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Digital Life is the digital marketing agency. We make for a brand to increase brand awareness to the customer with high efficiency in shortest time.
An epic Digital Marketing Agency helping businesses launch their way into the future.
Creative Digital Marketing Agency in Myanmar, based in Capital Yangon and We do 360° Digital Marketing services.
Digital Advertising Agency Specialised in PROFITABLE FUNNELS that CONVERT!! Strategically using Facebook/Instagram Ads, and RE-TARGETING!
Doubletap est une agence de production digitale.


On October 3, 2018, the lecturers and students of the Master of Business Administration in Professional Football Management at the College of Innovation and Management visited SCG Muang Thong United FC at Amphoe Pak Kret, Nonthaburi Province. They were led by Dr. Nutkijphut Homvijitkul and Dr. Surachet Suchaiya. The visit lasted from 14.00-22.00 and aimed to benefit the students by increasing their understanding of theoretical concepts and practical application.


text:
Home » Locations » Northern Suburbs » John & Gina's Wedding / Charlie & Robbo's Funerals
John & Gina's Wedding / Charlie & Robbo's Funerals
In the 2010 season finale, the residents of Summer Bay gathered for the wedding of Bianca Scott to Italian prince Vittorio Seca. It proved to be one of Summer Bay's more dramatic weddings, when Bianca faltered during her vows before eventually saying "I don't". Bianca ran into the arms of Liam Murphy who swiftly whisked her away on his motorbike, to the relief of Bianca's sister April. The day was not wasted though, when Gina Austin told John Palmer to announce that they would instead be getting married, much to the shock of the congregation (and John himself). The drama continued to unfold when, after the ceremony, April was forcibly removed from the celebrations by her angry mother Joanna, who announced she was taking her back to Europe, and Alf Stewart found himself arrested for the suspected murder of Penn Graham.
The filming location was not the usual Summer Bay church, but the St Peter Peter Chanel catholic church in the Northern Sydney suburb of Hunters Hill, around 3.5 miles NW of Sydney's CBD.
The church was revisited just over a year later for the funeral service of Sergeant Charlie Buckton in the opening week of the 2012 season.
EIght years later the church was featured prominently in the second week of the 2020 season, when another police funeral took place for Ryan 'Robbo' Shaw.
St Peter Chanel Church
Futuna Street
Hunters Hill NSW 2110

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: MongoDB c# query subdocument I have a mongodb document, such as
"_id" : ObjectId("565e6c9b10bcd93ca8d1206c"),
"listHeader" : [
{
        "strName" : "MSID",
        "strVal" : "154800"
},
{
        "strName" : "Operation",
        "strVal" : "8221"
},

}
I want to query MSID =154800 and Operation =8221,
How to do in C#???
I had
var queryMod = Query.And(
Query<ModuleTestData>.EQ(e =>e.MSID , strSerialNumber),
Query<ModuleTestData>.EQ(e => "listHeader.Operation",
             operation));

Not working? Any suggestions?

A: Use regular expressions matching as below. The 'i' shows case insensitivity.
var collections = mongoDatabase.GetCollection("Abcd");
var queryA = Query.And(
         Query.Matches("strName", new BsonRegularExpression("MSID", "i")),
         Query.Matches("strVal", new BsonRegularExpression("154800", "i")));

var queryB = Query.And(
       Query.Matches("strName", new BsonRegularExpression("Operation","i")),
       Query.Matches("strVal", new BsonRegularExpression("8221", "i")));

var getA = collections.Find(queryA);
var getB = collections.Find(queryB);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Documenting Open Babel is an important and ongoing task. As an open source project, code must be documented, both for other developers to use the API and for others to follow your code. This includes clear documentation on the interfaces of particular classes and methods (that is, the API documentation) but also tutorials and examples of using the Open Babel library to accomplish clear tasks.
Beyond the documentation described above, as an open-source project involving many, many contributors, the internal code should be clearly commented and easy to read (in English, preferably, since this is the common language of developers on the project).
The golden rule is write the documentation, then code to the specs.
You should never, ever start writing code unless you've specified, clearly and exactly, what your code will do. This makes life easier for you (i.e., you know exactly what the code should do), and for others reading your code.
This mantra also facilitates writing tests (see Testing the Code).
When modifying old code, please take a little time to improve the documentation of the function.
Take OBAtom::SetAtomicNum() - should be "obvious", right? Wrong.
Does it affect the charge?
What happens if I do SetHybridization(3) and then SetAtomicNum(1)?
Does the molecule have to be in the modify state?
If the molecule is not in the modify state, is it put into the modify state by SetAtomicNum()?
Does SetAtomicNum() cause a recomputation of aromaticity?
The ChangeLog file is used to maintain an abbreviated history of changes to the code by all users. Please add a ChangeLog entry to any patch and make sure to keep it up to date as you commit changes to the source code. The format should be mostly self-explanatory.
There's no point spending time adding new features to Open Babel unless you describe how to use them and give examples. The best place to do this is in the user documentation...which you're reading right now.
This documentation is automatically generated from text files in a simple markup language (reStructuredText) using the Sphinx documentation system. This allows us to generate web pages, PDF files, and even ePub eBooks all from the same source (which is currently maintained at BitBucket).
If you notice any errors or feel like adding a section, please let us know at openbabel-devel.


PRESTONE®, a leading innovator of cutting-edge coolants, brake fluid, and motor oils, announced today the launch of its Prestone Roadside Assistance program in time for the Holy Week from April 17 to 21.
Prestone booths will offer brake fluid efficiency testing to motorists and administer free top-ups to ensure the safety of drivers with B.L.O.W.B.A.G.E.T.S, a preventive routine that inspects the level of coolants in engines while checking the system for leaks or other issues.
"While the B.L.O.W.B.A.G.E.T.S. procedure helps drivers assess the status of their vehicles, we believe that one aspect can be improved. Instead of checking the water in your radiator, focusing on effective coolants is a key measure to prevent overheating, especially now that we experience El Niño. So for worry-free driving, we invite drivers to drop by our Prestone B.L.O.W.B.A.G.E.T.S. booths during our road assistance," said Monique Gonzales, brand manager of Prestone.
Previous articleHyundai "rocks: the 15th MIAS with the new Palisades and Kona EV.


…I have been long in forming my opinion of the Cultural Arts District and the 9th Street Corridor. When the pros and cons of the issue are laid across a scale, I find myself on the side of favor. I am in support of the Cultural Arts District and 9th Street Corridor in East Lawrence. I am excited at the prospect of renewal and repair that the Cultural District designation dollars can bring. I want new sidewalks and safer lighting and renovated limestone curbs and bricks in my streets. I want the businesses in my neighborhood to thrive and prosper and have the funds to reinvest in my community. I want an economic base that can support an East Lawrence or Downtown grocery store. I want my daughters to grow up in a vibrant, thriving neighborhood that supports the arts and creativity. I am personally invested in positive outcomes for the Cultural Arts District.
You can— no, make that should— read this essay in its entirety by clicking here. Pass it along. Who knows? Maybe it'll inspire someone (else) in our fair burgh/city to speak up?
He isn't in the employ and never was. He volunteered with DDDB about 9 years ago and helped them find their great lawyer Matt Brinckerhoff – but he's not done anything with them for about 7 years.
"About" seven years ago Mr. Perlumutter signed off on the by-laws of Open Space Alliance North Brooklyn.
Note the "Treasurer". It is none other than Steve "Brooklyn Beer/I loves me some Atlantic Yards" Hindy himself.


text:
#include    <stdio.h>
#include    <ctype.h>
#include    "cppdef.h"
#include    "cpp.h"

#ifdef _AMIGA
#include <proto/dos.h>
#endif

FILE_LOCAL void dump_line(struct Global *, int *);
FILE_LOCAL ReturnCode doif(struct Global *, int);
INLINE FILE_LOCAL ReturnCode doinclude(struct Global *);
INLINE FILE_LOCAL int hasdirectory(char *, char *);

/*
 * Generate (by hand-inspection) a set of unique values for each control
 * operator.  Note that this is not guaranteed to work for non-Ascii
 * machines.  CPP won't compile if there are hash conflicts.
 */

#define L_assert    ('a' + ('s' << 1))
#define L_define    ('d' + ('f' << 1))
#define L_elif      ('e' + ('i' << 1))
#define L_else      ('e' + ('s' << 1))
#define L_endif     ('e' + ('d' << 1))
#define L_error     ('e' + ('r' << 1))
#define L_if        ('i' + (EOS << 1))
#define L_ifdef     ('i' + ('d' << 1))
#define L_ifndef    ('i' + ('n' << 1))
#define L_include   ('i' + ('c' << 1))
#define L_line      ('l' + ('n' << 1))
#define L_nogood    (EOS + (EOS << 1))      /* To catch #i          */
#define L_pragma    ('p' + ('a' << 1))
#define L_undef     ('u' + ('d' << 1))

ReturnCode control( struct Global *global,
    int *counter )  /* Pending newline counter */
{
    /*
     * Process #control lines.  Simple commands are processed inline,
     * while complex commands have their own subroutines.
     *
     * The counter is used to force out a newline before #line, and
     * #pragma commands.  This prevents these commands from ending up at
     * the end of the previous line if cpp is invoked with the -C option.
     */

    int c;
    char *tp;
    int hash;
    char *ep;
    ReturnCode ret;

    c = skipws( global );

    if( c == '\n' || c == EOF_CHAR )
        {
        (*counter)++;

        return(FPP_OK);
        }

    if( !isdigit(c) )
        scanid( global, c );                  /* Get #word to tokenbuf        */
    else
        {
        unget( global );                    /* Hack -- allow #123 as a      */

        strcpy( global->tokenbuf, "line" );   /* synonym for #line 123        */
        }

    hash = (global->tokenbuf[1] == EOS) ? L_nogood : (global->tokenbuf[0] + (global->tokenbuf[2] << 1));

    switch( hash )
        {
        case L_assert:
            tp = "assert";
            break;
        case L_define:
            tp = "define";
            break;
        case L_elif:
            tp = "elif";
            break;
        case L_else:
            tp = "else";
            break;
        case L_endif:
            tp = "endif";
            break;
        case L_error:
            tp = "error";
            break;
        case L_if:
            tp = "if";
            break;
        case L_ifdef:
            tp = "ifdef";
            break;
        case L_ifndef:
            tp = "ifndef";
            break;
        case L_include:
            tp = "include";
            break;
        case L_line:
            tp = "line";
            break;
        case L_pragma:
            tp = "pragma";
            break;
        case L_undef:
            tp = "undef";
            break;
        default:
            hash = L_nogood;
        case L_nogood:
            tp = "";
            break;
        }

    if( !streq( tp, global->tokenbuf ) )
        hash = L_nogood;

    /*
     * hash is set to a unique value corresponding to the
     * control keyword (or L_nogood if we think it's nonsense).
     */
    if( global->infile->fp == NULL )
        cwarn( global, WARN_CONTROL_LINE_IN_MACRO, global->tokenbuf );

    if( !compiling )
        {                       /* Not compiling now    */
        switch( hash )
            {
            case L_if:              /* These can't turn     */
            case L_ifdef:           /*  compilation on, but */
            case L_ifndef:          /*   we must nest #if's */
                if( ++global->ifptr >= &global->ifstack[BLK_NEST] )
                    {
                    cfatal( global, FATAL_TOO_MANY_NESTINGS, global->tokenbuf );

                    return( FPP_TOO_MANY_NESTED_STATEMENTS );
                    }

                *global->ifptr = 0;       /* !WAS_COMPILING   */

            case L_line:            /* Many         */
                /*
                 * Are pragma's always processed?
                 */
            case L_pragma:          /*  options     */
            case L_include:         /*   are uninteresting  */
            case L_define:          /*    if we     */
            case L_undef:           /*     aren't           */
            case L_assert:          /*  compiling.  */
            case L_error:
                dump_line( global, counter );       /* Ignore rest of line  */
                return(FPP_OK);
            }
        }
    /*
     * Make sure that #line and #pragma are output on a fresh line.
     */
    if( *counter > 0 && (hash == L_line || hash == L_pragma) )
        {
        Putchar( global, '\n' );

        (*counter)--;
        }

    switch( hash )
        {
        case L_line:
            /*
             * Parse the line to update the line number and "progname"
             * field and line number for the next input line.
             * Set wrongline to force it out later.
             */
            c = skipws( global );

            global->workp = global->work;       /* Save name in work    */

            while( c != '\n' && c != EOF_CHAR )
                {
                if( ret = save( global, c ) )
                    return(ret);

                c = get( global );
                }

            unget( global );

            if( ret = save( global, EOS ) )
                return(ret);

            /*
             * Split #line argument into <line-number> and <name>
             * We subtract 1 as we want the number of the next line.
             */
            global->line = atoi(global->work) - 1;     /* Reset line number    */

            for( tp = global->work; isdigit(*tp) || type[*tp] == SPA; tp++)
                ;             /* Skip over digits */

            if( *tp != EOS )
                {
                /* Got a filename, so:  */

                if( *tp == '"' && (ep = strrchr(tp + 1, '"')) != NULL )
                    {
                    tp++;           /* Skip over left quote */

                    *ep = EOS;      /* And ignore right one */
                    }

                if( global->infile->progname != NULL )
                    /* Give up the old name if it's allocated.   */
                    free( global->infile->progname );

                global->infile->progname = savestring( global, tp );
                }

            global->wrongline = TRUE;           /* Force output later   */
            break;

        case L_include:
            ret = doinclude( global );
            if( ret )
                return(ret);
            break;

        case L_define:
            ret = dodefine( global );
            if( ret )
                return(ret);
            break;

        case L_undef:
            doundef( global );
            break;

        case L_else:
            if( global->ifptr == &global->ifstack[0] )
                {
                cerror( global, ERROR_STRING_MUST_BE_IF, global->tokenbuf );

                dump_line( global, counter );

                return( FPP_OK );
                }
            else if( (*global->ifptr & ELSE_SEEN) != 0 )
                {
                cerror( global, ERROR_STRING_MAY_NOT_FOLLOW_ELSE, global->tokenbuf );

                dump_line( global, counter );

                return( FPP_OK );
                }

            *global->ifptr |= ELSE_SEEN;

            if( (*global->ifptr & WAS_COMPILING) != 0 )
                {
                if( compiling || (*global->ifptr & TRUE_SEEN) != 0 )
                    compiling = FALSE;
                else
                    {
                    compiling = TRUE;
                    }
                }
            break;

        case L_elif:
            if( global->ifptr == &global->ifstack[0] )
                {
                cerror( global, ERROR_STRING_MUST_BE_IF, global->tokenbuf );

                dump_line( global, counter );

                return( FPP_OK );
                }
            else if( (*global->ifptr & ELSE_SEEN) != 0 )
                {
                cerror( global, ERROR_STRING_MAY_NOT_FOLLOW_ELSE, global->tokenbuf );

                dump_line( global, counter );

                return( FPP_OK );
                }

            if( (*global->ifptr & (WAS_COMPILING | TRUE_SEEN)) != WAS_COMPILING )
                {
                compiling = FALSE;        /* Done compiling stuff */

                dump_line( global, counter );   /* Skip this clause */

                return( FPP_OK );
                }

            ret = doif( global, L_if );

            if( ret )
                return(ret);

            break;

        case L_error:
            cerror(global, ERROR_ERROR);
            break;

        case L_if:
        case L_ifdef:
        case L_ifndef:
            if( ++global->ifptr < &global->ifstack[BLK_NEST] )
                {
                *global->ifptr = WAS_COMPILING;

                ret = doif( global, hash );

                if( ret )
                    return(ret);

                break;
                }

            cfatal( global, FATAL_TOO_MANY_NESTINGS, global->tokenbuf );

            return( FPP_TOO_MANY_NESTED_STATEMENTS );

        case L_endif:
            if( global->ifptr == &global->ifstack[0] )
                {
                cerror( global, ERROR_STRING_MUST_BE_IF, global->tokenbuf );

                dump_line( global, counter );

                return(FPP_OK);
                }

            if( !compiling && (*global->ifptr & WAS_COMPILING) != 0 )
                global->wrongline = TRUE;

            compiling = ((*global->ifptr & WAS_COMPILING) != 0);

            --global->ifptr;

            break;

        case L_assert:
            {
            int result;

            ret = eval( global, &result );

            if(ret)
                return(ret);

            if( result == 0 )
                cerror( global, ERROR_PREPROC_FAILURE );
            }
            break;

        case L_pragma:
            /*
             * #pragma is provided to pass "options" to later
             * passes of the compiler.  cpp doesn't have any yet.
             */
            Putstring( global, "#pragma " );

            while( (c = get( global ) ) != '\n' && c != EOF_CHAR )
                Putchar( global, c );

            unget( global );

            Putchar( global, '\n' );

            break;

        default:
            /*
             * Undefined #control keyword.
             * Note: the correct behavior may be to warn and
             * pass the line to a subsequent compiler pass.
             * This would allow #asm or similar extensions.
             */
            if( global->warnillegalcpp )
                cwarn( global, WARN_ILLEGAL_COMMAND, global->tokenbuf );

            Putchar( global, '#' );
            Putstring( global, global->tokenbuf );
            Putchar( global, ' ' );

            while( (c = get( global ) ) != '\n' && c != EOF_CHAR )
                Putchar( global, c );

            unget( global );

            Putchar( global, '\n' );

            break;
        }

    if( hash != L_include )
        {
        #if OLD_PREPROCESSOR
        /*
         * Ignore the rest of the #control line so you can write
         *      #if foo
         *      #endif  foo
         */
        dump_line( global, counter );         /* Take common exit */

        return( FPP_OK );
        #else
        if( skipws( global ) != '\n' )
            {
            cwarn( global, WARN_UNEXPECTED_TEXT_IGNORED );

            skipnl( global );
            }
        #endif
        }

    (*counter)++;

    return( FPP_OK );
}

FILE_LOCAL
void dump_line(struct Global *global, int *counter)
{
    skipnl( global );         /* Ignore rest of line  */

    (*counter)++;
}

FILE_LOCAL
ReturnCode doif(struct Global *global, int hash)
{
    /*
     * Process an #if, #ifdef, or #ifndef. The latter two are straightforward,
     * while #if needs a subroutine of its own to evaluate the expression.
     *
     * doif() is called only if compiling is TRUE.  If false, compilation
     * is always supressed, so we don't need to evaluate anything.  This
     * supresses unnecessary warnings.
     */

    int c;
    int found;
    ReturnCode ret;

    if( (c = skipws( global ) ) == '\n' || c == EOF_CHAR )
        {
        unget( global );

        cerror( global, ERROR_MISSING_ARGUMENT );

        #if !OLD_PREPROCESSOR
        skipnl( global );               /* Prevent an extra     */

        unget( global );                /* Error message        */
        #endif

        return(FPP_OK);
        }

    if( hash == L_if )
        {
        unget( global );

        ret = eval( global, &found );

        if( ret )
            return( ret );

        found = (found != 0);     /* Evaluate expr, != 0 is  TRUE */

        hash = L_ifdef;       /* #if is now like #ifdef */
        }
    else
        {
        if( type[c] != LET )
            {         /* Next non-blank isn't letter  */
                          /* ... is an error          */
            cerror( global, ERROR_MISSING_ARGUMENT );

            #if !OLD_PREPROCESSOR
            skipnl( global );             /* Prevent an extra     */

            unget( global );              /* Error message        */
            #endif

            return(FPP_OK);
            }

        found = ( lookid( global, c ) != NULL ); /* Look for it in symbol table */
        }

    if( found == (hash == L_ifdef) )
        {
        compiling = TRUE;

        *global->ifptr |= TRUE_SEEN;
        }
    else
        compiling = FALSE;

    return(FPP_OK);
}

INLINE FILE_LOCAL
ReturnCode doinclude( struct Global *global )
{
    /*
     *  Process the #include control line.
     *  There are three variations:
     *
     *      #include "file" search somewhere relative to the
     *                      current source file, if not found,
     *                      treat as #include <file>.
     *
     *      #include <file> Search in an implementation-dependent
     *                      list of places.
     *
     *      #include token  Expand the token, it must be one of
     *                      "file" or <file>, process as such.
     *
     *  Note:   the November 12 draft forbids '>' in the #include <file> format.
     *          This restriction is unnecessary and not implemented.
     */

    int c;
    int delim;
    ReturnCode ret;

    delim = skipws( global );

    if( ret = macroid( global, &delim ) )
        return(ret);

    if( delim != '<' && delim != '"' )
        {
        cerror( global, ERROR_INCLUDE_SYNTAX );

        return( FPP_OK );
        }

    if( delim == '<' )
        delim = '>';

    global->workp = global->work;

    while( (c = get(global)) != '\n' && c != EOF_CHAR )
        if( ret = save( global, c ) )       /* Put it away.                */
            return( ret );

    unget( global );                        /* Force nl after include      */

    /*
     * The draft is unclear if the following should be done.
     */
    while( --global->workp >= global->work &&
        (*global->workp == ' ' || *global->workp == '\t') )
        ;               /* Trim blanks from filename    */

    if( *global->workp != delim )
        {
        cerror( global, ERROR_INCLUDE_SYNTAX );

        return(FPP_OK);
        }

    *global->workp = EOS;         /* Terminate filename       */

    ret = openinclude( global, global->work, (delim == '"') );

    if( ret && global->warnnoinclude )
        {
        /*
         * Warn if #include file isn't there.
         */
        cwarn( global, WARN_CANNOT_OPEN_INCLUDE, global->work );
        }

    return( FPP_OK );
}

#ifdef _AMIGA
ReturnCode MultiAssignLoad( struct Global *global, char *incptr, char *filename, char *tmpname );
#endif

ReturnCode openinclude( struct Global *global,
    char *filename,     /* Input file name         */
    int searchlocal )   /* TRUE if #include "file" */
{
    /*
     * Actually open an include file.  This routine is only called from
     * doinclude() above, but was written as a separate subroutine for
     * programmer convenience.  It searches the list of directories
     * and actually opens the file, linking it into the list of
     * active files.  Returns ReturnCode. No error message is printed.
     */

    char **incptr;
    char tmpname[NWORK]; /* Filename work area    */
    int len;

    #if HOST == SYS_AMIGADOS
    if( strchr (filename, ':') != NULL )
        {
        if( ! openfile( global, filename ) )
            return(FPP_OK);
        }
    #else
    if( filename[0] == '/' )
        {
        if( ! openfile( global, filename ) )
            return(FPP_OK);
        }
    #endif

    if( searchlocal )
        {
        /*
         * Look in local directory first.
         * Try to open filename relative to the directory of the current
         * source file (as opposed to the current directory). (ARF, SCK).
         * Note that the fully qualified pathname is always built by
         * discarding the last pathname component of the source file
         * name then tacking on the #include argument.
         */
        if( hasdirectory( global->infile->filename, tmpname ) )
            strcat( tmpname, filename );
        else
            strcpy( tmpname, filename );

        if( ! openfile( global, tmpname ) )
            return(FPP_OK);
        }

    /*
     * Look in any directories specified by -I command line
     * arguments, then in the builtin search list.
     */
    for( incptr = global->incdir; incptr < global->incend; incptr++ )
        {
        len = strlen(*incptr);

        if( len + strlen(filename) >= sizeof(tmpname) )
            {
            cfatal( global, FATAL_FILENAME_BUFFER_OVERFLOW );

            return( FPP_FILENAME_BUFFER_OVERFLOW );
            }
        else
            {
            #if HOST == SYS_AMIGADOS
            if( (*incptr)[len-1] != '/' && (*incptr)[len-1] != ':' )
	            sprintf( tmpname, "%s/%s", *incptr, filename );
            #else
            if( (*incptr)[len-1] != '/' )
                sprintf( tmpname, "%s/%s", *incptr, filename );
            #endif
            else
                sprintf( tmpname, "%s%s", *incptr, filename );

            #if HOST == SYS_AMIGADOS
            //
            //  amp July 9, 1997
            //
            //  OK, hack in multiassign support for the buitin
            //  search directories...
            //
            if( (*incptr)[len-1] == ':' )
                {
                if( ! MultiAssignLoad( global, *incptr, filename, tmpname ) )
                    return(FPP_OK);
                }
            else
            #endif
            if( !openfile( global, tmpname ) )
                return(FPP_OK);
            }
        }

    return( FPP_NO_INCLUDE );
}

INLINE FILE_LOCAL
int hasdirectory( char *source,   /* Directory to examine         */
    char *result )  /* Put directory stuff here     */
{
    /*
     * If a device or directory is found in the source filename string, the
     * node/device/directory part of the string is copied to result and
     * hasdirectory returns TRUE.  Else, nothing is copied and it returns FALSE.
     */

    char *tp2;

    #if HOST == SYS_AMIGADOS
    char *tp1;

    if( (tp1 = strrchr( source, ':' ) ) == NULL )
        tp1 = source;

    if( (tp2 = strrchr( tp1, '/' ) ) == NULL )
        tp2 = tp1;

    if( tp2 == source )
        return (FALSE);

    #else
    if( (tp2 = strrchr( source, '/' ) ) == NULL )
        return(FALSE);
    #endif

    strncpy( result, source, tp2 - source + 1 );

    result[tp2 - source + 1] = EOS;

    return( TRUE );
}

#ifdef _AMIGA
//
//  amp July 9, 1997
//
//  Use the OS Luke...
//
//  We do the sneaky version and let the OS do all
//  the hard work so we don't have to mess around
//  a lot ;)
//
ReturnCode MultiAssignLoad( struct Global *global, char *incptr, char *filename, char *tmpname )

{ /* MultiAssignLoad */

    struct MsgPort  *FSTask;
    struct DevProc  *DevProc = NULL;
    LONG            RtnCode = FPP_NO_INCLUDE;

    FSTask = GetFileSysTask();

    do
        {
        //
        //  This should not bring up a requester.
        //  check to see if cpp does in fact tweek
        //  the process WindowPtr.
        //
        DevProc = GetDeviceProc( incptr, DevProc );

        if( DevProc )
            {
            SetFileSysTask( DevProc->dvp_Port );

            //
            //  Normally we would pass the lock and filename
            //  to the Load() routine, which would CD to the
            //  directory and Open(filename), but in order to
            //  satisfy the exisiting openfile() function, we
            //  bite the bullet and build the complete pathspec
            //  rather than add the standard Load() routine.
            //
            if( NameFromLock( DevProc->dvp_Lock, tmpname, NWORK ) )
                {
                AddPart( tmpname, filename, NWORK );

                RtnCode = openfile( global, tmpname );

                if( ! RtnCode )
                    break;
                }
            }

        } while ( RtnCode &&
            DevProc &&
            (DevProc->dvp_Flags & DVPF_ASSIGN) &&
            IoErr() == ERROR_OBJECT_NOT_FOUND); /* repeat if multi-assign */

    SetFileSysTask( FSTask );

    if( DevProc )
        FreeDeviceProc( DevProc );

    return RtnCode;

} /* MultiAssignLoad */
#endif  //_AMIGA

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Can a goldfish swallow a piece of gravel?
I have gotten a piece that was stuck in the mouth. So big that it was wedged in good.
I haven't had the experience of a Goldfish swallowing a piece of gravel, but I have had fish die from gravel getting wedged in their mouths.
Goldfish have rudimentary stomachs at the start of their digestive tracts, so don't really have the ability to store a piece of gravel there. If a piece of gravel was swallowed, it would need to be small enough to pass through the intestines without causing a blockage, otherwise the fish would quickly become distressed and would require surgery to remove it.
The other danger with gravel is the one you mentioned, that of getting gravel wedged in the mouth.
This is quite serious and I have lost several fish because of this. Goldfish seem to be able to stretch their mouths around smooth objects but then can't spit them out.
Gravel in an aquarium or pond must be either too large for your fish to get in their mouths, or small enough for them to spit out.
The trap I fell into, and should have known better, was to forget that Goldfish grow quickly. Gravel that was far too large to fit into their mouths when they were first put into the aquarium, was easily sucked in a few months later.
Goldfish will suffocate if a piece of gravel wedges in the mouth stopping the flow of water across the gills.
If you find a fish in this condition, you have a few options to remove the piece of gravel. The fish will need to be caught in a net to enable it to be held still.
If the gravel is partially sticking out of the mouth, and depending on the size of the fish, use either tweezers or small pliers to pull it out.
Usually this is not the case. Most of the time the fish has got the gravel past its lips and fully into the mouth.
Sometimes you can reach into the mouth with the pliers or tweezers and pull the gravel out. If there isn't room for both to come back out the mouth, the other option is to push the gravel out through a gill.


text:
Q: Making Cookies Stay Active I'm using a PHP / MySQL login system, and I'm having issues keeping the user logged in when I navigate around the site.
Would it help if I put session_start(); at the top of each page?  (I'm looking for a quick-and-dirty / ham-fisted solution that works rather than an elegant one).
Thanks in advance,
John

A: You need to put session_start() at the top of each page in which you want to use sessions. If you don't, the session is not available on that page.

A: Sessions may use cookies but cookies can stand on their own. How are you setting the cookie? Cookies have an expiry and this needs to be set to a time in the future. I would check your browser info to see if the cookies are actually being set right. See the example below from the PHP docs for setcookie:
<?php
$value = 'something from somewhere';

setcookie("TestCookie", $value);
setcookie("TestCookie", $value, time()+3600);  /* expire in 1 hour */
setcookie("TestCookie", $value, time()+3600, "/~rasmus/", ".example.com", 1);
?>


Roses are perennial plants that come back each year in your garden and have a very long blooming season. They are one of the most popular garden plants. Do you know what the different rose colors meanings are?
This lovely flower is often given as a gift. The reason is simple – each rose color means something different to the person who receives it, so it's a great way to attach sentiment to a gift in a simple way.
One of my favorite things to do, when I have some free time, is to wander around the grounds of the Raleigh Rose Gardens. There are so many varieties and colors. Enjoying them always ensures that I have a peaceful and relaxing day.
Roses come in many shades and so do the color of roses meanings. To understand the meaning of roses colors, one only has to step back into history.
Throughout history, roses have long been considered a symbol of some kind. The word rose even means pink or red in several languages.
Ancient Romans used the rose to show devotion to the Goddess Venus. In the later Christian eras, it became associated with the Virgin Mary.
The rose is the national flower of England and it was adopted as the national floral symbol of the USA in the 1980s.
One only has to wander into a grocery store on February 13 to know how much red roses are associated with romance.
You've heard the term "rose colored glasses?" This means looking at the world through a hue of some sort. Roses color meanings is similar. Depending on the color of the rose you choose, you will be sending a different message each time!
There are few flowers which have more meanings associated with them than roses. And few flowers have as many hues that the colors of roses do.
When I wandered around the rose garden taking photos, I starting thinking about the colors and their significance. I thought it would be fun to explain to my readers what colors of roses have come to signify over the passage of time.
The color burgundy is dark red with a hint of brown in it. The name of the color comes from the shade of Burgundy wine which originated in the Burgundy region of France.
This color is often thought of as the color of royalty and during the Victorian era, it was associated with the feelings of passion.
If you want to show that you have a very deep passion for someone, give them burgundy roses. This color rose can make a wonderful choice for any romantic occasion and particularly for Valentine's Day.
Many roses boast more than a single color. These are called variegated roses. To find the meaning, it's necessary to examine the two colors and combine them into one sentiment.
A yellow rose with red tips sends out jovial and happy feelings to the recipient. It can also mean friendship or starting to fall in love.
When these two colors are found on one rose, they signify unity. Several years ago, a photo of a rose that was known as Osiria rose became an internet sensation. It had a pure white body with bright red rimmed petals. Unfortunately the photo was heavily photo shopped and led to lots of disappointment among gardeners.
It certainly united the gardening word in their search for one to grow in their gardens. Find out more about Osiria rose here.
Many, much easier to grow roses, come with the two colors of red and white. And you don't need a photo editing program to grow them!
Roses in the color orange are associated with energetic feelings, such as enthusiasm, passion and gratitude. They signify creativity, success and encouragement, so they make a nice graduation flower gift.
The color orange is also associated with heat, passion and sexuality. It is the color of joy and happiness. Show your fascination with someone by a gift of orange roses.
The color peach is a mixture of orange, yellow, and white. It got its name from the outer shade of the peach fruit. The white tinge of color adds a softness to the brightness of both yellow and orange.
What do the Colors of Roses Mean?
This is the traditional color of brides and white roses are often used in bridal bouquets. However, sending white roses can also be the way a secret admirer can express his as-yet-unrevealed interest in the recipient of the rose.
White is associated with purity, virginity, goodness, Innocent and light. It is considered to be the color of perfection. The color white is pure, safe and clean and has a positive connotation attached to it.
Some white roses have an ivory tinge to them and this makes them take on a different sentiment. Off white and cream roses indicates both charm and thoughtfulness.
Cream colored roses are a good choice for an older bride who might not wear white on her wedding day.
What is the meaning of a blue rose?
Blue is the color of trust, peace, freedom, intuition and tranquility. Probably because blue flowers are uncommon, blue roses signify the unattainable, or the impossible. Blue is not a color that occurs in roses because they lack a pigment( delphinidin) that turns flowers blue.
Florists have found a way around this, however. If you find blue roses, they have likely been dyed.
To dye roses, choose white roses to start. Cut the stem at an angle and split the stem part way up to allow the dye to enter the flower better. Place the rose in a container with warm water and add the blue dye. Wait for the rose to turn blue.
Pink roses are a way of showing appreciation, of saying "Thank you". They are associated with grace, perfection, happiness, admiration, and gentleness. Deeper pink roses indicate gratitude and make a great thank you gift.
The color pink is a great choice to show love for someone young but they are also versatile. They can give either a platonic or a romantic meaning to the recipient. If you are at the start of a romance, pink roses might be better than red ones.
Black roses signify Death, and are a way to say farewell. There is no such thing as a true black rose, but breeders keep trying to create one. If you find a truly black rose, it has likely been dyed, in the same way that blue roses are.
Often roses called black are very intense shades of red, purple or maroon as can be seen in this photo. The color can be deepened by placing it in a vase of water and black ink.
What do coral roses signify?
Coral is a reddish or pinkish shade of orange. The color is named for the sea animal called coral.
Coral colored roses signify enthusiasm and desire. If you would like to give a gift to someone that you would like to know better, choose coral roses.
What does a Yellow Rose Mean?
Remember the song "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree?" The lyrics of this song are meant to show that the roses tell a released prisoner whether or not they would still be welcomed home.
Yellow roses are connected with joy, gladness, friendship, delight, and the promise of a new beginning. They are used say "Welcome Back, Remember Me", and can also signify jealousy.
If you have planned on giving the classic choice of red roses to your significant other, you are in luck. This means simply "love." There is a reason that the cost of red roses increases each year around Valentine's day. They are the universal symbol of love and affection.
What do Lavender roses mean?
Lavender roses are less common than some other colors. Their quirky message is one of enchantment, adoration and love at first sight.
Because shades of purple are associated with royalty, lavender roses can also symbolize respect and admiration.
What is your favorite from my list of rose colors? Do you agree with the meanings above for that color rose?
If you have a photo of a black, blue or burgundy rose, I would love to include it and credit you. Please email me details.
Rose colors can be used to express many sentiments in a gift of flowers. Use this photo guide of rose colors and meanings to match the shade of the rose to your feeling. This will make for a truly personal gift.
To remind yourself of this post later, just pin this image to one of your Pinterest gardening boards.
Looking for a way to say thank you? 1 rose of any color will do this in an inexpensive but cherished way.
Did you know that 2 roses entwined together will tell your loved one that you want to marry them?
6 roses indicate a need to be cherished.
11 roses tell the recipient that they are deeply loved.
13 roses are the perfect gift to give to someone that doesn't know you care. It indicates a secret admirer!
The world's oldest rose is thought to be 1000 years old. It grows on the wall of the Cathedral of Hildesheim in Germany.
The most expensive rose in the world is the Juliet rose. It took 15 years to breed and cost $5,000,000!
Admin note: This post first appeared on my blog in August of 2013. I have updated all of the photos. included a video and printable card, and added a lot more information. Hope you enjoy the changes!
Each rose color means something different to the person who receives it, so it's a great way to attach sentiment to a gift in a simple way.
Print out this list and keep it with you. You can refer to it when you are ready to buy roses to make sure that you give the perfect sentiment as well as a beautiful bouquet.
I love the lavender rose. One of my favorite colors and my husband did fall in love with me at first site.
My favorite colors are deep shades. It doesn't matter the color as long as it is very deep in color.
Just recieved my osiria rose seeds. No directions. Really want them to grow. But done know the correct way. Can anyone help?
HI Renee. The best thing to do is to contact the seller where you purchased the seeds. They should be able to give you some directions. I am not connected with the seller in any way.
I love black roses. They don't say farewell but hello I'm mysterious and beautiful.
Hi Crystal. I like the way you think!
will this roses grow in Houston, Texas and if they do where can I get them. I like the two tone or more colors.
I have just become aware of your planting skills and plants that you love enough to provide everyone a good basis to start growing and I fell right into the roses! We are very lucky indeed as I got lost reading article after article until someone asked me about something called food??? Ooooops.
I love the black rose.It's like a power queen!


The 247 CC is a serious center console fish boat that delivers a smooth dry ride. She's tough, efficient, and packed with standard features.
The flared bow on the 247 CC reduces the chances of taking spray aboard. On the forward casting platform there's a large storage locker underfoot with a cover that's plumbed and drained to keep your gear dry. There's also a full-size igloo cooler just forward of the helm that doubles as a good bench seat. Standard features on the 247 CC include a built-in leaning post, a baitwell system, large self-draining fishbox, and a sink. In addition, the console has plenty of room for a porta-potti as well as more storage. Contact: EdgeWater Boats, 211 Dale Street, EdgeWater, FL 32132, www.ewboats.com.
The 247CC is meant to ride with the big boys!
The 247CC can hold her own offshore. Her deep-V hull delivers a smooth ride and the classic EdgeWater flared bow will keep everyone aboard nice and dry.
EdgeWater uses two construction techniques when building their boats — Permagrid and RAMCAP. The Permagrid construction is formed by stringers and beams that are interlocked to form opposing right angles. This structure is then bonded to the transom, hull and deck and then injected with foam to produce a vessel that is virtually made up of one piece. There is absolutely no structural wood on the boat so she's built to take years of punishment. Standard features include a walk-in console for a porta-potti or storage, two inwale rod racks for six rods, a raw-water washdown, a built-in leaning post, two inwale lockers for storage, a large self-draining fishbox, a baitwell system, and a small sink. Optional features include a T-top with sunbrella canvas and rocket launchers, which are great to have when fishing in offshore waters. The helm itself features tilt-wheel hydraulic steering and enough room to mount your choice of electronics. With a single Yamaha 250 outboard, our test boat recorded a top speed of 39.3 mph at 5400 rpm and best cruise speed of 25.3 mph at 3500 rpm. The boat showed excellent cornering abilities and the ride was smooth the whole way. All in all, the 247 is a center console that holds her own when it comes to performance. Her V-hull delivers a smooth ride, and with her flared bow you and your crew will stay nice and dry. Whether it is fishing for fun or chasing after sailfish or wahoo, the 247CC will stand on her own when faced with the challenge.For more information call (904) 427-9783 or visit www.ewboats.com.
Top speed for the EdgeWater 247 CC is 39.3 mph (63.2 kph), burning 28.3 gallons per hour (gph) or 107.12 liters per hour (lph).
Best cruise for the EdgeWater 247 CC is 25.3 mph (40.7 kph), and the boat gets 2.50 miles per gallon (mpg) or 1.06 kilometers per liter (kpl), giving the boat a cruising range of 327 miles (526.26 kilometers).
Tested power is 1 x 250-hp Yamaha outboard.


Where is the Nigerian opposition?
Less than a year to the next general elections in Nigeria, the biggest deficit in the political process leading to that moment is the absence of a robust, virile and effective opposition. The role of the opposition in a democracy is to question, criticise, challenge, and audit the governments of the day – local and national – and make them more transparent and accountable, and even if these twin-objectives may not be immediately achieved, the opposition exists nonetheless to put the people in power "on their toes" as it were in the people's overall interest.
Rao's party members, who felt he had no business working with the opposition criticised him as loudly as they could, but the Prime Minister felt it was more important to be bi-partisan and project a picture of national unity. It is not a strategy that has endured in India's divisive politics. But what is known is that in other jurisdictions, members of the opposition in parliament sometimes vote on a non-partisan basis on key issues before the parliament. This may occur when the rivalry among the political parties is peaceful and there is a broad consensus that the country is far more important than the boundaries imposed by partisan politics.
In Nigeria at the moment, we neither have in my estimation a constructive or a disruptive opposition. Whatever we have that may look remotely as any form of opposition is weak, uncoordinated, and ineffective. Our political parties are internally polarised, politics has become evil, our political leaders do not know where to draw the line, the ruling government is having an upper hand, it is committed to an unrelenting, overzealous persecution of the opposition and progressive ideas. The last time we witnessed what looked like organised opposition, even if it was disruptive, was ironically through the All Progressives Congress (APC). In 2013, a number of political parties formed a synergy with civil society groups to become the All Progressives Congress, and adopting an "oppose, oppose, oppose" strategy, they managed by 2015 to get the ruling Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) out of power. It was a major turning point in Nigerian politics since the return to civilian rule in 1999.


text:
Details emerge on woman accused of al-Qaida ties
FILE - In this July 17, 2008 file photo, Aafia Siddiqui, possible al-Qaida associate is seen in the custody of Counter Terrorism Department of Ghazni province in Ghazni City, Afghanistan. In newly filed court documents, a psychologist disputes Siddiqui's claim that she was held captive overseas from 2008 to 2008. The American trained scientist is charged with shooting at U.S. soldiers and FBI agents in Afghanistan after her arrest as a suspected al-Quida operative. She was shot and wounded by U.S. Army officer after point a rifle at an Army Captain. ( (AP Photo/ File)
By LARRY NEUMEISTER, The Associated Press
A U.S.-trained scientist accused of being an al-Qaida operative was living freely in Pakistan and Afghanistan for portions of the five years before her arrest last year, a psychologist says, disputing claims that the scientist had spent those years in the custody of foreign authorities.
Newly public court documents contain reports by psychologists who treated Aafia Siddiqui after she was arrested in Afghanistan in July 2008 and was charged with taking a gun and shooting at U.S. soldiers and FBI agents. She was shot in the abdomen in the encounter.
The testimony of the mental health experts will be at issue beginning Monday at a hearing in U.S. District Court in Manhattan to determine whether the 37-year-old Pakistani is competent to stand trial.
Defense lawyers for Siddiqui are challenging her competency for trial, citing the conclusions of an expert who found she is suffering from delusional disorder and depression.
Prosecutors cite reports by psychologists who say Siddiqui's behavior reflects malingering, the intentional production of grossly exaggerated psychological symptoms aimed at getting a result, such as avoiding trial.
Leslie Powers, a forensic psychologist, wrote in a document dated May 4 and put in the court's public file late Thursday that new information helps show Siddiqui was living freely in Pakistan and Afghanistan from 2003 to 2008.
Some of Siddiqui's supporters and her former lawyers had argued she had likely been taken into custody by foreign military intelligence authorities during those years and was subjected to torture, sexual abuse and beatings.
Siddiqui earned an undergraduate degree in biology from MIT in 1995 and a doctorate in neuroscience from Brandeis University in 2001. She left the United States in June 2002 with her three children.
Powers wrote that Siddiqui has told the FBI that she worked at the Karachi Institute of Technology in 2005, that she tried to look for her husband in Afghanistan in the winter of 2007 and that she stayed for a time in Quetta, Pakistan.
The psychologist also wrote that Siddiqui's ex-husband, Mohammad Amjad Khan, reported seeing either her or their children on several occasions in 2003, 2004 and 2005.
"While her accounts of her time are incomplete, her statements and other facts gathered seem to corroborate that she was not held captive from 2003 until 2008," Powers said.
Powers said Siddiqui was interviewed at length by the FBI for several days after her arrest on July 18, 2008.
She said FBI agents who accompanied Siddiqui on her 20-hour flight to the United States last Aug. 4 reported that she showed no signs of psychosis or psychological distress and that she was fully oriented and talkative throughout the trip.
Powers and two other experts have concluded Siddiqui is competent for trial.
In a defense exhibit, psychologist L. Thomas Kucharski, chairman of the Department of Psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, concluded that Siddiqui suffers from delusional disorder and is depressed.
He said her delusions "include the belief that the court is part of a conspiracy to have her killed, tortured and/or have her witness the torture of her children."
He added: "She believes that the outcome of her trial is predetermined; that she will get the death penalty and has stated to this evaluator that there is no need to go to trial or work with her attorneys in her defense because of this predetermination. She required that I inform the court to just impose the death penalty or whatever penalty it chooses and to not bother her with the formality of proceedings."
Gregory B. Saathoff, an associate professor in psychiatric medicine at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, said delusions Siddiqui had had involving flying infants, dark angels, a dog in her cell and children visiting her in her room were largely resolved after she believed she was found incompetent to stand trial.
Sally C. Johnson, a professor in the psychiatry department at the University of North Carolina, wrote in a March 16 report that Siddiqui's medical problems have been treated and stabilized.
Johnson said Siddiqui has given vague accounts of her whereabouts from 2003 to 2008, saying she was given shelter by different people.
Johnson said Siddiqui has also given varying accounts of where her children were during those years but told one agent that sometimes one has to take up a cause that is more important than one's children.
Johnson left a warning at the end of her report, saying that in spite of Siddiqui's frail and timid appearance – she has weighed as little as 90 pounds – "her potential for aggression towards herself or others might be underestimated."
She cited reports that Siddiqui had taken actions to try to escape from custody before she was transferred to the United States. Johnson recommended that adequate care be taken to protect Siddiqui.
"Given her expressed degree of devotion to her belief system," she wrote, "it is possible that she could perceive herself as a martyr for a cause."


Locate your local Festool dealer.
Then experience Festool today at a dealer near you!
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text:
Foreign Trusts for Asset Protection, Estate Planning and Corporate Structuring
September 23, 2018 August 2, 2017
Why and where to set up a Trust for Asset protection, Estate planning and Corporate structuring
Nowadays, with an increasingly litigious society, a judicial system that favors plaintiffs and not defendants, with courts clogged with thousands of civil suits demanding huge sums, and increased asset seizure by governments, protecting your assets can be a daunting challenge.
Corporations who are subject to product liability beyond insurance coverage limits, medical doctors and lawyers who could be exposed to malpractice lawsuits, contractors and construction companies or any person or company, may be subject to litigation and subsequent asset seizure.
Asset protection is extremely indispensable to deal with adverse situations such as: divorce, frivolous lawsuits, bankruptcy or simply as a wealth planning tool.
International trusts are one of the most robust means for asset protection and estate planning, which allow to put legal distance between the owner and his or her assets, separating legal ownership and economic ownership, providing an extra layer of protection.
Trusts facilitate inheritance by reducing the effects of forced heirship rights or by ensuring that certain persons are protected while allowing the estate family to be maintained.
Furthermore, trusts are an effective tool for separating personal assets from risks arising from business activities.
Trusts can be used for commercial transactions, management of assets related to the payment of pensions by multinational corporations and to locate them overseas in a low tax jurisdiction or as vehicles for investment funds or to structure real estate investments, or even use them for charitable and public interest purposes.
This article is for illustrative purposes, it is not, nor intends to be legal or tax advice. Before taking action, always speak with an attorney. We have access to a global network of attorneys and accountants worldwide and we can refer you to an expert in your relevant jurisdiction, who can give you the proper advice according to your specific circumstances.
What is a trust
Trusts are legal contracts with an extensive use and application in common law jurisdictions.
A trust is a legal relationship, not a separate legal entity, for which a person, settlor (also called trustor or grantor), transfers his or her assets, through an inter vivos act or mortis causa, to another person, trustee, who is entrusted with the legal ownership of the trust assets, not for his own benefit, but for the benefit of other persons, the beneficiaries, or for the benefit of a specific purpose.
The assets constitute a separate fund and are not part of the trustee's own estate. The trustee has the power and the duty, for which he is accountable, to manage, to use or dispose of the assets according to the terms of the trust and the special duties imposed by the law.
The settlor (also known as grantor or trustor) is the person who creates the trust by placing certain assets that he or she owns into the trust.
A settlor can create a trust by expressing the intention to create it. In most countries, formalities are not required to create an inter vivos living trust over personal property, but there are often formalities associated with trusts on real estate testamentary trusts.
For a settlor to validly create a trust, in most common law systems, must satisfy three certainties:
Establish certainty of intent – if the settlor has expressed intent to create a trust.
Establish certainty of the matter – if the property identified as liquidated is identified with sufficient accuracy.
Establish certainty of the objects – the beneficiaries or purposes must be clearly determinable within the established/allowed period of perpetuity.
Depending on the jurisdiction and the terms in which the trust has been established, the settlor may also be determined as a beneficiary and reserve powers to be able to control the trust.
The settlor can be an individual person or a corporate body.
In the trust deed, there are stated the instructions of the settlor on how the trust must be arranged, the assets used or managed and to whom or to which has to benefit.
The trust instrument will generally provide that the trustee has the power to manage the assets of the trust in accordance with the terms of the deed and the strict duties imposed on the trustee under the charter.
The trust deed will also contain a wide range of administrative powers designed to facilitate its administration by the trustees. These powers must be carefully drafted and agreed before the trust deed can be concluded.
This term applies to the person or institution to which the property in the trust is transferred for the benefit of third parties or a purpose. The trustee typically has the following responsibilities:
Follow the terms expressed in the Deed of Trust
Defend the trust against settlor and beneficiaries' creditors.
Perform or manage investments appropriately.
Acting impartially among beneficiaries.
Be responsible to all beneficiaries, keep them informed and act in their best interest.
Do not delegate functions.
Do not benefit from transactions.
Manage trust assets prudently.
The trustee may be an individual, such as a relative, a trusted friend or counselor, a trusted banker or professional, a private trust company, or a public trust company.
A public trust company is a body licensed by the authorities of a jurisdiction to act as a trustee, while a private company might not be subject to license.
The trust deed will provide the terms for the removal of the trustees and the appointment of new ones. This power will often be conferred on persons named or described successively.
Usually, it is possible to appoint a protector, who will monitor whether the obligations of the trustee in the terms established in the trust deed have strictly complied.
The appointment of a protector and the provisions for the removal and appointment of the successor protectors will be set forth in the deed of the trust.
The appointment of a protector can facilitate checks and balances, particularly when the settlor needs to be removed from the trust.
In many cases, the protector is usually a close friend or professional adviser to the settlor, who is familiar with his or her wishes, the circumstances and needs of the beneficiaries and with the family background and dynamics.
The protector can be an individual or a committee, a combination of individuals, or a corporation. The powers and duties of a protector may vary from case to case, but usually, the protector will have the power to appoint and remove the trustees and, in some cases, change the terms of the deed governing the trust.
It is possible to set a clause so that the trustees must obtain the consent of the protector before exercising certain powers.
The beneficiaries are those who receive the return of assets transferred to the trust. These can be specifically named or can be referred by the class on a schedule in the deed.
Usually, the settlor can also be appointed as beneficiary.
It may be possible to elaborate the terms of the trust so that the beneficiaries cannot have any control and/or information on the assets transferred to the trust. To prevent beneficiaries from draining the trust of their assets, and spending in a thrifty way, as we will see below.
Trusts can be established for the benefit of individuals and/or corporate bodies and/or purposes.
Main types of trusts
Revocable or Irrevocable
The deed of trust may be expressed as irrevocable or may include a provision that grants a power of revocation or amendment to any person (usually the settlor).
Trusts may be revoked at any time with the terms set forth by the settlor, or they may have a predetermined life without provisions for revocability and only conclude when certain terms established in the deed of trust are met.
In the case of trusts for asset protection, these are usually established as irrevocable.
In the event that a creditor wins a lawsuit to the settlor, if he has revocation powers, the judge may force him to change the terms of the trust to benefit the creditor. In the case of an irrevocable trust, the settlor has limited powers to amend the trust.
Fixed or Discretionary
In a discretionary trust, the settlor does not set the fixed beneficiaries or their interest amounts on the trust. The deed of trust grants broad powers to the trustees that allow them to decide, at their discretion, to distribute income or capital to the beneficiaries.
In a discretionary trust, none of the beneficiaries has a legally enforceable right to any part of the property of the trust.
A discretionary trust provides flexibility by allowing trustees, when distributing earnings and assets, to consider factors that were not anticipated at the time of its creation and to act in a protective manner with respect to the beneficiaries. Protecting the beneficiaries of a spendthrift, the claims of the creditors or the influence of those who could try to take advantage of their vulnerability.
In addition, since none of the beneficiaries has an interest or legally enforceable right in any part of the trust fund, discretionary trusts might have beneficial tax consequences in the country of domicile, residence or citizenship of the beneficiary.
In a discretionary trust, the settlor generally expresses his wishes regarding its administration and the distribution of assets to the beneficiaries through a letter of wishes or a privileged client/attorney memorandum so that the trustees are aware of his or her intentions.
In this type of trusts, the settlor relinquishes a lot of authority over the trust to a trustee, this is why it is required a careful selection of a competent and reputable trustee or trustee company with good references. With a dignified reputation and the necessary experience to faithfully meet and honor the terms of the deed.
By contrast, fixed trusts allow the settlor to control money and property for the benefit of the beneficiaries. The beneficiaries of a fixed trust receive the property at a specific time set by the settlor.
The trustee of a fixed trust has little or no discretion to distribute funds.
Typically, fixed trusts are established for estate planning or life interest. By which an individual will be entitled to all the income during his or her lifetime. In the death of the settlor, the property will generally be paid to the named beneficiaries.
The settlor can also choose multiple beneficiaries and provide a fixed benefit or percentage for each of their beneficiaries.
Trusts may be established as a hybrid, combining the fixed life interest with discretionary power for the trustee, to create other interests that may override or follow the fixed interest.
Self-settled or third-party beneficiary trust
Trusts can be established allowing the settlor to transfer assets to the trust while at the same time retaining a beneficial interest. As long as the terms of the deed are carefully written, creditors may find it difficult to penetrate the wall built around the assets.
On the other hand, they can also be established exclusively for the benefit of third parties.
Beneficiaries or Purpose trusts
Instead of for the benefit of individuals, a trust can be established for the benefit of a specific purpose, without having verifiable beneficiaries.
Generally, the deed will appoint an enforcer, who has a similar role to that of the protector.
For those seeking a neutral party in a business transaction network, the purpose trust, in combination with a fully owned trust, provides a further layer of asset protection, while allowing "off balance" transactions or as an "orphan" structure in relation to its settlor.
Purpose Trusts are used in conjunction with asset finance transactions, securitizations, and private trust companies.
In its commercial function, the trust is established in order to acquire and maintain the shares of a company, which participates in certain transactions.
Purpose trusts are also attractive when used in tandem with private trust companies.
Once again, their insulation qualities come into play, providing the opportunity to separate the settlor from the company's property, and the company acts as trustee of a family trust.
While in turn the company could be managed by the settlor as director or manager. This allows the owner to have complete control of the business or assets, without being its legal owner.
A number of offshore jurisdictions (notably the Cayman Islands, with STAR trusts, and the British Virgin Islands, with VISTA trusts) have created special forms of trust that may be expressly settled without imposing an obligation of the trustees to interfere in the company management.
Main uses of foreign trusts
The trust used to be a valuable tax and asset planning tool, where the settlor, by transferring assets to trustees located in low tax jurisdictions, could mitigate the high tax burden in their country of residence.
Although legislative measures in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and other countries have progressively reduced these tax mitigation opportunities, a trust continues to be an attractive vehicle in terms of estate planning to avoid in certain cases taxes on inheritance and wealth, as well as taxes on capital gains, which might be minimized by transferring assets in a trust.
When the settlor dies, there is no change in the ownership of the assets, as they legally belong to the trustee, thus avoiding the need to legalize a will with respect to the assets of the trust.
With a trust, certain persons entitled by law may be prevented from receiving a copy of the will. A trust deed is a private document and can keep the information confidential. It is common to replace wills with a trust.
The use of a trust can also avoid the difficulties involved in inheritances in one country in a will executed in another, which can be a complex and time-consuming process and can add to the anguish of grieving relatives.
In addition, it can avoid legal battles initiated by someone who feels they were unfairly treated in their will and that the will be changed. A properly drafted trust can be a wall, so the will cannot be modified.
Avoid forced heirship
In some countries, there are fixed inheritance laws, where inheritances must be equally distributed among the descendants. In these cases, foreign trusts can avoid forced heirship, and obtain flexibility in terms of distribution of part or all of the assets to beneficiaries.
Preservation of family wealth
Trusts can be used to hold specific assets such as land or an interest in a family business, which would not be appropriate or practical to be split between individuals.
The use of a trust allows these individuals to benefit from the assets even though they do not own them. A trust will also help maintain the whole capital value of such assets for future generations.
Corporate offshore schemes
Foreign trusts may also be established by corporations for employee benefits (including share schemes) and retirement benefit plans, the employer as the settlor, and employees and their dependents as beneficiaries.
They can also be used as vehicles to own other entities or structures. This can help maximize the efficiency of planning and control of interrelated entities while maintaining confidentiality and protecting beneficiary owners.
Spendthrift protection
Trusts can be useful to protect beneficiaries, in case of inability to manage money. This can be achieved by establishing a trust with a trustee who can only distribute funds to beneficiaries for causes specifically articulated in the trust deed.
Trusts can be created exclusively for privacy. Trusts are private documents and usually no need to be registered, so they are an additional layer of confidentiality over the real ownership of the assets. For instance, as we have seen previously, the terms of a will that may be public and the terms of a trust are not.
Unit Trusts
Trusts can also be set up as an investment vehicle, usually in properties, securities, mortgages and cash equivalents, known as a Unit Trust.
The Unit Trust consists of a structure of unincorporated mutual funds that are more flexible, allowing to maintain assets and provide benefits directly to the owners of individual units rather than reinvesting them back into the fund. The investor is effectively the beneficiary under the trust.
Charitable purposes
A charitable trust is normally an irrevocable purpose trust established for charitable purposes. A charitable trust benefits from several tax breaks in most countries.
Asset protection trusts
Asset Protection Trusts are a powerful tool to place assets out of the reach of creditors and provide substantial protection against unpleasant scrutiny, bankruptcy and litigation.
Usually, asset protection trusts are established as irrevocable, with an independent trustee, distributions of earnings subject to the trustee's discretion and with a spendthrift clause.
Establishing a foreign trust may add a layer of protection.
Certain jurisdictions have a strong law with significant obstacles to creditors trying to reach assets held in a foreign trust. Having to overcome a complicated and long process.
The foreign trust is governed by the laws of the foreign country, and these laws may not be favorable to the creditor.
A foreign jurisdiction may not recognize a judgment from a court in another country. In addition, the laws of the foreign country may not allow contingency legal fees and the creditor will have to pay a local attorney of the foreign country to litigate the claim.
In addition to the risk that the unsuccessful creditor will have to pay their own foreign legal fees, plus the legal fees of the prevailing party.
A judge has the right to issue court orders to the national trustees. That privilege is not granted to members of the local judiciary for foreign trusts. The trustee in a foreign jurisdiction is not required to comply with a foreign court order.
It should be borne in mind that if the assets are located in the national territory, such as real estate, businesses and personal property, a judge may have jurisdiction over these assets, even if these are held in a foreign trust. As well as in bank accounts in financial institutions that have corresponding branches in the country of residence of the settlor.
Courts can assert their jurisdiction over any property located within the national territory. Therefore, it is recommended that none of the assets transferred to the trust to be within the borders of the settlor's country of residence.
However, if the trust is in a foreign jurisdiction and the assets are in a foreign bank account or foreign jurisdiction, a duly drafted trust deed will be a powerful tool for asset protection.
Generally, in addition to a spendthrift clause, asset protection trusts will contain the following clauses:
Anti-Duress Clause. As soon as this clause is invoked, the trustee shall not make a distribution if the settlor or beneficiary is under a claim, or is involved in a judgment against him. This prevents the creditor from filing a claim against the assets of the trust without obtaining a new judgment in the foreign jurisdiction.
Trust Protector Clause. This clause designates a protector and allows him to remove the trustee and, in some cases, veto some or all of the trustee's actions.
Flight clause. This clause allows the trustee to move the trust to another jurisdiction. In the event that the creditor files a claim in the jurisdiction where the trust is established, the trust may be moved to another jurisdiction, so the creditor would have to start again by filing a suit in the new jurisdiction.
The clause of choice of law. This clause mandates that the trust is governed by the laws of the jurisdiction in which it is located.
Thus, when a foreign court orders the settlor/beneficiary to compel a distribution, he or she can invoke what is termed as the impossibility defense because of certain clauses contained in the trust.
An asset protection trust should prevent the settlor from being the protector or a trustee, they should be independent, and it is advisable that they do not reside in the same jurisdiction as the settlor. This prevents a judge from concluding that the settlor has the ability to control the trust and therefore the ability to force a distribution.
Also in the case of a judgment, the settlor should avoid communicating it personally to the foreign trustee to avoid not being accused of personally execute the anti-duress clause.
Where to form a foreign trust
Aspects to consider when choosing a jurisdiction
Establishing a foreign trust requires in-depth research and assistance from the appropriate and experienced advisors who can realistically and honestly assess the objectives and intentions of the settlor, the solutions most suited to their needs, as well as optimal management of transferred assets.
Different factors must be considered when choosing a jurisdiction to establish a trust:
Protection of settlor
Can the settlor (the grantor) also receive trust assets?
Are there mechanisms for the depositor to retain control of the trust?
Is there any protection against a subsequent bankruptcy after the assets are transferred to the trust?
Protection of beneficiary
Are there specific provisions to prevent beneficiaries from draining the trust of their assets, and spending in a thrifty way?
Is there an ability to avoid forced heirship?
Protection from foreign judgments
Are there specific provisions within the trust to ignore foreign judgments?
Is the Hague Convention applicable?
The Hague Trust Convention is a multilateral treaty developed by the Hague Conference on Private International Law on the Law Applicable to Trusts. The Convention aims to harmonize not only the municipal law definitions of a trust but also the Conflict rules for resolving problems in the choice of the lex causae.
Protection from creditors
Is there an exclusion of the statute of Elizabeth laws?
The statute of Elizabeth is an important provision in a 1571 English law, under such legislation it is sometimes possible to set aside transfers into trust even if the settlor transferred the property many years before the debt arose and, at the time of making the transfer, had no indication that the particular debt would arise in the future.
Will the trust be declared invalid if a fraudulent transfer is proven?
Should the creditor prove the fraudulent transfer?
Is there a clear definition of a fraudulent transfer in the law?
Is there a separation of creditor claims or can they be brought jointly?
Is there a statute of limitations on the fraudulent transfer?
Are there retroactive protections for immigrant trusts?
When community property is transferred to a trust, the property of that property would be lost. However, is there a possibility to retain its characteristic community property notwithstanding that it has been transferred to the trust?
Is there a specific exclusion in the legislation to be able to exclude foreign law?
Are Trusts subject to the rule against perpetuities which, in practical terms, puts limits on the length of time within which all trust property must be distributed?
Is the choice of law binding?
Is a custodian trustee permitted?
Furthermore, must be considered the ease to set up a bank account to deposit cash assets, political, economic, and social stability of the jurisdiction, the jurisdiction's reputation, tax laws of the jurisdiction, whether language barriers exist and whether the jurisdiction offers adequate legal, accounting, and financial services.
Jurisdiction Comparison
Cook Islands Trusts
The Cook Islands was one of the first jurisdictions to enact an explicit asset protection and international trusts law, being one of the most popular for such matters.
Trust laws in the Cook Islands limit fraudulent transfer claims for 2 years and in some circumstances, it may be less than one year.
If the assets are transferred in a period in which the settlor is solvent, the transfer of funds cannot be set aside.
The legal provisions in force also establish certain conditions for a person to be able to be considered as creditor and able to file a lawsuit before a court in the Cook Islands.
These provisions raise the burden of proof beyond reasonable doubt, for such reason, confidentiality laws prohibit the disclosure of banking information, except if there is the consent of the client.
The Government of the Cook Islands requires compliance with certain provisions that must be met in order to ensure the honesty and integrity of the funds transferred to the rust. Therefore, the assets that make up the trust cannot come from the exercise of illegal and fraudulent activities such as drug trafficking and money laundering.
Foreign judgments are not enforceable. If any person wants to file suit against the trust, he must hire an attorney in the Cook Islands to initiate the action, which is subject to strict compliance with requirements for him to proceed.
The settlor can maintain control over the trust and its property if it so provides.
Foreign bankruptcy rules are excluded.
The law specifies that fraudulent transfers are understood to require compliance with requirements to be assessed by a court.
The trust cannot be affected by the rules regarding heirs or spendthrift beneficiaries in the settlor's jurisdiction.
Trusts may hold shares in underlying companies, without concern about the financial benefits of retaining such shares. Likewise, in relation to the foregoing, the ability of the settlor to supervise and intervene in the affairs of an underlying company may be limited.
Nevis Trusts
Nevis has one of the most robust legislation in terms of asset protection. An asset transfer can only be set aside by factual evidence of actual fraud.
The general statute of limitations in Nevis for fraudulent transfers to the trust is two years.
Nevis does not recognize a foreign judgment. The creditor must file a new claim in Nevis and prove the actual fraud in the new case there. Furthermore, the creditor must hire a lawyer licensed in Nevis, and post a $25,000 bond to file the lawsuit.
Once the new litigation is filed in Nevis, the creditor must prove the actual fraud by a "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard, stating that there is a probability of more than 90 percent that his allegations are true.
Spendthrift provisions are valid and enforceable. This clause is one that essentially blocks a creditor from attacking the assets of the beneficiary's trust.
Self-settled trusts are valid.
Elizabeth's statute is invalidated in Article 49 of the Trusts Act of Nevis.
The law protects the confidentiality of information for a trust legally registered in Nevis.
Cayman Islands STAR Trusts
A Trust established under the Special Trust (Alternative Regime) Act 1997, is a form of legal trust for the benefit of persons, purposes (charitable and non-charitable) or both.
STAR Trusts have an Enforcer, which executes the STAR Trust, and causes a separation between benefitting from Trust assets and being responsible for the application of the Trust.
As for trustees, it is required to appoint at least one licensed in the Cayman Islands.
STAR Trusts can be established for an unlimited period of time, is an effective way to create private perpetual family trusts.
They are also commonly used as Trustees of a Private Trust Company. The STAR Trust is established to hold shares in a Cayman Islands Private Trust Company, assuring that it performs its role as trustee of a trust or series of related trusts.
This structure can be used even when the trusts are not all within the same jurisdiction. For instance, a single STAR Trust may own shares in a Private trust company, and it may act as a trustee in the Cayman Islands or in other jurisdictions.
It is also common for a business owner to use a STAR Trust to run a family business, making sure the business continues to operate after the owner's death. The STAR Trust may be the holder of such shares for the purpose of allowing directors to continue to manage the business for a designated period of time.
STAR Trusts also serve as a vehicle for limiting the information that beneficiaries can access. Unlike ordinary trusts, where beneficiaries may have the right to access a great deal of information in connection with the trust. With a properly drafted STAR trust, those rights may be restricted or even eliminated. The execution of the trust and rights associated with the information are held by the Enforcer.
STAR Trusts are often used as an SPV (Special purpose vehicle) in structured finance and other transactions. They allow the structuring of off-balance/bankrupt transactions, since the STAR Trust entity may not be connected to the original parties of the transaction.
In addition, STAR Trusts provide flexibility to carry out philanthropic donations, where the settlor's requirements are outside Cayman Islands' limited definition of what is and are not charitable.
British Virgin Islands VISTA Trusts
Trusts established in the British Virgin Islands under the Virgin Islands Special Trusts Act 2003 (Amended 2013) are specifically designed to hold shares of a corporation incorporated in BVI.
The owner establishes a trust consisting of the shares of his company under which can be held indefinitely. The trustee's supervision and intervention obligations under the general law are eliminated and discharged of all management responsibility in the company, which can be carried out by the directors without interference in the affairs of the company by the trustee.
The trustee has a statutory duty to retain the designated shares, which are the object of the VISTA trust and any duty to preserve or improve the value of the trust fund will be subordinated to this obligation.
However, its powers are limited to dispose of the actions in the circumstances expressed by the terms of the trust deed, not being able to intervene in the management of the company except to solve specific problems and only in a prescribed number of circumstances that must be stated expressly in the deed.
The deed specifies the rules of the "Office of the Director" that establishes how the trustee must exercise his voting powers regarding the appointment, removal and remuneration of the directors.
Although the VISTA regime is strictly limited to a trustee who holds shares only in a company incorporated into BVI, the underlying company may retain ownership of any other type of assets.
VISTA trusts are allowed to have more than one trustee, but at least one of them must be a designated trustee which is defined by the Act as a trustee licensed to carry out trust business in the BVI under the Banks and Trust Companies Act, 1990.
VISTA reduces the level of risk faced by the trustee who will be more inclined to hold high-risk assets and enter into speculative transactions as their obligation to monitor and manage the trust funds or intervene in highly complex financial transactions and any liability for any resultant losses for its failure to do so is removed by the VISTA Act.
The VISTA Act removes the trustee's obligation from the prudent investor and the trustee has no obligation to oversee the management of the underlying company.
Tax implications of an offshore trust
Usually, when a trust is established in a foreign jurisdiction there may not be local taxes applicable to the assets and income of the trust, provided that no residents of the jurisdiction benefit from the trust and no assets are located there.
It must be noted that the choice of law of the trust would not be applicable to tax matters, which would be governed by the respective jurisdiction where the settlor, beneficiaries, assets or trustee are located, as applicable.
You should consult with your tax advisor or accountant to know the tax implications in your jurisdiction of residence when establishing a foreign trust, transfer assets to it and receive profits from said assets.
For instance, in the United States, the IRS may consider that a settlor having an interest in the funds belonging to the trust cannot be understood as a separate entity and therefore, the settlor has the obligation to report said assets in the tax return (IRS form 1040).
Contributions to a trust can reduce exemption from unified gift tax unless it is taken advantage of the annual donation tax exclusion.
Furthermore, for the creation or transfer of money to a foreign trust, to receive directly or indirectly any distribution or to receive gifts or legacies from foreign entities, you will be required to file the IRS Form 3520.
US citizens are taxed on their worldwide income. This means that the beneficiary may be taxed on all income of the trust, even if it is not distributed.
Generally, a foreign trust is not a vehicle for a resident of the United States, to avoid US income tax.
In addition, consider that in accordance with the appreciation in the value of the assets of the trust, this can be treated as a taxable gain. Although the trust may be structured in a way to legally avoid that.
Also, consider that Trusts are institutions with use and application in common law legal systems.
The civil law system does not recognize, in general terms, a difference between formal and beneficial ownership while the common law does.
In Civil law countries, that have not signed The Hague Convention on Trusts, trusts might be disregarded, therefore any transfer made by the settlor to the trust would be considered as not carried out from a tax perspective, and the settlor might continue to be the owner of the assets transferred.
In summary, offshore trusts are powerful tools for both estate and succession planning, as investment vehicles, corporate structuring and asset protection, among others. But this option should be approached with caution, and with the appropriate professional advice.
A trust will serve you to protect your assets from being used for a purpose other than what you had in mind for them. It can protect your wealth beyond the reach of frivolous claimants, creditors, ex-spouses and even yourself. It is always best to establish the trust before that any legal action will be taken against you.
Asset protection trusts are ideal for corporations who are subject to product liability beyond insurance coverage limits, medical doctors and lawyers who could be exposed to malpractice suits, contractors and construction companies or any person or company who has assets that may be subject to litigation and subsequent seizure.
Be extremely careful and consult with an attorney, along with a financial planner or accountant before considering the use of an offshore trust and to structure it correctly.
At Flag Theory, with our global network of attorneys and advisors, we can assist you to determine whether it is suitable or not to form a trust or consider other options, as well as where to establish it and its terms according to your specific needs, circumstances and goals. Apply now for a free 30-minute private consultation call and start your journey towards more freedom, privacy and wealth.
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This article is relevant to: British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands, Nevis, Uncategorized