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Human ancestors invented stone tools several times
Articles on Stone tools
Paleolithic Period
Identification of knapped flints and stone tools
Oldest stone tools pre-date earliest humans
Stone tools date early humans in North Africa to 2.4 million years ago
ESR study of thermal history and dating of a stone tool
Stone Tools Dating 3 Million Years Ago Found Near Lake Turkana
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Until now, the prehistoric technique of fluting had Stone fluted points dating back some 8, to 7, years ago, were discovered on archaeological sites in Manayzah, Yemen and Ad-Dahariz, Oman. Spearheads and arrowheads were found among these distinctive and technologically advanced projectile points. Until now, the prehistoric technique of fluting had been uncovered only on 13, to 10,year-old Native American sites. According to a study led by an international team of archaeologists from the CNRS 1 , Inrap, Ohio State University and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, the difference in age and geographic location implies there is no connection between the populations who made them. This is therefore an example of cultural convergence for an invention which required highly-skilled expertise. And yet, despite similar fluting techniques, the final aim appears to be different. Whereas in the Americas the points were used to facilitate hafting, or attaching the point to a shaft, fluting in Arabia was possibly a mere display of knapping skills. Skip to main content.
The Oldowan is the oldest-known stone tool industry. Dating as far back as 2. Homo habilis, an ancestor of Homo sapiens, manufactured Oldowan tools. First discovered at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, Oldowan artifacts have been recovered from several localities in eastern, central, and southern Africa, the oldest of which is a site at Gona, Ethiopia. Oldowan technology is typified by what are known as "choppers. Microscopic surface analysis of the flakes struck from cores has shown that some of these flakes were also used as tools for cutting plants and butchering animals.
dating as early as BC– AD. Chipped stone tools usually start from a piece of stone. Only certain types of stone can be easily worked into tools, because.
From the perspective of Central and South America, the peopling of the New World was a complex process lasting thousands of years and involving multiple waves of Pleistocene and early Holocene period immigrants entering into the neotropics. These Paleoindian colonists initially brought with them technologies developed for adaptation to environments and resources found in North America. As the ice age ended across the New World people adapted more generalized stone tools to exploit changing environments and resources.
In the neotropics these changes would have been pronounced as patchy forests and grasslands gave way to broadleaf tropical forests. This represents the first endogenous Paleoindian stone tool technocomplex recovered from well dated stratigraphic contexts for Mesoamerica. Previously designated Lowe, these artifacts share multiple features with contemporary North and South American Paleoindian tool types.
Once hafted, these bifaces appear to have served multiple functions for cutting, hooking, thrusting, or throwing. The tools were developed at a time of technological regionalization reflecting the diverse demands of a period of pronounced environmental change and population movement. Combined stratigraphic, technological, and population paleogenetic data suggests that there were strong ties between lowland neotropic regions at the onset of the Holocene. Editor: Michael D.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Lack of knowledge of the Paleoindian period in southern Mesoamerica, a critical early migration bottleneck, has impeded our understanding of the peopling of the Americas and how early New World migrants adapted to emergent tropical environments.
Here we present new archaeological and chronological data from stratigraphic excavations in unusually well preserved rockshelter contexts in southern Belize.
The search for the earliest stone tools is a topic that has received much attention in studies on the archaeology of human origins. New evidence could position the oldest traces of stone tool-use before 3. Nonetheless, the first unmistakable evidence of tool-making dates to 2. However, this is not an unchangeable time boundary, and considerations about the tempo and modo of tool-making emergence have varied through time.
Absolute dating. If you want to know the precise age of something, absolute dating techniques are the only option. They work by analysing the.
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East Africa is famously the birthplace of humankind and the location where our ancient hominin ancestors first invented sophisticated stone tools. This technology, dating back to 2. But new research, published in Science , has uncovered an archaeological site in Algeria containing similar tools that may be as old as 2. The team, led by the archaeologist Mohamed Sahnouni , excavated stone tools at the site Ain Boucherit that they estimate are between 1.
This suggests that human ancestors spread to the region much earlier than previously thought or that the stone tool technology was simultaneously invented by earlier hominin species living outside east Africa.
The Oldowan is the oldest-known stone tool industry. Dating as far back as million years ago, these tools are a major milestone in human evolutionary.
Pieces of limestone from a cave in Mexico may be the oldest human tools ever found in the Americas, and suggest people first entered the continent up to 33, years ago — much earlier than previously thought. The findings, published Wednesday in two papers in the journal Nature, which include the discovery of the stone tools, challenge the idea that people first entered North America on a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and an ice-free corridor to the interior of the continent.
Precise archaeological dating of early human sites throughout North America, including the cave in Mexico, suggests instead that they may have entered along the Pacific coast, according to the research. Ciprian Ardelean, an archaeologist with the Autonomous University of Zacatecas in Mexico, the lead author of one of the papers, said the finds were the result of years of careful digging at the Chiquihuite Cave in north-central Mexico.
The excavations paid off with the discovery of three deliberately-shaped pieces of limestone — a pointed stone and two cutting flakes — that may be the oldest human tools yet found in the Americas. The tools were found in the deepest layer of sediment they excavated, which dates from up to 33, years ago — long before the last Ice Age, which occurred between 26, and 19, years ago. The commonly accepted time for the arrival of the first people in North America is about 16, years ago, and recent studies estimate it happened up to 18, years ago.
But the latest discoveries push the date back by more than 10, years. More tools were found in sediments laid down during and after the Ice Age, and indicate the cave was occupied for short periods over thousands of years, maybe by nomadic people who knew of it from ancestral legends. The presence of stone tools from the Ice Age — known to archaeologists as the Last Glacial Maximum, or LGM — suggested people occupied the cave even before that. Lorena Becerra-Valdivia, an archaeological scientist at the University of Oxford and the University of New South Wales, and Thomas Higham, a radiocarbon dating specialist at the University of Oxford, compared the dates from the cave sediments with other archaeological sites in North America.
Paleolithic Period , also spelled Palaeolithic Period, also called Old Stone Age , ancient cultural stage, or level, of human development, characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools. See also Stone Age. The Paleolithic Period is an ancient cultural stage of human technological development, characterized by the creation and use of rudimentary chipped stone tools. These included simple pebble tools rock shaped by the pounding of another stone to produce tools with a serrated crest that served as a chopping blade , hand adzes tools shaped from a block of stone to create a rounded butt and a single-bevel straight or curved cutting edge , stone scrapers, cleavers , and points.
A stone tool in Kenya, dating to million years ago, may indicate that our ancestors were making tools much earlier than we thought.
One of the features that distinguishes humans and their hominid ancestors from the rest of the animal kingdom is their possession of complex culture, which includes the ability to communicate with spoken language, create art and make tools. The oldest stone tools dated so far are nearly 2. Our ancestors only began to make more refined tools from bone much more recently, probably only within the last , years. Bone tools dated to about 80, years ago have been found in Blombos Cave, on the southern Cape coast of South Africa.
Some scientists have argued that hominids such as Paranthropus robustus were making bone tools in the Cradle of Humankind far longer ago — perhaps more than 1-million years ago — though this is controversial. There are two main types of stone tool — those based on flakes chopped off cores of rock, and those made on cores themselves.
Epipalaeolithic Mesolithic. A stone tool is, in the most general sense, any tool made either partially or entirely out of stone. Although stone tool-dependent societies and cultures still exist today, most stone tools are associated with prehistoric particularly Stone Age cultures that have become extinct. Archaeologists often study such prehistoric societies, and refer to the study of stone tools as lithic analysis.
Ethnoarchaeology has been a valuable research field in order to further the understanding and cultural implications of stone tool use and manufacture.
The unusual thing in this discovery is that the technique used in making the stone tools is that same found in North America, but the antiques in.
The unusual thing in this discovery is that the technique used in making the stone tools is that same found in North America, but the antiques in North America date back thousands of years earlier than the ones discovered in the Arabian Peninsula. The outcome of the international study published by Ohio University in its website indicate that two separate sets of ancestors of human beings developed highly skilled inventions without communication among them. The researchers who studied the pointed heads of spears and arrows made during the Neolithic era in Oman and Yemen discovered that ancestors of Arabs invented a technique of tool sharpening called grooving, which means sharpening the base of a stone tool by creating an internal hollow section within the tip of the tool.
This technique, they observed, was used for the first time by groups that inhabited North America thousands of years prior to their counterparts. Joy McCorriston, senior researcher and professor of anthropology at Ohio State University, who is also an associate author of the current research and head of the American archaeological mission operating in Dhofar governorate, said that, though the technique of grooving is similar in North America and the Arabian Peninsula, a single difference remains: That in Arabia people used grooving also to exhibit their artistic skills.
McCorrison added that it was like a display of peacock feather that shows off unique command of the extremely sophisticated technology. Remy Crassard of the French National Centre for Scientific Research, the main author of the current research, said that the discovery of pointed tools outside North America was an important find as it refers to an important difference in the age and geographical location of the discovered sites as compared to similar sites discovered earlier.
Lithic means stone and in archaeological terms it is applied to any stone that has been modified in any way whatsoever by humans. Lithic analysis, therefore, is the study of those stones, usually stone tools, using scientific approaches. The branch within archaeology that undertakes the scientific analysis of archaeological materials is called archaeometry.
The earliest known human-made stone tools date back around million years. Crafted and used by Homo habilis (sometimes known as.
These changes typically occur so slowly that they are barely detectable over the span of a human life, yet even at this instant, the Earth's surface is moving and changing. As these changes have occurred, organisms have evolved, and remnants of some have been preserved as fossils. A fossil can be studied to determine what kind of organism it represents, how the organism lived, and how it was preserved. However, by itself a fossil has little meaning unless it is placed within some context.
The age of the fossil must be determined so it can be compared to other fossil species from the same time period. Understanding the ages of related fossil species helps scientists piece together the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
Early Human Culture. Paralleling the biological evolution of early humans was the development of cultural technologies that allowed them to become increasingly successful at acquiring food and surviving predators. The evidence for this evolution in culture can be seen especially in three innovations:. Tool Making. Some chimpanzee communities are known to use stone and wood as hammers to crack nuts and as crude ineffective weapons in hunting small animals, including monkeys.
ABSTRACT. We report here the first radiocarbon dating of blood residues on prehistoric stone tools. The residues found on two stone artifacts were subjected to.
Fluted stone tools are a distinctive, technologically advanced form of projectile points, including spearheads and arrowheads. Fluting is a specific technique that involves the extraction of an elongated flake along the length of a projectile point, leaving a distinctive groove or depression at the base of the spearhead or arrowhead. Fluting is a distinct technological tradition invented by early human cultures that spread across the Americas.
Fluted point technology is very well known in North America, evidenced by finds across the continent dating from 13, to 10, years ago. As lead author Dr. When the first isolated examples of these objects were recognized in Yemen, and more recently in Oman, we recognized that there could be huge implications. The sites of Manayzah and Ad-Dahariz yielded dozens of fluted points.
The Arabian examples date to the Neolithic period, about 8, to 7, years ago, at least two thousand years later than the American examples. As Professor Petraglia of the Max Planck explains, "Given their age and the fact that the fluted points from America and Arabia are separated by thousands of kilometers, there is no possible cultural connection between them.
Solecki R. A Note on the dating of choppers, chopping tools, and related flake tool industries from Southwest Asia. This paper is meant to be a cautionary note; i. Choppers, chopping tools, and spall tools unretouched large flakes were characteristic of the earliest human cultures in the Old World Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene in date , and continued to be used in varying amounts into the Middle Pleistocene, sometimes associated with handaxes and apparently sometimes without handaxes.
In parts of the Old World e.
One of the richest Acheulean stone tool sites in Africa is Olorgesailie, Kenya. Dating shows these tools were made over , years ago and they may even be.
Scientists discover the oldest systematically produced stone artifacts to date. A new archaeological site discovered by an international and local team of scientists working in Ethiopia shows that the origins of stone tool production are older than 2. Previously, the oldest evidence for systematic stone tool production and use was 2.
A group of archaeologists and anthropologists led by David Braun from George Washington University and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology suggests that stone tools may have been invented many times in many ways before becoming an essential part of the human lineage. A large artifact found in situ at the Bokol Dora site. Right: Image and three dimensional model of the same artifact.
The excavation site, known as Bokol Dora 1 or BD 1, is close to the discovery of the oldest fossil attributed to our genus Homo discovered at Ledi-Geraru in the Afar region of northeastern Ethiopia. The fossil, a jaw bone, dates to about 2. The Ledi-Geraru team has been working for the last five years to find out if there is a connection between the origins of our genus and the origins of systematic stone tool manufacture. A significant step forward in this search was uncovered when Arizona State University geologist Christopher Campisano saw sharp-edged stone tools sticking out of the sediments on a steep, eroded slope.
I scaled up from the bottom using my rock hammer and found two nice stone tools starting to weather out. It took several years to excavate through meters of sediments by hand before exposing an archaeological layer of animal bones and hundreds of small pieces of chipped stone representing the earliest evidence of our direct ancestors making and using stone knives. The site records a wealth of information about how and when humans began to use stone tools.
Radiometric dating
Emissions from fossil fuels may limit carbon dating
Relative dating
How Do Scientists Date Historical Glacial Retreats?
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Whenever you Seek Furniture Information, This Article Is This So , you want to learn about furniture buying. You have totally come to the right spot! This article was written to help individuals who need to buy furniture do so without throwing out their budget to smithereens. Typically the helpful hints below will really change your perspective on how you shop for furniture. When it comes to wooden furniture, make sure to carefully read the manufacturer's care directions carefully. The particular finishes, waxes, and other treatments fluctuate by brand, type of furniture, sort of wood, etc . Reading these guidelines will help you keep your furniture in excellent shape for a long time and help you stay away from damage from improper cleaning. After you think about buying a single piece of furniture, consider how it will fit in with the rest of your decoration. It's one thing to see a flamingo area table out while you're shopping, yet it's another thing to bring it house and try to make it work with everything else you may have. Think carefully before you buy. When purchasing bedroom accessories for your children, look into wrought straightener bunk beds. This type of bed will hold up against the demands that children place on these people. Additionally , if your child marks in the bedroom furniture, you can simply spray paint this and make it look brand new for jus a few dollars. Test out all parts you are thinking of purchasing. Although a thing might look great online, in person something such as a couch might be very uncomfortable, which will lead to you being very disappointed when it arrives at your doorstep. You might find that it is smaller than you thought, offers poor construction or is just not comfortable. Test first, buy second. In the event you measure twice or more, you only need to buy once. 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About a year ago I wrote a short article on how to be more, what I call, videogenic. By videogenic, I mean that we all know those people who look good I pictures, no matter what the situation. They even look great on bad hair days. We call them photogenic. Those who always look good on video would be videogenic.
We may not all be photogenic, but more of us can become more videogenic by applying a few basic principles. Since my last article on this subject, I have thought about a several other things that couples can do to look their very best in their videos, on their wedding day. Here are a few more. The Right Photographer and Videographer	Select the right videographer and photographer. It goes without saying, that the right videographer will help you to look your best. Particularly go with a professional and not with your uncle Bob.
But having a video savvy photographer is also very important. Some photographers shoot for "the pose" rather than for "the moment". They will have couples almost kiss and hold that pose, or kiss and hold that pose. This gives the videographer little to work with. Video of a held pose is pretty boring stuff. I'm not saying that it is a problem to occasionally ask the couple to pose, as long as the moments are also allowed to happen so the videographer can get the complete kiss.
If you hire a photographer who likes to do a lot of pose and hold type things, then you need to allow a little more time for the shoot so the videographer can capture the moments. Allow Enough Time Allowing time will help everyone be at there best. A relaxed shooting atmosphere helps everyone to feel comfortable, content, and happy. When couples are rushed to hurry to get to a reception or luncheon, they can get a little frazzled and the happy smile on their faces can become a bit tense and contrived.
Hold that Expression Many couples pay close attention to the photographer. That is usually who is giving the most directions and cuing them on when to smile, kiss, etc. But be aware that the videographer is always shooting. Many times I have found myself closing in for the perfect shot only to have the photographer finish, and the bride or groom lick their lips, or move their face into an unnatural position.
Let your face know that this is the most important day of your life. Smile and hold that expression beyond the end of the photo. Try to keep your face in a happy and natural expression and avoid nervous behavior such as lip licking, mouth wiping, or playing with your hair or wardrobe. Don't Chew gum This seems like commons sense.
But I don't know if it is to deal with nervousness, or out of a yearning to have desirable breathe, but all too often, I find brides, grooms, or wedding party members who feel the need to be chewing gum. This doesn't show up on photographs because it is easy to refrain for a few seconds, but it becomes quickly apparent on video, and is not very attractive. Chewing gum will limit the amount of quality video that can be captured, and will reduce the number of incredible shots in your wedding video.
So as your big day approaches, You prepare and raise your video IQ by hiring a professional, scheduling enough time, remembering to smile and be aware of the on-going video shooting, and abstaining from the "Wrigley habit". As you do this, you will help to create the video picture perfect day.
James Ellison creates utah wedding videos and often writes free utah wedding planning artices for Wasatch Bride Electronic Magazine.


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What role will Duke's Amile Jefferson have this season? (USATSI)
LOS ANGELES - UCLA's Aaron Holiday is not getting the same amount of media coverage as some of the other elite freshman in the Pac-12, but that doesn't mean that he isn't going to have a major role for the conference's most storied program.
The brother of current NBA and former UCLA star Jrue Holiday, this 6-foot point guard is going to have a major role for the Bruins - immediately. Armed with the ability to be an absolute menace on the ball defensively, Aaron Holiday is going to harass opposing point guards each time he takes the floor and should allow UCLA more of an opportunity to keep Bryce Alford fresher for offense. A ball mover with a high IQ and terrific feel, Holiday is a potential starter for UCLA as a freshman.
"Aaron is one of those guys who gives us a different dimension, " Bruins coach Steve Alford told CBS Sports following a practice last week at Pauley Pavilion. "He can pick you up for 94-feet and cause a lot problems defensively. He's also really skilled." Don't be shocked if UCLA goes with a three point-guard look to start games this season with Holiday, Bryce Alford, and Isaac Hamilton.
The makeup of Duke's frontcourt is difficult to project
When you study the Blue Devils' roster the first thing that jumps out is a deep surplus of wings. Mike Krzyzewski's squad returns two key contributors from last year's national championship team in Grayson Allen and Matt Jones while adding two highly touted freshman in Luke Kennard and Brandon Ingram. First-year point guard Derryck Thornton is another perimeter player that is certain to play a significant amount of minutes early.
But what about Duke's frontcourt? That's where things get interesting. The Blue Devils bring in a highly touted freshman in Chase Jeter while Amile Jefferson, Marshall Plumlee, and Sean Obi (Rice) are all proud veterans who know Duke's system inside and out.
But will two of those four players be on the court at the same time? That's to be determined. Krzyzewski has never been somebody to put labels on players and always has been an advocate to put the best people on the floor regardless of position. The question is can one of Duke's wings slide down to power forward and man the four spot the same way Justise Winslow did last season which allowed this team to flourish in late February and into March? Ingram would be an initial candidate for that because of his size at 6-9, but he doesn't possess the bulk or strength that Winslow did as a freshman.
It will be interesting how things are molded for this team up front as Krzyzewski attempts to find a way to get guys like Allen, Jones, Kennard, and Ingram the most amount of minutes as he possibly can.
The Pac-12 should be significantly more balanced than last season
After a year in which Arizona and Utah separated themselves from the rest of this conference, the Pac-12 looks destined for a season where several teams should have a chance to reach the top of the league standings.
Sean Miller's squad has two starters back in Gabe York and Kaleb Tarczewski, but lacks the type of star power that was on display when the Wildcats reached back-to-back Elite Eights in each of the past two years. Utah will again be formidable without Delon Wright and teams like Cal, Oregon, and UCLA should all enter the season feeling as if they have a legitimate chance to compete for a conference regular season title. Add to that an improved talent base at Oregon State, an underrated club at Colorado with a first-team all-league player in Josh Scott as well as a veteran team at Arizona State and you've got a league that looks significantly more even across the board than it was a year ago.
Another thing to keep in mind - teams picked at the bottom of the league - USC, Washington, and Washington State - all feel significantly better about the outlook of their respective teams than they did last season.
Bradley Hayes is all of a sudden Georgetown's unsung presence
Can a player that's only played a combined 144 minutes in his first three seasons have a major role on a team that's expected to contend for a Big East title? Absolutely. With Louisville transfer Akoy Agau now done for the season due to an ACL tear, the 7-foot Hayes now becomes a major key for the Hoyas if Georgetown is going to unseat Villanova at the top of the Big East.
Many people including myself immediately labeled Jessie Govan as the Hoyas' most impactful post player this season and that may very well still wind up happening. But Govan is still just a freshman and is going to need time to adjust to the college game - he's going to have good days and bad days. Hayes has been itching for this opportunity and is on the heels of an eight-point, six-rebound performance in 10 minutes of work during an NCAA Tournament win over Eastern Washington last March.
There was a growing hope within Georgetown's program over the summer that Hayes had the ability to have a strong year for the Hoyas, but that hope has now become a necessity. With Agau sidelined, Georgetown needs Hayes to produce and produce regularly if it hopes to challenge for a Big East regular season title and earn a high seed in the NCAA Tournament.
Auburn's non-conference schedule could provide some early bumps
November and December are not going to be smooth months for the Tigers.
Bruce Pearl has always scheduled aggressively throughout his coaching career and his second year at Auburn is going to be no different. This team will play a minimum of four squads that reached the NCAA Tournament last March - Xavier, Coastal Carolina, UAB, Oklahoma State - and seven teams in total that played in the postseason when you include Colorado, Middle Tennessee and Mercer. That number could increase depending on how the Tigers fare in the Diamond Head Classic is December. Expect Auburn to be bruised and battered at the beginning of SEC play with the hope that an arduous early slate prepares them to play its best basketball in Ferbuary and March.
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D.O.A. - SOMETHING BETTER CHANGE (FR)
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Label: RESTLESS EMPIRE
Catalog no.: CULT0000033
Back on vinyl, it's the classic 1980 debut-LP by Canadian hc-punk pioneers and legends D.O.A., which is no less essential than the debut-albums by a.o. Black Flag, Dead Kennedys, Bad Brains and Angry Samoans. This edition is presented with a black inner sleeve, a thick outer sleeve and a poster featuring the band logo.
Also available: SOMETHING BETTER CHANGE (CD), SOMETHING BETTER CHANGE (CAN) (LP).
More D.O.A....
D.O.A. - 13 FLAVOURS OF DOOM
CD (Compact Disc) · ALTERNATIVE TEN · 25/05/2011 · in PUNK / HARDCORE
Another cool D.O.A. album. This time recorded as a three piece and produced by NoMeansNo's John Wright.
D.O.A. - 1978
CD (Compact Disc) · SUDDEN DEATH · 12/04/2019 · in PUNK / HARDCORE
For this 21-track collection of previously unreleased demos, rare tracks and early singles from Canada's punk pioneers, D.O.A. mastermind Joey Shithead went deep into the vault and came up with some super exciting and raw punk rock from the band's early days.
D.O.A. - 1978 (2LP)
LP (12"/10" Album) · SUDDEN DEATH · 10/05/2019 · in PUNK / HARDCORE
For this 21-track DOUBLE-LP of previously unreleased demos, rare tracks and early singles from Canada's punk pioneers, D.O.A. mastermind Joey Shithead went deep into the vault and came up with some super exciting and raw punk rock from the band's early days.
D.O.A. - DAWNING OF A NEW ERROR
Legendary CULT Hardcore band from Canada. This release offers lots of prev. unreleased tracks. A punkrock party!
D.O.A. - FESTIVAL OF ATHEISTS
Back in print, 13 tracks of never give-in hardcore from Joey Shithead and the boys. Originally released in 1998.
D.O.A. - FIGHT BACK
Canada's pioneering punk legends release their 2018 album, and doing so celebrate their 40th anniversary in style.
More on the RESTLESS EMPIRE label...
VARIOUS - DARKER THAN PUNK
LP (12"/10" Album) · RESTLESS EMPIRE · 09/12/2020 · in INDUSTRIAL / EXPERIMENTAL / NOISE / NEOFOLK / GOTHIC
Collected on this LP are 12 tracks from the UK's early to mid-'80s dark post-punk/goth-rock underground! The LP comes with a thick outer sleeve and includes an insert with notes and pictures. SIDE 1: 1. THE DARK - The Masque 2. SKELETAL FAMILY - The Night 3. AUSGANG - ... read more »
WEIRDOS - WEIRD WORLD
LP (12"/10" Album) · RESTLESS EMPIRE · 18/10/2021 · in PUNK / HARDCORE
From Los Angeles, California, the Weirdos formed in 1976. They are one of the most iconic American bands of punk's first wave. Influenced by the Ramones, New York Dolls and Iggy Pop's Stooges, they helped define the early Los Angeles punk sound and attitude. Originally ... read more »
DILS - SOME THINGS NEVER CHANGE
One of the very first bands of the first wave of American punk rock, along with the Screamers, the Avengers, the Weirdos... This record compiles all their studio songs, the first demo as well as their three singles! The b-side features extra live recordings: 7 songs that ... read more »
ALTERNATIVE TV - THE IMAGE HAS CRACKED
Limited reissue of this classic UK punk album! Alternative TV was a London based band started in 1977. Its singer, Mark Perry was already active in the early days of the punk movement with his fanzine 'Sniffin' Glue'. This album (that was produced by John Cale) is a ... read more »
SKELETAL FAMILY - BURNING OIL
Now reissued on vinyl, including the rare demo track 'Lies' as a bonus, Skeletal Family's 1982 debut-LP is one of the best albums to emerge from the UK's early '80s goth-rock underground. Upon its release, 'Burning Oil' spent many months in the highest regions of the UK ... read more »
ADICTS - SOUND OF MUSIC (FR)
FRENCH EDITION! 'Sound Of Music' is the second album by Ipswich-based punks The Adicts. Originally released in 1982 and now back on vinyl, the album contains 12 energetic songs including punk faves s.a. 'Chinese Takeway' and 'Joker In The Pack'. The Adicts did not only ... read more »


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Elizabeth Warren is the top candidate among LGBTQ people according to new polling
Out mayor Pete Buttigieg doesn't have nearly as much support.
By Alex Bollinger Monday, November 25, 2019
Elizabeth Warren Photo: Shutterstock
Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) is LGBTQ Americans' top candidate, according to a new poll from YouGov and Out magazine.
In the poll, 31% of LGBTQ likely voters said that they support Warren in the 2020 Democratic presidential primary. 18% support Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-VT), 16% support former Vice President Joe Biden, and 14% support South Bend Mayor Pete Buttigieg.
Related: Marco Rubio feels 'disrespected' by Elizabeth Warren's amazing response to a homophobic supporter
No other candidates got double-digit support from LGBTQ people in the poll, which was conducted online from November 11 to November 18 and had 816 participants.
This is different from how Democrats are currently ranking the candidates nationally. According to RealClearPolitics, Biden leads with 30%, followed by Warren and Sanders at 19% each, and Buttigieg is in fourth with 8%.
According to YouGov, LGBTQ voters probably support Warren because they lean further to the left than the Democratic Party in general.
"Seventy-seven percent of LGBTQ+ Democratic primary voters identified in our survey as very or somewhat liberal, approximately 20 percentage points higher than the percentage of Democratic primary voters overall who identify as very or somewhat liberal in our surveys," YouGov Blue Vice President Alissa Stollwerk told Out.
The poll also asked LGBTQ people which candidates they thought could beat Donald Trump in the general election. 53% said they believed Warren could and 52% said they believed Biden could. They were followed by Sanders (46%), Buttigieg (29%), and Sen. Kamala Harris (D-CA), at 26%.
Even though LGBTQ people are divided on which candidate to support, the vast majority want Trump out of the White House. 89% said that he should be impeached and removed from office, 93% disapprove or strongly disapprove of how he has been doing his job as president, and only 4% approve of his time in the White House.
Gay Republicans often argue that LGBTQ Democrats only vote for Democrats because they support LGBTQ rights, but that's not what the survey found. Only 34% of LGBTQ people said LGBTQ equality was one of their top issues going into the 2020 election season, lower than health care (66%), climate change (59%), income inequality (37%), and gun violence (36%).
The YouGov/Out poll is the first of this election season to ask LGBTQ people who they are supporting in the primary.
2020 Democratic primary, Bernie Sanders, Donald Trump, Elizabeth Warren, Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, Out, Pete Buttigieg
A lesbian widow was denied Social Security survivor benefits
Two gay tourists were arrested in Malaysia for "immoral acts" with an undercover officer
More in Election 2020
Billy Porter reminds us that LGBTQ people made the difference in the election. But the work's not done yet.
See GLAAD's new Billy Porter-narrated video, detailing how organizers and voters changed the election, on LGBTQ Nation first.
Out state Rep. Malcolm Kenyatta presents official motion for state electors to oust Donald Trump
The Democratic rising star is one of 538 electors representing their states today, and he had a special honor in the process.
The extent of LGBTQ progress under Biden depends on the outcome of two Senate races in Georgia
If challengers Jon Ossoff and Raphael Warnock defeat the incumbents, Democrats will effectively control the Senate – and end GOP efforts to block LGBTQ advances.
Trump would have won if LGBTQ people hadn't turned out to vote for Joe Biden in swing states
LGBTQ voters put Biden over the top in four states.
Only 14% of LGBTQ people voted for Donald Trump. The last poll was flawed.
81% of LGBTQ people voted for Joe Biden, according to a new poll.
Trans teacher explains how Biden's Secretary of Education should protect LGBTQ students
"Nobody's asking [LGBTQ] kids if they're okay — and they're not."
Gay Trump supporter George Santos officially loses his bid for Congress
We'll have 11 out Democrats in Congress next year. No Republicans.
Vile Trump supporter shouts "F**k all you fa***ts" at MAGA march attended by gay Republicans
"I want this nightmare to end. I haven't slept much since the election because I'm sad that Donald Trump is not our president. He's gonna be our president though."
Trump is now repeatedly tweeting that he "WON THE ELECTION" after accidentally admitting he lost
He said that Biden "won because the Election was Rigged," but then backtracked and said that he won the election in several tweets this morning.


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Aberrant: Wild Card - Alexandria Holmes
By z005,
July 11, 2009 in Wild Card
Real Name: Alexandria Emilia Holmes
Nicknames: Alexa
Occupations: Current UW Tecoma freshman.
Legal Status: American Citizen.
Aliases: None.
Place of birth: Seattle, WA.
Marital Status: Single.
Known Relatives: Mother (estranged), Father (dead), younger brother (Dmitri Augustus Holmes)
Group Affiliation: UW Tecoma, Seattle PD
Eruption:
Weight: 136lbs.
Distinguishing Marks: Small scar running up the left side of her chin, very faint.
Strength Level: Average baseline.
Known Powers:
Abilities/Special Skills:
Weapons Used: Non-combatant, usually. Otherwise fists, mace, or as a last resort a pocket knife she keeps in her purse with the mace.
Personality: Determined and friendly.
Personal Interests: Criminal justice, current news, recent anime releases.
Alexandria's mother disappeared from Seattle one night when Alexa was nine and her little brother was 3, leaving only a brief note that said "I want to be more than a cop's wife." Her father looked for her for over a year; he gave up only because Alexa asked him to as her 10 birthday gift from him. With all the wisdom of her now two-digit years and the practicality of a police officer's child, she figured if her mother didn't want them then they didn't need her.
At 17 Alexa's father was killed in the line of duty while chasing down a runner from a drug bust. Alexa had graduated early and took the free semester she had off to go check out colleges to attend; she hadn't decided on her major yet (though her father was pushing for business or medicine under the theory that "everyone needs money and health") and with his death college was out of the question. Dmitri was still only 11, so Alexa filed for emancipation and custody instead of financial aid. She picked up a job working at the bakery that her father's partner's wife owned and made enough between that and the life insurance to keep the two of them going.
Dmitri turned 18 last year, and with the savings Alexa had put aside and the help they got from the Seattle PD, both started scouting colleges and planning for brighter futures. He went to the east coast, landing a scholarship at MIT for computer engineering; Alexa didn't have quite so many Ivy Leaguers clambering for her patron and instead opted to stay close to her old stomping grounds and give them both some breathing room. She started at UW Tecoma in the fall of 2008 and is currently wrapping up her first year of her criminal justice major.


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Conductor Joseph Stepec on Classical Pacific
Hawaii Public Radio | By John Kalani Zak
Published April 27, 2022 at 12:30 PM HST
The University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Music Department
Joseph Stepec serves as the Music Director of the University of Hawaiʻi Symphony Orchestra, the director of the Hawaiʻi Youth Symphony's Symphony Program, the Artistic Director of the Pacific Music Institute and as an Associate Professor of Music at the University of Hawaiʻi.
Conductor and musical director Joseph Stepec joins Classical Pacific's Wednesday host, John Zak, in a lively discussion about the challenges and opportunities in bringing classical music to young people across the islands. Stepec also shares personal stories about the joys of conducting for educational and professional orchestras.
Stepec conducts the University of Hawaiʻi Symphony Orchestra on Sunday, May 1, at the Moanalua High School Performing Arts Center. The event is free and open to the public.
This classical music conversation aired on Wednesday, April 27, 2022.
Classical Pacific airs weekdays at 3 p.m. on HPR-2.
Classical Music Conversations CLASSICAL MUSIC INTERVIEWS
John Kalani Zak
John Kalani Zak, the son of an airline executive father and a journalist mother, was born in Washington D. C. He has lived in and traveled to many locations around the globe, and is delighted to call Hawaiʻi his home.
See stories by John Kalani Zak
Sign Up For HPR News Updates
HPR's Island Insider delivers top local news stories to your inbox every Friday. HPR's second newsletter, On The Lege, shares the latest from inside the Hawaiʻi State Capitol on Tuesdays.
Island Insider (weekly news roundup)
Station Updates (every other week)
Top NPR Stories
Uncle Danny Kaleikini on Classical Pacific (2019)
Sharene Keliʻipunilei Lum Taba
Pianist Joyce Yang on Morning Café
Gene Schiller
Gene Schiller welcomes pianist Joyce Yang back to the HPR-2 studio to preview her upcoming concerts with Chamber Music Hawaiʻi.


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Home / Universities / sikkim / The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University Sikkim
The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University Sikkim
State : Sikkim
City : Gangtok
The ICFAI University, Sikkim has been established under Section 4 (2) of the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Sikkim Act 2004 (Act 9 of 2004) passed by Legislative Assembly of Sikkim. The University has been notified under Notification No.9/LD/2004 Dated, 15-10-2004.
The University is empowered by UGC for award of degrees under Section 22 of UGC Act 1956. The University is a member of the Federation of Universities, India.
The University believes in creating and disseminating knowledge and skills in core and frontier areas through innovative educational programs, research, consulting and publishing, and developing a new cadre of citizens with a high level of competence and deep sense of ethics and commitment to the code of professional conduct.
The Visitor of the University is H.E. The Governor of Sikkim. The University is administered as per the Act, Statutes and Rules. The Board of Governors is headed by the Chancellor and has the Vice-Chancellor and others as members. The Board of Management is headed by the Vice-Chancellor. The Academic Council is responsible for all academic matters.
The University offers Graduate and Post Graduate Programs in management, information technology, law and other areas.
Campus Infrastructure
The University currently operates in its own new premises during the current academic year at Sichey. The campus has various facilities such as classrooms, faculty rooms, meeting rooms, lecture halls, cafeteria, library, computer centre, administrative block and laboratories.
The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Sikkim
Ranka Road,
Lower Sichey,
Gangtok, Sikkim - 737101.
P K Rai : 982041860
Subojyoty Ghosh : 9434164595
Sohail Taslim : 9733008932
Varun Chettri : 9836880605
Angmu Bhutia : 9733309616
Avinash Pradhan : 7602736490
Feroj Mansuri : 9800861630
Email: registrar@iusikkim.edu.in
Website: www.iusikkim.edu.in
Colleges Affilated to The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University Sikkim
Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad
Berhampur University, Berhampur
Maulana Mazharul Haque Arabic & Persian University
National Law Institute University Bhopal.
The Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak
BIHARI LAL SMARAK KISAN MAHAVIDYALAYA
Jaipuria Institute of Management
M.D. College, Sikandra
SHRI SHAKTI DEGREE COLLEGE SHAKHAHARI HARBASPUR
Banwari Shankar College Saharsa


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Action Bronson Says He's Parting Ways With Vice
He reveals he felt underappreciated and underpaid by the label and TV network
By Sam Sodomsky and Evan Minsker
Action Bronson, photo by Zachary Mazur/FilmMagic
Action Bronson has announced that he's parting ways with Vice, the media company that served as his record label and the network for his cooking show, "Fuck, That's Delicious." He hinted at the departure in a series of October 16 tweets. "You weirdo motherfuckers are lucky to have ever been in my presence," he wrote in the tweets below. "I'll take my talents elsewhere because you sure don't appreciate what I've done for you." He confirmed the split in tonight's interview on Complex's "Open Late With Peter Rosenberg." Watch his comments about Vice below at the 6:30 mark.
After saying that he's still with Vice due to "contractual issues," he explained his decision to part ways with the company. "It's reached its time," he said. "I need to be able to spread my wings musically. I have too many ideas for shows that work to be stagnated to doing one every fuckin' two years. That's not my thing." He then said that he felt underappreciated and underpaid by the company, but said that he's parting ways with the company amicably. A representative from Vice offered no comment.
Action Bronson signed to Vice in 2012. "Fuck, That's Delicious" debuted on Viceland in 2016. Action Bronson's new self-released album White Bronco is out tonight.
This article was originally published on October 31 at 7:19 p.m. Eastern. It was last updated at 7:37 p.m. Eastern.
TagsBeefAction BronsonRap


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Home Hotel, Casino & Club News Favorites of the '70s and '80s Show the Love at "12th Annual...
Favorites of the '70s and '80s Show the Love at "12th Annual Love Affair Concert" at the Orleans Arena Feb. 13
Celebrated disco, rhythm and blues (R&B) and soul and funk entertainers from the 1970s and 1980s will perform their greatest hits at the 105.7 Old School Love Affair Concert on Feb. 13 at the Orleans Arena (Pictured: Jody Watley – Photo credit: Albert Sanchez).
The star-studded event will welcome romantic solo artists and groups whose chart-topping hits still dominate radio playlists across the country.
This year's lineup includes Billboard Lifetime Achievement Award-winner Jody Watley, who found herself on the Billboard Hot 100 chart multiple times with songs like "Looking for a New Love," "Don't You Want Me," "Real Love" and more.
The Jets had numerous Billboard Hot 100 hits in the mid-to-late '80s, including their five top-10 singles "Crush on You," "You Got It All," "Make It Real," "Rocket 2 U" and "Cross My Broken Heart."
Sisters Wanda, Sheila and Jeanette Hutchinson, more famously known as The Emotions, are known for their legendary hit "Best of My Love," as well as their collaboration on "Boogie Wonderland" with American music phenomena Earth, Wind & Fire.
Bursting onto the music scene in 1976 with the Billboard Hot 100 hit "Boogie Nights," Heatwave remained on the charts with "Always and Forever" and "The Groove Line."
GQ found success in 1979 with the single "Disco Nights (Rock-Freak)," which peaked at #1 on the Billboard R&B Singles chart and #12 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Siblings Debra and Ronnie Laws are best known for their collaboration on the 1981 soul ballad "Very Special." In 1993, Debra released "Moments," which enjoyed great success overseas.
American Latin-influenced rock 'n' roll group Malo charted its first top-20 single in 1978 with the sultry Latin ballad "Suavecito."
Platinum-selling electro-funk '80s band Midnight Star found success with its Billboard Top 40 hit, "Operator."
R&B singer Evelyn "Champagne" King exploded onto the scene in 1978 with her Billboard Hot 100 hit "Shame," followed by "I Don't Know If It's Right" and "Love Come Down" in 1982.
Doors open at 7:30 p.m. Tickets are available from $30 plus taxes and fees and can be purchased by calling the Orleans Arena Box Office at 702.284.7777 or by visiting www.orleansarena.com.
The Orleans Arena
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You can download the application forms for Stallholder Booking and Food Concessions from here.
Click here to download Stallholder Booking Form.
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CRAZY EX-GIRLFRIEND takes its final bow with a special two-hour finale: the first hour is a traditional series finale, "I'm In Love," where Rebecca's (Rachel Bloom) journey concludes, and the second is a concert special.
Crazy Ex-Girlfriend -- "I'm In Love" -- Image Number: CEG417c_0566.jpg -- Pictured (L-R): Rachel Bloom as Rebecca and Donna Lynne Champlin as Paula -- Photo: Greg Gayne/The CW -- © 2019 The CW Network, LLC. All rights reserved.
Santino Fontana portrayed the character for the first couple of seasons of The CW series—he left in the fourth episode of season 2—but "this is a reimagining of the story," McKenna said.
Credit: Michael Desmond/The CW — © 2017 The CW Network, LLC All Rights Reserved.
Series premiere: Rebecca Bunch (Rachel Bloom) is a successful, driven, and possibly crazy young woman who impulsively gives up everything – her partnership at a prestigious law firm and her upscale apartment in Manhattan – in a desperate attempt to find love and happiness in that exotic hotbed of romance and adventure: suburban West Covina, Calif. (it's only two hours from the beach! Four in traffic).
JANE THE VIRGIN will return for its sophomore season earlier than announced.
The CW is using CRAZY EX-GIRLFRIEND to kick off the week.


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Luchthaven Chichester/Goodwood (Engels: Chichester/Goodwoord Airport), (IATA: QUG, ICAO: EGHR)is een klein vliegveld in de buurt van Chichester, West-Sussex in het Verenigd Koninkrijk.

Geschiedenis
Het vliegveld is tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog aangelegd door de RAF als extra landingsplek ter ontsluiting van het nabijgelegen vliegveld RAF Tangmere. Bij de opening heette het vliegveld RAF Westhampnett.

Het vliegveld werd onder andere gebruikt tijdens de Battle of Britain. Na de oorlog werden de gronden teruggeven aan de eigenaren van Goodwood House. Rond die tijd werd om het vliegveld het Goodwood Circuit aangelegd.

Tegenwoordig
Op dit moment wordt het vliegveld voornamelijk gebruikt voor trainingsvluchten en door historische vliegtuigen. Er kan onder ander meegevlogen worden in een Spitfire en een Harvard. Jaarlijks vinden de evenementen Goodwood Revival en Goodwood Festival of Speed plaats op het vliegveld.

Vliegveld in Engeland
Bouwwerk in South East England
West Sussex

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Click here to find out how far it is to Fairburn Clarendon JAMAICA.
how far is it to Fairburn Clarendon JAMAICA?
Tell me about travel to Fairburn Clarendon JAMAICA. I could probably use a hotel or a local tour of Fairburn-.
Is there anywhere to hire a car in Fairburn-?
I would also be interested in places to eat in Fairburn Clarendon JAMAICA.


I have elevated my ferritin level to 308 and the saturation is 29% but the RLS has not changed. Even though these values are in the normal areas, isn't the bottom line, the ferritin level in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)? Am I correct that this can only be measured via a spinal tap? And let's say it turns out to be low, how do you elevate it? The hematologist that infused my iron had never heard of the concern about low ferritin levels in the CSF with regard to RLS. Do these MD's ever get on the same page? There is considerable data out there about low CSF ferritin and RLS.
I do believe it can only be measured by a spinal tap. I haven't been reading research results as I used to, but I don't recall reading that the CSF level was ever tested on regular patients. They studied it, I thought, just to see if it was lower in WED patients - and it is. I also don't think they yet know the mechanism for the iron failure or how to treat it. It's just low....and for now,it's something we just live with. Badnights will likely know if I'm missing something.
Per the doctors, I think the first studies about CSF iron took place over ten years ago! I've heard that it takes about 15 years for new information to make it into the common knowledge and collected wisdom of doctors. Guess we're still waiting.
Sad, isn't it? There are just so many diseases and treatments that GPs and specialists in other fields don't learn about developments unless they actively seek to stay up to date. It must be hard, because there are so many things to stay up to date with.
I don't mind that they don't know (though it irks me if they call themselves sleep specialists or neurologists yet don't know 10-yr-old WED developments) - but I get really ticked at people who are not even interested in learning, or in pursuing information when they see they are lacking, like when a patient tells them something they didn't already know - they should look into it! not just ignore it, or worse, assume the patient is mistaken. And if they're too busy to look into it, they shouldn't pretend to be treating you any longer - they should pass your care along to someone who has the time to look for recent information.
CSF iron and ferritin will supposedly go up as serum iron and ferritin go up, but no one knows exactly why. (it's not diffusion so it can't be a diffusion gradient). In cases where the WED symptoms don't improve, the underlying assumption seems to be that, for some reason, iron levels remained very low on the CSF side despite raising iron in the blood. Maybe you're one of those people. On the other hand, Dr Earley in the recent WEDF webinar on iron and RLS/WED, said he wouldn't even hesitate to give intravenous iron to a WED patient whose ferritin was as high as 200. Higher than that, he might still do it, depending on other factors.
The way he does it, is he raises the ferritin as high as necessary to make symptoms go away (within limits, and I'm sure I don't have the whole story, but you will see my point:). Then over the next months, he monitors the ferritin level on a regular schedule. When symptoms return, the ferritin level at the time of return becomes the target level for that person. The aim is to keep that person's ferritin above that level at which symptoms returned. For you, it might be 250. For me, it might be 80. You see?
So maybe your ferritin still isn't high enough for you.
Thanks, Beth. I MUST listen to that webinar....Beth, I just looked for it. Is it in the Members Only section? I couldn't find it.
EDIT: ouch, they did not include the presentation slides. That will make it harder to understand, especially Connor's part.
Thank you Beth. All my labs will be faxed to Dr. B, so I'll let him decide what to do next. He and Dr, Earley on the same page, right? In the webinar, did Dr. Earley mention what form of iron he likes to infuse? I know Dr. B. likes Dextran, but none of the infusion centers, including hospitals, use that anymore. Infed (iron sucrose) is all they use. Ideas?
Dr Earley was very very clear that low molecular-weight sugars were the only ones that would be effective for WED. Low molecular-weight iron dextran (also called INFeD) is what he uses, 1000 mg per dose. He says this form allows the iron to end up in the blood whereas the short-acting, HMW iron molecules cause iron to go to the marrow and stay there.
Since it takes 4-6 weeks to take effect, he does a followup at 6, 10 and 14 weeks. The IV 1000 mg iron dextran is repeated if symptoms have not improved or have not improved enough - I don't know how he determines this, but that's the idea anyway. I don't know how many times he would want to repeat the iron dextran IV. Some people just don't respond.
If symptom relief is obtained, the procedure I mentioned before is followed to find the baseline ferritin level for that person.
He is more than willing, he is happy to work with any doctor (usually a hematologist) who wants to treat WED with IV iron dextran. He says, however, that even after providing them with the research, and with a protocol to follow, it is a struggle to convince most of them that the important factor is ferritin in relation to WED, not in relation to anemia.
He has been trying to get IV iron approved by FDA as a treatment for WED, but it's complicated and my notes don't explain why.
The response among WED patients to IV iron dextran is bimodal: it works, or it doesn't. Studies vary, but it's probably safe to say at least half of WED patients who have tried it have benefited; in one study, 25% were still without medications 6 months afterward. For the most part, if it works, the result is significant, and if it doesn't work, it doesn't work at all.
If your ferritin is below 75 ng, you might be better off trying to raise it to 75 with oral iron. Above 75, oral iron is not likely to be effective, and IV iron becomes a better option.
This is my understanding of what he presented.
Don a lot of the information came from a Webinar Dr E gave a few months ago. Last I saw it was available on the WEDF site. I'm not sure where offhand.
Also because of your Crones I wonder if a gluten free diet would help you at all. It works for some, May be worth a shot for you.
I don't know enough about the iron system altogether, particularly why the saturation would go down with ferritin staying the same. I would guess it's something to do with the Crohn's.
I believe Dr E would want to consider other factors before giving you/recommending infusions. You're above the upper end of the "normal" range (20-200, according to a study he mentioned). To get your hematologist up to speed, definitely ask him if he would contact Dr Earley at Johns Hopkins, who sure sounded like he would be happy to work with other doctors on WED treatment by iron infusion. Dr E won't be able to recommend anything without knowing more of your medical background, which seems to require that your hematologist consult Dr E on your case. Not sure how to make that happen.
The webinar (see rthom's link) is sound only, not the slides, unfortunately, but it's still valuable. There are questions and answers at the end.


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La Junta de Aguas de Madrid o Junta de Fuentes de la Villa de Madrid (también enunciada como Concejo y Junta de las Aguas) fue un organismo creado en 1608 en la capital de España para coordinar y regular todo lo relacionado con el abastecimiento de agua a la ciudad. Existió como «organismo independiente del resto de la administración municipal hasta el 1 de noviembre de 1766», en que su autoridad y gestiones se integraron en sucesivos despachos con diferentes y varios nombres, aunque similar ocupación. En su conjunto, fueron absorbidos o desaparecieron de forma paulatina con la puesta en funcionamiento del Canal de Isabel II, que acabaría arbitrando el suministro y explotación de aguas en Madrid.

Historia

El Concejo y Junta de las Aguas tuvo su precedente en la Junta de Ornato, Limpieza y Policía, instituida por Felipe II, según Real Cédula de 6 de mayo de 1590, e integrada por ocho miembros en representación conjunta de la Corona y la Villa. Desglosada de ella, se creó en 1608 la Junta de
Fuentes como organismo municipal dirigido por un consejero del rey, miembro del Consejo Real, o superintendente. A sus órdenes quedaban el corregidor de la Villa, dos regidores con el cargo de comisarios de fuentes, y el secretario mayor del Ayuntamiento. No obstante el cargo más importante, por su actividad era el del veedor, que revisaba los «viajes» cada dos meses presentando informes y propuestas.

La Junta de Fuentes de Madrid existió como «organismo independiente del resto de la administración municipal hasta el 1 de noviembre de 1766», aunque desde 1746 se la conocía de forma oficial como Comisión de Fuentes. A partir de 1766, la gestión de los «viajes de agua» se integró en la Junta de Propios y Arbitrios, hasta la reforma municipal de 1835, en que pasaría a ser competencia de la Comisión de Obras de la Villa.

Funciones y objetivos

La Junta de Aguas asumió desde sus creación el «proceso constructivo, los itinerarios, el mantenimiento, la red de distribución y los beneficiarios de los viajes de agua». Asimismo era de su competencia vigilar los robos de agua por perforación de las galerías de conducción, establecer las multas, y en periodos de sequía aplicar el artículo 48 del Reglamento de Fontanería de la Villa de Madrid, que textualmente avisaba de que «en el caso en que se advierta la mayor baja de aguas, se observará para su distribución la preferencia en las fuentes públicas, compras, censos y gracias», o sea que los primeros en quedarse sin agua serían los que la recibían gratuitamente. En el capítulo económico, además de administrar el impuesto sobre la venta del agua, también regulaba impuestos especiales como el real de plata que tenía que pagarse en el matadero del Rastro por cada cordero sacrificado, tasa conocida como Rastro de Fuentes y ejecutada a partir de 1611. Del mismo modo, el superávit en la recaudación general podía revertir en préstamos a la Administración.

Los trabajos de localización de acuíferos y determinación de las pendientes para la construcción de los viajes serían llevados a cabo por los técnicos y alarifes de la Junta de Obras y Bosques y de la Junta de Fuentes, entre 1610 y 1617.

El objetivo primordial fue la puesta en funcionamiento de los cuatro principales viajes, es decir, el de Amaniel (1610-1621) –perteneciente a la Corona– y los tres viajes propiedad de la Villa de Madrid: el de la Fuente Castellana (1613-1620), y los llamados del Abroñigal Alto y Abroñigal Bajo (1617-1630). Luego vendrían los del Buen Suceso (1612-1618) (para surtir una fuente en la Puerta del Sol), y los complementarios del de la Castellana, los viajes de Contreras (1637-1645) y de la Alcubilla (1688-1692).

Una vez encarriladas las apremiantes necesidades de agua de la creciente capital española, se atendieron otros proyectos como el Real Sitio del Buen Retiro, zona de recreo de la Corte, que endeudó al consistorio municipal a pesar de que la infraestructura hidráulica fue en gran parte pagada por la Corona. La zona se atendió con la construcción de los viajes Alto (1632-1636) y Bajo (1636-1640)
del Buen Retiro.

Sondeos y captaciones de agua

En el proceso surgieron todo tipo de contratiempos, algunos de orden interno, como las competiciones entre los regidores por ver «quién descubría más y mejor agua». Uno de estos celosos funcionarios fue Juan Fernández, hijo de un mercader toledano, que había reemplazado a Francisco de Alfaro en la regiduría del Concejo madrileño desde el 13 de abril de 1593, y que llegaría a convertirse en uno de miembros más poderosos de la Junta de Fuentes.

Pronto tuvo que poner remedio la Junta de Aguas al preocupante hecho de que el caudal de las fuentes de la Villa y los «viages» existentes de antiguo, eran insuficientes para satisfacer las necesidades causadas por el desproporcionado crecimiento de población provocado por la circunstancia de haberse convertido en «Villa y Corte». Se impuso entonces como objetivo urgente la búsqueda de nuevos acuíferos, manantiales y venas de agua, tarea asumida por el regidor municipal Luís de Valdés que, a su vez, trajo a Madrid a un famoso zahorí napolitano llamado Dorodeo Chiancardo, alojándolo en su propia casa durante un par de años.

Los precios del agua

En el capítulo que dedica al suministro de aguas y sus precios el ingeniero Guerra Chavarino, en su estudio dedicado a los viajes de agua de Madrid, y siguiendo las entradas del Libro de Acuerdos del Concejo madrileño y los tratados del arabista Oliver Asín y del matemático Aznar de Polanco dedicados a estos temas, se anotan las siguientes cifras:

En el siglo
Al final de este siglo, la normativa publicada en 1596 para la fabricación de cántaros obligaba la medida de cinco azumbres (diez litros) como capacidad mínima. Además era obligatoria la "denominación de origen", es decir, el nombre o marca del alfar o el alfarero que había fabricado el recipiente. En 1599 los aguadores solicitaron un aumento de 'sueldo', pues las ganancias, con las sequías veraniegas y la necesidad de alimentar a sus animales de carga no daban para subsistir ni para mantener el físico que requería este duro oficio (pues el reparto de «cargas» o pedidos, por lo general 4 a 6 cántaros, incluía en el servicio ser subidos a las viviendas correspondientes, algunas de hasta cuatro pisos. En 1600 una «carga» costaba diez maravedíes, variando el precio según la fuente de origen, siendo la de Leganitos la más preciada, a ocho maravedíes tan solo cuatro cántaros, y diez la carga de seis cántaros.

En el siglo
Se conoce el dato de que en este periodo el real de agua (RA) se compraba a trecientos ducados. En este siglo apareció, al parecer, el aguador sin burro, que transportaba al hombro su carga, estipulándose para ellos el precio de dos maravedíes por dos cántaros.

En el siglo
El real de agua (RA) había de pagarse a cuatro mil «ducados de vellón» al año (precio aplicado a cualquier tipo de arca de reparto. Cada usuario, a su vez, pagaría el 3% de la cantidad contratada, según contrato realizado «a censo». Por su parte, la arroba de agua se pagaba a poco menos de un cornago. En estas tarifas no se contemplaban los impuestos para el mantenimiento de las galerías y conducciones.

En el siglo
Por lo que respecta ya al siglo , Pedro Felipe Monlau en su manual dedicado a Madrid o Amigo del forastero en Madrid y sus cercanías, publicado en 1850, explica que el real de agua –según el baremo de medidas en esa ciudad– era «la cantidad de agua que pasa por un tubo del diámetro de un real de vellón». Un real (RA) se divide, a su vez, en dos medios, cuatro cuartillos, o 16 pajas. El sistema de medidas referido por Monlau, anota también que un real de agua equivale a «96 cubas diarias de a dos arrobas y media», o a unos 150 pies cúbicos de agua.

Aguadores, mendigos, tullidos y sedientos
Considerando que en el año 1600 una cántara de agua valía 28 maravedíes –y aunque diez años después había bajado su precio a 20 maravedíes–, puede imaginarse el despliegue de medidas reguladoras y, en especial, represoras que rodearon y rigieron el consumo de agua en Madrid a lo largo del siglo . El crecimiento demográfico llevó a un creciente trapicheo del agua, por lo que se prohibió la venta al por menor hecha por aguadores que vieron el gran negocio de ofrecer agua endulzada con anís a los «sedientos nuevos vecinos de la nueva capital de las Españas», ofrecida en jarritos o vasos a los transeúntes. La prohibición estableció una pena de cien azotes y «perdimiento de los pollinos», es decir se les requisaban los burros donde transportaban los cántaros.

Asimismo, para que los alguaciles pudieran localizar a los aguadores furtivos y diferenciarlos de los encargados del transporte de agua, se obligó a estos últimos a colocar cencerros en el cuello de sus bestias de carga. También se les prohibió a los aguadores alquilar los burros para otros menesteres que no fueran su oficio, como el ofrecimiento de llevar "viajeros" (por lo general damas) hasta la ribera del río Manzanares.

Véase también
 Historia del Canal de Isabel II
 Aguadores de Madrid
 Viajes de agua en el Madrid histórico
 Tribunal de las Aguas de Valencia

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Bibliografía citada
 Libros de Acuerdos del concejo madrileño, 1464-1600, tomo IV (1498-1501). Transcripción de Carmen Rubio Pardos, Rosario Sánchez González y Carmen Cayetano Martín. Raycar, S.A. Impresores, Madrid 1982.
 Contribuciones documentales a la historia de Madrid. Agustín Millares Carlo. Biblioteca de Estudios Madrileños.

Historia de Madrid
Viajes de agua de Madrid
Gestión del agua en España


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'They call me a big crybaby': Groundskeeper grateful to be honored for 28 years of service to city of Muskegon
'They call me a big crybaby:' Groundskeeper Ray Sim -- who's a great great grandfather and beloved community man -- was honored by the City fo Muskegon for his 28 years of service.
By: Lauren Edwards
MUSEKGON, Mich. — For Sim Ray, Smith-Ryerson Park on Sumner Avenue is like a second home. He's worked there as a groundskeeper for the last 28 years, cutting the grass and cleaning the community center. However, his favorite times have been when he's helped people.
"To me, it's a great honor," Sim said during an interview with FOX 17 on Friday. "I like the people and I've met a lot of people here. I've helped a lot of people that wanted to do things for their families and their kids and they weren't able to. I worked them in and I let them."
Sim always accommodated people. He said he has a passion for helping others. It's the way he was raised.
"I just want people to respect this building and this park because we're getting it known that people come in saying this is the most beautifulest [sic] park in Muskegon," Ray said. "So, they tell me I'll retire. I'll probably never retire. I bet I'll be off the payroll but you'll find me around here picking up paper or picking up something. I love it."
Because of his love and dedication to the park, on Tuesday Jan. 11, the city of Muskegon awarded him.
"So, Mr. Ray, in recognition of your many years in maintaining our parks and community buildings with excellence, we are proud to present you with a key to the Sims [sic] Ray Community Building at Smith-Ryerson Park," said an official with the city of Muskegon.
Everyone clapped, including Albirda, his wife of 72 years, and their 10 kids, over 20 grandkids, great-grandkids and great-great-grandkids.
Sim's daughter Linda recorded the event on her cell phone.
"Before I say anything, I'm a big crybaby. My family, would you please stand?" Ray said. The family stood up. "I just want to say thanks to the City of Muskegon Parks and Recreation for allowing me this chance. I have enjoyed working for Muskegon."
Albirda was so proud, she said, and shocked.
"It was surprise to me," she said. "I really didn't know what to do. I was happy."
The Rays met and fell in love in Arkansas. They moved to Michigan in the 1950s, first residing on the east side of the state. Then they moved to Muskegon where they settled and raised their 10 kids, instilling in them the values of love, hard work and compassion.
Ray said his compassion comes from his parents.
"Mostly go back to when I was a kid and the way that I was brought up. I was a kid that didn't have a mother. My mother died when I was 2 years old," Ray said. "But the mom and dad that raised me, raised me to respect people, give them honor."
And to always offer a helping hand.
He's grateful that not only he continues to do that but his children do too. That's the ultimate award.
"They call me a big crybaby and I'm fighting back tears right now," Ray said. "It's one thing that I would only do that when I'm happy. And, right now I'm happy."
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A Study In White by Bob Byerley is available for sale as a Signed And Numbered Limited Edition art print with a 20 x 30 Image Size and is for sale for $SOLD OUT unframed. They are in mint condition and have never been framed. Nostalgic Artist Bob Byerley art prints on sale framed any way you want or unframed. Order your print today. All prints are professionally boxed and insured and guaranteed to arrive in mint condition. All of the prints have been hand signed and numbered by Nostalgic Artist Bob Byerley, Art Prints and Paintings for sale. A little girl is in the nursery. She is checking on the new baby as a bunch of Fairies dance overhead, Artwork on sale painted by Nostalgic Artist Bob Byerley.


Most people interested in websites and online marketing already know how to buy a domain. It isn't hard, nor generally expensive.
The thing is, new domains are not ranked and they take a lot of work to get into a half way decent position in the search engine results pages.
As well as that, finding the perfect domain name is getting increasingly difficult, especially if you want to stick with the holy trinity or .com, .org and .net domains.
That's where expired domains come into play.
An expired domain is a domain that someone bought, maybe even built a website on, but has for one reason or another let it lapse.
These types of domains are usually the same price as normal domains as they have been released back into the wild.
The important thing is that these domains have a history, mostly bad or ok, but some of them hit the sweet spot and have a good history and maybe even some solid backlinks.
With a domain like that your new site can get an initial boost.
Of course, that boost alone doesn't enable you to sit back, you still need to work on ranking the site!
What Benefit Does an Expired Domain Bring?
Most often marketers used expired domains in things like Private Blog Networks or as a 301 redirect, both being designed to help improve the rankings of your core money site.
That being said, if the domain is good enough you can even build a full blown money site on top of it.
To find an expired domain you will need to use some online services.
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As well as that it also lists expired domains that can be placed on backorder with the domain registrars, in order to try and nab the domain.
There are of course other sites out there that can help you find expired domains, such as freshdrop.com and domcop.com.
If you have ever bought a second hand car, you know that you really need to check it out. After all it might look all shiny and new on the surface, but be a death trap inside.
The same goes for domains: making sure you do your due diligence before purchasing will make sure that you don't purchase a dud.
Nothing could be worse than spending time and money on a site built on an expired domain, whose history ranges from Viagra pills, through payday loans services to something in Chinese that you think is about horses. This is especially so when your site is about none of those things.
Inheriting this baggage of potentially harmful backlinks is a big no no.
Luckily there are some tools that you can use to examine the domains under a microscope to make sure you get a decent domain.
The first thing to check involves a free tool that everyone can access: your common sense.
If the domain looks or sounds spammy, then it is most likely full of spam. Do yourself a favour and save your time and just skip past any domains that fail the "eyeball test".
Google: Your new best friend!
Some days I wake up and expect Google to have brewed me a coffee and made me eggs, that's how many useful services they have.
In relation to expired domains, the only service you need to use is the Google Search itself. You just need to be smart about it.
If you do a search for 'site:domain.com' this will bring up a list of all the pages that Google has indexed.
Casanhelp.com is the expired domain used in these examples.
Indexed and looking like it is spam free (well as far as my Spanish allows me to check).
A brief look through the search results can help you spot any potential spammy content.
The next search to do is simply for the domain itself, so 'domain.com'. This search will give you a broader search that can help you get ab idea about the reputation that the site had: whether people have been complaining about spam from it for instance.
The internet is an ephemeral place: sites pop up and disappear all the time.
Luckily some people have decided to try and archive as much of the internet as possible (no small task!) and you can use this to your advantage when researching an expired domain.
The Way Back Machine provided by the Internet Archive enables you to drop in a domain and see how it has changed over the years.
You get to see an actual cached copy of the site so you can really see what they have been doing and you can check for dodgy links, poor anchor text and you can even examine the code for hidden spam links etc.
It's far from perfect, and often with broken links and images, but it does provide an almost tangible way to check out that domain.
Finally, one of the most important aspects that needs to be checked is the backlink profile.
This needs to be looked at for a double edged reason: to make sure the backlink profile is decent and not full of spam.
At the end of the day, this is what will determine if the domain is to be crossed off the list, added to the PBN list as a potential or bought as a main authority or money site.
It's best to use two services when doing this: Majestic.com and Ahrefs.com. By using both you will get a wider picture of the state of the backlinks.
It's a good idea though, not to get too hung up on metrics like Page Rank or Trust Flow as these can be faked. Instead, look at the quality of the back links and judge for yourself.
Expired domains are very useful in that they can provide a huge boost to an existing or new website.
They do need to be chosen with care though, so make sure that you do your research before buying one.
This is a great article, although, any good domain going to an auction will likely go up into the thousands of dollars.
Great blog! Very informative. Thanks!


The program consistency of high density gate-oxide anti-fuse PROM (programmable read only memory) memory cell is considered in this paper. To solve this problem, we do research on the mechanism and models of gate-oxide break down. A test chip based on 2T memory cell is also designed for the experiment. During the test, we have found that the program consistency of 2T cell is really pessimistic. What's more, the program voltage has effect on the consistency. Through research and test, we have got the optimal program voltage-6.5V for 2T memory cell in 180nm technology. To further improve the consistency, we modify the 2T memory cell and propose a 3T memory cell. It consumes 18% more area, but the standard deviation of equivalent resistance decreases 15.3% in the worst situation. The deviation can decrease 80.3% at most. The program consistency is greatly improved.


The cottages are all different and have their own quirks and individual layouts with pros and cons. Cottage number 9 is more secluded while the rest are all next to each other and centred around the play area and office. Some cottages enjoy upside-down living areas to help guests enjoy the sea views while others have larger bedrooms and look straight out onto the children's play area. We have a cottage that is all on 1 floor so would suit people with reduced mobility. We believe we have something that will suit every couple or group so please get in touch and let us know your needs.
With sufficient notice, we can add extra pull out beds for children, high chairs or cots and have up to 7 guests staying (but this needs to be agreed by email in advance).
Facilities include: Use of children's activity play areas and climbing frames, a wood burning stove or an open fireplace, wifi plus a washing machine/dryer for each cottage. We have 2 dog friendly cottages available upon request - the majority of our cottages have never had dogs staying in them. Please inform us in advance of any allergies to things such as feather pillows etc.
Cottages 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 have sea views of Galway Bay, looking towards County Clare and the Burren. It is possible to see the Aran Islands on a clear day.
Barna town centre is just a five minute stroll away, with a great collection of fantastic pubs, restaurants and shops. It is common for our guests to have a couple of days when they simply relax and unwind in Barna without having to drive anywhere or venture further afield! For returning to us after a day out, please type H91 VXY0 into a SatNav or drive 500 metres after Supervalu supermarket in Barna going towards Furbo.
We are currently offering all 2019 bookings at 2018 prices - get in touch and book early to ensure you get the best cottage for your needs. For low season, our great value prices range from €144 per night up to €166 (for up to 6 people) in our cottages, staying 3 nights or more. Mid season prices are from €166 to €226. High season prices are €226 to €399 per night for up to 6 guests. Rates depend on seasonality, length of stay and occupancy numbers (with mid week being better value than weekend prices). We usually make each quote individually so please feel free to get in touch with the team.
Photography and social media content by ASHA, Galway. Tel: 085 724 5165.


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Agreement Relating to Prisoners of War and Civilians Liberated by Forces Operating Under Soviet Command and Forces Operating Under United States of America Command February 20, 1945
Agreement Relating to Prisoners of War and Civilians Liberated by Forces Operating Under Soviet Command and Forces Operating Under United States of America Command
The Government of the United States of America on the one hand and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the other hand, wishing to make arrangements for the care and repatriation of United States citizens freed by forces operating under Soviet command and for Soviet citizens freed by forces operating under United States command, have agreed as follows:
All Soviet citizens liberated by the forces operating under United States command and all United States citizens liberated by the forces operating under Soviet command will, without delay after their liberation, be separated from enemy prisoners of war and will be maintained separately from them in camps or points of concentration until they have been handed over to the Soviet or United States authorities, as the case may be, at places agreed upon between those authorities.
United States and Soviet military authorities will respectively take the necessary measures for protection of camps, and points of concentration from enemy bombing, artillery fire, etc.
The contracting parties shall ensure that their military authorities shall without delay inform the competent authorities of the other party regarding citizens of the other contracting party found by them, and will at the same time take the necessary steps to implement the provisions of this agreement. Soviet and United States repatriation representatives will have the right of immediate access into the camps and points of concentration where their citizens are located and they will have the right to appoint the internal administration and set up the internal discipline and management in accordance with the military procedure and laws of their country.
Facilities will be given for the despatch or transfer of officers of their own nationality to camps or points of concentration where liberated members of the respective forces are located and there are insufficient officers. The outside protection of and access to and from the camps or points of concentration will be established in accordance with the instructions of the military commander in whose zone they are located, and the military commander shall also appoint a commandant, who shall have the final responsibility for the overall administration and discipline of the camp or point concerned.
The removal of camps as well as the transfer from one camp to another of liberated citizens will be effected by agreement with the competent Soviet or United States authorities. The removal of camps and transfer of liberated citizens may, in exceptional circumstances, also be effected without preliminary agreement provided the competent authorities are immediately notified of such removal or transfer with a statement of the reasons. Hostile propaganda directed against the contracting parties or against any of the United Nations will not be permitted.
The competent United States and Soviet authorities will supply liberated citizens with adequate food, clothing, housing and medical attention both in camps or at points of concentration and en route, and with transport until they are handed over to the Soviet or United States authorities at places agreed upon between those authorities. The standards of such food, clothing, housing and medical attention shall, subject to the provisions of Article 8, be fixed on a basis for privates, non¬commissioned officers and officers. The basis fixed for civilians shall as far as possible be the same as that fixed for privates.
The contracting parties will not demand compensation for these or other similar services which their authorities may supply respectively to liberated citizens of the other contracting party.
Each of the contracting parties shall be at liberty to use in agreement with the other party such of its own means of transport as may be available for the repatriation of its citizens held by the other contracting party. Similarly each of the contracting parties shall be at liberty to use in agreement with the other party its own facilities for the delivery of supplies to its citizens held by the other contracting party.
Soviet and United States military authorities shall make such advances on behalf of their respective governments to liberated citizens of the other contracting party as the competent Soviet and United States authorities shall agree upon beforehand.
Advances made in currency of any enemy territory or in currency of their occupation authorities shall not be liable to compensation.
In the case of advances made in currency of liberated non-enemy territory, the Soviet and United States Governments will effect, each for advances made to their citizens necessary settlements with the Governments of the territory concerned, who will be informed of the amount of their currency paid out for this purpose.
Ex-prisoners of war and civilians of each of the contracting parties may, until their repatriation, be employed in the management, maintenance and administration of the camps or billets in which they are situated. They may also be employed on a voluntary basis on other work in the vicinity of their camps in furtherance of the common war effort in accordance with agreements to be reached between the competent Soviet and United States authorities. The question of payment and conditions of labour shall be determined by agreement between these authorities. It is understood that liberated members of the respective forces will be employed in accordance with military standards and procedure and under the supervision of their own officers.
The contracting parties shall, wherever necessary, use all practicable means to ensure the evacuation to the rear of these liberated citizens. They also undertake to use all practicable means to transport liberated citizens to places to be agreed upon where they can be handed over to the Soviet or United States authorities respectively. The handing over of these liberated citizens shall in no way be delayed or impeded by the requirements of their temporary employment.
The contracting parties will give the fullest possible effect to the foregoing provisions of this Agreement, subject only to the limitations in detail and from time to time of operational, supply and transport conditions in the several theatres.
This Agreement shall come into force on signature.
Done at the Crimea in duplicate and in the English and Russian languages, both being equally authentic, this eleventh day of February, 1945.
For the Government of the United States of America: John R. Deane, Major General, U.S.A.
For the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Lieutenant General Gryzlov
Tagsadequate food Article Case commander Contracting Parties Contracting Party Crimea DAY DONE English food General Government Government of the United States of America Major General nations States Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Nations United States
Anterior Agreement Relating to Prisoners of War and Civilians Liberated by Forces Operating Under Soviet Command and Forces Operating Under United States of America Command February 20, 1945
Siguiente Agreement on Control Machinery in Austria July 4, 1945
Journal of International Dispute Settlement Volume 12, Issue 3, September 2021 ISSN: 2040-3585, EISSN: 2040-3593 …


text:
This 81 Year Old Ship Still Operates On Great Lakes Between Minnesota, Wisconsin + Illinois
Ken Hayes Published: January 20, 2023
Vibe With Mike via YouTube
I couldn't help but notice that one of my favorite local YouTubers posted a video of a laker coming in under the lift bridge. It was posted in December, and it already has over 200,000 views. That's by far way more than any other content coming out of Duluth, Minnesota in recent months. What's the big deal?
So I looked up some information on this ship and found out it's pretty historic! It's the SS Alpena. It was built back in 1942, making it 81 years old. Here's the kicker, it's still operating and is the oldest steam-operated ship operating on the Great Lakes.
The ship was originally an iron ore carrier that went by the name of SS Leon Fraser. It carried iron ore from Duluth Harbor to steel production places in Chicago and Ohio. The ship was built with others during World War II to help with the war effort and steel production.
It continued in various roles for another 40 years hauling ore, grain, and some other freight. It was put away in storage by US Steel in 1982. But, soon she would come back to life in a different role and configuration.
In 1989 the ship was purchased by Frasier Shipyards in Superior, Wisconsin. It was retrofitted, cutting out a span of its midsection to shorten the ship. The next year it was purchased by New Management Enterprises and was put into service to carry cement between Alpena, Michigan to other cement ports on the Great Lakes.
To get an idea of how crazy it is that this ship is still operating, keep this nugget in mind. The William A. Irvin is now a museum, and it was built just 4 years after the Alpena. Also, the Alpena just had a five-year inspection last year and had a new coat of paint to go on. There appear to be no plans on putting the ship away.
Josh Koop - TSM
It's also older than one of the most famous ships, the Edmund Fitzgerald which was built in 1958.
The Alpena can be seen in the Twin Ports periodically as it brings cement to the Lafarge Cement Plant in Superior, Wisconsin.
LOOK: Here's where people in every state are moving to most
Stacker analyzed the Census Bureau's 2019 American Community Survey data to determine the three most popular destinations for people moving out of each state.
Filed Under: Edmund Fitzgerald, lift bridge
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