Zoom Lens vs. Fixed Lenses: Which one is best for YouTuber?
As a YouTuber it is a good idea to understand the way your camera works, since you will be using it so often. If you make your videos using a DSLR then you will need to know the difference between the two categories of camera lenses. Most cameras only have the one built in lens, but with a DSLR you choose which lens you want to use.
You can get a lot of different lenses for your DSLR and they all have different effects on the images you record. All of these lenses fall under one of two categories; fixed or zoom. Zoom Lenses allow you to zoom in and blow up a portion of your frame. Fixed Lenses can have a lot of interesting effects, but they do not zoom. The built-in lenses in most non-DSLR cameras are all Zoom Lenses, so chances are you are more used to them.
Being able to zoom is convenient, but there are benefits to Fixed Lenses too. This article will walk you through the differences and explain which type of camera lens is best for YouTube.
What Do I Need to Know About Fixed Lenses?
Seasoned videographers often claim that a lens is more important than the camera body because a good lens can improve the quality of the footage. Photo and video camera lenses are constructed using the same principles, which means that any lens that is compatible with your DSLR camera can capture both still and moving images.
All lenses have different focal lengths, and a fixed lens is simply a lens with a fixed focal length.Fixed Lenses are also called Prime' Lenses, which have a set angle of view, so for example, if you have a 35mm prime lens you won't be able to increase or decrease its focal length.
When you rely on Fixed Lenses you learn to choose the perfect lens for every shot, a lot of people appreciate the skill and creativity that can go into making these choices.
Stunning Performance: Videos recorded with prime lenses are known to be sharper and more visually pleasing than the ones captured with a zoom lens. The fixed focal length requires incredibly precise glass, which is the reason why most prime lenses produce image quality that matches the quality of images produced with high-end zoom lenses.
Prime Lenses are Small and Lightweight: If you are shooting videos in outdoor locations often, you probably know that weight can be a problem. Fixed lenses enable you to reduce the weight you have to carry around while you're shooting a video or taking photos, but they aren't as versatile as zoom lenses.
Practice, practice, practice: Composing a shot, finding a great angle or learning how to find the best camera position for each scene you shoot are all important skills. Using a prime lens will force you to look for a place where you can physically put the camera, in order to get the shot you want, instead of composing images by just zooming in or out. It is a challenge, but a challenge well worth taking.
Creative results: Aperture allows you to control how much light you are letting into the camera. Prime lenses can have apertures as wide as f/1.2 which makes them extremely useful in low light conditions. Fixed lenses also have a shallow depth of field so you can use them to get a nice background blur.
Cost Efficiency: Camera equipment can get quite expensive, but if you are looking for a way to save money on lenses and still get stunning image quality prime lenses are your best solution. You can find high-quality fixed lenses for just a couple of hundreds of dollars, while you'd have to spend much more on a zoom lens of the same quality.
Shooting action scenes where you have to change the focal length quickly is nearly impossible.
Placing the camera in the perfect spot to get the best shot may not be possible in all filming locations.
If you only have Fixed Lenses then you definitely need more than one and you will probably want to build a set. Every time you change your lens or move your camera to a better location while using Fixed Lenses, a Zoom Lens could have saved you time and effort. A lot of photographers and videographers enjoy taking that time and effort, though. Fixed Lenses are more affordable than Zoom Lenses, although you do need to buy more of them. You can create effects like bokeh or background blurring with Fixed Lenses, and the additional planning that goes into your shots can add a level of artistry.
What Do I Need to Know About Zoom Lenses?
Zoom Lenses are more expensive than Fixed Lenses, though, and they are not capable of creating some of the same effects. You cannot blur your background or create a bokeh lighting effect using a Zoom Lens because most Zoom Lenses do not have wide enough apertures.
A Zoom Lens is adjustable. Rather than choosing the perfect lens for a shot you can zoom in or out until everything is exactly how you want it.
This makes Zoom Lenses more versatile. If you cannot adjust your lens then you have to hunt for the perfect distance from your subject to capture it in focus, or change the lens on your camera. With a Zoom Lens you can just zoom.
Unlike the fixed lenses, zoom lenses allow you to change the focal length by turning the focal ring. Telephoto, wide angle or mid-range lenses can also be zoom lenses that allow you to combine the properties of telephoto, wide angle, and mid-range lenses. Simply put, you can use the same zoom lens to take a variety of shots with different focal lengths.
Besides letting you adjust the focal length, most zoom lenses allow you to change the aperture, but their maximum f value is below the professional standard. The limited aperture speed slightly decreases the performance of zoom lenses in low light conditions. Let's see what other benefits zoom lenses have to offer.
Flexibility and Adjustability: When you are on the set you have to be ready to adjust to new situations quickly so changing a focal length within a few seconds may make all the difference. While prime lenses require you to constantly switch between lenses, zoom lenses allow you to easily find the optimum focal length for the scene you are recording.
Image Stabilization Technologies: Nearly all modern DSLRs have built-in image stabilization systems, but some zoom lenses also feature powerful technologies that reduce the effect camera shaking has on the footage the camera produces. Image stabilization features provided by zoom lenses can be important when you're shooting at low shutter speeds.
Saving time and space: If you work only with prime lenses you'll have to change lenses constantly, which means that you'll have to carry a lot of lenses to each location. Zoom lenses allow you to carry less equipment and they enable you to save time on switching lenses for each new shot you take.
Buying good zoom lenses requires you to spend a lot of money because some high-end models can cost a few thousand dollars. Lower priced zoom lenses produce image quality that is considerably lower than what prime lenses can offer.
Fixed Lens vs Zoom Lens: Which is best for your Youtube Channel?
Which type of lens is better for you and your YouTube channel will depend on what kind of channel you have.
A lot of vloggers reuse the same camera set up every time they vlog. For example; beauty gurus, opinion vloggers, and even some comedic vloggers tend to stick to one main set. If you fall into one of these genres, or a different vlogging genre where you do not tend to move around, then a Fixed Lens can meet all your needs. You do not need to be able to zoom if your shot never changes.
You will still need a variety of Fixed Lenses if you ever want to make a different kind of video, or if you plan to use your camera for photography.
If you are interested in vlogging, but do not plan to become interested in videos or photography more generally then a Zoom Lens might be better for you. You will be able to take a variety of shots without as much planning. Also, if you like to film on the go then it is a lot simpler to travel with one Zoom Lens than a case of Fixed Lenses. Vloggers who move around a lot, like travel vloggers and some daily life vloggers, are also more likely to need a zoom feature.
Prime or Zoom Lens, Which One Should I Use for My Vlogs?
Cinematographers rarely use a lens to zoom in or to zoom out, because camera movement in cinema means that you have to physically move the camera. The fast apertures and low prices are a part of the reason why prime lenses are so popular among all types of video producers. Besides, the shallow depth of field the fixed lenses offer can produce amazing visual effects when you are shooting portraits. That's why a prime lens is a great option for all studio based vlogs that don't involve a lot of movement.
On the other hand, if you are traveling a lot and you don't often shoot at locations where you can easily have access to a lot of different lenses, using a zoom lens is simply a much better option. You'll be able to compose a shot much faster and you'll be better equipped for the documentary style of videography. Other than price, there are no further reasons why you shouldn't use a zoom lens to record your videos.


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(1) Sandra Day O'Connor, educated at Stanford both as an undergraduate and law student. At right is Justice O'Connor's official portrait (note the pink blouse), now hanging in the ground-floor gallery at the Court.
(2) As posted, Ronald Reagan nominated O'Connor in 1981.
Bonus question: Charles Evans Whittaker, who served on the Court from 1957 to 1962, earned his law degree in 1924 from the University of Missouri-Kansas City. Whittaker served with the Court's next-most-recent-public-university-law-grad, Chief Justice Earl Warren (University of California-Berkeley). Appointing both was President Dwight D. Eisenhower, a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York.


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Home › SPQR - Mary Beard
SPQR - Mary Beard
Default Title - £10.99 GBP Regular price £10.99 Quantity
Roman history is always being rewritten, and always has been; in some ways we know more about ancient Rome than the Romans themselves did. Roman history, in other words, is a work in progress. This book is my contribution to that bigger project; it offers my version of why it matters.
Ancient Rome matters.
Its history of empire, conquest, cruelty and excess is something against which we still judge ourselves. Its myths and stories - from Romulus and Remus to the Rape of Lucretia - still strike a chord with us. And its debates about citizenship, security and the rights of the individual still influence our own debates on civil liberty today.
SPQR is a new look at Roman history from one of the world's foremost classicists. It explores not only how Rome grew from an insignificant village in central Italy to a power that controlled territory from Spain to Syria, but also how the Romans thought about themselves and their achievements, and why they are still important to us.
SPQR is the Romans' own abbreviation for their state: Senatus Populusque Romanus, 'the Senate and People of Rome'.
Covering 1,000 years of history, and casting fresh light on the basics of Roman culture from slavery to running water, as well as exploring democracy, migration, religious controversy, social mobility and exploitation in the larger context of the empire, this is a definitive history of ancient Rome.
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So this is certainly one of my new favorite things!
p.s. I washed my hair and blew it back out with a little Apoghee green tea leave in. I then created 9 bantu knots using Jane Carter's twisting foam (four knots down the middle like a mohawk and a few on each side of my head). I left the knots in for a day (although they were dry within an hour or so) and unravelled to reveal this fro-y awesomeness. To preserve I re-knotted (no product this time and only 5 knots) and tied on a scarf.


Whether your insurance needs are in your home, your business or in your fields, our team goes the extra mile to make a personal connection with each client so we can properly advise you on how to protect the most important assets in your life.
Brooke joined the Ihry Insurance team in August 2012 as a Customer Service Agent in Devils Lake. She earned her associate's degree in business management from Mayville State University. In addition, Brooke gained extensive insurance industry knowledge through the completion of an internship at a local independent insurance agency.
Brooke lives in Crary, ND. In her free time, she enjoys spending time with friends and family, completing puzzles, watching sports, and playing volleyball and basketball.
Kris started in the insurance industry in 2002. She joined Ihry Insurance in 2012. Kris is originally from Bisbee, ND and moved to Devils Lake in 2006 where she lives with her husband Christopher and 2 daughters Bailey and Emili. Kris enjoys spending time with family and playing volleyball and softball.
Merle has been with Ihry Insurance since 2012. Prior to joining our team, Merle owned First Agency in Devils Lake. He has an agriculture background and focuses on crop and hail insurance products.
Terry Luehring is a life long farmer, owner & operator. In March of 2000 he received his producer license and has been an agent specifically in crop insurance. Him and his wife Marla have two daughters, Amanda and Jennifer, and one son Austin. He is an avid outdoorsman and loves to hunt! He also enjoys most all sporting events with baseball and football topping the list. Go Twins!! Go Bison!!
Bucket List: Traveling with family and friends. Hunting Alaska and New Zealand. Fishing and exploring the Florida Keys. Making my first parachute jump. Spoiling numerous Grandkids.
Breanne has more than 10 years of experience in banking and customer service. She and her son live in Devils Lake. She likes to spend free time at the lake and playing her son.
Bucket List: Backpack through Europe and visit the Bahamas.
Mike has worked at Ihry Insurance since 1991. Before getting into the insurance industry, Mike was in the grain, fertilizer and chemical business.
Mike and his children own and operate a farm near Hillsboro, N.D. He enjoys spending time with his family and traveling. Mike's life philosophy is to enter each day with the desire to enjoy life. If you do that, great things are bound to happen.
JR graduated from the University of North Dakota. He's been in the insurance business for over 10 years and with Ihry Insurance since 2010.
JR, his wife and daughter live in Grand Forks, N.D. His interests include politics, sports, pop culture and trivia.
Bucket List: Attend every North Dakota Fighting Hawks hockey game in a season, both home and away.
Teresa went to college at Mayville State University and got her Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration. She has been in the insurance business with Ihry Insurance for 4 years. She specializes in Crop Insurance. Teresa also does the books for the family farms.
Teresa and her husband (Ben) live on a farm near Hillsboro, and have two boys (Bryce and Jacob). They enjoy spending time with family and friends and going to the boy's activities and sporting events.
Bucket List: To live life to the fullest and visit all 50 states.
Shane has been in the insurance industry since 2000. He specializes in personal lines, crop and hail, farm and life insurance. Shane holds designations of Certified Insurance Counselor (CIC) and Agribusiness and Farm Insurance Specialist (AFIS).
Shane and his wife, Jeri Anne, live in Hope, N.D. with their two daughters and one son. He enjoys spending time with his family, golfing, fishing, cooking and going to the lake. Shane is also actively involved in the surrounding communities, including being the past Mayor of Page, ND, and a volunteer fireman. He has also served on numerous boards and committees including president of the church council, economic development boards, dollars for scholars and the Hope Golf Course Board.
Curtis comes to Ihry Insurance with 30 years in the banking industry and 18 years of management experience. He and his wife, Tammy, currently live in Hillsboro. They have 3 sons and 4 grandchildren. Curtis is Vice-President of the Hillsboro City Commission, President of both the St. Rose parish council & Hillsboro Dollars for Scholars; he is also Treasurer for Traill County Historical Society. In his spare time he enjoys carpentry projects and gardening.
Bucket List: 1) Currently is a black belt in Tae Kwon Do and would like to resume that training and perhaps teach at some point. 2) Spend more time with grandchildren.
Kayla Elliott joined Ihry Insurance Agency, Inc. as a Customer Service Representative in Page, ND. She most recently worked as a Customer Care Specialist at Bank of the West.
Kayla and her husband, Andy, live in Galesburg, ND. She enjoys spending time with family and friends, attending NDSU football games, reading, gardening, cooking and fishing.
Brenda has been with Ihry Insurance since 2000.
Brenda and her husband Keith live in Hope. They have 6 grown children. Brenda enjoys spending time with her family and her grandchildren.
Clark has been with Ihry Insurance since 2000. He assists with closing sales on the insurance side and facilitates the marketing club.
Clark and his wife, Susan, live on a farm near of Pillsbury, N.D. They have three grown children and three grandchildren. In his spare time, Clark loves doing family activities with his grandchildren and spending time at the lake.
Nancy has been with Ihry Insurance since 1990. She is a licensed agent and specializes in crop insurance.
Nancy and her husband John live on a farm near Hope, ND. They have two grown children, and five grandchildren. Besides enjoying her time with family, Nancy helps out on the farm, and thinks running the combine and being in the field are the best of times. Her favorite time of year is harvest!
Bucket List: Watch her grandchildren grow old.
Heather joined our team in September 2014 as a Customer Service Representative in our Hope branch. Heather is a graduate of NDSU with a degree in Family Economics and Business Administration. She previously worked for the Steele County Farm Service Agency.
Heather and her husband Tab live in Hope, ND. Together they have three children Brady, Bailey and Bo.
In her spare time Heather enjoys reading, shopping and spending time with family and friends.
Doug has been an agent with Ihry Insurance since 1997 and has been farming since 1975.
Doug lives on a small grain farm south of Mahnomen, M.N. He married his high school sweetheart, Darlene, and together they have five grown daughters and eight grandchildren. He's involved with his church and the local Catholic grade school. Doug enjoys spending time with his family, working with horses, biking, water skiing, cross country skiing, and working on his golf game.
Bucket List: Healthy and successful children and grandchildren in what ever they pursue. Travel the US, learn to sail a boat.
Darlene has been an agent with Ihry Insurance since 1997.
Darlene lives on a small grain farm south of Mahnomen, M.N. She married her high school sweetheart, Doug, and together they have five grown daughters and eight grandchildren. Along with being involved with her church and the local Catholic grade school, Darlene teaches 7th grade religion and preschool. Darlene enjoys spending time with her family, working in her flower beds, gardening, cross country skiing, and working on her golf game.
Bucket List: Visit all the beautiful gardens she has read about and turn her backyard into a vacation destination for family & friends.
Reed Ihry started full time with Ihry Insurance in 2009. He has 35 years of experience previously managing grain elevators.
Reed has lived in Devils Lake, N.D. for over 20 years, but spends most weekends at Red Willow Lake near Binford, N.D. He has been happily married to his wife, Michelle, since 1975. They have two children and four grandchildren. Besides spending time with family and friends at the lake, Reed enjoys bicycling, running and playing amateur basketball in the winter.
Bucket List: (1) Help Ihry Insurance be the best it can be for our clients, our employees and for the companies we represent. (2) Take time to spend with family.
Brittany has more than 5 years of experience in customer service and medical billing. She is the mother of two, a son and a daughter and they reside in Finley.
In her free time, Brittany enjoys spending outdoor activities including riding motorcycles, hunting and fishing. She enjoys spending time with her family and friends.
Bucket List: Travel to other countries.
Chuck has lived in Towner, N.D. and been in the insurance business for over 31 years.
Chuck was raised on a farm outside Granville, N.D. He has been married for over 30 years to his wife, Becky, and has two children. Chuck enjoys golf and watching sporting events.
Kristi joined our team in March 2014 as a Customer Service Representative in our Towner branch. Kristi studied Business Administration for 2 years at UND and MSU Minot and has over 7 years of insurance industry experience dealing with Blue Cross Blue Shield, Medicare, Medicaid and various commercial insurances.
Kristi and her husband, Jerome, live in Towner, ND. Together they have six children. Two of their children are getting married this summer, two of them attend college (one studying Dietetics at North Dakota State University in Fargo, ND, and the other studying Nursing at West Coast University in Dallas, TX), and their youngest child is a sophore in high school. They have five adorable grandchildren and love spending every possible minute with them!
In their spare time, Kristi and Jerome enjoy fishing, riding Harley, watching—or attending—NASCAR races, and spending time with friends and family.
Bucket List: (1) I would love to visit every NASCAR track. (2) Take our kids and grandkids on a cruise. (3) Travel abroad.
Dustin joined Ihry Insurance in 2011 and has over 10 years of experience in the insurance industry.
Dustin lives in West Fargo, N.D. with is wife, Keely. They have one daughter, Reagan, and one son, Beckett. Dustin loves going to the lake and watching Bison football and Twins baseball.
Bucket List: Travel to Italy with my wife.
Kim has been in the insurance industry since 2007. She holds a bachelor's degree in accounting with a minor in business administration from the University of Minnesota. She focuses on placing insurance and bonds for commercial lines customers.
Bucket List: Visit Washington DC and the Statue of Liberty.
Cheryl joined the Ihry Insurance team in November 2013 as a Customer Service Agent for Commercial Lines in West Fargo. She has been in the insurance industry since 1978 and has experience on both the insurance carrier side and insurance agency side of the industry.
Cheryl was born and raised in Milbank, SD. She comes from a big family— five sisters and two brothers—and they all try to get together a couple times each year. She also has two grown daughters, Angie and Brittany. Cheryl has 3 grandsons.
In her spare time, Cheryl enjoys spending time with family and friends, baking, cooking, watching movies, attending local high school sporting events, counted cross-stitching, and crocheting.
Annie joined the Ihry Insurance team in the spring of 2016 as a Customer Service Agent for Commercial Lines in West Fargo.
She has been in the insurance industry for over 8 years with 4 years of agency experience and 4 years of company experience. Annie has an associate degree from the Colorado Institute of Art and has earned her CISR designation.
Annie lives in Fargo, ND and has a son who lives in Colorado. In her spare time she enjoys reading, YouTube, watching documentaries on Netflix and volunteering at the Homeward Animal Shelter once a week.
Channi has been in the insurance industry for 5 years and is currently working on her CISR.
She lives in Moorhead and is engaged with 3 children. They have a dog(Lennox) and a cat(Tipsy). They're best buds. In her spare time, she likes spending time with family, camping and going to the lakes.
Bucket list: Go camping in every state. Even getting to half would be alright and to be fit enough to run a marathon.
Nate joined the Ihry Insurance team in August 2012 as an Insurance Agent in West Fargo. Nate's been in the insurance industry since 2004, and he previously worked for Schmitz Insurance Agency. He also holds an Agribusiness and Farm Insurance Specialist (AFIS) designation.
Nate lives in Fargo with his daughter Jocelyn. In his free time, Nate likes to watch football or baseball, attend RedHawks and Twins games, and entertain friends and family.
Russ has been with Ihry Insurance Agency since June 2012, specializing in both crop insurance and property and casualty insurance. Russ began his career as a crop adjuster in the late 1980's. He later decided to become an insurance agent and received his license in 1994. Russ has been involved in organizations such as the Professional Insurance Agents of North Dakota, the Gardner Fire Department, and the Valley Lions Club. He's been nominated twice for the "Agent of the Year" award from the Professional Insurance Agents of North Dakota.
Russ and his wife, Janet, live in Gardner, ND, and have two daughters, Gretchen and Lauren. Outside of work, Russ loves to hunt and fish, watch racing (from the local level to Nascar) and spend time with his family.
Leslie has more than 20 years of marketing, public relations and channel development experience in the banking, lending, insurance and agriculture industries. She is passionate about delivering superior customer service by providing high quality service options to clients in a technology-driven world. Leslie is a graduate of the University of Oklahoma and has completed the majority of her master's degree in Organizational Communications at NDSU.
Leslie lives in West Fargo with her husband, Ken and chocolate lab, Charlee. The couple has three grown children and two grandsons.
She REALLY loves college football, especially the Sooners and the Bison, as well as movies, HGTV/Pinterest projects and scrapbooking in her free time.
Sandy has been with Ihry Insurance (previously Western Insurance) since 2002 and has over 16 years in the insurance industry.
Sandy and her husband live in West Fargo. In her spare time, she enjoys reading, spending time outdoors and gardening.
Kristi has six years of insurance experience and enjoys working with customers and providing solutions. She is licensed in P&C and Life. In 20111, Kristi earned a bachelor's degree in business from MSUM.
Kristi and her husband, Kirk, have one daughter. In her free time, Kristi enjoys spending time with family and outdoor activities like golfing and spending time at the lake.
Bucket List: Travel to Australia and New Zealand.
Jeremy joined Ihry insurance in January 2019. He is an NDSU alum, and has a bachelor's degree in accounting. He has more than 15 years of accounting experience.
Jeremy lives in Horace, ND.
He enjoys fishing, golfing and going to the lake.
Bucket List: A vacation to Bora Bora.
Jeff and his wife, Kim, live in South Fargo, they have two children. Their son is at collage in Denver, while their daughter is at Davies High in Fargo.
Jeff graduated from MSUM with a degree in Music. In his spare time, he enjoys playing guitar and woodworking. Recently he combined those hobbies and started building guitars and has a growing collection.
Jeff is a member of the South Point Kiwanis where he started a program of donating ukuleles to elementary school music programs.
Bucket List: Going out to Red Rocks in Colorado with his guitar and playing on the stage.


1) NASA carried out a study called the Clean Air Study to determine which plants help to clean the air we breathe by eliminating harmful toxins. The spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum) is one of the plants on the list. It is one of the most popular and easiest to grow of house plants.
2) The aloe vera plant has many healing benefits, including its ability to clean air.
3) Rubber plants rank high on the list of house plants that eliminate toxins such as formaldehyde from the air in your home. As time goes on, the rubber plant becomes even more efficient at eliminating toxic compounds from the air.
4) Snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata 'Laurentii'), also known as Mother In Law's Tongue, is low maintenance and is one of the toughest of all house plants. It has stiff upright leaves and makes a great statement in any room.
5) Use fragrant plants such as dwarf kaffir lime trees (Citrus hystrix) to fill your home with a wonderful fresh smell instead of using artificial air fresheners.
6) Areca palm releases moisture into a room, making it particularly welcome in dry winter months. Plants such as cacti and succulents, on the other hand, retain water and therefore release very little water into the air.


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List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China
Title: List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China
Subject: List of Chinese leaders, Li Xiannian, Politics of China, Xi Jinping, Administrative divisions of China
Collection: Lists of Political Office-Holders in China, Lists of Presidents, Presidents of the People's Republic of China
To avoid confusion, all the names on this list follow the Eastern order convention (family name first, personal name second) for consistency.
This is a list of the Presidents and other heads of state of the People's Republic of China.
The office, called 国家主席 (Guójiā Zhǔxí) in Chinese, was created in 1954 when the 1st Constitution consolidated the system of government in the People's Republic of China. At the time, the title was translated into English as State Chairman. The position was abolished between 1975 and 1982 with the functions of head of state being performed by the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. The presidency was revived under the fourth constitution in 1982.
Central People's Government (1949–1954) 1.1
The 1st Constitution (1954–1975) 1.2
The 2nd and 3rd Constitution (1975–1982) 1.3
The 4th Constitution (1983–present) 1.4
Living Former Presidents 2
Generations of leadership
First Administration Second Administration Third Administration Hu–Wen Administration Xi–Li Administration
Central People's Government (1949–1954)
Chairman of the Central People's Government
(Lifespan)
Vice Chairmen
(1893–1976) 1 October 1949 27 September 1954 Zhu De
Liu Shaoqi
Song Qingling
Li Jishen
Zhang Lan
Gao Gang
The 1st Constitution (1954–1975)
Chairman of the People's Republic of China
Beijing At-large 27 September 1954 27 April 1959 I Zhu De
Beijing At-large 27 April 1959 3 January 1965 II Song Qingling
Dong Biwu
2 January 1965[1] 31 October 1968[2] III
董必武
Hubei At-large 24 February 1972 17 January 1975 III Vacancy by ascension
The 2nd and 3rd Constitution (1975–1982)
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
Zhu De
Sichuan At-large 17 January 1975 6 July 1976 IV Song Qingling[3]
Dong Biwu[3] (died 2 April 1975)
Shanghai At-large 6 July 1976 5 March 1978 IV
After Zhu De's death, Song Qingling served as acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the remainder of the 4th National People's Congress's term.
Ye Jianying
PLA 5 March 1978 18 June 1983 V Song Qingling
Honorary President of the People's Republic of China
(Birth–Death)
Shanghai At-large 16 May 1981 28 May 1981 V Shortly before her death, Song Qingling was named Honorary President of the People's Republic of China.
The 4th Constitution (1983–present)
President of the People's Republic of China
NPC - (Election)
Li Xiannian
Hubei At-large 18 June 1983 8 April 1988 VI - (62.5%) Ulanhu
He started reforms in foreign policy and China began opening to the world. He was first Chinese president who visited USA. He was also the first state president who officially visited North Korea. In 1984, Li met with US President Ronald Reagan during Reagan's visit to China, notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President. In 1988, Li resigned from his position as President of the People's Republic of China and was replaced by Yang Shangkun. Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC.[4]
Yang Shangkun
杨尚昆
PLA 8 April 1988 27 March 1993 VII - (66.8%) Wang Zhen
Yang promoted economic reform but opposed political liberalization, a position which Jiang Zemin's leadership led Deng to force Yang to retire.
(born 1926)
Shanghai At-large 27 March 1993 15 March 1998 VIII - (68.4%) Rong Yiren
15 March 1998 15 March 2003 IX - (71.5%) Hu Jintao
Under his leadership, China experienced substantial developmental growth with reforms, saw the peaceful return of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom and Macau from Portugal, and improved its relations with the outside world while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the government. Jiang has been criticized for being too concerned about his personal image at home, and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad.[5] Served as Mayor of Shanghai (1985–1989), Chairman of the Central Military Commission of China (1990–2005)
胡锦涛
Tibet At-large (until 2008)
Jiangsu At-large (from 2008) 15 March 2003 15 March 2008 X - (72.9%) Zeng Qinghong
15 March 2008 14 March 2013 XI - (70.27%) Xi Jinping
During his term in office, Hu reintroduced state control in some sectors of the economy that were relaxed by the previous administration, and has been conservative with political reforms.[6] Along with his colleague, Premier Wen Jiabao, Hu presided over nearly a decade of consistent economic growth and development that cemented China as a major world power. He sought to improve socio-economic equality domestically through the Scientific Development Concept, which aimed to build a "Socialist Harmonious Society" that was prosperous and free of social conflict.[7] In foreign policy, Hu advocated for "China's peaceful development", pursuing soft power in international relations and a business-oriented approach to diplomacy. Through Hu's tenure, China's influence in Africa, Latin America, and other developing countries has increased.[8] Served as Vice President (1998–2003)
Shanghai At-large 14 March 2013 Incumbent XII - (72.21%) Li Yuanchao
Served as Vice President (2008–2013).
Living Former Presidents
As of January 2016, there are two living former presidents:
Jiang Zemin 1993-2003 (1926-08-17) August 17, 1926
Hu Jintao 2003-2013 (1942-12-21) December 21, 1942
Vice President of the People's Republic of China
List of premiers of the People's Republic of China
List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China
Paramount leader - a informal list of the those who have been considered the highest leader of the party and the People's Republic of China
^ a b
^ Tomoyuki Kojima. China's Omnidirectional Diplomacy: Cooperation with all, Emphasis on Major Powers. Asia-Pacific Review, 1469–2937, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2001
^ World Savvy Monitor: China and the World - A foreign policy overview
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013
Lists of presidents
Presidents of the People's Republic of China
Lists of political office-holders in China
Pudong, Yangtze River Delta, Jiangsu, China, Zhejiang
Tokyo, United Kingdom, China, Shanghai, Hong Kong
National People's Congress, Shanghai, President of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping, Hu Jintao
Wuhan, Henan, Shennongjia, Jiangxi, Chinese folk religion
List of Chinese leaders
Taiwan, Chiang Kai-shek, China, Hong Kong, Macau
Deng Xiaoping, Hubei, President of the People's Republic of China, Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong
Politics of China
Communist Party of China, State Council of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping, Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China, Central Military Commission (China)
Communist Party of China, Barack Obama, China, Hu Jintao, Russia
Administrative divisions of China
Townships of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China, Chongqing, Subdistricts of the People's Republic of China


If you're looking to get into VR flight simulation, here are some starter tips on equipment and software to look into.
As for general availability Oculus and HTC Vive are still leading the pack - in my opinion Oculus is a bit more comfortable and HTC tends to have a bit better tracking. When seated in a cockpit however one tends to move around less so tracking is arguably less of an issue with this genre of software. These change every year and get slightly better with each iteration. HTC's customer service is a nightmare so if your equipment will be getting lots of usage and/or breaking often, keep that in mind.
Tactile feedback / bass shakers - These devices will take the bass frequencies and resonate or shake the entire frame accordingly. This really helps the sense of immersion. https://thebuttkicker.com/ is the most popular model. You can also build your own with off-the-shelf resonators and an audio amplifier.
X-Plane: https://store.steampowered.com/app/269950/XPlane_11/ This one is neat because you can (with a little manual tinkering) inject real satellite terrain so that the ground under you looks real.
FlyInside Flight Sim: This is a fork of the popular Microsoft Flight simulator product redesigned for VR. It's probably the most targeted to VR environments and supports finger tracking with an optional Leap Motion device. This lets you actually reach out and flip the switches and turn the knobs in the cockpit.
Aerofly FS2: https://store.steampowered.com/app/434030/Aerofly_FS_2_Flight_Simulator/ - A nicely polished flight sim. Not the most feature packed but worth a visit. It's my go-to when I want to quickly hop into a flight sim and don't want to tinker as much.
DCS World https://store.steampowered.com/app/223750/DCS_World_Steam_Edition/ This sim focuses on military aircraft, targeting systems etc. VR is supported.
Cite this post: Arin Bennett. "How to get started with VR flight simulation". Published January 18, 2019. https://scholarslab.lib.virginia.edu/blog/Spatial-VR-Aviation-Resources/. Accessed on .


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Nightclub Dj Singer Male
Edson Leader – a place for remembering loved ones; a space for sharing memories, life stories, milestones, to express condolences, and celebrate life of your loved ones.
Harry Styles, singer, former One Direction. joining guest uber-producer Mark Ronson in the DJ booth as revellers relaxed and danced through the night. Styles looked at home at the decks as Ronson,
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial.
May 15, 2019 · Olivia Jade looks carefree on nightclub outing as USC soccer coach pleads guilty to faking her athletic profile and may testify against mom Lori Loughlin in college.
Regulate G Funk Era Album #iMO #Album #iTunes Honey (Music From & Inspired By The Motion Picture) Genres: Soundtrack Release: December 05, 2003 ℗ 2003 Elektra Entertainment. Marketed by Rhino Entertainment Company, a Warner Music Group company. Release information Barcode: 731452333520 Format: CD Length: 36:57 Additional details Type: Album Packaging: Jewel Case Status: Official Language: English Script: Warren G went
Carl Cox has become eponymous with the legacy of electronic music. The Oldham-born British. It was sad news for many when the DJ announced the end of his residency, after 15 years at the Balearic.
Beyond Musical Instrument The art has evolved, refined and perfected time and again with the implementation of various musical instruments, and yet, the undying quest to take it a step further has always pushed human. Woodstock Zenergy Chime – Trio Relax, refocus, re-energize: good vibrations from this trio of tuned bars. For best results, play the Zenergy Chime
Junction City Cl Hoover Opera House HARD-KNOCK LIFE — The musical "Annie" will be staged Friday through Sunday, Sept. 8-15, at the C.L. Hoover Opera House, 135 W. 7th in Junction City. Times: 7:30 p.m. Friday-Saturday; 2 p.m. Sunday. Renegades Of Funk Samples 80s Pop Music Royalty Free This article includes an overview of the major events and trends in popular
Women making music—especially women who DJ—aren't taken seriously by their male counterparts. But in the D.C. area. working in the studio, or DJing at a club, TRAKGIRL, DOMO, and DJ Chan Don are.
This is a list of the various large clubs that were around during the 80s. NOT PRESENT DAY CLUBS. #'s (Number's) Houston, TX 1980's-present. Probably the oldest club in Houston, defined the alternative 80's dance music scene in Houston.
Breaking the biggest stories in celebrity and entertainment news. Get exclusive access to the latest stories, photos, and video as only TMZ can.
He finishes to applause and whoops from the packed crowd, and the emcee introduces the next singer. night to appeal to Moz fans of all backgrounds (and singing abilities). The night was an instant.
Her passion for music dates back to a time when she sang along with her sister. However, it was in her early teens that she was introduced to club music. for an event and then introduced to the.
(CNN)US singer Mariah Carey performed in concert in Saudi Arabia Thursday night, despite calls from activists to cancel the show over allegations of human rights abuse. Carey appeared in King Abdullah.
Last Song Of Moana Singing "It's a tremendous honor to get to sing a Randy Newman song in what is without question. It's nearing two years since. Moana album description:. despite he doesn't sing, except only one song here, has coped with his role well. There are numerous things that must be told after watching all the trailers of it
At the front of the room was DJ Miri. selection of music. "Learning how to deejay is about curiosity, a love of music and people and it's mostly a hobby for most people. By day they work in the.
He then retweeted a comment from famous DJ and EDM artist deadmau5 that read. dispute when he was attacked by a patron at a Toronto nightclub. In late August, a male charged at the "Boyfriend".
Boulder Restaurants Live Music We have three employees that live in Denver; moving to Lafayette will reduce their travel time substantially." DevelopIntelligence is one of several companies that have decided to exit Boulder in. Boulder City was a part of the Nebraska Territory until February 28, 1861, when the Territory of Colorado was created by the US Congress. It
DJ Pauly D (bron July 5, 1980) is the public name of American television personality and DJ Paul DelVecchio from Providence, Rhode Island, U.S. Paul DelVecchio was born and raised in Providence, Rhode Island, attended the local Johnston High School and began his.
Rap personality and hitmaker DJ Khaled is set to host the 2019 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. The ceremony, which awards kids' favorites from across the worlds of film, television, music. this is.
Schneider is one of the judges of a new European-wide ladies-only DJ talent competition. Next Girl DJ hopes to encourage more females to get into DJing, a field they consider "a male. of music. See.
Back in 1986, Cheryl James ("Salt") and Sandra Denton ("Pepa"), along with DJ. Night, premiering April 30, is giving fans an inside look at the icons' journey together, and Salt-N-Pepa tells Bustle.
Renegades Of Funk Samples 80s Pop Music Royalty Free This article includes an overview of the major events and trends in popular music in the 1980s. The 1980s saw the emergence of dance music and new wave.As disco fell out of fashion in the decade's early years, genres such as post-disco, Italo disco, Euro disco and dance-pop became more
Jan 10, 2019 · R. Kelly's birthday celebration at a Chicago nightclub was interrupted by police amid growing backlash over the shocking allegations made against the R&B singer in.
Gay Puerto Vallarta gay bars, clubs, discos and the fun nightlife, See photos – Gay Puerto Vallarta guide – Antros bares party Mexico.
Dec 26, 2018 · Missing man Jack Morrad, 28, was last seen leaving the Colors nightclub in Southernhay, Basildon at around 2.30am last Sunday – just two days before Christmas. Police are concerned for him.
A disc jockey, more commonly abbreviated as DJ, is a person who plays existing recorded music for a live audience. Most common types of DJs include radio DJ, club DJ who performs at a nightclub or music festival and turntablist who uses record players, usually turntables, to manipulate sounds on phonograph records.Originally, the disc in disc jockey referred to gramophone records, but now DJ.
Slut Drop is a DIY collective based in Leeds that supports female, nonbinary, BAME, and LGBTQ+ creatives in the electronic.
The footage shows the male DJ apparently pushing one woman. "We'd just like [to] address last night's unfortunate events on Mode. It [has] left us with no choice but to remove the DJ in question.
I knew they weren't ready for a woman to be in that position in a club." Born in 1954, White grew up in Babylon, Long Island. From an early age, she loved music. DJ booth." Mailman wanted the Saint.
I've had male DJs reach over as I mixed two tracks and start twiddling with the knobs. Or come and stand behind me and instruct me on what to do. My personal favourite was when, at a regular Sunday.
It's not fair to say DJ. his music library. "He was like, 'Yo, I respect 50 Cent, but all I have is your mixtapes. That's why I really wanted you here. I'm just happy that you're here. It's your.
In an email to club DJs and staff, that was leaked and shared. upbeat and most importantly. a FUN vibe. Think DJ AM for.
The album earned him two NAACP Image Award nominations for Outstanding Male Artist and. But his music and legacy lives on.
Author adminPosted on June 11, 2019 June 11, 2019 Categories The Writers
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It's tradition that Rachel Comey starts off New York Fashion week her way, rarely does the designer stray from her art culture inspired surroundings. Comey has been inclusive back when it wasn't a pronounced issue. Each season she brings real life women down the runway.
"In terms of big picture stuff, I was thinking about intergenerational relationships, since on a personal level lately I've made friends with several people much older than me, which has been very rewarding," Comey tells WWD. Comey is the one independent designer who has managed to design a thoughtful collection for all women, of all ages.


I had the absolute pleasure yesterday of driving my nephew and his charming new wife back to Córdoba train station for their night train to Barcelona.
I don't normally look forward to the drive so very much as it is mostly motorway, but we decided to leave in plenty of time and take in a few of the local villages "off the beaten track".
But we went to have sangria and tapas in one of my fairytale destinations here - Zuheros.
About 40 minutes' easy drive away, skirting around the western side of the Sierra Subbética mountains, and absolutely accessible in a small car without wheel insurance (!), this village is a treasure. It is perched in a plunging ravine which splits through the Sierra and would have originally been the basis of inhabitation - an obvious water supply.
The swallows were swooping and chittering, and the crows (my personal favourites), cruising around chattering as the sun made it's way to the horizon and the castle lights came on, throwing everything into the most romantic lighting relief imaginable.
It has views stretching up to the Sierra Norte north of Cordoba with Baena in the middle ground, and the sunset from the castle is out of a fairy story, especially when enjoyed with a jug of freshly made sangria and local cured ham.
After wowing our socks off and taking lots of photos, we left shortly after 8.30pm to take the back road into Cordoba itself and the AVE / Renfe station which took us through several gorgeous villages - but the one that really stunned us was Espejo - Spanish for Mirror - because the light had become that late evening rich royal blue with smatterings of the darkest red as we rounded a corner to find the crescent moon hovering just to the right of a beautifully lit up castle, with a carpet of white houses spreading out at the castle's feet. It was, to quote my nephew's gorgeous Australian wife, "totally awesome".


So, we just start by tacking our brains into whatever curly mind coil patterns you selected onto our hat. Ancient Mesopotamians often wore conical hats or ones formed somewhat like an inverted vase. Any sizes completely works as a result of you will create your own brain pattern onto your Brain Hat.
There's a large number of good high quality solar hats in these styles accessible on the high road and from specialist web sites. Hats as an indicator of social status: a foreman (with horse) wears a hat of higher height than the accompanying inquilino (nineteenth-century Chile ).
The extra gray matter you add to your hat, the less you'll see the hat base. Just weave a temporary strand of otherwise colored yarn down the middle of your hat to assist hold monitor of every side. One of the first pictorial depictions of a hat seems in a tomb painting from Thebes, Egypt , which exhibits a man sporting a conical straw hat, dated to around 3200 BC. Hats had been generally worn in ancient Egypt.


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Navigating the early careers market
About the Talk
Shaun Sharkey (Partnerships manager @ Debut) gave an emotional, truthful account of his navigation into finding a job after university. Growing up in a Liverpool borough, Shaun's so-thought route after University was marred by situations where data may have ruled him out of prospective jobs. Shaun also explains Debut's research findings in early talent attraction, focusing on 'high quality' candidates and what defines that criteria, and what challenges must be overcome to attract them.
Shaun Sharkey joined Debut as an intern and quickly became part of their team having resonated with Debut's app which is aimed at the early careers market. Due to his own struggles navigating that market he believed in the messaging behind Debut and is now a full time member of the team as a partnerships manager.
Grad2Grad: How eliminating the B.S. won the war!
Caroline shared with the audience the challenges she faced during this journey; she takes us through the candidate journ…


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Pseudobathystomus funestus är en stekelart som först beskrevs av Alexander Henry Haliday 1836.  Pseudobathystomus funestus ingår i släktet Pseudobathystomus och familjen bracksteklar. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige. Utöver nominatformen finns också underarten P. f. schmiedeknechti.

Källor

Bracksteklar
funestus

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RUMOR: HBO Wants Antonio Banderas To Be To The Villain For WESTWORLD Season 3!
It's been a while since we last heard news about the third season of Westworld. Previously Breaking Bad alum Aaron Paul joined the cast and now another new addition to the cast is rumored to be happening! Well, sort of.
So from the site's exact wording, I doubt HBO have gotten very far in the process of negotiating with Banderas over him joining the show yet. If anything, they might be in early stages of negotiating right now? Or I could be totally wrong and this might be very close to a done deal already.
Either way, Banderas is a great pick. I'm especially intrigued by the comparison to Bardem's villain in Skyfall with this potential new villain character, as I'm guessing the biggest takeaway would likely be his demented, Joker-esque personality. While I'm sure I've seen Banderas in a villainous role once or twice before, I don't recall ever seeing him venture off into a role like that, so it would be exciting to see him dabble about with such a character on Westworld.
What do you think though? Do you hope Banderas joins Westworld? Be sure to comment down below!


text:
Howard could wind up in platoon at first base
Jason Wolf
PHILADELPHIA – Ryan Howard could wind up in a platoon at first base, manager Ryne Sandberg indicated Thursday, after the struggling former National League MVP remained planted on the bench throughout the Phillies' 2-1 victory against the San Francisco Giants at Citizens Bank Park.
"If he has troubles against left-handed pitching and Darin Ruf is swinging it, that becomes an option," Sandberg said. "And if that becomes the scenario, having a right-hander and a left-handed batter up there against certain pitchers, and both guys are going well, that's a good scenario."
The 34-year-old Howard sat in favor of Ruf for the second consecutive game, but it's not a benching, Sandberg said, as much as it's simply an opportunity to give the veteran a rest and see what Ruf can bring to the table. Howard is owed at least $60 million over the next three seasons.
Ruf, 27, was called up from Triple-A Lehigh Valley on July 22. He's hit .265 with a home run and 10 RBIs in 23 games with the IronPigs this season.
"It was more of a case of Darin just getting here," Sandberg said, "and I want to take a look at him for at least a couple of games and see where he's at. I haven't seen him in a while and then go from there."
Ruf batted sixth Thursday and went 1-for-4 with a single in the fourth inning. Marlon Byrd took over Howard's usual spot in the lineup, hitting cleanup.
The move was curious considering Howard's history of success against Thursday's opponent. He owns a .328 career batting average, .425 on-base percentage, .687 slugging percentage and 1.112 OPS with seven home runs and 17 RBIs in 80 plate appearances against Giants righty Tim Hudson.
But he's batting just .224 with 15 home runs and 60 RBIs in 417 plate appearances this season. That includes a .209 batting average and .275 on-base percentage against left-handed pitchers.
"He wants to play. He wants to be in the lineup," Sandberg said. "And that's totally understandable. So as we go forward and there are some options on some days, then I'll look at those options."
Ruf has also struggled against lefties at the major league level, posting a .217 batting average and .318 OBP through 47 career games entering Thursday.
But he's a .345 career hitter against lefties in the minors.
"Ryan's a great player and he's going to be counted on to help this team win for the last two months, hopefully," Ruf said, "and if we can share a role in making that happen or he becomes the player that he once was and that we know he can be, and if it's my opportunity I just look forward to proving I can be that guy, too."
• Extra bases: Wil Nieves drew the start behind the plate in favor of Carlos Ruiz and went 2-for-4 with a double. … Grady Sizemore started in left field in favor of Domonic Brown and finished 0-for-3 to remain one hit shy of 1,000 for his career. … The Phillies snapped a five-game home losing streak. They had lost 9 of their previous 10 in Philadelphia and entered the game with a .373 winning percentage at home (19-32), the worst in the majors. … The Phillies have been limited to three runs or fewer 29 times in 52 home games, or 55.7 percent of the time.
Contact Jason Wolf at jwolf@delawareonline.com. Follow him on Twitter at @JasonChadWolf


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Q: ScriptableObject abstract class: access child variable I am trying to create an item system for my game, but I can't access different variables in my Sriptable Objects that inherit from the same abstract class.
I've got an abstract class that derives from SriptableObject:
//ItemObject
public abstract class ItemObject : ScriptableObject
{
    public GameObject prefab;
    public ItemType type;
    public string itemName;
    [TextArea(15,10)]
    public string description;
}

//ItemType
    public enum ItemType
    {
        Potion,
        Weapon,
        Default
    }

I create an ItemController which sits on a GameObject:
//ItemController
public class ItemController : MonoBehaviour
{
    public ItemObject item;
}

I create a Scriptable Object that derives from ItemObject, and i hook the created Scriptable Object onto the ItemController Script:
//WeaponObject
[CreateAssetMenu(fileName = "New Weapon Object", menuName = "Inventory System/Items/Weapon")]
public class WeaponObject : ItemObject
{
    public float atkBonus;
    public float defBonus;

    private void Awake()
    {
        type = ItemType.Weapon;
    }
}

I'm trying to perform a Raycast to the Object on which the ItemController sits, and I'm trying to access the atkBonus variable from my WeaponObject.
//PlayerController
 private void Update()
    {
        RaycastHit hit;
        if (Physics.Raycast(this.transform.position, this.transform.forward, out hit, 2f))
        {
            var itemObject = hit.transform.GetComponent<ItemController>();
            if(itemObject)
            {
                Debug.Log(itemObject.item.atkBonus);
            }
        }
    }

This throws me an error and I can't figure out why.
"error: 'ItemObject' does not contain a definition for 'atkBonus' and no accessible extension method 'atkBonus'..."
I can access the variables from the parent abstract class tho.
Debug.Log(itemObject.item.itemName);

Does anybody know how to solve this?
Thank you.

A: Instead of
Debug.Log(itemObject.item.atkBonus);

try
WeaponObject wo = (WeaponObject) itemObject.item;
Debug.Log(wo.atkBonus);

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Share your adventure with new friends, learn from an expert guide and return home with fond memories of Sweden.
We keep group sizes small for more personal interaction and camaraderie.
Enjoy the sites and attractions that only Swedes know about with an experienced local guide.


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What to Buy Bed & Bath Reviews Mattresses
The 9 Best Memory Foam Mattresses of 2021
Shop for the best memory foam mattresses for a good night's sleep
Justine Harrington
Justine Harrington is a writer specializing in health, lifestyle, and travel topics.
Casper Original Mattress at Casper
"The well-known bedding brand earns the top spot with their breathable foam mattress, which has three zones of support."
Runner-Up, Best Overall:
Saatva Loom & Leaf Mattress at Saatva
"Made with pressure-relieving memory foam and high-density foam layers, this premium mattress offers luxurious comfort at an affordable price."
Best Budget:
Signature Sleep Memoir Memory Foam Mattress at Amazon
"This comfortable and supportive mattress is an excellent budget-friendly pick."
Best Cooling:
Leesa in a Box Mattress at Amazon
"To keep you cool, this memory foam mattress has microcell structure technology that promotes airflow during the night."
Best Mattress Topper:
LUCID Ventilated Memory Foam Mattress Topper at Amazon
"If you don't want to buy an entirely new mattress, opt for this 4-inch-thick memory foam topper to support your body."
Best Firm:
Tuft & Needle Original Mattress at Amazon
"Made from specialized adaptive foam, this mattress offers proper weight distribution and the utmost in comfort and alignment."
Best Gel:
LUCID Gel Memory Foam Mattress at Amazon
"This mattress boasts 3 inches of gel-infused memory foam and provides a medium-firm feel."
Best for Back Pain:
Zinus Gel-Infused Green Tea Memory Foam Mattress at Amazon
"With memory, comfort, and high-density foam layers, this mattress does an excellent job of conforming to your body and relieving pressure."
Best for Side Sleepers:
Allswell Luxe Hybrid at Walmart
"This mattress has individual coils and a top layer of memory foam to provide pressure relief and support along your side."
Getting a great night's sleep depends on oodles of factors from external elements such as bedroom temperature to internal stuff like your stress level. That said, an essential ingredient in catching some quality Z's is a comfortable mattress.
For the ultimate in body-hugging comfort, you can't go wrong with a memory foam bed. Compared to traditional ones, memory foam options offer superior pressure relief for aching backs, shoulders, and hips. If you're up all night because of your partner's tossing and turning, a memory foam mattress will dramatically slash motion transfer. Suffer from allergies? Memory foam mattresses are relatively dust mite-resistant.
Here, the best memory foam mattresses on the market.
Best Overall: Casper Original Mattress
Buy on Casper
Casper is one of the most reputable brands in the bedding industry, so it probably comes as no surprise that the Casper Original Mattress is our top pick. The mattress features a durable and supportive base layer that's designed to prevent sinking and sagging, while a middle layer of memory foam has three ergonomic zones that help align your spine and relieve pressure. The top layer of perforated breathable foam helps you sleep cooler by reducing heat and promoting airflow.
For your peace of mind, Casper offers both a 10-year warranty and a 100-night trial to try out their memory foam mattress—if you decide you're not a fan, they'll give you a full refund. The mattress is also easy to set up: Once you take it out of its box, it expands and is ready to sleep on within minutes.
The 9 Best Mattresses of 2021
Runner-Up, Best Overall: Saatva Loom & Leaf Mattress
Buy on Saatva
Saatva is all about making it easy to shop for luxury mattresses online, and their Loom & Leaf Mattress is an excellent option if you're upgrading your bed. Made with pressure-relieving memory foam and high-density foam layers, the mattress offers contouring support for night after night of comfortable sleep. There's even a layer of breathable, gel-infused foam to help hot sleepers stay cool. Plus, the foam is CertiPUR-US certified, so it's free from harsh chemicals. To top it off, the mattress has a soft quilted organic cotton cover that's protected with Saatva's exclusive botanical antimicrobial treatment.
The Loom & Leaf Mattress is available in all standard sizes with two firmness options: relaxed firm or firm. The relaxed firm mattress is their most popular pick, and it's comfortable for all sleep positions. The firm is great for stomach sleepers or anyone who prefers a firmer sleep surface.
Saatva also offers a 180-night home trial so you can be sure your new mattress is the right one for you, and there's a 15-year warranty. Also great: The company offers free white glove delivery service and will deliver the mattress to the room of your choice.
Best Budget: Signature Sleep Memoir 12-Inch Memory Foam Mattress
For budget-savvy shoppers on the hunt for the perfect memory foam, the Signature Sleep Memoir offers balanced support in the form of ultra-cozy, CertiPUR-US-certified foam. Crafted without harmful PBDEs, ozone depleters, mercury, and lead, the Signature Sleep Memoir is both eco-friendly and comfortable. A 4-inch layer of memory foam is followed by eight inches of high-density foam, which helps the mattress mold to your body's natural shape, minimize pressure, and distribute weight as evenly as possible. The mattress also comes with a soft cover made of breathable knit fabric.
The Signature Sleep Memoir is on the firm end of the spectrum when it comes to memory foam, so this particular mattress may be better for back or stomach sleepers. Note that it may take a few days for the corners of the Signature Sleep Memoir to fill out completely.
Best Cooling: Leesa in a Box Mattress
Buy on Amazon Buy on Leesa
Leesa Twin Mattress Review
Crafted from three layers of top-quality LSA200 foam, the Leesa Universal Adaptive Feel Memory Foam Cooling Mattress is fantastic for sleepers whose body temperatures run hot. That's because the foam's microcell structure technology successfully promotes airflow, so you sleep much cooler than you normally would. The Leesa also adapts to your specific body type, which means you'll experience enhanced pressure relief—this mattress is great for athletes, or anyone who's active and would benefit from muscle tension release. The Leesa memory foam is made in the U.S., and the company donates one mattress for every 10 that they sell, so sustainability-minded shoppers may prefer this mattress.
Though it takes a few days to adjust to the feel of the Leesa Memory Foam Cooling Mattress, once you do, it provides an ultra-plush sleep surface with the perfect level of firmness.
"In our experience, back sleepers found it more comfortable than stomach or side sleepers—the latter who generally need softer support around the curve of their hips and shoulders. However, our lone stomach sleeper thought it did prevent their back from bowing, which often happens with memory foam mattresses."—Stacey L. Nash, Product Tester
Best Mattress Topper: LUCID 4 Inch Ventilated Memory Foam Mattress Topper
If you're looking for a mattress topper that's on the thicker side, look no further than LUCID's 4-inch Memory Foam Mattress Topper. Made from high-grade, 4-inch-thick memory foam and infused with an effective cooling gel, this topper is also great for diffusing body heat. The evenly-spaced ventilation channels truly do their job of regulating temperature and improving airflow—thereby helping you sleep soundly through the night. If you have neck, back, or shoulder pain, this memory foam topper can also help correctly align the spine by supporting the natural curves of your head, neck, and shoulders.
The resilience and durability of the LUCID Memory Foam Topper is a major plus, and it may substantially reduce back and neck pain.
The 10 Best Mattress Toppers of 2021
Best Firm: Tuft & Needle Original Mattress
Buy on Amazon Buy on Tuft & Needle
If you prefer your mattress to be on the firmer side, the Tuft & Needle King Mattress is an ideal choice. Designed specifically for the purpose of absorbing pressure and accommodating bodily curves, this T&N mattress offers proper weight distribution and the utmost in comfort and alignment. It's made of specialized T&N adaptive foam, which sleeps cool (thanks to the cooling gel and graphite) and provides a bouncy yet supportive feel—if you're looking for a "sinking in" sensation, this isn't the memory foam for you. Conveniently, Tuft & Needle has a 100-Night Sleep Trial and a 10-year warranty. Note that it usually takes up to 72 hours for this mattress to fully expand and for any potential odors to go away.
For a firm yet comfortable feel, the Tuft & Needle Mattress is an excellent choice, and it holds its shape well over time.
The 9 Best Firm Mattresses of 2021
Best Gel: LUCID 12 Inch Gel Memory Foam Mattress
The Lucid 12-inch Gel-Infused Memory Foam Mattress is ideal for sleepers who need a decent level of support, or for those who have a partner with different sleep habits or schedules—this top-selling mattress boasts 3 inches of gel-infused memory foam that provides a medium-firm feel (not too hard or too soft) and isolated motion transfer, so you and your partner can sleep comfortably and with minimal movement. The base layer of foam also offers deep, structural support and spine alignment, while the ventilated top layer and TENCEL blend help to wick away heat and ensure breathability. The removable cover is naturally hypoallergenic and antimicrobial.
This mattress is better than most at adjusting to the various pressure points in your body, which is typical of a gel foam mattress.
The 6 Best Tempur-Pedic Mattresses
Best for Back Pain: Zinus Gel-Infused Green Tea Memory Foam Mattress
Struggling with back pain? You're not alone—and the Zinus Memory Foam 10-inch Green Tea Mattress may be exactly what you need. This mattress has three different layers of foam (memory foam, comfort foam, and high-density support foam) which put it a notch above the rest. Regardless of sleep position, the memory foam core is able to conform to your body and alleviate pressure in key areas like your back, neck, and shoulders. With this mattress, you can expect a better night's sleep and reduced back pain over time. The foam is also CertiPUR-US Certified and infused with green tea extract and castor seed oil to help stave off bacteria and unseemly odors.
You'll love the Zinus Memory Foam 10-inch Green Tea Mattress for its effectiveness at reducing body aches and pains, especially considering the reasonable price point. Note that this mattress is definitely firmer than most memory foam mattresses, so make sure this is what you're looking for before purchasing.
Best for Side Sleepers: Allswell Luxe Hybrid
Buy on Walmart Buy on Allswellhome.com
If you're a consistent side sleeper, the Allswell Luxe Hybrid is for you. Side sleepers will appreciate the medium-firm feel that will conform to their body but not sink in too much. Individually wrapped coils give you firm support (and a springy feel), while the top layer of performance memory foam provides pressure relief and supreme comfort. Plus, you'll get more even support along your side, which is essential for proper spine alignment. The Luxe Hybrid is also designed to feel cool to the touch and is CertiPUR-US certified, which means it's free of harmful chemicals like lead, mercury, and phthalates.
The Allswell Luxe Hybrid is a great pick thanks to its innovative foam-coil technology and ability to conform to the body's curves. If you have trouble sleeping or finding the right position, you may be surprised by the comfort of this mattress. For your convenience, Allswell offers a 100-night, risk-free trial.
The 8 Best Mattresses in a Box of 2021
For a soft and supportive mattress that most people will love, we recommend the Casper Original Mattress (view at Casper). The layers of foam provide a balanced sleeping surface that's highly breathable. If you prefer a firmer mattress, the Tuft & Needle Adaptive Foam Mattress (view at Amazon) is a great option that will retain its shape and accommodate all sleeping positions.
What to Look for in a Memory Foam Mattress
Type of Foam "Traditional" memory foam is made up of polyurethane-based viscoelastic foam, but there are a few other types of foam used as well. Plant-based memory foam has become a popular choice for its improved breathability and more eco-friendly manufacturing. Also, some foams are infused with gel or copper to make them cooler to sleep on.
Foam Density The density of memory foam, measured in pounds per cubic foot, tells you how well the mattress will support you, retain its shape over time, and reduce motion transfer. High-density foam (6 pounds per cubic foot or more) is the most supportive, firm, and durable. If you want a plush mattress, opt for low-density foam (3 pounds per cubic foot or less), but keep in mind it will be less supportive.
Temperature Regulation If you're a hot sleeper, you may find a traditional memory foam mattress retains too much heat—look for a mattress with open-cell construction and gel or copper-infused foam to help you sleep comfortably.
Everything You Need to Know About Buying a Memory Foam Mattress
By Camryn Rabideau
Believe it or not, memory foam was originally developed as seat padding for astronauts. The material was able to absorb the intense pressure of gravitational force on their bodies as ships took off and landed. Today, memory foam is a popular mattress material, as it contours to the body, providing excellent spinal support while relieving pressure on sensitive areas. Many people say this helps to relieve back and joint pain—both common woes for mattress shoppers.
What makes memory foam so special? Traditional memory foam mattresses are made of viscoelastic foam—a polyurethane-based synthetic material that has several beneficial properties. This type of foam responds to heat and pressure, molding to your body and evenly distributing body weight. This superior weight distribution takes pressure off key areas such as your hips and shoulders as you sleep. Plus, once pressure is removed from memory foam, it returns to its original shape, so you don't end up sleeping in a crater.
Nowadays there are a wide variety of memory foam mattresses available from an array of brands. You can pay as little as $100 for a cheap memory foam mattress or upward of $4,000 for a high-end product. There are several characteristics that account for these price differences, including the type of foam and its density, whether the foam is infused with anything, the thickness of the foam, and more.
Courtesy of Casper
What to Look for When Buying a Memory Foam Mattress
Different manufacturers use their own methods and materials to produce memory foam, so you should look at the following factors before determining which option is the best for your needs.
Type of Foam: While polyurethane-based viscoelastic foam is the material that makes up "traditional" memory foam, there are several other types of foam you may encounter.
For instance, plant-based memory foam mattresses are gaining popularity, and these products replace some of the petroleum products with plant-derived oils during the manufacturing process. There are several benefits of plant-based memory foam, including improved breathability and more eco-friendly manufacturing.
Further, there are also memory foam mattresses that are infused with gel or copper. These "infusions" are designed to mitigate some of the common complaints about memory foam—namely that it retains a lot of heat and can be uncomfortably warm to sleep on.
Cell Construction: As you shop for a memory foam mattress, you'll like come across the terms open- and closed-cell foam. These refer to the microscopic construction of the foam cells, and while you may not be able to see the difference between open- and closed-cell foams, you can definitely tell the difference when sleeping on them.
Open-cell foam mattresses tend to be incredibly soft and cushy, as the construction allows air to fill empty spaces in the foam. The benefits of this are numerous: less off-gassing (discussed below), more breathability, less heat retention, and more. This construction is also less durable, however, which can result in a shorter lifespan for your mattress.
Closed-cell foam, on the other hand, doesn't allow as much air into the foam, which makes it denser. There are some benefits to closed-cell foam—a longer lifespan, prevention of mold growth, and water resistance, to name a few. As you may have guessed, however, closed-cell foam is not as breathable and, as such, is not great for temperature regulation.
Foam Density: The density of foam, measured in pounds per cubic foot, is another important characteristic to consider. The density of memory foam indicates how well it will support you, how quickly it will retain its shape, and how well it isolates motion.
High-density foams measure 6 pounds per cubic foot or more, and this type of material is the most supportive, firm, and durable. Medium-density foam is generally between 4 and 5 pounds per cubic foot and aren't quite as firm as high-density materials. Finally, low-density foam, which is 3 pounds per cubic foot or less, is the most plush, allowing you to sink into it quickly. This type of foam is the least supportive and also the most affordable.
Indentation Load Deflection (ILD): Another key measurement related to foam density is the indentation load deflection, commonly abbreviated as ILD. This indicates how much pressure is needed to make a 4-inch indentation in the surface of the mattress.
As a consumer, you should understand that a higher ILD means a firmer mattress and a lower ILD is a softer or more plush mattress. In general, you'll want your mattress to have an ILD of 10 or more, but the best ILD for your needs depends on what position you sleep in, as well as how much you weigh. Heavier individuals will need a higher ILD to prevent them from sinking too far into the mattress.
Sleep Position: Any time you purchase a mattress, you should take your preferred sleep position into consideration, as this will dictate how firm or soft your mattress should be in order to keep the spine in an ergonomic position.
People who sleep on their backs have the most flexibility when it comes to mattress firmness, as both plush and firm options will keep the spine in alignment.
Those who sleep on their sides should look for a medium-firm mattress, as this will allow the hips and shoulders to sink into the mattress more readily, relieving pressure points.
Stomach sleepers, on the other hand, often need a firm mattress. Otherwise, the stomach and hips may sink down, causing an unnatural alignment of the spine.
Mattress Makeup: The majority of memory foam mattresses aren't made of 100 percent foam. Instead, they typically have a "comfort layer" of memory foam at the top and a "support layer" as the base. This support layer is generally made of a high-density foam or some type of innerspring, and its purpose is to prevent you from sinking too far into the mattress.
The ratio of these two sections often has implications on the overall comfort of the mattress. In general, the comfort layer should be at least 25 percent of the mattress, as this will be enough foam to adequately support and cradle the body. The comfort layer shouldn't be much more than 40 percent of the mattress makeup, though. Otherwise, you may sink too far in and feel like you're stuck.
Temperature Regulation: One of the main complaints about memory foam mattresses is that they retain more heat than other materials. If you tend to get hot while sleeping, you may find yourself uncomfortably warm when sleeping on a traditional memory foam mattress. In this case, you'll want to look for a mattress that has either an open-cell construction or is infused with gel or copper to promote cooling.
On the other hand, if you're always cold during the night, you may be better off with a traditional memory foam mattress which will retain your body heat better.
Off-Gassing: The other issue associated with memory foam mattresses is the unpleasant odors they can give off when first unwrapped. This odor is caused by a chemical reaction called off-gassing.
After memory foam is manufactured, there are some volatile compounds that break off from the material. As these compounds are released into the air, they create a chemical smell that many consumers dislike. While these odors are typically not dangerous, they are most certainly unpleasant. As such, most memory foam mattress brands recommend you let your new mattress air out for several days before sleeping on it.
If you're sensitive to odors or want to sleep on your mattress right away, you may want to consider a plant-based memory foam, as these typically give off fewer odors. Also look for foams certified by CertiPUR-US, which verifies the material is made without harmful chemicals.
What Is the Best Type of Memory Foam Mattress for Me?
The following are several of the most common types of memory foam mattresses, along with the pros and cons of each.
Traditional: As mentioned above, traditional memory foam is made from polyurethane-based viscoelastic foam. This type of mattress is great at reducing pressure on your body while still supporting your spine. Plus, it efficiently reduces motion transfer—a major plus if you have a partner who tosses and turns.
The downside of traditional memory foam is that it does retain more body heat than other types of mattresses, and depending on its density, it can also be a bit slow to react to changes in pressure, giving you the feeling that you're sinking into quicksand.
Depending on what brand you choose, a traditional memory foam mattress can cost anywhere from $200 to several thousand.
Plant-based: Plant-based memory foam replaces some of the manufacturing chemicals with natural oils, resulting in a material that's more eco-friendly and breathable. These mattresses have the same feel as traditional memory foam, but they won't get as hot and the off-gassing isn't as severe. Keep in mind that all memory foam mattresses do contain some chemicals, however.
Plant-based memory foam mattresses tend to be a little more expensive than traditional ones, starting at around $500 and ranging up to $2,000 or more.
AirCool: To reduce the heat retention problems of traditional memory foam, a new product called AirCool memory foam was created. This material has an open-cell structure that allows more air into the mattress, letting heat escape more readily. These mattresses tend to be more plush, and they also adapt to your body faster, reducing the quicksand feeling.
This type of memory foam is offered by several manufacturers, and prices can range from $100 up to over $3,000 for name-brand products.
Gel-Infused: Another solution to memory foam's inherent heat retention issue is to infuse the foam with gel—similar to that used in shoe inserts. Gel retains less heat, which helps to keep the mattress a more consistent temperature, and it also makes the mattress feel more dense and supportive.
Again, gel memory foam mattresses are offered by many different brands. You can find inexpensive options for as little as $100 or $200, while more high-end models can cost you $3,000 or more.
Copper-Infused: A recent innovation in the world of mattresses is copper-infused memory foam. By integrating this metal into mattresses, manufacturers are aiming to combat two common mattress woes.
First, copper transfers heat, which allows your memory foam mattress to more effectively regulate its temperature. Further, the metal has antibacterial properties, which brands claim can help stop bacteria from growing in your mattress, making it more friendly to those with allergies.
Copper-infused memory foam mattresses are relatively niche, so you'll likely pay a bit more for one of these products. These mattresses start at around $500 and go up from there.
High-Density: The density of your memory foam mattress can greatly impact its feel and durability. High-density memory foam mattresses, which weigh 6 pounds per cubic foot or more, are the most firm and supportive, making them ideal for stomach sleepers.
Some people do find high-density foam to be a bit stiff, but it still molds to your body and relieves pressure points. Further, high-density foam is the most durable and will often last several years longer than low-density foam. As such, high-density foam is typically more expensive, and mattresses start at around $600.
Low-Density: On the other hand, low-density memory foam is significantly more plush, with a weight of 3 pounds per cubic foot or less. You'll sink into low-density foam more quickly and they typically provide less support, making them a good choice for back sleepers. Low-density foam is the most affordable to manufacture, so you can often find these mattresses for very cheap.
Boxed Mattress: Many online memory foam mattress retailers ship their products directly to your doorstep in a box, and there are pros and cons bed-in-a-box options.
These products are quick and convenient to purchase, and they're much easier to move into your home. Additionally, you can wait several days to unbox the mattress, if you choose, which is convenient if you're in the middle of redecorating.
There are some significant downsides to consider as well, though. For one, you can't try out most boxed mattresses before you buy them, as most retailers don't have physical stores. Further, these mattresses are vacuum-sealed, so they take a little while to inflate once unwrapped. Not to mention most boxed mattresses have a significant off-gassing period.
Depending on which retailer you buy from, a boxed memory foam mattress may cost you a few hundred dollars or upward of $1,000.
There are several big-name memory foam mattress brands that you'll likely encounter as you shop.
Tempur-Pedic: Tempur-Pedic is one of the most well-known memory foam mattress companies, and it also boasts one of the highest customer satisfaction ratings. They offer a limited number of high-end memory foam mattresses, each starting around $3,000. All of Tempur-Pedic's options are highly rated in terms of comfort and support.
Sealy: Pop in to most any mattress store and you'll be able to find Sealy's line of Conform memory foam mattresses. Sealy is an ultra-popular brand for a reason, and its memory foam mattresses all contain a layer of gel which helps with temperature regulation. Prices range from $700 up to $2,000.
Simmons Beautyrest: Simmons is another well-known mattress brand, and its high-end line of Beautyrest mattresses often have multiple layers of foam, including both high-density memory foam and AirCool foam. While highly rated, these mattresses aren't cheap—they start around $1,000 and range upwards of $4,000.
Casper: Casper is one of the most popular bed-in-a-box brands, and its products contain layers of both memory foam and open-cell foam which increases breathability. They offer just three models, all of which are delivered in a box, starting as low as $350 and capping out at around $3,000
Amerisleep: Amerisleep mattresses are another box-delivered product, but they do have a number of stores around the US where you can test out their various models. Amerisleep uses plant-based memory foam, and as such, their products are relatively expensive, starting at around $1,000.
Trial Periods, Return Policies, and Warranties
When buying a memory foam mattress, it's important to consider test periods, return policies, and warranties.
Many companies—especially those selling boxed mattresses—offer a 90-day (or longer) in-home trial period, allowing you to sleep on the mattress for a few months to see how you like it. Because it can take your body a few weeks to get used to sleeping on a new mattress, many companies dictate you must sleep on it for at least 30 days (or another specified time) before deciding to return it.
If, after this time, the mattress proves to be the wrong level of firmness or just plain uncomfortable, most companies accept returns. Note that some offer your money back while others will only exchange the product for another mattress. The majority will also arrange for your mattress to be removed, saving you the hassle of transporting it. Make sure you check the details of the return policy before you buy, though, as some companies offer a surprisingly short return period of just a few days.
Manufacturer warranties are another essential aspect to consider when purchasing a memory foam mattress. Warranties, whether 10 years, 20 years, or lifetime, protect your purchase if there's some sort of manufacturing defect. This is important when buying a memory foam mattress as you'll want to be able to get a replacement if you experience any premature sagging. Most companies will replace a mattress that has more than 1.5 inches of sagging, but check the specifics on your particular purchase as many companies have specifications about what type of bed frame you use.
Keep in mind that warranties do not cover normal wear and tear, and there are numerous ways to void a warranty (many of which can be done unintentionally). For instance, removing the law tag or transferring ownership may render your warranty invalid. For this reason, it's always smart to read up on a product's warranty before pre-purchase.
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Q: How to (programatically) remove a certificate from a PEM file? I have an old version of an application that is using it's own cert store, however the expired DST ROOT X3 is still in the cert store causing issues when it's encountering letsencrypt certificates.
I manually tested that removing the expired root from its cert store fixes the issues, however I need to constantly deploy and redeploy this application in a fairly complicated setup, which means that after deployment I need a programmatic way (say openssl command) to remove this certificate from the cert store.
Is there such a capability in openssl, or any other smart / hacky way to remove it?
The cert store is a plain pem file.


Update: Cant believe what I found in my Ali-Baba Model Cove... 70's 80's vintage Jagermeister and Martini water-slide decals remaining from the hundreds of 1/12 RC and static 934's and 935's we used to build for our customers in my hobby shop then, along with all other Tamiya models, Scorchers, Riders, Champs, Rovers, etc etc..... Guess that 58001 chassis has something magic about it, it's just begging to be rebuilt.. :) PS: btw, I ordered a Lexan Black Porsche Body Set from Hong Kong, let's see how long it'll take to get to Beirut. Cheers.


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MUSC Takes Home Award for Excellence in Medication-Use Safety
THE DAYS AND WEEKS AFTER A KIDNEY TRANSPLANT are a critical time for patients. Many are already on complex medication regimens at the time of their procedure, yet will take even more agents afterward to prevent organ rejection and infection.
When data revealed that 29 percent of kidney transplant patients at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC) in Charleston had prolonged hospitalization, and that 10 to 15 percent of patients were readmitted at seven, 14, and 30 days, staff there knew it was time to reevaluate the MUSC's protocols.
Over an 18-month period, MUSC implemented a multi step initiative to decrease length of stay, preventable admissions, and adverse drug events for kidney transplant recipients. This initiative not only produced a stunning improvement in outcomes but also garnered the team the 2010 ASHP Foundation Award for Excellence in Medication-Use Safety.
Building on Pharmacists' Involvement
Pharmacists' were already an integral part of the transplant service team at MUSC when the data came in, so it was natural that they would have a voice in revising the protocols, said Heather Kokko, Pharm.D., team chair and interim director of pharmacy services.
"We had a pharmacist in that group the longest out of all service areas," she said. "When we noticed that a lot of the patient issues revolved around medication use, we knew we had to focus on medication education and access. Fortunately, the transplant service team is a collaborative group in terms of their relationship with pharmacy."
David Taber, Pharm.D., BCPS
In addition to pharmacists and other health professionals, members of the multidisciplinary team include physicians, nurses, and hospital executives. Once the team saw what the needs were and how pharmacists could improve outcomes, it was only a matter of formalizing the process, said David Taber, Pharm.D., BCPS, clinical pharmacy specialist. "It came together on a few fronts, when leaders in the transplant team and the pharmacy department got together and pulled people in."
Addressing Challenges
The data revealed that adverse drug events were a major cause of preventable readmissions. To address this, pharmacists began to counsel patients before discharge, and now pharmacists review all discharge orders. The transplant services team shifted focus from inpatient to outpatient care. However, the team encounter
ed a speed bump because outpatient medications had to be obtained at the transplant center two blocks away from the hospital.
"One of the challenges the transplant group had was how to get the meds into the patient's room when we were doing medication education," said Taber. "We used to count on caregivers to go pick up the meds and bring them back, and that was causing delays."
Heather Kokko, Pharm.D.
The solution was to fill prescriptions in the same building as the transplant center, and transitioning to outpatient status now begins at bedside with readily accessible medications. The patients are given bottles of their medications just like they would have at home, and they have to give themselves their own medications while at the hospital under nurse supervision.
"The purpose is to make sure they know how to use their meds when they get home, where there isn't a nurse to help them," said Kokko.
These changes vastly improved patient outcomes by cutting medication errors and adverse drug reactions by 40 percent, acute rejection rates by 25 percent, infection rates by 10 percent, delayed discharges by 14 percent, and the seven-day readmission rate by a stunning 50 percent.
According to Taber, the goal now is to maintain vigilance. "Anything you can to do improve care like that is good for the patient and good for the institution as well," he said. "It is a win-win situation, and we have to make sure we keep our eye on our target and not let the numbers slip."
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If there's a simpler word with the same meaning, use it.
Avoid acronyms and slang, unless it's essential to the story.
A house style writing guide can make sure everyone's writing is consistent and accurate.
Get a non-expert to read things over.
Fewer words is often better.
If you can't avoid using an obscure word, make sure you define it first.
Don't be afraid to ask for clarification. This will encourage others to do the same.
Show your colleagues this article!
Clear, simple language isn't being lazy or dumbing down — it usually requires more effort and knowledge to boil a concept down to its most essential elements. By cutting down on jargon, you can boost your museum's accessibility, popularity, credibility, and team spirit.
That's why we think using clear and simple language is a *no-brainer* for museums everywhere.
ชวนฝึกอ่านภาษาอังกฤษ : วิตามินรวมและอาหารเสริม ควรกินเมื่อไหร่ - กินยังไง?


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Hamilton blasts to British GP pole with stunning Q3 lap
By Luke SmithJul 15, 2017, 9:11 AM EDT
Lewis Hamilton blasted his way to pole position for the British Grand Prix on Saturday thanks to a stunning final lap in qualifying that saw him finish half a second clear of the Formula 1 field.
Home favorite Hamilton entered the race weekend keen to end a patchy run of form that has seen him slip 20 points back of Sebastian Vettel in the drivers' championship, and the Briton sent out an emphatic warning shot with his qualifying display.
In greasy conditions following early rain, Hamilton was able to produce a lap of 1:26.600 to take pole at Silverstone, sending the home crowds into raptures.
Kimi Raikkonen finished as the best of the rest for Ferrari, qualifying second, while Vettel was left to settle for third after a scruffy final effort in Q3.
Valtteri Bottas finished fourth for Mercedes, but will drop back to P9 thanks to a grid penalty, bumping Max Verstappen onto the second row.
Nico Hulkenberg excelled in the damp conditions to qualify sixth for Renault ahead of the Force India duo of Sergio Perez and Esteban Ocon, while Stoffel Vandoorne was able to lead McLaren into Q3, finishing ninth. Romain Grosjean rounded out the top 10 for Haas.
Jolyon Palmer's hopes of reaching Q3 on home soil were dashed late in the second session, the Renault man being bumped out in P11 after Perez made a late improvement.
Daniil Kvyat qualified 12th for Toro Rosso ahead of Fernando Alonso, who was half a second slower than teammate Vandoorne in Q2, but Spaniard will drop to the back of the field due to a litany of grid penalties for power unit changes. Carlos Sainz Jr. and Felipe Massa struggled to 14th and 15th respectively.
Damp conditions early in Q1 meant that drivers had to try and time their runs perfectly as the circuit dried, with a flurry of late improvements quickly changing up the order.
The dropzone featured the usual pretenders, though, with Williams' Lance Stroll being nudged out in P16, marking back-to-back Q1 eliminations for the Canadian rookie.
Kevin Magnussen emded up P17 for Haas ahead of the Sauber pair of Pascal Wehrlein and Marcus Ericsson, both of whom failed to capitalize on the wet conditions to make up for the team's performance disadvantage.
Red Bull's Daniel Ricciardo will face a challenge to extend his streak of podium finishes after suffering a loss of power on his car early in Q1, resigning him to last place, with his misery only compounded by a grid penalty for a gearbox change.


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Master-plan
Ilya Zalivukhin
ODINTSOVO TRANSPORT HUB AREA RENOVATION
The special development strategy of the town of Odintsovo was devised as part of the program 'The New Image of the Towns' by the Moscow Oblast Governor.
The strategy intends to develop the town as a fully-fledged and independent part of the Moscow agglomeration basing on the existing railway transport framework. The railway station of Odintsovo is a 'growing point' of the town where the transport hub is to be located with the nearby territory developed into a high-density multifunctional cluster, combining business, residential, public and recreational functions. This cluster is to be integrated with other parts of the town by means of new pedestrian connections – that are at the same time to function as the town new public spaces.
Moscow Oblast, Odintsovo
1840 ha
The Strategy is approved by the Governor of Moscow Oblast
Spatial development strategy
Administration of the Odintsovo municipal district of Moscow Oblast
Urbanica Institute, Pyotr Gordeev, Ivan Polissky
A major priority is to enhance the connectivity of urban fabric separate parts. The strategy incorporates the existing decision to construct an overpass through the railway lines between the southern and northern parts of the city. It is also suggested that Mozhayskoye Shosse is reorganized from a transit highway into an avenue with an active public space. An essential stage of the Strategy is preserving and landscaping the existing green zone of the town and filling it with recreational functions.
RENOVATION OF THE COASTAL AREAS IN THE CITY OF KALUGA
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CENTRE
THE STRATEGY OF SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF NARO-FOMINSK
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