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US8146324B1 - Non-invasive methods of securing an installed metal roof - Google Patents
Non-invasive methods of securing an installed metal roof Download PDF
Active - Reinstated, expires 2026-12-02
Matthew M Kelly
Peter Hambly
2009-04-20 Application filed by Matthew M Kelly, Peter Hambly filed Critical Matthew M Kelly
2020-01-18 Application status is Active - Reinstated legal-status Critical
239000002184 metal Substances 0 abstract claims description title 70
229910052751 metals Inorganic materials 0 abstract claims description title 70
239000011799 hole materials Substances 0 abstract claims description 64
238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0 abstract claims description 30
239000010410 layers Substances 0 abstract claims description 26
238000009413 insulation Methods 0 abstract claims description 22
238000005553 drilling Methods 0 abstract claims description 12
239000000789 fastener Substances 0 claims description 37
238000000034 methods Methods 0 abstract description 16
238000007689 inspection Methods 0 abstract description 5
230000000007 visual effect Effects 0 abstract description 3
230000003578 releasing Effects 0 claims description 2
230000001603 reducing Effects 0 claims 1
239000004568 cement Substances 0 description 3
241000168096 Glareolidae Species 0 description 1
239000004831 Hot glue Substances 0 description 1
210000001138 Tears Anatomy 0 description 1
238000009963 fulling Methods 0 description 1
239000003973 paint Substances 0 description 1
239000010451 perlite Substances 0 description 1
239000011269 tar Substances 0 description 1
230000036410 touch Effects 0 description 1
E04—BUILDING
E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
E04D3/00—Roof covering by making use of flat or curved slabs or stiff sheets
E04D3/36—Connecting; Fastening
E04D3/3605—Connecting; Fastening of roof covering supported directly by the roof structure
E04D3/3606—Connecting; Fastening of roof covering supported directly by the roof structure the fastening means being screws or nails
E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage; Sky-lights
E04D13/16—Insulating devices or arrangements in so far as the roof covering is concerned, e.g. characterised by the material or composition of the roof insulating material or its integration in the roof structure
E04D13/1606—Insulation of the roof covering characterised by its integration in the roof structure
E04D13/1643—Insulation of the roof covering characterised by its integration in the roof structure the roof structure being formed by load bearing corrugated sheets, e.g. profiled sheet metal roofs
E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR OTHER BUILDING AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
A method of securing an installed metal roof deck covered with at least one layer of insulation and/or sealer. The metal roof deck is supported by a plurality of parallel metal beams. Access holes are drilled through the insulation and/or sealer at opposite ends of a beam. Self-drilling, self-tapping screws are positioned through the pilot holes and turned through the metal roof and beams. A guide is used to drill additional access holes aligned with valleys in the metal roof deck. Self-drilling, self-tapping screws are drilled through the metal roof and beams. When no access is available for visual inspection of the deck and or the beams, the same locating process is followed in a "Blindly", or by "Feel" way.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/527,055, filed on Sep. 26, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,520,103. The entirety of this application is incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates generally to methods of securing an installed metal roof. More specifically, the invention relates to methods for fastening installed metal panels to structural roof support beams, without detrimentally effecting the existing insulation and roof system.
Rectangular metal panels are widely used to form roofs on industrial buildings. In typical installations, walls or columns are constructed, that support horizontal metal beams. These are positioned parallel to one another and at regular intervals. The rectangular metal panels are then placed on top of the metal beams. They are typically arranged on a grid so that the sides and ends of adjacent panels overlap. After covering the roof with metal panels, additional layers of material are added to seal and/or insulate the roof. These can include one or more layers of sand, gravel, insulation, foam, concrete, silicon paint, tar, perlite, gypsums and/or other materials.
In typical installations, the metal panels have been insufficiently fastened or attached to the metal beams. This leaves the roof vulnerable to high winds and hurricanes, which can tear the metal panels away and expose the interior of the structure.
Accordingly, methods have been applied to further attach existing metal panels to the metal beams. Metal clips are fastened to the deck from underneath, that lap onto the edge of the beam adding additional fastening. Where the beams are flanged a fastener with an oversized washer is installed from underneath grabbing the flange and the deck. Also, the metal panels may be fastened to the metal beams by drilling a hole through the metal beam and into the metal panel. The metal roof is corrugated so that it has parallel peaks and valleys at regular intervals. Fastening is installed on a grid pattern at each place where a valley of the metal roof touches a beam. A screw (or a nut and bolt) is then used to better attach the metal panel. While this method is effective, it suffers from a couple significant disadvantages. First, it requires scaffolding, ladders or other apparatus to permit a construction worker to install the fasteners. Where the building is used to shelter an industrial operation, such as a factory, that runs around the clock, it may be difficult to install these fasteners without interfering with the normal operations within the building. Second, drilling into the metal panels generates debris. Also the pull out values are low for this use of the fasteners, so an increased number of units must be installed. Again, depending upon the particular application, if the building is used to shelter a clean environment, such as a pharmaceutical plant, this may interfere with normal operations within the building. Another method is to cut a 6 or 8-inch strip of the existing roof system from above directly over the beam, exposing the deck, and installing additional fastening. The dilemma of this installation is that it disrupts the integrity of the roof system weakening the complete unit, causing leaks.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of attaching a corrugated metal roof to metal supporting beams.
According to one aspect of the invention, an installed metal roof deck is formed by a plurality of rectangular, overlapping, corrugated panels covered with at least one layer of insulation or sealer and supported from below by a plurality of parallel beams. The installed metal roof deck is secured by identifying a first location for a first fastener. The first location occurs where a first beam meets a first valley in the corrugated panels. A first access hole is drilled through the at least one layer of insulation or sealer at the first location. The first access hole does not extend through the corrugated panels. A first self-tapping screw is positioned through the first access hole. The first self-tapping screw is driven through the corrugated panels and into the first beam. A second location for a second fastener is identified. The second location occurs where the first beam meets a second valley in the corrugated panels at a predetermined distance from the first location. A second access hole is drilled through the at least one layer of insulation or sealer at the second location. The second access hole does not extend through the corrugated panels. A second self-tapping screw is positioned through the second access hole and driven through the corrugated panels and into the first beam. A template that extends from the first self-tapping screw to the second self-tapping screw is positioned. The template includes regular marks to identify intersections of the valleys in the corrugated panels and the first beam. Additional access holes are drilled through the at least one layer of insulation or sealer at locations aligned with the regular marks on the template. The additional pilot holes do not extend through the corrugated panels. Additional self-tapping screws are positioned through each of the additional access holes and driven through the corrugated panels and into the first beam.
According to further aspects of the invention, the first location for the first fastener is identified by viewing the metal roof deck from a perspective below the plurality of metal beams.
According to another aspect of the invention, when no access is available for visual inspection of the deck and or the beams, the same locating process is followed in a "Blindly", or by "Feel" way.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, the regular marks on the template are spaced at an interval equal to a distance between valleys in the corrugated panels. The additional self-tapping screws are positioned through each of the additional access holes comprises by placing a head of the self-tapping screws in an extended socket having a length sufficient to reach through the at least one layer of insulation or sealer, and secure fastener head at deck below. The additional self-tapping screws are driven through the corrugated panels and into the first beam using a power drill, which automatically stops before the self-tapping screws strip by releasing a clutch.
FIG. 1 is top plan view of a portion of a roof having nine rectangular metal panels.
FIG. 2 is a top plan view showing one method of determining the location of the beams below the metal panels.
FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view showing the installation of self-tapping metal screws from above to secure the metal panels.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a metal roof deck installation procedure under light cement conditions according to an aspect of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a metal roof deck installation procedure using tapered plugs according to an aspect of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a metal roof deck installation procedure using a surface area-increasing washer according to an aspect of the invention.
A corrugated metal roof is secured using a plurality of self-tapping screws. The corrugated metal roof consists of a plurality of rectangular panels. These are arranged on a grid and supported below by metal beams. The metal panels are positioned so that they overlap with adjacent panels along both sides and both ends of each panel. The metal panels are covered with top layers of insulation and/or sealer. A first metal beam is found, preferably by measuring its location from below then drilling an access hole through the top layers of insulation and/or sealer. Although this may be determined through the "Blind" installation process to be discussed later. Through that hole we install the pilot fastener where the beam is expected. Either striking the beam, or by inspection making the necessary adjustments to contact the beam. The fastener is driven by an elongated socket, engages a self-tapping screw. The elongated socket is driven by a clutched-drill. The self-tapping screw is driven through the metal panel and the metal beam below until the clutch of the drill releases, which indicates that the screw is tight and secure. In the event that the clutch does not release, one of two possible problems exist. The clutch is set too tight and the screw has stripped out the hole, which can happen in thinner beams, C channel & Z Bar. In this case, the clutch must be loosened so that it will release before the screw strips out the hole. In addition, the fastener could to be changed also to a courser thread style such as self-tapping point. Preferably this adjustment is made before beginning the project. Alternatively, the screw did not hit a beam. In this case, an inspection is made from below to determine the distance and direction of the miss. Or as will be explained later, a "Walk it in" approach can be used. An aspect of the "Blind" installation, where you install a fastener approximately every +/−1½″ until contacting the beam. The lack of exactly square existing joist placement makes this process a well used alternative. If the first screw was near the beam, the same access hole may be used. If the miss was substantial, another access hole can be drilled. In either case, a second screw is put into the valley of the metal panel and is positioned to hit the beam based upon the determined distance and direction of the miss. The first screw is positioned in one of the valleys located nearest to the end of the beam. Next, a second access hole is drilled. It is positioned over the same beam, but at the opposite end, or at the lesser distance required. It is not attempted to "Lay out" more than the approximate 20 to 24 foot distance typical of column to column spacing, because the joists are typically enough out-of-square that the use of the jig will not be effective. The same procedure used with the first screw is applied to the second screw. With these two in place, a straight-line guide is positioned between the first and second screw. The distance between valleys is known. Accordingly, additional screws are drilled through each valley and into the same beam. After securing each screw, the access hole through the top layers of insulation and/or sealer is filled. This may be accomplished by driving a pre-fabricated tapered rigid foam plug into the void as shown on FIG. 5, or by spraying polyurethane foam (or "poly" foam) sealer into the hole. A wide variety of such sealers are commercially available in a spray can, with a small tube for dispensing the foam. This tube is placed at an angle into the pilot hole so that the end of the tube abuts the side of the pilot hole. The foam accumulates in the hole until it is filled. An additional layer of sealer may be used to cover and further protect the access hole.
When no access is available for visual inspection of the deck and or the beams, the same locating process is followed in a "Blindly", or by "Feel" way. Under these circumstances, a linear pattern of holes is drilled initially approximately 6″ apart to "Feel" the deck and more specifically the direction of the flutes (ribs). Once this is determined we shorten the distance between the holes to "Feel" the deck style (width of flute, taper of sides, and the width of the top surface of the deck). With the deck style determined, we can then begin to locate the first beam. There are some basic boundaries that are "known" under "typical construction style knowledge" for instance: beams will almost never be closer together (parallel) then 32″, they should really never be further apart than 8′. So within those boundaries we will search for the beam. There are a number of other techniques we use to try to limit error initially. Sounding the roof by solidly thumping along a pattern. Alternatively, solidly bouncing the area to watch for deflection patterns, and "eyeing" the roof for slope changes that might identify the beam location. Regardless of the method used, the purpose is to get as close as possible to the beam location. The determining step is to begin a lineal pattern of fastener installation attempts ("Walking it In") that will eventually make contact with the beam. Once a first contact with the beam occurs, time is spent to install a number of fasteners (usually 6) in the beam actually trying to miss the beam by a very small margin, on both sides of the beam. This way the width of the beam can be determined if it was previously unknown. The same process is followed to look for the second beam. With the second beam we can usually determine the layout pattern, and become much more accurate locating the balance of the beams to be fastened.
Turning to FIG. 1, a portion of an existing roof is shown with any top layers of insulation and/or sealer removed. The portion of the roof 100 consists of nine metal panels 102, 104, 106, 108, 110 and 112. Ordinarily, the corrugated metal panels would not be visible, but are shown in this figure for purposes of illustration. The panels are rectangular and arranged on a grid. The right-most end of panel 102 overlaps the left-most end of panel 104 and the right-most end of panel 104 overlaps the left-most end of panel 106. The panels are positioned so that their corrugation aligns. The valleys of panel 102 (shown as horizontal lines) rest inside the valleys of panel 104. The valleys of panel 104 rest inside of the valleys of panel 106. Panels 108, 110 and 112 are arranged in the same manner as panels 102, 104 and 106. In addition, the bottom sides of panels 102, 104 and 106 overlap the top sides of panels 108, 110 and 112. Panels 114, 116 and 118 are arranged in the same manner as panels 108, 110 and 112. In addition, the bottom sides of panels 108, 110 and 112 overlap the topsides of panels 114, 116 and 118.
The panels are supported from below by beams 120. These are regularly spaced and run parallel to each other. The beams may be "I" beams, flanged joists, C channel, Z bar or any other commercially used beam. The fasteners are selected depending upon the type and thickness of the beams. Additionally to increase the pull over value of the fastener, a greater fastened surface area might be required. Where the typical fastener head is approximately 0.42 inched wide, the surface are can be increased by installing a washer of sufficient width. This can be accomplished in this same process by using hot glue to position and hold the washer in place while the fastener installation is accomplished as shown in FIG. 6.
Turning to FIG. 2, the process of securing the metal panels of the roof deck is further described. A portion of a roof 200 is shown. It has the same construction as the roof shown in FIG. 1, but with the addition of top layers of insulation and/or sealer. These cover the peaks and valleys in the corrugated metal panels. A measurement of the location of the intersection between a first beam and valley is taken from below. Alternatively, the top layers can be removed around this location to have a complete view of the beam arrangement. This permits an accurate determination for the placement of the first screw 202. In addition, it permits the operator to adjust the drill clutch. It is set so that the clutch releases when the screw tightens against the metal panel but before the screw strips out the hole in the metal support beam. A determination is also made from below as to whether all of the support beams are the same type. If the roof has different sections, with different beam types, this process of adjusting the clutch will be repeated at each instance where a new hole is drilled in a different type of beam.
Additionally, the deck might be filled with lightweight concrete as shown in FIG. 4. This can affect several steps during installation. When working "blindly", locating the beams is much more difficult. Although the final step of confirming the beam location width and thickness is exactly the same, neither sounding, nor eyeing the deck to determine the best start locations, is effective. Also the pilot bores must be cleaned of the drilling debris prior to the installation of the fastener, to allow the head to seat satisfactorily. This can be accomplished with a specially tapered nose-piece on an industrial vacuum. Although a concrete drill bit is the best choice for all installation styles, it is particularly necessary for this style of installation. Especially where the lightweight cement is of the higher density/hardness range, the installer should take the time initially to get the feel for the cement and deck so that the number of "drill throughs" is limited.
Next, a second screw 204 is positioned based upon the position of the first screw 202 as well as from a measurement taken from below. An access hole is drilled through the top layers of insulation and/or sealer. The self-tapping screw is then drawn through the metal panel and through the metal beam until its head is tight against the metal panel. Because the clutch was adjusted with the first screw, it will release when tightened and before the self-tapping screw 204 strips the hole it drilled in the metal beam.
Next, a template 206 is positioned between the first screw 202 and the second screw 204. The template is preferably an aluminum metal strip but can be made of any material and could alternatively be a simple straight line drawn between the first screw 202 and second screw 204. Although the length and the marking for the valleys is the primary importance, the width can be chosen to "template"/jig the required width to "Double Stitch" (install 2 fasteners per beam width) the beam. Double Stitching is where 2 fasteners are installed at the same intersection of 1 beam and 1 valley. The template is marked at regular intervals having the same spacing as the valleys in the corrugated metal panels below. These markings are used to estimate the location for the intermediate screws. An access hole is drilled at each mark. In some installations the metal panels can be stretched and in others compressed. Accordingly, after drilling an access hole the operator must feel whether it is aligned with the center of a valley. If it is close, but not perfectly aligned, the operator may be able to adjust by positioning the screw at a slight angle. If it is further off the center of a valley, however, another access hole is drilled directly over the valley. Subsequent holes are similarly adjusted. When a row is completed, the access holes are filled by tapered plugs or injecting poly foam. This hardens. At the end of the day, a strip of roofing material is used to further seal and protect the holes. The advantages of the tapered plugs are that they are immediately ready to be sealed over as shown in FIG. 5, which is very helpful when working in difficult weather.
Next, the template 204 is moved over the adjacent beam. Because the spacing of the beams can be determined from below, it is easily positioned based upon the location of the screws 202 and 204 in the first row. The process of drilling pilot holes and fastening self-tapping screws is repeated so that a screw is drawn into the intersection between each valley and a beam.
Turning to FIG. 3, a side cross sectional view shows the process of attaching a metal panel 302 to a support beam 304. As shown, the metal panel 302 has peaks and valleys. A self-tapping screw 306 is shown fully fastened in one valley. An access hole 318 was drilled through the layer of insulation 310 and layers of sealer 312. This is sealed with poly foam 309. Specifically, the tube 314 from a spray can is positioned at an angle inside the hole so that the end of the tube is against the side of the pilot hole 318. The initial position of the tube 314 is shown in phantom lines. The foam is sprayed through the tube until the hole is filled and then the tube is removed. Alternatively, a tapered plug may be used to fill the pilot hole. A further layer of sealer 316 is added over the top of the pilot hole.
Another self-tapping screw 308 is shown as its head is drawn tight against the adjacent valley of metal panel 302. Again, an access hole 318 was drilled through the layer of insulation 310 and the layers of sealer 312. The pilot hole 318 is sufficient to accommodate an extended socket 320. The extended socket 320 holds the head of the self-tapping screw 308. It is used to position the screw 308 and then to drive it through the metal panel 302 and into the beam 304. A clutched drill or other powered driver drives the socket 320.
The "blindly" method of the present invention can also be used for different purposes such as but not limited to: looking for beams to support roof-side equipment. When the beams are located and marked, the dimensions for fabrication of the equipment support can then be determined accurately prior to fabrication, then brought to the site for a quicker and more professional install. Additionally, if the location of the beams is known, then it is known exactly where not to install perforations in the roof such as drains, ducting, etc.
There might be several conditions for requiring this method such as but not limited to: customer preference that no one enter the area (i.e., Clean rooms, production areas), low height ceilings at the interior with a great distance 20+ feet to the underside of the roof, heavy fire protection materials that obscures the details of the roof structure, additional levels of structure between exterior deck and interior view, previous roof retrofit, insulated from underside obscuring view, and access obscured by equipment; ducting, pipes and similar mechanical equipment.
In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the invention have been described with reference to numerous specific details that may vary from implementation to implementation. Thus, the sole and exclusive indicator of what is the invention, and is intended by the applicants to be the invention, is the set of claims that issue from this application, in the specific form in which such claims issue, including any subsequent correction. Any definitions expressly set forth herein for terms contained in such claims shall govern the meaning of such terms as used in the claims. Hence, no limitation, element, property, feature, advantage or attribute that is not expressly recited in a claim should limit the scope of such aim in any way. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
We claim:
1. A method of locating a beam positioned below a metal roof deck comprising the steps of:
Identifying blindly, after installation of said metal roof deck formed by a plurality of rectangular, overlapping, corrugated panels covered with at least one layer of insulation or sealer and supported from below by a plurality of parallel beams, a first location where a first beam of said plurality of parallel beams meets a first valley in the corrugated panels; wherein the step of identifying blindly comprises drilling a linear pattern of holes through the metal roof deck to initially assess at least one of the deck type and the direction of the panel's flutes or ribs, wherein said holes are spaced apart at a first predetermined distance.
reducing said first predetermined distance to asses at least one of: the deck style, the width of flute, taper of sides, and the width of the top surface of the deck.
locating said first beam within predetermined boundaries.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of locating the first beam comprises:
at least one of: thumping the roof along a pattern, and bouncing a roof area to watch for deflection patterns and slope changes that might identify the beam location.
performing a lineal pattern of fastener installation attempts until a first contact is made with the first beam.
determining the width of said first beam by installing a plurality of fasteners trying to miss the first beam by a distance, on both sides of the beam.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein said plurality of fasteners are installed in a lineal pattern and said distance is as close as possible to the first beam's lateral edge.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said first predetermined distance is about 6″ apart.
9. The method of claim 3, wherein said predetermined boundaries is defined by the distance between parallel beams being no less than about 32″ and no more than about 8′.
10. A method of securing an installed metal roof deck comprising the method of locating a beam of claim 1.
drilling a first access hole through the at least one layer of insulation or sealer at the first location, wherein the first access hole does not extend through the corrugated panels; and
positioning a first fastener through the first access hole and driving the first fastener through the corrugated panels and into the first beam.
identifying blindly a second location where a first beam meets a second valley in the corrugated panels;
drilling a second access hole through the at least one layer of insulation or sealer at the second location, wherein the second access hole does not extend through the corrugated panels; and
positioning a second fastener through the second access hole and driving the second fastener through the corrugated panels and into the first beam.
positioning a template that extends from the first fastener to the second fastener, wherein the template includes regular marks to identify intersections between valleys in the corrugated panels and the first beam.
drilling additional access holes through the at least one layer of insulation or sealer at locations aligned with the regular marks on the template, wherein the additional access holes do not extend through the corrugated panels; and
positioning additional fasteners through each of the additional access holes and driving the additional fasteners through the corrugated panels and into the first beam.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein in the step of positioning a template, the regular marks are spaced at an interval equal to a distance between valleys in the corrugated panels.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second fasteners comprise a self-tapping screw, the step of positioning additional fasteners through each of the additional access holes comprises placing a head of a self-tapping screw in an extended socket having a length sufficient to reach through the at least one layer of insulation or sealer, and secure fastener head at deck below.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein the step of driving the additional fasteners comprises driving self-tapping screws through the corrugated panels and into the first beam and automatically stopping before the self-tapping screws strip by releasing a clutch.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and second fasteners comprise a self-tapping screw and a washer having a width greater than a head of said self-tapping screw is adhered to said self-tapping screw to position and hold the washer in place while the installation is accomplished.
filling at least one of: the first access hole and the second access hole by at least one of: driving a tapered rigid plug into the holes and applying a sealer into the holes.
US12/386,676 2006-09-26 2009-04-20 Non-invasive methods of securing an installed metal roof Active - Reinstated 2026-12-02 US8146324B1 (en)
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Home / Financial / Stakes in Brexit polls and Zim's opportune moment
Stakes in Brexit polls and Zim's opportune moment
Posted on December 13, 2019 by The Independent in Financial
Respect Gwenzi
Britain awaits results of a highly anticipated general election. It has been dubbed the Brexit election because Brexit is what necessitated the election, after Prime Minister Boris Johnson failed to get parliamentary approval for his Brexit deal in more than two attempts, a fate similarly suffered by his predecessor Theresa May. It is the first winter election in a century and perhaps the most important election in the history of Britain as it may usher the UK into the much-dreaded Brexit whose consequences may be a short-term downside economic shock.
There are four possible outcomes in the general election and these include incumbent and bookmakers favourite Johnson winning a majority. This will enable him to pass the Brexit deal he negotiated with the European Union (EU) earlier in October through parliament and Britain will leave the EU at the end of January 2020. Once Britain leaves, it enters a two-year transition period over which it should negotiate a free trade agreement with the EU. Johnson however said he will not go beyond two years negotiating and will leave with or without a deal at the end of the two-year period, abruptly severing trade ties.
The second possible outcome is that Johnson fails to secure an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament. Johnson resigns since he does not have obvious allies. If he resigns, Labour's Jeremy Corbyn may likely form a government through alliances. Corbyn will negotiate a new Brexit deal in three months and put it to referendum in six months. The other possibility is that Johnson may try to hang on to power despite not falling short of a majority.
The fourth likely scenario is that the Labour stuns bookmakers and wins a majority, which will give it free reign to call for a second Brexit referendum and begin its programme of radical economic reform.
It is, however, likely that the scenario of Johnson winning the election but without an outright majority will carry the day, jeopardising his Brexit plan and possibly giving passage to Corbyn rule through alliance. However, what if Brexit was to come through a Johnson majority, what are the potential implications and could Zimbabwe be positioned to take advantage of the opportunities brought out by that respective outcome? It is apparent to note that once Johnson wins with a majority in one-and-a-half months, Britain moves out of the EU, which means all it ceases to be bound by EU statutes and agreements, and neither does it keep enjoying free trade benefits with the union.
A hard Brexit will result in the pound depreciating. This will lead to increases in prices and lower the value of incomes, a familiar trait in Zimbabwe's case.
Study shows Brexit may provide a unique opportunity for African nations to come together (perhaps by using the regional African trading blocs) to leverage their position and collective bargaining power to negotiate more advantageous trade deals. There have been suggestions that the UK should forge closer links with the Commonwealth nations, including top African economies such as South Africa, Ghana and Nigeria.
Trade statistics show that the share of Zimbabwe's exports to the EU has drastically declined over the last two decades from a high of 25% to below 10% in present terms. the historical exports to EU were largely in the form of agricultural produce, notably horticulture and produce such as beef.
Now Britain relies more on EU imports for food and this includes lettuce (90%), tomatoes (80%) and soft fruit (70%) among others. Brexit would therefore result in higher food costs than if a deal is not reached with the EU. Britain's strategy will therefore be to seek cheaper alternatives and, given the exchange rate impact, Zimbabwe's exports may become more competitive and compelling.
It is imperative for Zimbabwe to do a thorough study, particularly in agriculture to ascertain the possible opportunities which may arise and consequently move to table a value proposition with Britain in due course.
Gwenzi is a financial analyst and managing director of Equity Axis, a financial media firm offering business intelligence, economic and equity research. — respect@equityaxis.net
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Marietta is one of the most convenient and accommodating conference and meeting destinations in the Mid-Ohio Valley. Close to freeways and major cities such as Cincinnati, Columbus and Parkersburg, Marietta is the perfect location for a conference getaway that your attendees will appreciate. From the top-notch Grand Point Conference and Reception Center to historic Marietta College, there are a variety of destinations that could be a great fit for your next meeting. Marietta has plenty of modern and historic hotel choices including the beautiful Lafayette Hotel downtown near the Ohio River. With affordable rates, accessible travel options, and a friendly atmosphere consider Marietta for next conference or meeting. Contact us to learn more.


Motherboard LEDs finally done right.
Intel, what are you doing? The X299 platform is so confusing. This is the first time we've had the opportunity to look at two X299 boards side by side, to identify whether one is better than the other. To do that, we had to choose a selection of parts. For X99 and Z270, the choices were obvious. Here, though, we have processors ranging from $250 to $1,800—and higher—so what do we use? Is this a high-end platform or a mid-range one? Ultimately, we had two choices: either the high-clocked 4.3GHz Core i7-7740X, or the 10-core Core i9-7900X. We went with the middle ground, at least until Intel starts shipping six and eight-core samples out to us reviewers.
So, then, on to the board in question. And, boy, is it a stunner! MSI really has hit the ball out of the park with this one. The M7 ACK is a brand new refinement of MSI's gaming line. The odd-looking tribal dragon still shows its face on the chipset, but the RGB LEDs are subtly baked into the rear I/O cover, PCIe slots, and the VRMs just north of the processor. The subtle flecks of silver dotted across the chipset scream premium, and unscrewing the chipset cover reveals a hinge, enabling you to lift up the heatsink, to allow for installation of up to two M.2 PCIe SSDs, complete with (hopefully improved) thermal pads for each drive.
On top of that, the board supports up to four-way SLI, if you have the correct processor, up to 128GB of DDR4 at 4,133MT/s, eight SATA 6Gb/s ports, one of Intel's swanky U.2 ports, and a whole horde of USB 3.0 and 2.0 ports. It's the rear I/O that really shines on the M7 ACK, however, with CMOS and BIOS reset switches (with two onboard BIOS chips), four USB 3.0 ports, three USB 2.0 ports, Killer Gigabit Ethernet, USB 3.1 Type C and Type A, wireless AC, and an incredibly well- equipped 5.1 audio solution, with optical-out as well.
As always, the performance differences between motherboards were slim. Overall, we haven't seen anything particularly spectacular from any of the boards we've reviewed since before P67 and Sandy Bridge launched all those years ago. That said, the areas that did stand out include memory latency, coming in at an impressive 64.8ns (5ns faster than Dream Machine 2017). Also interesting were the results of our power draw test—in particular, how it compared to the Z270 boards that Kaby Lake launched with last year, because it was near identical. Even given the higher TDP on the chip itself, during our five- minute run, the board didn't pull more than 142W from the wall—identical to the Asus Maximus IX Hero, and only 11W more than MSI's own XPower Gaming Titanium.
And if overclocking is your thing, the ACK has you covered. Those VRMs along the top are no slouches, and with our Core i7- 7740X, we comfortably managed to achieve 5.0GHz at 1.24V on the VCore. Although not as in-depth as its competitors, MSI's BIOS is incredibly intuitive and easy to use—plenty for the casual overclocker looking to get a little extra kick out of their chips.
The M7 ACK is a solid all-around motherboard. It performs well in almost all of our benchmarks, and overclocks like a trouper. Couple that with its slick aesthetic and commendable expandability, and it's well worth investing in if you're looking to jump on to Intel's new platform. We definitely recommend going for an Intel Core i7-7800X minimum with this setup, to gain access to the additional PCIe lanes and avoid memory confusion, but if you've got the cash, it's a damn fine mobo.


Welcome to the bizarre and dangerous world of Victorian London, a city teetering on the edge of revolution. Airships soar in the skies over the city, ground trains rumble through the streets and clockwork automatons serve the bustling public. But beneath this shiny veneer of progress lurks a sinister side. Queen Victoria is kept alive by a primitive life-support system while her agents Sir Maurice Newbury and Miss Veronica Hobbes, face plague revenants, murderous peers, mechanical beasts, tentacled leviathans, reanimated pygmies, and an encounter with Sherlock Holmes, in this brand new adventure for the detective team.
George Mann is the New York Times bestselling creator of the hugely successful Newbury & Hobbes series, which is taking its first foray into graphic novels.


Session price includes session planning consultation, the photo shoot itself, editing of a minimum of 30 images, and a personal ordering appointment following the session.
There is absolutely no minimum spending requirement.
Prints, wall art, digital images, and albums are available for purchase at your ordering appointment.
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TEDxYouth@Sydney 2017 has come and gone for another year.
Read below about the event and all the speakers.
We will have the full speaker videos in the coming weeks, so make sure you are signed up to the TEDxSydney newsletter to be the first to know when the videos are live.
A bit about TEDxYouth@Sydney 2017.
Made by young people, for young people, but with the eyes and ears of the world in mind, TEDxYouth@Sydney is a platform for ideas worth spreading designed for young changemakers, thinkers, innovators, activists, and entrepreneurs between the ages of 16 and 26. Like TED, TEDxYouth@Sydney covers almost all topics — from science to business to global issues — but all with a Youth focus.
The theme for TEDxYouth@Sydney 2017 was 'Shifting The Future' and included talks and performances from an all-star lineup.
Macinley Butson – a 16-year-old inventor, this year became the first ever Australian to win 1st place in the world at the INTEL International Science and Engineering fair in its 67-year history.
Titus Grenyer – is a student at Sydney Conservatorium of Music and the Organ Scholar at St Andrew's College and St James' King Street, and was awarded an LMusA with distinction.
Iman Etri – a student at WSU, majoring in history and political thought with a love for the world of spoken word poetry.
Sam McMahon – is a Sydney based musician who makes a living street performing, playing his own compositions.
Anastasia Volkova – her passion for aeronautical engineering has led her to lead a start-up, FluroSat, monitoring farms using drones and satellites in five states in Australia.
Grace Turtle – an Experience Design Manager within Deloitte Digital and works on human-centered design creating at the intersection of design thinking, design doing and social science.
Bilal Hafda – a high-school teacher, with an incredible talent for spoken-word poetry and is currently involved in the RESPECT program.
You can follow the TEDxYouth@Sydney on social for the latest updated. Find us on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.
The University of Sydney is a long-standing partner of TEDxSydney and this year extends that support to become Principal Partner and would also like to acknowledge City of Sydney as an Event Partner for TEDxYouth@Sydney 2017.


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Q: How to stop polling in angular when switching routes I have a route in angular that calls a function every x seconds to poll for data (using setInterval).  My issue is, when the user navigates to another route the polling is still going on.  How do I stop the polling (clearInterval) when switching to any other route using ui-router?

A: In ui-router routes are analogous to states, ui-router provides you with state lifecycle events.
One of these events, $stateChangeSuccess can be used to to cancel your $interval in the event you've tried to change a route/state and succeeded.
$scope.$on('$stateChangeSuccess', function(event){
    // cancel your $interval here
})

A: You should cancel $interval on $scope destroy method. More in the docs: https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$interval

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