Well that didn't take long. It's been less than a week since the Indonesian earthquake and tsunami on the island of Sulawesi robbed thousands of people of their lives, and only a couple of days since Soputan volcano, located on the very same island, erupted – and, already, misinformation is everywhere. As was expected, the usual outlets have conjured up their own hyper-dramatic, inaccurate tales. At the same time, various nefarious hoaxes have also proliferated online.
With that in mind, I've been scouring the Web over the past 24 hours or so to find the most persistent or most egregious misconceptions relating to the situation in Sulawesi. Let's get debunking, shall we?
This is an understandable misconception. While it's true that both happened on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, it's worth pointing out that this is one of the largest islands in the world. This bizarrely shaped landmass is about the same size as Missouri in terms of area. In this sense, the quake, tsunami and Soputan paroxysm are a bit like the eruption that recently took place on the summit and slopes of Hawaii's Kilauea: it was devastating to human populations nearby, but lava only covered around 0.2% of the entirety of Big Island. Most of it was untouched.
Soputan Volcano (top right) is located nearly 600 kilometres away from Palu.
Of course, millions have been affected by the tsunami and quake, and some may be affected by the eruption. There will be huge movements of people over the next few weeks and months as recovery efforts continue, and the country's infrastructure and economy will be pushed to the limits. In this sense, plenty are affected. Nevertheless, the tsunami-hit region and the site of the Soputan eruption aren't near each other at all. Palu, the city that bore the brunt of the tsunami, is in Central Sulawesi, whereas Soputan is found on the top of north Sulawesi, hundreds of kilometres away.
The only way the population affected by the tsunami could be directly impacted by the eruption would be if ash from Soputan were to drift towards them; breathing it in can cause respiratory problems, especially those already in poor health. Additionally, ash could shut down the airport near Soputan. There's no indication that this may happen yet, but it's a possibility. This airport is a major hub used for aid relief at the moment, so no-one wants to see it close.
So far, the eruption at Soputan isn't proving to be dangerous. No-one lives in the exclusion zone, so the lava flows, pyroclastic flows and ash clouds seem to not be impacting anyone on the ground for the moment.
Some outlets, however, seem to want to make it seem far more devastating than it really is. They've been using footage of volcanic eruptions from elsewhere, including at the ongoing eruption at the baby volcano at the heart of Krakatau – undoubtedly Indonesia's most famous volcano – and masquerading it as footage of Soputan.
I don't mean using a volcanic cover image of a generic eruption in place of real shots of Soputan, by the way. In that case, if it's clear that image is not of the current eruption, that's fine. What I'm referring to here is news reports that are using images of dramatic lava flows (normally from Hawaii's Kilauea) and pyroclastic flows (normally from Sinabung, another volcano in Indonesia) and pretending that's what's happening at Soputan.
Giving false impressions of what the eruption is really like can create panic, not only in those on the ground, but in visitors or potential visitors to the country. This can really impact local tourism endeavours, which is particularly devastating for those communities that need that revenue to keep afloat.
If you're wondering which Soputan eruptions images are real and which are fake, check out Sutopo Purwo Nugroho's Twitter account. As the spokesperson for the Indonesian disaster agency monitoring the situation, he's spending an awful lot of time highlighting hoax images and accounts of not just the eruption, but the earthquake and tsunami too.
It was inevitable that the infamous Ring of Fire was going to come up. I've seen plenty of headlines and stories out there in the last few hours that are claiming that scenes in Indonesia, which certainly is on the Ring of Fire, are harbingers of geological doom that's just around the corner.
Whenever there's a series of earthquakes or a particularly resplendent volcanic eruption on this Pacific boundary, you often see stories that make much the same end-of-the-world flavoured claims. It happened most recently when an earthquake sequence took place off the coast of Oregon and California, setting off another cacophony of prophecies that were entirely unfounded.
The Ring of Fire features 90 percent of the world's earthquakes, and 75 percent of the world's volcanoes. Quakes and eruptions are exactly what you'd expect here. In fact, if there weren't any, then that would be incredibly strange.
Each quake, and each eruption, is idiosyncratic; no two are alike. They are also, for the most part, not connected in any way: their emergence in time is a random distribution, which means you can't find interconnected patterns in the chaos. When one fault slips and creates and earthquake, it may upset some faults that are *very close* to it, but this effect diminishes significantly with only a short distance. Quakes will not trigger others like it in different continents. Volcanoes are much the same, but are even less connected; eruptions don't trigger other eruptions at all.
As Ken Hudnut, a California Institute of Technology geophysicist and earthquake expert, told me back in August, tremors are "pretty much randomly distributed." Scientists are always on the look out for any patterns, but so far they haven't found any, suggesting any patterns others do find are nothing more than imaginary.
The Ring of Fire is also a bit of a misnomer. Volcanologist Erik Klemetti explains this in more detail here, but the short story is that it has no real geological use. The Pacific Plate boundaries with other tectonic plates around it do form a "ring" shape, but it doesn't mean that all these boundaries are interconnected.
So no, there's no Ring of Fire "shift" happening. Indonesia is riddled with faults and volcanoes, so it often features eruptions and earthquakes. This is entirely normal.
The quake in this case got everyone's attention because it produced a deadly tsunami, but that doesn't mean another quake will do the same. Similarly, there are dozens of volcanoes around the world erupting at any one time, including many in Indonesia. Soputan is a particularly unpredictable and hazardous volcano that features a human population living nearby in its shadow, which again is why its eruption was cause for concern and attention.
This utterly madcap claim appeared in what is unequivocally the most histrionic tabloid around. It seems to be pinned to the fact that three volcanoes are erupting right now in Indonesia. That's literally it. I can assure you that the country of Indonesia is, in fact, not being physically torn to pieces by any of this geological activity.
As spotted by the Guardian, some have been claiming that a magnitude 8.1 quake is about to hit Central Sulawesi.
Here's the thing about predicting earthquakes: it's impossible. Seismologists can say roughly where quakes will take place, because they know which parts of the world are seismically active and which are often not. They can also give forecasts which estimate how powerful a future quake may be given a certain time period – normally decades – based on mathematical laws about time, energy and seismicity.
What they cannot do is say exactly when, where and how powerful a future quake at any one location might be. That's the seismological Holy Grail, but it's far from being uncovered. Unlike volcanic eruptions, quakes don't even give off warning signs before they take place. The best scientists can do is to advise communities on how best to prepare themselves for the next event, which is inevitable, no matter what form of shaking it takes.
Unlike plenty of the other rumours, this one looks like it's being spread mainly by word of mouth. The idea is that, if people panic and leave upon hearing the (fake) news, then thieves can burgle their homes.


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State Department Announces Commission on Unalienable Rights
Jun 17, 2019 | Foreign Policy
The Commission is tasked with meeting once a month to provide "fresh thinking about human rights" and propose "reforms of human rights discourse where it has departed from our nation's founding principles of natural law and natural rights." Secretary of State Mike Pompeo told reporters that the goal of the panel was to determine "how do we connect up what it is we're trying to achieve throughout the world, and how do we make sure that we have a solid definition of human rights upon which to tell all our diplomats around the world." This Commission is separate from, and would presumably bypass the State Department's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Affairs formed in 1977.
The State Department Notice announcing the creation of the Commission is brief and vague, but suggests a significant shift in the State Department's attitude towards international human rights with ominous implications. The State department's announcement calls for a return to the support of "natural rights", rather than the more contemporary notion of universal rights. This implies a more religious attitude towards human rights, which many have taken as a threat against LGBT and abortion rights. The State Department notably threatened to veto a UN Security Council resolution on sexual violence in war zones unless a passage referring to the provision of "sexual and reproductive health" assistance to survivors was removed. Distinguished Princeton University professor Robert P. George, co-founder of the anti-LGBT group National Organization for Marriage, is reported to have played a large part in designing the commission.
The adoption of natural rights also challenges the increasingly popular conception of a social and economic component to human rights. The rights to clean water, food, housing, healthcare, and economic security are often left out of discussions of natural law, considering the necessity of direct government facilitation to provide these rights. The Trump Administration's reverence for the founding fathers' attitude towards human rights, and their distaste for the moral and legal evolutions of the past two centuries is also cause for concern. While the founding fathers facilitated an advance in the ideological understanding of human rights, their legal system allowed for slavery and the oppression of women and landless men. Many of our most sacred rights were fought for many years, and a return would betray that struggle for justice. President Trump and his administration have long had a spotty relationship with the concept of human rights, often using them only as a rhetorical weapon against individual enemies while ignoring the crimes of our allies. While the exact intent of this new commission remains unclear, it's safe to expect that it will be used to invoke the language of human rights while undermining them internationally.
Resistance Resources
Human Rights First – An independent advocacy and action organization who have criticized Trump over this new commission.
Human Rights Watch – A non-governmental, non-profit, international organization which provides a source of research and advocacy for human rights and anti-war causes around the world.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Walmart requires that…
Walmart requires that headquarters staff be vaccinated against COVID-19 by Oct. 4, while Disney gives workers at all U.S. locations 60 days
NEW YORK (AP) — Walmart is requiring that all workers at its headquarters as well as its managers who travel within the U.S. be vaccinated against COVID-19 by Oct. 4, while Walt Disney Co. said late Friday that all U.S. employees will be required to be vaccinated.
The retailer
WMT,
+0.22%,
based in Bentonville, Ark., is also reversing its mask policy for its employees working in stores, clubs, distribution facilities and warehouses. Going forward, they will be required to wear masks in areas with high infection rates, even if they have been vaccinated.
Coronavirus Update: CDC releases data that informed reconsideration of face masks, says delta variant of COVID means the 'war has changed'
The moves are part of a series of sweeping measures the nation's largest retailer and private employer announced Friday to help curb the spread of the virus and drive more of its workers to get their shots.
The vaccine mandate excludes frontline workers, who, according to the company, have a lower vaccination rate than management. But it's hoping that managerial employees, who represent just a fraction of its 1.5 million workers, will serve as inspiration.
"We're hoping that will influence even more of our frontline associates to become vaccinated," Walmart spokesman Scott Pope said.
Pope declined to break out the vaccination rates for frontline workers and the rest of Walmart's employees.
Walmart is also encouraging customers to wear masks in stores located in areas with surging cases and will be adding back signs at the entrances. It will also bring back so-called health ambassadors who will be stationed at the entrances and hand out masks.
The company is also doubling to $150 the incentive it is offering to workers in stores and clubs, as well as other facilities like distribution centers, to get the vaccine. Those who already received the $75 incentive will receive another $75 in their paychecks dated Aug. 19.
See: Vaccinations rise in some U.S. states with soaring infections
The steps come three days after the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention changed course on some masking guidelines, recommending that even vaccinated people return to wearing masks indoors in parts of the U.S. where the delta variant of the coronavirus is fueling infection surges.
Walmart's move to require vaccinations of its workers at its headquarters follows Google's
GOOG,
GOOGL,
steps announced earlier in the week that it's postponing a return to the office for most workers until mid-October and rolling out a policy that will eventually require everyone to be vaccinated once its sprawling campuses are fully reopened. Google's announcement was shortly followed by Facebook
-0.56%,
which also said it will make vaccines mandatory for U.S. employees who work in offices.
Exceptions will be made for medical and other reasons.
Various government agencies already have announced demands for all their employees to be vaccinated, but the corporate world so far has been taking a more cautious approach, even though most lawyers believe the mandates are legal.
and United Airlines
UAL,
are requiring new employees to show proof of vaccination. Goldman Sachs
and Morgan Stanley
MS,
are requiring their workers to disclose their vaccination status, but are not requiring staffers to be vaccinated.
However, given Walmart's outsized influence on the economy, more companies could make similar announcements.
In fact, following Walmart's announcement, Disney
DIS,
said Friday it's requiring all salaried and nonunion hourly employees in the U.S. working at any of its sites to be fully vaccinated. It said workers who aren't already vaccinated and are working on site will have 60 days from Friday to complete their protocols. Those who are still working from home will need to provide verification of vaccination before their return. Disney also said that all new hires will be required to be fully vaccinated before starting employment.
"Vaccines are the best tool we all have to help control this global pandemic and protect our employees," Disney said in a statement. Disney has about 200,000 employees, but it is unclear how many of them are affected. The company, based in Burbank, Calif., did not respond to questions.
Grocery chain Kroger
announced Friday that it will be encouraging all customers, workers and suppliers, including those who received the shot, to wear masks at its stores. But the company said it will not be issuing a vaccine mandate for its employees.
Ken Perkins, president of the retail research firm Retail Metrics, said that Walmart's move could serve as a "green light" to other companies to require vaccines, given its massive following and its location.
"It's based in the middle of the country," Perkins said. "They speak to the lower-, middle-income shoppers and workers."
Walmart's dramatically shifting policy reflects the growing worry about the rising infection rates.
"We continue to watch with deep concern the developments of the pandemic and the spread of variants, especially the delta variant," wrote Donna Morris, Walmart's chief people officer, in the memo circulated to employees that was shared by the company. "We know vaccinations are our solution to drive change. We are urging you to get vaccinated and want to see many more of you vaccinated."
In a separate memo sent to employees who work at the company headquarters, Walmart CEO Doug McMillon wrote, "The virus is not over, and the delta variant has led to an increase in infection rates across much of the U.S."
The retailer has seen a "positive response" to the first financial incentive and is anticipating the sweetened perk will drive a similar response from workers, Pope said.
He stopped short of saying that office workers who declined to be vaccinated would be terminated but said that Walmart is working through the process. He noted that the exceptions would be those who can't get vaccinated for medical or religious reasons.
When asked why frontline workers won't be required to get the vaccine, Pope said that its approach with its large number of workers in frontline facilities has been "to inform them, encourage them, make it easy and to reward then financially for choosing to receive the vaccine."
Walmart said it is also implementing a new process for verification of vaccine status for U.S. workers. It says it will share those details in the future.
See: As CDC reverses its mask guidance, Apple, Costco, Walmart and others have some soul searching to do
A few days after the CDC eased mask-wearing guidance for fully vaccinated people back in May, Walmart, along with a slew of other retailers, said it wouldn't require vaccinated shoppers to wear a mask in U.S. stores, unless state or local laws said otherwise. Walmart also said that vaccinated workers could go maskless.
At that time, Walmart said that customers wouldn't be asked but rather held to an "honor system" regarding their vaccination status. Walmart workers who didn't wear masks also had to confirm they were vaccinated by filling out a daily questionnaire, though it was not requiring proof.


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As of yesterday, the seasonal rains (and mountain snow) have returned to the northwest. But for the few weeks prior, spring was here in full bloom. And lucky for me, last weekend (for the first weekend in months) I had no specific plans other than exploring the mountains around me. After leisurely hiking for some turns on Mount Ashland Saturday morning and watching March Madness basketball all afternoon, the wheels in my head were spinning with what to do on Sunday. McLoughlin? Thielsen? Access for either of those might be challenging, I thought. Then I stumbled on a recent blog post proclaiming that "hero turns" were being found on Mount Shasta. Sold.
Located about ninety miles south of Medford on I-5, I often forget that Shasta is so close to the Rogue Valley. Probably has something to do with it being in another state (even if I live a mere thirty minutes from the border). By 9:30 am Sunday morning I was exiting the freeway in the tiny hamlet of Mount Shasta City, and by ten I had parked at Bunny Flat (the winter terminus of the Everett Parkway), 6,900 feet high on the southwest flank of Mount Shasta. I had no specific plans for the day, other than hiking above the tree line and skiing whatever looked good.
At the trailhead I quickly geared up and headed up the unnamed ridge on the west side of Bunny Flat. An hour or so later I was at 8,000 feet, staring at gorgeous lines in nearly every direction. I continued up that ridge, all the way to an unnamed peak of 9,365 feet (see map below for route detail).
It was a rare warm and windless March day, so I took my time on the unnamed peak eating lunch, snapping pictures, and taking in the view of Mount Eddy and the Strawberry Valley below. An hour later, I was making effortless turns on perfect corn all the way back to Bunny Flat. Hero snow indeed.
A closeup of the upper part of Avalanche Gulch. The standard climbing route ascends right of the Red Banks, in the upper right-hand corner.
An unnamed ridge. For a sense of scale, the two skiers from the previous photo are barely visible in the lower left third of this photo.


text:
Max Ryan (* Februar 1967 in England, Großbritannien) ist ein britischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Ryan wurde mit polnischen und irischen Wurzeln geboren, sein Großvater war halb Ire, halb Engländer und seine Großmutter eine polnische Jüdin. Max' Mutter Elizabeth Lynette verließ England und heiratete seinen Vater. Nach Jahren merkwürdiger Begebenheiten in seinem Leben zog Max Ryan nach London und schrieb sich ein in die Theaterschule. Kurze Zeit später wurde ihm eine Rolle in einem TV-Spot angeboten. Mit dem dadurch verbundenen Erfolg begann er als professioneller Schauspieler.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 2000: Yoorinal (Kurzfilm)
 2001: Attila – Der Hunne (Attila)
 2001: Kiss of the Dragon
 2003: The Foreigner – Der Fremde (The Foreigner)
 2003: Die Liga der außergewöhnlichen Gentlemen (The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen)
 2003: Craven Marsh (Kurzfilm)
 2006: Thr3e
 2007: The Box
 2008: Skorumpowani
 2008: Death Race
 2009: Dark Moon Rising
 2010: Sex and the City 2
 2014: Tokarev – Die Vergangenheit stirbt niemals (Rage)
 2015: Chain of Command (Echo Effect)
 2016: USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Offizielle Internetpräsenz (englisch)
 Offizieller Twitter (englisch)

Filmschauspieler
Brite
Geboren 1967
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Fashion designers have always been arbiters of style, but as they increasingly encounter issues like copycat designers, counterfeit imports, calls for consumer safety and environmental sustainability, and even bans of various forms of dress, designers need to know and help establish the law as well. Opening September 8, the Fashion Law Institute is a new center at Fordham Law School in New York that will train and advise designers, lawyers and design students in areas of the law affecting the fashion industry. The first of its kind in the world, the center has been established by Fordham in partnership with the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) and is being directed by Susan Scafidi, who pioneered the field of fashion law (and who blogs at Counterfeit Chic). The institute will provide a resource for legal knowledge in subjects like business and finance, intellectual property, real estate, employment law, international trade and government regulation, consumer protection and civil rights. The institute will have a special proximity to its subject; New York Fashion Week relocates this fall to Lincoln Center's Damrosch Park, steps away from Fordham Law School. Pentagram's identity for the institute graphically fashions a gavel from a needle and spool of thread. The mark is the latest in our collection of identities for New York's fashion community, which includes logos for the CFDA, 7th on Sixth and the Fashion Center.
Bloomsbury Institute for Pathogen Research.


If you're fighting the battle of the bulge, you're certainly not alone. Sixty-three percent —nearly 2 out of every 3—Australians are medically classified as overweight. You might think your weight is solely a health concern, but mental health is an important factor in your overall health! If diet and exercise aren't working, or you can't seem to get up the motivation to stick with a fitness plan, don't waste time beating yourself up. Many people use food to cope with underlying psychological issues, and almost all overweight people have an unhealthy relationship with food that causes them to overeat when stress. You don't have to live like this forever, though. Research consistently proves that therapy is highly effective at helping people lose wight. Here's how therapy can help you.
When you go to the doctor, you may be worried that talking openly about your habits will yield nothing but shame and judgment. Maybe you lie to others, or even yourself, about how much you eat. Though this can shield you from the pain of exploring the factors behind your obesity, it won't protect you in the long-term, and only enables you to continue packing on the pounds. Therapists and psychologists specialize in listening without shaming or judging you, and they understand how difficult the battle against weight gain truly is. Your therapist cannot tell anyone about what you say in therapy, not even your family or spouse. And your therapist will never judge you. Instead, he or she will encourage you to talk honestly about your challenges so that together, the two of you can tackle your weight loss goals.
Many people become overweight because they don't have the knowledge they need to remain healthy. For instance, the notion that if your parents are overweight, you're also destined to be can inhibit your desire to adopt healthy habits. Therapy encourages you to look at your own behavior, and to then find new ways to deal with old problems. This allows you to take responsibility without fear of judgment. Your therapist may also use this time as a chance to educate you about healthy eating, and address any myths you believe about weight and diet.
No matter why you're going to therapy, the goal of therapy is ultimately to develop a clear plan for getting from where you are to where you want to be. Your therapist won't ask you to do things you can't do. Instead, he or she will take into account your current needs and challenges, then work with you to craft a plan you can stick with for the long haul. Having this plan makes it easier to track your progress. And if you fall off the wagon and abandon the plan, your therapist will be ready to help you figure out why.
At their heart, most weight problems are actually emotional problems. People overeat because they're anxious or sad. They avoid exercise because they're ashamed or too stressed. And they continue gaining weight because they feel hopeless, worthless, or overwhelmed. Therapy offers you emotional support for every step of the weight loss journey. This support makes losing weight easier, and enables you to identify the specific challenges that make it tough for you to lose weight. Diet and exercise alone can't do this; therapy begins treating the problem from the inside out, so that you can keep the weight off for good once you've lost it.
Humans are social creatures; we literally cannot live without others. Deprived of human contact for long enough, people die or become severely ill. But our relationships with others can also be a source of pain and stress. If a troubled marriage, friendship, or relationship with a parent leaves you tempted to overeat, therapy can help you find better ways to manage the relationship—all while encouraging you to take note of anything you are doing that might be contributing to the issues you experience. To make matters worse, many overweight people face a constant onslaught of pressure and judgment to lose weight. Your therapist can help you address these challenges, without turning to food to help you cope.


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It is not known how many species of insects there are the world wide, but more than 930000, have so far been described and named. Insects make up about 80% of all known animals. In Britain, 20000 have so far been identified and it has been estimated that the top nine inches of top soil covering an acre of meadow land could hold 230 million soil-dwelling insects. No other group of living creatures has such a variety of form, colour, function and habitat.
With such large numbers existing, invertebrates are the most under-recorded of all wildlife and Martley has few records, and still fewer entomologists..
missing ladybird image
Butterflies tend to be the main species that people have an interest in. I have records of 30 species found in the parish over the years, of these only 16 could be recorded as common. These include the Whites, Peacock, Red Admiral, Small Tortoiseshell, Common and Holly Blues, Orange Tip. More unusual are theHairstreak's, Brimstone, Painted Lady, some of the Fritillaries and the Skippers. Of the rarer butterflies, Clouded Yellow, Brown Argus and Wood White (a colony of these can be found at Collins Green).
Many species to be found, with some of the larger Hawk Moths being the more easily seen.
At one time Glow-worms were regularly seen along the lanes of the parish, but sadly they have now almost disappeared, some are still to be seen but because of their rarity, the locations need be too kept secret. Stag Beetle can be found amongst the rotting stumps of the older trees in some woodlands. These beetles are now nationally rare.
Grasshoppers and Crickets can be found on the wilder parts of the area, Berrow Hill, Pudford, Collins Green. Hornets appear most years at a number of locations, often the roof of houses.
Larger insects
Of the larger insects, Dragonflies and Damselflies can be seen over most well-established pools and along woodland rides. The commonest Dragonfly is the Common Darter, which flies from mid-June to mid-October. Males have an orange/red abdomen. Other common dragonflies in Martley are: the Brown Hawker, in flight from July to mid-September, the only brown dragonfly; Southern Hawker – this species does wander away from water and is often encountered in gardens. It has green spots on a brown body. This is the last dragonfly of the season to be seen, often flying till mid-October.
Damselflies differ from true dragonflies by resting with their wings folded along the abdomen, and are more delicate-looking. In the parish, the commonest is the Blue-tailed Damselfly, its abdomen is black with a conspicuous blue area near the end of the tail. Its flight period is early June to late August. It is found in all types of aquatic habitats. Azure Damselflies are almost as common, and they have a tendency to stay closer to the pool margins rather than over the water. They are in flight from late May to mid-August. Males are sky blue and black. Along the river Teme the Banded Demoiselle is the more common of the damselflies. Males appear to be a metallic blue, too almost a bottle green, with a blue band across the wing, in the female, the wing is clear.
Of the rarer Dragonflies, the Club Tailed Dragonfly is found along the river Teme. This is a very important stronghold for this nationally rare insect. It could be the parish's rarest animal. It is a medium sized dragonfly that is unique in having its eyes set apart. It is black with yellow to pale green markings. Its main distinguishing feature is the club – shaped tail. Its flight period is from mid-May to mid-June.
By kind permission of Brian Draper M.B E
Last updated 14/9/05


It would be hard to argue against the idea that virtual reality and electric cars represent two of the most exciting tech developments of the current decade. Neither is actually new this decade, mind you, but they've certainly emerged in new and significant ways these last few years. And perhaps inevitably, they've started to cross paths.
This probably shouldn't surprise us, not just because they're two prominent technologies but because virtual reality in particular has branched out in some unexpected ways. It started out with some fairly rapid expansion through the video game ranks. While VR started with demos and app-like games, it's now embracing new versions of major franchises that were already very popular on Xbox, PlayStation, etc. And internet casino games, which have become thoroughly integrated with mobile devices, are also starting to dip their toes into virtual reality.
If people were surprised to see virtual reality editions of Skyrim and popular online slot games though, it's nothing to how odd it was to see other applications for VR. There are virtual fitting rooms popping up in some retail stores; there are virtual treatments for migraines and anxiety; there's VR storytelling to take you through everything from mysterious crime scenes to Biblical tales. VR is just about everywhere – which, again, is why we shouldn't really be surprised that it's apparently in electric cars, in more ways than one.
The idea of VR window panels is kind of unclear, but it's something we're seeing through the GAC Motor Enverge, which has been described as a deadly looking electric car from a company you've never heard of. If this is true, and you haven't heard of GAC, it's a Chinese auto company that's looking to expand internationally, and the Enverge is its electric concept car. It's been turning heads, not least because it has virtual reality screens "embedded in the side windows." As far as we can tell, this means that the side windows are actually coated with a matte finish, but the exterior of the car is actually projected onto the windows via VR. It's certainly unnecessary, but is a perfect example of how modern electric cars and VR might not be able to resist one another.
This is an idea that may never come to fruition in functioning vehicles, though the fact that Apple is working on it definitely gives it some clout. Apparently Apple has been seeking a patent to fit self-driving cars with VR displays in a move to make the ride more fun for passengers. This could lead to all kinds of different concepts, but to give you an idea of how crazy it's getting early on, one of the ideas we know about at this point is simulated zombie chases. Okay then.
On a less wild note, VR is clearly going to have a major impact on car testing. Basically, a single VR headset, complete with realistic controls, could allow people to virtually test drive countless cars in a short amount of time. This doesn't replicate every aspect of an actual test drive, but it does essentially invent a window shopping aspect to the process out of thin air. Don't be surprised at all if the next time you visit a dealership looking to buy, you wind up with a headset fitted over your eyes.


Attorney Karen R. Holt will speak at our June 15, 2015, meeting about Special Needs Trust. Karen has spoken at our meetings in the past and her information has been very valuable to our members. If you don't already have one, it will be your chance to learn about special needs trusts. If you have one established for your loved one, it will be your opportunity to gain current information and updates about special needs trusts. Information is very critical to avoiding loss of government benefits. You won't want to miss this informative presentation at 7:30 PM at the First Lutheran Church.
In addition to Special Needs Planning, Karen's practice includes Comprehensive Estate Plans, Business Formation, Real-Estate Transactions, Trust Administration and Probate. Special Needs Planning, in particular, involves advice and documents for complicated issues such as how to leave inheritance or gifts to a loved one who suffers from a disability or advanced age and whom may need long-term care. Proper planning provides the necessary protection to insure the best financial and medical benefits available while enhancing quality of life for those family members who may not be able to plan for themselves and need our help the most.
The meeting will be preceded by Caring and Sharing Group Support at 6 p.m. in the Fireside Chat Room. The Speaker Meeting will begin at 7:30 p.m. First Lutheran Church is at 2900 Carson Street, in Torrance, California.
Attorney Karen Holt will speak at our July 15, 2013, meeting about Special Needs Trust. Karen has spoken at our meetings in the past and her information has been very valuable to our members. If you don't already have one, it will be your chance to learn about special needs trusts. If you have one established for your loved one, it will be your opportunity to gain current information and updates about special needs trusts. Information is very critical to avoiding loss of government benefits. You won't want to miss this informative presentation at 7:30 PM in Fellowship Hall at the First Lutheran Church.
The meeting will be preceded by Caring and Sharing Group Support at 6 p.m. in the Fireside Chat Room. The Speaker Meeting will begin at 7:30 p.m. in the Fellowship Hall. First Lutheran Church is at 2900 Carson Street, in Torrance, California.


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Established in 2008, the Advocacy Award is given to recognize an AALL member or group who has been an outstanding advocate and has contributed significantly to the AALL policy agenda at the federal, state, local, or international level. The award honors the memory of Robert L. Oakley, AALL's Washington affairs representative (1989-2007).
Recipient of the award will be an AALL member or group. Members of either category are eligible. Current members of the Government Relations Committee are not eligible.
The Oakley Advocacy Award shall be administered by the AALL Government Relations Committee in coordination with the AALL Awards Committee. The Government Relations Committee shall solicit and review nominations for the award. The Committee will choose one individual or group recipient each year for the Oakley Advocacy Award, or no recipient if it deems none of the nominees sufficiently qualified, and will submit the winning recipient's name(s) to the Awards Committee. The Awards Committee will oversee the grant of the Oakley Advocacy Award to the recipient(s) selected by the Government Relations Committee.
A significant contribution to the advocacy agenda of the Association. The award is given in accordance with AALL's mission to provide leadership in the field of legal information and to promote equal access to government information. The award will reflect this by honoring the achievements of those who have been especially energetic or effective advocates of this mission.
The extent to which the individual or group has been an active advocate for law libraries and legal information at the federal, state or local level.
The extent to which the advocacy advances the AALL mission and Government Relations Policy.
The deadline for nominations is February 3, 2020. Please email the nomination form and supporting documents to Emily Feltren.
Download the Robert L. Oakley Advocacy Award Nomination Form
The committee will complete its deliberations and the administrative aspects of the award by April 1.
The Government Relations Committee will review the nominations and make a final decision on who will receive the award. Each nominee shall be considered individually and confidentially and will be judged according to the criteria listed above. Sources of information for the committee about a candidate include the nominating letter(s) and recommendation(s) from the Government Relations Committee. To ensure confidentiality, contact with members of AALL other than the person(s) nominating, Awards Committee members, and Government Relations Committee members should be avoided.
Frequency and number of awards: The award may be presented annually, but there is no requirement that the award be given each year.
Award Presentation
The award shall be presented during the AALL Annual Meeting, and it will be given in the name of the Association. It will consist of an appropriate memorial to honor the achievements of the individual or group.
Keith Ann Stiverson
Director of the Library/Senior Lecturer, Retired
Peggy Roebuck Jarrett
Head of Collection Development
Gallagher Law Library
None awarded
Sandra Levin
LA Law Library
For her efforts on behalf of California county law libraries to secure solid, sustained funding through the passage of California SB 711.
2012 California UELMA Advocacy Team
Michele M. Finerty, Retired
Pacific McGeorge School of Law
Judy C. Janes
Director and Lecturer in Law
UC Davis Mabie Law Library
David L. McFadden
Senior Reference Librarian
Leigh H. Taylor Law Library
Southwestern Law School
Lawrence R. (Larry) Meyer
Law Library for San Bernardino County
Sarah (Sally) G. Holterhoff
Government Information/Reference Librarian and Associate Professor of Law Librarianship
Valparaiso University Law School Library
Valparaiso, IN
Timothy L. Coggins
Associate Dean for Library and Information Services & Professor of Law
University of Richmond School of Law Library
For his many years of effective and committed AALL advocacy, particularly in support of digital authentication
Barbara A. Bintliff
Joseph C. Hutcheson Professor in Law and Director of the Tarlton Law Library
Joan M. Bellistri
Director and Law Librarian
Anne Arundel County Public Law Library
Ohio Regional Association of Law Libraries County Law Library Special Interest Group
Richard J. McKinney
Federal Reserve Board Law Library
Robert L. Oakley, Awarded Posthumously
Director of the Law Library and Professor of Law
Georgetown University Law Library


There is no question how dangerous drug abuse can be to an individual. Drug addiction is a disease that is both psychological and physiological. For those suffering from the disease of addiction to alcohol or drugs a drug rehab program is likely going to be needed in order to stop the viscous cycle of addiction. Lakeview Health Systems offers one of the best rehab programs in the country to help people in their recovery from their addiction.
At the Lakeview Health Systems drug rehab program certified addiction professionals will focus on both the mental and physical aspects of each individual client's addiction. Recovering from addiction to drugs and alcohol is not a quick process. A quality substance abuse addiction treatment program like the one provided by Lakeview Health will help its clients start to change their behavior and there thinking patterns that in the past would have led them down the road to addiction.
Addiction is a deadly disease that needs to be taken seriously. Left untreated addiction will cause a person to lose their family and friends become unemployed, homeless and can easily lead to jails and other institutions. Death is also very possible. With the help of a reputable rehab program becoming and staying sober is a possible feat. Lakeview Health Drug Rehab will provide the support that is needed for someone who is fighting with addiction to regain control of their life.


With flat tops, you can either have a great one, or it's no good. Slim learned his flat top technique from Jun at Model Barber Shop where at least half of the customers get flat tops. There are many variations to a flat top. Some people get a boxed flat top, where the top of a head resembles the top of a cube. Most head shapes and hair textures cannot support a boxed flat top. Most flat tops are only flat from the middle of the top of the head to the front hairline. The sides can be rounded or tapered in slightly toward the middle or can go straight up from the side. Almost everyone gets the rear corners curved. Most people agree that having the back corners and the back of the crown curved makes the hair grow out nicer. Boxed back corners usually look sloppy if they are not styled perfectly and most men are not able or willing to style the back of their flat tops.
The Marine's. What can you say about their hair? Chances are if you are a Marine and you get cut on the base, it's out of convenience or you don't care what you look like. To quote Jun, Slim's father in law and former El Toro Marine base barber, "When you are working on the base, you have to be fast. About 2 minutes. It doesn't have to look real good though-unless it's an officer. HA!" Whether it's low, medium or high Marine regulation haircuts, we've got you covered. The Marine regulation haircuts are another example of what Slim learned while working for Jun at Model Barber Shop.
The clientele of each of these 2 styles usually differ greatly. But since they do have the same principles, they are both on the same page. The mohawk is an unforgiving cut that really can look professionally done or it can look really bad. At Slim's our mohawks are straight and cut even. Fauxhawks can be done in a variety of ways. The sides can be almost any length. You can have the long part in the middle go all the way from the front hairline to the back of the neck or you can have it faded down to match the rest of the hair along the way.
You've seen one on Elvis, Desi Arnaz, tons of greasers and rockabilly kids. This is one of our favorite styles to cut. They were in style when Art started barbering and have never really gone away. It does seem that the pompadour has made a comeback in pop society in recent years. Many people have taken to a different version of the pompadour in which the sides are completely shaved and the top is more of a very exaggerated flat top. This style is sometimes called a "psychopomp" even though some people who wear it do not like this term.
Some people assume that a barber who specializes in fades and flat tops cannot cut regular haircuts. At Slim's we pride ourselves on having a versatile shop. If you want a business tapered cut or a medium length cut with the neck blocked, we can do that. If you want a cut with one half inch of hair on the side and a messy spiked top, we can do that too. If you want a Caesar cut, we can also do that. If you have one dollar and you want 11 nickels, 1 quarter and 2 dimes, we can do that, but it's not our specialty, so go to a bank.
The term taper can mean different things to different people. Most commonly, a taper is referring to a person's nape having no definitive line at the base. Hence, the neck is not boxed, squared or rounded off, but it tapers as a natural hairline would from the skin to hair. In many barber shop's taper refers to a specific hairstyle. Some people will ask for a "business taper" which is a conservative haircut with the sideburns clipped closely and the back of the neck tapered rather than squared. Some people refer to a taper as a hairstyle where the sideburns are completely gone or with a little bit of stubble with a sharp drastic fade to a specific length around the temple. The length at the temple is nearly as long as the hair on top of the head. The last example of a taper is often referred to as a Natural or Blowout or Brooklyn Blowout. For pictures of this cut, please refer to our blowout page.
The Blowout is possibly Slim's most hated cut. Scott doesn't do them. It's a very difficult cut because the barber must blend the hair in a very small and usually flat area. It's always easier to blend the hair on a rounded area of the head. Even though it's Slim's most hated cut, he loves to do them. After all this time, it's still a challenge for him. Please sit up straight though while he does the back of your neck cuz he's almost 6'6" and doesn't enjoy crouching to look at the fade. And if he has to bend to the side, it's possible for the fade on the neck to tilt the way he is bent.


The Spring Lake High School Marching Band will perform at the Rockford High School Invitational Saturday, September 18th. The band hits the field at 5:55 PM and performs at 6:00 PM.
Please join us at 7:30, September 24th for the 8th grade student and parent event to answer the question, "Why WMCHS?" The teachers will be doing some really cool activities in the classrooms and there's a lot of other fun stuff going on. Students and parents can tour the school, meet teachers and current students at WMCHS. RSVP online to get free tickets to the Volleyball Triangular at 6pm at: tickets.wmchs.net. Parent and student event starts at 7:30 and goes until 9pm.
approximately $12. Scholarships are available for financial hardships.
We are excited to announce Grand Haven as a NEW Walk MS site this year! Plans are underway to make this year's event a great day of fun and festivities in support of those living with multiple sclerosis, their families, and caregivers. A light breakfast and snacks will be provided. You are welcome to bring drinks, snacks, or lunch for yourself.
The 13 Walk MS sites in Michigan could not happen without support from dedicated leadership volunteers in the community. If you would like to join the planning committee, please e-mail walk@mig.nmss.org, or if you'd like to volunteer for Walk MS, please call Liz at 248-351-2190 ext.


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Q: Kafka consumer - how does rebalance work if one consumer fails I'm using AWS Kafka MSK and I have a topic with 2 partitions.
I also have a 2 consumers which are part of the same consumer group.
I'm wondering that will happen in the following case:
Consumer A - took messages 1 - 100
Consumer B - took messages 101 - 200
Consumer A failed
Consumer B succeeded
What happens to the messages 1 - 100?
Will the auto Kafka rebalance set consumer B to read messages 1 - 100?
or the new consumer that will startup instead of Consumer A will read the messages?
Thanks in advance.

A: Offset ranges are for partitions, not topics.
This scenario is not possible for a fresh consumer application unless one of the following is true

*

*Offsets 0-100 of the partition assigned to consumer B have been removed due to retention

*Your code calls seek method to skip those offsets

On the other hand, if the consumer group already existed and consumed none of the records of partition assigned to consumer A (say, it had failed before), and did commit offset 100 of the other partition. In this case, perhaps the same thing would happen; the consumer group might fail reading offset 0 of the "first" partition.
When any consumer instance fails, the group will rebalance. Depending on how you handle errors/failures, the previously healthy instance may then be assigned both partitions, and then fail consuming the "first" partition again (since it'll be the same code that died previously). Or, writing code differently, you'll ignore consumer exceptions and optionally mark bad offsets in a dead-letter queue. When logged or ignored, you'd commit offsets for the original consumer and skip those records.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Philosophy of Cognitive Science > Science of Consciousness > Unconscious and Conscious Processes > Consciousness and Anesthesia
Consciousness and Anesthesia
Unconscious Perception (455)
Conscious and Unconscious Learning (3,421)
Conscious and Unconscious Memory (2,166)
Psychoanalysis and Consciousness (597)
Unconscious States (101)
Unconscious Processes, Misc (156)
Consciousness and Anesthesia (153)
Drugs and Consciousness (72)
Pain (895 | 633)
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Doctors' Knowledge Regarding Decision-Making Capacity: A Survey of Anesthesiologists.Alastair Moodley & Ames Dhai - forthcoming - Clinical Ethics:147775092110635.details
Informed consent for anesthesia is an ethical and legal requirement. A patient must have adequate decision-making capacity as a prerequisite to informed consent. In determining whether a patient has sufficient DMC, anesthesiologists must draw on their knowledge of DMC. Knowledge gaps regarding DMC may result in incorrect assessments of patients' capacity. This could translate to an informed consent process that is ethically and legally unsound. This study examined the DMC-related knowledge of anesthesiologists in a group of four university-affiliated hospitals. The (...) findings suggest that anesthesiologists have several areas of knowledge deficiency regarding DMC and DMC assessment. These findings could inform the development of undergraduate and postgraduate curricula. (shrink)
Biomedical Ethics in Applied Ethics
Consciousness and Anesthesia in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
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From Philosophy to Anaesthesiology and Back: An Interdisciplinary Reflection on the Neural Correlates of State Consciousness.Hjalmar Hansen & James Grayot - 2022 - Biology and Philosophy 37 (1):1-24.details
Philosophy and anaesthesiology are disciplines that are rarely associated despite their respective interests in human consciousness. In this paper, we consider the advantages of integrating anaesthesiology and philosophy in the endeavour of discovering the neural correlates of state consciousness. We venture the following twopart argument. First, we argue that philosophical debates about the correlation conditions for state consciousness can be improved by focusing on how anaesthesiologists actually measure and study consciousness in practice. We present Integrated Information Theory as a promising (...) framework for discriminating features hitherto considered relevant to the identification of the neural correlates of state consciousness. Second, we argue that an improved philosophical understanding of what comprises the correlation conditions for state consciousness can, in turn, advance anaesthesiological methodologies; not only can it improve how potential evidence is gathered and assessed, but it can aid in the prevention of intraoperative awareness, increasing patient safety and well-being. (shrink)
A Strong Emergence Hypothesis of Conscious Integration and Neural Rewiring.Eric LaRock, Jeffrey Schwartz, Iliyan Ivanov & David Carreon - 2020 - International Philosophical Quarterly 60 (1):97-115.details
In this paper we discuss the two-system framework, examine its strengths, point out a fundamental weakness concerning the unity of conscious experience, and then propose a new hypothesis that avoids that weakness and other related concerns. According to our strong emergence hypothesis, what emerges are not merely mental properties in specialized, distributed neural areas, but also a new, irreducibly singular entity that functions in a recurrent manner to integrate its mental properties and to rewire its brain. We argue that the (...) former function is suggested, in part, by the effects of anesthetics on sensory integration, and that the latter function is suggested by evidence garnered from the neuroscience of mindfulness, constraint-induced movement therapy for stroke, and neuroimaging data surrounding mental illness. We then discuss how our strong emergence hypothesis relates to the description and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, potential objections are addressed. (shrink)
Consciousness and Neuroscience in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Mental Illness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Philosophy of Neuroscience in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Philosophy of Psychiatry in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Anesthesia and Consciousess.Rocco J. Gennaro - 2018 - Journal of Cognition and Neuroethics 5 (1):49-69.details
For patients under anesthesia, it is extremely important to be able to ascertain from a scientific, third person point of view to what extent consciousness is correlated with specific areas of brain activity. Errors in accurately determining when a patient is having conscious states, such as conscious perceptions or pains, can have catastrophic results. Here, I argue that the effects of (at least some kinds of) anesthesia lend support to the notion that neither basic sensory areas nor the prefrontal cortex (...) (PFC) is sufficient to produce conscious states. I also argue that it this is consistent with and supportive of the higher-order thought (HOT) theory of consciousness. I therefore disagree in some ways with Mehta and Mashour (2013), who argue that evidence from anesthesia mainly favors a first-order representational (FOR) theory, as opposed to HOT theory (and many other theories, for that matter). (shrink)
Higher-Order Thought Theories of Consciousness in Philosophy of Mind
Neural Correlates of Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
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Is Cortex Necessary?Sean Allen-Hermanson - 2016 - Animal Sentience 1 (3).details
A key contention of Klein & Barron (2016) is that consciousness does not depend on cortical structures. A critical appraisal suggests they have overestimated the strength of their evidence.
Animal Consciousness, Misc in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Consciousness and Materialism, Misc in Philosophy of Mind
Consciousness and Psychology, Misc in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
What is Unconsciousness in a Fly or a Worm? A Review of General Anesthesia in Different Animal Models.Oressia Zalucki & Bruno van Swinderen - 2016 - Consciousness and Cognition 44:72-88.details
Animal Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Acceptably Aware During General Anaesthesia: 'Dysanaesthesia' – The Uncoupling of Perception From Sensory Inputs.Jaideep J. Pandit - 2014 - Consciousness and Cognition 27:194-212.details
Synesthesia in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Jure Dohnal-Operation Without Anesthesia.Robert Bogešić - 2013 - Kairos: Evangelical Journal of Theology 7 (1):100-102.details
Surgery Without Anesthesia.Jure Dohnal - 2013 - Kairos: Evangelical Journal of Theology 1:129-131.details
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Comparison of Haemodynamic Changes with Propofol and Sevoflurane Anaesthesia During Laparoscopic Surgery.Alka Shah & R. N. Adaroja - 2011 - Emergence: Complexity and Organization 4 (5):6.details
Anaesthetists' and Surgeons' Attitudes Towards Informed Consent in the UK: An Observational Study.Aimun AB Jamjoom, Stuart M. White, Simon M. Walton, Jonathan G. Hardman & Iain K. Moppett - 2010 - BMC Medical Ethics 11 (1):2.details
The attitudes of patients' to consent have changed over the years, but there has been little systematic study of the attitudes of anaesthetists and surgeons in this process. We aimed to describe observations made on the attitudes of medical professionals working in the UK to issues surrounding informed consent.
Medical Ethics in Applied Ethics
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Memory Formation During General Anesthesia.Chantal Kerssens & Michael Alkire - 2010 - In George Mashour (ed.), Consciousness, Awareness, and Anesthesia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47.details
The Philosophical Implications of Awareness During General Anesthesia, In Consciousness, Awareness, and Anesthesia (Edited by George Mashour).Eric LaRock - 2010 - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.details
Consciousness, Awareness, and Anesthesia is a multidisciplinary approach to both the scientific problem of consciousness and the clinical problem of awareness during general anesthesia.
Consciousness and Neuroscience, Foundational Issues in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Explanation in Neuroscience in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Dreaming During Anesthesia.Kate Leslie - 2010 - In George Mashour (ed.), Consciousness, Awareness, and Anesthesia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74--89.details
Monitoring Anesthetic Depth.Gerhard Schneider - 2010 - In George Mashour (ed.), Consciousness, Awareness, and Anesthesia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 114.details
Feedback Suppression in Anesthesia. Is It Reversible?Anthony G. Hudetz - 2009 - Consciousness and Cognition 18 (4):1079-1081.details
Information processing that subserves conscious cognitive functions is thought to involve recurrent signaling through feedforward and feedback loops among hierarchically arranged functional regions of the cerebral cortex. In the current issue of Consciousness and Cognition, Lee et al. report that loss of consciousness, as produced by a bolus injection of the general anesthetic propofol to human volunteers, was accompanied by a decrease in wide-band EEG feedback connectivity from frontal cortex to parietal cortex, confirming a prediction from previous experimental studies. Interestingly, (...) frontoparietal feedback connectivity did not fully recover after the anesthetic effect wore off and the subjects first opened their eyes in response to a verbal command. Possible interpretations of the results and their implications with respect to the neural correlates of consciousness and unconsciousness are discussed. (shrink)
The Directionality and Functional Organization of Frontoparietal Connectivity During Consciousness and Anesthesia in Humans.UnCheol Lee, Seunghwan Kim, Gyu-Jeong Noh, Byung-Moon Choi, Eunjin Hwang & George A. Mashour - 2009 - Consciousness and Cognition 18 (4):1069-1078.details
Frontoparietal connectivity has been suggested to be important in conscious processing and its interruption is thought to be one mechanism of general anesthesia. Data in animals demonstrate that feedforward processing of information may persist during the anesthetized state, while feedback processing is inhibited. We investigated the directionality and functional organization of frontoparietal connectivity in 10 human subjects anesthetized with propofol on two separate occasions. Multichannel electroencephalography and a computational method of assessing directed functional connectivity were employed. We demonstrate that directed (...) feedback connectivity is diminished with loss of consciousness and returns with responsiveness to verbal command. We also applied the Dendrogram classification method to assess the global organization of directed functional connectivity during consciousness and anesthesia. We demonstrate a state-specific hierarchy and subject-specific subhierarchy in functional organization. These data support the hypothesis that specific states of human consciousness are defined by specific states of frontoparietal connectivity. (shrink)
Propofol Induction Reduces the Capacity for Neural Information Integration: Implications for the Mechanism of Consciousness and General Anesthesia.UnCheol Lee, George A. Mashour, Seunghwan Kim, Gyu-Jeong Noh & Byung-Moon Choi - 2009 - Consciousness and Cognition 18 (1):56-64.details
The cognitive unbinding paradigm suggests that the synthesis of neural information is attenuated by general anesthesia. Here, we analyzed the functional organization of brain activities in the conscious and anesthetized states, based on functional segregation and integration. Electroencephalography recordings were obtained from 14 subjects undergoing induction of general anesthesia with propofol. We quantified changes in mean information integration capacity in each band of the EEG. After induction with propofol, mean information integration capacity was reduced most prominently in the γ band (...) of the EEG . Furthermore, we demonstrate that loss of consciousness is reflected by the breakdown of the spatiotemporal organization of γ waves. We conclude that induction of general anesthesia with propofol reduces the capacity for information integration in the brain. These data directly support the information integration theory of consciousness and the cognitive unbinding paradigm of general anesthesia. (shrink)
Incidence of Awareness and Memory Priming in Paediatric Surgery with General Anaesthesia.Jackie Andrade, Catherine Deeprose & Ian Barker - 2008 - British Journal of Anaesthesia.details
Contraception and Anesthesia: A Reply to James DuBois: Articles.Joseph Boyle - 2008 - Christian Bioethics 14 (2):217-225.details
This is a response to James Dubois' "Is anesthesia intrinsically wrong?" I do not address many of the claims in this article but only DuBois' use of the moral evaluation of the medical use of anesthesia as a counter example to two lines of reasoning developed to defend the traditional Catholic prohibition of contraception. Elizabeth Anscombe's dialectical defense of this teaching does not imply that such a defense must logically apply to the use of anesthesia. John Finnis' defense of this (...) teaching on the basis of a natural law argument does not imply that consciousness is a basic human good. (shrink)
Contraception in Applied Ethics
Is Anesthesia Intrinsically Wrong? On Moral Absolutes and Natural Law Methodology: Articles.James M. Dubois - 2008 - Christian Bioethics 14 (2):206-216.details
This article engages two fundamentally different kinds of so-called natural law arguments in favor of specific moral absolutes: Elizabeth Anscombe's claim that certain actions are known to be intrinsically wrong through intuition, and John Finnis's claim that such actions are known to be wrong because they involve acting directly against a basic human good. Both authors maintain, for example, that murder and contraceptive sexual acts are known to be wrong, always and everywhere, through their respective epistemological lens. This article uses (...) the counter-example of anesthesia to challenge these two approaches to substantiating natural law claims. The paper concludes by rejecting the view shared by Professors Finnis and Anscombe that once one rejects these foundations for moral absolutes, one is left with moral subjectivism. In fact, one is left with moral absolutes of a more restricted nature, which are known philosophically, and with more robust moral absolutes held on religious grounds. Virtues are needed in the moral life, among other reasons, because such norms require discernment and integrity for their correct application. (shrink)
Public Health in Applied Ethics
Toward a General Theory of Unconscious Processes in Psychoanalysis and Anesthesiology.George A. Mashour - 2008 - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 56 (1):203-222.details
Psychoanalysis and Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Inverse Zombies, Anesthesia Awareness, and the Hard Problem of Unconsciousness.George A. Mashour & Eric LaRock - 2008 - Consciousness and Cognition 17 (4):1163-1168.details
Philosophical (p-) zombies are constructs that possess all of the behavioral features and responses of a sentient human being, yet are not conscious. P-zombies are intimately linked to the hard problem of consciousness and have been invoked as arguments against physicalist approaches. But what if we were to invert the characteristics of p-zombies? Such an inverse (i-) zombie would possess all of the behavioral features and responses of an insensate being yet would nonetheless be conscious. While p-zombies are logically possible (...) but naturally improbable, an approximation of i-zombies actually exists: individuals experiencing what is referred to as "anesthesia awareness." Patients under general anesthesia may be intubated (preventing speech), paralyzed (preventing movement), and narcotized (minimizing response to nociceptive stimuli). Thus, they appear—and typically are—unconscious. In 1-2 cases/1000, however, patients may be aware of intraoperative events, sometimes without any objective indices. Furthermore, a much higher percentage of patients (22% in a recent study) may have the subjective experience of dreaming during general anesthesia. P-zombies confront us with the hard problem of consciousness—how do we explain the presence of qualia? I-zombies present a more practical problem—how do we detect the presence of qualia? The current investigation compares p-zombies to i-zombies and explores the "hard problem" of unconsciousness with a focus on anesthesia awareness. (shrink)
`Hard' and `Easy' Problems in Philosophy of Mind
Le suivi postopératoire : le chirurgien, l'anesthésiste et la clinique.Gérard Mémeteau - 2008 - Médecine et Droit 2008 (90):93-93.details
Anesthesia: A Brief Reflection on Contemporary Aesthetics.Tripp York - 2008 - Seaburn Press.details
Amidst competing claims of beauty, truth and goodness, Trajan, a young man named after a once celebrated Roman Emperor, attempts to decipher why it is that Kant is wrong, love is capricious, and why you should never take advice from a puppet.
20th Century Philosophy, Misc in 20th Century Philosophy
Literature in Arts and Humanities
Plato in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Plato's Works in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Plato: Eros in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Plato: Symposium in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
$6.99 used Amazon page
Subcortical Consciousness: Implications for Fetal Anesthesia and Analgesia.Roland R. Brusseau & George A. Mashour - 2007 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30 (1):86-87.details
In this commentary we discuss the possibility of subcortical consciousness and its implications for fetal anesthesia and analgesia. We review the neural development of structural and functional elements that may participate in conscious representation, with a particular focus on the experience of pain. (Published Online May 1 2007).
Development of Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Anaesthesia and Ethics.Antonio Grossi - 2007 - Chisholm Health Ethics Bulletin 13 (1):7.details
Grossi, Antonio This article discusses anaesthesia, the role of the anaesthetist and its ethical challenges. In the current political climate of task substitution and de-professionalisation, it is worth considering the role of the anaesthetist and the relevant ethical issues pertaining to this endeavour.
Unconscious and Conscious Processes in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Consciousness and Anesthesia.John F. Kihlstrom & Randall C. Cork - 2007 - In Max Velmans & Susan Schneider (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Blackwell. pp. 628--639.details
$12.80 used $124.74 new (collection) Amazon page
Neural Pathways Associated with Loss of Consciousness Caused by Intracerebral Microinjection of GABA-Sub(A)-Active Anesthetics.I. Sukhotinsky, V. Zalkind, J. Lu, D. A. Hopkins, B. Saper & M. Devor - 2007 - European Journal of Neuroscience 25 (5):1417-1436.details
General Anesthesia and the Neural Correlates of Consciousness.M. T. Alkire & Jeff G. Miller - 2006 - In Steven Laureys (ed.), Boundaries of Consciousness. Elsevier.details
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A Starting Point for Consciousness Research: Reply to Thomas Schmidt.Jackie Andrade & Catherine Deeprose - 2006 - Consciousness and Cognition 15 (1):28-30.details
Anesthesia research has focused on showing learning in the absence of awareness for good practical reasons. Crucially, continued learning during otherwise clinically adequate anesthesia may affect patients' well-being on recovery. Theoretically, preserved perceptual priming during anesthesia offers a useful starting point for consciousness research by determining the limits of memory function during minimal consciousness. The big question for consciousness research is not to demonstrate absolutely unconscious processing, but rather to map out the cognitive and neurobiological processes that enable conscious experience (...) itself. (shrink)
Is Priming During Anesthesia Unconscious?Catherine Deeprose & Jackie Andrade - 2006 - Consciousness and Cognition 15 (1):1-23.details
General anesthesia provides an alternative to typical laboratory paradigms for investigating implicit learning. We assess the evidence that a simple type of learning—priming—can occur without consciousness. Although priming has been shown to be a small but persistent phenomenon in surgical patients there is reason to question whether it occurs implicitly due to problems in detecting awareness using typical clinical signs. This paper reviews the published studies on priming during anesthesia that have included a measure of awareness or of anesthetic depth. (...) We conclude that perceptual priming, but not conceptual priming, takes place in the absence of conscious awareness. (shrink)
Brain Imaging in Research on Anesthetic Mechanisms: Studies with Propofol.P. Fiset, G. Plourde & S. B. Backman - 2006 - In Steven Laureys (ed.), Boundaries of Consciousness. Elsevier.details
Awareness Under Anesthesia During Electroconvulsive Therapy Treatment.Prashant Gajwani, David Muzina, Kerning Gao & Joseph R. Calabrese - 2006 - Journal of ECT 22 (2):158-159.details
The Entwined Mysteries of Anesthesia and Consciousness.Stuart R. Hameroff - 2006 - Anesthesiology 105 (2):400-412.details
feelings (brainstem, limbic system). The best scientific synchrony and consciousness.21,27 Anesthesiology, V 105, No 2, Aug 2006.
Consent for Anaesthesia in Cataract Surgery.S. Kashani - 2006 - Journal of Medical Ethics 32 (9):555-555.details
Cataract surgery has evolved rapidly over the last decade. Previously such cases required admission for prolonged postoperative convalescence. However, currently such procedures are carried out as day cases. An area where significant change has evolved is the role of anaesthesia in cataract surgery.Recently, a growing number of surgeons have been performing cataract surgery using topical drops to achieve anaesthesia. However, case selection and operator experience impose a limit on the use of topical anaesthesia.1 Other local techniques for delivering ….
Integrating the Science of Consciousness and Anesthesia.George A. Mashour - 2006 - Anesthesia and Analgesia 103:975-982.details
Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Awareness Under Anaesthesia: A Case Study.Reginald D. V. Nixon, Richard A. Bryant & Michelle L. Moulds - 2006 - Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 34 (1):113-118.details
Learning Under Anesthesia: Checking the Light in the Fridge? Commentary on Deeprose and Andrade (2006).Thomas Schmidt - 2006 - Consciousness and Cognition 15 (1):24-27.details
Research on learning under anesthesia has focused on showing that learning is possible in the absence of awareness. However, a simple dissociation between learning and awareness is conclusive only under strong additional assumptions, and the actual state of consciousness of an anesthetized person is difficult to determine. Instead of trying to establish complete unconsciousness, one might employ gradual anesthesia to experimentally vary the level of consciousness in a controlled fashion, checking whether cognitive processes exist that can change in opposite direction (...) to measures of awareness. (shrink)
The Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology.Steven Laureys - 2005 - Elsevier.details
The interest of this is threefold. First, patients with altered states of consciousness continue to represent a major clinical problem in terms of clinical assessment of consciousness and daily management.
Brain Death in Applied Ethics
Cognitive Models of Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Conscious and Unconscious Learning in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Consciousness and Neuroscience, Misc in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Control and Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Genes in Philosophy of Biology
Machine Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Neural Correlates of Visual Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Neurobiological Theories and Models of Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Other Altered States of Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Other Disorders and Syndromes in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Perception and Action in Philosophy of Mind
Schizophrenia in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Science of Consciousness, Misc in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
States of Consciousness, Misc in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
The Minimally Conscious State in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Vegetative State and Coma in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
$28.19 used Amazon page
Anesthetic Experience.Aaron Smuts - 2005 - Philosophy and Literature 29 (1):97-113.details
While working to build his aesthetic theory from the qualities of normal, healthy experience, John Dewey diagnoses a rarely recognized experiential ailment -- what might be called the anesthetic malady. This illness generally results when experience is deprived of meaning due to the poverty of the predominant forms of activity available in one's environment. In Dewey's theory of aesthetic experience lies an easily overlooked social/political approach that predates, by almost half a century, recent social theoretical concerns in phenomenology and everyday (...) aesthetics. Dewey takes notice of experience and prompts inquiry into sometimes obviously important, but often dismissed as irrelevant and mundane, paths. (shrink)
Aesthetic Experience in Aesthetics
John Dewey in 20th Century Philosophy
Philosophy of Literature in Aesthetics
Cholinergic Mechanisms Mediating Anesthetic Induced Altered States of Consciousness.S. B. Backman, P. Fiset & G. Plourde - 2004 - Progress in Brain Research 145:197-206.details
States of Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Plugging a Tooth Before Anaesthetising the Patient? The Influence of People's Beliefs on Reasoning About the Temporal Order of Actions.Vicky Dierckx & Andr - 2004 - Thinking and Reasoning 10 (4):371 – 404.details
According to the mental models theory, reasoning performance is primarily influenced by the number of models of a problem that can be constructed. This study investigates whether the content of the model may also influence performance. Linear reasoning problems were devised that either described a believable (script-consistent) or an unbelievable (script-inconsistent) order of actions. The results of two experiments showed that conclusions were inferred more slowly and less accurately on the basis of an unbelievable model than on a believable one. (...) Experiment 2 revealed that script knowledge facilitated as well as impeded reasoning performance. Conclusion evaluation was faster and more accurately for script-consistent problems than for neutral problems, whereas model construction and conclusion evaluation occurred respectively more slowly and less accurately for script-inconsistent problems than for neutral problems. These results show that the content of the model is a noteworthy factor influencing reasoning performance. (shrink)
Neuromonitoring for Awareness During Surgery.Claes Lennmarken & Rolf Sandin - 2004 - Lancet 363 (9423).details
Consciousness Unbound: Toward a Paradigm of General Anesthesia.George A. Mashour - 2004 - Anesthesiology 100:428-433.details
Bispectral Index Monitoring to Prevent Awareness During Anaesthesia: The B-Aware Randomised Controlled Trial.P. S. Myles, K. Leslie, J. McNeil, A. Forbes & M. T. V. Chan - 2004 - Lancet 363 (9423).details
Consent for Anaesthesia.S. M. White - 2004 - Journal of Medical Ethics 30 (3):286-290.details
"Informed consent" is a legal instrument that allows individuals to define their own interests and to protect their bodily privacy. In current medical practice, patients who have consented to surgery are considered to have implied consent to anaesthesia, even though anaesthesia is associated with its own particular set of risks and consequences that are quite separate from those associated with surgery. In addition, anaesthetists often perform interventions that are the only medical treatment received by a patient. Anaesthetists, therefore, should always (...) obtain separate consent for anaesthesia, and should regard the process of consent as a stimulus for active, fluid reciprocal discussion with patients about treatment options. (shrink)
General Anesthetics.Pamela Flood - 2002 - In Elaine Perry, Heather Ashton & Allan Young (eds.), Neurochemistry of Consciousness: Neurotransmitters in Mind. John Benjamins. pp. 149-162.details
Invariant Reversible QEEG Effects of Anesthetics - Volume 10, Number 2 (2001), Pages 165-183.E. R. John, L. S. Prichep, W. Kox, P. Valdes-Sosa, J. Bosch-Bayard, E. Aubert, M. Tom, F. diMichele & L. D. Gugino - 2002 - Consciousness and Cognition 11 (1):138-138.details
Invariant Reversible QEEG Effects of Anesthetics: Volume 10, Number 2 , Pages 165–183.E. John, L. Prichep, W. Kox, P. Valdes-Sosa & J. Bosch-Bay - 2002 - Consciousness and Cognition 11 (1):138-138.details
Science of Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science


text:
import os
import sys
import glob

from pysmt.cmd.installers.base import SolverInstaller, TemporaryPath

class YicesInstaller(SolverInstaller):

    SOLVER = "yices"

    def __init__(self, install_dir, bindings_dir, solver_version,
                 mirror_link=None, yicespy_version='HEAD'):
        pack = "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu-static-gmp"
        archive_name = "yices-%s-%s.tar.gz" % (solver_version, pack)
        native_link = "http://yices.csl.sri.com/cgi-bin/yices2-newnewdownload.cgi?file={archive_name}&accept=I+Agree"
        SolverInstaller.__init__(self, install_dir=install_dir,
                                 bindings_dir=bindings_dir,
                                 solver_version=solver_version,
                                 archive_name=archive_name,
                                 native_link=native_link,
                                 mirror_link=mirror_link)

        self.extract_path = os.path.join(self.base_dir, "yices-%s" % self.solver_version)
        self.yices_path = os.path.join(self.bindings_dir, "yices_bin")
        self.yicespy_git_version = yicespy_version

    def install_yicespy(self):
        yicespy_git_version = self.yicespy_git_version
        yicespy_base_name =  "yicespy"
        yicespy_archive_name = "%s.tar.gz" % yicespy_base_name
        yicespy_archive = os.path.join(self.base_dir, yicespy_archive_name)
        yicespy_dir_path = os.path.join(self.base_dir,
                                        yicespy_base_name + "-" + yicespy_git_version)

        yicespy_download_link = "https://codeload.github.com/pysmt/yicespy/tar.gz/%s" % (yicespy_git_version)
        SolverInstaller.do_download(yicespy_download_link, yicespy_archive)

        SolverInstaller.clean_dir(yicespy_dir_path)

        SolverInstaller.untar(yicespy_archive, self.base_dir)
        # Build yicespy
        SolverInstaller.run_python("setup.py --yices-dir=%s -- build_ext bdist_wheel --dist-dir=%s " % (self.yices_path, self.base_dir),
                                   directory=yicespy_dir_path)
        wheel_file = glob.glob(os.path.join(self.base_dir, "yicespy") + "*.whl")[0]
        SolverInstaller.unzip(wheel_file, self.bindings_dir)

    def compile(self):
        # Prepare an empty folder for installing yices
        SolverInstaller.clean_dir(self.yices_path)

        SolverInstaller.run("bash ./install-yices %s" % self.yices_path,
                            directory=self.extract_path)

        self.install_yicespy()

    def get_installed_version(self):
        with TemporaryPath([self.bindings_dir]):
            version = None
            try:
                import yicespy
                v = yicespy.__dict__['__YICES_VERSION']
                m = yicespy.__dict__['__YICES_VERSION_MAJOR']
                p = yicespy.__dict__['__YICES_VERSION_PATCHLEVEL']
                version = "%d.%d.%d" % (v, m, p)
            finally:
                if "yicespy" in sys.modules:
                    del sys.modules["yicespy"]
                # Return None, without raising an exception
                # pylint: disable=lost-exception
                return version

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The Master Lock Integrated Chain Lock is a sturdy security device which will keep your bike safer and thieves at bay. It's made of hardened steel for the ultimate secuity and the nylon sleeve prevents any damage to your bike.
Heavy duty lock. Four keys provided means one can be left at home; at work plus carrying one! Heavy lock so need to take in pannier or rucksack. Secures round post, frame and wheel.
Chain locks are flexible, tough and come in a range of lengths. They opening up a range of versatile locking options that you don't get with other types of lock. With a chain lock, you're not limited to fixing your bike to racks and lampposts, but also trees and other oddly shaped objects.
Chain locks are made of two parts, the steel links that create the chain and the lock. The lock may be integrated into the chain, a separate padlock or even a mini D-lock.
A burly chain lock can withstand a range of attacks from crowbars to powered tools. However, the trade off is weight. These are the heaviest bike locks that you can get, with some models weighing over 7kg. The heavier the chain, the stronger the links and the more protection you get.
Lighter weight chain locks under 3kg can be wrapped around your seatpost or frame and taken with you on your morning commute. These locks are more practical for daily use, however, will not offer the same level of protection as a sturdier chain.
Locks weighing over 3kg are not practical to carry around with you. They do make a great stationary storage solution for your garage or shed, where the chain can be permanently fixed in place. Match a chain lock with a ground anchor for the ultimate protection for your bike at home.
Chain links are usually built out of steel. However, premium chains will be constructed from hardened steel. By tempering the steel during forming, it becomes harder and less brittle. This makes it much tougher to cut through the links without serious equipment and time.
Triple heated Boron Manganese steel is exceptionally resistant to cutting style attacks while remaining ductile.
Chain links under 12mm can be cut with sustained effort with standard bolt cutters if the conditions are right.
Tip: Lock your bike in an awkward position to make it harder to use bolt cutters.
Only the heaviest duty bolt cutters will be needed for these links.
Remember, chain links need to be cut twice to break the link. This will take skill, time and effort.
Even the best hand operated bolt-cutters will struggle to tackle these links.
Tip: Keep your chain and lock off the floor. Freeze spray and a hammer strike can compromise the best chain locks.
You'll find most chain locks either come with an integrated lock or a separate padlock (or mini D-lock). A chain is only as strong as its weakest link, so make sure the lock is tough enough for your needs.
Look for double deadbolt locking mechanisms that make it much harder to pick or drill the lock open. The thicker the shackle diameter on the padlock or D-lock, the tougher it will be to cut through.
Most brands offer varying chain lengths to suit your needs. Consider where you're likely to be locking your bike.
Lengths under 1m will be useful in tight areas such as locking your bike to a rack, fence or post. 1.5m – 2m chains are useful for locking multiple frames to one spot in your garage (you won't be carrying these length chains with you as they're too heavy).
A great way to determine the quality of a bike lock is to see if it is Sold Secure Rated. This is a third party, UK independent rating system for bike locks.
An approved lock is graded as Gold, Silver or Bronze. The rating is chosen by how long it takes to break the lock and the tools needed to break it. If you're planning on insuring your bike, many insurers will state you need a Sold Secure rated lock to make a successful claim.
Metal chain links can quickly scuff your paintwork. Look for chain locks that come with plastic or canvas sleeves to protect your frame from damage.
It's also worth choosing a lock (whether integrated or separate) that has rubberised or bump proof shackles and crossbars to ensure your paintwork is safe.