh had taken up arms once more and rebellions sprung up throughout the Lordships. In Gower, Swansea came under siege in 1192, until eventually the threat of the incoming Anglo-Norman forces pushed them to retreat. It was in this fraught landscape of fragile peace, ethnic division, bitter rebellion and constant war that Gower passed into the hands of William de Briouze, when it was granted to him by King John in 1203.
William de Briouze hailed from Briouze in Southern Normandy and had embarked into England with the Norman invasion lead by William the Conqueror. The invasion saw him rewarded with land spread throughout Southern English counties, including Berkshire, Dorset, Hampshire, Surrey, Wiltshire and a considerable chunk of Sussex, with he lands of Bramber, a centre of salt production and economically important area. He built Bramber Castle in 1070 overlooking the River Adur and towering over the 150 peasant families that lived within its shadow. With careful marriages and continual economic expansion, the Briouze family flourished alongside the Norman invasion. In 1203 when the current head of the family, William, was granted Gower, the family was at it's most powerful, expanding its influence throughout Southern England and now deep into the Welsh Lordships. It was not to last however, and William de Briouze was exiled just five years later in 1208, whilst his wife and children were imprisoned and starved, all by the same King John that had earlier so elevated him with the control of Gower. Over time, the family eventually reclaimed control when John de Briouze, the only surviving male heir took control over the Lordships of Bramber and Gower. He retained control of the lands until his death in 1232 when he died from a fall from a horse and control passed to his son, William De Briouze in 1241 when he came of age. For the next fifty years, William ruled the Lordships and became once again one of the more powerful Barons of the English kingdom. It was a period of some security, however, it was not without its troubles as we have heard, with the constant battles, both local and national, with rebellious uprisings in Gower and battles for the King during the Barons War, where the King sought to regain authority over the aristocracy the had placed restraints upon his government, ending in his death at the battle of Lewes in 1264. William de Briouze had taken the side of the defeated Royalists in this particular skirmish, and his 4 year old son was captured and held hostage as a consequence until the defeat and dismemberment of Simon de Montfort, the leader of the baronial opposition. As Royal authority slowly restored throughout the kingdom, the De Briouze family once again returned to ruling their lands in Gower and Bramber, with the usual ebb and flow of violence and peace, occupation and revolt, that had so become the metronomic nature of the day. Despite the special status of the Lords throughout the Welsh principalities that saw them as powerful as most Kings, life was not particularly peaceful.
1287 saw a particularly violent surge of rebellion lead by Rhys ap Maredudd, a native Welsh outlaw who had been in a long dispute with the English after a host of financial and land disputes had festered alongside a growing feeling of resentment against English rule. This eventually lead him to bring a force against Gower, besieging Swansea for almost two weeks. Though the force was pushed back, they left the township plundered and the castle burned alongside several other castles along the coast that they had rolled over as they ploughed down through Gower, picking up Welsh natives who were living in Gower along the way.
"He came down into Gower in the month of June with a great many and joined to him the Welshman of that area who lived in the Upper Wood. In that same month by their counsel… he burned the town of Swansea… and a few days later descended on the noble manor of Oystermouth, which the brave knight Sir William de Briouze had built for himself, and – I do not know whether by force or by fraud – he captured the castle there. Of the men who were taken prisoner, some he commanded to be killed in his presence, other he led off captive."
The rebellion was eventually crushed and Rhys ap Maredudd fled to the cover off the forests, where he lived as an outlaw until his capture and death in 1292 by native Welshman who were rewarded with land, an act which shows the complicated nature of the precarious living situation in the Welsh Lordships.
One of the native Welshman who joined forces with Rhys as he steamrolled down through Gower was a peasant farmer named William Cragh. Whilst he had enjoyed some freedom after the failed rebellion, he was eventually captured and incarcerated in 1290, charged with 13 counts of homicide and Arson for his part in the siege of Swansea and Oystermouth. Now, on the 26th November, as he sat in a communal jail cell in Swansea Castle, he prayed for his life on the eve of his execution.
A Hanging for Breakfast
At the time of William Craghs incarceration, Hanging was the primary method for execution throughout England. Of the 98 prisoners executed between the years 1389 – 1392, 68 were hanged, 14 burned at the stake, 12 decapitated, 3 were buried alive and 1 was boiled in a cauldron. This list might sound brutal in itself, but the short form only tells half the story. During this period of civil unrest and rebellion, executions were becoming more gruesome, fuelled by a drive to send a message mixed with considerable feelings of revenge with every new uprising. Not simply strung up and then buried, many of the executed were dragged to the gallows tied to a horse and once the hanging was done, their bodies were cut down and quartered, with each piece sent to the far reaches of the land to be displayed as a warning to others. Heads of the treasonous were routinely spiked and displayed for months on end within London itself. Even in a relatively clean hanging that would forgo the disembowellings, decapitations, burnings and removal of hearts and other various organs, the process was not pretty. "The Drop", a collapsable floor on the gallows was not invented until the 18th Century, so prisoners were hauled upon the gallows by ropes or turned off of ladders or cartwheels. An 18th Century hanging might have been a swift death, as the neck would usually break from the jolt of the drop, but without such a device, a lengthy, drawn out strangulation was par for the course.
This brutal death penalty was rolled out more and more as the Norman invasion of England spread across he country. William the Conqueror was keen to show that he was not a man to be trifled with and the death penalty was passed down not just for crimes such as poaching, murder and rebellion, but also for repeat offenders of lesser crimes. It was possible to pay off the debt to the king and avoid an execution, the going price for the pardon of a Nobel was 63 cows, less for people of the lower classes. Aside from this payment, there were two other ways to avoid an execution in medieval England. The first was to gain pardon, often petitioned to the Lords wife. Lords may have been seen as harsh, or maintaining their rule with an iron fist, but their wives were often thought of as the more gentle and compassionate members of the Baronial hierarchy. Not wanting to seem out of step with their class, the petitions were often upheld and executions were at times pardoned after the request of a Lady to the Lord, who held the final say in upholding the law of the land. The second way out of an execution was a little more complicated. If you were hanged and the gallows or rope was to break, it was, at times, viewed as an act of divine intervention. There was some debate over this, as well as the level of importance given to the clause in a sentence that said the prisoner was to be "hanged until dead". A sentence with this tagged to the end could be seen to mean exactly that, no matter what might happen along the way. Nevertheless, this was one final, desperate, ray of hope for a prisoner who faced the gallows.
On the eve of his execution, William Cragh had already been imprisoned and questioned in Swansea castle by William de Briouze for fifteen days. He was, by his own admission, unsure of his age, but thought around 45 years old. Known as William the Scabby in English, he was described at the time as,
"A poor man, living with his kinsfolk, because his land was taken away from him by his lord."
As heard, he stood accused on thirteen counts of homicide and Arson. Not only were the accusations serious enough in themselves, but he was captured as a rebel after one of the most violent uprisings against the Lordship of Gower in recent times that had seen much of the Lords lands pillaged and properties burned and plundered. He had been petitioned for pardon and offered the price of 100 cows for his freedom as well as a direct pardon sent to Lady Mary de Briouze. William de Briouze, however, refused pardon on both counts. Lady Mary described William Cragh as a renowned Brigand, but the reality was much darker for Cragh. The rebellion he had taken part in was pushed back only three years prior and would still have been very fresh in the mind of William De Briouze. This execution would have enacted a certain degree of revenge for the Lord and to pardon Cragh in such a way would have shown a degree of leniency that was uncharacteristic of the time to an almost absurd degree. Combined with the fact that the leader fo the rebellion had escaped into the forests of South Wales and was yet to be captured, William Cragh's coming execution was the epitome of a statement execution, combined with feelings of revenge, his was an execution that had little chance of pardon.
At 7:30am On the 26th November, 1290, William Cragh was lead out from Swansea Castle, down to the Gallows that stood on a hill outside of town. The structure was a makeshift design, consisting of upright lengths of lumber hammered into the ground with a crossbeam resting upon the top. The noose was already tied around his neck and he was made to carry the length of rope that would string him up, with his family following behind. In a particular act of brutal barbarism, William de Briouze had forced Craghs own family to hang their relative themselves. As he approached the gallows, he spoke to the chaplain that accompanied the party, though unable to understand welsh and Cragh unable to speak English, latin or French, his pleas fell on deaf ears. The procession was quite the show of force and included William Cragh, his family, the local chaplain, William de Briouze and ten armed guards on horseback along with the executioner who was there to hang the second prisoner to be executed on that day, Trahaern ap Hywel, another "malefactor" of the Welsh noble class.
When they reached the gallows, William Cragh was to be hung first and he was ordered to climb the ladder carried from the castle and propped up against the gallows. His rope was tied and the ladder handed to the care of his relatives, who were to turn him off, by quite literally turning the ladder away from the structure until Cragh would fall and hang. With the job done, attention was turned to Trahaern, who was hoisted up over the crossbeam and too, hanged. The men were to be left to hang until sunset upon oders of William de Briouze, however, shortly after the execution was completed, the gallows collapsed and the men fell heavily to the ground. Here we are reminded of the pardon clause due to the possibility of divine intervention. No such concern was shown by Lord de Briouze though and Trahaern was ordered to be taken away and buried. Despite both men being reported dead, Cragh was ordered to be hung up once again and to hang until sunset, due to his being "a very famous and public malefactor," and "As an insult to his Kin." His body was once more hauled up over one of the upright beams, tied off and left to hang until evening.
When he was eventually let down at 4:00pm that afternoon, he was placed on the ladder that he had earlier climbed and been turned off to his death and carried into town where he was placed in the house of local man Thomas Mathews who lived next door to what would be his final destination in the Church of St. Mary. As his body was placed in the house, William de Briouze Junior came down from the castle to see the corpse for himself, describing it as such,
"He was laying by the main door, stretched out on the ground in the way that a dead man lies. His whole face was black and in parts bloody or stained with blood. His mouth, neck and throat and the parts around them, and also his nostrils, were filled with blood, so that it was impossible in the natural course of things for him to breathe air through his nostrils or through his mouth or through his throat… his tongue hung out of his mouth, the length of a mans finger, and it was completely black and swollen and as thick with the blood sticking to it that it seemed the size of a hands two fists together."
Further witness description told of how in his death throes, he had voided his bladder and bowels and of how both of his eyes had popped loose from their sockets. It was, whilst his body lay in the house of Thomas Mathews, that things began to take a turn towards something a little more strange.
Back in the Ladies chamber of Swansea Castle, Lady Mary de Briouze had, after having her request for pardon denied by her husband, been preying for divine intervention to spare William Cragh during his execution. Now, upon return of William de Briouze Junior and following his report on the state of the dead body, she insisted,
"This man has been hanged twice and has suffered a great penalty. Let us pray to God and Saint Thomas de Cantilupe, that he give him life and, if he give him life, we will conduct him to Saint Thomas."
Thomas de Cantilupe
A trusted advisor to Kind Edward I and a raging anti-semite, in life, Thomas de Cantilupe had petitioned the King to expel Jews from the Kingdom, claiming they were "enemies of God and rebels against the faith." He had previously campaigned to stop ethnic Jews from being given positions of authority in society. At the time of his death, on 25th August 1282, he was in a state of excommunication by he Archbishop of Canterbury and was travelling in Italy towards Rome where he planned to take up the matter with the Pope. After his death, his flesh was boiled from his bones, which were sent back to England and laid to rest, though in 1287 they were removed from the grave and transported to Hereford Cathedral where he had previously been appointed as Bishop, effectively canonising him within the local community in all but official sense.
Thomas de Cantilupe, was not, however, a de facto saint, in that he had not been recognised as such by the Pope, though since his remains were placed in the tomb, local hearsay had spread rumours of numerous miracles being performed after pilgrimages to the cathedral.
"We have heard that the blind recover their sight there, the lame walk, and the dead rise again."
This reporting of miracles, helped along by Richard de Swineford, the incoming Bishop that replaced Thomas after his death, had led to a recent pilgrim cult forming around Hereford and Thomas de Cantilupes tomb and as such, it would have been fairly natural for Lady de Briouze, familiar with the area and as it turned out, a distant relative, to have chosen this particular dead Bishop as the target for her prayers.
As part of the prayers and invocation of the saint, Lady Mary sent one of her handmaidens to the house of Thomas Mathews to measure the body of William Cragh with a piece of string. This was a religious practice common in medieval England, whereby a body would be measured lengthwise with a piece of thread, the thread or string would then be dipped into wax to make a taper the same length of the person in need of the saintly help, in hopes of attracting their attention to the request. They also bent a penny in Thomas de Cantilupes name, another religious practice in the invocation of saints where the invoker would quite literally, bend the soft silver of a penny.
After all the invocations and pleading to Thomas de Cantilupe, the body of William Cragh lay lifeless and still on the floor of the Swansea household. To all onlookers, he was as dead in the evening as he was when he was pulled from the gallows and transported to town. At least, that was until around the middle of the night.
"After he had been measured, not immediately but after an hour or so, William Cragh moved his tongue a little and after another space fo time moved a foot and afterwards gradually began to recover strength in his limbs."
If the breaking of the gallows were not enough to convince some that there had been a level of divine intervention into his execution, his miraculous resurrection surely did the trick. Unfortunately, the miracle had not extended to bringing him back to life in prime condition and several witnesses stated that for days after the execution, he continued to look dreadfully unwell. Lady Mary de Briouze, upon hearing of the success of her invocation of the saint, nursed him for four days herself, bringing porridge to the house for him every day. He struggled to speak for the first days of his new life, which was a shame, because he had quite a story to tell of his execution and when he did regain command of his speech, he told of how a vision of a bishop dressed in white had supported his feet on the gallows. Through speaking with Lady Mary and confirming that she had invoked Thomas de Cantilupe in his death, it seemed best to William to agree that in that case, the bishop who had helped him on the scaffold must have also been Thomas. After ten days, with his recovery going well, Lady Mary set about a pilgrimage to Hereford Cathedral on horseback, accompanied by her son, William de Briouze Jr and William Cragh, who walked behind their horses barefoot, with the noose from his execution around his neck. It was a three day trek and once they reached the tomb in early December and had given their thanks to the local Saint, the group parted ways, with William Cragh telling the de Briouze family he was planning on continuing his pilgrimage to the holy land.
Canonisation Inquiry
If the story were to end here, we might consider it a fireside story, perhaps stuffed with rumour and hearsay that had eventually become engrained as lore in the local and surrounding area. However there is another chapter to this supposed miraculous resurrection that transcends it from a local story to one with an international platform that would see it subject of rigorous investigation.
During the latter half of the 11th Century, The Popes decided that it was necessary to restrict the authority regarding canonisation to the sole judgement of the Pope, though it would take several centuries for the law to be entirely adhered to. To this end, in the event of a written application including reference to virtue, character and miracles worked was sent to the Pope and accepted, a counsel was set up made up of high ranking members of the church who would question witnesses and investigate claims of miracles. The entire process was recorded for latter perusal in Rome, where the decision would be made on whether or not to officially canonise the subject as a saint. This process would often take decades, with over 50% of canonisation requests during the Middle Ages never reaching a conclusion due to being bogged down by the sheer amount of bureaucracy involved. And so it was with the canonisation of Thomas de Cantilupes, whose inquiry began in the summer of 1307, 17 years after the miraculous resurrection of William Craghs.
First and foremost, the matter of his excommunication had to be settled to allow the Papal inquiry to begin. It was quickly found that upon investigation, the Archbishop of Canterbury that had enacted the excommunication was thought to be vindictive towards Thomas and further, he had already been absolved before his death during his visit to Rome. With the matter wrapped up neatly, the inquiry could begin proper. The questions for the inquiry were grouped into three main categories, "Faith, Life & Character," "reputation, public report & opinion," and "miracles" and were seen over by three ecclesiastics, William Durand, the Bishop of Mende in the South of France, Ralph Baldock, the Bishop of London and William de Testa, the Archdeacon of Aran in the Diocese of Comminges. All three were University trained men, in the school of Law. The inquiry was held in Saint Catherines Chapel in Hereford and began on the 28th August, 1307.
One of the very first miracles to be investigated by the counsel was that of the resurrection of William Cragh. Three witnesses were called to the inquiry, Lady Mary de Briouze, William de Briouze Jr. and William of Codineston, the chaplain that had overseen the execution. William de Briouze Sr. had died 5 weeks after the execution, in early January of 1291. All three gave evidence in French, and though there were some discrepancies over the exact timing of the hanging, their stories were more or less in line with one another. They all told of the execution and of seeing William Cragh dead after his arrival in the house of Thomas Matthews,
"His eyes had come out of his sockets, and his teeth were clenched so tight that some of William's relatives who were there were unable to open his mouth."
There was some question over how the execution had taken place and the method of the hanging, which William de Briouze was more than happy to explain,
"The method of hanging men in this country is such that the hanged men die immediately after the hanging, became a noose with a slipknot is placed around their necks and the knot of the noose is at the back of their necks so that they are suffocated at once."
The chaplain, told the panel of how he had heard the story from William Cragh of the Bishop, assumed to be Thomas de Cantilupe, who had supported his feet during the execution. It was customary, he went on to explain, that if any error or trickery was found to have been enacted during the execution process by the executioner, he would himself be hanged. The questions, though probing into the details of the execution and resurrection, were fairly straightforward and all three witnesses gave evidence that matched the accepted tale of the day. They all stated that they had no direct contact with William Cragh after their pilgrimage, with the de Briouze family assuming he went off to the Holy Land as he said, though they had heard that he had died of natural causes sometime in 1305, two years prior to the inquiry. In conclusion, Lady Mary stated to the inquiry that she
"Did not believe, nor did she know of and had not heard anyone stating, that he could have lived without a divine miracle above nature."
Likewise, William de Briouze Jr. similarly confirmed that,
"I do not believe William Cragh could have escaped death through the powers or force of human nature."
And the Chaplain too, who said simply and directly, that it could not have ben possible without a miracle.
After their questioning, the three witnesses were dismissed and the inquiry into the life of Thomas de Cantliupe continued. The miraculous resurrection of William Cragh was just one of the further 37 post-humous miracles that had been attributed to Thomas de Cantilupe and that all needed to be investigated. Nevertheless, several weeks later, when witnesses 148 through 153 were called to give their statements and answer the panels questions regarding the William Cragh case, a rather surprising group showed up in the cathedral, ready to give testimony.
On this occasion, the Nobels and Chaplain were overlooked and instead, saw witness made of local men who had attended the execution and lived in the area. First up was Thomas Marshall, a local priest who had lived in Swansea. John of Baggeham was present, the executioner on the day of the execution, Henry the Tanner, a freeman who, at the time of the execution, had been one of the group of ten armed guard on horseback who were drafted to oversee the events. There was also Adam of Loghorne, a freeman who had watched the execution from the town wall and Johannes ap Howel, another freeman. Lastly, and without a doubt most surprisingly, was William Cragh himself. Apparently not quite as dead, once again, as the de Briouze family had thought, he was still very much alive and as far as John of Baggeham knew, had been living back in Gower since soon after his "pilgrimage" to Hereford. Three of the witnesses gave testimony in English, two in French, and only one, William Cragh, in Welsh. This caused some confusion last first, though after a small difficulty, two further interpreters were drafted in to the translate and record the questions put to him from the counsel.
The questioning of the witnesses, once again, went much the same as before with everyone confirming the general story. All witnesses confirmed that he was hanged in front of a decent crowd, who "rejoiced greatly, for William had frequently been the leader of many evildoers." And that when he was pulled down, he had according to Jon of Baggeham, the executioner, "as much life as a stone."
It became quickly apparent that John of Baggeham was not overly impressed by the entire affair. When speaking of Lady Mary and her invocation of the saint, he said that he did not know why she did it and that though he did not agree with her position on the matte, he went along with her orders on the day.
"She was rejoicing about an evil thing, for it was evil that an evil man should be brought back to life."
One of the hang ups on the veracity of the story of the hanging of William Cragh raises itself when considering the actual date of the execution. During the inquiry for canonisation, many of the dates given were different depending on the witness. This was, perhaps, understandable given the seventeen years that had passed since the hanging and the inquiry itself. It becomes further understandable when viewed through the lens of the medieval perspective of the passage of time. None of the nine witnesses that gave evidence concerning the resurrection of William Cragh gave the date using the Anno Domini system, that being 1290, but instead gave the date using the amount of time that had passed, landmarked by various religious feasts and festivals. For example, XXX gave the date of the hanging as "15 years and more past at the feast of Saint James." This was a common method for discussing time throughout the general medieval population and it extended to both the passage of time, as well as spatial distance. Much like one might today say that a particular city is a two hour drive away, in Medieval England, distance was calculated on the amount of days it would take to travel at normal speed. This measurement gave a unit of time that was generally understood and could be scaled down to fit the situation, thus in the account of the hanging of William Cragh, do we read that he walked "about the distance of two crossbow shots" from the prison to the gallows, and once there, hanged "For as long as it takes to walk a quarter mile at normal pace". When viewed through this perspective, the lack of alarm raised by the inquiry concerning the contradicting dates becomes better understood.
Overall however, there were only minor inconsistencies in their story, which were largely overlooked by the counsel and not followed up with extra questioning. One of the larger changes in story however, was from the testimony of William Cragh, who told of how he had no memory of the bishop holding his feet on the scaffold at all, his last memory was climbing onto the ladder, and then he fell unconscious until he awoke the next day in the house of Thomas Mathews. Instead, he told of a story of seeing the Virgin Mary in his prison cell on the morning of his execution and of how she had told him that Thomas de Cantilupe would come to his aid. This dramatic shift in story may well have held significance, but once again, the counsel didn't probe too deeply upon the matter. When they questioned William, they did inspect his neck but found no trace of the execution, though he did show the counsel a scar on the end of his tongue which, he claimed, had come from biting down on it so hard during the hanging.
Once more the witnesses were dismissed and the inquiry continued on, concerned with other matters. The report of the inquiry was completed and sent to Rome, where it was reviewed by a group of Cardinals in 1313 and eventually, in 1320, Pope John XXII officially canonised Thomas de Cantilupe as a saint. Curiously, of the 38 post humous miracles examined in the inquiry, only 26 were accepted to be examined bye the Pope, whilst a further 12 were thrown out, and hundreds simply ignored. Of the 12 that were thrown out, the miraculous resurrection of William Cragh was one and was Neve accepted by the Papalcy as a bonafide miracle, however, they gave no reasoning for this decision in the report.
When considering the story of William Cragh, we are left with several, unanswered questions and several mysteries. First and foremost is the resurrection of William Cragh, had he really been bought back to life by Saint Thomas? If, as we should be, we remain sceptical on the subject of divine intervention, how then did Wiliam Survive? Then there is the question of why Lady Mary de Briouze took such an interest in saving William Cragh in the first place.
Concerning the hanging itself, summarising an Essay written by Christian Krötzl on Scandinavian Miracle stories, historian Jussi Hanska suggests that William was simply not dead at all, writing on the subject of death in the Middle Ages as such,
"There were no sure and generally accepted signs of death, save in a few obvious cases such as plague victims, but there were two common ways of establishing that a person was indeed dead. The first one was simply to wait and see if signs of life appeared over the course of time. The second one was public opinion."
Although in the case of William Cragh there are a considerable number of witnesses who claimed to have seen William dead, none have any solid evidence other than the fact that he voided his bladder and bowels on the gallows, which at the time, was considered to be only something which would happen when one was as good as dead. Though each witness did state symptoms which when added together, would certainly see him considered as dead even by modern medical standards, none have anything outside of hearsay and local gossip.
One could question the honesty of the members of the inquest itself, were they perhaps prone to tall tales, or would they wish to bolster the evidence of miracles in order to see Thomas made a Saint? Jussi Hanska, again in the same paper addresses this quite directly,
"The Hereford Proctors were naturally keen to produce the best possible evidence to support the case of Thomas de Cantilupe. It seems, however, that they were not producing forged evidence and false witnesses. The testimonies of different witnesses have too many differences between them to have been invented by the proctors. Furthermore, some witnesses called by the proctors even deny any knowledge of the miracle itself. Had they been briefed to produce false testimonies they would probably have told detailed stories of the miracle so that there would have been n room for doubt. There is no positive evidence that the proctors in this case or any other miracle attributed to Thomas de Cantilupe would have produced manipulated evidence."
One other possibility is that the William Cragh who gave evidence in the inquiry, was perhaps, an imposter. Although there may well have been motivation to insert an imposter as a witness on behalf of the Hereford Cathedral, after all, if they could have a legitimised saint lying in their tombs to act as a site of pilgrimage, it would almost definitely bring a great deal of wealth to the Cathedral. That said, however, there appears to be no evidence that the William Cragh who appeared before the inquiry was anyone else but the man himself. Against the fact would be that anyone who were to be drafted in as an imposter would have to have been meticulously briefed on the events of the execution due to the extent of the questioning. Several of the other witnesses who testified at the same time also positively identified the man as William Cragh under a sworn oath on the Gospels, an oath which, at the time, was not something discarded lightly.
So what of Williams dramatic change of story, from being supported on the gallows by a Bishop clad in white robes, to a vision of the Virgin Mary? It seems not unlikely that the original story told by William, that of the Bishop supporting his feet, was a tall tale to help him avoid a second hanging. Tales of divine intervention by having a religious figure support one as they were hanged were not uncommon and it's almost guaranteed that William Cragh would have heard of at least one such tale in his lifetime either at a religious sermon or through gossip and hearsay or equally likely, both. During the inquiry, he mentions himself that he feared a second hanging, and so, did he perhaps invent the story at the time of his resurrection to tie in with Lady Marys tale of invocation in order to further bolster the likelihood that his survival had been a saintly miracle and therefore, lessen the chance of any further executions?
One of the easier discrepancies to square away was that of where William Cragh went after the pilgrimage to Hereford. Upon leaving the travelling party, he told them he was off on a further pilgrimage to the holy land and was thought to have died some years prior. By all Welsh locals however, he returned shortly after the Hereford pilgrimage and lived out his days in the same area that he was hanged in. It is not a stretch to imagine that the suggestion of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land was simply conjured up by William to allow him an easy departure from a family whom, despite having invoked a saint to apparently resuscitate him, had arrested him and hanged him in the first place.
So what did happen on the scaffold? Was the knot improperly tied, allowing William Cragh to survive, despite all that he appeared? Or was there, as suspected by the locals, but finally rejected by the Pope, a miraculous resurrection after all? If he had simply survived, how had he done so? And why had Lady Mary decided to invoke the aid of Saint Thomas de Cantilupe in the execution of William Cragh over any number of other executions, one even on the same day? Medieval stories are full of complex intrigue, mystery and myth, even in the case of William Cragh, with such consistent and well kept records, we are still left pondering some pretty large questions on the entire affair. Just how had a man been put through a brutal hanging only to wake, over 12 hours later?


Embellished with an accurate map of the State, and several other engravings: by Abel Bowen.
Published by Jacob B. Moore, Concord, NH, 1823, 276 pps.
Hard bound original full calf, one large fold-out map of the state of New Hampshire, embellished several other engravings of famous scenes and buildings, by Abel Bowen.
The large map is hand tinted highlighting county borders.
The hardcover book is bound in leather, which shows shows typical wear for it's age, showing it was well read. There is scuffing and wear on all edges. The spine has some splits and tears upper and lower areas, and corners. Pages show light soiling and some light staining sporadically throughout, but overall good condition and spine is holding nicely.


text:
Home Find a <br/> School St Margaret's School For Girls
St Margaret's School For Girls
Miss Anna Tomlinson
Girls` Only, Coeducational (Nursery Only), Nursery, Junior and Preparatory, Senior, All Through
15-17 Albyn Place,
Aberdeen AB10 1RU
info@st-margaret.uk
http://st-margaret.aberdeen.sch.uk
The only girls' school in Aberdeen, St Margaret's has around 370 pupils ranging in age from 3 to 18. Our school is large enough to offer flexibility and choice in terms of the curriculum and extra-curricular activities, but small enough to ensure that each girl is well known within a friendly and family atmosphere.
St Margaret's staff are experts in teaching girls and are committed to supporting each girl to be all that she can be both inside and outside the classroom. At St Margaret's we have specialised in girls' education since 1846. We believe that a single-sex education offers girls the space in which their intellectual and physical identity can blossom and which is free from stereotype.
St Margaret's is proud to have been named The Sunday Times Scottish Independent Secondary School of the Year 2020.
National 5, Highers, Advanced Highers


Jed Lowrie, who came off the disabled list Thursday, set up the winning rally with a one-out walk in the ninth off lefthanded reliever Jose Alvarez.
The Astros flexed their muscles with a show of power in topping the Los Angeles Angels 10-5 on Tuesday at Minute Maid Park.
Los Angeles Angels middle fielder Mike Trout is unable to make a… It may seem sacrilegious to even breach the subject of him being replaced less than a week after his induction, but when all is said and done, I believe there will be a new hit king in Houston.
McHugh faces an Angels lineup that is paced by Mike Trout, who leads the majors with 31 homers and 75 RBI.
Luis Valbuena doubled to lead off the bottom of the fifth, advanced to third on a wild pitch and scored on a sacrifice fly by Colby Rasmus to tie it at 1-all. He hit a pair of batters in the second inning around a two-run, opposite-field homer by Astros designated hitter Chris Carter, his 17th.
Tucker added his home run to start the sixth.
Singleton's shot chased Richards with one out in the seventh and pushed the lead to 4-1.
"This month, being able to use all my pitches and being able to have a feel for them in any count, that's been the key", Kazmir said. "It's definitely a good chance for me to kind of like be happy about what I did today". "Tonight was just not a good game".
Erick Aybar doubled with one out in the second and scored on Gillaspie's two-out triple to make it 1-0.
Victorino, traded the day before from the Boston Red Sox, started in left field, where he is expected to spend the majority of his time with his new team. For Thursday's game the Angels start Matt Shoemaker who has allowed 99 hits and 49 earned runs while striking out 84 over 97 innings for a 5-7 record and a 4.55 ERA.
Cardinals starter Carlos Martinez gave up five runs on 10 hits in five innings. In all Trout went 4 for 4 in the game.
The Angels open up a six-game road trip having dropped three of their last four contests while the Astros begin a six-match homestand after losing two straight games.
In three full seasons and two other partial seasons (including the current season in progress), Altuve has played in 608 games.
Scott Kazmir allowed three hits and struck out five in 72/3 innings in the first start for the Astros in his hometown and his second since a trade from the Oakland Athletics. Rizzo finished with three hits and Dexter Fowler went 2 for 4.


text:
Representative Brian S. Dempsey Served 1993 - 2017 Democrat - 3rd Essex
Brian.Dempsey@mahouse.gov
Brian S. Dempsey, 49, represents the 3rd Essex District, consisting of the City of Haverhill, is currently serving his 6th term as the House Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means. Brian was born and raised in Haverhill, Massachusetts, where he and his wife, Julie have three children, Ryan, Tyler and Brittany. He is a 1984 graduate of Haverhill High School and a graduate of the University of Massachusetts at Lowell where he received a Bachelor of Arts.
In 1991, he was elected to his first term to the House of Representatives. During this time he has served as House Chairman of the Joint Committee on Public Service, Chairman of the House Committee on Science and Technology, House Chairman of the Joint Committee on Telecommunications, Utilities and Energy, and House Chairman of the Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies. In January 2011. Chairman Dempsey has authored the past six House Budget proposals, and has served as a house conferee on each of the subsequent Budget Conference Committees.
As Chairman of the Committee on Economic Development and Emerging Technologies, Brian co-authored an Act Relative to Economic Development Reorganization and an Act Establishing Expanded Gaming in the Commonwealth. While Chairman of the Committee on Telecommunications, Utilities and Energy, he co-authored the Green Communities Act, that was signed into law on July 2, 2008. The Green Communities Act places a comprehensive focus on major energy efficiency and renewable energy throughout the Commonwealth. He was also co-author of the 2003 Economic Development Reorganization Act, the state's $100 million Economic Stimulus package which helped strengthen the Massachusetts economy and create new jobs for the residents of the Commonwealth.
Legislator/Insurance Broker
Co-author, House Bill 4619, an Act Establishing Expanded Gaming in the Commonwealth
Co-author, Chapter 240 of the Acts of 2010, an Act Relative to Economic Development Reorganization
Co-author, Chapter 169 of the Acts of 2008, an Act Relative to Green Communities
Co-author, Chapter 141 of the Acts of 2003, an Act Relative to Investments in Emerging Technologies to Promote Job Creation, Economic Stability and Competitiveness in the Massachusetts Economy (Economic Stimulus I)
Education & Public Service
University of Massachusetts at Lowell, B.A.
City Council (1988-1991, vice-president-1989, president-1990)
Mass. House (1991-Present)
Foster Kids of the Merrimack Valley (Board of Directors), Merrimack Valley Economic Development Council Inc. (Board of Directors), Essex County Anti-Gang Council Pentucket Bank (corporator) and Haverhill Democratic City Committee


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A. Christ, as our Redeemer, executeth the offices of a prophet,62 of a priest,63 And of a king,64 both in his estate of humiliation and exaltation.
74. What is required in the eighth commandment?
96. What is the Lord's Supper?
97. What is required for the worthy receiving of the Lord's Supper?
100. What doth the preface of the Lord's Prayer teach us?


Moneylife (ML): On infrastructure, land acquisition had come to a halt all over the country after the special economic zone (SEZ) related excesses. Where do you see India going if there are no new cities being built with new infrastructure? Do you see any thinking on this issue at a time when riots are breaking out over ownership of cities—like in Hyderabad?
Deepak Parekh (DP): McKinsey has done a study, which says that 400 million people are going to move into cities in the coming years. Where are they going to stay? Where are they going to work? How are they going to travel? It is a frightening number. But there is no discussion on this, because land is a big stumbling block in India for all infrastructure projects—roads, power or steel plants, not necessarily for housing. We must have clarity on what is agricultural and what is not agricultural land and how to convert agricultural land into non-agricultural land, how to acquire land for infrastructure and pay market prices for that acquisition. Don't save money and forcibly take away land from someone, because then he goes to court and your project gets stalled. We don't want to force people to give up land or to convert land. What happened in the east with the Nano project or at Singur was that the payment was not made to the poor farmers. The land accumulators/aggregators had already bought pockets of land in anticipation of this and they were all staying in Delhi and Kolkata in posh localities.
The poor farmers had been paid a paltry sum, so the benefit was going to someone else—the middlemen—and not to the actual farmer.
ML: Is it the same everywhere, or do you think things are better in places like Gujarat?
DP: It is the same everywhere. The problem in Gujarat is less because there is a better development agenda and more fairness in the system. The tone has to come from the top. Every system is equally bad but if the top person is committed and passionate about growth and development and investment in his state then things work better. For instance, I read somewhere that after trying for years to put up a project in the east, LN Mittal says that he wants to put up a project in Karnataka or Gujarat. A steel plant would have come up in the time he waited for land. Posco is another example. A $10-billion project—the single largest investment, but what a sad state of affairs. The state government is saying, I will give you the mines, I will give you the land for the plant but there is no road or railway between them or at the ports and I don't have the money to build them. You have to build it yourself. Now why would anyone build that? Land acquisition in Posco's case was less of a problem. In the Tata Steel case, land is a big problem in Orissa.
Tata Steel is waiting for so many years and has even ordered some equipment for the plant. As for the SEZs, they are now a thing of the past. Someone must do a survey on what kind of money has been lost by industrialists on the SEZs that are unlikely to come up.


Today I want to share a great andriod game that name is Ordnett - Engelsk stor ordbok (latest version) Andriod Game.
Kunnskapsforlagets English Comprehensive Dictionary The dictionary is indisputably the largest and most advanced dictionary to and from English for Android devices in the Norwegian market. The Norwegian-English dictionary contains more than 0 headwords and phrases and 0 translations. The English-Norwegian dictionary contains 0 headwords and phrases and 0 translations. It contains British English as well as American English. About 0 of the English words contain pronunciation, so that you can hear the word simply by touching the loudspeaker icon. The pronunciations have been recorded by English native speakers. In spite of its size the dictionary performs searches promptly, and the word you type emerges on a list as you gradually are keying in the letters. As the word you are searching for appears in the word list, you can immediately see the translation. If the word has several meanings, or you would like to see more details about it, you can touch the word and see all the details - e.g. other possible translations, phrases and text examples, inflected forms etc. You can search with wildcards:? for an arbitrary letter; * for 0 or more arbitrary letters. Also see the screen dumps, which show examples of the many different types of information you get in the dictionary. Note: The download is done in two stages. The download time depends on the speed of your Internet connection. Kunnskapsforlaget's digital dictionaries are available online at www.ordnett.no and in the offline program Ordnett Pluss.
Install the Ordnett - Engelsk stor ordbok.apk and place the "dk.letsoftware.KFEnglish" folder in sdcard/Android/obbacted folder.
This article is written by Aremdir. Please leave comment if the link is broken. Thank you!
Related Post "Ordnett - Engelsk stor ordbok"
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text:
   bool has_err;   \
   bool is_comp;   \
   struct some_stream ostream

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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What creative ideas do you have to grow postary?


text:
More Progress for VA Suicide Prevention Programs
Last month VA Secretary David A. Shulkin announced that the VA has resolved the problems with the Veterans Crisis Line. The opening of the new Veterans Crisis Line center in Atlanta on December 20, 2016 has made it possible for the Veterans Crisis Line to increase its capacity by almost 600 veterans each day, practically doubling its ability to help veterans and their family members in crisis.
Having this second Veterans Crisis Line facility up and running has enabled the VA to not only help more veterans but to do so more efficiently. Before the Atlanta facility opened, the call rollover rate was frequently more than 30%. As of March 21, 2017, the call rollover rate has been reduced to less than 1%. This means that more than 99% of Veterans Crisis Line calls are promptly answered by Veterans Crisis Line responders.
The Veterans Crisis Line is a valuable and effective resource for those who are struggling and is available 24 hours a day. You do not need to be enrolled in VA Health Care to receive help. If you are a veteran in crisis or know someone who is, please call 1-800-273-8255 and then press 1, text 838255, or go to www.VeteransCrisisLine.net/Chat to chat online.
The Veterans Center Combat Call Centers are also available 24/7 to combat veterans or service members serving in a combat area. These call centers are staffed by other combat veterans. Call 1-877-WAR-VETS (927-8387).
In addition to the improvements to the Veterans Crisis Line, the REACH VET pilot program started last fall has now been extended and is available VA wide. REACH VET is a program that looks at veterans' health records to help identify veterans who might be at an increased risk for suicide. If a veteran is identified as being at risk, VA health care providers then reach out to them to evaluate what types of care might be helpful. Early intervention has been shown to help prevent issues from reaching crisis mode, reduce stress for at-risk veterans and their families, and result in better outcomes. Hopefully we'll see great results now that REACH VET is available VA wide.
Please don't hesitate to reach out—help IS available.
VA: Disability Claim Appeals Process Broken


text:
Hanna Samson is a Polish psychologist, journalist, feminist and writer.  She works as a hotline worker in the Feminoteka Foundation where she provides psychological advice and support to women who suffer violence. Hanna Samson conducts group therapy in the Center of Leadership Education Foundation.

She used to be a writer in Polish magazines for women Twój Styl. Samson works in magazines "Sens" and "Business Class" and publishes in a monthly women magazine "Zwierciadło" and a weekly women magazine "Wysokie Obcasy".

Books
 1996: Zimno mi, mamo
 2000: Pułapka na motyla
 2001: 7 opowiadań o miłości i jedno inne
 2004: Miłość. Reaktywacja
 2005: Wojna żeńsko-męska i przeciwko światu. Wyd. II. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Czarna Owca, 2011. . (pol.)
 2006: Pokój żeńsko-męski na chwałę patriarchatu
 2007: 7 grzechów przeciwko miłości
 2009: Flesz. Zbiorowy akt popświadomości
 2010: Ja, prezydenta i inne głosy
 2012: Życie po mężczyźnie

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Polish psychologists
Polish women psychologists
Polish feminists
Polish non-fiction writers
21st-century Polish women writers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: A Better way to write a Switch in PHP? I use this example below to ask how to pass an array into a Switch instead of listing them all out like this?
Perhaps if I had an array being fetched from a database for all the 'pages' as page.
I figured this method wasn't the most elegant approach.
switch($_GET['page'])
{
case 'home':
    include('home.php');
    break;
case 'oem-customers':
    include('oem-customers.php');
    break;
case 'job-shop':
    include('job-shop.php');
    break;
case 'anodized-magnet-coils':
    include('anodized-magnet-coils.php');
    break;
case 'design':
    include('design.php');
    break;
case 'services':
    include('services.php');
    break;
case 'black-foil':
    include('black-foil.php');
    break;
case 'contact':
    include('contact.php');
    break;
case 'order';
    include('order.php');
    break;
default:
    include('home.php');
}

A: How about
switch($_GET['page'])
{
case 'home':
case 'oem-customers':
case 'job-shop':
case 'anodized-magnet-coils':
case 'design':
case 'services':
case 'black-foil':
case 'contact':
case 'order';
    include("$_GET[page].php");
    break;
default:
    include('home.php');
}

A: Example with an array :
$pages = array(
    'oem-customers',
    'job-shop',
    'anodized-magnet-coils',
    'design',
    'services',
    'black-foil',
    'contact',
    'order'
);

if(in_array($_GET['page'], $pages)){
    include($_GET['page'].'.php');
}else{
    include('home.php');
}

A: You can create a mapping:
$mapping = array(
   'home' => 'home',
   'oem-customers' => 'oem-customers',
   #....
);

$page = $_GET['page'];
$file = isset($mapping[$page]) ? $mapping[$page] : 'home';
include($file.'.php');

Or first look up the file, check if the file exists, and perhaps use extra mapping if needed. Note: Sanitize the input, users could send ../../etc/whatever in the request.

A: You could do the following:
switch($_GET['page']){
  case 'home':case 'oem-customers':case 'job-shop':case 'anodized-magnet-coils':
  case 'black-foil':case 'services':case 'design':case 'contact':case 'order':
    include($_GET['page'].'.php');
    break;
  default:
    include('home.php');
}

A: well, you seem to have a pretty good match between $_GET['page'] and the filename of the page; an easy thing to do is:
   $toInclude = "{$_GET['page']}.php";
   include($toInclude);

of course, you want to be careful; someone could trick you by passing something bad in page, like '../../some_other_project/delete_all_data.php'. so can keep a validation list of all of the pages you allow:
   $validPages = array('order.php', 'home.php');
   if (!in_array($toInclude, $validPages))
       $toInclude = 'home.php';

A: If it were me I'd move your scripts that can be requested into a requests/ folder and do the following:
$script = basename( $_GET['page'] );
$dir = 'requests/';
$file = $dir . $script . '.php';
if ( !file_exists( $file ) ) {
  $file = $dir . 'home.php';
}
include( $file );

*

*Much more compact than anything else.

*Will auto update whenever you add a new page.

*Built-in check for existence of file before include.

*Safe due to the containing requests/ folder and basename().

A: I would suggest a total different way:
$base_path = '/path/to/dir/';
$req = basename($_GET['page'] . '.php');
$page = $base_path . $req;
$file = file_exists($page) ? $page : $base_path . 'home.php';
include($file);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


There are a lot of things I'm going to miss about Wooster. I'll miss my friends and my roommate. Sunday morning breakfasts at Mom's or The Shack. A certain someone's sports editorial one-liners ó which were more hit or miss than a game of battleship.
My association with journalism began in ninth grade with an empty elective spot and nothing more or less than a whim ó a whim which has spent the last eight years blossoming into a career. Next year I'll be moving to New York City to get my Masters of Science in Journalism at Columbia University.


Նորություններ >> Naregatsi Art Institute had the honor of hosting International Psychoanalytic University Professor, Horst Kächele, the author of "Psychoanalytic Therapy".The president of the Urartu University Dr. Sedrak Sedrakyan also expressed his opinion regarding the book.
On September 18th, Naregatsi Art Institute had the honor of hosting International Psychoanalytic University Professor, Horst Kächele, the author of "Psychoanalytic Therapy".
During the past 40 years, the book was translated into more than 27 languages and according to the author, it has become one of the vital textbooks for professionals in the field of psychoanalysis.
At the end of the meeting, various specialists and students in attendance addressed their questions to Kächele.The president of the Urartu University Dr. Sedrak Sedrakyan also expressed his opinion regarding the book.


Rejoice and give praise: the world is a beautiful place. High art is not dead; aesthetic creativity lives on untarnished. This is a great time to be.
Pulse-racing inspiration is merely a click away, on the mannequins of designers such as Domenico Vacca, Cesare Attolini and Michael Bastian.
The three examples above are all from the collection of Domenico Vacca. He has a reputation for rather extravagant designs, particularly shoes and luggage in branded alligator leather. But Vacca has a sense of colour and pattern combination to rival anyone.
To the images selected. The first demonstrates one of my favourite colour combinations – bright orange, blue and brown.
Orange is not an easy colour to wear well, given that it is most attractive when rich and bright. It requires a blue background (more understated, more stable than any other shirt colour) to sit easily. Here, Vacca's blue shirt has a mid-size check, which works nicely with the plain tie.
The jacket, in a brown/grey, is again a mid-tone background that supports the tie. Navy would make the tie appear brighter, plain grey would have little in common with the earthy orange. Brown works best.
The orange check to the jacket is a nice touch but not required. The important aspects of it are that it adds visual interest (along with the handkerchief) to draw attention away from the tie, and that the check is on a different scale to the shirt.
The central image shows a great way to add variation to a background shirt/tie combination. Normally with a jacket that pale, I would go for a blue tie on blue-striped shirt. The jacket is everything about the outfit; the other elements should pull back. But a close red stripe works well and gives me inspiration to wear my own red-striped shirt with navy.
Image number three is a great combination of colours – brown, orange, blue, navy, white and red. But its greatest asset is the combination of patterns. That didn't even occur to you did it? The blend is so subtle as to dissolve completely.
The density of stripe in the shirt and tie aren't that dissimilar. But the tie kicks away from its partner in the contrast between navy, red and white. There is no chance of clashing there. The jacket, meanwhile, has a different pattern, in a different colour, on a different scale. No clash there either. And if you count the bordered handkerchief as another pattern, that's four together without anyone noticing it was happening.
Clothing combinations like these inspire me. If someone can put their clothes together in such a beautiful way, it connects me to their brand more than the workmanship or advertising. Ralph Lauren and Hackett are also past masters – check out their shop windows.
Being able to do something so uplifting with the same elements of jacket, shirt and tie is the genius of menswear.
You can follow the discussion on Inspiration on mannequins: Domenico Vacca by entering your email address in the box below. You will then receive an email every time a new comment is added. These will also contain a link to a page where you can stop the alerts, and remove all of your related data from the site.
Many thanks, Nicola. You thoughts are always appreciated.
I should also say that I welcome your views especially when we disagree!
Absolutley stunning. This is why I continuously visit your blog – the inspiration found in pictures like these.


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text:
Chryseobacterium piscicola  is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and non-motil bacteria from the genus of Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from the salmon Salmo salar from the Los Lagos Region in Chile.

References

Further reading

External links
Type strain of Chryseobacterium piscicola at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

piscicola
Bacteria described in 2009


Who else has a cave in the middle of downtown?
Bluegrass and blues? Yes, please!
It's not all about underground!
Plan great Kentucky getaways to Hart County in scenic south-central Kentucky, located on I-65 midway between Louisville and Nashville in the Kentucky caves and caverns area along the edge of Mammoth Cave National Park, an International Biosphere and World Heritage Site. Hart County has two "show caves": Hidden River Cave and Mammoth Onyx Cave . Zipline along the treetop canopy at the edge of Mammoth Cave National Park or zip and rappel across the area's largest cave entrance at Hidden River Cave. Explore our above ground and below ground trails. Try our hand-made pizzas and home cooking, or pick up a taste of Kentucky at our roadside market. Come see what makes Hart County one of the best Kentucky getaways you'll ever experience!


Originally printed on May 2, 2015.
THOMSON Peacefully, at Windmill House Nursing Home, Cellardyke, on Thursday, April 30, 2015, Eldred Bruce Thomson, aged 91 years, Sauchope Crescent, Crail, dearly loved and loving husband of Jane, dear father of the late Andrew, loving father-in-law of Janet and proud and devoted grandpa of Calum, Stefan and Sophie and a dear uncle. Funeral service in Crail Parish Church on Thursday, May 7, at 1.15 p.m., thereafter to Crail Cemetery at 2 p.m. All friends are respectfully invited. Donations, if desired, may be given for Parkinson U. K.


The backbone of every business in today's dynamic environment is their IT infrastructure. With technology becoming more advanced, you need to have someone to look after the network and server equipment on a professional level, allowing you to focus on your business activities. Small businesses cannot afford (and they don't really need) to have their own in-house support, as this will simply not be cost effective for them.
Think of us as your invisible IT department.
Our computer maintenance service for small business is designed for companies with two to fifty employees. We implement, manage and upgrade all types Windows servers, PCs and user workstations and provide the help you need in the precise moment of time you need it.


Home/ Housewares/ Party Decor/ Christmas/ Outdoor Decor / LED Christmas Ornament Decoration, Red, 15-In.
208793 National Tree Co-Import DF-035038U-T Holiday Wonderland, 15, Round, Red Wire Frame Ornament, With 35 Steady On Twinkle Red LED Lights, Cap Of Ornament Is Gold, Indoor/Outdoor Hanging Decoration.
Holiday Wonderland, 15", Round, Red Wire Frame Ornament, With 35 Steady On & Twinkle Red LED Lights, Cap Of Ornament Is Gold, Indoor/Outdoor Hanging Decoration.


text:
Worldwide Databases
GARMIN UNVEILS THE FOURTH GENERATION GPS/NAV/COMM.
Garmin International, Inc., a unit of Garmin Ltd., has launched the GTN 650Xi and GTN 750Xi, the next generation of in-flight navigation technology. Designed as a direct slide-in upgrade to the previous generation GTN 650/750, pilots can preserve their panel and modernize the cockpit with the new GTN 650Xi and GTN 750Xi. The all-in-one GPS/NAV/COMM boasts a feature-rich multifunction display and can integrate with new or existing remote-mount equipment such as a transponder or audio panel. Dual-core processors and modern hardware also prepare the GTN Xi series for advanced capabilities in the future. The GTN 650Xi and GTN 750Xi have received Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approval and are available immediately for fixed-wing single-engine and multi-engine piston, turbine and experimental aircraft, with helicopter and business aircraft approvals soon to follow.
After decades of innovation and pioneering the GPS/NAV/COMM, we're excited to bring the fourth generation GTN 650Xi and GTN 750Xi to the market, said Carl Wolf, vice president of aviation sales and marketing. Garmin was the first to introduce the all-in-one navigator with the iconic GNS 430/530. Over time the GNS WAAS and the industry-first GTN 650/750 touchscreen navigators were added to the line-up along with state-of-the-art features such as voice control, wireless connectivity and more. As the leader in GPS cockpit navigation, we have brought the most widely adopted navigators to the industry and with the GTN 650Xi and GTN 750Xi, we're excited to add one more to the family.
Modern processing power and state-of-the-art hardware within the GTN 650Xi/750Xi supports faster map rendering and smoother panning throughout the touchscreen navigator. It boasts a large, ultra-high-resolution display and wide viewing angle that offers superior readability in the cockpit. The displays initialize within seconds of start- up, providing immediate access to frequencies and flight plan information, saving valuable time in the aircraft. Preserving the same form factor as the previous generation GTN 650/750, the 6-inch-tall GTN 750Xi and the 2.65-inch- tall GTN 650Xi offer an intuitive touchscreen design with a dedicated direct-to button and dual concentric knob that provide added convenience when interfacing with the display.
Retaining all the features of the GTN 650/750, the GTN Xi series adds a vibrant display and vivid colors that enhance the contemporary look of the new navigators. When...


text:
Watchmen Pilots Guide Premieres Renewal Scorecard TV's Top 5 Series Regular Grey's TWD
February 19, 2015 7:34pm PT by Amber Dowling
Chuck Lorre Explains Why Charlie Sheen Did (or Didn't) Appear in the 'Two and a Half Men' Finale
Michael Yarish/CBS
Two and a Half Men S12E16 FINAL Still - H 2015
There were several surprise cameos as CBS' Chuck Lorre comedy bid farewell after 12 seasons.
[Warning: This story contains spoilers from the series finale of CBS' Two and a Half Men, titled "Of Course He's Dead."]
For months leading up to Thursday's hourlong series finale of Two and a Half Men, speculation on whether its embattled former star Charlie Sheen would return to the comedy that relaunched his television career, stood by him through allegations of domestic abuse and eventually publicly fired him dominated the water cooler.
Eventually, even CBS got in on the action when the network announced the series finale's title would be "Of Course He's Dead," along with a release hinting that Sheen's Charlie Harper could indeed be alive and well (and not dead, as surmised in the season-nine premiere, the first episode after the actor was publicly fired). It was a complete turnaround from a year ago, when CBS confirmed at the 2014 Television Critics Association's summer press tour that there were no plans for Sheen's return. Or from the fall, when producers Warner Bros. Television denied a report that the studio was in negotiations with the actor.
On Thursday, viewers finally got the answer they were looking for — but not right away. Here's how it all went down.
Read more 'Two and a Half Men's' Chuck Lorre: Series Finale Will "Acknowledge Everything We've Been Through"
"Of Course He's Dead" opens with a flashback to Charlie's funeral, in which one of the women questions why they can't see the body, and Rose (Melanie Lynskey) recalls how Charlie's bod was smashed into a zillion pieces by a train in France. The episode then kicks to present day, where Rose is cheerily preparing tuna and vodka on a tray, which she then lowers down a pit in her basement, where Charlie is presumed to be — bowling shirts and all.
Back at the house, Walden (Ashton Kutcher) and Alan (Jon Cryer) go through the mail, where they uncover a letter from Charlie's music publisher claiming he's racked up exactly $2.5 million worth of royalties. It's the first of many inside references to come. "I can't wait for this to be over," Walden deadpans to the camera.
Before Alan can go ahead and stake his claim, the company insists on a death certificate, which, thanks to a visit with Evelyn (Holland Taylor) and an Internet search that uncovers nothing more than a crazy "rant about a former employer," the guys realize doesn't exist. At this point we flash back to Rose, who has realized the person down the pit has made a rope from the laundry and escaped out the window.
Meanwhile, Alan is still trying to get his hands on the money, which he now finds out has been claimed and deposited in an account in the Cayman Islands. That's when everything starts clicking into place: Alan receives a threatening text (along with a FedEx box full of whisky, cigars and the old chasing knife), Evelyn receives a hate email and Jenny (Amber Tamblyn) lands $100,000 with an apology note from someone who is sorry they were never there. Confirming the news, the Chuck Lorre comedy then flashes to four girlfriends from Charlie's past — each of whom receives her own small sum of money and an apology. The guys then return home, where Rose confirms the news: Charlie is alive.
"I knew it. Alan, if you move out and Charlie moves in with Walden, I believe we can keep this going for another five years," Berta (Conchata Ferrell) says a one of the multiple jokes to Men's longevity.
Through the use of animation, a goat and Porky Pig, viewers learn that Rose was set to kick Charlie into an oncoming train after he cheated on her in France, but when he was miraculously saved she shipped him back home, bought a house in Sherwood Oaks and threw him in the aforementioned pit for four years.
See more Saying Goodbye: TV Shows Signing Off in 2014-15
Knowing Charlie's rage after "missing his morning coffee," it doesn't take long for Rose and Evelyn to flee in fear of what Charlie will do to them after spending four years in captivity. Following an equally threatening text to Walden involving multiple Sheen-isms, including "army of assassins," "bayonets of truth" and "tiger blood," Walden and Alan head to the police station, where Lt. Wagner (guest star Arnold Schwarzenegger) sums up the major plot points of the series in a few succinct minutes.
"When you say it like that it sounds ridiculous. You can't write this stuff, huh?" Walden shrugs in yet another nod to the show's critical reception. "If I leave, the whole thing falls apart," Alan shoots back in yet another nod. "Has he tried anger management?" Wagner asks in a nod to Sheen's now-canceled FX comedy follow-up before suggesting the guys wrap everything up, since it's been "going on way too long."
Back at the house, things grow darker when Walden and Alan discover life-size cutouts of them with nooses around their necks in the living room. And just when viewers think Sheen will appear, Jake (embattled co-star Angus T. Jones) makes a cameo appearance to drop some updates: He's just turned a $250,000 check from his uncle into $2.5 million and he's married to a Japanese woman with kids.
As the final few minutes go by and the likelihood of Sheen making an actual appearance outside of claymation form growing less likely by the second, Alan calls the main women from his life on the series (Marin Hinkle's Judith, April Bowlby's Kandi and Courtney Thorne-Smith's Lyndsey), while Walden says goodbye to his (Judy Greer's Bridget, in bed with John Stamos , and Sophie Winkleman's Zoey). Then Wagner calls to quash everyone's fears by claiming they've got their guy. Except they don't — it's Christian Slater dressed as Sheen.
As Berta, Alan and Walden celebrate in lounge chairs on the deck, whisky and cigars in hand, a helicopter overhead carries in a grand piano, just like the one Charlie used to play.
Then audiences are shot back to the beach house front door, where "Charlie," or an actor who is supposed to look like him (his face is never revealed) rings the doorbell, only to have the piano fall on his head. As the camera pans back, showrunner and series co-creator Lorre — who took the brunt of Sheen's public meltdown — appears in his director' s chair on set, where he seems to get the last word: "winning." Only then another piano drops on his head, a subtle indication that there could be no winners in the Lorre-Sheen-Men saga.
In the subsequent vanity card, Lorre finishes it off:
"I know a lot of you might be disappointed that you didn't get to see Charlie Sheen in tonight' s finale. For the record, he was offered a role. Our idea was to have him walk up to the front door in the last scene, ring the doorbell, then turn, look directly into the camera and go off on a maniacal rant about the dangers of drug abuse. He would then explain that these dangers only applied to average people. That he was far from average. He was a ninja warrior from Mars. He was invincible.
And then we would drop a piano on him.
We thought it was funny.
He didn't.
Instead, he wanted us to write a heart warming scene that would set up his return to primetime TV in a new sitcom called The Harpers starring him and Jon Cryer.
We thought that was funny too."
Onscreen, Men's final season largely ignored the Sheen rumblings, focusing instead on an homage to its early years by wedding Walden and Alan in a bid to adopt another six-year-old "half man," Louis (Edan Alexander). Of course, the dating shenanigans continued with plenty of women (new and returning, in the case of Thorne-Smith' s Lyndsey), stopping by for the men to hit on and date.
Since Kutcher replaced Sheen in 2011 the overall tone changed drastically to incorporate the actor's energy and younger appeal. As a result, there were more quests for long-term relationships, less boozing (save Tamblyn's run as Jenny Harper) and no more memorable Sheen snark at the infamous piano. Alan continued his bumbling lechery and bumming, Jake outgrew his stoner story arcs and most jokes either questioned Alan's sexuality or his constant leeching.
Behind the scenes, Cryer submitted as lead actor in a comedy for the first time at the 2012 Emmys, where he won — an acknowledgement that also was written into the series finale. (During Sheen's Men tenure he was nominated four times but never brought home the hardware.) A year later Jones exited following his own public rant against the series.
As for Lorre, the prolific producer will now keep busy with only three shows on CBS' schedule: Mom, Mike & Molly and TV's No. 1 comedy, The Big Bang Theory.
What did you think of the Two and a Half Men series finale? Sound off in the comments below.
Twitter: @amber_dowling
Amber Dowling