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Copyright © 2020 Great Australian Story
Shady Creek Picnic
Exploring Haunted Stream
Author: Gordon Rowland
In the 1850's people flooded into Australia from all parts of the globe to seek their fortunes in gold. When I came to the land of Oz with my wife Sheila in the early sixties, it was not the lure of gold nor prospecting for work that enticed me to these shores. It was the dream of open spaces, of unspoiled land and the pioneering days of bushrangers that sparked my imagination. It was the challenge of a new world.
This story is set in East Gippsland, Victoria, a location that had a rich history in gold mining. Over the best part of 30 years I lived in Victoria with the family and spent weeks camping in the ancient ruins of mining ventures, investigating tunnels, digging among the forlorn remains of buildings abandoned as the mineral pickings tailed off. I enjoyed the library research in the Mines Department fossicking through records, copying the plans and maps of the mining sites. In particular I became fascinated with an old mining township called Stirling on Haunted Stream that flowed into the Tambo River. It was a township that developed in 1860 to 1920 and at its height had a population of several thousand people. It sported a Tavern and Hotel, a Police Lockup, a school, a slaughter yard and sports ground and artisans to serve the populace of a small town. This old township is about 30 kilometre's off the present Alpine Highway leading to Omeo.
My interest in Haunted Stream as an antiquity extended into the geology since the whole region of East Gippsland had a very diverse mineralogy. Apart from gold there had been mining ventures in Iron, lead, silver, wolfram, tin, barium and marble that extended to recent times. The landscape today is changed in such a way to make it unrecognizable from what it was in the 1870's. The Tambo River flowed through Mossiface where gold seekers set off to Omeo via Haunted Stream. Prospectors would rest in a camp beside the river before journeying on the long mountainous, heavily forested trek north. This tale began with an idea to trace the Old Omeo Coach Road that began in Bruthen, follows the mountain ridges and joined Doctors Flat on the now, new Alpine Highway.
The Sunday morning in winter had a light blue sky with a touch of mist left over from the night frost. This was a day to stretch the legs and mind, to go beyond the usual and explore the unknown. I had never been along the Old Omeo Coach Road that led through to Haunted Stream. It had always been on the agenda more particularly because it crossed Shady Creek, a valley running parallel and south of Stirling. Gold had been discovered there on the mountain side so presumably could be in the creek bed. We thought to make a short exploratory jaunt to test the terrain. If all went to plan it would only take an hour to get to Shady Creek, then time for a picnic, a walk about in the bush along the creek and then back for dinner before the night closed in. It shouldn't be a difficult track, I knew the condition of these roads and didn't expect any rough travel. I didn't feel the need for the Nissan four- wheel drive, something leisurely, like the Toyota Corolla seemed a comfortable choice. So with Sheila, Edward the Airedale, a picnic lunch, a flask of coffee and the ordinance survey map we started out for an afternoon adventure.
Many of the dirt roads in the district were well maintained since the logging industry was very active. We followed Engineers road north-west until the turn off at Navigation Road took us north. Somewhere along this track is a turnoff to Shady Creek, the Old Omeo Coach Road and is infrequently used and certainly not maintained. It simply is a cutting along the mountain ranges with the natural geology forming the roadway. The area in archaic times had been under the ocean with deposits of sand and fine silty mud. When mountains formed and the ground uplifted, this silt had undergone heat to metamorphose into flat plates of crumbling shale. So the track surface varied from large flat rocks in patches and broken down shale in hollows. Needless to say the vegetation on the slopes would not hold large trees for long and only sparse grass made the scenery one of a chaos of broken down trees.
As we slowly made our way to Shady creek with a watchful eye on the ordinance survey map it was apparent we were steadily descending along the side of mountains. It was now about 2:00 p.m. and the track became obviously steeper. I could see from the map there was not far to go, so rather than risk getting to the creek and finding it difficult to turn the car around. I chose to stop the car and explore on foot. This was a good time to stretch the legs and give Edward a run. The sky was a clear blue and with the sun still up, it was not cold. The walk down hill was shorter than I imagined and we were confronted with about two feet of crystal clear water running over polished rocks. The sides of the gully rose steeply around us casting shadows over the water. We had found Shady Creek but whether there was gold among the rocks was another matter for another day.
There didn't seem to be any continuation of the road on the other side of the creek, but it was in shadow and we were not prepared to get wet to investigate at this time. After this preliminary exploration we went back to the car for sandwiches and coffee while Edward continued to examine the prospects of a live chase. After our refreshments it was getting on to three o'clock and it was time to venture home again. The car appeared to be on a steeper slope than I intended so we thought a simple reverse with me giving an assisting push from the front should get her back up the slope.
Then trouble clawed its way into our pleasant jaunt as Sheila put the car into reverse gear and slowly let out the clutch. It moved about two meters back then came to an abrupt halt with spinning wheels. The left back wheel had dropped into a join between rocks. I jacked up the wheel and packed up the rut with branches then tried again. This time both back wheels spun on the mudstone rocks and no headway was made. Okay then, plan B. I hitched a tow rope with a lever pulley system to a tree on the uphill side of the track and started to winch the car backwards –"@$#*%*, the car moved back out of the rut but the front wheels swivelled off to the downhill side of the track. Now the car was at a steeper incline than it was before. After much huffing and puffing it was clear that any further attempts at getting the car on a level surface was doomed for failure. It was now four o'clock and the night gloom was about to descend; there was only one solution, get back home and bring the four-wheel drive out to retrieve the car.
Assessing our location on the map indicated that it was about 25 km to get back onto Navigation Road and since there would be no hope of traffic in that direction the alternative was to trek bush along the creek to join the Alpine Highway. Line of sight was about five km and perhaps we could be out by nightfall. Our usable possessions for the trek, was meagre and certainly not equipped for bushwalking. Mobile phones were not available in those days, but even if they were it would be unlikely to have a signal. We had no torch, no matches, no cooking utensils, no food and only a machete, a groundsheet and a thermos flask. We started off keeping the trickling sound of the creek to our left and followed the contour of the hills and made good progress. We had been walking for two hours when darkness began to descend on the valley. There had been no clouds in the sky so had expected to have some vision from the moonlight – it was not to be. There was no moon and the winter mist in the air obscured the stars, the night was pitch black and we couldn't see even an extended hand. We walked on like blind men, hands on shoulder stumbling into downed branches and into pit holes left by trees fallen from the roots. It was Edward who indicated enough was enough; he just sat down and refused to budge further. However, his idea of a good camping spot had obviously not been considered. The ground sloped steeply and consisted of loose shale so any idea of lying down on the ground could well have ended all of us rolling down the hill into the creek.
There was little alternative, a ledge had to be dug into the loose ground in total darkness and with this intent the machete made an improvised shovel. Having constructed a shelf we felt around on hands and knees to collect tufts of grass to cushion the projecting rocks on the seat. Sitting side by side, Edward sought the comfort of lying across our knees and promptly fell asleep. Surprisingly, we too slept soundly with our Edward blanket until the stirring of daylight at about 5 o'clock – it was Monday morning and only water for breakfast. We knew Edward had found breakfast after he flew into the bush and returned with feathers around his mouth.
We continued to follow the rippling sound of the creek on our left but with daylight it was now possible to identify our progress on the ordinance survey map. So near, yet so far. The tortuous trek estimated to take a few hours walk took no account of rising hills and dipping valleys. Nor did it account for the twisting and turning river. When valleys aligned to form a transit from our location and the road we could hear the sound of cars running the highway. On running out of water we followed a gully down to the creek to replenish the thermos flask and discovered an old leather boot near a river diversion to sluice for gold. Obviously a place to explore at some other time.
It took us all day before finally crawling over the guardrails and onto the road at 4:00 pm, tired and forlorn. It was little wonder that hitching a 40 mile ride back to town proved difficult. Who would pick up two bedraggled people, one carrying a machete the other, with a big dog on a lead. Eventually, a utility farming truck stopped and we most gratefully accepted a lift home. But it was not the end of the drama. On arrival home a Police car was in the driveway preparing to start a search for two missing people who they thought may have had a suicide pact in mind.
The following day I took the four-wheel drive to collect the abandoned car. There were lessons to learn from this adventure; no matter how experienced, human judgement of circumstances cannot encompass all eventualities; small errors have a habit of becoming big ones – so always be prepared.
Haunted Stream
Tambo River
Mossiface
Omeo
Bruthen
228 users have voted.
Other stories by Gordon Rowland


If there is an experience that is traumatizing, serving a jail term is one of them. It is one of the most unpleasant experience that one has to undergo. Thankfully, there is always a way out - you do not have to be anxious before you exhaust all the possible avenues. You need to consider hiring a bail bond agent - it is one of the most practical solutions you can get. These professionals will see to it that you do not serve the jail terms you may be given. What is more, the trial processes may take extremely long - and that can be emotionally draining.
There are plenty of bail bond agencies like the A Be Out Bail Bonding agency; it should not be a difficult task for anyone to locate the one that will be sensitive to their needs; provided you know the attributes of an ideal professional. However, it can be tricky when you do not have experience regarding the options that you may have. You see, nearly all the bail bond professionals that you will encounter will promise you converting services, even if they know they are still new in the field. That is why you should see to it that you carry out an extensive research before you can say you are ready to work with the bail bond agency in question. Here are fundamental elements that you may need to consider when identifying the bail bond agency that will take care of your needs adequately.
First, you need to look at the testimonials that they have. Go through their Absolute Bail Bonds websites. Find out about the credibility of their business. You need to be sure if they are indeed a ratified and approved service providers.
You also need to ensure that they are charging the right prices. They should not take advantage of you. Make sure their services are reasonable. Typically, your bail bond professional ought to charge you at least 10 percent of the total bail amount. And this should be done in the right manner. Know more facts at this website http://www.ehow.com/how_1000708_become-bail-bondsman.html about bail bond.
You should also look at the time they will take to get your loved one out of the jail. A dependable bail bond should understand the level of urgency - and so they should act fast. Avoid the companies that will dillydally - your loved one is suffering. In fact, an ideal bail bond professional should even complete the entire process via a phone or email. They just have to take your essential details. Depending on the holding facility, you may have to wait for around 10 to 12 hours before your loved one is released.
Be sure to go for the bail bond service that has a good name out there. A bail bond professional that has a good name out there will guarantee you amazing services.


Armstrong Energy is asking the state to expand its prospective Pikka North Slope oil and gas unit, which the company already believes holds upwards of 1.5 billion barrels of recoverable oil.
The expansion application, submitted to the Department of Natural Resources Sept. 19, requests the department add 14,400 acres to Pikka in leases adjacent to the southern portion of the current unit.
Pikka was approved in June 2015 as a 63,300-acre unit situated between Caelus Energy's Oooguruk Unit to the east and ConocoPhillips' Colville River Unit to the west.
Armstrong Energy, a Denver-based independent, is the Pikka operator on behalf of its working interest owner partners Repsol, a Spanish major, and GMT Exploration, a small Denver-based independent.
Armstrong took over as the operator of Pikka and the 51 percent majority owner of the Nanushuk project in late 2015 after the company agreed to swap ownership stakes with Repsol.
The leases in the first expansion are held solely by Armstrong. The state and Arctic Slope Regional Corp. hold joint mineral and royalty interests in the expansion leases. Armstrong acquired them in May 2015.
Bill Armstrong, founder and CEO of his namesake company, said in a September interview with the Journal that he believes the Nanushuk development in Pikka could eventually support production upwards of 120,000 barrels per day. Getting there, however, will likely require about $5 billion of investment over the next five-plus years, according to Armstrong.
The company is currently working through the early stages of the environmental impact statement process with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for the Nanushuk project in Pikka.
According to the expansion application, Pikka needs to be expanded to fully develop the Nanushuk project. The additional area could support up to 88 wells targeting the Nanushuk, Alpine and Kuparuk formations.
Since 2011, Armstrong and Repsol have drilled 16 wells and sidetracks, which all produced, in what is now the Pikka Unit, he said.
Armstrong has applied to drill two delineation wells, Pikka No. 1 and Pikka No. 1A within the proposed expansion area. The company also plans to drill an exploration well on state leases about 25 miles to the south of Pikka this winter into similar formations based on a seismic data shoot conducted last year, according to Armstrong.
The Division of Oil and Gas is seeking public comments on the Pikka expansion application through Oct. 31.


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Q: Можно ли использовать CollapsingToolbarLayout для других элементов, кроме Toolbar? Можно ли использовать CollapsingToolbarLayout не только для сплющивания Toolbar, но и для других элементов. К примеру TextView с какой-нибудь инфой, полями для ввода текста. Например, заполнил их, нажал кнопку и внизу появился пункт списка. И если это список начать листать вниз, то TextView и остальные элементы сплющатся и исчезнут.

A: Да, можно. Просто поместите свою разметку в CollapsingToolbarLayout указав ей как реагировать на скролл через аттрибут app:layout_collapseMode
<android.support.design.widget.CollapsingToolbarLayout
    android:id="@+id/collapsing_toolbar"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="300dp"
    app:layout_scrollFlags="scroll|exitUntilCollapsed"
    android:fitsSystemWindows="true">

    <LinearLayout
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="match_parent"
        android:fitsSystemWindows="true"
        app:layout_collapseMode="parallax">
            <!-- сюда можно поместить всё, что угодно -->
    </LinearLayout>

</android.support.design.widget.CollapsingToolbarLayout>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Black exterior, Black interior. 383ci V8 engine, automatic transmissison, Power steering, Power brakes, Vinyl top. This El Camino is very clean inside and out. The exterior black paint has a nice shine and shows very well with the black vinyl top. Inside, the interior door panels, bench seat, dash, and steering wheel all are in great condition. The 383ci V8 engine makes good power with an aluminum intake and headers while still having perfect street manners. The automatic transmission shifts smooth with no slipping or jerking. The bed and bed floor are very nice and has been taken care of. Underneath this truck is solid and shows no signs of rust or rot in the frame or floor pans. Some features include; power brakes, power steering, air conditioning, AM/FM radio, rally wheels, front disc brakes, Goodyear tires, and much more. If you are looking for a daily driver or weekend show car, this El Camino has it all. It is priced to sell and will not last long! Come out to see it in person today!
Our Price: $21,995. Financing Available with long terms and low rates.


A man was shot to death at his Third Ward home by a masked attacker, police say.
Horace Jackson, 56, was killed shortly before midnight Saturday at his home in the 6200 block of Sherwood. He suffered a gunshot wound to the head and was found lying on the ground, police say.
"The suspect was wearing all black, with a black mask over his face, and had a 'poofy' pony tail," HPD says. "He is described only as a black male, 30 to 40 years of age, weighing 150 to 170 pounds."
Anyone with information regarding the shooting is urged to contact the HPD Homicide Division at 713-308-3600 or Crime Stoppers at713-222-TIPS.


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Review: Acer Aspire R13
|In Laptops and netbooks, Laptops & portable PCs, PC & Mac
Like other PC manufacturers, Acer has been experimenting with the convertible Ultrabook form factor. That journey started with last year's Aspire R7, a multimodal laptop with an easel stand and a 15-inch display that makes it look and feel more like a transforming all-in-one desktop than a convertible notebook. This year's Aspire R13 shows Acer has been listening to user feedback in slimming its multimodal design.
Starting at just $899 (£610, AU$1,170) with the latest Intel Broadwell processors and a 13-inch touchscreen display, the Acer Aspire R13 challenges convertibles including the Lenovo Yoga 3 Pro ($1,249, £850, AU$1,625), HP Spectre x360 ($1,149, £780, AU$1,495), and detachable 2-in-1s like the Surface Pro 3 ($799, £545, AU$1,040) and the Dell Venue 11 Pro 7000 series ($749, £510, AU$975).
These convertibles offer users the flexibility of using at least two different form factors – tablet or notebook – and the 360-degree swiveling hinges of the Spectre x360 and Yoga 3 Pro allow these hybrids to offer additional usage modes that compete with the swiveling screen on the Aspire R13.
However, given its Ultrabook heritage, the Acer Aspire R13 also competes in the traditional thin and powerful laptop category. Some strong competitors in this space include the 13-inch Apple MacBook Air, Dell XPS 13, and Asus Zenbook UX305.
Like the more traditional Aspire S7, Acer uses a glass lid on the Aspire R13, giving it a more premium design. The glass lid design was originally pioneered by HP to give a nice sheen to premium Ultrabooks and an alternative to aluminum-clad offerings. Like the Envy 14 Spectre from early 2012, the drawback is that the black glass top is a fingerprint magnet on the Aspire R13 and could make the laptop more fragile than an aluminum or plastic lid design.
With the lid closed, the Aspire R13 looks unfinished with missing parts. That's because the frame that houses the swiveling screen only covers the bottom half of the screen, leaving the top part open, unlike the full frame used on Dell's XPS 12's swiveling screen.
It's this unique hinged screen design that gives the Aspire R13 a larger footprint than traditional 13-inch laptops. For comparison, measuring 13.54 x 9.07 x 0.71 inches (34.39 x 23.04 x 1.80cm), the Aspire R13 is wider and longer, but slimmer, than the 14-inch Lenovo ThinkPad T450s, which comes in at 13.03 x 8.90 x 0.83 inches (33.10 x 22.61 x 2.11cm). Even though the Aspire R13 is the same thickness as the 13-inch MacBook Pro with Retina display, it takes up more desk space than the 12.35 x 8.62-inch (31.37 x 21.89cm) base dimensions of Apple's laptop.
Coming in at 3.31 pounds (1.50kg), the Aspire R13's weight is heavier than some consumer Ultrabooks. Apple's MacBook Air with a similar screen size weighs only 2.97 pounds (1.35kg) while the MacBook Pro with Retina display comes in at 3.48 pounds (1.58kg), but has a more solid unibody aluminum construction. Dell's sleek XPS 13 is 2.8 pounds (1.27kg) with a touchscreen.
Another downside to the unique Ezel hinge is that the lid is difficult to open because there isn't much surface to grip with the open top design. Once the lid is open, you'll find the screen can be positioned in up to six different modes – two more modes than on the Lenovo Yoga 3 Pro.
You can use the Aspire R13 in Notebook, Ezel, Stand, Pad (tablet), Tent, or Display modes. Despite the number of multi-modes for the screen, it's doubtful that users will regularly use all the modes available. For example, unless I am using the optional stylus, Ezel mode is very similar to notebook mode, and I found myself mainly using the traditional notebook form factor after the novelty of the swiveling display ran out.
All the usage modes highlight the bright IPS display, which presents images with good saturation, vivid colors, and wide viewing angles.
For those who prefer typing, the Notebook mode will offer a traditional Ultrabook experience. The matte, dark grey plastic keyboard deck houses full-sized chicklet keys.
I found that the keyboard backlight emits an odd aqua-green hue, and it isn't bright so you'll likely find it useful only in the darkest of workspaces. Additionally, key travel is shallow, so typing doesn't feel too comfortable, despite the keys being responsive and springy.
Given the large footprint of the Aspire R13 compared to Ultrabooks with a similar display size, Acer hasn't made the most of the space available. There isn't a dedicated row of function keys, which isn't too big of a deal. The problem is that Acer moved a few of the lesser used symbol keys around on the keyboard, leading to extremely shrunken Caps Lock and Esc keys.
Although the keyboard could be improved to offer more key travel, I found the wide, clickable trackpad comfortable to use. The trackpad is sensitive and accurate, offering great cursor tracking precision.
The left side of the Aspire R13 houses two USB ports along with a full-size HDMI port, while the right side houses the memory card slot and a third USB port.
The Aspire R13 has stereo bottom-firing speakers on the undercarriage, which itself is made up of soft-touch plastic. Advertised with what Acer dubs as "cinematic surround sound," the built-in Dolby Digital Plus Home Theater speakers are crisp, even at high volumes, but lack bass, an understandable compromise given the slim body of the notebook.
Specifications and usage modes
If you're looking for a stylish Ultrabook that will grow with you, the base $899 (£610, AU$1,170) configuration for the Aspire R13 probably represents the best value. At that price, the Aspire R13 will compete with notebooks with a traditional clamshell form factor, like the $1,299 (£885, AU$1,690) configuration of the Dell XPS 13 with its bezel-less infinity display, $1,149 (£780, AU$1,495) Lenovo Yoga 3 Pro, and the $999 (£680, AU$1,300) Apple MacBook Air with a 13-inch display.
The main difference between the Aspire R13 and more traditional notebooks is that it can readily convert into a tablet – among other form factors – so you don't need to travel with both a laptop and a tablet.
Here's how the unit sent to TechRadar for review was configured:
Processor: 2.4GHz dual-core Intel Core i7-5500U
Graphics: Intel HD 5000 with shared memory
Memory: 8GB RAM (DDR3L, 1,600Mhz)
Storage: 256GB SSD
Screen: 13.3-inch WQHD, 2,560 x 1,440 touchscreen
Camera: 720p webcam
Wireless: Bluetooth 4.0; 802.11ac (B/G/N), dual-band Wi-Fi
Ports: HDMI, 2x USB 3.0 (one always-on charging port), 1x USB 2.0, memory card reader, 3.5mm combo jack
Battery: Four-cell
OS: Windows 8.1
As configured, our review unit has a suggested retail price of $1,299 (£885, AU$1,690). Upgrading the solid state drive to a 512GB capacity will give you the priciest configuration for the Aspire R13 series, bringing the cost to $1,499 (£1,020, AU$1,950). The entry-level configuration ships with a dual-core Broadwell Core i5 processor with integrated Intel HD 5500 graphics, 8GB RAM, 128GB SSD, and a 13.3-inch full HD resolution touchscreen.
Usage modes
With six usage modes, the Aspire R13 also improves on the design of the Aspire R7. Rather than having the touchpad above the keyboard deck, the Aspire R13 reverts to a more traditional design with the trackpad below the keyboard deck. Not only is this more familiar, but with the screen tilted and angled in "Ezel," or easel, mode, the display no longer covers the touchpad.
In the more traditional notebook mode, I found that the Aspire R13 is comfortable to use, despite its larger footprint than a traditional notebook with the same screen size. The WQHD resolution display is a joy to use.
In notebook mode, just tilting the screen using the side hinges will engage the Ezel mode. The result is similar to an artist's ease. This mode still provides access to the keyboard and touchpad, but brings the screen closer to the user.
Stand mode is similar to Ezel mode, but gives the screen a lower profile. This mode is similar to opening the kickstand to its wider settings on the Surface Pro 3, and provides for an angled canvas, similar to what digital artists have with a Wacom Cintiq tablet. When used with the optional Active Stylus, stand mode provides for a comfortable position to sketch and draw.
I prefer the hinge mechanism on the Surface Pro 3 over the Ezel hinge on the Aspire R13 when using either the Ezel mode or stand mode. The Surface Pro 3 has a stiffer hinge that makes it harder to accidentally tilt the screen when pressure is applied, a trait that's useful when resting my hand or palm on the screen when using a digital stylus for inking or drawing.
Pad mode converts the notebook into a tablet. Given the heavier 3.31-pound weight of the Aspire R13 over the 1.75-pound (0.79kg) Surface Pro 3 without the keyboard or a 0.96-pound (0.44kg) iPad Air 2, I found myself not using pad mode all too often.
In the kitchen, when cooking, I prefer using the Epicurious Windows app and tent mode. This mode keeps the keyboard away from the hazards of the kitchen – like splashes of water, liquids and flour.
The last mode, display mode, will probably be used most by students and business professionals. For students, it brings the screen forward and hides the keyboard, giving a clear view for movies, photos, and media. For business users, the mode is great for small, casual presentations.
Performance and benchmarks
Equipped with Intel's latest Broadwell processors and integrated graphics, the performance of the Aspire R13 is consistent with the Ultrabook category, posting similar results to the Dell XPS 13 and the Zenbook UX305.
PCMark 8: Home: 2,258; Work: 2,190
PCMark 8 Battery Life: 3 hour and fifteen minutes (50% screen brightness)
3DMark: Fire Strike: 656; Cloud Gate: 3,716; Sky Diver: 2,248
Cinebench: GPU: 26.22 fps; CPU: 207
Although within range, the results show that in many of the categories, the Aspire R13 fared slightly worse than the Ultrabook average. The higher WQHD resolution display, compared to a standard full HD display on standard Ultrabook, may be a culprit of the slightly degraded performance numbers.
Despite having a weaker Intel Core i5 processor and the same Intel HD 5500 integrated graphics, the Dell XPS 13 with QHD+ display fared better than the Aspire 13 in graphics tests.
Dell's XPS 13 posted better performance in all three 3DMark benchmarks than the Aspire R13, scoring 4,935, 2,745 and 739 for the Cloud Gate, Sky Diver and Fire Strike tests respectively. The Aspire R13 performed better in the PCMark Home test, posting a score of 2,258, compared to the 2,104 on the XPS 13. Processor performance using the Cinebench tool is also higher on the XPS 13, with a score of 258 compared to the 207 on the Aspire R13.
Similarly, despite an even weaker Intel Core M processor on our Asus Zenbook UX305 review and lesser HD 5300 graphics, the performance difference compared to the Aspire R13 is negligible. It's unclear why the Aspire R13 didn't post stronger numbers given its Broadwell Core i7 processor.
The Zenbook UX305 posted similar CPU scores to the Aspire R13 with the Cinebench test, but the GPU performance is weaker with a score of 21.28 fps compared to the 26.22 fps on the Aspire R13.
In my real-world usage, despite degraded numbers, the Aspire R13 had no issues opening multiple apps, running multiple Chrome tabs, working with Adobe Photoshop and basic video editing with Adobe Premiere.
The problem I had with the Aspire R13 is that the Ultrabook runs warmer than competitors like the MacBook Air and the ThinkPad T450s. With heat output being high, though not overly hot that the Aspire R13 couldn't be used on a lap, the fan would kick in, and fan noise became an issue.
Another issue with noise is that unless the Aspire R13 is fully shut down, I found that my review unit emitted a high pitch buzz when it is put to sleep. Unless you have sensitive ears, most users likely wouldn't notice this high pitch buzz.
Battery life is commendable, but not great. The Aspire R13 managed just under seven hours of continuous usage with screen brightness set to 50% performing various tasks as occasional photo cropping in Photoshop, streaming YouTube videos, browsing the internet on multiple Chrome windows and running the Pidgin messaging client in the background.
Digital inking
Unlike the Surface Pro 3, digital inking is more of a bonus afterthought on the Aspire R13. The Acer Active Stylus is an optional $50 (£35, AU$65) accessory, and one that is usable, but lacks the sensitivity and precision of the Surface Pen.
Despite Acer's claim of 255 levels of pressure sensitivity, I found that pressure sensitivity is not as precise as the pens for the Surface Pro 2 or Surface Pro 3, when used for drawing and painting. Additionally, palm rejection is a mixed bag on the Aspire R13. For taking notes, I found that the unit would sometimes not recognize and reject my palm when I am using the pen, resulting in my hand registering errant inputs on the screen.
The pen seems more suited for casual use than for creative professionals and digital artists. It's fine to mark up a PDF for edits and comments, sign digital documents, or the occasional sketches, but creative professionals likely may want to look at other options for more precise work.
As an Ultrabook, Acer has delivered a solid, if not slightly larger, offering in the Aspire R13. Acer's transforming convertible is more affordably priced than many traditional Ultrabooks, yet delivers more form factors and usage modes for consumers to interact with, consume, and create content. Solid, if not average, specs and performance make this a great choice for those needing a touchscreen convertible.
The converting Ezel hinge makes for a versatile computing experience with six usage modes, highlighting a great IPS display. At its base configuration, this device offers a great value for its performance.
Solid build quality and a unique design also give the Aspire R13 plenty of desk appeal, but at this time it's unclear how well the glass lid will hold up over time.
Given that most people wouldn't use all of the modes enabled by the Ezel hinge, it can sometimes feel like you're paying for unnecessary features. In my review of the Aspire R13, I find myself using only a few modes – tent mode in bed watching videos, display mode on my desk showcasing pictures and previewing presentations, notebook mode in my lap for a more traditional computing experience, and pad mode when reviewing documents for edits.
In fact, these commonly used modes are already found on Acer's competitors, like the Lenovo Yoga Pro 3 and the HP Spectre x360, making Ezel and stand mode seem like superfluous additions on the Aspire R13.
The major pitfall with the Aspire R13 is that despite its weaker benchmarked performance compared to systems with similar specifications, the unit runs warm and the fan is almost constantly on, leading to a rather distracting computing experience if you're hoping to use the Aspire R13 in a library or quiet room.
It's hard not to like Acer's interpretation of convertible notebooks. The Aspire R13 packs in a whopping six usage modes with a unique Ezel hinge, a design that as an Ultrabook makes the Aspire R13 feel unfinished with a partial frame. Even though real-world performance is on par with most Ultrabooks, the Aspire R13's benchmark scores were considerably lower than the business-class Lenovo ThinkPad T450s with a lesser processor.
While the base configuration delivers great price to performance value, what makes the Aspire R13 unique is its multimodal design. With more expensive configurations of the Aspire R13 – unless you need the multimodal computing experience Acer is selling – you may find better value in a fully configured Dell XPS 13 or Surface Pro 3, the former offering a more compact frame while the latter delivers a lighter body for use as a tablet with an optional keyboard to transform it into an Ultrabook.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Der Chinese FA Super Cup ist ein chinesischer Fußballwettbewerb, welcher vom Chinesischen Fußballverband vor der Saison zwischen dem Meister und dem Pokalsieger ausgetragen wird. Die erste Austragung geht auf das Jahr 1995 zurück. Sollte ein Team beide Titel gewonnen haben, tritt der Tabellenzweite der vorherigen Saison an. Die Rekordsieger sind Dalian Shide und Shanghai Shenhua.

Sieger und Finalisten

Einzelnachweise

Super Cup

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


When Stewart stood next to the statue, he asked former players and student assistants to file behind him. He told fans he wanted them to walk by the larger-than-life statue and think that they helped put it there. He wanted them to only view him as a representative for everyone who has been involved with the program.
The sculptor, Harry Weber, has also made statues of Frank White, Ozzie Smith, Stan Musial and Don Faurot, the last of which stands outside Memorial Stadium. Weber said he used 45 pictures of Stewart for reference, and he decided to make Stewart in the coach's signature pose, standing with a finger pointed.
Stewart's wife consulted Weber on the project and suggested changes. The coach only had one request: He wanted his statue to have hair.
Asked who he likes to think he's pointing at, Stewart first thought of referees.
Missouri unveiled a statue of revered basketball coach Norm Stewart outside Mizzou Arena on Friday, Nov. 10, 2017.
Stewart said he still is a coach, just with a different mission. He said he had not yet thought about how it would feel to go to Missouri basketball games and pass his own statue, and then he began talking about his family. He said this summer, his two grandsons stayed with him while waiting to join the Navy.
This was how the afternoon went for the old man from Shelbyville. He gave minutes long answers to every question, often talking his way into tangents from different decades. He said he learned from former Mizzou athletic director and football coach Dan Devine to stall reporters, because the second and third questions are tougher than the firsts.
That bigger test was meeting Stewart's wife and daughter, and Stewart said "after all these years," he trusts their opinion of a coach. A version of the coach they know best now stands outside Mizzou Arena.


Born in Totnes in 1960, perhaps it was inevitable that Guy Watson would end up earning a living from the land. His parents took over running Riverford Farm in Buckfastleigh in Devon in 1951. "My father had been demobbed and studied agriculture, as did my mother. I'd helped out on the farm from an early age.
"It's become a cliché, but at school I was pretty dyslexic. Studying didn't come easily. I was in the lower streams of the local comprehensive, but ended up going to Oxford to study agriculture and forestry sciences and got a first, so I didn't do too badly," he smiles.
A three-acre Riverford field produced enough vegetables to supply local shops. More land was used the year after, and by 1990, the year Watson got married, he could count numerous wholesalers and supermarkets as customers.
Demand grew steadily year on year, mostly by word of mouth. Riverford also began selling distribution franchises in 1998, which helped the business to grow.
Riverford now offers 100-plus products, grown at five cooperative-member farms (including one in France). Some 40,000 organic boxes are delivered each week to homes throughout the UK. Customers can also order Riverford organic meat, eggs, bread, milk and other dairy products.
Business has been tougher in recent years, Watson admits, partly because of the recession and partly because the media has become much more scathing about organic food. In mid-2007, Riverford's rapid growth came to a "fairly sudden stop" and it was time to overhaul the business and cut out waste in all areas to make it more efficient.
"Now we're enjoying modest growth again and we're a well-run and profitable business ― which is no small achievement these days," Watson notes.
• This piece appeared originally on the Start Up Donut website and was commissioned by Atom Content Marketing.


Pakistan described the bloody rampage in the northwestern city of Peshawar on Tuesday as its own "mini 9/11", saying it was a game changer in its fight against terror.
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif relinquished the six-year ban on the death penalty in terror-related cases two days after the school attack, with two militants convicted of separate terrorism offences the first to face the noose.
The Human Rights Watch termed the executions "a craven politicized reaction to the Peshawar killings", demanding that no further hangings be carried out.
"Pakistan's government has chosen to indulge in vengeful blood-lust instead of finding and prosecuting those responsible for the horrific Peshawar attack," the group said in a statement Saturday.
The two militants hanged Friday in central Punjab province were Aqil, who was convicted for an attack on the army headquarters in Rawalpindi in 2009, and Arshad Mehmood who was convicted for his involvement in a 2003 assassination attempt on former military ruler General Pervez Musharraf.
Around 1,000 people turned up for their burial in the town of Kahuta, around 18 miles southeast of Islamabad, according to an AFP photographer at the scene.
Meanwhile, Pakistan put all its airports on red alert Saturday as the military intensified its operations against militants in the country's lawless tribal areas.
The army was deployed to guard major prisons housing militants and a number of educational institutions, including the esteemed Quaid-e-Azam University in Islamabad, were shut indefinitely citing security threats.
Officials have said there would be up to ten more executions in the coming days.
Rights campaign group Amnesty International estimates that Pakistan has more than 8,000 prisoners on death row, with more than 500 of them convicted on terror-related charges, according to the government.
"This is a cynical reaction from the government. It masks a failure to deal with the core issue highlighted by the Peshawar attack, namely the lack of effective protection for civilians in north-west Pakistan,"Amnesty said about Friday's executions.
The United Nations also called for Pakistan to reconsider executing terror suspects, saying that "the death penalty has no measurable deterrent effect on levels of insurgent and terrorist violence" and "may even be counter-productive".
Seven militants were killed on Saturday morning in two separate incidents as security forces hit their hideouts in the restive northwest.
A US drone strike in the lawless tribal area also hit a militant compound killing five militants early Saturday.
The atrocity was already the deadliest terror attack in Pakistan's troubled history, surpassing the 139 killed in bomb blasts targeting former prime minister Benazir Bhutto in 2007.
But the head of the hardline Islamabad Red Mosque slammed the army operation in North Waziristan as "un-Islamic" and said the TTP slaughter in Peshawar was understandable.
"O rulers, O people in power, if you will commit such acts, there will be a reaction," Maulana Abdul Aziz told worshippers in his Friday sermon.
Around 250 people protested outside the Red Mosque in Friday evening, denouncing hardliners like Abdul Aziz as Taliban sympathisers.
Later, the Islamabad police registered a case against the cleric for threatening the protesters after they staged a sit-in protest outside a local police station demanding a case against the cleric.


Don't ask me why Sweden and Denmark are on vacation together. They're probably visiting some convention or something. Most likely the worst vacation ever for both of them.
Better tell me what was on those postcards. But, judging by Norway's face, I already have a pretty good idea.
Well, Norway and Denmark are pretty much a cople anyway, so it shouldn't be that big a problem.
[Edit] Uh wait, I just realized that if Denmark copied the whole text, it says "Love, Sweden" at the end of Norway's postcard too... Oh my.
@Kyasarin I know how that realization feels.
Or do what I have done.
Send one post card, on it write.
Wait a few days, send a second one.
"Follow the instructions on the first postcard."
Here's what might have been on that card that Denmark copied word for word... except for the recipient's name.


Regarding my critique on the contemporary "Relativity of Simultaneity" paradigm as introduced in science by Einstein through his thought experiment involving an "observer travelling in a train carriage" : you can download by clicking here my critique as a mp4 video file based "relativity of simultaneity" exposition. Please allow your computer some time to download this mp4 file of about 25 Mbyte. Please activate also the speakers of your computer when playing the video in order to listen to the verbal parts of my exposition. You can also look at and listen to the same video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ex0bATIFg3M.
Simultaneity of events : by definition "simultaneous" means that events happen at the very same time instant.
Simultaneity of events in real space of course exists. In fact simply everything that is happening at this very time instant (moment) in whatever part of real space (universe) is happening simultaneously. Therefore, "simultaneity" itself is not an issue but it becomes an issue when an observer, present in a specific location in real space, needs to decide on the simultaneity of two events (which occurred in two other locations in real space) on the basis of the information that is arriving at the location of the observer and on the basis of the time of arrival of that information. The information carriers could moreover be of different types : light (photons), sound waves, electrons ... The observer uses that information to make his decision about simultaneity but the observer knows that all information arriving at her/his location in real space is information from the past. Indeed, no information carrier has an infinitely high velocity.
According to Einstein there is a problem regarding the decision on simultaneity when considering two different observers at different velocities and when having photons as information carriers. Einstein however was not aware of the possibility to measure the real (absolute) velocity of a reference frame in real (absolute) space as explained in 4.1 at this website. The observers are thus able to produce the information "d)" by using a real (absolute) velocity measuring device. It is thus also possible to decide on simultaneity by both observers. This is further looked into in detail in this section.
moving) to decide on the simultaneity of two events which happen at the same time instant, Einstein used a thought experiment in which he introduces a moving train compartment and an observer Obs1 "at rest" along a railway track. In the train compartment there is an observer Obs2, thus not "at rest" relative to the track, since Obs2 travels along with the train compartment.
"Observers who take the railway train as their reference-body must therefore come to the conclusion that the lightning flash B took place earlier than the lightning flash A. We thus arrive at the important result. Events which are simultaneous with reference to the embankment are not simultaneous with respect to the train, and vice versa (relativity of simultaneity). Every reference-body (co-ordinate system) has its own particular time; unless we are told the reference-body to which the statement of time refers, there is no meaning in a statement of the time of an event. Now before the advent of the theory of relativity it had always tacitly been assumed in physics that the statement of time had an absolute significance, i.e. that it is independent of the state of motion of the body of reference. But we have just seen that this assumption is incompatible with the most natural definition of simultaneity".
- Obs2 would definitely observe the flash from B (thus earlier than Obs1 would observe that flash) but Obs2 has nevertheless also simply travelled to a location to the right of M during the travelling time of the lightning flash from B in the direction of M. Obs2 is thus clearly NOT at the location M when observing the lightning flash coming from B !!!
- Obs2 will observe the flash from A later than Obs1 but has nevertheless travelled even more to the right of M when compared to the location where Obs2 observes the flash from B. Obs2 is thus also NOT at the location M when observing the lightning flash coming from A and even is in another location than the location where the lightning flash coming from B was observed by Obs2 !!!
Einstein strangely seems to have missed these obvious facts and from these considerations, Einstein's thought experiment can therefore to be analyzed in some more detail. In that analysis the real (absolute) velocity measuring device can be used since the location of the train compartment at the time instants of the arrival of the flashes from the locations A and B, at the train compartment in which Obs2 resides, need to be calculated from the train velocity and travelling times.
An accurate time measurement system is also needed: a light clock is thus introduced here. An alternative set-up which allows for a light clock function while holding in a rigid frame a laser, a mirror and a sensor, is (extremely schematically) illustrated in Figure 18.
- the laser is being pulsed at an accurate and high frequency and is sending the very small laser pulses in a perfect vertical y-direction towards the mirror.
- the mirror's reflecting plane is perfectly perpendicular to y.
- the distance between the Laser and the Mirror is dLM.
- the semi-transparent sensor is receiving the mirror reflected laser pulses and is accurately counting those.
Such set-up can function as an accurate light clock. An observer who is moving at a constant speed horizontally in the x-direction along with the real (absolute) velocity measuring device can read this clock. It should be clear to you in the mean time that this light clock is totally different from the light clock as described in the literature by contemporary physics : see again Figure 5 at this website with respect to the totally wrong graphical representation as claimed by contemporary physics with respect to the light pulses moving exactly between the midpoints of both mirrors. Please totally forget about the totally wrong representations by contemporary physics of light as "rays of light" in the artificial reference frames since, with respect to that approach, it should be very clear to you in the mean time that the real phenomena of the photons travelling in real space are not saved at all by that type of graphical represenation !
- one could try to criticize such clock, when questioning the effect of an additional constant velocity component in the y-direction AND eventually also additionally in the z-direction (z being perpendicular to the x-y plane). However, one will quickly understand that, when e.g. having an additional velocity component vy upward in the y-direction, the laser pulse travels towards the mirror from the source and thus needs a somewhat increased travelling time to arrive at the mirror as a result of the value of vy, but that this is completely compensated for by the equally decreased travelling time for the laser pulse to return to the sensor after reflection. One will also quickly understand that an additional velocity component vz in the z-direction does not change anything with respect to the trajectory of the laser pulse in real (absolute) space. This is clear from the laser pulse's trajectory in real (absolute) space. The photon/laser pulse trajectory is locked in real (absolute) space by the original absolute launching position in real space and, from that moment on, is travelling perfectly in the y-direction. As a result: after being launched perfectly perpendicular to the mirror from the laser, the distance that the laser pulse needs to travel from the laser to the laser pulse counting detector, is thus exactly twice dLM, for whatever velocity vector of the set-up.
It is then obvious that the velocity vx has no effect at all on the measurement of time by the laser clock. Whatever value of vx, the laser pulse in reality always travels in real (absolute) space exactly the same trajectory (thus forth and back distance) and since the speed of light is constant this takes exactly the same time for the laser pulse to travel that distance. If a person would argue that in the discussion one has only a laser pulse that travels in the y-direction perpendicular to the x-direction, that argument can be easily countered by introducing similar clocks for each direction. These three clocks (respectively linked to vx, vy and vz) evidently show an independent time measurement but they will all keep running perfectly synchronized for whatever (value and direction of the) velocity vector v. [Even if that same person then also would point to the effects of rotation regarding the light clock then such argument also could be countered by introducing an (although expensive) gyroscope controlled system to circumvent rotation effects].
When thus having two space ships at different velocities in space and both equipped with the same build of clock, it is then obvious that time measurement will be identical in both ships. When both clocks would be compared after having travelled in space at different velocities, the clocks would still run perfectly synchronized. Of course this statement will be fiercely attacked by relativity paradigm supporters from the "existing literature" and from the "experimental results". In section 5.2 however an indication is suggested with respect to an aspect that was not looked into up to now, concerning the Michelson and Morley experiment. The null result during that Michelson and Morley experiment could indeed be well influenced by the effect as presented in Figures 3, 4, 10 and 11. More details on that aspect will be given in section 5.2. If that aspect indeed has been overlooked in the Michelson and Morley experiment and if the experiment would be checked and eventually redesigned in order to counter that aspect, thereby eventually leading to a NON null, the supporters of the relativity paradigm will surely need to reconsider their belief in their paradigms.
Moreover, these supporters already need to explain the result of the straightforward laser experiment as shown in Figure 2 on this website. Other experimental data in the literature, e.g. the Eddington photographs with respect to the deflection of light by the sun (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity) could eventually also be looked into, from the additional effect of our planet's velocity in space. Reference in that respect is made here to the discussion in section 4.2 on the observation of Obs2 when photons as information carriers and the significant difference in perceived and actual positions, thus also the angular differences in the observation direction, depending on the time instant of the day (morning, midday, evening, night) which well could/can influence additionally the recording of the position of stars from the observation of their "rays of light".
Let's now reconsider Einstein's theoretical thought experiment with a train carriage and an observer Obs1 who is "at rest" along the train track. This is a typical "classic relativity" point of view: the "non moving" train track and thus the "non moving" observer along the train track are considered to be "at rest" in the human mind but in the mean time one must realize that the "non-moving observer at rest" and the train track in reality will be positioned on earth and thus travel through space at a very high speed. The human mind is of course able "to make abstractions" and think virtually of Obs1 to be "at rest" but one must then also admit that in reality there would be an important flaw in Einstein's thought experiment if it would be claimed that Obs1 is "really at rest" and "thus will see in reality the light flashes at the same time as a result of Obs1's location M, exactly in the middle of A and B". If one in such case would insist on the possibility that Obs1 could see both light flashes at exactly the same time then there would also be the very strict demand that Obs1 is really "at rest" and this would in fact invoke the need of the existence of "absolute rest". This is of course in deep conflict with the notion of "relativity" altogether. In Einstein's thought experiment and from an "absolute" point of view, the definition of the observer Obs1 to be "at rest" would only be true if Obs1 would actually read her/his absolute velocity to be zero from the absolute velocity measuring device at her/his disposal ! Consequently it is necessary to introduce the real (absolute) velocity measuring device in the thought experiment of Einstein.
Consider therefore both observers Obs1 (Obs1 in Einstein's thought experiment is the observer in location M along the train track) and Obs2 (Obs2 is the observer in the train compartment) to each have a real (an absolute) velocity measuring device at their disposal. Obs1 will then measure her/his velocity in reality NOT to be zero, certainly also from the fact of the earth's very high velocity in space and therefore Obs1 admits that the statement "I am at rest" is only true in the virtual construction of the mathematical Obs1 reference frame. Obs1 then also admits that in reality in real space (s)he is moving at an astounding velocity, from the presence on our planet. It then becomes clear to Obs1 that in reality (s)he would experience the very same simultaneity problem which was imposed by Einstein on Obs2 : both observers are in fact not at rest at all in reality. If the human mind is persistent in stating that a train track and an observer Obs1 along a train track can be considered to be "at rest" it is then again obvious that the human mind is imposing on reality a "virtual reality". When thus performing Einstein's thought experiment in reality, the observer Obs1 along the train track on earth is thus simply not at absolute rest and thus also would NOT observe both lightening flashes at the same time, in the very same way as Einstein explains this for the observer Obs2 present in the train compartment.
However, let's now make sure to have a "thought" experiment in which Obs1 is indeed NOT in some virtual/artificial mathematical "space" "at rest" but in absolute rest in real (absolute) space by using a real (an absolute) velocity measuring device, in order to assure that the Obs1 reference frame is not moving at all in real (absolute) space. Einstein's thought experiment then indeed can in fact be fully calculated in order to prove that both observers Obs1 and Obs2 are perfectly able to make a statement on simultaneity. In order to do such, let's slightly change the set-up of Einstein's theoretical thought experiment of a train track on earth and an observer along the track by introducing a perfectly linear track AB being at absolute rest in real (absolute) space (absolute rest now being checked by a three axis's based real (absolute) velocity measuring system set-up in positions A and B as illustrated in Figure 13) and a space ship travelling along that track (illustrated very schematically in Figure 19).
It would even be perfectly possible to calculate in the very same way the events for a train experiment but then the time interval values which need to be considered are THAT small (but not zero) that one, as a reader, would find things rather unclear. So let's do the calculation for the much easier apprehendable situation of a fast space ship while having real (absolute) velocity measuring devices and laser pulse based clocks.
An observer Obs2 is on board of the space ship and has a real (an absolute) velocity measuring device. Obs2 is thus able to measure exactly the real (absolute) velocity of the space ship. An observer Obs1 is located in M (AM=MB) along the track also has a real (an absolute) velocity measuring device, indicating a zero real(absolute) velocity. Obs1 is now REALLY at rest in space as in contrast with Einstein's observer along the train track being VIRTUALLY "at rest". For the simplicity of calculations and ease-of-demonstration reasons, the distance dAM from point A to M (dBM between B and M) is arbitrarily chosen to be 3 light seconds (about 900 000 000 m) and the constant real (absolute) velocity of the ship to be 700 000 m/sec. In both points A and B there is a laser (also at perfect rest, as controlled by the presence of a real (an absolute) velocity measuring device at these locations). Both lasers fire at exactly the same moment a laser pulse towards M (LPA from A and LPB from B).
The space ship arrives exactly at t=0 at position M at the moment (t=0) that the laser pulses are fired but evidently has the speed of 700 000 m/sec. Since Obs1 now is really at absolute rest, both laser pulses will effectively arrive at exactly the same time (after three seconds) at M in a way that Obs1 can conclude for sure that they were fired at the same time (Obs1 knows the exact distances AM and BM, thus that AM=BM).
the precise time instants that the laser pulses were fired from A and B, then Obs2 is evidently perfectly capable to decide on the pulses being fired simultaneous or not, which is the issue here. It is indeed not necessary for Obs2 to observe both pulses, which were fired in the past, simultaneous at the time instant t = 3 seconds, as in the case of Obs1 who indeed observes the two pulses simultaneously (since Obs1 is simply in the middle of AB and at perfect/aboslute rest). The train compartment or the space ship however will both NOT be at location M when the lightning or the laser pulses arrive but even in two different locations to the right of M since the train compartment or the space ship simply has travelled further during the travelling time of both lightning signals or the laser pulses from the locations A and B in the direction of M.
So, let's calculate the time and the meeting locations WHEN and WHERE the space ship is meeting the laser pulses LPA and LPB , respectively coming from the locations of A and B.
300000000 m/sec x 2.9930162953109 sec = 897904888.59327 m from location B and thus arrives at xLPB =900000000 m - 897904888.59327 m = 2095111.407 m which of course corresponds to the very same location of the space ship at that moment when meeting LPB. The space ship thus advanced, to the right of M, the "small" distance of 2095111.407 m which is merely 0.2328 % of the distance between M and B but nevertheless clearly does not coincide with the location of M as the thought experiment in a vague way could suggest to some people, as they are staring to the thought experiment and are trying to grasp the meaning of it. It is very clear now to those people that the situation can indeed be precisely calculated for, with respect to Obs2 observing "when and where" the laser pulse. Let's then continue to perform such calculations.
300000000 m/sec x 3.0070163715336 sec = 902104911.46008 m from location A and thus arrives at xLPB =900000000 m - 902104911.46008 m = 2104911.460 m which of course corresponds to the very same location of the space ship, being caught at that moment by LPA. The space ship thus advanced, to the right of M, the "small" distance of 2104911.460 m which is merely 0.2339 % of the distance between M and B, so a little bit further to the right of M when compared with the situation corresponding to the observation of LPB by Obs2.
It should now be clear from the example that the simultaneity problem in the original thought experiment (with the train) is not a problem at all… In the thought experiment involving a train compartment, the aspect of position, time and speed is masked to many people, when glancing at the graphical representation of the thought experiment, as a result of their perception of the (extremely high) speed of light and the relative "negligible" small velocity of the train (while they even are forgetting the fact that the train system moves through space together with our planet at a very high speed). Nevertheless the same effect as discussed in the example of the space ship is valid. The observer in the train compartment will also register the lightning flash produced in location A somewhat later than the lightning flash produced in location B. The train compartment is also not present in location M at the moment of the encounter with the lightning flashes but has moved (in an analogous way as the space ship) from M. The positions and time of occurrence can be calculated in the very same way as in the preceding example of the space ship; although it is expected that a very high number crunching precision is required during such calculations in order to get to their correct values for such extremely small distances and time intervals in the case of a train experiment (surely don't forget however the effect of the high velocity of the earth in its orbit around the sun; however a speed of 30 000 meter per second is much smaller than the arbitrary chosen speed of 700 000 meter per second for the space ship for calculation demonstration reasons in the example ; also here the real (absolute) velocity measuring device is needed to perform the calculations).
What is of the utmost importance however in all this is that the moving observer Obs2 is capable of registering his location and both the according times of arrival of both laser pulses (or lightning flashes), while using a clock that is perfectly synchronous with the clock at the disposal of Obs1. Therefore Obs2 is perfectly able to easily back-calculate from these data that LPA and LPB must have been launched from respectively location A and B at the very same moment (t=0). Of course Obs1 has no calculation worries since Obs1 knows that (s)he is at absolute rest and thus easily concludes without any number crunching from the fact that both pulses arrive at the same moment that they must have being launched at the same time from A and B (since Obs1 of course knows that AM=BM and that the pulses were launched from these locations). So, Obs1 and Obs2 can make the very same statement on the simultaneity of the laser pulses or lightning flashes.
The fact that Obs2 is able to calculate all events simply results from the fact that Obs2 has a real (an absolute) velocity measuring device at her/his disposal and also a clock which runs perfectly synchronous with the clock of Obs1. It is thus possible to perceive this opportunity from the mathematical perspective of a "missing equation" within an infinite multitude of relative inertial frames and relative values for vShip to choose from, without the knowledge of a real (an absolute) velocity measuring device. Having an infinite multitude of relative inertial frames could be compared with an "underdetermined" (thus unsolvable) mathematical problem as a result of some missing crucial equations. But with the possibility to ultimately determine the unique value of real (absolute) velocity and time, the "underdetermined" situation vanishes and as a result, the simultaneity relativity concept becomes obsolete.
[It is interesting to consider a variant of the thought experiment with the space ship, namely that the space ship is not considered to be at the location M when the lightning flashes depart from the locations of A and B but that the space ship ARRIVES precisely AT the location M when the laser pulses also ARRIVE at M. In order to avoid quibbling, consider that the location of Obs1 is at a very small distant below M (M is on the AB track) and that the location of Obs2 is at the very same small distant, but then above M. A prism reflection based system splits the lightning flashes in order to send the signals to both the location of Obs1 and the location of Obs2. In such case it is obvious that Obs1 and Obs2 simply are observing the arrival of both lightning flashes simultaneously].
The next 3 paragraphs were added on 25 September 2011 in order to counter those paradigm defenders who introduced a variant of Einstein's train thought experiment where the light pulses are generated from the back and the front of the train.
In that case both sources of the light pulses are thus attached to the train and thus move along at the same speed as the train. These paradigm defenders then get caught in their own qualitative thinking without any serious attempt to calculate the phenomena and merely use paradigm statements in trying to save the paradigm. Those paradigm defenders however will find it very hard to disproof the next approach. Imagine thus the space ship in Figure 19 to have a rod R1 of length AM being mounted at the back of the space ship and also another rod R2 having a length of MB, mounted at the front of the space ship (so both rods R2 and R2 in fact have the same length). Assume also a laser LaserR1 to be mounted at the end R1End of R1. The laser LaserR1 is thus at a distance AM from the back of the space ship. Assume also a laser LaserR2 to be mounted at the end R2End of R2. The laser LaserR2 is thus at a distance MB from the front of the space ship. Both LaserR1 and LaserR2 thus travel at the same speed as the space ship since they are rigidly attached to the space ship, through the rods R1 and R2. Then assume that those moving lasers LaserR1and LaserR2 are also fired at the time instance that Obs2 is precisely at location M. In fact LaserR1 and LaserR2 are thus fired at exactly the same moment that the lasers at rest in A and B are fired.
The question then is : what will happen to these additional laser pulses being fired from the positions R1End and R2End and how will Obs2 and Obs1 observe those ? One needs to understand that the laser pulses from LaserR1 and LaserR2 will behave IN EXACTLY the same way as the laser pulses that were fired by the lasers at rest in location A and B. Since the laser pulses from LaserR1 and LaserR2 will NOT inherit any velocity from their sources, the speed of the space ship will not influence those laser pulses, to be launched at the speed of light (300 000 000 meter per second) in the real space and to travel travel through real space at that speed of light. The laser pulse from LaserR1 thus will travel in real space exactly in parallel with the laser pulse launched by the laser at rest in A. The laser pulse from LaserR2 thus will travel in real space exactly in parallel with the laser pulse launched by the laser at rest in B. All laser pulses need to be considered to travel in real space and certainly NOT "to travel" in an artificial, imaginary "space" defined by the reference frame of Obs2. It was moreover demonstrated on this website that it is even impossible for Obs2 to graphically represent in a correct way a past position of a photon in such an artificial mathematical Obs2 reference frame. The equations (5.1)-(5.9) thus also holds and the result is the same. There is thus no simultaneity problem.
"On the undulatory theory, according to Fresnel, first the ether is supposed to be at rest except in the interior of transparent media, in which secondly, it is supposed to move with a velocity less than the velocity of the medium in the ratio (n²-1)/n² where n is the index of refraction. These two hypotheses give a complete and satisfactory explanation of aberration. The second hypothesis, notwithstanding its seeming improbability, must be considered as fully proved, first, by the celebrated experiment of Fizeau, and secondly, by the ample confirmation of our own work. The experimental trial of the first hypothesis forms the subject of the present paper. If the earth were a transparent body, it might perhaps be conceded, in view of the experiments just cited, that the intermolecular ether was at rest in space, notwithstanding the motion of the earth in its orbit ; but we have no right to extend the conclusion from these experiments to opaque bodies. But there can be hardly be question that the ether can and does pass through metals. Lorentz cites the illustration of a metallic barometer tube. When the tube is inclined the ether in the space above the mercury is certainly forced out, for it is incompressible. But again we have no right to assume that it makes this escape with perfect freedom, and if there be any resistance, however slight, we certainly could not assume an opaque body such as the whole earth to offer free passage through its entire mass. But as Lorentz aptly remarks : "quoi qui'l en soit , en fera bien, a mon avis, de ne pas se laisser guider dans une question aussi importante, par de considerations sur le degré de probabilité ou de simplicité de l'une ou de l'autre hypothèse, mais de s'addresser a l'experience pour apprendre a connaitre l'état, de repos ou de movement, dans lequel se trouve l'éther à la surface terrestre".
From the preceding text "If the earth were a transparent body, it might perhaps be conceded, in view of the experiments just cited, that the intermolecular ether was at rest in space" the "ether" indeed was reflected upon as possibly to be some kind of fluidum (moreover "in space") being influenced (hindered, as if the ether shows e.g. a "viscosity") by material objects. The description "But there can be hardly the question that the ether can and does pass through metals. Lorentz cites the illustration of a metallic barometer tube. When the tube is inclined the ether in the space above the mercury is certainly forced out, for it is incompressible." is extremely striking here ! There is no doubt here that the scientific image by Michelson, Morley and Lorentz here is of an "ether which can be forced out of the metallic barometer tube".
It can be remarked here that a material object is build from atoms, incorporating electrons which revolve around the atom nucleus (which consists of protons and neutrons). Electrons are considered to have a completely negligible volume, so electrons can be regarded as occupying space to a total negligible extent. Even the atom nucleus, while consisting of neutrons and protons as the nucleons, also occupies a negligible amount of space. The nucleus radius (in femtometer ; fm) is equal to about the third root of the number of the total number of nucleons. As an example, 56Fe has 56 nucleons and the nucleus radius is then about 5 fm. The atom radius of Fe is however about 150 000 fm which is thus a factor 30 000 larger than the nucleus diameter, which means that the volume of the atom is even a factor (30000)³ larger than its nucleus volume …! It is then very obvious that an atom's volume, in fact is overwhelmingly space.
Therefore, regarding "Lorentz cites the illustration of a metallic barometer tube" in fact a reference is then made to the Torricelli experiment of which the description can be found on e.g. http://digilander.libero.it/calchic/english1/torricellie.html. The "creation of vacuum" above the mercury column in the transparent glass tube when turning over and dipping the one-end-sealed tube in the container, filled with mercury, indeed has been mind boggling to many people, witnessing the experiment : no air can enter the one-end-sealed tube during the experiment but suddenly "out of nothing" there is appearing "something" at the top of the tube, "making room" for the mercury which drops in height to about 760 mm. That "something" is called "vacuum". In the case of a tube of 1000 mm of height that vacuum has a height of 240 mm at the top of the tube.
The statement "When the tube is inclined the ether in the space above the mercury is certainly forced out, for it is incompressible" evidently does not take into account the fact that the electrons, protons and neutrons within the mercury atoms simply moved downwards through the already overwhelmingly present space between those electrons, neutrons and protons. There is no forcing out at all of "ether" "out of the mercury" into "the space above the mercury". The phenomenon of the mercury column getting smaller is simply the movement of the mercury atoms through space downwards in the, at the top concealed, glass tube. That space thus simply was already there and therefore there is thus no need for "ether to be forced out" at all.
At that time, a distinction was thus made between the "ether" and "space" as if the "ether" is present in "space" while not considering that both "ether" and "space" should mean the very same. A better image is then that the electrons and nucleons are located in space and that a material object which moves through space (the metallic barometer tube or even our planet itself) simply constitutes of the movement of their individual atoms, thus the electrons and nucleons of each individual atom of the material object through that, from the atoms viewpoint, overwhelming amount of space. It is then completely irrelevant to consider an ether which is "forced out of a metallic barometer tube" or an "intermolecular ether at rest in space". There is simply space (not as "nothing" but as "something") but surely no "ether in space" as "ether" then could wrongly be perceived as some kind of "(material based) fluidum".
The notion of Lorentz "but by experimental facts in order to determine the characteristics, rest or movement, in which the ether presents itself on the surface of the earth" was also striking since that notion indeed implies the possibility of "an ether in space" (as a fluidum in space) which thus eventually could manifest itself also as an ether "wind" at the surface of the earth which then eventually could influence light in its movement ? Since the earth moves at high speed through space, in its orbit around the sun, that notion would imply the disturbance of the ether by that high earth's orbit speed ? Of course there is no existence of such an "ether" at all (neither thus an "ether-wind" in space) as some kind of a viscous fluidum or medium "in space" which influences the transport of light in space.
The existence of space next to the existence of electrons, protons, … itself however cannot be denied since obviously our planet is present in and moves through space. Space crafts and satellites are present in space which also cannot be denied. The same philosophical problem would arise here again: is there only matter (electrons, protons, neutrons, …) as a reality and is space then rather "nothing", as in "a virtual mathematical space only definable by an artificial reference frame in a human's mind" ? If space thus would be "nothing" : how can photons then move in that "nothing" since they would need to cross the "nothing" when moving from location A to B in that space, as already pointed to by the Ancient Greeks ? The space (vacuum) in our complete universe then would all be "nothing"? This point of view is unacceptable. Space simply is a reality in the very same way as electrons, neutrons, protons are considered to be real, also without even knowing what those precisely are. Photons thus need space for their transport and at an incredible speed of about 300 000 000 meters per second. Moreover, the moment that a photon is launched from a material light source such photon becomes completely independent from that source (and does not inherit any speed vector from that source) but nevertheless is "locked to that absolute space". Being "locked" means that the photon will keep on travelling in absolute space (if total vacuum) at the speed of light precisely in the same direction as its launch direction, thus without any velocity vector perpendicular to that direction in absolute space, from the source of that photon.
With respect to the material perspective : even our planet needs to be considered as an extremely "thin" object from this point of view regarding an individual atom. All electrons and all nucleons of our complete planet (including our own bodies) represent, on a volume basis, a negligible amount of space with respect to the total volume. From the factor of (30000)³ that means that our planet on a volume basis is a staggering 99.99999999999 % of space and only the remaining part of the volume is then "occupied" (for whatever that means of course) by electrons and nucleons… There is no problem at all for our planet (thus for any of its atoms) to rush though space at a velocity, up to now estimated to be a staggering 30 000 meter per second, without any viscous effect of an "ether" present in "space" or without any "ether wind" at our planet's surface. Also Torricelli's tube is thus travelling through space at that velocity and therefore even the glass and mercury atoms are simultaneously travelling through space at that same velocity : the space "above the mercury in the closed tube" is thus even "replaced" continuously at that same velocity.
thus only about 30 micrometer per second for this vast distance of 12×1012 m. The expansion per year in this example is about 900 m, thus an annual extremely small (7.5×10-9 %) change. It is then obvious that the effect of the Hubble space expansion within the Michelson and Morley experiment on earth can be completely neglected.
This linguistic model and the graphical representation in Figure 20 appears to be very plausible as a description/saving of the phenomena. It should be remarked however that no explicit time information (time labels) about the light signal is depicted by Michelson and Morley. In order to introduce an alternative type of linguistic model and an alternative representation, the set-up is changed. An advanced laser source set-up is introduced to replace the light source in the MMe and which is assumed to be able to fire two laser pulses A and B at the same time instant t=0, each having a duration of e.g. 200 femtosecond (short scale : femto is one quadrillionth or 10-15). The value of 200 femtosecond is mentioned here since such extremely short laser pulses are in fact used in industry nowadays. Interestingly, such a pulse shows a length of only 60 micrometer.
Such alternative approach, now being based on two laser pulses A an B, demands more concrete location versus time information for the laser pulse (photon) phenomena while such information is not immediately available in the graphical representation by Michelson and Morley in Figure 20, nor in Figure 21. Given the distances between the individual mirrors and the laser, the time labels t1, t2, t3 and t4 in the simple "stationary mirror" case of Figure 20 could be calculated in a straightforward way. However, in the case of Figure 21 the complete set-up moves in the horizontal direction to the right, at a velocity v. The laser source and all three mirrors thus move at the same velocity v and how to calculate then the laser pulse locations versus time ? There is a major complication in that respect since the calculations could be performed on the basis of either two different light paradigms in physics: the particle (photon) paradigm or the wave paradigm. Which one to use thus and how?
One should also note the important fact that the original figures (represented here in Figures 20 and 21) by Michelson and Morley are drawn from the viewpoint of an observer at rest ! The graphical representation of those events as depicted by Michelson and Morley by the method of a graphical representation using rays of light represented by simple lines leave no doubt about their approach of an observer at rest. In Figure 21 they clearly state that a laser pulse A will be reflected by the moving mirror Ma towards the moving mirror Mb in such a way that the laser pulse will hit the mirror Mb precisely at its midpoint "b", thus that the laser pulse travels along the line "ab" and moreover, such for whatever velocity value of the set-up ! If that representation again would be an illusion of the human mind and if the photon phenomena are NOT saved by such representation, then the MMe experiment definitely needs to be re-analyzed. From the photon approach as explained already in the other sections on this website, such representation as "rays of light" by simple geometrical lines indeed did not save the phenomena of the photons in the examples as discussed in those sections.
In the case of the use of the particle paradigm, the supporters of that paradigm will need to apply a model of the reflection of photons by the reflecting surface of the inclined and moving mirror Ma. What is "a reflection of photons by a mirror surface"? Ma is also semi-transparent. Photons are quanta and will arrive at the mirror surface which of course consists from an atom point of view of electrons and atom nuclei. The arriving photons will therefore interact in a complex way with the electrons of those atoms in a thin layer at the mirror's surface and are "reflected" by that interaction. It is of course evident to anyone that in the case of window glass most of the photons simply travel through the space where the silicon, oxygen, calcium, … atoms of the glass reside without such a type of interaction that those photons are reflected of absorbed during the interaction with the electrons of those atoms in that particular configuration in the transparent glass. In contrast with transparent glass, a mirror surface area (e.g. a polished metal surface area), will reflect most of the photons. The photon/electron(s) interactions are evidently extremely complex in the case of the polished metal mirror surface and the supporters of the particle paradigm therefore also need to determine which approach would be the best in order to determine the trajectory of a laser pulse being reflected at the midpoint "a" of the tilted mirror Ma towards the mirror Mb. Either the theoretical approach is eventual feasible or either the experimental one.
On this website, it is not the subject to present experimental results from an additional experiment such as presented in Figure 2 while also implementing e.g. a reflecting polished metal mirror at an angle of 45° (very near to the laser) and then observing the shift of the laser dot from the reflected laser beam on a measuring grid at a distance of about 10 m during a 24 hour period. Such an experiment of course would be the most pragmatic approach since during a 24 hour period experiment, an analogous effect (of which the principle is shown in Figures 3 and 4) with respect to the shift of the laser dot at the measuring grid could be detected and verified. The supporters of the particle paradigm then also would need to conclude that the MMe needs to be re-evaluated from the important fact that one needs to take into account such an important shift of the photons arrival location, when being reflected forth and back by the multiple mirrors of type Mb as used in the MMe (see Figure 22, extracted from the publication of Michelson and Morley) which will render the analysis much more complex when compared to just one single mirror type Mb.
As a result, in the MMe experiment, the considered shift could well have influenced the outcome of that MMe experiment since such a shift could have been at least 2 mm from the fact that the total photon travelling distance within the MMe set-up was about 20 m (as can be determined from the information within the publication of Michelson and Morley). Moreover, the large number of mirrors in Figure 22 needed to be fine tuned by Michelson and Morley at the start of the experiment (rotation angle zero degrees). Those multiple reflecting mirrors were of course each set at a small off-angle in order to be able to bounce both "rays of light" forth and back multiple times in order to return them to the detector. It is expected that the shift of 2 mm could have been drastically amplified by the photon shift (from the effect as presented in Figures 2, 3 and 4) and the small, but extremely important and ruining deflecting potential, of the off-angle setting of each reflection mirror during the rotation (towards an angle of 90 degrees) of the heavy stone table, floating on a wooden ring on mercury, and on which the mirrors were mounted. In such case, one of both "rays" could well have strongly deviated and NOT (or only very partly) have hit the detector during the turning of the set-up and therefore the inference could have failed from the self-induced misalignment (signal run away by the many mirrors) and thus loss of one of the signals at the detector.
- will need to admit also that their wave based model would indicate that it is indeed possible to measure absolute velocity from the shifts of the arrival position of the light signal at Mb !
Therefore, the aspects as described on this website regarding the effect as presented in Figures 2, 3 and 4 should be taken into account in an analysis, by the supporters of both paradigms and such either through a theoretical analysis or either through experiments.


As Tropical Storm Harvey is expected to bring heavy winds and soak the soil in torrential rains, it could put your trees at risk for toppling over.
"We can't save this one it broke too far back." said Billy Broussard, an aborist.
"The tree was properly maintained and taken care of. it's just the idea of that's over 75 years old of age and just the water from all of the rain, it just got too much wait on it and in time it just broke." said Broussard.
After the storm has passed, Broussard recommends calling a tree cutting service even if you can't visibly detect damage.
"They will come out, inspect your trees and get the recommendations from an aborist and that way, storms hit Louisiana pretty often so this way, you will be prepared for the next storm." Broussard explained.
With heavy winds expected, LUS is making sure trees pose no threat to its power lines.
"We have the best reliability in the state of Louisiana. we have the fewest outages and the shortest outages and that's because of our tree trimming program, because of how we built our system." said Terry Huval, CEO of LUS.
LUS also wants the public to know that they publish a hurricane handbook in the event that you lose power at your home.


*First Team is Home Team (WEAR WHITE). ON FINAL DAY (FRIDAY), THE OSWEGO POOL WILL WEAR WHITE.
Total point differential of pool play games with a 20 point cap per game.
****At Oswego, Please enter through Door 35 (Athletic Entrance) on the football stadium side of the school. Locker rooms will be shared so please DO NOT bring or leave valuables in the locker rooms.****At Naperville North please enter through Door 19 (Athletic Entrance) and have your bus park at the east end of the building. Locker rooms will be shared at NN as well so please bring locks to secure your belongings.


This FORLIFE® red colour Stump teapot comes with an extra-fine 0.3 mm stainless-steel tea infuser and permanently attached hinged lid for easy use. The extra-fine infuser enables you to steep fine loose-leaf teas such as Rooibos tea to large whole-leaf teas like Oolong tea. This teapot is also ideal for use of tea bags. Stackable design allows you to save cabinet space.
FORLIFE® is designed with the philosophy of simplicity with function. Masa Fiji, FORLIFE Designer, believes products must have good meaning and good use for our everyday living. He designes products that last a long time and l stay beautiful and fresh for a lifetime.
This teapot is available in other colours as well.
All the materials used for this products are food-safe.
All parts of this teapot are dishwasher safe.


100% Nebbiolo. Predominantly composed of declassified Barolo fruit from La Morra, with soils characterised by clay, limestone and sand. The fruit is hand-picked and sorted before indigenous ferment in stainless steel, with regular plunging and daily pumping over for about 10 days. The wine is matured in 2nd use French oak for about 10 months.


Design thinking is a methodology that prioritizes putting people first—creatively and collaboratively solving for real needs that we humans have. The methodology has evolved over time into many varying approaches and interpretations. Here's our take.


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// DataInQuerySceneRule is a nested struct in iot response
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Swinging at The Cotton Club' is the action-packed show celebrating the music and dance of the Cotton Club – New York's most celebrated nightclub of the 1920s and '30s.
Take a step back into 1920s & '30s New York City and through the doors of Harlem's hottest nightclub, 'The Cotton Club'!
'Swinging at The Cotton Club' is the action-packed show celebrating the music and dance of the Cotton Club – New York's most celebrated nightclub of the 1920s and '30s.
Performances by Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, and Fats Waller would have had the club swinging - whilst dancers such as Bojangles Robinson and the Nicholas Brothers lit-up the stage with their breathtaking routines.
In this show, the exhilarating dance and music of the Cotton Club is recreated by the fabulous Lindy Hop Dance Company, alongside The Harry Strutters Hot Rhythm Orchestra, featuring American vocalist Marlene Hill and compere/vocalist Megs Etherington.


Our collars are a set of two pieces. They have a knurled screwing end for optimum grip when tightening and L-Screws to lock collars securely on to the dumbbell. They are suitable for all Olympic barbells with a 50 mm diameter and smooth receiving area.
The clamps with screw have been expertly machined for an excellent fit.
If you have any questions about this product by GORILLA SPORTS, contact us by completing and submitting the form below. If you are looking for a specif part number, please include it with your message.


text:
Sniffing Out the Foundational Science of Sensors
Shannon Brescher Shea
This sensor can detect methane at much lower concentrations than current ones. It relies on nanotechnology developed at the Center for Nanoscale Materials, an Office of Science user facility. ( Photo courtesy of Ralu Divan, Argonne National Laboratory )
The human nose can distinguish among a trillion different combinations of smells. Even so, there are plenty of gases that our noses can't detect at the level of sensitivity we need. That's where gaseous sensors come in. While some of the first sensors were animals – like canaries in coal mines – we've since replaced them with technologies that can detect miniscule amounts of chemicals in the air.
Just like our own noses, gaseous sensors are essential for safety and comfort. In factories, gaseous sensors can alert managers to chemical leaks or processes running incorrectly. Outside, they measure pollutants, helping cities monitor air quality. In homes, they keep family members safe. Building managers use measurements from humidity and temperature sensors to maximize energy efficiency.
These sensors wouldn't exist without a fundamental understanding of chemistry and physics. This basic knowledge helps scientists understand how and why sensing materials interact with gaseous chemicals. Many cutting-edge materials have promise for use in sensors, if only scientists can learn how to better produce and control them.
"Sensors are where materials research meets environmental detection," said Pete Beckman, a researcher at Department of Energy's Argonne National Laboratory (ANL).
To set the groundwork for innovation, the DOE Office of Science funds projects and user facilities that support sensors research.
Creating the Materials for Sensing
Like noses, sensors rely on a combination of components to detect and make sense of gases or chemicals in the air. In humans, molecules float up into your nose and bind to special neurons. Neurons then pass the message up to the brain. In sensors, the material inside the sensor acts as a neuron. When that material interacts with a chemical in the air, it may emit light, change its ability to conduct electricity, or shift shape. The materials and electronics around the sensing material communicate that message to the sensor's "brain," whether that brain is a computer or a warning signal like a siren.
Developing sensors' nervous systems and brains is a job for applied science. Fundamental research like the work at the Office of Science's laboratories sets the foundation for that applied science. In particular, this research is expanding scientists' understanding of the materials themselves and how to produce them.
Three types of cutting-edge materials offer huge potential for use in sensors: nanoparticles, two-dimensional (2D) materials, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Nanoparticles are miniscule particles that are bigger than atoms, but act fundamentally differently from larger particles of the same substance. 2D materials, like graphene, form sheets only a single atom thick. MOFs are compounds made of metal ions linked together by carbon-based connectors.
All of these materials have humongous surface areas compared to their overall sizes. Because lots of gas molecules can interact with their surfaces, they can be sensitive to tiny amounts of chemicals. In addition, scientists can craft all of these materials into a variety of structures. That customization could allow researchers to create specialty materials to detect a particular chemical.
Connecting the Nose to the Body
A great sensing material is essential, but it won't work by itself. Just as a nose needs a body and brain, sensing materials need to be part of a bigger mechanism. Unfortunately, getting these materials to work together within a sensor is often a challenge.
Scientists know that sensors made of nanotubes and nanocrystals could detect as little as one part per million of a gas – if only they can get these two materials to work together.
Ralu Divan and her team at ANL discovered a way to add nanocrystals of zinc oxide – which is already used in sensors – to carbon nanotubes. Sensors that use the two together could be far more sensitive to methane than current technology. By placing the zinc oxide nanocrystals down atom by atom, they created a thin, consistent layer on top of the nanotubes. With this process, companies can precisely control the zinc oxide's thickness and coverage.
To examine the bonds between the nanocrystals and nanotubes, the team relied on the Center for Nanoscale Materials, an Office of Science user facility at ANL. "Having everything in one place has saved a lot of time and we were able to move faster than we expected," said Divan.
As a result, they developed a sensor that could detect much lower concentrations of methane than previous ones. Operators can use it again in seconds instead of minutes or hours.
This sensor improved so much on the existing technology that in 2016, R&D 100 Magazine recognized it as an R&D 100 finalist. The research team is now working with the Array of Things project, a collaboration between the University of Chicago and ANL. As part of the effort to collect real-time data from hundreds of sensors across Chicago, the Array of Things team anticipates using these methane sensors in the future.
Projects such as the Array of Things have the potential to transform cities into networks of sensors, placing digital eyes and noses throughout the built landscape. But these networks and technologies wouldn't be possible without a solid scientific foundation. Nothing may match the human nose's versatility, but research the Office of Science is supporting helps fill in the gaps of our biological capabilities.
Editor's Note: Shannon Brescher Shea is a Senior Writer/Editor in the Department of Energy Office of Science. The Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic energy research in the physical sciences in the United States and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information please visit https://science.energy.gov.
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Prenatal Choline Intake Increases Brain Development in Piglets