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Patterns and Practices in Three Retail Industries: Grocery, Apparel, and E-tailing
James W. Cortada
in The Digital Hand, Vol 1: How Computers Changed the Work of American Manufacturing, Transportation, and Retail Industries
Business and Management, Business History
This chapter describes how computers were used and changed the nature of work in the grocery and apparel industries and how people use the Internet to do their shopping. It also describes the extent ... More
This chapter describes how computers were used and changed the nature of work in the grocery and apparel industries and how people use the Internet to do their shopping. It also describes the extent of use of information technologies.Less
This chapter describes how computers were used and changed the nature of work in the grocery and apparel industries and how people use the Internet to do their shopping. It also describes the extent of use of information technologies.
Keywords: Internet, point-of-sale, deployment, retail websites
An Alternative Internet: Radical Media, Politics and Creativity
Chris Atton
10.3366/edinburgh/9780748617692.001.0001
Society and Culture, Media Studies
This book explores how the Internet presents radical ways of organising and producing media that offer political and cultural alternatives, both to ways of doing business and to how we understand the ... More
This book explores how the Internet presents radical ways of organising and producing media that offer political and cultural alternatives, both to ways of doing business and to how we understand the world and our place in it. It is characterised by in-depth case studies. Topics include the media of new social movements and other radical political organisations (including the far right); websites produced by fans of popular culture; and media dedicated to developing a critical, 'public' journalism. The book locates these studies in appropriate theoretical and historical contexts, while remaining accessible to a student audience. Major themes include: the use of the Internet by political groups such as the anti-capitalist and environmental movements, as well as the far right; radical forms of creativity and distribution — the anti-copyright and sampling/file-sharing movements, and their role as cultural critics in a corporate world; the development and maintenance of a global, 'digital public sphere' of protest through such practices as 'hacktivism'; the use of new media technologies to transform existing media forms and practices, such as news media and Internet radio.Less
An Alternative Internet : Radical Media, Politics and Creativity
This book explores how the Internet presents radical ways of organising and producing media that offer political and cultural alternatives, both to ways of doing business and to how we understand the world and our place in it. It is characterised by in-depth case studies. Topics include the media of new social movements and other radical political organisations (including the far right); websites produced by fans of popular culture; and media dedicated to developing a critical, 'public' journalism. The book locates these studies in appropriate theoretical and historical contexts, while remaining accessible to a student audience. Major themes include: the use of the Internet by political groups such as the anti-capitalist and environmental movements, as well as the far right; radical forms of creativity and distribution — the anti-copyright and sampling/file-sharing movements, and their role as cultural critics in a corporate world; the development and maintenance of a global, 'digital public sphere' of protest through such practices as 'hacktivism'; the use of new media technologies to transform existing media forms and practices, such as news media and Internet radio.
Keywords: Internet, far right, websites, popular culture, media, journalism, radical political organisations, anti-capitalist movement, environmental movement
Beyond Organizational Categories
Kay Lehman Schlozman, Sidney Verba, and Henry E. Brady
in The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy
This chapter considers several kinds of data that might show evidence of reinforcing or ameliorating tendencies in the paucity of organized representation for the resource deprived. It investigates ... More
This chapter considers several kinds of data that might show evidence of reinforcing or ameliorating tendencies in the paucity of organized representation for the resource deprived. It investigates whether, within any category, the organizations that have Washington representation are stratified by organizational size or budget. The chapter uses survey data about individual members of voluntary associations to query whether those who are active or are mobilized to political action in organizations and those who consider that the organization represents them are representative of all organization members. Finally, this chapter scrutinizes evidence gathered from organizations' websites to inquire whether the resource disadvantaged are gaining representation from other, perhaps more privileged, organizations in the pressure system.Less
Kay Lehman SchlozmanSidney VerbaHenry E. Brady
This chapter considers several kinds of data that might show evidence of reinforcing or ameliorating tendencies in the paucity of organized representation for the resource deprived. It investigates whether, within any category, the organizations that have Washington representation are stratified by organizational size or budget. The chapter uses survey data about individual members of voluntary associations to query whether those who are active or are mobilized to political action in organizations and those who consider that the organization represents them are representative of all organization members. Finally, this chapter scrutinizes evidence gathered from organizations' websites to inquire whether the resource disadvantaged are gaining representation from other, perhaps more privileged, organizations in the pressure system.
Keywords: resource deprived, resource disadvantaged, organized representation, Washington representation, survey data, voluntary associations, websites
Introductory Remarks
Rainer Rother
in The Forgotten Front: The Eastern Theater of World War I, 1914 - 1915
University Press of Kentucky
10.5810/kentucky/9780813175416.003.0016
History, Military History
Rainer Rother's brief chapter introduces part 3, "The Culture of Remembrance of the First World War." It touches on how different countries have―or have not―commemorated the war, from the period of ... More
Rainer Rother's brief chapter introduces part 3, "The Culture of Remembrance of the First World War." It touches on how different countries have―or have not―commemorated the war, from the period of the conflict to the present, adducing some reasons to account for the variations.Less
Rainer Rother's brief chapter introduces part 3, "The Culture of Remembrance of the First World War." It touches on how different countries have―or have not―commemorated the war, from the period of the conflict to the present, adducing some reasons to account for the variations.
Keywords: World War I remembrance, Unknown Soldier, World War I websites
The Accompaniment: Assembling the Contemporary
Anthropology, Anthropology, Theory and Practice
In this culmination of his search for anthropological concepts and practices appropriate to the twenty-first century, the author contends that to make sense of the contemporary, anthropologists must ... More
In this culmination of his search for anthropological concepts and practices appropriate to the twenty-first century, the author contends that to make sense of the contemporary, anthropologists must invent new forms of inquiry. He begins with an extended rumination on what he gained from two of his formative mentors: Michel Foucault and Clifford Geertz. Reflecting on their lives as teachers and thinkers, as well as human beings, the author poses questions about their critical limitations, unfulfilled hopes, and the lessons he learned from and with them. This spirit of collaboration animates this book, as the author assesses the last ten years of his career, largely spent engaging in a series of intensive experiments in collaborative research and often focused on cutting-edge work in synthetic biology. He candidly details the successes and failures of shifting his teaching practice away from individual projects, placing greater emphasis on participation over observation in research, and designing and using websites as a venue for collaboration. Analyzing these endeavors alongside his efforts to apply an anthropological lens to the natural sciences, the author lays the foundation for an ethically grounded anthropology ready and able to face the challenges of our contemporary world.Less
The Accompaniment : Assembling the Contemporary
In this culmination of his search for anthropological concepts and practices appropriate to the twenty-first century, the author contends that to make sense of the contemporary, anthropologists must invent new forms of inquiry. He begins with an extended rumination on what he gained from two of his formative mentors: Michel Foucault and Clifford Geertz. Reflecting on their lives as teachers and thinkers, as well as human beings, the author poses questions about their critical limitations, unfulfilled hopes, and the lessons he learned from and with them. This spirit of collaboration animates this book, as the author assesses the last ten years of his career, largely spent engaging in a series of intensive experiments in collaborative research and often focused on cutting-edge work in synthetic biology. He candidly details the successes and failures of shifting his teaching practice away from individual projects, placing greater emphasis on participation over observation in research, and designing and using websites as a venue for collaboration. Analyzing these endeavors alongside his efforts to apply an anthropological lens to the natural sciences, the author lays the foundation for an ethically grounded anthropology ready and able to face the challenges of our contemporary world.
Keywords: anthropological concepts, Michel Foucault, Clifford Geertz, intensive experiments, collaborative research, synthetic biology, teaching practice, websites, natural sciences, ethically grounded anthropology
Oral Tradition and the Internet: Pathways of the Mind
John Miles Foley
10.5406/illinois/9780252037184.001.0001
Society and Culture, Technology and Society
The major purpose of this book is to illustrate and explain the fundamental similarities and correspondences between humankind's oldest and newest thought-technologies: oral tradition and the ... More
The major purpose of this book is to illustrate and explain the fundamental similarities and correspondences between humankind's oldest and newest thought-technologies: oral tradition and the Internet. Despite superficial differences, both technologies are radically alike in depending not on static products but rather on continuous processes, not on "What?" but on "How do I get there?" In contrast to the fixed spatial organization of the page and book, the technologies of oral tradition and the Internet mime the way we think by processing along pathways within a network. In both media it's pathways—not things—that matter. To illustrate these ideas, this volume is designed as a "morphing book:" a collection of linked nodes that can be read in innumerable different ways. Challenging the default medium of the linear book and page and all that they entail, this "brick-and-mortar" book exists as an extension of The Pathways Project: an open-access online suite of chapter-nodes, linked websites, and multimedia all dedicated to exploring and demonstrating the dynamic relationship between oral tradition and Internet technology.Less
Oral Tradition and the Internet : Pathways of the Mind
The major purpose of this book is to illustrate and explain the fundamental similarities and correspondences between humankind's oldest and newest thought-technologies: oral tradition and the Internet. Despite superficial differences, both technologies are radically alike in depending not on static products but rather on continuous processes, not on "What?" but on "How do I get there?" In contrast to the fixed spatial organization of the page and book, the technologies of oral tradition and the Internet mime the way we think by processing along pathways within a network. In both media it's pathways—not things—that matter. To illustrate these ideas, this volume is designed as a "morphing book:" a collection of linked nodes that can be read in innumerable different ways. Challenging the default medium of the linear book and page and all that they entail, this "brick-and-mortar" book exists as an extension of The Pathways Project: an open-access online suite of chapter-nodes, linked websites, and multimedia all dedicated to exploring and demonstrating the dynamic relationship between oral tradition and Internet technology.
Keywords: thought, oral tradition, Internet technology, The Pathways Project, chapter-nodes, linked websites, multimedia
Sikhism in a Global Context: The Legacy of History and Contemporary Challenges*
N. Gerald Barrier
in Sikhism in Global Context
Religion, Sikhism
This chapter explores the legacy of history and migration to understand contemporary challenges to Sikhism in the global context. When the Sikhs settle abroad, tensions between their former and new ... More
This chapter explores the legacy of history and migration to understand contemporary challenges to Sikhism in the global context. When the Sikhs settle abroad, tensions between their former and new cultural settings influence their lives. Although coming from one region in India—the Punjab—the Sikh community has always been relatively small in size. However, the means of communication between different diasporic communities—and with their homeland in Punjab— have grown steadily over the years. The author discusses the role of a new print culture, internet chatrooms, and websites as places of debate about issues relating to Sikhs and Sikhism. In the diaspora, the Sikhs have managed an increasingly stable and productive adaptation in new cultural settings. Most legal cases against the key symbols of Sikhism—the kirpan and turban—have been won by the Sikhs in different countries. The author discusses how Sikhs perceive their faith as a world religion, and are working at the local, national and international levels to build bridges to other religions. Contrary to stereotypical images of the community, Sikhs have moved toward resolving organizational disputes without resort to violence and legal proceedings. The author concludes by pointing out how the educational efforts of the Singh Sabhas and the Chief Khalsa Diwan have seen growth in the number of young Sikh scholars with broad visions and the capacity to adapt to a world of rapid change.Less
Sikhism in a Global Context : The Legacy of History and Contemporary Challenges*
This chapter explores the legacy of history and migration to understand contemporary challenges to Sikhism in the global context. When the Sikhs settle abroad, tensions between their former and new cultural settings influence their lives. Although coming from one region in India—the Punjab—the Sikh community has always been relatively small in size. However, the means of communication between different diasporic communities—and with their homeland in Punjab— have grown steadily over the years. The author discusses the role of a new print culture, internet chatrooms, and websites as places of debate about issues relating to Sikhs and Sikhism. In the diaspora, the Sikhs have managed an increasingly stable and productive adaptation in new cultural settings. Most legal cases against the key symbols of Sikhism—the kirpan and turban—have been won by the Sikhs in different countries. The author discusses how Sikhs perceive their faith as a world religion, and are working at the local, national and international levels to build bridges to other religions. Contrary to stereotypical images of the community, Sikhs have moved toward resolving organizational disputes without resort to violence and legal proceedings. The author concludes by pointing out how the educational efforts of the Singh Sabhas and the Chief Khalsa Diwan have seen growth in the number of young Sikh scholars with broad visions and the capacity to adapt to a world of rapid change.
Keywords: Sikhism, Sikh diaspora, global context, Sikh community, Singh Sabhas, Chief Khalsa Diwan, Stable adaptation, Sikh education, Sikh chatrooms, Sikh websites, Sikh identity
Studying the Sikhs: Thirty Years Later…Where Have We Come, Where Are We Going?
Doris R. Jakobsh
This chapter explores the 'coming of age' of Sikh studies by virtue of it being included as part of the study of world religions within Western academia. The author explores how to move Sikh studies ... More
This chapter explores the 'coming of age' of Sikh studies by virtue of it being included as part of the study of world religions within Western academia. The author explores how to move Sikh studies into new directions in line with current approaches within the study of religions. He also explores how to teach Sikhism in the Western academy, especially when the religion is not a homogenous or tightly bound structure. The author outlines issues whose observance in daily life maybe different from the norms prescribed by Sikh orthodoxy. Thus, not all Sikhs believe in only ten Gurus, with the Granth Sahib being the eleventh; or reject the worship of relics and graves; or reject caste and untouchability. Also, while most Sikhs believe in the sanctity of the Granth Sahib, the author points to another discourse that is impinging on the belief pattern of the community: Sikh Discourse on the World Wide Web which is gaining importance as means of disseminating the religion. The author suggests that if the study of Sikhism within the larger study of religion is to 'increase and prosper', a concerted effort must also be made to take part in the intense questioning and self-reflection that is taking place within religious studies in general. An increased diversification of approaches within the formal study of Sikhism is greatly needed.Less
Studying the Sikhs : Thirty Years Later…Where Have We Come, Where Are We Going?
This chapter explores the 'coming of age' of Sikh studies by virtue of it being included as part of the study of world religions within Western academia. The author explores how to move Sikh studies into new directions in line with current approaches within the study of religions. He also explores how to teach Sikhism in the Western academy, especially when the religion is not a homogenous or tightly bound structure. The author outlines issues whose observance in daily life maybe different from the norms prescribed by Sikh orthodoxy. Thus, not all Sikhs believe in only ten Gurus, with the Granth Sahib being the eleventh; or reject the worship of relics and graves; or reject caste and untouchability. Also, while most Sikhs believe in the sanctity of the Granth Sahib, the author points to another discourse that is impinging on the belief pattern of the community: Sikh Discourse on the World Wide Web which is gaining importance as means of disseminating the religion. The author suggests that if the study of Sikhism within the larger study of religion is to 'increase and prosper', a concerted effort must also be made to take part in the intense questioning and self-reflection that is taking place within religious studies in general. An increased diversification of approaches within the formal study of Sikhism is greatly needed.
Keywords: Sikhism, Western academy, Sikh Studies, Sikh websites, world religions, Sikh discourse, Sikh self-reflection
General Bibliographic Sources
John B. Nann and Morris L. Cohen
in The Yale Law School Guide to Research in American Legal History
10.12987/yale/9780300118537.003.0002
This chapter examines general bibliographic sources. In developing a search strategy, an awareness of general bibliographic tools and online searching strategies and procedures is useful. Just as ... More
This chapter examines general bibliographic sources. In developing a search strategy, an awareness of general bibliographic tools and online searching strategies and procedures is useful. Just as each book is indexed and organized differently, each online database works differently. These differences factor into the development of search strategies. In addition, almost any research project will employ library catalogs and bibliographies. Library catalogs may include the collection of a single library or of many libraries, and bibliographies range widely in scope and size. National bibliographies are an important research resource, and those that cover discrete periods of time are often very useful. Meanwhile, many publishers, historical societies, scholars, libraries, and individuals have created websites that contain material of interest to legal researchers. When considering such sites, researchers should think about how to locate them, how reliable they are, whether they will exist in the future, and how they can be used.Less
John B. NannMorris L. Cohen
This chapter examines general bibliographic sources. In developing a search strategy, an awareness of general bibliographic tools and online searching strategies and procedures is useful. Just as each book is indexed and organized differently, each online database works differently. These differences factor into the development of search strategies. In addition, almost any research project will employ library catalogs and bibliographies. Library catalogs may include the collection of a single library or of many libraries, and bibliographies range widely in scope and size. National bibliographies are an important research resource, and those that cover discrete periods of time are often very useful. Meanwhile, many publishers, historical societies, scholars, libraries, and individuals have created websites that contain material of interest to legal researchers. When considering such sites, researchers should think about how to locate them, how reliable they are, whether they will exist in the future, and how they can be used.
Keywords: bibliographic sources, search strategies, online search, online database, library catalogs, bibliographies, national bibliographies, research resource, websites, legal researchers
Internet Firms Become Global Regulators
Natasha Tusikov
in Chokepoints: Global Private Regulation on the Internet
10.1525/california/9780520291218.003.0002
Having set the backdrop to the private agreements, this chapter discusses how the non-binding agreements emerged from distinct historical and political circumstances. It provides a brief historical ... More
Having set the backdrop to the private agreements, this chapter discusses how the non-binding agreements emerged from distinct historical and political circumstances. It provides a brief historical overview that traces the growing influence of multinational rights holders on the U.S. government's intellectual property policymaking processes from the late 1970s to 2012. The chapter then examines in detail four U.S. intellectual property bills, including the controversial Stop Online Piracy Act, which proposed to reshape fundamentally the online regulation of intellectual property rights infringement. In doing so, the chapter documents a significant shift in enforcement strategy from a focus on removing problematic content (e.g., advertisements for counterfeit goods) to disabling entire websites for allegedly trafficking in counterfeit goods. The chapter argues that Internet firms have become global regulators (known as macro-intermediaries) attractive to governments and corporations for policing a wide range of social problems, including counterfeit goods. The chapter concludes that government officials from the U.S., U.K., and European Commission played a central role in pressuring Internet firms to adopt the non-binding agreements. These agreements serve strategic state interests as well as the financial interests of rights holders.Less
Having set the backdrop to the private agreements, this chapter discusses how the non-binding agreements emerged from distinct historical and political circumstances. It provides a brief historical overview that traces the growing influence of multinational rights holders on the U.S. government's intellectual property policymaking processes from the late 1970s to 2012. The chapter then examines in detail four U.S. intellectual property bills, including the controversial Stop Online Piracy Act, which proposed to reshape fundamentally the online regulation of intellectual property rights infringement. In doing so, the chapter documents a significant shift in enforcement strategy from a focus on removing problematic content (e.g., advertisements for counterfeit goods) to disabling entire websites for allegedly trafficking in counterfeit goods. The chapter argues that Internet firms have become global regulators (known as macro-intermediaries) attractive to governments and corporations for policing a wide range of social problems, including counterfeit goods. The chapter concludes that government officials from the U.S., U.K., and European Commission played a central role in pressuring Internet firms to adopt the non-binding agreements. These agreements serve strategic state interests as well as the financial interests of rights holders.
Keywords: Governmental pressure, Non-binding agreements, Macro-intermediaries, Disabling websites, Macro-intermediaries
Revenue Chokepoints
The chapter examines how payment providers (PayPal, Visa and MasterCard) and advertising intermediaries (Google, Yahoo and Microsoft) police websites selling or advertising counterfeit goods through ... More
The chapter examines how payment providers (PayPal, Visa and MasterCard) and advertising intermediaries (Google, Yahoo and Microsoft) police websites selling or advertising counterfeit goods through non-legally binding agreements. These agreements essentially institute controversial provisions from the failed Stop Online Piracy Act. Payment and advertising intermediaries withdraw their services from websites selling counterfeit goods (termed 'infringing websites'), thereby throttling the sites' revenue. Major payment providers are especially powerful regulators as they can starve sites of revenue by terminating their payment services, which can be difficult to replace given the significant market share controlled by Visa, MasterCard, and PayPal. Macro-intermediaries' latitude in designating certain content or behavior as 'inappropriate' for their platforms raises serious questions about unfair regulatory behavior that may inadvertently – or, more troublingly, deliberating – target lawfully operating sites. The chapter's case studies examine a U.S. payment-termination program and programs (one in the U.S. and the other in the U.K.) to terminate digital advertising services to infringing sites.Less
The chapter examines how payment providers (PayPal, Visa and MasterCard) and advertising intermediaries (Google, Yahoo and Microsoft) police websites selling or advertising counterfeit goods through non-legally binding agreements. These agreements essentially institute controversial provisions from the failed Stop Online Piracy Act. Payment and advertising intermediaries withdraw their services from websites selling counterfeit goods (termed 'infringing websites'), thereby throttling the sites' revenue. Major payment providers are especially powerful regulators as they can starve sites of revenue by terminating their payment services, which can be difficult to replace given the significant market share controlled by Visa, MasterCard, and PayPal. Macro-intermediaries' latitude in designating certain content or behavior as 'inappropriate' for their platforms raises serious questions about unfair regulatory behavior that may inadvertently – or, more troublingly, deliberating – target lawfully operating sites. The chapter's case studies examine a U.S. payment-termination program and programs (one in the U.S. and the other in the U.K.) to terminate digital advertising services to infringing sites.
Keywords: Revenue chokepoints, Infringing websites, Payment-termination programs, Digital advertising, Counterfeit goods
Horn of Africa and Kenya Diaspora Websites as Alternative Media Sources
Ann Biersteker
in Media and Identity in Africa
Society and Culture, African Studies
Internet websites of Horn of Africa and Kenyan diaspora groups (broadly defined to include exile, transnational, emigrant, expatriate and refugee communities) provide alternative media sources to ... More
Internet websites of Horn of Africa and Kenyan diaspora groups (broadly defined to include exile, transnational, emigrant, expatriate and refugee communities) provide alternative media sources to Kenya and Horn of Africa-based media as well as to media of the United States and Europe. These alternatives affect the internet, print and broadcast media, news and opinion media, and arts and entertainment media. The alternatives presented by these websites address specific diasporic and exile communities, transnational diasporic communities, and African and global audiences. They include what is excluded by other media sources; demonstrate creative use of technology; challenge the views presented in other sources; and provide services for, and work to organise and mobilise, diaspora communities.Less
Internet websites of Horn of Africa and Kenyan diaspora groups (broadly defined to include exile, transnational, emigrant, expatriate and refugee communities) provide alternative media sources to Kenya and Horn of Africa-based media as well as to media of the United States and Europe. These alternatives affect the internet, print and broadcast media, news and opinion media, and arts and entertainment media. The alternatives presented by these websites address specific diasporic and exile communities, transnational diasporic communities, and African and global audiences. They include what is excluded by other media sources; demonstrate creative use of technology; challenge the views presented in other sources; and provide services for, and work to organise and mobilise, diaspora communities.
Keywords: diaspora websites, alternative media, African media
Introduction: When More Becomes Less
Pablo J. Boczkowski
in News at Work: Imitation in an Age of Information Abundance
Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
This chapter presents an introduction to print and news media and other alternative platforms for news production and distribution on the Web and citizen media sites. It describes two leading online ... More
This chapter presents an introduction to print and news media and other alternative platforms for news production and distribution on the Web and citizen media sites. It describes two leading online news organizations of Argentina, Clarín.com and Lanacion.com. It discusses consumption of news at work and what the homogenization of news mean to consumers. The rise of homogenization in the news has led to a state of affairs that neither journalists nor consumers like but feel powerless to alter. This spiral of sameness and powerlessness has important cultural and political implications. It relies on a research design that combines ethnographic and content-analytic studies of the production practices of journalists, the resulting news stories, and how consumers appropriate these stories. Unlike most existing scholarship on imitation, this design overcomes the production-product divide that has dominated the literature and includes data on the consumption of the products of imitative activity.Less
This chapter presents an introduction to print and news media and other alternative platforms for news production and distribution on the Web and citizen media sites. It describes two leading online news organizations of Argentina, Clarín.com and Lanacion.com. It discusses consumption of news at work and what the homogenization of news mean to consumers. The rise of homogenization in the news has led to a state of affairs that neither journalists nor consumers like but feel powerless to alter. This spiral of sameness and powerlessness has important cultural and political implications. It relies on a research design that combines ethnographic and content-analytic studies of the production practices of journalists, the resulting news stories, and how consumers appropriate these stories. Unlike most existing scholarship on imitation, this design overcomes the production-product divide that has dominated the literature and includes data on the consumption of the products of imitative activity.
Keywords: news media, print media, news websites, Argentina, homogenization, consumer behavior, consumption, journalists, imitation
Information Security, Law, and Data-Intensive Business Models: Data Control and Social Networking: Irreconcilable Ideas?
Lilian Edwards and Ian Brown
in Harboring Data: Information Security, Law, and the Corporation
Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter discusses the challenges to information security from social networking websites and the new business models they represent. The success of this new generation of data-intensive virtual ... More
This chapter discusses the challenges to information security from social networking websites and the new business models they represent. The success of this new generation of data-intensive virtual space enterprises raises heightened concerns about information security. It is already known that identity thieves are making extensive use of personal information disclosed in such virtual spaces to commit fraud, while unaccredited writers of subapplications for these spaces can also gain access and evade security around vast amounts of valuable data. It is argued that although the law may provide some data control protections, aspects of the code itself provide equally important means of achieving a delicate balance between users' expectations of data security and privacy and their desire to share information.Less
Information Security, Law, and Data-Intensive Business Models : Data Control and Social Networking: Irreconcilable Ideas?
Lilian EdwardsIan Brown
This chapter discusses the challenges to information security from social networking websites and the new business models they represent. The success of this new generation of data-intensive virtual space enterprises raises heightened concerns about information security. It is already known that identity thieves are making extensive use of personal information disclosed in such virtual spaces to commit fraud, while unaccredited writers of subapplications for these spaces can also gain access and evade security around vast amounts of valuable data. It is argued that although the law may provide some data control protections, aspects of the code itself provide equally important means of achieving a delicate balance between users' expectations of data security and privacy and their desire to share information.
Keywords: information security, data security, social networking websites, identity thieves, privacy, data control, information sharing, personal information
I Want to Be Like a Really Badass Lady: Media and Transgender Possibilities
Andre Cavalcante
in Struggling for Ordinary: Media and Transgender Belonging in Everyday Life
NYU Press
10.18574/nyu/9781479881307.003.0004
Sociology, Health, Illness, and Medicine
This chapter delineates how participants craft a possible transgender self through meaningful interactions with media discourses and narratives. Media generate the ability to imagine a transgender ... More
This chapter delineates how participants craft a possible transgender self through meaningful interactions with media discourses and narratives. Media generate the ability to imagine a transgender life and to author plausible stories of self-transformation. The chapter pays special attention to how the Internet in particular helped participants acquire an accessible and practical transgender vocabulary. Learning how to speak about gender identity and one's self in sophisticated ways was one of the most important milestones in participants' everyday lives. Transgender themed websites, social networks, and Internet communities were so central to participants' understanding of a possible transgender self that many talked about their lives and identities in terms of "pre" and "post" Internet. Less
I Want to Be Like a Really Badass Lady : Media and Transgender Possibilities
This chapter delineates how participants craft a possible transgender self through meaningful interactions with media discourses and narratives. Media generate the ability to imagine a transgender life and to author plausible stories of self-transformation. The chapter pays special attention to how the Internet in particular helped participants acquire an accessible and practical transgender vocabulary. Learning how to speak about gender identity and one's self in sophisticated ways was one of the most important milestones in participants' everyday lives. Transgender themed websites, social networks, and Internet communities were so central to participants' understanding of a possible transgender self that many talked about their lives and identities in terms of "pre" and "post" Internet.
Keywords: identity, possible self, comics, Internet, language, transgender, websites
Cyber self-centres?: Hong Kong young women and their personal websites1
in Sex and Desire in Hong Kong
10.5790/hongkong/9789888139156.003.0014
Society and Culture, Asian Studies
In this chapter, we will examine how young women in Hong Kong use cyberspace as a site to construct their identity as women in relation to their significant others, focusing on both their ... More
In this chapter, we will examine how young women in Hong Kong use cyberspace as a site to construct their identity as women in relation to their significant others, focusing on both their self-representations in cyberspace and in real-life settings. Contrary to the long-established belief in 'female technophobia', the case of young women in Hong Kong shows that women could possibly be 'techno-guerrillas' who actively participate in cyberspace by hosting their personal websites. The ways in which they try to construct their identities and present the different aspects of themselves in their personal websites are perhaps a form of resistance for these young women. This chapter explores the kinds of images they use to represent themselves on their personal websites and how these images reflect their needs, concerns and desires. We will also examine how these women make use of cyberspace to expand their social circles, leading to the merging of the real and the virtual space. The merging relationship between the real and virtual spaces can create new sites and spaces where participants can try and exercise their own intrinsic power.Less
Cyber self-centres? : Hong Kong young women and their personal websites1
In this chapter, we will examine how young women in Hong Kong use cyberspace as a site to construct their identity as women in relation to their significant others, focusing on both their self-representations in cyberspace and in real-life settings. Contrary to the long-established belief in 'female technophobia', the case of young women in Hong Kong shows that women could possibly be 'techno-guerrillas' who actively participate in cyberspace by hosting their personal websites. The ways in which they try to construct their identities and present the different aspects of themselves in their personal websites are perhaps a form of resistance for these young women. This chapter explores the kinds of images they use to represent themselves on their personal websites and how these images reflect their needs, concerns and desires. We will also examine how these women make use of cyberspace to expand their social circles, leading to the merging of the real and the virtual space. The merging relationship between the real and virtual spaces can create new sites and spaces where participants can try and exercise their own intrinsic power.
Keywords: Cyberspace, Personal websites, Identity, Young women
On Publicity
Paul Rabinow and Anthony Stavrianakis
in Demands of the Day: On the Logic of Anthropological Inquiry
This chapter deals with confronting the issue of publicity. It describes the challenge of designing, implementing and assembling an ecology of websites. It also discusses some parameters in ... More
This chapter deals with confronting the issue of publicity. It describes the challenge of designing, implementing and assembling an ecology of websites. It also discusses some parameters in interfacing with the public: professional guidance, target audiences, status, and capacity for intervention.Less
Paul RabinowAnthony Stavrianakis
This chapter deals with confronting the issue of publicity. It describes the challenge of designing, implementing and assembling an ecology of websites. It also discusses some parameters in interfacing with the public: professional guidance, target audiences, status, and capacity for intervention.
Keywords: publicity, websites, public, professional guidance, audience, intervention, status
Young people and online civic participation: key findings from a pan-European research project
Shakuntala Banaji and David Buckingham
in Youth participation in Europe: Beyond discourses, practices and realities
Policy Press
10.1332/policypress/9781447300182.003.0010
Social Work, Communities and Organizations
Responding to academic and policy anxieties about apparent youth disengagement from politics and civil society, this chapter asks what role the internet has come to play in young people's civic ... More
Responding to academic and policy anxieties about apparent youth disengagement from politics and civil society, this chapter asks what role the internet has come to play in young people's civic participation. It provides an overview of key findings from the 7-country EU funded CivicWeb project, which involved three main forms of investigation. First, a textual analysis of the technological affordances, pedagogies, and ideologies in play on youth civic websites; second, focus groups and a survey to discover whether and how young people are involved in civic action on- and offline, their general and specific motivations, and the constraints on their participation and third, producer interviews and civic website case studies to find out how organisations with varying aims and funding models might use the Web more effectively to promote civic education, engagement, and action among a broader spectrum of young people. The conclusions challenge current orthodoxies about young people, about the Internet, and about civic participation.Less
Shakuntala BanajiDavid Buckingham
Responding to academic and policy anxieties about apparent youth disengagement from politics and civil society, this chapter asks what role the internet has come to play in young people's civic participation. It provides an overview of key findings from the 7-country EU funded CivicWeb project, which involved three main forms of investigation. First, a textual analysis of the technological affordances, pedagogies, and ideologies in play on youth civic websites; second, focus groups and a survey to discover whether and how young people are involved in civic action on- and offline, their general and specific motivations, and the constraints on their participation and third, producer interviews and civic website case studies to find out how organisations with varying aims and funding models might use the Web more effectively to promote civic education, engagement, and action among a broader spectrum of young people. The conclusions challenge current orthodoxies about young people, about the Internet, and about civic participation.
Keywords: Civic participation, Europe, Internet, young people, online participation, civic websites, politics
The Power of the Internet and Social Media in Facilitating Extremist Movements and Ideas
Amos N. Guiora
in Tolerating Intolerance: The Price of Protecting Extremism
Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter begins with an overview of extremist websites. It identifies terrorist organizations worldwide that maintain websites; the typical content of these websites; and their target audience. ... More
This chapter begins with an overview of extremist websites. It identifies terrorist organizations worldwide that maintain websites; the typical content of these websites; and their target audience. It then discusses how extremist websites use the Internet. A major goal of these groups is to communicate, recruit, plan and coordinate, network, raise funds, gain publicity, and promote propaganda. One example of online content that employs many of these goals is the online magazine Inspire produced by al-Qaeda supporters.Less
This chapter begins with an overview of extremist websites. It identifies terrorist organizations worldwide that maintain websites; the typical content of these websites; and their target audience. It then discusses how extremist websites use the Internet. A major goal of these groups is to communicate, recruit, plan and coordinate, network, raise funds, gain publicity, and promote propaganda. One example of online content that employs many of these goals is the online magazine Inspire produced by al-Qaeda supporters.
Keywords: Internet, social media, extremist websites, extremist groups, al-Qaeda
Transformers: Accessibility, Style, and Adaptation
Elizabeth Ellcessor
in Restricted Access: "Media, Disability, and the Politics of Participation"
This chapter focuses on form—the code, structure, and technology of digital media accessibility—asking: By what means does one access a medium in this case? What material, technological, cultural, or ... More
This chapter focuses on form—the code, structure, and technology of digital media accessibility—asking: By what means does one access a medium in this case? What material, technological, cultural, or social structures shape this medium's material, technological, or designed components? How do these means of access, or structures, interact (or interface) with the bodies of those who use them? Through case studies of the graphical user interface, the faceoff between Adobe Flash and HTML, and mobile media accessibility, this chapter illustrates several models of accessible technology design. While the graphical user interface (GUI) forced a reactive form of design, later cases moved toward universal design, in which considerations about access for people with disabilities informed the design of mainstream technologies. This chapter is most indebted to literatures on design and to technological specifications and policy analysis, and is supplemented by interviews with both experts and disabled users.Less
Transformers : Accessibility, Style, and Adaptation
This chapter focuses on form—the code, structure, and technology of digital media accessibility—asking: By what means does one access a medium in this case? What material, technological, cultural, or social structures shape this medium's material, technological, or designed components? How do these means of access, or structures, interact (or interface) with the bodies of those who use them? Through case studies of the graphical user interface, the faceoff between Adobe Flash and HTML, and mobile media accessibility, this chapter illustrates several models of accessible technology design. While the graphical user interface (GUI) forced a reactive form of design, later cases moved toward universal design, in which considerations about access for people with disabilities informed the design of mainstream technologies. This chapter is most indebted to literatures on design and to technological specifications and policy analysis, and is supplemented by interviews with both experts and disabled users.
Keywords: content, access, video games, Amazon Kindle, websites, pleasure, information, copyright, disability