I have finally returned to the land of the living. The last two days I've been knocked out by a horrendous cold which my daughter brought home from kindergarten. She had a mildly stuffy nose, while I felt like I was dying. I was even too sick to read. If you'd like to get a sense of what happens when you try to review a book while under the influence of a 103 degree fever you can check out this review. Anyway, I'm feeling well enough now to actually schedule a joint 1001 review that we read a while back: The Jungle by Upton Sinclair. Check out what we thought.
Synopsis from Goodreads: Upton Sinclair's dramatic and deeply moving story exposed the brutal conditions in the Chicago stockyards at the turn of the nineteenth century and brought into sharp moral focus the appalling odds against which immigrants and other working people struggled for their share of the American dream. Denounced by the conservative press as an un-American libel on the meatpacking industry, this book was championed by more progressive thinkers, including then president Theodore Roosevelt, and was a major catalyst to the passing of the Pure Food and Meat Inspection act, which has tremendous impact to this day.
The story was first published in serialized form in the socialist magazine Appeal to Reason.
Readers were more concerned about eating contaminated meat than they were about the lives of the workers.
Sinclair worked undercover in the meat packing district of Chicago for 7 weeks to get the material for his story.
So having established that there is a lot of accuracy in the book, that it lead to improvements in the lives of the workers, and improved the quality of food for everyone else, how did I feel about it?
There is a lot of graphic detail about the meat industry and the killing of livestock which is not for the faint hearted.
Sinclair did a great job of bringing conditions to light and influencing reform of the industry and from a political point of view he did a great job. However when it comes to reading about things like this, give me Steinbeck every time.
Jen's Thoughts: This book is brutal. I too felt like I was being hit over the head with the brutality of the situations in the novel. These situations are so vividly described that the imagery will be forever seared into you brain and may convert even the most avid meat lovers into vegetarians.
And yet somehow the most matter-of-fact person could not help thinking of the hogs; they were so innocent, they came so very trustingly; and they were so very human in their protests–and so perfectly within their rights! They had done nothing to deserve it; and it was adding insult to injury, as the thing was done here, swinging them up in this cold-blooded, impersonal way, without a pretence at apology, without the homage of a tear. Now and then a visitor wept, to be sure; but this slaughtering-machine ran on, visitors or no visitors. It was like some horrible crime committed in a dungeon, all unseen and unheeded, buried out of sight and of memory.
This book is more social justice expose/propaganda than it is a novel and yet I think it's an important book to read since it made a huge impact on the meat packing industry leading. But, it's a hard book to read and I did not find it enjoyable at all. Sinclair piles on the misery and one is left wondering whether the author placed all the miseries of the entire meat packing industry onto one single family.
You'd think that after so much time has passed, that we'd have more empathy as a country (I live in the United States) toward our immigrant workers who often come here and struggle to make ends meet in jobs that most of us wouldn't wish on our worst enemy. Yet the current political situation with talks of building walls and deporting everyone suggests that perhaps we should all be rereading this book.
So who would like this? I think this is an important book to read (even if you don't enjoy it) for anyone who wants to know how far we have come since the 1900s in terms of working conditions and treatment of workers. It is a book that lead to significant reform of an industry and even if you don't agree with the political views that are clearly pushed forward, it is the sort of book that will make you a well-rounded reader.
Great reviews, and I hope you feel better soon, Jen! I also hope Miss E. Is loving school, and wowing them with her smarts!
I first read this as a freshman in high school, and the propaganda went over my head. I did stop eating hot dogs, though. Then, about 10 years ago, I read it again. This time I got beaten with the propaganda stick. I agree, it is important to read, because it affected big changes in food production and worker treatment- it's part of American history. It's too bad the points that books like this make have to be driven home so hard, but if they were subtle, they wouldn't cause change, I guess. And I'm still not eating hot dogs. Yuck.
I'm sort of the opposite of Tracy in my reaction to this book. To the best of my recollection I read it in eighth or ninth grade and my take away message was that unchecked capitalism was an evil rapacious force. Yeah the meat industry was gross and hot dogs were never the same afterwards but the more lasting effect was a lifelong support for the labor movement. In retrospect not much has changed in the last one hundred years. The meat packing industry still exploits immigrant labor only now it is undocumented labor from Central America rather than legal immigrants from Eastern Europe. Now the industry gets to exploit the fact that undocumented workers are hardly going to be in any position to blow the whistle on violations of laws and regulation at least partially motivated by Sinclair's The Jungle.
My thoughts on this book were in line with both of yours. My copy of the book had an introduction that explained the book and a little about the author. It mentioned some of the information that was quoted in Wiki. I am glad that I read this book.


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Car Warranties
Is This 'Rally' Lamborghini Huracan Inspired by Fast and Furious 6 Cool or Revolting?
The nutty, twin-turbo Lambo was created by popular YouTuber and eccentric car tuner Alex Choi.
By Rob Stumpf April 12, 2019
Rob Stumpf View Rob Stumpf's Articles
RobDrivesCars allthingslow
Meet the world's most obnoxious Lamborghini Huracan: Alex Choi's Unicorn V3. A purposely vexed exotic built to create contention in the automobile community, hence the lights, an exoskeleton, and a deep pink color scheme.
You might remember content creator Alex Choi and his Huracan from that time when he nearly killed a motorcycle rider after power sliding on a mountain pass. The social media influencer has built a large following on social media for his modified exotic cars and outrageous taste in banana-decal-clad vehicle customization, something which he absolutely continued with this next build.
The Huracan was inspired by the flip car in the Fast and Furious 6 movie; as you can probably imagine, this means that it's going to look absolutely wild. And it does, but in a good way.
A pink exoskeleton (Choi calls them "monkey bars") accents the shape of the Huracan and completely removes a good deal of the body panels around the car. In addition, 42 different lights are mounted to the car in various places, including a variety of flush-mount strobes and four Group B inspired round lights on the front of the car. He also boldly claims that the designers of the Huracan were "nerds" and explained that they should have flipped the taillights upside down on the production car, which is exactly what he did.
Choi repurposed the wheels from his previous build, a one-off set made by Brixton Forged (notice the hat he is wearing embroidered with the company branding), albeit colored in black.
The supercharger that was once on the Huracan was removed in favor of a new twin-turbo kit with custom plumbing. A custom set of air-to-air intercoolers were fabricated to sit in place of the rear arches, complete with massive air filters exposed to the elements.
"I can't wait to see the reactions or the looks on people's faces when I start taking this to car shows," says Choi, "Especially these cars and coffees and exotic car shows where these purists come and expect to see clean Lamborghini builds and all of a sudden they see this rolling through."
The car was clearly built to raise controversy, something which it's already doing since going live on YouTube. Choi says that the car isn't done yet either, and also thanks the "5 percent" of viewers who he believes will like the build. Comments on his video, which has amassed nearly 145,000 views in a couple of hours, are overwhelmingly positive. And while we probably wouldn't call it a rally car—you do you, Choi.
Watch a Lamborghini Huracan-Driving YouTuber Almost Kill a Motorcycle Rider
Alex Choi claims he didn't see the incoming rider prior to doing a 180-degree spin on a public road.
Watch a Fool Dangerously Crash a Lamborghini Huracan Performante Near a Bunch of People
Car meet season 2019 has officially begun, friends.
Snow-Loving Canadian Dailies His $235,000 Lamborghini Huracan in the Dead of Winter
"Who cares if I'm going to get a scratch or something because of winter?" said the can-do Canuck.
Redesigned 2019 Lamborghini Huracan Teased With Photos of Detailed Design Elements
Expect a bigger frown, and most likely extra horsepower.
Lamborghini Will Disable Huracan's Launch Control After Just 250 Uses: Report
The limit was discovered after an Huracán owner could no longer engage launch control at just 28,000 miles.
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text:
Voice of Youth: Sibin
VOICE OF YOUTH: SAARIM
VOICE OF YOUTH: Sejal
Leading By Example: How Dharavi tackled covid-19
Jul 18, 2020 | COVID-19, Crisis, Health, Health & Wellbeing, India, Recent |
WHAT DOES THE CURRENT PANDEMIC MEAN FOR OUR FRAGILE FOOD CHAINS?
Jun 25, 2020 | Agriculture, Climate Change, COVID-19, Featured, Food & Agriculture, Recent |
This Hydrogen Power Plant Can Turn Trash Into Clean Energy
by Seerat Kaur | Jun 22, 2020 | 0
IS COVID-19 THE BREATHER OUR ENVIRONMENT REQUIRED?
by Srishti Tiku | Jun 6, 2020 | 0
Covid-19, A Call for Green Recovery
E-Vehicles
HOW IS CHEMICAL EXPOSURE HURTING OUR HEALTH?
Oct 16, 2020 | Health, Health & Wellbeing, Opinions, Plastics |
Agriculture, Population & The Fine Balance That's Often Ignored
Jul 11, 2020 | Agriculture, Crisis, Economy, Environment, Food & Agriculture, IN FOCUS, Opinions, Population |
How Greta Thunberg Is Busting Climate Indifference, one Protest At A Time
Jun 15, 2020 | Climate & Environment, Climate Change, Crisis, Featured, Global Warming, Opinions |
Environmental Education: Much Discussed but Rarely Acted Upon
May 9, 2020 | Archives, Climate & Environment, Climate Change, Education, Videocasts |
VANDANA SHIVA ON THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN SAFEGUARDING BIODIVERSITY
Apr 9, 2020 | Agriculture, Archives, Biodiversity, Climate & Environment, Climate Change, Videocasts, Women |
Addressing the Energy Security & Clean Energy Dichotomy
Mar 10, 2020 | Energy, Energy & Resources, Videocasts |
DIWALI 2020 Will Be About Prevention from TWINDEMIC of Air Pollution & COVID-19
Nov 13, 2020 | COVID-19, Featured, Health & Wellbeing |
Don't Ignore ZINC to COVID-proof Yourself
Oct 6, 2020 | COVID-19, Food & Agriculture, Health |
How COVID-19 Hit Major Sectors of Indian Economy
Posted by Srishti Tiku | Apr 28, 2020 | Business & Economy, COVID-19, Crisis, Economy | 0 |
he mood of the nation is somber in the midst of the coronavirus crisis. Streets lay empty and cities once bubbling with activity are now deserted. India is in the sixth week of a government imposed nation-wide lockdown and the entire country of 1.3 billion people is confined to their homes as the pandemic has brought lives to a halt.
As with other economies, the pandemic has brought a massive blow to the Indian economy as well, where growth had already been decelerating on account of contracted manufacturing activity, weakened investments and low consumption demand. Analysts predict that the countrywide lockdown could shave off 74% of real GDP (Rs 10 lakh crore) in the first half of 2020.
In addition, being a developing nation, the challenges confronting India are many-fold as compared to other economies. Mari Pangestu, Managing Director for Development Policy at World Bank, remarked: "Developing nations will face the crisis from a position of profound disadvantage: their health care systems are fragile, their access to critical medical supplies is tenuous, their economies are less resilient and heavily dependent on trade. They could soon come under the siege on all fronts- and a health, economic and social catastrophe here would be felt across the world. It would fan the spread of the virus and imperil prospects for a global economic recovery." The World Bank estimates the Indian economy to decelerate to 5% in 2020 and it has also warned that this crisis could potentially wipe out the gains made in poverty alleviation in the region.
The pandemic is likely to impact the country's economy through multiple channels:
Multiple channels through which COVID-19 is likely to impact India's Economy
When a crisis of such epic proportion strikes, no sector is immune to its effects. Almost all sectors of the Indian economy are likely to take a hit and few have already recorded significant impacts. Below we investigate how a few major sectors of the economy are bearing the brunt of this outbreak:
Being the backbone of Indian economy, the agriculture sector employs nearly 60% of the workforce and contributes to 14% of national GDP. Being an essential commodity, even though agriculture produce is exempt from lockdown directives, there are other problems confronting the sector.
The pandemic has put a strain on food supply chains, which is a complex web of interactions involving farmers, agricultural inputs, processing plants, shipping, retailers, and more. This is intertwined with logistic disruptions: for example- transportation problems create difficulty in moving goods and lack of storage facilities leads to storage problems. As an estimate, India needs about 250 lakh quintals of seeds for the kharif season, the preparation for which happens between March and May. Due to logistic troubles and unavailability of labour on account of the lockdown, it will be a mammoth task to keep up the full harvesting capacity. Further, as retail shops are shut and demand has fallen in wholesale markets, there is also a big demand crunch. Additionally, rumors related to potential transmission of the disease among animals have added significant uncertainty to global poultry markets. Prices of eggs & other poultry items have dropped significantly and there is an overall negative impact on the livestock industry. A prolonged crisis is eventually likely to hit consumers via price fluctuations and shortage of supply.
Tourism & Aviation Sector
Tourism sector is one of the hardest hit sectors given that most activities in this sector have come to a standstill due to the border closures, travel restrictions and lockdowns. A federation of tourism and hospitality organizations of India predicts that the losses could be to the tune of around rupees 5 lakh crore and this could further spell job cuts for 4-5 crore people, which is around 70% of the total workforce. Share of tourism sector in overall GDP was 5.06% in 2016-17. The crisis has impacted all segments of industry- inbound, outbound, domestic, international, leisure, adventure, corporate meetings, conference and exhibitions. In a study undertaken by Global Web Index, in some markets as many as 50% consumers have cancelled upcoming trips. The suspension of flights and trains has led to several airlines/organizations missing revenue targets thereby building a budget deficit. According to International Air Transport Association, airlines globally could lose passenger revenues of up to $113 billion due to the crisis.
This sector contributes to about 8% of GDP and is among the top contributors to economic growth. It employs largest number of migrant workers in India with around 55 million daily-wage workers. It is projected to take a hit of more than $16 billion (₹ 1 lakh crore). Construction companies with high levels of debt and low cash reserves are likely to face a liquidity crisis. Entities in sub-scectors are feeling significant short-term stress and many projects have been stalled in order to conserve cash. There are also workers who are stranded at construction sites and at a lot of sites, labourers have been asked to stay back where they're being provided with food twice a day and medical attention with aid from local organizations.
Manufacturing Sector
The Manufacturing sector is likely to take a hit of 2160 billion INR. This sector is dependent on China for wide array of industrial parts and components. One of the key concerns is to ensure continued supply. India has five key import items that are heavily dependent on China. These items are- electrical items, machinery & mechanical appliances, plastics, organic chemicals, and optical & surgical instruments. All these alone account for 18% of India's total imports. Therefore, a fall in imports leading to supply chain disruptions could be another cause of slowdown in manufacturing activity. Major companies like L&T, Bharat Forge, Ultra Tech Cement etc. have temporarily suspended or significantly reduced operations in multiple facilities and factories across country.
Automobiles Sector
The shutdown in China has prohibited import of various components affecting both Indian auto manufacturers and auto component industry. The current levels of inventory, however, are said to be sufficient for the industry. In case of a longer shutdown or disruption in operations in China, it is expected that there will be an 8-10% contraction in Indian auto manufacturing sector in 2020. Also, for the fledgling EV industry, the impact of coronavirus is expected to be greater. China is dominant in the battery supply chain, as it accounts for around three-quarters of battery manufacturing capacity. This crisis will therefore severely impact the EV industry in India if the lockdown persists for a long time.
The service sector is known to be the lifeblood for economic growth and jobs and is expected to be one of the most impacted sectors. It contributes to around 55% of country's Gross Domestic Product and employs around 28% of the country's workforce. As new businesses and export demand have fallen sharply amidst the crisis, the sector hit a 25-month low where overall demand for services fell to 48.5 on PMI Index (Purchasing Manager's Index) indicating a contraction of manufacturing & services sector.
As retail players adopt necessary preventive measures to ensure safety of their employees and customers, shutting down of retail outlets has severely hurt business for all retailers. Indian retailers are facing demand and supply chain issues as transportation and movement of non-essential goods is restricted. High rental expenses amid subdued demand will further dampen profitability. While demand at retail outlets has fallen, online sales are expected to witness a significant surge due to the pandemic's impact on consumer behavior and habit. The establishment of online platforms is expected to become indispensable for offline stores and online-offline service integration is likely to increase. Food and grocery retailers have witnessed a spurt in demand as consumers have started panic buying. It is estimated that 20-25% of industry players may need a capital infusion to stay afloat and that it would take 9-12 months for India's retail industry to recover. The industry has more than 15 million retailers, including big and small, traditional and modern trade. It employs 40-50 million Indians directly.
The lockdown has brought all public and private transport to a halt. As an estimate, daily movement of trucks has collapsed to less than 10% of normal levels according to AIMTC. This has also disrupted supply chains as public transport supports the movement of goods across regions. Further, the decline in road transport is also a major setback for fuel demand. Fuel sales in India's biggest state-run retailers shrank by 33% in March.
MSME Sector
A large number of MSMEs are likely to incur business losses and also face severe cash flow disruption, which will further have an impact on the livelihood of all people working in this sector. In the MSME sector, businesses largely depend on recurring sales to meet fixed costs. With the lockdown, manufacturing units are shut, exports are blocked and supply of goods to markets is restricted thereby reducing sales. Also, a freeze in production in China affected Indian MSMEs in the automobiles, pharmaceuticals and apparels sector as they depend largely on Chinese components.As a result of payment delays, MSMEs are facing financial hardships and liquidity constraints, which lead to pressure on their working capital management. A Rs 10,000 crore fund has been proposed to Union Cabinet and suggested to raise money from capital market for the MSME sector.
The economic crisis arising due to the COVID pandemic is unlike any other the world has seen, primarily because health crisis is embedded at its very core. The world is spending money first to deal with treatment and prevention, followed by spending on salvaging economies. The dynamics that governed economic growth and development in the modern world are set to change, in a bigger, faster and larger manner than we can fathom.
PreviousCOVID-19 May Hit The Global Economy Harder Than It Can Fathom!
NextFashion & Sustainability – Shall Ever The Twain Meet?
Srishti Tiku
Srishti is a graduate in Behavioral Economic Science from University of Warwick, UK, and is passionate about using her knowledge to decipher sustainability challenges through research and analysis. As Economics attempts to explain the processes that shape lives and livelihoods, Srishti finds it fascinating to learn about emerging patterns while wading her way through issues engulfing people, planet and profit. When she is not at desk, she loves to read and watch movies.
In Battle, Without Armour – India's tryst with PPE
#COVID19 #HealthEmergency #WorldEnvironmentDay2020 #MentalHealthAwarenessWeek #LocustAttack #EconomicCrisis #BuildBackBetter #GreenRecovery
Nov 24, 2020 | Youth - Air Pollution
We cannot take Oxygen for granted in times of air quality crisis: Anand Gupta, CEO, MyOxy
Nov 21, 2020 | Climate & Environment, Health & Wellbeing, Technology & Innovation
VOICE OF YOUTH: Shashank
Adaptation Aides to Survive Air Crisis Cannot be Undermined
Nov 19, 2020 | Climate & Environment, Health & Wellbeing
Voice of Youth
Nov 19, 2020 | Climate & Environment
RT @envecologic: As we step into the new decade,let us consider our commitment to the planet & our future.#HappyNewYear2021 #airpollution…
https://t.co/oSHk45n10s
As we step into the new decade,let us consider our commitment to the planet & our future.#HappyNewYear2021�twitter.com/i/web/status/1…jV
#HappyNewYear2021 🎉 https://t.co/Uu1vcaYpFK
RT @UNEP: Robert Bullard has shown us how one person can mobilize others to build a movement for the planet and for social justice.@DrBob…
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About MRSEC
External Review Board
The University of Maryland Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) is part of a network of national Materials Research centers funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The MRSEC's activities focus on three general areas:
Materials Research
For more details on the NSF MRSEC program, visit www.mrsec.org.
The Maryland MRSEC was established under the directorship of Professor Ellen Williams with an NSF award in September 1996. After a successful four-year run, NSF renewed the MRSEC in September 2000. In September 2005, the MRSEC proudly announced a third award from NSF to continue its cutting-edge research and innovative outreach activities. After a successful 17 years of operation, the UMD-MRSEC grant ended in September 2013.
The Maryland MRSEC carries out nationally recognized fundamental research on surfaces and interfaces of materials with potential impact on the next generation of opto- and nano-electronic devices, and on complex oxides with potential applications in memory, switches and sensors. The research is closely integrated with a continuing educational outreach program that has a direct impact on the education of a diverse population of K – 12 students and teachers.
Download the University of Maryland MRSEC brochure.


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Got Potential A. Membrane Potentials
1. Cell Membrane
The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside enviroment. The cell membrane is selective permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. Cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.
The membranes of all nerve cells have a potential difference across them, with the cell interior negative with respect to the exterior (a). In neurons, stimuli can alter this potential difference by opening sodium channels in the membrane. For example, neurotransmitters interact specifically with sodium channels (or gates). So sodium ions flow into the cell, reducing the voltage across the membrane.
Once the potential difference reaches a threshold voltage, the reduced voltage causes hundreds of sodium gates in that region of the membrane to open briefly. Sodium ions flood into the cell, completely depolarizing the membrane. This opens more voltage-gated ion channels in the adjacent membrane, and so a wave of depolarization courses along the cell — the action potential.
As the action potential nears its peak, the sodium gates close, and potassium gates open, allowing ions to flow out of the cell to restore the normal potential of the membrane
Membranes are polarized or, in other words, exhibit a resting membrane potential. This means that there is an unequal distribution of ions (atoms with a positive or negative charge) on the two sides of the nerve cell membrane. This potential generally measures about 70 millivolts (with the inside of the membrane negative with respect to the outside). So, the resting membrane potential is expressed as -70 mV, and the minus means that the inside is negative relative to (or compared to) the outside. It is called a resting potential because it occurs when a membrane is not being stimulated or conducting impulses (in other words, it's resting)
Budin, Itay; Devaraj, Neal K. (December 29, 2011). "Membrane Assembly Driven by a Biomimetic Coupling Reaction" Journal of the American Chemical Society134 (2): 751–753. doi:10.1021/ja2076873. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja2076873. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
Staff (January 25, 2012). "Chemists Synthesize Artificial Cell Membrane". ScienceDaily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120125132822.htm Retrieved February 18, 2012
Staff (January 26, 2012). "Chemists create artificial cell membrane" kurzweilai.net. http://www.kurzweilai.net/chemists-create-artificial-cell-membrane. Retrieved February 18, 2012
(Gutkin and Ermentrout 2006
2. Polarity
Cell polarity refers to spatial differences in the shape, structure, and function of cells. Almost all cell types exhibit some sort of polarity, which enables them to carry out specialized functions. Classical examples of polarized cells are described below, including epithelial cells with apical-basal polarity, neurons in which signals propagate in one direction from dendrites to axons, and migrating cells.
Most neurons can be anatomically characterized as:
Unipolar or pseudounipolar; dendrite and axon emerging from same process.
Bipolar; axon and single dendrite on opposite ends of the soma.
Multipolar;: more than two dendrites:
Golgi I; neurons with long-projecting axonal processes; examples are pyramidal cells, Purkinje cells, and anterior horn cells.
Golgi II; neurons whose axonal process projects locally; the best example is the granule cell.
3. All or None Response
The conduction of nerve impulses is an example of an all-or-none response. In other words, if a neuron responds at all, then it must respond completely. Greater intensity of stimulation does not produce a stronger signal but can produce a higher frequency of firing. There are different types of receptor response to stimulus, slowly adapting or tonic receptors respond to steady stimulus and produce a steady rate of firing. These tonic receptors most often respond to increased intensity of stimulus by increasing their firing frequency, usually as a power function of stimulus plotted against impulses per second. This can be likened to an intrinsic property of light where to get greater intensity of a specific frequency (color) there have to be more photons, as the photons can't become "stronger" for a specific frequency.
4. Depolarization
In biology, depolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential, making it more positive, or less negative. In neurons and some other cells, a large enough depolarization may result in an action potential. Hyperpolarization is the opposite of depolarization, and inhibits the rise of an action potential.
If, for example, a cell has a resting potential of -70mV, once the membrane potential changes to -50mV, then the cell has been depolarized. Depolarization is often caused by influx of cations, e.g. Na+ through Na+ channels, or Ca2+ through Ca2+ channels. On the other hand, efflux of K+ through K+ channels inhibits depolarization, as does influx of Cl– (an anion) through Cl– channels. If a cell has K+ or Cl– currents at rest, then inhibition of those currents will also result in a depolarization.
Because depolarization is a change in membrane voltage, electrophysiologists measure it using current clamp techniques. In voltage clamp, the membrane currents giving rise to depolarization are either an increase in inward current, or a decrease in outward current.
5. Repolarization
After the peak of action potential, called spike potential, the permeability of the membrane to Na+ decreases, while it becomes more permeable for K+ which rapidly diffuses out from the cytoplasm to extracellular fluid due to electrochemical gradient. Soon, this part of membrane regains its original polarity and becomes electropositive on outside and electronegative on inside. This is known as repolarization and the nerve fibre is called repolarized nerve fibre. A repolarized nerve fibre has same polarity as that of a polarized nerve fibre but has different ionic distribution. It has more K+ outside and more Na+ inside. The repolarized nerve fibre undergoes a refractory period of a few milliseconds during which the original ionic distribution is restored by a sodium potassium exchange pump which actively transport sodium ions out and potassium ion in.
6. Hyperpolarization
Hyperpolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative. It is the opposite of a depolarization. It inhibits action potentials by increasing the stimulus required to move the membrane potential to the action potential threshold.
Hyperpolarization is often caused by efflux of K+ (a cation) through K+ channels, or influx of Cl– (an anion) through Cl– channels. On the other hand, influx of cations. e.g. Na+ through Na+ channelsor Ca2+ through Ca2+ channels, inhibits hyperpolarization. If a cell has Na+ or Ca2+ currents at rest, then inhibition of those currents will also result in a hyperpolarization.
Because hyperpolarization is a change in membrane voltag,, electrophysiologists measure it using current clamp techniques. In voltage clamp, the membrane currents giving rise to hyperpolarization are either an increase in outward current, or a decrease in inward current.
In neurons, the cell enters a state of hyperpolarization immediately following the generation of an action potential. While hyperpolarized, the neuron is in a refractory period that lasts roughly 2 milliseconds, during which the neuron is unable to generate subsequent action potentials. Sodium-potassium ATPases redistribute K+ and Na+ ions until the membrane potential is back to its resting potential of around –70 millivolts, at which point the neuron is once again ready to transmit another action potential.
Pack, Phillip E. "Cliffs AP Biology 3rd Edition
7. Refractory Period
In physiology, a refractory period is a period of time during which an organ or cell is incapable of repeating a particular action, or (more precisely) the amount of time it takes for an excitable membrane to be ready for a second stimulus once it returns to its resting state following an excitation. It most commonly refers to electrically excitable muscle cells or neurons. Absolute refractory period corresponds to depolarisation and repolarisation, whereas relative refractory period corresponds to hyperpolarisation.
After initiation of an action potential, the refractory period is defined two ways:
The absolute refractory period is the interval during which a second action potential absolutely cannot be initiated, no matter how large a stimulus is applied.
The relative refractory period is the interval immediately following during which initiation of a second action potential is inhibited but not impossible.


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HashTable
=========

Sometimes you need to store so much data in memory that V8 can get a bit clogged up. This Node.js module provides an interface to a native hashmap data structure that exists outside of V8's memory constraints.

To install, simply:

    npm install hashtable

"But Isaac, javascript already has hash tables! They're called objects, dummy"
---

V8 is great, but was never really meant for driving large software systems. Try adding a few million non-integer keys to an object and you'll start to see things bog down. This module is *not* intended to be a general replacement for javascript objects (that would be silly). Instead, it is meant to be used when you need maps larger than V8's virtual machine can handle.

Usage
-----

Everything you might want to do first requires a new HashMap object (which corresponds to a native c++ unordered_map):

    var HashTable = require('hashtable');
    var hashtable = new HashTable();

    hashtable.put('key', {value: 'value'});

    console.log(hashtable.get('key'));

    ...

    > { value: 'value' }

And that's it! Note that values can be any javascript type, including objects. The module properly creates and removes references (aka 'handles' if you know something about v8 internals) as needed, so you don't have to worry about any garbage collection funny business. Just use the module like you would any other javascript library.

The hash table implementation is provided by C++11's `unordered_map` class. Currently there is no fallback for older compilers. Pull requests welcome.

### `put ( key, value )`

Insert a new key/value pair in the hashmap. The key must be a string, and the value can be any javascript type, including objects.

### `get ( key )`

Lookup a value from its key. Will return undefined if the key does not exist.

### `remove ( key )`

Remove a key/value pair by its key. If the key does not exist, no action will be performed.

### `clear ()`

Removes all key/value pairs from the hash table.

### `size ()`

Returns the number of key/value pairs in the hash table.

### `rehash ( n )`

Will increase the number of buckets to at least `n`, possibly causing a rehash of the hash table. See [unordered_map#rehash](http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/unordered_map/unordered_map/rehash/)

### `reserve ( n )`

Gives a hint to the implementation which may cause a rehash to the most appropriate number of buckets to contain `n` key/value pairs. See [unordered_map#reserve](http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/unordered_map/unordered_map/reserve/)

### `max_load_factor ()` or `max_load_factor ( factor )`

Either returns or sets the max load factor of the hash table implementation. This value determines when the hash map is rehashed with a new bucket count. By default it is `1.0`. See [unordered_map#max_load_factor](http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/unordered_map/unordered_map/max_load_factor/)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Franchise Times /
Jack in the Box development strategy helps fertilize markets
By Andrew Tellijohn
Published: 02.26.2013
Jack in the Box is planting the seeds for future investments.
Here's yet another strategy franchisors can employ to grow in virgin territory: Open company-owned stores to establish a presence in a market and then find a suitable franchisee to purchase those units.
Wes Salous was doing just fine operating IHOP restaurants in Oklahoma City and a few other markets around the central United States, but he figured he'd about tapped out his growth options.
So Salous and his two equity partners sold their IHOPs in Oklahoma and bought seven corporate-owned Jack in the Box restaurants.
Jack in the Box has been selling corporate-owned stores to franchisees for about a half-dozen years now. But the Oklahoma City quick-service restaurants stand out because they are the first sold as part of a new seeding strategy the company put in place in a handful of mid-sized markets across the United States. It's an aggressive effort by the franchisor to increase penetration, especially these days when franchisee financing is hard to find.
It was helpful, Salous says, because his company, BMW Investment, was able to take over operation of existing units without spending large sums up front for development.
Now Salous is working with his partners to improve operational efficiencies while also planning for future expansion of the Jack in the Box brand.
"Business has been OK. There is a lot of potential to improve it," Salous says, adding that ultimately, "we hope to blanket the state."
Seeding fits strategy
Salous is the perfect example of the type of franchisee Jack in the Box is looking for, both for its seeded locations and in markets where franchisees will build their own restaurants. He has a track record of successful restaurant operations and he wants to expand the market further, which is a requirement for franchisees looking to buy into those seeded markets, says Vanessa Fox, division vice president of franchise business development for the company.
After years of owning most of its stores corporately, Jack in the Box is focused on finding franchisees. The company has gone from being about 20 percent franchised in 2004 to 76 percent at the end of fiscal 2012. It sold 97 company-owned stores to franchisees last year, though the deal in Oklahoma City was the first "seeded" market.
Under the seeding program, Jack in the Box opens company-owned restaurants with the sole purpose of establishing a presence in a market and operating the restaurants until it can find a suitable franchise partner to purchase them. Other seeded markets where the company is seeking franchisees include Tulsa, Oklahoma; Kansas City, Missouri; Indianapolis; and Cincinnati. Interest in the program has been strong, Fox says. Additional deals are being negotiated with franchisees who appreciate the shared responsibility for opening the restaurants, the day-one cash flow and the "low-investment proposition."
Oklahoma City was the first "seeded" market for Jack in the Box, which sold 97 company-owned stores last year.
"People really love the fact that Jack in the Box is willing to take the risk of entering a new market rather than putting all the risk on a franchisee's shoulders," Fox says.
Meanwhile, Jack in the Box officials like dealing with franchisees because local operators often have a better understanding of dynamics that drive business in their markets, from where to develop to how to maximize advertising and marketing efforts. The challenges associated with seeding markets aren't that different from a typical situation, she adds. The biggest one is finding the right franchisee partner who has the capital and the experience to operate the restaurant well.
Franchising also creates an additional stream of revenue for the company, as it controls the lease agreements on restaurants it has sold, says Brian Luscomb, spokesman for the restaurant chain. Ultimately Jack in the Box expects to have about 80 percent of its restaurants franchised, company officials say.
Franchisees beware
Seeding markets is not a particularly common way for a franchised company to grow, but it can make sense when the franchisor is well capitalized and loans are difficult to find. The strategy also allows the company to establish its brand name and goodwill in new markets, says Robert Zarco, founding partner with the Miami-based law firm Zarco, Einhorn, Salkowski & Brito.
Franchise relationships that result from market seeding can work out well, he says, if franchisors have the best interests of franchisees in mind and if franchisees do the proper due diligence to make sure they are entering good deals.
One of the problems with seeding, he says, is that when franchisors open restaurants or stores in a new location, they typically pump extra advertising and marketing into the market as well, which results in an uptick in sales during a "honeymoon period." Franchisees need to make sure they take those increased sales in mind when they are bidding to purchase the seed stores.
"A lot of franchisees don't know this is a honeymoon blip," Zarco says, adding that such an investment calls for an intense study of expenses and sales. "I recommend to franchisees that they take whatever the gross revenues are for the first six months and take 20 percent off of that as a conservative number to see whether the unit financials still work."
Jack in the Box officials acknowledge the potential for sales decreases after the honeymoon period, but add its locations come with several advantages other restaurants might not have, such as all-day breakfast.
The company also plans to stay involved with the franchisees after they sign deals and offer them incentives designed to continue sharing risk, Fox says. Franchisees discovered as part of the seeding program still pay a 5 percent marketing fee, but they will be able to work with a local marketing manager to determine how three-quarters of that amount will be spent.
"There is a strategy around where and how they spend this money," she says. "It's not just they pay the 5 percent and don't know where it's going."
They'll also be granted a longer period of time to begin further development than other operators so they can familiarize themselves with the brand. And Jack in the Box reduced its royalty fees by 2.5 percent for two years and waives the $50,000 franchise fee, Fox says.
Corporate also stays deeply involved in assisting franchisees, even after the new partners complete a 10-week training program. Regional franchise directors also stay in communication with franchisees to ensure things are working well.
"If they identify any weak spots," Fox says, "they will bring in corporate resources necessary to help mitigate those challenges."
Kahala Helps Guide System With National Delivery Deal
Restaurant Association Takes Job Training to Prison Inmates
Cookie or Talk Trigger? Carstar Speaker Explains
Hot Cheetos vs S'Mores at Wetzel's Twisted Kitchen


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Currently Filtering by Tags: Scotland
Finding Margaret Morice
Posted by jaskelly under BISI, Blog | Tags: early modern, eighteenth century, Gender, Scotland, women | 0 Comments
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By Dr Deborah Simonton, University of Southern Denmark
I 'met' Margaret Morice in 1998. I had just finished writing A History of European Women's Work.[1] Needing to get into some real primary research and since I was working at Aberdeen University, I asked myself the fairly simple question, 'What kind of work were women doing in eighteenth-century Aberdeen?' It was provoked by a number of factors, curiosity not being the least of them.
One of the first steps was a visit to Aberdeen City Archives, one of the best in Scotland. The initial visit was a bit demoralising, because the staff could only suggest the usual finding aids. Undeterred, I trundled through these and found the Register of Apprentices. This produced the first surprise, and was where I first found Margaret. With the exception of one entry for another female baker, she was the only one on record — but in regular entries, between 1776 and 1797, she traded as 'Margaret Morice and Co., baker in Aberdeen'.[2] This is notable on a number of levels. The bakers, along with the weavers, were seen as the most prestigious of the seven Incorporated Trades in Aberdeen. As their historian insisted:
Notably in Aberdeen, the baking of loaf and biscuit bread has been preserved as a strict monopoly for the men bakers. According to the acts and ordinances of the Baker craft in Aberdeen, women were not allowed to bake any bread, pastry, or pies to be sold in the streets or chops, a restriction that was maintained until the abolition of trading privileges in 1846.[3]
Margaret also traded using her married name, when most Scots women kept their family name. She did so, I believe, because it furthered her commercial position as a widow.
Her husband had not been recorded in the Aberdeen Register of Apprentices, which misled me until I discovered that his apprentices were recorded in the Inland Revenue Apprenticeship Registers. Margaret's, in contrast, appeared only once at Inland Revenue; all of her apprentices followed his death.[4] As a relatively prominent member of the Incorporated Trades, and their Council representative from time to time, her husband would have paid the stamp duty and ensured that his apprentices were properly recorded. On the one occasion when she did, she had just ended a partnership with a previous apprentice. (She twice entered into such a partnership.) Thus a 'properly' registered apprentice may have been essential to retaining the prestige of the business. Over the 30 years that she ran the business herself, Margaret Morice apprenticed 16 boys from the tradesman classes (compared with John's 12 over 25 years). The apprentice fee paid and the boys' terms of service compared well with those for male bakers, including John's, in Aberdeen, Essex, Birmingham and Staffordshire.[5]
The discovery of Margaret Morice sent me on a trail, which I followed alongside other research on Gender in European Towns.[6] In fact, I became addicted to finding Margaret Morice. Since there was little business information available in the archives, I turned to the parish records of births, deaths and marriages, available on microfilm in the Local Studies section of the Public Library. Here I found her birth on 25 August 1718 and the birth of her seven children, including twins, beginning in 1739 and ending in 1750. Through serendipity, tucked in the back of the Council records, I found a notice of John's burial in January of 1770, when she was 52. These also noted the death of a 'child of John Morice' on a couple of occasions. Thinking laterally, I tried Ancestry.com, and found the death of four of the children at very young ages. The eldest, David, and the female twin, Barbara, have a bigger part to play in her story. The seventh is still AWOL.
Trying a different line of enquiry, I went to the National Archives of Scotland (now National Records of Scotland), hoping for a will or inventory — no luck. I did however find window- and inhabited house-tax lists, showing her to have paid these through much of the same period that she was taking apprentices. Council Enactment Books added snippets here and there, mostly about John, but clarified that the bakery was well-established, that they owned the property from 1752 and that he was gradually building up a business and political persona. I felt I was coming closer to 'seeing' Margaret Morice, but frustratingly still with a great deal of speculation on my side. Gradually her story was becoming more and more visible — but still with gaps and a sense of incompleteness.
A return visit to the Archives, assisted greatly by a Strathmartine Trust grant, turned out to be an epiphanic experience.[7] On arrival, Fiona Musk, the archivist, simply asked what I was trying to do. Not very optimistically, I told her, and then said flippantly, 'What I would really like to do is find Margaret Morice', that is, literally locate her in the town. I knew roughly where the business was, but Fiona's response, 'I am sure I have seen her name on a map,' was astonishing after sixteen years of research. A few hours later, she returned with a bundle — and there was Margaret, on the plans for the 'New Street '(now Union Street) — in one of the houses to be demolished.[8] I confess I did a dance in the record office to the amusement of the other four people in the room.
Furthermore, Fiona pulled up the records of saisine, which I had previously been told would be useless. They unfolded the story of the property, from John's purchase to its sale to the Council in 1800. At first I was perplexed as to who the sellers were: the two boys were named Abercrombie. Through antiquarian books in the Record Office, we identified that they were her grandsons, the sons of her daughter Barbara, who had become the second wife of an esteemed clergyman. This bundle corroborated and clarified the narrative of her son David's bankruptcy and Margaret's right to the property.[9] I had simultaneously been reading the Aberdeen Journal for the period, and there, in a notice Margaret Morice placed in 1789, I found her 'voice' for the first and only time. Her statement ensured that none of David's debts were charged to her and asserted her role as baker in Aberdeen.[10] Up to then, all other mentions of her in the press had been oblique: a partner announced the end of a partnership with her; her son asked for a lease for his mother; and lawyers asserted her claim to the property.
There are still other small trails to follow up, but from piecing together an array of disparate records, I have been able to create a picture of her business, which was clearly long-standing and central to the commercial area of Aberdeen. It was also tolerated by the guild and held its own until near her death. Stories of women such as Margaret Morice are the bread and butter of our research; they whet our curiosity and through them we see the lives of towns come alive. This tale is not yet finished. Margaret Morice's story, taken together with that of other businesswomen, about whom there may be yet less detail, will help us to explore how women's businesses inflected the character of eighteenth-century towns.
This tale of discovery probably replicates many other searches and journeys made by other historians. Our curiosity leads us on; we get 'addicted' to finding answers, not all of which are terribly important. Perseverance and asking the same question, or similar ones, of the records, over and over, or of tangential material and of librarians and archivists is our stock in trade. In an age that prioritises publication — and publication of a particularly designated sort — we must not lose the curiosity and love of the past that drives us; we need to hang on to the wonder and joy of discovery — even with a little dance or two. And we need to keep using our skills, training and insight to solve these little mysteries; they can help solve the big ones.
[1] Deborah Simonton, A History of European Women's Work, 1700 to the present (London: Routledge, 1998).
[2] Aberdeen City Archives (ACA), Enactment Books, 5. Register of Indentures, 1622-1878, see also Simonton, 'Margaret Morice', in The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women, eds, Elizabeth L. Ewan, Sue Innes, Sian Reynolds and Rose Pipes (Edinburgh University Press, 2006), 272; Simonton, 'Negotiating the Economy of the Eighteenth-Century Scottish Town' in Katie Barclay and Deborah Simonton, eds, Women in Eighteenth-century Scotland (Ashgate, 2013), 225.
[3] Ebenezer Bain, Merchant and Craft Guilds, A History of the Aberdeen Incorporated Trades (Aberdeen: 1887), 212.
[4] Great Britain, Public Record Office, Board of Inland Revenue. Apprenticeship Registers, 1710-1808, IR1. For John, volumes for 1743-68; for Margaret, 1788.
[5] Simonton, 'Education and Training', 341, 352; see also Joan Lane, Apprenticeship in England, 1600-1914 (London, 1996), 117.
[6] Gender in the European Town, www.sdu.dk/geneton
[7] See the Strathmartine Trust website on support for Scottish research, http://www.strathmartinetrust.org/
[8] ACA, New Street Trustees, CA/10/1/30 South Entry Plan - Castle Street & Narrow Wynd, 1799
[9] Ibid, CA/13/NStT/5-16 Act ordaining David Morrice jnr to dispone his real & personal estate, 1789.
[10] Aberdeen Journal, 20 July 1789.
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"Mary Hutton: a 'Kept Mistress' and her Emotions in Enlightenment Edinburgh" by Katie Barclay
Posted by jaskelly under BISI | Tags: Edinburgh, eighteenth century, Emotions, Enlightenment, Gender, Scotland, Women's History, Women's History Month | 0 Comments
Why do you ask me about my relations. Don't you know that I have non, when I become your whore I lost all and every thing that was previous to me, an outcast from society, sad and solitary, has the best time of life past and every year gains me a few more enemies but not one friend – what else can a Homeless Vagabond expect
Mary Hutton to Gilbert Innes, 7 January 1822 (underline in original)
In 1814 at age twenty-seven, Mary Hutton met sixty-three-year-old Gilbert Innes of Stowe in the grounds of St Andrew's Church, Edinburgh, as she ran an errand. Innes was a central figure in Edinburgh society: the Deputy Governor of the Royal Bank of Scotland, a Director of the Assembly Rooms and the Society of Antiquaries, a major patron of the arts and extremely wealthy. Hutton was one of several sisters from a middling Edinburgh family, supplementing her income from her father with work as a governess when she met Gilbert. They formed an intimacy that lasted over a decade, maintained in part by a regular correspondence from Hutton that survives in the Innes of Stowe archive. Innes financially supported Hutton as one of several mistresses; Hutton in return provided sexual services, but also affection and emotional support.
In many respects, this relationship was devastating for Hutton, although the consequences were not immediately obvious. On the one hand, her correspondence indicates that she loved Innes and was sustained by both his finances and his, not always unwaivering, affection. Yet, on the other, when their relationship was exposed around 1819, she was shunned by her family and forced to move from her lodgings in Edinburgh. In losing "her character," she also lost the ability to earn in her profession as governess, a role that required particular moral probity. Over the next decade, she lived on the margins of Edinburgh society. Her relationship with her family was, at best, strained and eventually broke down entirely; she was disinherited; she was forced to leave the part of Edinburgh where she was known and had an established community, and she subsequently moved several times each year for the next decade as her relentlessly nosey landladies and neighbours became aware that she was a "kept mistress." As the years passed and her hopes of marrying Innes faded, Hutton became increasingly upset at the consequences of her choices and the "sad and solitary" life she lived, a distress heightened by the hardships of living on the social margins and in transitory accommodation. In this, she was not alone. Some of Gilbert's other mistresses similarly struggled with the social isolation and poverty that their lack of "respectability" entailed. The desire for a stable "home" was a central motif within their writings, signifying not just somewhere to live but emotional security, respectability and a place in society.
As is well recognised, social marginality often had real consequences for wealth, physical health, life expectancy and political power, but it also had an impact on people's emotional well-being. Living on the margins of society wore away at a person's sense of self, perhaps exasperated in a context where "friends" and community were still vital to how people understood their sense of identity and for their affective connotations of place and embedded sociability. Hutton felt marginality as a hardening of her sensibility, an inability to mourn her circumstances fully, but also as a heightening of her nerves and levels of anxiety. It was accompanied by a strong sense of isolation and shame. Despite this, Hutton clearly worked very hard to present herself as respectable, demonstrating a tenacity and desire to remain part of society despite the toll a marginal life placed upon her physically and emotionally. In this, "the home", an imaginary and emotive construct, became the location of women like Hutton's hopes and dreams, a place that would take them from the edges of society to full members of the community that determined sense of self, and, with it, bring healing to both body and mind. While she enacted a "home" imaginatively with Innes, using their correspondence as an affective space to create love and a sense of family, letters were unable to provide the level of sociability of the physical home, which tied a person into an "attached" community, one that was "watchful", but in watching reinforced a person's respectability and membership of a "caring" community. For these women, respectability not only marked a person's relationship to society, but was also deeply connected to emotional health and sense of self.
For more information on Mary Hutton, her relationship with Gilbert Innes and her emotional life, see Katie Barclay, 'Marginal Households and their Emotions: the 'Kept Mistress' in Enlightenment Edinburgh', in Sue Broomhall (ed.), Spaces for Feeling: Emotions and Sociabilities in Britain, 1650–1850 (Routledge, 2015), pp. 95–11.
Katie Barclay is a DECRA Fellow in the ARC Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions, University of Adelaide. She is the author of the award-winning Love, Intimacy and Power: Marriage and Patriarchy in Scotland, 1650-1850 (Manchester 2011) and numerous articles on family life.
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I'm excited to share a new episode of the official IlluminatiWatcher podcast with you!
You can listen to this episode of Conspiracy Theories and Unpopular Culture podcast through the iTunes or Stitcher feeds, YouTube (video will be below- coming soon), or the embedded player (also below).
Listen to "CTAUC Podcast: Star Wars Conspiracy, Acceleration of Occultism, Trump, 2017 Films & More" on Spreaker.


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Would you drop a company because it was hacked? Of course not
Half of Brits say they'd ditch firms that leak their data, but experience suggests otherwise
by: Nicole Kobie
When it comes to security, what people say and what people do are often wildly different things.
We all know it's best not to click on links we're not sure about and to avoid opening attachments from unknown sources, and we're fully aware it's in the best interest of security to keep our laptops updated and our data backed up.
It's no different from the rest of our lives: get some exercise, eat healthily and don't drink too much alcohol.
And yet, hacks happen and data is lost (and we continue to be lazy and tipsy and put on weight, but maybe that's just us - you look great, really).
So it's with several grains of salt (on our plate of chips, naturally) we must take the latest survey from F5 Networks, which claims 50% of Brits would never ever use a company that had been hit by hackers.
Sure you wouldn't. And you'd go for that run on Saturday morning, pass on that second piece of cake, and have perfectly backed up your data, too.
That's what the survey of 3,000 people suggests, and F5 very sweetly believes what we say. "The study shows that50% of consumers would not share data with, or purchase products from, a company that has been hackedin the past, highlighting the impact that poor cybersecurity can have on business reputation," the press release F5issuedIT Pro withreads.
But what we say we do, and what we actually do, can be very different.Look ateBay,Apple iCloud,Tumblr,Facebook,LastPass, andTwitter.Did they all lose half their users - or even half the users directly affected - after high-profile attacks? Not a chance.
Other firms have been punished.Following the TalkTalk hack, the ISP shed 7% of its existing customers and lost market share with new customers. It only actually lost data from 4% of its userbase to hackers, suggesting many of those directly affected, plus a few more, did indeed march away.
Of course, ISPs are the sort of business you reguarly reconsider: each time your contract is up, a customer decides if the price, speed and so on is worth another two years, so anyone re-signing when the hack was still making headlines would naturally have had second thoughts.
But TalkTalk aside, it'd be difficult to find a company that lost half of its customers after a hack, no matter what people told F5 in its survey.
Ask me if I'd ditch a supplier or service provider because of a hack, and I'd probably say yes - but that doesn't mean I actually would. It would depend on the hack, on the business, on the data lost, on how angry I was about it all - and how lazy I was, and whether I was willing to spend the time sourcing an alternative that's perhaps just as likely to be hacked.
And accuracy of the survey results aside, that's okay.Walking away after a single incident gives hackers too much power and encourages companies to cover up data leaks, which hurts our individual security rather than improving it.
We certainly shouldn't stay with a company that's continuely reckless with our data, but most of us know it's all a bit more complicated than that and understand companies may well deserve a second chance.
A company can accidentally leak data even if it puts real effort into security - just as we can be healthy and still stuff our faces with chips - so please, British businesses, don't panic from the results of this survey. You won't lose half your customers if you 'fess up to imperfect security, no matter what this survey says.
Data Leakage
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Ex-Equifax CIO to serve four months for insider trading


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Home Indochina News Lao Military Hospital Conducts the Country's First Kidney Transplant Operation
Lao Military Hospital Conducts the Country's First Kidney Transplant Operation
(IndochinaKings.org) 103 Military Hospital has announced the success of the first kidney transplant operations in Laos, which was performed on two patients.
Colonel Doctor. Savangxay Darasart, Military Chief of 103 Military Hospital, said on Monday that the two patients made a complete recovery after 10 days of their transplants, and their physical condition has improved as well.
Fifteen Lao medical personnel trained in kidney transplant surgery to prepare for the operations which were conducted in December.
With the support of Vietnam's 108 Military Central Hospital, the Lao Military hospital prepared the necessary medical equipment and had the most experienced experts on board for the kidney transplants.
The two patients, who suffered from kidney-related ailments, recovered after medical personnel from Laos and Vietnam spent 6 hours on each patient for the kidney transplant.
Laos is one of the few countries in ASEAN that has not been able to do kidneys transplant operations so far. It is estimated that there are more than 1,000 kidney failure patients who need to undergo regular dialysis throughout the country, according to the hospital.
The 108 Military Central Hospital in Vietnam is also offering training to doctors from the 103 Military Hospital of the Lao People's Army this year in the field of bronchoscopy, lobectomy, cardiology, resuscitation, and echocardiography.
According to laotiantimes.com
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You are at:Home»Regional»Rain, landslide wreak havoc in Meghalaya
Rain, landslide wreak havoc in Meghalaya
By VAS Inc on	 July 12, 2019 Regional
HT Bureau
SHILLONG, July 11:Incessant rain in the past few days has wreaked havoc in Meghalaya triggering landslides in many places while water in streams and rivers reached the danger level including Umkhrah river in Shillong city.
Landslides that damaged roads were also reported in many places including a road at Malki in Shillong. Landslides occurred in many places that cut off many roads including a road in Mawsynram, about 60km from Shillong.
Umkhrah river, one of the polluted rivers in the city, has reached the danger level on Tuesday evening.
Plain areas in the city were also inundated while water logging because of poor drainage system caused flash floods in areas like Pynthorbah and Polo.
Flood water also entered the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium and nearby grounds at Polo.
A number of water bodies are flowing above the danger level, and district administrations have been asked to set up emergency operation centres for prompt response, Revenue and Disaster Management Minister Kyrmen Shylla told a news agency.
Shylla said the regional met department has also issued an alert for heavy rainfall in the next two-three days.
East Khasi Hills District Deputy Commissioner Matsiewdor War Nongbri said a flood-like situation has emerged in various low-lying areas, due to water logging.
In Garo Hills, many places were also inundated following heavy rain.
Paddy fields including the one at Mawlai Umshing near the North Eastern Hill University (NEHU) have been covered with flood water causing damage to standing crops.
The continuous downpour also led to collapse of retaining walls and trees in different parts of the state because of loose soil.
Till filing of the report, heavy downpour continued in the city. Sources said that no casualty was reported from any part of the state.
A weather forecast by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) stated that heavy to very heavy rainfall is likely to occur at isolated places in Meghalaya on July 11 and 12, and heavy to heavy rainfall with extremely heavy falls likely to occur on the July 10 and 13.
Deputy Commissioners of various districts were alerted and advisory has been issued for information of the public.
"People are advised to take extra care during heavy rainfall as there is likelihood of flash flood, especially in areas near rivers and streams," the advisory said.
landslide rain
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Fee Allocations (UPFF)
Student Fee Allocations
The Purpose of Student Fees
Imagine, for a moment, a quite different University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Erase from the campus scene all recreational facilities, the Nebraska Unions, the Health Center, and the residence halls. Eliminate all student services such as counseling, advocacy, study skills and well-being programs; all student organizations and activities, and government groups; and all campus programs — films, concerts, dances, workshops, performing arts, intramural sports, group fitness, outdoor adventures, etc.
What remains represents the core of higher education — the academic curriculum. Everything else, some would say, is unnecessary. But is it? American educators have long recognized that college students develop not only intellectually, but physically, socially, and emotionally as well, and that these dimensions of human development are interrelated. Educators know, too, that academic achievement can be helped or hindered by the quality of campus life.
Thus, most American universities offer more than classrooms and instructors. They provide programs, services and facilities designed to make the institution a community where most students' interests and needs can be met. At Nebraska, as elsewhere, some of these facilities, services, opportunities, and programs are self-sustaining; some are supported by tuition and tax monies; others are financed by "student fees," or what Nebraska calls University Program and Facilities Fees (UPFF).
Although paid by students for programs and services oriented to students, UPFF assessments are not "user fees." They are, rather, part of the cost of attending the university. All students enrolled in in-person courses — even those whose classes may opt for remote instruction — are assessed student fees along with tuition, whether or not they expect to take advantage of fee-funded facilities and services that particular semester. Like taxes that we pay within the larger communities in which we live, student fees are essential to the support of vital functions within the university community — in this case, functions that enrich, enliven and humanize the institution.
Levels of Fee Assessment
There are two levels of UPFF assessment, determined by the number of credit hours for which a student enrolls each semester:
Fees for 2022-2023
1 to 6 credit hours: $534.50
7 or more credit hours: $646.00
Fees for students enrolled for one to six hours do not include the assessment for debt service on facilities.
How Decisions About Spending Student Fees Are Made
In accordance with the Bylaws of the Board of Regents, the total income from University Program and Facilities Fees are divided into two portions: Fund A is used to fund programs and activities managed by student groups; Fund B is used to make bond payments and fund staff salaries and operating costs for various student services and maintenance of related facilities.
ASUN (Association of Students of the University of Nebraska) recommends to the Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs all assessments and disbursements of Fund A monies, preparing its recommendations on the basis of annual budget requests submitted by eligible student organizations. To fulfill this responsibility, ASUN has established a Committee for Fee Allocation (CFA) composed of three ASUN senators and ten students elected with positions appointed as follows: residence halls (2), Greek chapters (1), off-campus (4), one student with an East Campus major and/or residence (1), one Graduate student (1), and one at-large student (1). The Vice Chancellor forwards ASUN's recommendations to the Chancellor along with any suggested modifications, and the Chancellor makes final decisions on Fund A allocations.
Decisions on the allocation of Fund B are made by the Board of Regents upon the recommendation of the Chancellor and the President. It has been customary for ASUN's Committee for Fee Allocation to review annual budget requests submitted by Fund B agencies and to make recommendations through ASUN to the Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs on UPFF Fund B assessments, as well as on those in the Fund A category. The UPFF Fund B assessment includes a $111.50 per student per semester debt service assessment that is mandated by the University's bond agreements, and thus, this portion of the Fund B is not subject to change. These bonds funded construction and renovations of the Nebraska Unions, University Health Center, Jackie Gaughan Multicultural Center, Outdoor Adventures Center, Recreation and Wellness Center on East Campus, and renovation of the Campus Recreation Center. The Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs is the University officer directly responsible for most UPFF-funded agencies and functions. Questions about the use of UPFF funds should be directed to the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs, 106 Canfield Administration Building.
In regard to UPFF assessments and allocations, as in all other matters, the University of Nebraska does not discriminate on the basis of gender, age, disability, race, color, religion, marital status, veterans status, national or ethnic origin, or sexual orientation.
The following tables detail the allocations of UPFF funds for 2022-23. The allocations to Nebraska student organizations are categorized as "Fund A" of UPFF, and the allocations to university-administered programs and facilities are categorized as "Fund B" of UPFF. The "Per Student Per Semester Assessment" figures are approximations, indicating the proportional breakdown of the $646 paid by students enrolled for seven or more credit hours.
University Program and Facilities Fee - Fund A
Per Student Per Semester
Projected Annual Revenue
ASUN Student Government $11.82 $535,929
Daily Nebraskan $3.52 $159,602
DailyER Nebraskan $0.15 $6,400
University Program Council Programming $6.44 $278,657
Lied Center Discounts $4.85 $210,000
SUBTOTAL $26.78 $1,190,588
University Program and Facilities Fee - Fund B
Institutional Obligations & Student Service Agencies
Campus Recreation - Programs & General Operations $185.97 $8,432,311
Campus Recreation - Repair & Improvement of Recreation Facilities $21.18 $960,300
Nebraska Unions - General Operations $111.22 $5,043,508
Newspaper Program $2.98 $135,035
Transit Services $25.67 $1,164,107
University Health Center - General Operations $110.04 $4,989,658
University Health Center - Counseling Services $50.63
Debt on Facilities $111.50 $4,245,625
Contingency $0.03 $1,360
SUBTOTAL $619.22 $27,267,723
University Program and Facilities Fee - Total
Funds A & B $646 $28,458,311
Fund A Refunds
Board of Regents policies stipulate that students may request a refund of the amount indicated in the "Per Student" column for any or all of the items listed under Fund A. Fund A refund forms may be obtained at the Student Organizations Financial Services Office (Nebraska Union, Room 200) during the first four weeks of each semester.


text:
Q: Using named range in VBA function for VLOOKUP I have a the following on my worksheet:

*

*A cell that shows a currency [in A1]

*A range of cells (two columns, one for the currency, and the other for a corresponding commission percentage) [defined as/named RANGE, and scoped to the worksheet]

*A cell that [is trying] to determine the calculated commission percentage based on A1 and RANGE
I then have a VBA function called Calculate, as follows:
Function Calculate(LookupValue As Double, LookupRange As Range) As Double
    Calculate = [VLOOKUP(LookupValue, LookupRange, 2)]
End Function

The cell that determines the percentage has the following:
=Calculate(A1, RANGE)

Problem is that the cell just returns #VALUE!...
Any idea what I could be doing wrong?
I have tried several things like type-hinting to Range(), passing LookupRange.Value2 to VLOOKUP, etc, none of which worked.
I have also tried to debug, noting that LookupRange does actually contain the range required in Value2, which is is why I tried to pass it to the function.
Side Note: The function and layout mentioned above is just a dummy - the actual function is somewhat more complex as it relies on negotiated rates, monthly margins, etc. This is why I'm using VBA in the first place. I know that I'm doing something wrong with the lookup, as it is the only thing that seems to be failing within the function - everything else corresponds and calculates.

A: From MSDN:

The advantage of using square brackets is that the code is shorter. The advantage of using Evaluate is that the argument is a string, so you can either construct the string in your code or use a Visual Basic variable.

in other words you can use
Calculate = [VLOOKUP(3, A1:B100, 2)]

but you can not use
LookupValue = 3
LookupRange = Range("A1:B100")
'or
'LookupRange = "A1:B100"
Calculate = [VLOOKUP(LookupValue, LookupRange, 2)]

What you can do is:
Option 1:
Function Calculate(LookupValue As Double, LookupRange As Range) As Double
    Calculate = Evaluate("VLOOKUP(" & LookupValue & "," & LookupRange.Address & ", 2")
End Function

or better:
Function Calculate(LookupValue As Double, LookupRange As Range) As Double
    Calculate = Evaluate("VLOOKUP(" & LookupValue & ",'" & _
        LookupRange.Parent.Name & "'!" & LookupRange.Address & ", 2")
End Function

However I suggest:
Option 2:
Function Calculate(LookupValue As Double, LookupRange As Range) As Double
    Calculate = Application.VLookup(LookupValue, LookupRange, 2)
End Function

I hope you know about meaning of 4th parameter:

If TRUE or omitted, an exact or approximate match is returned. If an exact match is not found, the next largest value that is less than lookup_value is returned.
  The values in the first column of table_array must be placed in ascending sort order; otherwise, VLOOKUP may not give the correct value. You can put the values in ascending order by choosing the Sort command from the Data menu and selecting Ascending.

Btw, Calculate is not good name for UDF, since VBA already has function Application.Calculate. I'd rename it to avoid confusion.

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credit card renewal, my card expires in the next few weeks when would I be likely to see a new card being issued? or has it been lost in the mail. and I have more serious things to worry about. or dowe take our old ones into the bank and they issue new ones there?
Hi @chowetime, thanks for your enquiry.
A new card is automatically issued to your address on file, within 2 weeks of expiry of the current card. If your card is due to expire this month, the replacement could have already been sent, however our Contact Centre will be able to confirm if this is the case, and where this will be/has been issued to.
You can login to Online Banking from a PC and select the "Chat Now" button at the bottom of your screen between 7am – 6pm AWST Monday – Friday for assistance with this. Alternatively, you can call 13 17 19 between 8am - 8pm your local time, 7 days a week. Thank you.


text:
Comedy Corner: How I Met Your Mother, New Girl, The Mindy Project, The Michael J. Fox Show, Modern Family, Parks and Recreation, The Big Bang Theory – Week 2 Reviews
Jill Mader | October 4, 2013 | Reviews, Shows | No Comments
HIMYM – "Last Time In New York"
I did not care for any of the storylines in this episode, but especially Marshall's. Oh man, does that seem pointless. The one moment I liked in this episode was the heartfelt conversation between Lily and Ted – moments like that used to be the show's bread and butter. But I just hate the Barney-Robin-Ted love triangle, and if this season is going to have a strong focus on that, we're in trouble.
New Girl – "Double Date"
I struggled with this episode of New Girl, even though I love the show. Schmidt two-timing with Cece and Elizabeth was never a storyline I could get on board with, because it felt too mean for the show or the character. Turning Schmidt into a vindictive nemesis for Jess and Nick feels like a fabricated obstacle that their relationship doesn't need. I'm concerned.
That said, the jokes in this episode worked for me. Plot-wise, it was a flop, but it was funny. Is Winston just 100% crazy now? Whatever, I still loved the cat stuff and the "community table" at the restaurant.
Best moment: "I made up this dance to make everyone happy again!"
The Mindy Project – "Music Festival"
Yikes…three negative reviews in a row? I hate to say it, but I had problems with this episode of Mindy, too – and, like New Girl and HIMYM, the problems laid solely in the romantic aspects of the show. Casey officially outstayed his welcome and swung way too far towards annoying and away from funny. But it felt really unnatural for his character, like the show was trying too hard to give Mindy a legitimate reason to dump the charitable pastor.
I love Adam Pally from Happy Endings though, and while his character was rough around the edges I think he'll be a good addition for the show. (I love that he still used abbrevs, that felt like a nice Happy Endings shout-out.)
Best moment: Everything involving Mindy and Danny at the music festival was perfect. Danny: "This looks like a Civil War battlefield. Except somehow there are more beards."
Modern Family – "Larry's Wife"
There were aspects of this episode that really worked for me. I liked seeing Haley, Alex and Luke get a storyline together. I laughed at Mitch obsessively cleaning his office, and then getting stuck in an air vent. And I couldn't help but enjoy the idea of Gloria thinking her baby is cursed. The rest? Not so much – all those storylines relied too much on character dynamics that feel tired. Jay and Manny are very different, Claire gets exasperated at Phil, Cam can get carried away. We've seen all that before.
Best moment: "Where would I find another gay Mitchell with your exact markings?"
The Michael J. Fox Show – "Art"
This show gets one more episode, maybe two to convince me. "Art" was not my favorite – so far, I really like Betsy Brandt on this show. But Mike's work life needs to be expanded, and the kid storylines need to be seriously dialed back. The teen daughter's photography, the older son's breakup, AND the youngest kid being a brat was too much. Pick one, not all. I also noticed that the mockumentary style really got to me this week. I've put up with that on Modern Family even though I think the show could do without it, and I actually enjoy it on Parks and Rec – but here, it feels lazy and out of place.
The Big Bang Theory – "The Scavenger Vortex"
I loved this episode. The scavenger hunt may have been a silly plot device meant only to mix up some character combinations, but for me it totally worked. Penny and Sheldon is always duo that leads to laughs, but the other combinations were all fresh. Howard and Amy bonded over Neil Diamond, and Bernadette got competitive and bulldozed her doormat teammate Leonard.
As an aside, I loved how Raj epically botched the end of the game, making "everyone" win. I would have LOST IT!
Best moment: Sheldon: "Do you know the odds of me picking your name?" Penny: "No." Sheldon: "One in five! It's very easy! Now you know why I'm sulking."
Parks and Recreation – "The Pawnee-Eagleton Tip Off Classic"
Kristen Bell Kristen Bell Kristen Bell! One of my favorite people on my favorite comedy. She did a great job playing an Eagleton politician, in an episode where it was revealed that Eagleton is on the verge of bankruptcy. They ended up merging into Pawnee, which I hope brings more rivalry jokes to the show. (And maybe another appearance from Bell? Please?)
Ron going "off the grid" was amazing, but his accidental Vine was best of all. This storyline could have felt old, but Ron's new role as husband and father gave it more depth. Only Ann and April's storyline felt a little tired – at this point, I really think the writers need to give up on April's hatred of Ann. They're out of jokes. However, it set up a new path for Ann, since her road trip with April made her realize that she wants to move to a new city.
Best moments: That was NBA player Chris Bosh on the Eagleton team. Also, "It's not TV."
Tags: How I Met Your Mother, modern family, New Girl, Parks and Recreation, The Big Bang Theory, The Michael J. Fox Show, The Mindy Project
Jill Mader
You can follow Jill at her blog, couchtimewithjill.com, or on Twitter @jillemader Jill has been an avid fan of TV since the age of two, when she was so obsessed with Zoobilee Zoo that her mother lied and told her it had been canceled. Despite that setback, she grew up to be a television aficionado and pop culture addict.


text:
Melleray est une commune française, située dans le département de la Sarthe en région Pays de la Loire, peuplée de  (les Melleraysiens).

Bien que située dans la région naturelle du Perche sarthois, la commune fait partie de la province historique du Maine.

Géographie
La commune se trouve dans la région naturelle du Perche.

Urbanisme

Typologie
Melleray est une commune rurale, car elle fait partie des communes peu ou très peu denses, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.

Par ailleurs la commune fait partie de l'aire d'attraction de La Ferté-Bernard, dont elle est une commune de la couronne. Cette aire, qui regroupe , est catégorisée dans les aires de moins de .

Occupation des sols

L'occupation des sols de la commune, telle qu'elle ressort de la base de données européenne d'occupation biophysique des sols Corine Land Cover (CLC), est marquée par l'importance des territoires agricoles (77 % en 2018), une proportion identique à celle de 1990 (77 %). La répartition détaillée en 2018 est la suivante :
terres arables (51,7 %), prairies (24,4 %), forêts (22 %), zones urbanisées (1 %), zones agricoles hétérogènes (0,9 %).

L'IGN met par ailleurs à disposition un outil en ligne permettant de comparer l'évolution dans le temps de l'occupation des sols de la commune (ou de territoires à des échelles différentes). Plusieurs époques sont accessibles sous forme de cartes ou photos aériennes : la carte de Cassini (), la carte d'état-major (1820-1866) et la période actuelle (1950 à aujourd'hui).

Toponymie

Histoire

Politique et administration

Population et société

Démographie

Enseignement

Activité et manifestations

Économie
L'économie locale repose essentiellement sur l'agriculture et l'élevage.

Culture locale et patrimoine

Lieux et monuments

 Église Saint-Pierre. Les fonts baptismaux, à l'entrée de la nef, datent de 1687.
 Ancien hospice de 1628.
 Manoir de Champ date du .
 Vestiges de l'ancien prieuré, .

Personnalités liées à la commune
 Jean Bercy (1920 à Melleray - 1986), artiste et éducateur.

Voir aussi

 Liste des communes de la Sarthe

Notes et références

Notes

Références
 Altitudes, coordonnées, superficie : répertoire géographique des communes 2012 (site de l'IGN, téléchargement du 24 octobre 2013)

 Melleray sur le site de l'office de tourisme du Val de Braye
 Résumé statistique de Melleray sur le site de l'Insee
 Photos anciennes de Melleray - Musée virtuel de Montmirail

Commune dans la Sarthe
Perche-Gouët
Aire d'attraction de la Ferté-Bernard

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text:
Die Bundesexekution ist in einem Staatenbund oder Bundesstaat das Recht des Bundes, gegen einzelne Mitglieder bzw. Gliedstaaten militärisch vorzugehen, wenn diese gegen Pflichten verstoßen, die sich aus der Mitgliedschaft im Bund ergeben. Der Begriff ist in Deutschland deckungsgleich mit der Bezeichnung "Reichsexekution", abhängig vom jeweiligen Staatsnamen.

Deutscher Bund
Die Bundesexekution war das Recht des Deutschen Bundes (1815 bis 1866), gegen die Regierung eines Mitgliedstaates vorzugehen, sofern dieser sich Bestimmungen der Deutschen Bundesakte oder anderen Bundesbeschlüssen widersetzte. Ein Bundeskommissar wurde eingesetzt, der für die Durchführung der Maßnahmen verantwortlich war.

Grundlage der Bundesakte waren Artikel 31 der Wiener Schlussakte und die Exekutionsordnung von 1820. Um einen Staat zur Einhaltung seiner Verpflichtungen zu zwingen, waren folgende Maßnahmen vorgesehen:
 die militärische Besetzung des Staatsgebiets
 die Übernahme der Regierungsgewalt bis hin zur Absetzung des regierenden Fürsten und
 die Aufhebung von Verfassungsbestimmungen, die gegen Bundesrecht verstießen.

Bundesexekutionen im Deutschen Bund:
 1830 gegen Braunschweig, weil dessen Herzog Karl II. sich weigerte, die unter seinem Vormund, dem britischen König Georg IV. erlassene Verfassung anzuerkennen.
 1834 gegen Frankfurt in der Folge des Frankfurter Wachensturms
 Bundesexekution gegen die Herzogtümer Holstein und Lauenburg von 1863, wegen der Einbeziehung Schleswigs in die dänische Verfassung, woraus sich der Deutsch-Dänische Krieg von 1864 entwickelte
 1866 gegen Preußen aus Anlass des Streits um die Verwaltung Schleswig-Holsteins (siehe Bundesbeschluss vom 14. Juni 1866). Der folgende Deutsche Krieg um die Vorherrschaft im Deutschen Bund führte schließlich zur Auflösung des Deutschen Bundes.

Die Bundesexekution ist zu unterscheiden von der Bundesintervention, die sich nicht gegen die Regierung eines Mitgliedstaates richtete, sondern gegen bundesfeindliche Bewegungen, und dazu diente, die monarchisch-legitimistische Ordnung und die öffentliche Ruhe zu sichern. Zu unterscheiden ist auch der Bundeskrieg, um Angriffe fremder Mächte abzuwehren.

Österreich
Das österreichische, von Hans Kelsen ganz maßgeblich geprägte, Verfassungsrecht kennt den Begriff "Bundesexekution" nicht. In der österreichischen Verfassungslehre wird der Begriff dennoch verwendet bzw. auch als "Bundeszwang" bezeichnet und durch den Begriff "Bundesaufsicht" ergänzt. Bei einer Gesamtabfrage im österreichischen Rechtsinformationssystem wird mit dem Suchbegriff "Bundesexekution" auf Artikel 146 B-VG verwiesen. In Artikel 146 B-VG wird normiert:

Durch diese offene Formulierung in Artikel 146 Abs. 2 B-VG ergibt sich, dass die Exekution des Artikel 146 Abs. 2 B-VG auch von den Bundesländern gegen den Bund geführt werden kann. Dies entspricht der grundsätzlichen Gleichstellung der Bundesländer mit dem Bund im österreichischen Verfassungsrecht.

Schweiz
Bundesexekution bezeichnet in der Schweiz Zwangsmaßnahmen des Bundes gegenüber einzelnen Kantonen, wenn diese ihren Bundespflichten nicht nachkommen. Grundlage dazu ist Art. 173 und 186 der Bundesverfassung. Bundesexekution kann auch die Erfüllung der Pflicht durch den Bund auf Kosten des Kantons (Ersatzvornahme) oder die vorübergehende Einstellung (Sistierung) von Subventionen bedeuten. Letztes Mittel wäre dann ein militärisches Vorgehen gegen den renitenten Kanton. Die Bundesexekution wird durch die Bundesversammlung beschlossen, die Durchführung obliegt dem Bundesrat. Folgende Voraussetzungen müssen für die Durchführung der Bundesexekution kumulativ gegeben sein:
 Verletzung von Bundespflichten durch die Kantone;
 Zwangsandrohung;
 Mahnung;
 Fristensetzung.

Zudem kann ein Kanton vor der Exekution das Bundesgericht anrufen, wenn er sich durch den Bund ins Unrecht versetzt sieht.

Die Bundesexekution ist in der Schweiz zu unterscheiden von der Bundesintervention. Letztere dient dem Schutz von kantonalen Organen gegen Aufruhr und Störung gem. Art. 52 der Bundesverfassung und kann mit dem Einsatz von Truppen verbunden werden. Dabei besteht heute gewohnheitsrechtlich das Prinzip, dass zunächst kantonale Polizeiorgane zum Einsatz gelangen und Armee-Einheiten des Bundes erst subsidiär bei dringendem Bedarf aufgeboten werden sollen. Beim landesweiten Generalstreik von 1918 wurde andersherum agiert: Einige im Weltkrieg dienstleistenden Armee-Einheiten wurden gegen die streikenden Arbeiter eingesetzt, was letztlich auch einige Todesopfer zur Folge hatte. Es handelte sich dabei um Ordnungsdienst, unter Beibehaltung der kantonalen Souveränität, nicht um eine Bundesintervention.

Seit 1848 wurden zehn Bundesinterventionen durchgeführt, neun davon im 19. Jahrhundert, die zehnte anlässlich der Unruhen von Genf 1932.

Verwandte Begriffe
Während die Bundesexekution im Deutschen Bund sich gegen einen Gliedstaat richtete, der seinen Pflichten nicht nachkommen wollte, so war die Bundesintervention eine Hilfe für einen Gliedstaat, der durch Unruhen in Bedrängnis geriet, die er selbst nicht unterdrücken konnte.

Die Bundesexekution ist das rechtliche Äquivalent zur Reichsexekution im Heiligen Römischen Reich und im Deutschen Reich. Im Grundgesetz von 1949 der Bundesrepublik Deutschland lautet der Begriff Bundeszwang.

Literatur
 H. Boldt: Reich und Länder – Texte zur deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, 1987
 H. R. Schwarzenbach: Grundriss des Verwaltungsrechts, 1978 (Schweiz)
 Ulrich Im Hof: Geschichte der Schweiz, 1981

Weblinks

Recht (Deutscher Bund)
Rechtsgeschichte (Schweiz)
Rechtsgeschichte (Österreich)


text:
MEDIA ADVISORY: CAIR-Missouri to Host Rally for Kashmir in St. Louis on Sunday
(ST. LOUIS, MO, 8/23/2019) – On Sunday, Aug. 25, the Missouri chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR-MO) will hold a march in the Delmar Loop to oppose the Indian government's renewed oppression of Kashmir, a Muslim-majority region of India.
WHAT: St. Louis March for Kashmir
WHERE: 6655 Delmar Blvd, University City, MO 63130
WHEN: Sunday, Aug. 25, 5-7 p.m.
CONTACT: CAIR-Missouri Executive Director Faizan Syed, (314)330-2946, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..
FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/events/2101838733441860/
Earlier this month, India's far-right government cancelled Kashmir's semi-autonomous legal status and imposed martial law on millions of Kashmiris, cutting off the internet, banning reporters, setting a curfew, and opening fire on protesters.
SEE: India-Administered Kashmir Cut Off From World
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/indian-administered-kashmir-cut-world-190808154823718.html
"India's brutality in the region must end and the Kashmiri people must be given the opportunity to choose their future," said Faizan Syed, executive director of CAIR-MO. "Thousands of St. Louisans are from South Asia and we are all concerned by these actions that are increasing tensions between two nuclear powers. Our nation must take action to help the people of Kashmir."
Rally participants plan to call on the United States to stand against India's occupation of Kashmir and demand the immediate restoration of mobile and landlines in the region, an end to the curfew and the complete demilitarization of the region. Letters will be collected that will be sent to elected officials. The program will include a march down Delmar Loop as well as presentations by local community activists.
Earlier this week, CAIR's New Jersey chapter issued a public letter to the Indian Consul General condemning that nation's actions in Kashmir and its abuses of Indian Muslims and declined an invitation to meet with consulate officials.
SEE: CAIR-New Jersey Issues Letter Condemning Siege of Kashmir After Declining Invitation to Meet with Indian Consulate Officials
https://www.cair.com/cair_new_jersey_issues_letter_condemning_siege_of_kashmir_after_declining_invitation_to_meet_with_indian_consulate_officials
CAIR is America's largest Muslim civil liberties and advocacy organization. Its mission is to enhance the understanding of Islam, encourage dialogue, protect civil liberties, empower American Muslims, and build coalitions that promote justice and mutual understanding.
CONTACT: CAIR-MO Executive Director Faizan Syed, 314-403-3626, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.; CAIR National Communications Director Ibrahim Hooper, 202-744-7726, This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.


Rhian Benson - COWSHED/HANDS CLEAN COMPETITION!
The EP includes remixes by Goldielocks, Sioux City Boys Club and Sona Vabos (will.i.am, Dizzee Rascal, Kelis and Benny Benassi).
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