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Northern Fowl Mites: These critters spend their entire life cycle on the chicken, unlike the red mite. Both of these types of mites, while simply bothersome to humans, can actually kill your chickens.
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The prevalence of vertigo and dizziness in people aged more than 60 years reaches 30%, and due to aging of world population, the number of patients is rapidly increasing. The terms dizziness and vertigo cover a variety of symptoms regarding disorders of spatial orientation and motion perception, such as the illusion of rotatory motion (classical rotatory vertigo) or the feeling of unsteadiness, which can affect objectively the ability to achieve a stable gaze, posture, and gait (1). Although the majority of these patients present benign balance disorders, (7–9), in the elderly, common causes of vertigo may manifest differently, with a more confusing constellation of symptoms, as patients tend to report less rotatory vertigo and more non-specific dizziness and instability than younger patients presenting with the same condition (9). On the other hand, a small number of patients harbor a serious and potentially life-threatening cause, mainly associated with stroke, and this risk of more serious diagnoses increases with age (12, 13). Age-related degeneration of different neural structures affects balance, including the vestibular receptors, central vestibular neurons, cerebellum, and visual and proprioceptive pathways. Similarly, elderly patients with chronic pathological asymmetric vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) or deviated subjective visual vertical (SVV) tests, do not report dizziness or vertigo as significant symptoms, which may relate to central compensation occurring from the beginning of this slow onset of vestibular function (18, 19, 26, 27). In summary, in order to maintain balance, the brain uses all available sensorial cues from vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive inputs, which in turn are integrated by the central nervous system to execute adequate motor responses. Reaching a complete, meaningful, and treatment-oriented diagnosis in elderly dizzy patients remains an important challenge for even the most experienced clinician. A systematic assessment of balance should be achieved in this type of patient, for which recent technological developments are of great assistance.
Besides HIT, the SVV bucket test and modified Romberg and Fukuda tests represent low complexity alternatives for the same assessment, and may be used to develop simple, low cost, and quick screening procedures (20, 42).
A particular scenario exists in acute onset of severe dizziness or vertigo; an acute vestibular syndrome, where ruling out stroke is critical, particularly in the elderly.
The majority of diseases that cause dizziness in any age group become more prevalent in older individuals. As with younger patients, disease-specific therapies should be provided, such as repositioning maneuvers for BPPV and rehabilitation exercises for vestibular hypofunction. Current knowledge advises the initiation of vestibular rehabilitation (VR) as soon as possible after an acute vestibular syndrome (29, 30). Chronic dizziness derived from previously acquired vestibular loss (vestibular neuritis, bilateral vestibulopathy among others) has good results with VR, particularly in terms of independence and quality of life, although it may need longer and more intensive therapy (28, 59). Importantly, spontaneous compensation strategies differ among patients (half of the population tend to rely on visual cues, while the other half rely on postural information), supporting the need for customized rehabilitation programs (30). Initiatives using Internet resources and mobile devices to support adherence and the realization of rehabilitation exercises at home have been developed (60, 62). Dizziness in the elderly remains a difficult subject, given the underlying factor of vestibular impairment due to aging in the form of presbystasis. Current vestibular testing allows a complete characterization of balance function and its deficits, and is becoming useful as a guide to planning treatment, where a cause-specific pathology is present, or presbystasis is the sole issue. Future challenges on the subject include the further determination of vestibular impairment profiles and their specific VR alternatives, in order to achieve the shortest and most efficient therapy possible. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Please upgrade your browser to IE 9.0 -found at Microsoft's Website- or to Google Chrome -our recommendation- for a better browsing experience.
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This means that you will not need to remember your user name and password in the future and you will be able to login with the account you choose to sync, with the click of a button. This page doesn't support Internet Explorer 6, 7 and 8.Please upgrade your browser or activate Google Chrome Frame to improve your experience. The presence of dizziness in the elderly is a strong predictor of falls, which is the leading cause of accidental death in people older than 65 years. Altogether they represent a common and serious issue in the elderly, where its prevalence reaches 30% beyond 60 years of age (1, 2), while rising to 50% beyond 85 years (1). Moreover, the presence of abnormal balance tests increases the risk of hip and wrist fractures (4).
Underlying this phenomenon is the progressive multimodal impairment of balance, including the loss of vestibular and proprioceptive functions, and the impairment of central integration of these and other sensory inputs associated with aging, which may also be called as presbystasis, presbyequilibrium, or multisensory dizziness (4, 7, 10).
Altogether, vertigo, dizziness, and balance disorders in the elderly constitute a major public health issue, which needs adequate management by trained physicians. The number of hair cells in the vestibular organs and the number of fibers in the superior and inferior vestibular nerves decrease with age (14–16). The sole presence of VOR asymmetry (which may present in elderly patients without history of an acute vestibular syndrome, and rarely in the form of bilateral vestibulopathy) is a significant predictor of falling (4, 22).
In this manner, age-related balance deterioration does not appear to behave as a unique standardized phenomenon, but the opposite, it seems to be extremely variable from patient to patient (17, 18, 20, 27). The impairment of each of the three semicircular canals can be examined by means of vHIT (37) procuring a reliable, objective, and quantitative value for VOR. SVV by means of bucket test may even provide sensible assessment of utricular components beyond VEMP contributions (27). The HINTS assessment protocol (head impulse test, nystagmus directionality, and test of skew) can be performed at the bedside, with high sensitivity and specificity to diagnose stroke in an acute vestibular syndrome (43). This can be explained by the cumulative probability of exposure or by age-related changes that make the elderly more susceptible to these pathologies (47).
Vestibular suppressants should be tapered quickly due to their inhibitory effect on central compensation (57). VR works as a catalyzer and enhancer of central compensation on the basis of three principles: adaptation (rearrangement of VOR networking), substitution (strengthening of non-vestibular components of balance), and habituation (increase of sensory thresholds). Moreover, VR is indicated in presbystasis, whereas the objective is to reduce symptoms or decrease the risk of falling (29, 30, 60). Other balance-improving treatments being currently explored include biofeedback devices worn all day, which give tactile or acoustic cues when the center of gravity is being lost, allowing the patient to react accordingly (63).
The diagnostic and therapeutic approach must be multi-systemic and oriented to the visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular systems. Under this last condition, VR should be considered in the elderly where no other plausible balance disorder is suspected, in order to treat a probably symptomatic presbystasis. Batuecas-Caletrio A, Trinidad-Ruiz G, Zschaeck C, Del Pozo De Dios JC, De Toro Gil L, Martin-Sanchez V, et al. If Turkey would stop its bombardments and raids against the PKK in Turkish cities and return to peace talks, we could have a cease-fire on the same day.
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In a time of multiple protracted crises, the gap between humanitarian and development is naturally shrinking; how best to manage that relationship has been a talking point at several World Humanitarian Summit regional consultations.
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Injuries related to falls lead to mobility restriction and loss of independence, and increase the fear of falling, which also predicts subsequent falls (2). In addition, the skeletal muscle strength and mass are reduced with aging, increasing the risk of fall-related injuries in elderly patients (11). This mini review presents recent advances in the diagnosis and management of dizziness in elderly patients. From a functional perspective, age-related deficits appear to be larger on semicircular canals, followed by saccular function, while the utriculus remains less affected (17–19). In addition, compensation phenomena after vestibular loss are weakened in elderly patients, for example, impairment after vestibular neuritis is harsher on the elderly (23).
Therefore, it is still controversial whether presbystasis by itself should be always considered pathological or not.
Moreover, minor new or acute impairments can affect disproportionately their capacity to cope difficult equilibrium scenarios, as every sensory modality may already be partially deteriorated. It has been reported that more than half of elderly patients with balance disorders are vague, inconsistent, or contradictory in describing their symptoms (31). Ocular and cervical VEMPs give equally reliable information over utricular and saccular function independently (38). Head-shaking nystagmus and dynamic visual acuity testing among others constitute bedside, fast, inexpensive, and easy to interpret vestibular tests for VOR (4, 7, 18). This three-step bedside oculomotor examination has shown better sensitivity than early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
With a simple diagnosis–treatment scheme (even in the absence of rotatory symptoms), testing should be performed routinely (8). An accurate anamnesis and physical examination will determine further vestibular, neurological, or cardiovascular tests.
Although steroids have been proven to diminish functional loss over time, they may not contribute to acute symptomatic relief (58).
In addition, if there are deficits in lower extremity muscle strength, specific therapies directed to locomotor dysfunctions should be indicated (61). In severe cases of bilateral VOR loss and inadequate compensation strategies, the role of vestibular implants (devices similar in their concept to cochlear implants) is beginning to be explored, and interventions have already been made in the first patients with satisfying functional outcomes (64). BPPV and stroke (particularly in acute syndromes) should always be considered, given the frequency of the first and the severity of the latter. Here, resolution of symptomatology would confirm the assumed working hypothesis of presbystasis, while lack of progress would lead to further exploration of less common causes. The threshold between what may be considered non-significant vestibular abnormalities and those correlating with a higher risk of falling should be better explored. Disorders of balance and vestibular function in US adults: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 2001-2004. Burden of disability attributable to vertigo and dizziness in the aged: results from the KORA-Age study. Naturally effective Naturasil for Pet Mange Treatments is a holistic approach to treating mange. These are complemented by all of the external accommodation suppliers who have to collect the students' rent, maintain their buildings and receive their own supplies to do the same. And we are definitely the only platform company in the world that has a vested interest in making its ecosystem cross-platform. Knowing this is my last time racing here at the Ridges, it's kind of sad, but I think it was a great way to end my high school Wisconsin cross country career. The Ortegas now own their own farm, Natalie's Garden and Greenhouse, just outside of Oregon, and grow many vegetables Ortega grew as a kid, such as carrots, zucchini, tomatillos, peppers and sweet corn. Les dirigeants travaillistes Itzhak Herzog, Tzipi Livni et Shelly Yachimovich poussent de hauts cris, rejoints par une foule de lib raux autoproclam s de la droite, dont le pr sident Rivlin et l ancien ministre de l Int rieur Guideon Saar.
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In that context this literature review produced by the Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC) is a useful stock take, citing both humanitarian policy documents as well as real-life examples of LRRD being applied. Unlike the minister, whose every word could affect billions of dollars on the commodity markets, Muhanna can speak more freely. And even though everyone has been bundled up like Nanook of the North lately, no one pointed out the coatroom.
When deciding tosupport UN Security Council Resolution 1970 andmaking no objection toResolution 1973 onLibya, we believed that these decisions would help limit theexcessive use offorce andpave theway fora political settlement. In the elderly, common causes of vertigo may manifest differently, as patients tend to report less rotatory vertigo and more non-specific dizziness and instability than younger patients, making diagnosis more complex. In addition, falls are the leading cause of accidental death in persons older than 65 years (5), while dizziness is one of the strongest contributors to the disability burden after age 65 (6).
A steady asymmetrical decrease in the ability of sensing angular rotation with age has been reported, as assessed by video head impulse testing (vHIT) of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) (4, 19, 20). Besides, there is not a single symptom that can predict with specificity the underlying causes of dizziness, and most of the times, elderly patients have more than one cause of dizziness (32, 33).
The non-vestibular proprioceptive and visual sensory components of balance and their central integration in overall equilibrium performance can be thoroughly assessed by dynamic computed posturography (39).
Testing for postural hypotension, joint position sense, and gait disorders can also contribute to assess non-vestibular components in a bedside low-cost manner, contributing to designing an integral but component-specific treatment.
MRI can give a false negative result in vertebrobasilar stroke (44), and is not always readily available (45). Consequently, to seek a precise diagnosis, it seems to be mandatory to obtain a good clinical history and perform thorough neuro-otologic bedside examination, including postural testing, while the majority of patients may benefit from vestibular tests, and stroke assessment protocols for an acute balance disorder. Steroids side effects should be carefully considered before administration, particularly on this age group. Proper balance characterizations may help in designing more specific and efficient interventions. This will inevitably lead to the establishment of a reasonable battery of (hopefully, bedside, low-cost, easy to interpret) examinations designed to rule out unacceptable risk for falling, in the fashion of the HINTS protocol for stroke.
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Unfortunately, theactions undertaken byNATO countries under these resolutions led totheir grave violation andsupport forone ofthe parties tothe civil war, with thegoal ofousting theexisting regime, damaging inthe process theauthority ofthe Security Council. I love this drop lamp hung in threes over a dining-room table or on its own in a cozy reading-nook corner. He understands his responsibility, and he understands what we re trying to do as a football team. This fact is associated with a loss of dynamic visual acuity due to the inability to compensate fast head rotations with corrective eye movements, thus assuring a steady image over the retina (21). For instance, the medial vestibular nucleus, important in vestibular compensation due to its commissural fibers, shows lower neuron density in healthy older adults (24).
While asymmetric, severe, and multimodal balance impairments due to aging are likely to cause symptomatology per se, the magnification and distortion of the symptom spectrum of specific pathologies by presbystasis is perhaps more common. Moreover, caloric test responses depend on several factors that could be affected by age, such as ear canal volume, temporal bone thickness, and blood supply to the temporal bone (34). Altogether these tests provide an objective assessment of every component and subsystem of balance, allowing specific profiling of patients (40, 41). A full description of the management of acute vertigo in the elderly is beyond the scope of this mini review, further readings can be obtained elsewhere (13, 46). In dubious cases, treatment attempts should be preferred, given diminished symptomatology and the safety and simplicity of reposition maneuvers (56).
After that, and depending on the available resources, office or laboratory tests help to estimate the risk of falling and define the balance profile to guide the management of these patients.
For instance, a patient lacking postural stability will require postural- and gait-focused therapy. Prior to the beginning of each session, the agents were informed that providing false testimony to the body was unlawful.
And a few of Ortega's twelve brothers and sisters live in the area and help out on the farm.
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Care should be taken in focusing therapy on ongoing symptoms rather than solely on testing abnormalities, as certain patients could require other treatments prior to benefit from VR, such as in the case of vestibular migraine, or visually induced dizziness, among others. The BND agents repeatedly insisted that the selectors provided by the US were precisely checked. It's also Natalia who greets Barry when he arrives on the island six months after Claire and Moira's escape attempt, searching for them. The name riffs on Matson's love of traditional folk textiles and patterns that inspire and become incorporated in her work.
Instead, they complain about movement intolerance, instability, and insecure gait, particularly when sudden turns are needed, as there is an incapability of processing these movements properly. Vibration and touch thresholds, the ability to detect position and direction of joint movements, and muscle strength also deteriorate with age (2). The insurgents want to carve out a separate state governed by their strict interpretation of Islamic law, and some have links to the Islamic State group. This may also explain the observed lack of rotatory vertigo in elderly patients with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) (8). Visual accommodation, depth perception, and the ability to suppress nystagmus by visual fixation is diminished due to aging of the oculomotor system with increased saccade latency, and reduced eye tracking velocity (2).
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All the elements of an essay.
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text:
Q: How can I use WifiManager in a non-activity class? I have two classes: one of these is an activity class and the other is non-activity. And I call a method which is inside the non-activity class for returning mac Adress.
activity class:
public class Control extends Activity {
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    deneme d = new deneme(this); // i has tried (getApplicatonContext)
    String x = d.macadress();
    Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), x, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}}

and non-activity class:
public class deneme {
Context mcontext ;
WifiManager wm;

public deneme(Context mcontext){
    this.mcontext = mcontext;
}

public String macadress(){
    wm = (WifiManager)mcontext.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
    String m_szWLANMAC = wm.getConnectionInfo().getMacAddress();
    return m_szWLANMAC;

}}

but the method return null. I have the permission ACCESS_WIFI_STATE.

A: if your wifi is not enable on the device , it will return null as your case , check if the wifi is enabled then if its enabled return the mac address else notify the user to enable the wifi .
package com.example.wifitest;

import android.content.Context;
import android.net.wifi.WifiManager;
import android.widget.Toast;

public class TEST {
    Context mcontext;
WifiManager wm;

public TEST(Context mcontext) {
    this.mcontext = mcontext;
}

public String macadress() {
    wm = (WifiManager) mcontext.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
    if (wm.isWifiEnabled()) {
        String m_szWLANMAC = wm.getConnectionInfo().getMacAddress();
        return m_szWLANMAC;
    }
    else{
        Toast.makeText(mcontext, "Please enbale your wifi",
                Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        return null;
    }

}

}

A:     public class MainActivity extends Activity {

        @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        deneme d = new deneme(getApplicationContext());
  //  String x=d.wm.getConnectionInfo().getMacAddress();

      String x = d.macadress();
        Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), x, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();

    }

}
 class deneme {
Context mcontext ;
WifiManager wm;

public deneme(Context mcontext){
    this.mcontext = mcontext;
}

public String macadress(){
    wm = (WifiManager)mcontext.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
    String m_szWLANMAC = wm.getConnectionInfo().getMacAddress();
    return m_szWLANMAC;

}}

I didn't run the code but this is hw its to be done

A: We can pass the Context of that Activity to that non-Activity class.
Here is a snippet from net :
Class conectivityManager

Context myContext;

public conectivityManager(Context cxt){

myContext = cxt

}

public startWifi(){

//start-wifi

}

See this link :
http://www.brighthub.com/mobile/htc/articles/75491.aspx

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Fade-in fade-out css only I'm trying to create a fade in fade out effect to apply on page load and when leaving the page... But I need it to use only css. My boss wants this effect, but i don't want to use javascript (I'm afraid it won't always work, and it is not working properly...)
The javascript for this effect is this, does anybody know how to do this using only css?

A: I think the only possibility is apply css transition via a body class.

   content content
   LINK


Moose Creek townhomes offer 37 premier accommodations in Teton Village, located at the base of Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, and also convenient to Grand Teton National Park. Townhomes have two or three stories, and provide stunning views of the surrounding mountains and valleys from private terraces and decks. Some units feature private hot tubs, and all guests have access to The Sundance Tennis & Swim club. A private chairlift provides guests with ski-in/walk to lift access.
All townhomes are beautifully decorated with Western flair and all the comforts of home. Each Moose Creek unit has a large stone fireplace, a fully equipped kitchen, washer and dryer and a one-car garage.


text:
North Shore Namecheck
by Mitch Hurst • November 24, 2020
As a once middle school social studies teacher, Gerry Lekas used to spend a lot of time in the library looking at books. He always thought it would be cool to walk in and find a book that he'd written.
So the Glenview resident wrote one.
Earlier this year, Black Lyon Publishing, LLC released Where the Tour Buses Don't Go: Chicago's Hidden Sites of the Mysterious, Macabre, Ghostly, & Glamorous. The book is a guide for those who want to learn the real stories and see the places behind ghastly crimes, haunted mysteries, the more notorious antics of the Chicago mob, and the childhood homes of celebrities who grew up in Chicago and the North Shore.
"I've always had a bucket list of things I wanted to accomplish and growing up, I was interested in the darker side of things—in ghosts and gangsters," Lekas says.
His background as a teacher and experience in honing stories for 11-year-olds with short attention spans made it easier to write the book than he anticipated.
"A year-and-a-half ago I actually started to write the book and I thought it was going to be really painful," Lekas says. "But because I had all these stories built up over the years in my mind, it was actually much easier. I knew the bare bones of the stories and completing the book was mostly stringing them together and nailing down exact addresses and exact dates."
In the midst of writing the book, along came the COVID-19 pandemic and, with travel off the table, people began to get desperate for something to do.
"The book allows readers to plan these customized trips and see some really odd things and never have to leave the car," Lekas says. "That was a little bit of the inspiration for the book, because if you've ever gone on a ghost or a gangster tour in Chicago, you see the same places over and over. What about the person who really wants something more?"
Where the Tour Buses Don't Go is divided into four sections: Ghost hauntings, Chicago gangsters, famous crimes and serial killers, and celebrity homes and haunts.
The North Shore is well represented
"On the cover of the book is a shot of a section of Sheridan Road up in Lake Forest. Around 1916, there was a death there of a young girl, a romantic problem with the boyfriend," Lekas says. "Her name was Marion Lambert, and she died from poisoning. Her ghost is still seen on that section of Sheridan Road, and people describe seeing a girl in a white dress standing on the side of the road, her mouth horribly burned."
Lekas also mentions H.H. Holmes, the serial killer outlined in Erik Larson's book, The Devil in the White City. While most of Holmes's murders were committed on Chicago's South Side, he maintained a home on 11th Street in Wilmette.
Then there's notorious bank robber Baby Face Nelson, who partnered with John Dillinger on a series of notorious crimes. Nelson met his fate in Wilmette, and his body turned up in Skokie.
It's the celebrity section, however, that might be of most interest to those on the North Shore. Many noted Hollywood actors were born or raised on the North Shore. Charlton Heston, who Lekas calls "Moses of the North Shore," was born in Wilmette, and Ann-Margret was raised there. Robert Reed, television's "Mr. Brady," was a native of Highland Park. Bruce Dern (recently featured in The North Shore Weekend) grew up in Kenilworth and attended New Trier Township High School.
Especially intriguing for readers might be the old haunts of the Murray brothers, including Bill, who were raised in Wilmette. Bill honed his golf skills, which would come in handy during the filming of Caddyshack at the Winnetka Golf Club.
"There's a little park across the avenue from where the Murray family grew up, and I might be the world's biggest nerd, but I like going to this little park and saying, 'All right, the Murray boys, this is where they used to play'," Tekas says. "This is what they saw when they walked out of their house, and then you start thinking about all the roles Bill played and you think, well, this is what he did every day."
Where the Tour Buses Don't Go can be purchased from Amazon.com and other online retailers.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Wars and Military Conflicts
Extremism in the U.S. military 'has been an issue for quite some time,' says expert
Published Thu, Feb 4 20219:02 PM EST Updated Thu, Feb 4 20219:08 PM EST
Emily DeCiccio@EmilyDeCiccio
Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin ordered a "stand down" by all units in the next 60 days to give military leaders the chance to talk with their troops about extremism in the ranks.
Leo Shane III, deputy editor of the Military Times, warned that extremism in the U.S. military "has been an issue for quite some time," as concerns grow after a number of former and current military members participated in the insurrection at the Capitol last month.
Shane said that it will be important for senior military leaders in the next two months to not only discuss extremism among themselves, but to also speak to the lower ranks.
Secretary of Defense orders military to address extremism in the ranks
Leo Shane III, Deputy Editor of the Military Times, warned CNBC that extremism in the U.S. military "has been an issue for quite some time," as concerns grow after a number of former and current military members participated in the insurrection at the Capitol last month.
"We know that especially White Nationalist groups, extremist groups like to recruit military folks because of the skills they bring," Shane said. "These are desirable things if you have these crazy ideas of waging a revolution ... We've seen for years they're targeted on social media, fed false information."
Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin ordered a "stand down" by all units in the next 60 days to give military leaders the chance to talk with their troops about extremism in the ranks. Shane told "The News with Shepard Smith" that it will be important for senior military leaders in the next two months to not only discuss extremism among themselves, but to also speak to the lower ranks.
"Are they going to get down to the individual units ... where we're hearing from folks ... seeing signs of tattoos, seeing stuff posted on social media that indicates that folks are affiliated with these violent groups, in some cases, there's even Nazi symbolism, Nazi flags, or Nazi paraphernalia that the folks are showing, but that's not seen by commanders all the time?" said Shane.
The FBI produced a report that warned about the infiltration of white nationalists in local law enforcement in 2006. A Department of Homeland Security and an FBI assessment from last year showed that racist terror groups are displaying unparalleled activity in the modern era. Shane pointed out that the U.S. military hasn't done "any really good surveys up to this point to find out how many folks have been affiliated" with extremism.
The Military Times has surveyed its readers for the past four years on extremism and found that "one-third of all active-duty troops and more than half of minority service members say they have personally witnessed examples of white nationalism or ideological-driven racism within the ranks."
Shane told host Shepard Smith that the military thinks the one-third figure is high, however, they don't have the date to refute it either way.
"They haven't looked at the numbers before, so this 60 days should be a chance for them to really assess that and get a sense of whether or not we're right, which we think we are, or whether or not they're right and it's a very small problem," said Shane.


The list goes on, many a "classic" on there – books I read as an English major, books that hold literary value. Of all of the ones on the "most banned" list, perhaps the one that makes me the saddest is the Harry Potter series. Since reading Harry Potter so many years ago, A and I started talking about when we could share it with our children. Even before we had kids, we were daydreaming of sharing these amazing stories with our kids. Now isn't the right time – we can't make it through a 15 page picture book without Lila asking 35 questions a page so reading an extended chapter book isn't going to happen for several years. But to think that someone else might take that experience away from us, or the joy of Hogwarts from our kids, that horrifies me. Books are meant to be read, to be shared and to be loved.
To celebrate Banned Books Week, I'll be sharing some of the girls' favorite titles this week. Sure, Knuffle Bunny has yet to be banned (or not that I could find at least but did you know Green Eggs and Ham was banned in China?) but to me this week is a chance to celebrate all books, the love of reading and the ability to share that love with others.
Read more about Banned Books Week at the American Library Association or the Banned Books website. Help us celebrate this week by sharing your favorite children's title – banned or otherwise.
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I'd finished writing a "Deeper Look" movie writeup on "The Blind Side" last night.
it can save the costly machines from any further data loss or damaged.
so you can hear what's happening around the digital camera.
You cannot hear or talk with anyone about the other side of your camera.
It can also be important to understand how the full camera is not the most effective choice for someone attempting to create quality films.
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I agree, it is quality not quantity. I really mentioned local beer because there is some much beer within 3 hours of here that is being overlooked. Where there is no or little local market I'm all for anything else. I tend to look for stuff I've not had as well.


text:
Das Amtsgericht Zehdenick ist ein Gericht der ordentlichen Gerichtsbarkeit in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Bundesland Brandenburg.

Gericht
Das Amtsgericht gehört zum Bezirk des Landgerichts Neuruppin und des Oberlandesgerichts Brandenburg.

Sitz des Gerichts ist die Stadt Zehdenick. Es gehört mit nur vier Richtern zu den kleinsten Gerichten Brandenburgs. Neben den Richtern sind sechs Rechtspfleger, 14 Beamte und Angestellte sowie drei Wachtmeister im Gericht tätig. Der Amtsgerichtsbezirk umfasst den nördlichen Teil des Landkreises Oberhavel und weist eine in sich homogene ländlich geprägte Struktur auf.

Geschichte
Seit 1849 bestanden in Preußen Kreisgerichte, darunter das Kreisgericht Templin mit einer Nebenstelle (Gerichtskommission) in Zehdenick. Im Rahmen der Reichsjustizgesetzen wurden diese Gerichte aufgehoben und reichsweit einheitlich Amtsgerichte eingerichtet.

Das königlich preußische Amtsgericht Zehdenick wurde mit Wirkung zum 1. Oktober 1879 als eines von 12 Amtsgerichten im Bezirk des Landgerichtes Prenzlau im Bezirk des Kammergerichtes gebildet. Der Sitz des Gerichts war die Stadt Zehdenick.

Sein Gerichtsbezirk umfasste aus dem Landkreis Templin den Stadtbezirk Zehdenick, die Amtsbezirke Badingen, Forsthaus Zehdenick, Liebenberg, Neiersdorf, Ribbeck und Zehdenick und der Amtsbezirk Storkow ohne den Gemeindebezirk Hindenburg-Reinfeld.

Am Gericht bestanden 1880 zwei Richterstellen. Das Amtsgericht war damit ein mittelgroßes Amtsgericht im Landgerichtsbezirk.

1945 wurde das Amtsgericht Zehdenick dem neu gebildeten Landgericht Eberswalde nachgeordnet. In der DDR wurden 1952 die Amtsgerichte und damit auch das Amtsgericht Zehdenick aufgehoben und Kreisgerichte, darunter das Kreisgericht Gransee im Sprengel des Bezirksgerichts Potsdam für den Kreis Gransee gebildet.

Mit dem Gesetz über die Neugliederung der Kreisgerichtsbezirke im Land Brandenburg (Brandenburgisches Kreisgerichtsbezirksgesetz – BbgKrGBG) vom 8. Dezember 1992 wurde das Kreisgericht Gransee aufgehoben und das Kreisgericht Zehdenick an seiner Stelle geschaffen. Bis zum Ablauf des 31. Dezember 1999 wurde eine Zweigstelle Gransee des Amtsgerichts Zehdenick geführt.

Das Brandenburgische Gerichtsneuordnungsgesetz (BbgGerNeuOG) verkündet als Artikel 1 des Gesetzes zur Neuordnung der ordentlichen Gerichtsbarkeit und zur Ausführung des Gerichtsverfassungsgesetzes im Land Brandenburg vom 14. Juni 1993 verfügte zum 1. Dezember 1993 die Fortführung der bestehenden Kreisgerichte als Amtsgerichte. Damit entstand das Amtsgericht Zehdenick neu und war nun dem Landgericht Neuruppin zugeordnet.

Gerichtsgebäude

Geschichte
Das Gebäude (Friedrich-Ebert-Platz 9) wurde ab 1911 bis 1913 mit einer angeschlossenen Untersuchungshaftanstalt als königliches Amtsgericht Gransee im Zusammenhang mit dem Neubau der preußischen Domänenverwaltung errichtet. Die örtliche Zuständigkeit erstreckte sich auf den Landkreis Gransee. Die Aktenbestände des Gerichts reichen jedoch bis weit in das 19. Jahrhundert zurück.

Die Untersuchungshaftanstalt wurde als solche bis 1945 betrieben. Danach erfolgte eine Nutzung als Magazin des Zivilschutzes. Ab den 1980er-Jahren stand dieser Teil dann leer. Im ersten Jahrzehnt des 21. Jahrhunderts erfolgte ein Umbau zum Archiv.

In der Zeit der DDR war das als Kreisgericht Gransee bezeichnete Gericht dann lediglich in einem Teil des Gerichtsgebäudes untergebracht. Polizei, Kriminalpolizei, Staatsanwaltschaft und staatliches Notariat nutzten den überwiegenden Teil des Gebäudes. Entsprechend dieser Nutzungen erfolgten diverse Verbauungen im Gebäudeinneren, die nach der Wende von 1989 wieder entfernt wurden.

Nach der Wende wurde Zehdenick als kleinster Gerichtsbezirk des Landes Brandenburg eingerichtet. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass Ursache hierfür vor allem auch das vorhandene schöne Justizgebäude war. Südlich des Gerichtsgebäudes befindet sich der älteste Baum Zehdenicks, die Gerichtslinde.

Architektur
Das Gebäude entstand ab 1911 als großer zweigeschossiger, verputzter Bau im Stil des Neubarock. Der Feldsteinsockel des Hauses und diverse hölzerne Zierden lassen jedoch auch den Einfluss der Heimatschutzbewegung erkennen. Der Hafttrakt ist deutlich schlichter gestaltet.

Die umbaute Fläche beträgt 1136 m², wobei 397 m² auf die ehemalige Haftanstalt entfallen. Das Gericht war sehr großzügig dimensioniert, da viel Wert auf Repräsentation gelegt wurde. Trotzdem wurde kostengünstig gebaut. Für diverse Teile der Treppen, Laibungen, Kapitelle und Brüstungen wurden Betonfertigteile verwendet.

Die ursprüngliche Innengestaltung war sehr farbenfroh. Es dominierten auf die einzelnen Licht- und Raumverhältnisse angepasste Pastelltöne. Geflammte farbige Kacheln und schmiedeeiserne Applikationen setzten weitere Akzente, die das Gebäude von der zur damaligen Zeit üblichen Wuchtigkeit und Düsterniss von Gerichtsgebäuden deutlich unterschied.

Die Verbauungen in der DDR-Zeit hatten die Innengestaltung stark verändert. Ab 1993 erfolgten Restaurierungen und Rückbauten.

Siehe auch
 Liste deutscher Gerichte
 Liste der Gerichte des Landes Brandenburg

Literatur

 Johannes Wolfs, Preußische Funktionalität, vereint mit spielerischen Elementen der Architektur der Jahrhundertwende – Amtsgericht Zehdenick, Aufsatz, wohl deutlich vor 2004, veröffentlicht durch den Deutschen Richterbund

Weblinks

 Offizielle Seite des Gerichts

Einzelnachweise

Zehdenick
Zehdenick
Gegründet 1879
Aufgelöst 1952
Gegründet 1993
Baudenkmal in Zehdenick
Bauwerk in Zehdenick
Erbaut in den 1910er Jahren

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Override = operator linked linked c++ deep copy So, I'm trying override operator= in a linked list class I'm writing, but keep getting this weird problem for some reason.
List& List::operator=(const List& copyList){
if(copyList.head != nullptr){
    makeEmpty();   // clears *this from any previous nodes
    cout << "if statement " << endl;
    head = new Node; // create a new node for head
    head -> data = copyList.head -> data; // copy the first data of copylist
    Node* pnew = head; // a temp node to traverse the new linkedlist
    assert(head != nullptr);
    Node* current2 = copyList.head;
    current2 = current2 -> next;
    while(current2 != NULL && pnew != NULL){
        cout << "entering while loop " << endl;
        pnew-> next = new Node;
        pnew -> next->data = current2 ->data;
        cout << "pnew next data " << *(pnew -> next->data)  << endl;
        assert(pnew-> next != nullptr);
        pnew = pnew -> next;
        current2 = current2 -> next;
        cout << "after current2" << endl;
    }
     pnew -> next = NULL;

}else{
    cout << "else statement " << endl;
    head = nullptr;
}
cout<< "printing out copylist"<< endl << copyList << endl;
cout<< "printing current list: " << endl << *this << endl;
return *this;

}
So, this is the code I have to test the operator override:
cout << "mylist:" << endl << mylist << endl;
   cout << "mylist4:" << endl << mylist4 << endl;
   mylist = mylist4;
   cout << "mylist:" << endl;
   cout << mylist << endl;
   cout << "mylist4:" << endl;
   cout << mylist4 << endl;

This is the output:
mylist:
10 f
16 u
20 n
25 !

mylist4:
14 s
15 t
16 u
18 f
19 f
25 !

if statement
entering while loop
pnew next data 15 t

after current2
entering while loop
pnew next data 16 u

after current2
entering while loop
pnew next data 18 f

after current2
entering while loop
pnew next data 19 f

after current2
entering while loop
pnew next data 25 !

after current2
printing out copylist
14 s
15 t
16 u
18 f
19 f
25 !

printing current list:
14 s
15 t
16 u
18 f
19 f
25 !
*crashes right here*

I have been trying to figure out this problem for about 3 days. Any help would be highly appreciated. Thanks in advance!
EDIT: here are the constructor (the destructor is the default one by the compiler):
NodeData::NodeData(int n, char c)  {
    num = n; ch = c;
}

EDIT2: I found the problem after careful examination. The problem was that I did not point the last node of head, pnew after the while loop, to null. This fixed the issue. Thanks to all your support.

A: Without looking to hard at the implementation (I stopped when I spotted makeEmpty() which makes sure that the assignment operator won't be strongly exception-safe without any good reason): the easiest way to implement an assignment operator is to leverage the copy constructor, the destructor, and a generally trivial to write swap() funciton. The implementation look the same for all classes except for the class name:
T& T::operator= (T other) {
    other.swap(this);
    return *this;
}

Note, it is deliberate to pass the argument by value: this is where the value is actually happening. Compared to copying by T const& it has the advantage the actual copy can be elided in some cases.

A: You have control over your Node class, and it should support copy-construction and assignment operators either transparently or if needed by your own hand. Given that, I concur with Dietmar that utilizing the copy-ctor/swap/destructor mechanics is the ideal approach.
If you insist on doing this by-hand the following is one way to do it. Your implementation is making this much harder than it needs to be.
List& List::operator=(const List& copyList)
{
    List tmp;
    Node **dst = &tmp.head;
    const Node* src = copyList.head;
    while (src)
    {
        *dst = new Node(*src);     // invoke Node copy-ctor
        src = src->next;           // advance source
        (*dst)->next = nullptr;    // break link to original next
        dst = &(*dst)->next;       // move target to next pointer
    }

    // tmp now has a copy of the source list
    //  swap its head pointer with ours.
    std::swap(tmp.head, head);

    // upon return, the tmp object that now holds our
    //  original list will clean it up. we own the
    //  new list form this point on.
    return *this;
}

How It Works
The pointer-to-pointer dst always holds the address of the next pointer to be populated with a new node. Initially it holds the address of the local List tmp object's head pointer. . As we add nodes it is updated to always hold the address of the next pointer of the last-node-added. By doing this we get forward-chaining automatically. Once we're done copying, tmp is now a duplicate of the source. We then swap head pointer with own own. This in turn swaps who owns which list. When tmp is destroyed on function-exit it will destroy our old list with it. We keep the new list, pointed to by our head pointer.
The above assumes you're using the default copy-ctor of Node, which means making a copy will copy both the data value and the next link, the latter you do NOT want, thus the embedded link-break. If you actually implement Node::Node(const Node&) to always set the link to NULL after the copy the link-break can be eliminated. I.e., your Node copy-constructor should look something like this:
Node::Node(const Node& arg)
    : data(arg.data)
    , next()
{
}

This ensures a clean(as clean as data can be copied, anyway) copy with no accidental link to the original arg next pointer.
All of that said, Dietmar's answer is the most-correct, and I've up voted it accordingly. If this helps you, consider up-voting it, but his is easily the ideal solution.


A beautiful five bedroom house over 4 floors with private rear garden, located in an affluent residential hot-spot just moments from the shops and restaurants of Kensington High Street.
Argyll Road is moments away from the sought-after shopping of Kensington High Street, while Notting Hill's famous restaurants, bistros & boutiques are within walking distance. The location offers up numerous fashionable shops, supermarkets and stores for day to day needs, as well as the open spaces of Kensington Gardens and Holland Park.
A charming five bedroom property that offers well proportioned living space and benefiting from a private rear garden, cinema room, bright well equipped kitchen & elegant en suite bathrooms. Please note, the owner's housekeeper lives in the property in a private annex, off the kitchen. She is available to show you around the home and assist you with minor housekeeping services.
The raised ground floor sprawling entrance leads directly into the stunning reception room, with comfortable sofa & armchairs opposite the working log fireplace, glass coffee table, and a large LCD TV.
This fabulous eat-in kitchen is the heart of the home and leads out to the rear private patio garden. Here there is a dining table and chairs to seat up to 8 people.
The stunning master-bedroom is beautifully furnished with walk in wardrobes, beautiful marble en-suite shower and separate stand alone bath. The bed is king size; 195cm x 205cm. The second floor offers a twin room with twin beds; 90cm x 190cm, and one double bedroom next door with double bed 150cm x 200cm. Both rooms share the adjacent bathroom. The comfortable third floor double bedroom with adjacent shower room, has a double bed; 150cm x 200cm. This floor also provides a fantastic cinema room complete with luxurious L-shaped couch, a film projector lights and a large LCD TV.
The sprawling master bathroom has it all; marble stand alone power shower, bath, twin basins, all in lush surroundings. The second floor bathroom has a bath, hand held shower unit, wash basin and a loo. There is a further shower room on the top floor with power shower, wash basin and a loo.
High Street Kensington tube is 5 minutes walking. Kensington to Oxford Circus takes less than twenty minutes. Easy access to the A4 for the M4 and Heathrow.
This home was amazing! We very much enjoyed our visit to London, and staying in this home was the icing on the cake. Beautiful home, wonderful location! Working with Home from Home was fantastic. All our questions and concerns were addressed immediately and accommodated all our needs. We will absolute use this service again!
Comfortable beds, loved the house, loved the location, we had an overall great experience.
The "let-in" to the property from HFH was very organised. We were very happy and satisfied with all aspect of the property. Its beautiful, very well designed, comfortable and would recommend it to others.
Absolutely stunning house for a big family and fantastic location. We visited Kensington Palace, Hyde Park and Portobello Road and many more attractions that are situated nearby.
We were aware that the housekeeper was staying in the property in her private place so it did not bother us. Actually, we found it helpful that we were able to ask her questions rather than starting to call the office if we were not sure how to operate the appliences etc. Overall great stay!
Well furnished, clean and neatly laid out. It was quiet which is unusual for a big city, and was located near convenient transport links.
Hfh was really responsive and helpful in the lead up to the stay, and very welcoming when we arrived. The house is absolutely gorgeous, with everything you could wish for! The location is really central too. We had a fantastic stay.
It was great having a comfortable, clean and stylish home to come home to after a day of exploring. Perfect location to walk to great coffee and restaurants and an easy uber to anywhere!
Great Accommodation. Home from Home were very quick to respond to all of our questions, the emergency phone is an excellent idea and sets this company apart! This place is amazing for groups of friends or families. Location ideal too.


text:
PartyNextDoor Announces the "Summer's Over Tour" with Jeremih
The R&B artist, PartyNextDoor, has announced a North American tour with Jeremih, called the "Summer's Over Tour," for November and December. PartyNextDoor will be touring in support of his second album, PARTYNEXTDOOR 3 (P3). You can check out the dates, details and poster,…
Oct 4, 2016 1 min read
J. Cole Announces Third Leg For "Forest Hills Drive Tour"
The hip hop artist, J. Cole, has announced the third leg of his "Forest Hills Drive Tour," for this summer. The tour will be hitting cities around North America. Big Sean, YG, Jeremih, Bas, Cozz and Omen will also be…
French Montana and Jeremih Announces the "Set It Off Tour"
The hip hop artist, French Montana, has announced that he will be headlining the "Set It Off Tour," with Jeremih, in the U.S. this December. You can check out the dates and details, after the break.


If you've never had curry chicken then now is the time to change that! I love curry chicken—it's a West Indian favorite. By best friend is from Trinidad and Tobago and I've been eating Grandma Lorna's curry for years! Below is my twist on a household favorite. Feel free to try it and tweak it… careful, this is a spicy one!
– Chicken thighs and drumsticks (depending on the meat market, they may sell packs of chicken labeled "chicken for curry stew." If not, a diced whole chicken or mixed back with thighs and drumsticks will do) I always cook about 2lbs of chicken.
Clean your chicken with water, vinegar and lime juice (1 lime) removing the skin from the chicken thighs and place chicken in a mixing bowl.
Dice one onion, one whole head of garlic, and bonnet pepper. Add it to your mixing bowl. **careful with the bonnet pepper. It's EXTREMELY spicy. Use pre-made Trinidadian pepper sauce if you have it, cayenne pepper, or your favorite hot sauce.
In a medium sauce pan heat oil.
Stir and taste your broth—add more salt if needed.
Continue to simmer until the chicken is fully cooked (A good way to tell is if the meat is falling off the bones and if the juices flowing from the chicken are clear).


12. How we gave a halo a lot more meaning. The engagement of Luke and Beth.
I met Luke when a girlfriend and I accidentally crashed a birthday party at a bar in our neighborhood. Our intent had been to go upstairs to look at the small art gallery there. When we decided to take a breather outside on the balcony, we met Luke and Beth. We started talking about engagement rings and, fast forward a month or so. Luke and I had been meeting to try to come up with a concept for an engagement ring to surprise her. We reached out to some friends to get their thoughts when we got wind that she actually had a secret Pinterest board full of wedding ideas. She was more of a traditional girl than we had expected and liked the idea of a halo. So.... How to give a piece like a halo more of a story that spoke of her? We tried to look at some of the moments in her life where there were earth shattering epiphanies. A connection to something bigger and a 12 step program were the events that came to mind. We chose white and black diamonds to be tangible expressions of this.
According to numerology 12 is a number which represents the completed cycle of experience. This person has opened to the possibility of an evolution toward a higher consciousness and has acquired an unusual inner strength. They may have old habits which need to be viewed and addressed and may work hard to reverse negative thought patterns in order to transform them into a positive. 12 represents the educational process on all levels. A halo of 12 diamonds surrounds the center stone and sits a top the band to serve as a reminder to chose to live in the light.
There's also this idea of balance which winds through many different schools of thought. The overarching notion that two opposites can co-exist in harmony and transmute into one another. Balance takes the form of many subject matters. Light and dark, active and passive, male or female to name a few. It is the belief that contrast is needed in order to create a distinguishable reality. You cannot know one without the other. These opposite forces don't have to drive one another apart, they can be complimentary. Acknowledging that both exist can, in fact, give rise to a more level way of being. Not the denial of the dark (represented by a hidden black diamond on the inside of the band) but instead, choosing to acknowledge all facets, and still find the joy, laughter, and light in everyday. An acceptance of the entire experience and as such, choosing to live 'whole'.
Engraving on the inside serves as a suggestion to live "One day at a time."
Congratulations Luke and Beth! Cheers to a wonderful life together!


text:
Q: sinf() and cosf() in iOS app
Possible Duplicate:
Why doesn't sin() return the correct value here?

I am building an app which will perform math operations like sine (sinf()) and cosine (cost()) on floats. Now when I tried calculating the sinus on 90 (which is 1), I got a result of 0.89... which is trebly wrong. Is there a reason why the result is so off? is there a way to improve it? I have tried using double instead of float and got the same answer... Is it possible it's only like than when I run it in the simulator, and will work fine on a real iPhone?
And lastly, will using a math parser like GCMathParser or  DDMathParser improve there accuracy of the results?
Thanks, :]

A: The problem is, it's taking the sine of 90 radians, not degrees. Try sin(M_PI_2) for 90°
The functions use radians, not degrees.
To convert degrees to radians use degrees * π / 180, so you can do something like sin( 90 * M_PI / 180 ) which reduces to π / 2 or M_PI_2
Why doesn't sin() return the correct value?

A: As always: these functions work in radians, not degrees.
Try calculating the sine of π/2, which is 90° in radians.

A: The sinf and cosf functions use radians. You have to convert first:
float result = sinf(yourDegree / 180 * M_PI);

A: The trig functions in objective-c take angles in radians. You are giving the argument in degrees. the sin of 90 radians is 0.89.
see:
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=sin%2890+rad%29
To convert to degrees, simply divide the # of degrees by 180, and multiply by pi (3.14159 is good enough as an approximation)
once converted, the answer is 1 as expected.
http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=sin%2890*pi%2F180+rad%29


text:
Jewish Practice Jewish Holidays Lag BaOmer Insights
Why a Jew Must Be On Fire
Lag BaOmer, Bonfires, & the Secrets of the Kabbalah
By Tzvi Freeman
There's an eerie likeness between a living soul and a raging fire.
Both, even while tamed, remain unpredictable. Both are insatiable. And both are driven to consume their very existence—the fire into oblivion, the soul to return to its origin Above.
So that a Jew that is not afire can hardly be said to be alive.Fire is who we are, and why we are here: To set the world aflame. Fire is who we are, and why we are here: To set the world aflame.
Could we have survived these past four millennia if we were not burning as a torch within?
Can we survive the tsunami of this era of rapid change if we have no timeless, inextinguishable fire?
Can we expect our children to carry the torch if they themselves are not aflame? Can a Jew who is not aflame be all that a Jew is meant to be in any time, in any place?
Can a Jew change the world rather than run from it, if not powered by a raging fire?
Where does the fire lie?
It lies dormant, within.
How do we ignite it?
We don't ignite it from the hands and feet. If we tell a Jew what a Jew is supposed to do, the Jew may do it. But the fire will remain quiet, within. It cannot last. Nothing more but embers.
We don't ignite it from the head. If we give the Jew reasons for those things a Jew does, so that it all makes sense and everything sits neatly and soundly in place, we have yet to fan the flames of that fire.
Yet the world about us continues to burn with a thousand raging fires, each calling out in its own manic voice, more forceful, more driven than any sense or reason. If the Jew does not find that inner fire, another fire will take its place.
We don't ignite it from the heart. If we inspire the Jew with stories and by example, with our history and our pride, with song and lyrics that pick up the soul and inspire; even if we speak with those words the sages call "words that conquer the heart"—we have conquered,Ignite the Jew—not from the hands, not from the head, not from the heart—but from the spark within. but we have not empowered. We have warmed up the Jew, but we have yet to set the Jew afire.
We must ignite it from within.
Because even as the Jew lies like a stump of wood in the coldest, dampest swamp, even amidst the deepest, darkest mud, a Jew can burst into flames.
Because deep within the Jew, waiting to ignite, hides a secret spark. And deep within the Torah, awaiting its release, hides a secret wisdom.
Secrets whisper to secrets and awaken one another from their slumber. A spark within resonates, and cries out, "Yes, those are the words of my soul! Those are the words I was always struggling to speak, but could not find nor articulate! Those are the words that are me!"
The Jew bursts aflame.
Paradise and the Mule
The Torah, say the sages, has its own taxonomy. It consists of four layers.
The simple meaning of Torah is called p'shat. This is what every JewWhat is a paradise without secrets? must know, so that a Jew will do what a Jew must do.
Then there are explanations and meanings of the Torah, not always spelled out clearly. These meanings are accessed through remez, meaning hints, or allusions.
Then there are yet deeper meanings for which one must search, meanings that inspire the heart and lift the spirits. This layer is called drush.
Beyond them all is the layer of sod—the secrets of the Torah. True secrets—because even if they would be announced to all and sundry, they would remain secrets. They are closed and locked, accessible only to those whose soul already rings with the message they carry.
Together, the first letter of each of these levels spells out PRDS פרדס—the Hebrew equivalent for paradise, an orchard of beautiful trees, succulent fruits and songful birds. Together, you have a complete Torah.
But leave out the last letter—the letter of sod (secrets), and you have PRD פרד. In Hebrew, that is a mule, a cross between a horse and a donkey, an animal that is incapable of producing offspring.
Certainly, the secrets of Torah on their own are insufficient. A flame without oil and a wick is a fleeting mirage.
But without those secrets, the soul cannot progenerate. The Jew may be a good Jew. A G‑d fearing Jew. A Jew with many good deeds and much Torah.What is a soul without mystery? But can this Jew set the world aflame? Can this Jew set the next generation aflame? Can this Jew endure the flames about him, awaiting to consume him?
For this, there must be secrets. The transcendent. The mysterious and unknowable. Secrets that speak to the transcendent, mysterious and unknowable core of the soul.
The History of Fire and Jews
How can we teach secrets to every Jew?
For thousands of years, the secrets were the property of an elect few. For thousands of years, the secrets were for the elect few. Today, they are a necessity for each of us.There was an Abraham, an Isaac, a Jacob, a Moses. They were on fire and all were kept alight by their presence.
There were prophets who sat on the hilltops of Judea and in the caverns of the Negev, and contemplated the divine and taught their secrets to their initiates.
There were sages following them, Rabbi Yonatan ben Uziel who burned with such a fire while he learned that they say a bird flying overhead would be roasted in midair. Rabbi Akiva, who entered Paradise and returned, while his companions were consumed in the light.
Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai who, in his later years, was surrounded by a fire so that only his closest disciples could approach him. On the day of his passing, his entire house was surrounded by fire, as he taught the deepest wisdom of the hidden knowledge. That is why we light bonfires on Lag BaOmer, the anniversary of that day of passing. We yearn for his fire.
Much later were the Kabbalists of Tzfat, whose fiery teachings reinvigorated a generation wearied and broken by the calamity of the Spanish expulsion. Among them was the Ari Hakadosh—"the Holy Lion"—Rabbi Isaac Luria, whose teachings of tikun spread like wildfire from the Holy Land throughout Europe and the Arabic lands.
Yet, all along, the secrets were only for scholars, for those whose souls were complete and prepared to contain the light. Leaked elsewhere, the depth of the rich metaphor in which they were wrapped was lost. They were fire in the hands of those who did not know how to harness fire. Fire, when harnessed, provides great power. Unharnessed, it will consume and carry a soul away from this world.
Until, in the fifth century of the sixth millennium of the Hebrew calendar—the dawn of the eve of the cosmic Shabbat according to Talmudic tradition—Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov began to apply the innermost secrets of the Torah to the lives of the common Jew.
The Baal Shem TovThe Baal Shem Tov had extracted that fire's very essence, and that essence was the property of every soul. and his disciples found the words, the stories, the wrapping needed to transport the deepest secrets outward and inward into every heart. They were able to harness the fire because the Baal Shem Tov had extracted its very essence, and that essence was the property of every soul.
Ordinary, simple Jews began to dance and sing with love and joy for their G‑d, for their Torah, and for their love of one another. Souls were set afire.
The Baal Shem Tov's Secret
What was the Baal Shem Tov's secret?
He didn't tell the Jew of a reward awaiting a soul in heaven.
He didn't explain how acting as a Jew would be beneficial to all.
He didn't prove the existence of G‑d, or G‑d's oneness, or the authenticity of Torah or Jewish tradition.
The Baal Shem Tov told the Jew, "Wherever you may stray, however you are, in whatever you may see or hear, there is your G‑d."
He spoke of a love that transcends all loves, the love of a parent to an only child born in later years, and yet deeper, so that there could be no fissure that could break this love, no abyss in which to escape it, no darkness in which this love could not shine.
The Baal Shem Tov told the Jew, "Hear O Israel! This is your G‑d! You and your G‑d are one!""Hear O Israel! This is your G‑d! You and your G‑d are one!"
And the Jew said, "Yes. That is the love I know within my heart. That is the G‑d that breathes within me. These are the secrets of my soul speaking to me."
Once its secrets had found their way out, the soul was open to hear more and yet more. The flames ran their course through the veins of the Jew, into every word of Torah studied, every word of prayer uttered, every mitzvah performed, every interaction with every other soul, and with everything in which the Jew could find the infinite light, the eternal fire of G‑d.
Today, there is no alternative. Every Jew must be set aflame. We must find the spark within even a heart of cold, wet stone. As a nuclear reactor harnesses the energy of the atom and puts it to good use, we must ignite the infinite power of the soul and direct it to infinite good.
And we will ignite the entire world in the same way, so that it too knows that it is one with G‑d.
Tzvi Freeman is the author of Bringing Heaven Down to Earth and more recently Wisdom to Heal the Earth. Subscribe to The Daily Dose of Wisdom and Freeman Files for regular updates.
More from Tzvi Freeman | RSS
Kabbalah of the Bow and Arrow
The Practical Implications of Infinity
Driven to Distraction
Kabbalah Defined
The Fragility of Life
Escaping a Fire
Festive Elements
The Sukkot water libations quench the thirst caused by judgment.
Fighting Fire With Fire
Oil, Wick, Vessel, Flame
Chris Australia May 15, 2017
Rabbi Tzvi Freeman
Is it only spirit it seems can appreciate empathy? The likeness between fire and spirit both require care and respect which is always due them. Truly wonderful article. Shalom. Reply
What an illuminance? What an inspiration.
I feel the fire. Todah rabah Rabbi Freeman. Reply
Vivienne May 13, 2017
Todah rabah Rabbi Freeman,
I ditto what Chaya stated and what Ann also concurred. Your words of wisdom and expression of thought are indeed a blessing to us all. Reply
Sara USA May 13, 2017
Ann and Chaya, below, and the other commenters, speak for me regarding this wonderful article and author, Rabbi Tzvi Freeman! What a gift! Thank you! Reply
Leah England May 12, 2017
Thanks. You write so beautifully and you explain the concepts of Kabbalah in a way that inspires me! Reply
Debra May 12, 2017
The greatest sod leads one back to the p'shat in cycles of wonder. Love, in all its depth, breadth, and infinities, is simple. Thank you Tzvi for your beautiful writings filled with Light and Love! Hag Sameach! Reply
ann canada May 9, 2017
Of course something written so beautifully and brilliantly had to have come from the desk of Rabbi Tzvi Freeman. Todah rabah Rabbi Tzvi, you are a true light--and it was good to see you on Sal and Nina's show. Reply
Wow!!!! Thank you! You explained so many things so clealrly. Like,' Why are the secrets of the Torah called secrets if we study them?' and ' Why is it essential to learn Chassidus, is one's service of Hashem really lacking without it? Reply
Anonymous AUD May 8, 2017
Divine Light So, if I see UV starbursts on chrome cars and glass windows, concentric circular rainbows around night street lights and even the moon, streams of sunlight lines in radiant precision on filtered sunlight through trees, all beautiful, I believe I have this light.... within my soul. Reply
Wow--It does seem to appear that way, as those encounters are /can be so uplifting! Thank you for pointing this out! Reply
Chaya USA May 8, 2017
Toda Raba Rabbi Freeman. I have loved the Ba'al Shem Tov since I first read about him. You opened his words up in a new way for me that makes my life easier. Keep spreading your wonderful way of expressing things. You are making a bigger difference in peoples lives than you know. Shalom. Reply
in response to Chaya:
Chaya, you took the words out of my mouth. I so agree with you. Reply
What Is Lag BaOmer?
Audio Classes
Lag BaOmer Parades with the Rebbe
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Akiba's Disciples (7)
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Simeon ben Yohai, Rabbi (46)
Kabbalah & Chassidism (2723)
Lag BaOmer (112)