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Review of the Literature
Research Article | March 2011
Verification and Clarification of Patterns of Sensory Integrative Dysfunction
Zoe Mailloux; Shelley Mulligan; Susanne Smith Roley; Erna Blanche; Sharon Cermak; Gina Geppert Coleman; Stefanie Bodison; Christianne Joy Lane
Zoe Mailloux, MA, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Executive Director of Administration and Research, Pediatric Therapy Network, 1815 West 213th Street, Suite 100, Torrance, CA 90501; zoem@ptnmail.org
Shelley Mulligan, PhD, OTR/L, is Chair, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of New Hampshire, Durham
Susanne Smith Roley, MS, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Director of Education and Research; Gina Geppert Coleman, MA, OTR/L, is Executive Director of Practice and Education; and Stefanie Bodison, OTD, OTR/L, is Director of Clinical Education and Professional Development, Pediatric Therapy Network, Torrance, CA
Erna Blanche, PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Associate Professor of Clinical Practice, Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, and Sharon Cermak, EdD, OTR, FAOTA, is Professor, Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Ostrow School of Dentistry University of Southern California, Los Angeles
Christianne Joy Lane, PhD, is Biostatistician, Center for Transdisciplinary Research on Energetics and Cancer, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
Sensory Integration and Processing / Children and Youth
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, March/April 2011, Vol. 65, 143-151. doi:10.5014/ajot.2011.000752
Zoe Mailloux, Shelley Mulligan, Susanne Smith Roley, Erna Blanche, Sharon Cermak, Gina Geppert Coleman, Stefanie Bodison, Christianne Joy Lane; Verification and Clarification of Patterns of Sensory Integrative Dysfunction. Am J Occup Ther 2011;65(2):143-151. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2011.000752.
Building on established relationships between the constructs of sensory integration in typical and special needs populations, in this retrospective study we examined patterns of sensory integrative dysfunction in 273 children ages 4–9 who had received occupational therapy evaluations in two private practice settings. Test results on the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests, portions of the Sensory Processing Measure representing tactile overresponsiveness, and parent report of attention and activity level were included in the analyses. Exploratory factor analysis identified patterns similar to those found in early studies by Ayres (1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1969, 1972b, 1977, & 1989), namely Visuodyspraxia and Somatodyspraxia, Vestibular and Proprioceptive Bilateral Integration and Sequencing, Tactile and Visual Discrimination, and Tactile Defensiveness and Attention. Findings reinforce associations between constructs of sensory integration and assist with understanding sensory integration disorders that may affect childhood occupation. Limitations include the potential for subjective interpretation in factor analysis and inability to adjust measures available in charts in a retrospective research.
Sensory integration theory was developed by A. Jean Ayres beginning in the late 1950s and early 1960s (Ayres, 1963, 1964). The concepts and body of knowledge subsumed under this framework, now recognized as Ayres Sensory Integration® (ASI), are aimed at understanding the sensory and praxis functions that provide the foundation for many aspects of development, social participation, and occupational performance. In addition to the theoretical constructs that provide a road map for understanding normal development, ASI includes a large body of research validating the existence of patterns of sensory integrative dysfunction. This study was designed to clarify patterns of sensory integration dysfunction to assist with the development and validation of a diagnostic typology for the disorder and to assist therapists with the interpretation of assessment data for intervention planning.
The early formulation of ASI included the development of a set of measures for the systematic investigation of patterns of sensory integrative function and dysfunction. The Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT; Ayres 1989), and their earlier version, the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests (Ayres, 1972a), as well as measures in areas such as tactile defensiveness, hyperactivity, distractibility, and language, were included as variables in multiple studies. A series of factor and, later, cluster analysis studies conducted between 1963 and 1989 with samples of typically developing children, children with learning disorders, and children with suspected sensory integration problems yielded fairly consistent patterns of sensory integrative dysfunction:
Tactile and motor planning deficits, termed somatodyspraxia in the later studies (Ayres, 1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1969, 1971, 1972b, 1977, 1989);
Visual perception and visual praxis deficits, termed visuodyspraxia in the later studies (Ayres, 1963, 1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1969, 1972b, 1977, 1989);
Vestibular, postural, bilateral integration, and sequencing deficits, given various names as knowledge of these functions evolved and new measures were added (Ayres, 1965, 1966b, 1969, 1971, 1972b, 1977, 1989); and
Tactile defensiveness with hyperactivity and distractibility, also known as sensory overresponsiveness (Ayres, 1964, 1965, 1966b, 1969, 1972b).
Other patterns, such as those involving language functions or associations between two or more areas of sensory perception, were found in some studies (Ayres, 1969, 1972b, 1977, 1989).
The patterns that emerged supported an understanding of disorders in sensory integration as multidimensional. Clarity of the associations or subtypes developed as the measures of sensory integration functions became greater over time. Other researchers have also contributed to the understanding of patterns of sensory integration dysfunction. Lai, Fisher, Magalhaes, and Bundy (1996) proposed that praxis might be a possible underlying construct for both bilateral integration and sequencing deficits as well as for somatodyspraxia. Mulligan (1998) conducted a large-scale factor analysis on a sample of >10,000 children and found patterns similar to those found in Ayres' earlier studies (1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1969, 1972b, 1977, 1989), including problems with bilateral integration and sequencing, somatosensory deficits, visual–perceptual deficits, and dyspraxia. Her study also found that although subtypes emerged from the data, the patterns were highly correlated with one another. Mulligan suggested that they had a common underlying construct and reinforced the concept of integration of multiple sensory inputs from multiple sensory systems as being important for neurological functioning. The factor loadings found in the studies by Mulligan (1998) and Ayres (1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1969, 1972b, 1977, 1989) also provided insight into specific relationships among functions, such as the role of somatosensory perception in relation to motor planning and the relationships between vestibular, postural–ocular, and bilateral functions.
On the basis of SIPT scores, Ayres (1989) identified six cluster patterns that emerged from a mixed sample of typically developing children and children with sensory integration problems. Three of the six cluster groupings were thought to represent patterns not specifically associated with sensory integration dysfunction. Two of the groupings were characterized by sensory integration functions in the average range (low-average and high-average sensory integration and praxis). The third pattern involved language processing (dyspraxia on verbal command) that Ayres (1989, p. 182) suggested might reflect left cerebral hemisphere functions rather than sensory integration dysfunction.
The three clusters characterized by recognizable patterns of sensory integration were Bilateral Integration and Sequencing, Visuo-Somato Dyspraxia, and Generalized Sensory Integration Dysfunction (Ayres, 1989). Mulligan's (2000) cluster analysis of a large data set of children tested with the SIPT revealed that children fell into one of five cluster groupings: average sensory integration and praxis, moderate sensory integration dysfunction, severe sensory integration dysfunction and dyspraxia, dyspraxia, and low-average bilateral integration and sequencing. The results of this study suggested that in addition to the type of dysfunction, severity of dysfunction was an important consideration.
Other researchers (Dunn 1997, 1999; Parham & Ecker, 2007; Miller-Kuhanek, Glennon, & Henry, 2007) have focused more attention on patterns related to responses to sensory experiences than have previous researchers. Some of these studies revealed strong associations between various sensory patterns, again reinforcing the interrelationships of sensory integration constructs.
The body of research by Ayres (1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1969, 1971, 1972b, 1977, 1989) and Mulligan (1996, 1998, 2000), showing consistent patterns of sensory integration dysfunction and the strong ability of the SIPT and its precursors to discriminate between typically developing children and children with learning, behavior, attention, or suspected sensory integration deficits has established the tests' validity. However, previous studies examining patterns of sensory integration dysfunction have had some limitations or weaknesses. Some of the earlier studies included variables that were measured by observation or other nonstandardized procedures. Later, in more rigorous studies, certain measures, especially those related to overresponsiveness to sensation (e.g., gravitational insecurity, tactile defensiveness), were omitted in Ayres' factor analysis (1977, 1989). However, over- and underresponsiveness to sensation have always been recognized in practice (Parham & Mailloux, 2010) and have been studied with both parent questionnaires and physiological measures (Brett-Green, Miller, Schoen, & Nielson, 2010; Dunn, 1999; Parham & Ecker, 2007; McIntosh, Miller, Shyu, & Hagerman, 1999; Parush, Sohmer, Steinberg & Kaitz, 1997; Schaaf, Miller, Seawell, & O'Keefe, 2003; Reynolds & Lane, 2009). Mulligan's (1998) work used a convenience sample from a stored database, and knowledge about the characteristics of the children included in the analysis was limited. Moreover, Mulligan's research did not include a measure of over- or underresponsiveness to sensory experiences. In a an evidence review of subtypes of problems in sensory integration, Davies and Tucker (2010) identified the need for "comprehensive assessment of sensory function and sensory-based motor performance that includes sensory perception, discrimination, modulation, and praxis in a single study" (p. 399).
In this study, we aimed to improve on these methodological challenges by examining data from a large clinical sample in which (1) the test examiners were known to have had extensive training in the use of the tests and in ASI theory and its application in occupational therapy practice, (2) the background and presenting problems of the children were known, and (3) parent report measures regarding overresponsiveness to sensory experiences and the presence or absence of difficulties with attention were available in addition to SIPT scores.
Another challenge faced by researchers who have conducted studies examining patterns of dysfunction using the SIPT concerned the management of data from the Postrotary Nystagmus (PRN) test. PRN, 1 of the 17 SIPT components, is a measure of vestibular function. PRN is unique in that it is the only SIPT measure in which both a high and a low Z score are indicative of dysfunction (for all other tests, only low scores are indicative of dysfunction). Moreover, a low PRN score is believed to be associated with a type of problem different from a high PRN score. This distribution of high and low scores in children with sensory integrative challenges is suspected to have diminished this measure's clarity in relation to the other measures (such as bilateral coordination and balance), particularly when mean scores and correlation statistics have been applied.
To verify and clarify patterns of sensory integrative dysfunction, with consideration of previous research findings and challenges regarding variables, we reexamined associations identified in previous studies by including comprehensive measures of sensory integration functions (SIPT) and items from a parent report of responses to sensory experiences and parent reports of problems with attention. In addition, we explored methods for managing the PRN test, which vary from those for other sensory integration tests because both high and low scores are reflective of dysfunction.
We hypothesized that the population under study would demonstrate patterns of sensory integration dysfunction similar to those found in previous studies. The specific hypotheses were that the following associations and patterns would emerge:
Visual perception and visual praxis would be associated, reflecting a pattern of visuopraxis.
Tactile perception and praxis would be associated, reflecting a pattern of somatopraxis.
Vestibular functions and bilateral motor coordination and sequencing would be associated, reflecting a pattern of vestibular bilateral integration and sequencing.
Tactile perception tests would be associated with each other or with other sensory perception tests.
Sensory overresponsiveness and attention would be associated.
Four licensed occupational therapists and research assistants conducted a retrospective chart review to extract data from the charts of children who received occupational therapy evaluations from two pediatric therapy practices in California. The sample was extracted from the files of 425 children who had been tested with the SIPT and the Sensory Processing Measure–Home Form (SPM–Home Form; Parham & Ecker, 2007) or the precursor to this instrument, the Evaluation of Sensory Processing (ESP; Johnson-Ecker & Parham, 2000; Parham & Ecker, 2007). Deidentified scores from these measures then underwent descriptive analyses and factor analysis to examine patterns of sensory integration dysfunction. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the University of New Hampshire Institutional Review Board.
The research team developed a protocol for data extraction that included the review and recording of data primarily from the occupational therapy assessment report, assessment forms, and intake form. Interrater reliability was established with three members of the research team, who compared their ratings of 20 parents' report of their child's attention and activity level. The raters obtained 70% agreement on the initial ratings. The ratings were discussed, and operational definitions for rating attention were refined. On a second set of 20 reports, the four raters achieved 100% agreement.
Participants < age 4 yr or > age 9 yr at the time of their evaluation were excluded so that the sample included only those within the age range for which normative data on the SIPT are available. Children whose parents reported coexisting neurodevelopmental or other medical conditions, such as cerebral palsy, autism, Down syndrome, mental retardation, hearing or visual impairment, and seizure disorders, were also excluded. After age and diagnostic exclusions, we selected for analysis data from 273 children who were referred for a comprehensive occupational therapy evaluation for suspected sensory integration problems.
The variables measuring sensory integration and praxis functions included in the study are summarized in Table 1 and described here.
Means and Standard Deviations for Variables Included in Factor Analysis
Means and Standard Deviations for Variables Included in Factor Analysis×
SIPT Data Mean Standard Deviation
1. Space Visualization (Z score) −0.52 0.90
2. Figure Ground −0.06 0.50
3. Standing and Walking Balance −1.20 1.07
4. Design Copying −0.54 1.06
5. Postural Praxis −0.52 1.12
6. Bilateral Motor Coordination −0.44 1.01
7. Praxis on Verbal Command −0.33 1.28
8. Constructional Praxis −0.30 1.14
9. Postrotary Nystagmus −0.50 1.09
10. Motor Accuracy −0.74 1.14
11. Sequencing Praxis −0.62 1.06
12. Oral Praxis −0.91 1.15
13. Manual Form Perception I −0.14 1.16
14. Manual Form Perception II −0.23 1.22
15. Kinesthesia −0.74 1.26
16. Finger Identification −0.47 1.24
17. Graphesthesia −1.11 1.04
18. Localization of Tactile Stimuli −0.78 1.28
19. Tactile Defensiveness 1.40 0.71
20. Attention Behavioral Rating (rating 0–2) 0.99 0.93
Table Footer NoteNote. SIPT = Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests.
Note. SIPT = Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests.×
Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests.
The SIPT is a battery of 17 tests measuring visual form and space perception, somatosensory functions (tactile and proprioceptive processing), vestibular processing (including balance), bilateral coordination, sequencing, and praxis. The test is standardized on children ages 4 yr, 0 mo, to 8 yr, 11 mo. The validity and reliability data provided in the test manual (Ayres, 1989) are strong. The major Z scores for all SIPT measures described in the test manual were included in the analysis, with the exception of the Manual Form Perception test, for which both Part 1 and Part 2 scores were entered separately. Because Part 1 involves matching tactile stimuli with visual stimuli and Part 2 involves tactile processing simultaneously with two hands, the two scores for this test were kept separate. The PRN test has created challenges in previous studies because both low (≤–1) and high (≥1) Z scores represent dysfunction; combining high and low PRN scores results in mean scores for the group that appear average, so the research team entered this variable in several ways, including initially entering high and low scores as separate variables. However, initial review of the data revealed that only about 8% (23 of 273) of the children in the sample demonstrated prolonged (≥1.0 standard deviation) PRN. Because the canceling effect was not present in this sample, the major Z scores were entered in the same manner as the other SIPT scores, thus resulting in a total of 18 variables for the SIPT.
Sensory Processing Measure–Home Form.
The SPM–Home Form is a parent questionnaire standardized on children in Grades K–6. Test–retest reliability was strong (r = .94; Parham & Ecker, 2007). Internal consistency of items yielded α coefficients >.80, and data support the SPM–Home Form's construct and content validity (Parham & Ecker, 2007). Items considered for analysis were those that targeted areas of overresponsiveness to tactile, auditory, and movement experiences; vestibular and proprioceptive seeking; and ocular and postural control. Because many of the children included in the study had been administered an earlier research version of the SPM, the ESP, only items in these areas on both forms were included. After preliminary analyses, we decided that the six items related to tactile defensiveness would be most useful because relatively few items were included in the other areas and tactile defensiveness was a pattern that had emerged in previous studies (Ayres, 1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1969, 1972b). Thus, the following items (listed by their accompanying SPM or ESP item number) were included:
SPM 30/ESP T4 (overresponsive): Does your child pull away from being touched lightly?
SPM 32/ESP T7 (overresponsive): Does your child react negatively to the feel of new clothes?
SPM 33/ESP T16 (overresponsive): Does your child prefer to touch rather than be touched?
SPM 34/ESP T27 (overresponsive): Does it bother your child to have his/her finger or toe nails cut?
SPM 35/ESP T36 (overresponsive): Does it bother your child to have his/her face touched?
SPM 36/ESP T12 (overresponsive): Does your child avoid getting his/her hands in finger paint, paste, sand, clay, mud, glue, or other messy things?
The items were scored on a scale ranging from 1 to 4, with a lower score indicating more difficulty, to match the other variables and facilitate interpretation. The mean score for the six ESP and SPM variables was calculated and included in the analysis.
Behavior Rating of Attention.
Because we were interested in revisiting the existence of patterns related to overresponsiveness to sensory experiences, we included a behavioral measure of attention–inattention and distractibility. Descriptive data from the intake form in the charts provided a means of capturing the presence of problems and parental concerns related to the child's ability to attend to tasks, activity level, and impulsiveness. A scale ranging from 0 to 2 was used to rate attention problems provided by parents (2 = definite evidence, significant problem; 1 = some evidence, mild or potential problem; 0 = no evidence of problems with attention). Interrater reliability was established on this measure using 20 cases across three raters, who achieved 100% agreement on the ratings after refinement of definitions.
After exploratory, descriptive data analysis, we conducted factor analysis to examine patterns of sensory integration dysfunction. We calculated descriptive statistics, including frequencies, means, and standard deviations, for all variables, and estimated bivariate Pearson correlation coefficients between all variables (Table 2). Factor analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago). Exploratory factor analysis using principal components extraction with varimax rotation was performed using the variables listed in Table 1 to assist with determining the patterns of dysfunction or domains of sensory integration dysfunction being measured.
Pearson Correlations for Variables Included in Factor Analysis
Pearson Correlations for Variables Included in Factor Analysis×
Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1. ATTN —
2. BMC .08 —
3. CPR .06 .28 —
4. DC .08 .34 .51 —
5. FG .08 −.02 .13 .10 —
6. FI .14 .21 .29 .33 .16 —
7. GRA .20 .37 .25 .35 .18 .35 —
8. KIN .07 .25 .31 .36 .07 .30 .37 —
9. LTS .10 .09 .25 .22 .10 .34 .30 .21 —
10. MAC .10 .32 .22 .46 .07 .31 .40 .33 .26 —
11. MFP 1 .07 .27 .48 .42 .14 .31 .28 .26 .16 .25 —
12. MFP 2 .05 .23 .29 .26 .02 .30 .25 .23 .16 .25 .39 —
13. OPR −.04 .38 .15 .21 −.07 .17 .36 .17 .15 .23 .14 .15 —
14. PPR .03 .31 .29 .42 .07 .35 .25 .26 .05 .30 .33 .14 .37 —
15. PRN .04 .07 .02 .07 .04 .09 .17 .17 .00 .19 .08 .15 .10 .09 —
16. PRVC .19 .36 .36 .39 .12 .29 .34 .34 .08 .24 .32 .33 .22 .40 .14 —
17. SPR .14 .52 .38 .49 .16 .38 .48 .41 .24 .39 .36 .31 .33 .37 .19 .44 —
18. SV .21 .18 .34 .48 .16 .32 .35 .24 .17 .35 .33 .27 .14 .34 .08 .30 .41 —
19. SWB .03 .35 .29 .39 .01 .30 .36 .28 .23 .52 .21 .25 .32 .35 .22 .33 .41 .32 —
20. TD .04 −.05 −.03 .04 .00 −.07 .02 .03 −.03 −.07 −.02 .10 −.05 −.05 −.06 .03 .04 .06 .00 —
Table Footer NoteNote. ATTN = Attention Behavioral Rating; BMC = Bilateral Motor Coordination; CPR = Constructional Praxis; DC = Design Copying; FG = Figure Ground; FI = Finger Identification; GRA = Graphesthesia; KIN = Kinesthesia; LTS = Localization of Tactile Stimuli; MAC = Motor Accuracy; MFP 1 and MFP 2 = Manual Form Perception, Parts 1 and 2; OPR = Oral Praxis; PPR = Postural Praxis; PRN = Postrotary Nystagmus; PRVC = Praxis on Verbal Command; SPR = Sequencing Praxis; SV = Space Visualization; SWB = Standing and Walking Balance; TD = Tactile Defensiveness.
Note. ATTN = Attention Behavioral Rating; BMC = Bilateral Motor Coordination; CPR = Constructional Praxis; DC = Design Copying; FG = Figure Ground; FI = Finger Identification; GRA = Graphesthesia; KIN = Kinesthesia; LTS = Localization of Tactile Stimuli; MAC = Motor Accuracy; MFP 1 and MFP 2 = Manual Form Perception, Parts 1 and 2; OPR = Oral Praxis; PPR = Postural Praxis; PRN = Postrotary Nystagmus; PRVC = Praxis on Verbal Command; SPR = Sequencing Praxis; SV = Space Visualization; SWB = Standing and Walking Balance; TD = Tactile Defensiveness.×
The sample included 193 boys (70.7%) and 80 girls (29.3%) ranging in age from 4 to 9. Most of the children (78.1%) had no diagnosis on file and were referred for evaluation because of occupational performance problems suspected to be the result of underlying sensory integration dysfunction. Diagnoses or conditions that were reported included sensory integration disorder (n = 29; 10.6%), attention deficit disorders (n = 20; 7.3%), and speech–language or learning disorders (n = 17; 6.2%).
The results of the factor analysis yielded six factors with eigenvalues >1. However, because two factors included only one variable, we felt that a four-factor solution best fit the data, accounting for 48% of the variance. The four-factor solution with accompanying factor loadings is shown in Figure 1. All factors in this study were significantly related to one another (Table 3).
Primary loadings for four-factor solution.
Note. ATTN = Attention Behavioral Rating; BMC = Bilateral Motor Coordination; CPR = Constructional Praxis; DC = Design Copying; FG = Figure Ground; FI = Finger Identification; GRA = Graphesthesia; KIN = Kinesthesia; LTS = Localization of Tactile Stimuli; MAC = Motor Accuracy; MFP 1 and MFP 2 = Manual Form Perception, Parts 1 and 2; OPR = Oral Praxis; PPR = Postural Praxis; PRN = Postrotary Nystagmus; PRVC = Praxis on Verbal Command; SPR = Sequencing Praxis; SV = Space Visualization; SWB = Standing and Walking Balance; TD = Tactile Defensiveness.
Full Size | Slide (.ppt)
Rotated Loadings for Final Solution
Rotated Loadings for Final Solution×
Factor Loading
Visuodyspraxia and Somatodyspraxia
Constructional Praxis .834
Manual Form Perception Part 1 .805
Design Copying .670
Postural Praxis .510
Praxis on Verbal Command .498
Space Visualization .480
Vestibular and Proprioceptive Bilateral Integration and Sequencing
Oral Praxis .727
Standing and Walking Balance .657
Postrotary Nystagmus .611
Bilateral Motor Coordination .575
Motor Accuracy .573
Graphesthesia .562
Sequencing Praxis .462
(Kinesthesia) (.330)
Tactile and Visual Discrimination
Localization of Tactile Stimuli .729
Finger Identification .483
Figure Ground Perception .497
Tactile Defensiveness and Attention Problems
Tactile Defensiveness .688
Attention .523
Factor 1 2 3 4
1. Visuo- and Somatodyspraxia —
2. Vestibular and Proprioceptive Bilateral Integration and Sequencing .55 —
3. Tactile and Visual Discrimination .30 .29 —
4. Tactile Defensiveness and Attention Problems .13 .11 .23 —
Table Footer NoteNote. Parentheses indicate that the loading approaches a moderate level.
Note. Parentheses indicate that the loading approaches a moderate level.×
The first factor, named Visuodyspraxia and Somatodyspraxia, is characterized by high loadings on the tests of visual perception and visuopraxis functions, including Design Copy, Construction Praxis, and Space Visualization. These three tests were all previously associated with factors generally named Visuopraxis or Visuodyspraxia (Ayres, 1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1969, 1972b, 1977, 1989). The presence of Postural Praxis, Praxis on Verbal Command, and Manual Form Perception on this factor suggests a mild association with a pattern of Somatodyspraxia. Postural Praxis (formerly called Imitation of Postures) consistently loaded on factors characterized by an association between tactile perception and praxis tests in previous studies (Ayres, 1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1969, 1972b, 1977, 1989). In addition, Praxis on Verbal Command does not have a visual component, and the Manual Form Perception Test involves tactile processing and visual perception. Therefore, in relation to the patterns that were hypothesized, this factor represents Visuodyspraxia with some secondary aspects of Somatodyspraxia.
The second factor, Vestibular and Proprioceptive Bilateral Integration and Sequencing, was consistent with the second hypothesized pattern. Many previous studies demonstrated a bilateral integration and sequencing pattern, associating bilateral integration with vestibular and proprioceptive functions. This pattern was characterized by high loadings on Oral Praxis, Standing and Walking Balance, Postrotary Nystagmus, Bilateral Motor Coordination, Graphesthesia, Motor Accuracy, and Sequencing Praxis. Of the tests loading on this factor, Oral Praxis, Standing and Walking Balance, Bilateral Motor Coordination, Graphesthesia, and Sequencing Praxis all loaded on the Bilateral and Sequencing factor reported in the SIPT manual (Ayres, 1989). All of these tests were noted to involve bilateral and sequential actions. In this study, the addition of Motor Accuracy to this group is hypothesized to reflect the vestibular and bilateral functions needed for the coordination of eye, head, and hand movements; postural adjustments; and crossing of body midline needed in this test. Another significant finding in this study was the presence of the PRN test on this factor, which had been hypothesized as an important measure of this pattern in the past but had not loaded with similar factors in previous work. It is likely that the distribution of scores in this sample (relatively few children with abnormally high PRN scores) contributed to this finding. Also noteworthy was that the test of Kinesthesia, as would be expected, loaded on this factor, although modestly. The presence of both Standing and Walking Balance and Kinesthesia led to adding the term "proprioceptive" to the name of this factor.
The third factor, Tactile and Visual Discrimination, was consistent with the third hypothesis and was characterized by two tests of tactile discrimination and one test of visual discrimination. This pattern is similar to sensory system factors identified in previous work (Ayres, 1989; Mulligan 1998), which revealed associations between tests of tactile function and tests measuring another sensory system, without the accompanying loadings of praxis, bilateral, or postural measures.
The fourth factor, Tactile Defensiveness and Attention Problems, was consistent with the hypothesized pattern and with the relationship between inattention and hyperactivity and tactile defensiveness described in Ayres' (1965, 1966a, 1966b, 1969, 1972b) early studies.
The importance of this study lies in the verification of patterns of sensory integrative dysfunction that have been studied for nearly 50 years. Ayres found factors related to praxis that she named Apraxia and Dyspraxia (later, Visuodyspraxia and Somatodyspraxia). In the 1989 data from the SIPT manual, these independent patterns were notably stronger (i.e., first-order factors) in the samples that had large numbers of typically developing children. A cluster analysis of the same data revealed a Visuodyspraxia and Somatodyspraxia cluster group that included more children with learning disabilities or sensory integration issues (n = 22) than children from the normative group (n =13). It is possible that visuo- and somato-based praxis functions overlap more in samples of children with identified problems, as was the case with this study's sample.
The second factor finding that is especially important for both therapists and researchers is the demonstrated link between the PRN test and the low scores on tests of vestibular and bilateral functions. Although the relationship of hyporesponsiveness to vestibular input, evidenced by low PRN scores, has been hypothesized, this study marks the first time this relationship has been supported by empirical data. The small percentage of cases with prolonged nystagmus (8.4% [n = 23] vs. 35.9% [n = 98] with shortened-duration nystagmus) in this sample avoided the averaging effect that occurs when both high and low PRN scores are prevalent in a sample. Thus, these findings reinforce a long-held view of the significance of low PRN scores and validate Ayres' (1989) theoretical assumption that bilateral integration problems and other signs of vestibular inefficiencies are associated with a shortened duration of postrotary nystagmus. The added factor loading of the Motor Accuracy Test (which requires vestibular- and proprioception-related coordination of head, eye, and hand movements and crossing the body midline) and a moderate loading on Kinesthesia also reinforce the underlying commonality of vestibular and proprioceptive functions in this group. Although the hypothesis related to the association of low PRN with bilateral and sequencing measures was supported, an association between the measures of directionality, crossing midline, and laterality with this pattern was not found. The subscores used to measure these functions may not have had adequate biometric properties, or these measures may not reflect functions specific to this pattern.
The absence of the Dyspraxia on Verbal Command pattern (characterized by moderately high PRN and low Praxis on Verbal Command in previous studies) is an additional finding in this study that may be related to the nature of the sample. The Ayres (1989) standardization study that identified this pattern, as well as Mulligan (1998), most likely included more children with learning disabilities and speech–language deficits, a group more likely to have both prolonged PRN and speech–language problems than the sample in this study.
Finally, the hypothesized association between attention problems and heightened sensitivity to touch rather than to tactile discrimination and practic functions was supported by empirical data. At this time, fully exploring the hypothesis that other forms of sensory overresponsiveness (e.g., auditory defensiveness and gravitational insecurity) are associated with problems in attention was not possible because the number of items representing those variables was smaller and less specific to overresponsiveness than the items for tactile defensiveness. Continued clarification of the relationships between generalized sensory overresponsiveness and specific sensory responsiveness is still needed. Efforts to clarify underlying physiological functions associated with over- and underresponsiveness will also provide insight into the impact of these problems on behavior, learning, and participation (Reynolds & Lane, 2009). The significant relationship between the factors in this study and Ayres' (1989) studies reinforces the long-held idea that the patterns revealed in these studies show specific associations among sensory, motor, and praxis; these associations reflect that sensory systems function in a synergistic, rather than isolated, way.
Identifying and understanding underlying problems that affect health, performance, and participation are important first steps for practice and research in occupational therapy. The results of this study confirm the presence of sensory integration patterns of dysfunction in children commonly referred for an occupational therapy evaluation. Knowledge of these patterns allows therapists to understand the nature of difficulties interfering with performance, contributes to more precise intervention planning, and provides a means by which to determine the interventions' effectiveness. Using standardized assessments, such as the SIPT, in conjunction with caregiver reports will enhance participant selection in efficacy studies of occupational therapy applying a sensory integrative intervention approach.
This study's limitations include the subjectivity of factor-analytic studies, the subjectivity of the tools used to measure attention and tactile overresponsiveness, and the degree of representation in the sample. First, as with all factor analysis, the interpretation of the factors has a level of subjectivity (e.g., the decision to use the four-factor solution and the naming of the factors). However, given the breadth of previous studies on which to base decisions and the many researchers who collaborated throughout the interpretation process, subjectivity was minimized. Second, the methods for measuring attention and tactile overresponsiveness in this study do not have established reliability and validity data; however, other means for assessing these variables were not available in this retrospective sample. Finally, data were retrieved from only two private practices and may therefore have limitations in generalizability. However, the similarity with previous findings and hypothesized constructs reduces this potential concern.
Future research should continue to identify and enhance our understanding of the underlying neurodevelopmental problems that affect health, performance, and participation. Measures for children younger and older than the range included in the SIPT normative sample are needed to determine whether these patterns of dysfunction hold true for these age groups and are also needed to conduct outcome studies. To conduct outcome studies, changes in sensory integration and praxis functions must correlate with needed and desired changes in health, performance, and participation of the child with identified sensory integration and praxis difficulties, the family, and community. Although this study confirmed and clarified the presence of various subtypes of sensory integrative dysfunction, current assessment tools are still limited in several areas, including aspects of vestibular and proprioceptive processing, postural ocular control, and ideational praxis. Validity studies are also needed to enhance our understanding of low- and high-duration PRN. Finally, future research that includes confirmatory factor analysis of the model with a new data set to determine whether the model holds true is suggested.
ASI is one of the most developed and distinctive frames of reference to emanate from the profession of occupational therapy. Occupational therapists with specialized knowledge of ASI have a unique understanding of the ways in which functions such as vestibular processing, tactile perception, and praxis contribute to daily life participation and success. Understanding the different patterns of sensory integration dysfunction allows occupational therapists to be better equipped to design, implement, and study intervention programs to alleviate challenges and, ultimately, to support occupational performance.
This study was supported by donations contributed by participants at the annual R2K research conferences hosted by Pediatric Therapy Network. We thank Allison McGuire Young, Kacey MacManus, A. Brooks Roley, Katie Meyer, and Summer Kendricks for their assistance with data entry and project coordination.
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Ayres, A. J. (1972b). Types of sensory integrative dysfunction among disabled learners. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 26, 13–18.
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Ayres, A. J. (1989). Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
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Brett-Green, B. A., Miller, L. J., Schoen, S. M., & Nielson, D. M. (2010). An exploratory event-related potential study of multisensory integration in sensory over-responsive children. Brain Research, 1321, 67–77. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.043 [Article] [PubMed]
Brett-Green, B. A., Miller, L. J., Schoen, S. M., & Nielson, D. M. (2010). An exploratory event-related potential study of multisensory integration in sensory over-responsive children. Brain Research, 1321, 67–77. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.043 [Article] [PubMed]×
Davies, P. L., & Tucker, R. (2010). Evidence review to investigate the support for subtypes of children with difficulty processing and integrating sensory information. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64, 391–402. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09070 [Article] [PubMed]
Davies, P. L., & Tucker, R. (2010). Evidence review to investigate the support for subtypes of children with difficulty processing and integrating sensory information. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 64, 391–402. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09070 [Article] [PubMed]×
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Lai, J.-S., Fisher, A. G., Magalhaes, L. C., & Bundy, A. C. (1996). Construct validity of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 16, 75–97.
Lai, J.-S., Fisher, A. G., Magalhaes, L. C., & Bundy, A. C. (1996). Construct validity of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 16, 75–97.×
McIntosh, D. N., Miller, L. J., Shyu, V., & Hagerman, R. J. (1999). Sensory-modulation disruption, electrodermal disruption and functional behaviors. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 41, 608–615. doi: 10.1017/S0012162299001267 [Article] [PubMed]
McIntosh, D. N., Miller, L. J., Shyu, V., & Hagerman, R. J. (1999). Sensory-modulation disruption, electrodermal disruption and functional behaviors. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 41, 608–615. doi: 10.1017/S0012162299001267 [Article] [PubMed]×
Miller-Kuhanek, H., Glennon, T., & Henry, D. (2007). Sensory Processing Measure—Main Classroom Form. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
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Mulligan, S. (1996). An analysis of score patterns of children with attention disorders on the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 50, 647–654. [Article] [PubMed]
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Mulligan, S. (2000). Cluster analysis of scores of children on the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 20, 256–270.
Mulligan, S. (2000). Cluster analysis of scores of children on the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 20, 256–270.×
Parham, L. D., & Ecker, C. J. (2007). Sensory Processing Measure–Home Form. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Parham, L. D., & Ecker, C. J. (2007). Sensory Processing Measure–Home Form. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.×
Parham, L. D., & Mailloux, Z. (2010). Sensory integration. In J.Case-Smith, A.Allen, & P. N.Pratt (Eds.), Occupational therapy for children (6th ed., pp. 325–372). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Parham, L. D., & Mailloux, Z. (2010). Sensory integration. In J.Case-Smith, A.Allen, & P. N.Pratt (Eds.), Occupational therapy for children (6th ed., pp. 325–372). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.×
Parush, S., Sohmer, H., Steinberg, A., & Kaitz, M. (1997). Somatosensory functioning in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 39, 464–468. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07466.x [Article] [PubMed]
Parush, S., Sohmer, H., Steinberg, A., & Kaitz, M. (1997). Somatosensory functioning in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 39, 464–468. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07466.x [Article] [PubMed]×
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Reynolds, S., & Lane, S. (2009). Sensory overresponsivity and anxiety in children with ADHD. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63, 433–440. [Article] [PubMed]×
Schaaf, R. C., Miller, L. J., Seawell, D., & O'Keefe, S. (2003). Children with disturbances in sensory processing: A pilot study examining the role of the parasympathetic nervous system. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57, 442–449. [Article] [PubMed]
Schaaf, R. C., Miller, L. J., Seawell, D., & O'Keefe, S. (2003). Children with disturbances in sensory processing: A pilot study examining the role of the parasympathetic nervous system. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57, 442–449. [Article] [PubMed]×
Research Opportunities in the Area of Children and Adolescents With Challenges in Sensory Processing and Sensory Integration
Occupational Therapy Using Sensory Integration to Improve Participation of a Child With Autism: A Case Report
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, September/October 2012, Vol. 66, 547-555. doi:10.5014/ajot.2012.004473
Occupational Therapy Using a Sensory Integrative Approach: A Case Study of Effectiveness
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, March/April 2007, Vol. 61, 239-246. doi:10.5014/ajot.61.2.239
Effectiveness of Sensory Integration Interventions in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, January/February 2011, Vol. 65, 76-85. doi:10.5014/ajot.2011.09205
Relationships Between Stereotyped Movements and Sensory Processing Disorders in Children With and Without Developmental or Sensory Disorders
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, May/June 2010, Vol. 64, 453-461. doi:10.5014/ajot.2010.09075
Sensory Integration and Processing


Choose from; Going Nuts, Super Green, or Rainbow.
Choose from; Cleansing Green, Pink Roots or Sweet Berry.
Available to eat in or take out between 11am – 4pm daily in October.
Your Meal Deal will be freshly prepared ready for you to collect.


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Anime: Dragonball Z: Saiyaman Saga Episodes 4-6
By Katherine "Hawkeye" Connell Legacy Author October 10, 2005
Old Man Kangaroo
It has been seven years since the Cell Game and Gohan is off to high school. Not wanting to stand out, he tries to behave like a normal teenager, but quickly finds that he can't resist using his powers when the citizens of Satan City are in danger. Apparently Mr. Satan (or Hercule in the first American TV release) is so famous he has a whole city named after him. In classic superhero fashion, Gohan dons a somewhat silly outfit and assumes the identity of Great Saiyaman.
The Great Saiyaman Saga is interesting in relationship to the rest of the Dragonball Z series in that it is one of the few times we see the Dragonball characters interacting with normal humans. As viewers, we tend to take for granted that their extrodinary powers are simply a part of their world. However, in the Saiyaman Saga, Gohan has to try to lead a normal life among people who would consider the ability to fly somewhat unusual.
Now, should note that the Saiyaman Saga release is not part of the 'Ultimate Uncut Special Edition' release that I have been looking at in previous reviews. It does not come in a cool, foil case, like the 'Ultimate' series, so there isn't much chance for confusion.
The DVD does, however, state that it is an uncut version. It's hard to be certain what the differences might be since Funimation hasn't gotten anywhere near the Saiyaman Saga in the 'Ultimate' series. Overall, the features on this DVD look pretty similar to those of the other series. The footage looks pretty uncut, though there aren't any big, bloody battles in these episodes to tell for sure. The original Japanese track is included with English subtitles. The only definite difference I see is the lack of a Spanish language track.
The English direction is a bit heavy-handed in these episodes. Perhaps when and if they get to releasing an 'Ultimate' version Funimation will rewrite it a little. Dialogue is written into places where there was previously no dialogue to help explain the situation to us stupid Americans. This has the effect of characters talking when we can't see them. Also, going with the tendency of American voice actors, especially for bit roles, most of Gohan's teachers have funny accents. They seem a little out of place. Of course, since I don't speak Japanese, for all I know the Japanese voice actors give their characters funny regional accents too.
Episode 4: I am Saiyaman
Having already turned Super Saiyan once to stop a crime, Gohan goes to visit Bulma and see what she can do about making him a disguise. She is able to quickly whip up a watch that allows him to instantly change from his normal clothes to a superhero costume. So I guess Bulma's really to blame for the fact that everyone but him and Goten think his costume outfit looks stupid. And Bulma always had such good fashion sense. After all, she was the one who dressed Vegeta up in a pink shirt.
Gohan soon finds out there is another crime stopper in his class when Videl, who just happens to be Mr. Satan's daughter, gets called up to help save a bus full of elderly hostages. Most police departments might be embarrassed about turning to a high school girl whenever things got tough. Videl deals with the hijackers quite handily though in her exuberance she accidently knocks out the driver and sends the bus over a cliff. Luckily Gohan shows up just in time to save the day.
I enjoy this episode and the Saiyaman saga in general for its' offbeat manner of dealing with the classic superhero scenario. Though such things have rarely come up when the DBZ warriors saved the planet before, Gohan faces such basic problems as figuring out where the bad guys actually are. Plus he's about the only superhero I know (excluding the Tick) where everyone respects his power but at the same time thinks he looks and acts like a total idiot.
Episode 5: Gohan's First Date
A girl catches Gohan on the roof as he changes out of his Great Saiyaman costume and proceeds to demand that he go on a date with her. The scene on the rooftop is probably the most glaring example of the heavy handedness of the American voice director. In the Japanese version, the two simply stare at each other as the camera cuts back and forth in awkward silence. In the American version they decide to put in dialogue but, since the characters aren't mouthing words, it's always the offscreen one that is speaking. The whole thing is rather jarring and totally unnecessary since the original silence conveyed a lot more.
As this is his first date ever, Gohan keeps bungling things, but the girl is both quick to anger and quick to forgive. Things change when they see a skyscraper that has caught fire. Gohan sneaks away to help while Videl shows up trying to rescue people from the roof. Once again, Great Saiyaman pulls Videl's hash out of the fire (pretty much literally). Afterwards, Videl catches Gohan sneaking away from the scene and begins to suspect that he is actually Geat Saiyaman.
This episode focuses mainly on comedy and doesn't have much action. The building fire is a decently tense scene and Gohan showing up in true superhero fashion (even if it is done a little tongue and cheek) is pretty cool. Overall, it is an entertaining episode.
Episode 6: Rescue Videl
Videl is now on an all-out hunt to discover Great Saiyaman's true identity. We start the episode with a nice chase when she sees Gohan flying to school in the morning in his Saiyaman costume. She heads after him in her jet copter careening through city streets and up into the clouds. Gohan eventually gives her the slip.
As the episode continues, a gang shows up and takes the mayor hostage. They demand that Mr. Satan come and fight their leader (who looks suspiciously like Napa in a funny hat). As Mr. Satan hides in his attic, Videl heads into action, challenging the leader herself. Gohan shows up to help and takes out the rest of the gang as Videl and the leader go mano-a-mano. The fight isn't all that super powered. However, Gohan does a really cool thing with an RPG that is definitely worth seeing.
In the end Videl is grateful but still asserts she will find out his real identity. Ah young love, the chases, the fights, the lifting of heavy objects. I never realized having a secret identity was such a good way to meet women.
Technical/Extras: 8
Though not part of the 'Ultimate Uncut Special Edition' series the Great Saiyaman Saga release is still pretty strong in this category. It still has both English and Japanese voice tracks and proclaims uncut footage. What it lacks are a Spanish dialogue track, Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound (just stereo), Dragonball trivia, and the really cool foil cases the other series comes in.
Entertainment: 9
All the episodes on this DVD are fun and enjoyable. There aren't any epic battles and nobody almost destroyes the universe, or even the planet for that matter. That just doesn't happen in the Great Saiyaman saga. However, there are also no weak episodes here as we sit waiting for everything to get set for the big fight to happen. This trio of episodes is consistant and satisfying.
Overall: 9
For all its total sweetness, Dragonball Z can get a bit formulaic. The Great Saiyaman saga breaks from the standard formula and takes the story in a new direction. For those who cannot handle any deviation from the norm, this saga will probably make your brain hurt. I think most fans will find this saga a welcome change. A bit of respite, if you will, before the universe gets back to being imperiled.
Extras: Japanese and English dialogue
Uncut footage
Previews: (Next Episode Preview, Dragonball Z Movie, WildC.A.T.S., Lupin the 3rd, Dragonball Z (Saiyaman Saga), Z Store)
When They Cry: Higurashi – Volume Two
Texhnolyze: Volume Four
Mushi-shi: Volume One

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


On April 17, all over the Hawaiian Islands, volunteers will be counting monk seals—and they could use your help!
The semi-annual count, coordinated by NOAA Fisheries, only happens 2 times a year. All islands participate on the same day at the exact same time to get a snapshot of monk seal numbers in Hawaiʻi and their locations.


Petrol price was on Friday cut by Rs 2 per litre with effect from midnight tonight, the steepest reduction in rates in nine months.
While petrol price has been cut by Rs 2 per litre, excluding local sales tax or VAT, there will be no change in diesel rates.
After including VAT, the reduction in price of petrol in Delhi comes to Rs 2.40 per litre and the fuel will from midnight tonight cost Rs 68.34 per litre as against Rs 70.74 currently.
It was expected that oil firms will also effect the monthly hike of 40-50 paise per litre in diesel rates but they deferred the decision apparently to save the government from trouble in Parliament.
When oil firms had last hiked petrol price on March 2, the Opposition parties had disrupted one full day's proceedings.
The cut in petrol price follows two rounds of hike in rates since February.
Petrol price was hiked by Rs 1.50 a litre on February 16 and then by Rs 1.40 per litre from March 2.Both the increases were excluding local VAT.
The reduction in rates was possible as international oil prices have eased.While the slide in international prices of crude oil from USD 112.73 per barrel to USD 107.41 enabled reduction in petrol prices, it also helped lower losses on diesel sales.
Losses on diesel have come down to Rs 8.64 per litre from Rs 11.26 at the beginning of the month, according to Indian Oil Corp (IOC) which announced the price revision.
Oil firms calculate the desired retail price on 1st and 16th of every month based on average imported oil price on the previous fortnight.


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NEW3DGE CONCEPT ART
Learn from the best, become one of them.
Game Art - 3D Animation&VFX
Educators complete list
concept-art@new3dge.fr
The New3dge Concept Art Program
The Judging Panel
The Jules Verne Challenge
30.000€ concept art
THE EDUCATORS
SEE COMPLETE LIST
Background art by educator Florent Lebrun
As the first year of our new Concept Art program wraps up, and recruitment is still ongoing for the fall, we wanted to do something special to celebrate. We came up with this challenge to give the opportunity to one talented student to win a full two-year scholarship to our Concept Art Program!
The contest is currently open to contestants and will close on the 5th of July. The winner, selected on merit by our panel of judges, will be able to attend our Concept Art two-year program from September 2020 to July 2022 at no cost.
To the runner-up, our friends at Artstation will give a 1 year Pro membership and an
Artstation Marketplace $50 gift card!
To be eligible to win the first prize, you must be at least 16, be eligible for a student visa in France and able to join us by September in Paris!
FLORENT LEBRUN
Entries will be reviewed to define the first and second place by:
ULYSSE VERHASSELT
AURELIEN FOURNIER
ETIENNE HEBINGER
DANAR
WORYA
- Journey to the Center of the Earth -
To enter this contest, your must submit an original environment and a character based on the Journey to the Center of the Earth universe by Jules Verne.
You are not required to read the entire book; rather, get inspired by the world, mood and timeline of the book. Explore, have fun and create compelling images around the theme of industrial revolution period fantasy and 19th Century lore.
You will find some material to start below, a link to the book and the details of the assignment.
- JULES VERNE - Jules Gabriel Verne (8 February 1828 – 24 March 1905) was a French novelist, poet, and playwright. His collaboration with the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel led to the creation of the Voyages extraordinaires, a series of bestselling adventure novels including Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864).
The pop science context in which Verne wrote Journey to the Center of the Earth included notions of a hollow earth consisting of inner spheres nested within each other and open at the poles, ideas proposed by Edmund Halley originally (1692).
Here is an online version of the book: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18857/18857-h/18857-h.htm
-Environment / Keyframe art:
You will create one establishing shot describing the environment of the center of the earth, showing important landmarks described by Jules Verne like Geysers, Mountains, Lakes, Giant trees and many more... The goal here is to give as much information as possible about the world you are trying to create while still showcasing true composition, color and lighting skills. Don't hesitate to put your characters in there for scale, and try to compose your image in a cinematographic way - as if it were an important shot of a movie or a game.
Art by educator Jad SABER
-Character art:
You will create a character sheet showcasing one of the main characters from the book, Professor Hardwigg. What we expect for the character are full-body in pose view, with detailed clothing, personality and facial features.
Professor Hardwigg: Mineralogy Professor Otto Hardwigg is a slightly insane, impatient scholar that teaches at Johanneum in Hamburg, Germany. Although incredibly bright, he has problem with public speaking. While lecturing to a class, sometimes he would stumble over a word, and it would finally slip out in a most undignified way. Whenever this happened, he would sink into a powerful rage. Although he possesses this weakness, he is an incredibly bright scholar. When presented with a specimen, he can determine what kind of substance it is by assessing the way it split, its hardness, the smell, the taste, or the sound. Other scholars and colleges talked about him with great respect, and called upon him for help for some of the most difficult chemistry problems. Also, he is the curator of a mineralogy museum. He is a tall, lean man with an iron will and the impatience to match. His fair complexion, matched with large, roaming eyes behind thick spectacles perched on a long, slender nose, makes him look younger than he actually is. His hands are always clenched when he walks, a sign of his incredible temper.
Art by educator Florent LEBRUN
-What we expect from your entries:
- Bold and iconic composition that truly describe your take on Jules Verne's "Journey to the center of the Earth" universe.
- Interesting and believable designs engaging your audience into curiosity about the story.
- Again, the brief is an invitation to explore Jules Verne's book universe. Therefore, do not obsess over being exact to the page - rather than a precise moment from the book, capture the overall mood and setting.
-specs:
- 1920px width minimum for landscape; 1920px height minimum for character
- Include your research and a few images of your process
- Send your work in a single PDF of 20Mo maximum by e-mail to concept-art@new3dge.fr
- Your e-mail must be titled "Contest Entry", must include your full name, nationality, and a link to your online portfolio (like Artstation for exemple).
- Submit your work before the Sunday 5th of July 2020 23h59.
- Plagiarized work will be immediately disqualified
Click here to send us an e-mail
We will publish the best artworks and announce the winner in jULY 2020.
©2021 by New3dge-Concept Art


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Campus Construction Updates
Bates in the News
Live at Bates
Aaron Morse
Andy Walter
Doug Hubley
Emily Mcconville
Jay Burns
Phyllis Graber Jensen
Theophil Syslo
Bates News
The Global Lens series of international films returns Feb. 29
By Bates News. Published on February 22, 2012
Ana Carbatti plays Iara in Sérgio Bianchi's 2009 film "The Tenants."
The Global Lens series of international films returns to Bates College this month starting with a screening of Brazilian director Sérgio Bianchi's 2009 film The Tenants at 7 p.m. Monday, Feb. 27, in Room 104 of the Olin Arts Center, 75 Russell St.
All at 7 p.m., Global Lens screenings take place at Bates Mondays and Wednesdays through April 2. Monday screenings take place in Olin 104, and Wednesday screenings in Olin 105.
Screenings are open to the public at no cost. The series is presented by the Bates College Museum of Art. For more information, please contact 207-786-6158.
Winner of the Best Screenplay award at the 2010 Festival do Rio in Brazil, The Tenants depicts a working-class family whose new next-door neighbors are young criminals. Building tension with stylish sequences that blend reality and fevered imagination, Bianchi's thriller offers a shrewd portrait of the social and psychological impacts of urban violence. It depicts a city of São Paulo beset — yet also aroused — by a permeating atmosphere of destruction.
Featuring 10 award-winning films in this series, the Global Lens project is designed to promote cross-cultural understanding through cinema. It is produced by the Global Film Initiative, a U.S. nonprofit that supports independent film from Africa, Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Middle East.
GFI awards grants to deserving filmmakers and supports the touring film series, whose other venues include Boston's Museum of Fine Arts and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
"Global Lens brings the world to Lewiston, giving viewers fresh perspectives on issues that confront people around the globe," says Anthony Shostak, education curator for the Bates College Museum of Art. "Seeing them with other members of the community, as opposed to sitting at home, provides an expanded opportunity to discuss these issues."
Here's the schedule for the remaining winter-spring Global Lens screenings:
Feb. 29: Dooman River depicts intensifying tensions between illegal North Korean immigrants and rural villagers on the Chinese side of the frozen river-border through the eyes of 12-year-old Chang-ho. While Chang-ho and his community are initially sympathetic toward refugees, mounting suspicion leaves Chang-ho torn between compassion and conflict. Directed by Chinese director Zhang Lu, the intricately detailed film has won multiple awards including the Jury Prize, Paris Cinema International Film Festival. (China, 2009, 89 min.)
March 5: Soul of Sand is a suspenseful and eccentric thriller, directed and written by New Delhi native Sidharth Srinivasan, that explores the dark intersection between Indian modernity and tradition. A powerless watchman who guards an abandoned mine reluctantly helps his landlord's daughter and her lower-caste lover escape when she is offered to her father's business partner as his wife. When a masked killer is dispatched to hunt the pair down, all are immersed in a visually striking world of danger, honor and hierarchy. (India, 2010, 98 min.)
March 7: Opera Jawa blends images of contemporary Indonesia with traditional Javanese dance, music and myth to tell the tale of Seyto and Siti — a husband and wife content until the local butcher seduces Siti. This sets the stage for an epic battle in lush forests and pristine beaches, based on "The Abduction of Sita" from the Hindu epic "The Ramayana." Directed by Indonesian Garin Nugroho. (Indonesia, 2006, 120 min.)
March 12: Belvedere, set in a refugee camp after 15 years of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, paints a rich and uncommon portrait of the aftermath of war. Ruveyda is a widow who takes solace in routine: caring for her extended family and searching for the remains of her husband and son. But she is tested when her nephew is selected to participate in a reality show in a former enemy enclave. Directed by Ahmed Imamovic, the film explores themes of patience, faith, love and forgiveness. (Bosnia-Herzegovina, 2010, 90 min.)
March 14: The Light Thief is a contemporary tale of good and evil set in a wind-swept valley in Kyrgyzstan. Director Aktan Arym Kubat plays Mr. Light, a humble, trusting and compassionate village electrician who strikes a suspicious deal with a wealthy developer. With the dream of supplying wind-generated electricity to the valley and employment to his destitute neighbors, Mr. Light embodies goodwill and decency in a corrupt and changing world. (Kyrgyzstan, 2010, 80 min.)
March 19: Street Days uses humor and gritty realism to explore desperation, decline and moral dilemmas in modern Georgia. Checkie, a middle-aged and unemployed heroin addict, is blackmailed by corrupt policemen into introducing the son of their wealthy enemy to drugs. Making increasingly bad decisions, Checkie reunites with his wife to face his deteriorating options before a penultimate choice. Directed by Levan Koghuashvili. (Georgia, 2010, 86 min.)
March 21: The White Meadows a blend of fable and political critique set on the shores of a salt lake, follows Rahmat, a boatman who listens to people's sorrows and collects their tears in vials to pour into the sea. But he remains powerless against a community that, in misguided attempts to appease the gods, inflicts multiple brutalities. Director Mohammad Rasoulof's mesmerizing and surreal film won the AsiaAfrica Special Jury Prize and the Muhr AsiaAfrica Award for Best Director at the Dubai International Film Festival. (Iran, 2009, 93 min.)
March 26: The Invisible Eye explores surveillance, repression and insurrection during the 1980s military regime in Argentina. An assistant teacher at an elite Buenos Aires private school, the lonely and obedient María Teresa adopts the school's totalitarian oversight policies. But she soon finds herself amidst a breakdown in structure and discipline at the school that mirrors the rebellion outside. Directed by Diego Lerman. (Argentina, 2010, 95 min.)
April 2: A Useful Life is a universally appealing tribute to the soul of cinema, set in Uruguay and filmed in black and white. When a local cinema closes due to dwindling support, loyal employee Jorge is forced to find a new passion and navigate his world beyond the screen. Director Federico Veiroj received an award for Best Director at the Valdivia International Film Festival. (Uruguay, 2010, 63 min.)
Categories BatesNews
Tags Asia Europe film series Global Lens South America
'Memories of Present Past' film series fetes new Latin American studies program
New Latin American studies program presents lecture by Harvard Divinity School professor
'About 111 Girls' opens Bates' sixth season of award-winning Global Lens films
Here are three recent news posts.
The Bates Forest is a story of bad luck, high taxes, and the Great Depression
Campus Construction Update: July 8, 2019
At Clean Sweep, students' stuff makes great yard sale finds
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Lisa co-writes and directs Sarah Landon and the Paranormal Hour about Sarah Landon (Rissa Walters), a 17-year-old who investigates mysterious supernatural events in a small town. Matt (Dan Comrie) and his brother David (Brad Comrie) join in her Nancy Drew-like adventure into the paranormal. This marks Lisa Comrie's official directorial debut. I had the privilege to interview her.
Freestyle Releasing opens Sarah Landon and the Paranormal Hour on October 19th, 2007.
NYC MOVIE GURU: What did you do career-wise before making this directorial debut?
LC: I worked for an advertising company in Los Angeles called SkyTag who also made independent films on the side. I was hired to help with an independent film they were making and ended up working on the advertising side of the business after the shoot was over.
NYC MOVIE GURU: What inspired you to make this film?
LC: I came across this cool ghost story mystery that my Uncle John had written and I immediately knew that it had to be made into a movie. It reminded me of all the ghost stories that I read growing up. So John and I sat down and wrote the screenplay together. The idea was to make a PG thriller that would be fun for everyone. Kids like to get scared too, as long as it's not gonna give them nightmares!
NYC MOVIE GURU: What was the experience like collaborating with your own family on the film?
LC: It was a great experience and in many ways it was kind of like an extension of my childhood when my siblings and I would make short films around the house.
NYC MOVIE GURU: How/where did you find Rissa Walters and how did you prepare her for the role?
LC: When John and I were writing the role of Sarah Landon we based the character on my friend Rissa Walters. I had known Rissa for awhile and thought that someone like her would make a good Sarah Landon. So when it came time to cast, we did a nationwide search but had trouble finding someone who fit the part. Then I saw this short film that Rissa had acted in and it dawned on me…Sarah Landon had been right in front of me all along! Rissa has such a warm likable quality about her and an uncanny way of showing fear. As far as preparing her for the role, for the most part I just asked her to be herself, afterall to me she was Sarah Landon!
NYC MOVIE GURU: What kind of obstacles did you encounter throughout production and post-production. How did you overcome them?
LC: The story is based in Pine Valley and it was important for us to film on location as well as nearby towns that fit the role of a small town. The toughest part about that was convincing the people of the town to let us come in and take over their homes and film throughout the night!
NYC MOVIE GURU: Why did you gear this film toward pre-teens—why not an R-rated mystery/horror film?
LC: There are so many R rated horror movies and we wanted to come out with something fresh for a younger audience. An audience that also loves to get scared! It seemed odd that there were no PG ghost stories for tweens and teens when they're the ones experimenting with Quija boards and playing "Light As A Feather Stiff As A Board" all night at sleepovers! At least that's how I spent most of my slumber parties!
NYC MOVIE GURU: Do you believe in the supernatural?
LC: I absolutely believe something is out there. There are too many unexplained situations and encounters that I have a hard time believing they are all misconceptions or lies.
NYC MOVIE GURU: What project(s) are you working on next and do you plan on sticking to the same genre?
LC: We are working on the sequel to Sarah Landon and the Paranormal Hour called Sarah Landon and the Shadow People. I think this genre is fantastic because everyone likes a good mystery! Although, I plan on making more movies in this genre. I am also interested in writing comedy.


text:
Field distribution factors and dynamic load allowance for simply supported double-tee girder bridges
Brian Kidd, Sandip Rimal, Junwon Seo, Mostafa Tazarv, Nadim Wehbe
This paper discusses the field testing of two single-span double-tee girder (DTG) bridges in South Dakota to determine live load distribution factors (LLDFs) and the dynamic load allowance (IM). One bridge had seven girders and another had eight girders. The longitudinal girder-to-girder joints of both bridges were deteriorated in a way that water could penetrate and the joint steel members were corroded. A truck traveled across each of the two bridges at five transverse paths. The paths were tested twice with a crawl speed load test and twice with a dynamic load. The LLDFs and IM were determined using strain data measured during the field tests. These results were compared with those determined according to the AASHTO Standard and the AASHTO LRFD specifications. Nearly all the measured LLDFs were below the AASHTO LRFD design LLDFs, with the exception of two instances: 1) An exterior DTG on the seven-girder bridge and 2) An interior DTG on the eight-girder bridge. The LLDFs specified in the AASHTO Standard were conservative compared with the measured LLDFs. It was also found that both AASHTO LRFD and AASHTO Standard specifications were conservative when estimating IM, compared to the field test results for both bridges.
Structural Engineering and Mechanics
https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2022.82.1.069
Published - Apr 10 2022
The work presented in this paper conducted with support from South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) and the Mountain-Plains Consortium (MPC), a University Transportation Center (UTC) funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). Additional help for this study was provided by the South Dakota State University (SDSU). The contents of this paper reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented. The truck, truck drivers, traffic safety equipment, and the heavy equipment were all provided by the SDDOT. The authors would like to thank Bob Longbons of the SDDOT research office for his support and efforts, and Zach Gutzmer of SDSU for his help during the course of this project. The research team is grateful to all those who participated in the field tests.
Copyright © 2022 Techno-Press, Ltd.
Double-tee girder bridges
Dynamic load allowance
Field testing
Live load distribution factor
Longitudinal joint damage
10.12989/sem.2022.82.1.069
Dive into the research topics of 'Field distribution factors and dynamic load allowance for simply supported double-tee girder bridges'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Live Load Engineering 100%
Load Distribution Factor Engineering 100%
Bridges Engineering 66%
Bridge Girder Engineering 66%
Dynamic Loads Engineering 50%
Girder Engineering 50%
Joints (Structural Components) Engineering 33%
Beams and Girders Engineering 33%
Kidd, B., Rimal, S., Seo, J., Tazarv, M., & Wehbe, N. (2022). Field distribution factors and dynamic load allowance for simply supported double-tee girder bridges. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 82(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2022.82.1.069
Kidd, Brian ; Rimal, Sandip ; Seo, Junwon et al. / Field distribution factors and dynamic load allowance for simply supported double-tee girder bridges. In: Structural Engineering and Mechanics. 2022 ; Vol. 82, No. 1. pp. 69-79.
@article{41fd3e3d26c64777961c25fbdf7347d9,
title = "Field distribution factors and dynamic load allowance for simply supported double-tee girder bridges",
abstract = "This paper discusses the field testing of two single-span double-tee girder (DTG) bridges in South Dakota to determine live load distribution factors (LLDFs) and the dynamic load allowance (IM). One bridge had seven girders and another had eight girders. The longitudinal girder-to-girder joints of both bridges were deteriorated in a way that water could penetrate and the joint steel members were corroded. A truck traveled across each of the two bridges at five transverse paths. The paths were tested twice with a crawl speed load test and twice with a dynamic load. The LLDFs and IM were determined using strain data measured during the field tests. These results were compared with those determined according to the AASHTO Standard and the AASHTO LRFD specifications. Nearly all the measured LLDFs were below the AASHTO LRFD design LLDFs, with the exception of two instances: 1) An exterior DTG on the seven-girder bridge and 2) An interior DTG on the eight-girder bridge. The LLDFs specified in the AASHTO Standard were conservative compared with the measured LLDFs. It was also found that both AASHTO LRFD and AASHTO Standard specifications were conservative when estimating IM, compared to the field test results for both bridges.",
keywords = "Double-tee girder bridges, Dynamic load allowance, Field testing, Live load distribution factor, Longitudinal joint damage",
author = "Brian Kidd and Sandip Rimal and Junwon Seo and Mostafa Tazarv and Nadim Wehbe",
note = "Funding Information: The work presented in this paper conducted with support from South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) and the Mountain-Plains Consortium (MPC), a University Transportation Center (UTC) funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). Additional help for this study was provided by the South Dakota State University (SDSU). The contents of this paper reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented. The truck, truck drivers, traffic safety equipment, and the heavy equipment were all provided by the SDDOT. The authors would like to thank Bob Longbons of the SDDOT research office for his support and efforts, and Zach Gutzmer of SDSU for his help during the course of this project. The research team is grateful to all those who participated in the field tests. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2022 Techno-Press, Ltd.",
doi = "10.12989/sem.2022.82.1.069",
Kidd, B, Rimal, S, Seo, J, Tazarv, M & Wehbe, N 2022, 'Field distribution factors and dynamic load allowance for simply supported double-tee girder bridges', Structural Engineering and Mechanics, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 69-79. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2022.82.1.069
Field distribution factors and dynamic load allowance for simply supported double-tee girder bridges. / Kidd, Brian; Rimal, Sandip; Seo, Junwon et al.
In: Structural Engineering and Mechanics, Vol. 82, No. 1, 10.04.2022, p. 69-79.
T1 - Field distribution factors and dynamic load allowance for simply supported double-tee girder bridges
AU - Kidd, Brian
AU - Rimal, Sandip
AU - Seo, Junwon
AU - Tazarv, Mostafa
AU - Wehbe, Nadim
N1 - Funding Information: The work presented in this paper conducted with support from South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) and the Mountain-Plains Consortium (MPC), a University Transportation Center (UTC) funded by the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT). Additional help for this study was provided by the South Dakota State University (SDSU). The contents of this paper reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and accuracy of the information presented. The truck, truck drivers, traffic safety equipment, and the heavy equipment were all provided by the SDDOT. The authors would like to thank Bob Longbons of the SDDOT research office for his support and efforts, and Zach Gutzmer of SDSU for his help during the course of this project. The research team is grateful to all those who participated in the field tests. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 Techno-Press, Ltd.
N2 - This paper discusses the field testing of two single-span double-tee girder (DTG) bridges in South Dakota to determine live load distribution factors (LLDFs) and the dynamic load allowance (IM). One bridge had seven girders and another had eight girders. The longitudinal girder-to-girder joints of both bridges were deteriorated in a way that water could penetrate and the joint steel members were corroded. A truck traveled across each of the two bridges at five transverse paths. The paths were tested twice with a crawl speed load test and twice with a dynamic load. The LLDFs and IM were determined using strain data measured during the field tests. These results were compared with those determined according to the AASHTO Standard and the AASHTO LRFD specifications. Nearly all the measured LLDFs were below the AASHTO LRFD design LLDFs, with the exception of two instances: 1) An exterior DTG on the seven-girder bridge and 2) An interior DTG on the eight-girder bridge. The LLDFs specified in the AASHTO Standard were conservative compared with the measured LLDFs. It was also found that both AASHTO LRFD and AASHTO Standard specifications were conservative when estimating IM, compared to the field test results for both bridges.
AB - This paper discusses the field testing of two single-span double-tee girder (DTG) bridges in South Dakota to determine live load distribution factors (LLDFs) and the dynamic load allowance (IM). One bridge had seven girders and another had eight girders. The longitudinal girder-to-girder joints of both bridges were deteriorated in a way that water could penetrate and the joint steel members were corroded. A truck traveled across each of the two bridges at five transverse paths. The paths were tested twice with a crawl speed load test and twice with a dynamic load. The LLDFs and IM were determined using strain data measured during the field tests. These results were compared with those determined according to the AASHTO Standard and the AASHTO LRFD specifications. Nearly all the measured LLDFs were below the AASHTO LRFD design LLDFs, with the exception of two instances: 1) An exterior DTG on the seven-girder bridge and 2) An interior DTG on the eight-girder bridge. The LLDFs specified in the AASHTO Standard were conservative compared with the measured LLDFs. It was also found that both AASHTO LRFD and AASHTO Standard specifications were conservative when estimating IM, compared to the field test results for both bridges.
KW - Double-tee girder bridges
KW - Dynamic load allowance
KW - Field testing
KW - Live load distribution factor
KW - Longitudinal joint damage
U2 - 10.12989/sem.2022.82.1.069
DO - 10.12989/sem.2022.82.1.069
Kidd B, Rimal S, Seo J, Tazarv M, Wehbe N. Field distribution factors and dynamic load allowance for simply supported double-tee girder bridges. Structural Engineering and Mechanics. 2022 Apr 10;82(1):69-79. doi: 10.12989/sem.2022.82.1.069


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Mark Zuckerberg is currently Facebook's chairman and CEO; however, the board are beginning to doubt Zuckerberg's ability to maintain both roles and instead appoint a new director of the board. These demands come very soon after a continuation of scrutiny aimed at Facebook following security and political scandals.
A blockbuster New York Times report on Wednesday exposed new management failings at Facebook and a controversial pact with a PR firm to smear the company's critics, which Zuckerberg, and his second-in-command Sheryl Sandberg, said they knew nothing about.
"A company with Facebook's massive reach and influence requires robust oversight and that can only be achieved through an independent chair who is empowered to provide critical checks on company leadership," said Scott Stringer, the New York City comptroller.
The company leapt into damage control mode, and on Thursday morning held a mammoth 80-minute conference call with reporters in which Zuckerberg attempted to defend the company yet again.
Facebook has previously said dividing the roles would create "uncertainty, confusion, and inefficiency." Although Zuckerberg did not go that far, it's clear he still sees it as a bad idea.
Instead, the billionaire shifted the focus to other initiatives Facebook has launched to "get more independence into our systems." This included creating an independent body to help Facebook make decisions about whether controversial content should remain on the site or be removed.
Regardless, this isn't Facebook's first mistake. The New York Times investigation found that Facebook was trying to discredit critics with smears that play into anti-Semitic conspiracy tropes, and that its leadership pushed to play down public disclosures about Russian election meddling on its social network.
It comes after the Cambridge Analytica scandal, in which tens of millions of users' data was misappropriated by a shady political research firm. And a hack that saw around 30 million users' sensitive data stolen. And Russia's use of the social network to spread fake news and propaganda, sowing dissent in a campaign that started during the 2016 US election and continues to this day. And allegations that the company provided misleading information about video measurements for over year, with major impacts for the advertising and media industry. And the Myanmar humanitarian crisis, where Facebook's role spreading hate speech helped facilitate genocide. The list goes on and on.
However, the way that Facebook is structured means that the founder and CEO (both Zuckerberg) own the majority vote in any decision and therefore the only person that can remove Zuckerberg from Facebook is Zuckerberg. And if recent news is anything to go off, then it doesn't look like he's in any rush to give up either role.


text:
MS Causes - Why Do Some People Get MS and Others Do Not
Health & Medical Neurological Conditions
By Health & Medical Last updated Friday, May/17/2019
While doctors and scientists have been studying multiple sclerosis for years no one has yet been able to pinpoint one exact cause.
MS can manifest itself in anyone anywhere, there are some mitigating factors that can place one person more at risk than another, but nothing is conclusive.
Since MS is a disease of the nervous system doctors have agreed that there are three or more factors that can be figured into a person's risk for MS.
Genetics may play a small role in the cause of MS according to some researchers.
These researchers think that the predisposition to contract multiple sclerosis is carried in more than one gene and can be passed on from mother or father to their children.
The thought is that this person may be carrying the gene and by being exposed to a certain environmental agent such as a chemical or even a type of food an autoimmune response is triggered.
This autoimmune response is then responsible for the onset of MS.
Environment has long been thought to be a major cause of MS as it seems to affect those who live in the colder northern areas of the world.
A study was done that showed that multiple sclerosis affected more white people than any other race.
MS is most prevalent in places like northern Europe and the northern United States than anywhere else in the world.
Scientists attribute this partly to the lack of exposure to long periods of sunlight that help the body create vitamin D naturally.
One of the newest studies shows that hormones may play a role in the cause of MS.
Studies show that hormones including sex hormones are affected by the immune system and can have a direct effect on the immune system.
Female hormones such as estrogen and progesterone have been shown to suppress certain aspects of the immune system; this is thought to be why women with MS who are pregnant seem to have less symptoms of the disease.
The male hormone testosterone is thought to have the same effects on the immune system and may account for the high ration of women to men who are afflicted with multiple sclerosis.
Birthday Picture Ideas
Factors to Consider When Buying Veterinary Anesthesia Machines
Gene Link to Tourette's Syndrome Found
Speech Therapy for Lou Gehrig's Disease
Open v. Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Surgery
Ask the Experts - First Episode of Seizure in a Child With a...
Three Major Advances in Multiple Sclerosis
Nicotine Patch May Improve Memory in Pre-Dementia Patients
Brain Aneurysm-Topic Overview
Diagnosing MS - How a Diagnosis is Made
Antidepressant Celexa May Help Ease Alzheimer's-Linked Agitation
Buttered Popcorn Flavoring Linked to Alzheimer's
Hypoxia-Inducible expression of BAX
Shyness Tied to 'Junk' Genes
Encephalocele
Tracing MS From Childhood to Adulthood
Reasons for Seizures
The Early Days of Hemostasis in Neurosurgery
Facts on Swollen Fingers
Can Statins Reduce Risk of Memory Loss?
ADHD in Women and Girls
Predictors of Long-term Shunt-dependent Hydrocephalus
Cerebral Vasospasm in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Smarter Treatments Ahead for ADHD
Acromegaly: Review of Current Medical Therapy and New Drugs on the Horizon
Endovascular Therapy for Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion
ADHD Rises by Almost 25% in 1 Decade
Belly Fat May Raise Restless Legs Risk
New Developments in Reversing Anticoagulation


text:
Chrysonotomyia laeviscuta är en stekelart som beskrevs av Hans G. Hansson 2004. Chrysonotomyia laeviscuta ingår i släktet Chrysonotomyia och familjen finglanssteklar.

Artens utbredningsområde är:
 Colombia.
 Costa Rica.
 Venezuela.

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Finglanssteklar
laeviscuta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


CHENNAI: Former DGP R Nataraj will be the new Chairman of the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission.  A Government Order issued by the State government on Friday said Nataraj can hold office till he attains the age of 62 years.
Nataraj's appointment follows the resignation of K Sellamuthu, former chairman of TNPSC. Recently, DVAC raided the residences of Sellamuthu and TNPSC members for alleged corruption in the recruitment process. Nataraj was in the headlines last year when he filed a petition seeking quashing of the appointement of Letika Saran as the State police chief citing that he was assigned rank No.1 by the UPSC-assigned panel on November 10, 2010.
Nataraj  had served as Commissioner of Police, Chennai from November 2003 to April 2006 and also served as the Additional Director General of Police in the State Human Rights Commission, Economic Offences Wing.  He also served as the ADGP of Prisons and promoted as Director General of Prisons where he initiated innovative schemes in correctional administration and finally he had headed the Fire and rescue services department from June 12, 2009  and retired from service on March 31, 2011.
Nataraj was posted as Additional Director General of Police, Special Task Force, in December 2001 to nab forest brigand Veerappan and  his gang.
Born in March 1951, Nataraj joined the police service in 1975. He served as First Secretary in the Embassy of India, Kathmandu in 1986, where he coordinated several security related issues.
He served as Deputy Inspector General of Police, CRPF, in 1994 and supervised the operations of CRPF troops deployed in terrorists affected areas in Jammu & Kashmir and in North East India. Nataraj holds a Master's Degree in Physics and a Master's Degree in Public Administration and degree in law and currently he is doing his Ph.D. in Madras University.
Nataraj received President's Police Medal for Meritorious Service in 1993, President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service in 1999,  STF Gallantry Medal in 2004.