text:
Prize Budget for Boys has a number of must-see exhibitions prepared for April and May 2019. The exhibits showcase the diverse artistic talent worldwide. Digital works capture the imagination of building a new world while photographs give a retrospective look into the 21 century.
Massimo Vitali: Short Stories
Born in 1944, Massimo Vitali was known for taking scenic pictures of beaches and gatherings that are full of color and optimism. Some would describe his work as interactive since the images make people feel like they are in a different world. His exhibit is on display from April 12 to May 24.
The Body Observed: Magnum Photos
The Body Observed features over 130 works from the Magnum Photos that showcase different concepts of sexuality, identity, and voyeurism. These images display the beauty and mystique of the human body. You can see how the artistry takes care to emphasize the sensual aspects of the human person. The works shown in the exhibit were made in different periods of time, ranging from 1930 all the way to the modern age. This exhibit lasts until the 30th of June.
2019 Sony World Photography Awards Exhibition
There are over 800 photographed works shown in this exhibit. Made by the winners of the 2019 Sony World Photography Awards Exhibition, including the recipient of the Outstanding Contribution to Photography winner Nadav Kander, the selection presents diverse portraits, architecture, and street photography. The show goes from the 18th of April to the 6th of May.
Kaleidoscope, Saatchi Gallery
Human perception is distorted through the Saatchi Gallery. Nine artists from around the world present a mirrored world for their viewers to be immersed in. This lasts until May 5.
Joanna Piotrowska, All Our False Devices
Black and white photographs explore domestic areas and urban settings. Piotrowska presents interesting movements that generally defines how power is expressed through the human body and thus define human relationships. The exhibit is up to 9 June.
Ericka Beckman & Marianna Simnett, FACT
Ericka Beckman and Marianna Simnett make use of different techniques in visual storytelling by subverting the tropes and established concepts of video game and fairy tale storytelling. Beckman and Simnett explore the concepts of control and the human body through these subversions.
Earth Polo by Ralph Lauren


Spice Route Restaurant's Head Chef, Marion Kumpf's love for Spice and all things nice has inspired her to release her own range of Spice Route Deli products.
The range consists of 3 spice grinders; Treasure Chest, Smoked Sea Salt and Sweet Berry Delight, as well as a selection of condiments; Waterblommetjie & Strawberry Jam, Beetroot Piccalilli, Waterblommetjie Pickle and Crunchy Cucumber Ribbons.
Marion's food philosophy is about combining natural ingredients such as berries, coco beans, lemons and mushrooms, and from it creating unique blends, which awakens the flavours of any ordinary meal or beverage.
The Spice Route Deli Range is available at the Spice Route Restaurant in Paarl.


text:
March/April 2004 Issue
The Longest Arm of the Law
"Superjudge" Baltasar Garzón, Spain's preeminent anti-terror prosecutor, has shown that no one is beyond the reach of the law. After the Madrid bombings, his skills are in greater demand than ever.
Tim Golden
[Update, 2/9/12: In a politically charged ruling, Spain's Supreme Court has convicted Garzón of illegal wiretapping and ordered him suspended from the judiciary for 11 years.]
Of all the things that people say about Baltasar Garzón, what they argue over least is the belief that he must have the most dangerous enemies of any man in Spain. As an investigative judge on the nation's high court, the Audiencia Nacional, Garzón has prosecuted drug traffickers, terrorists, rogue state-security officials, and an assortment of Latin American military figures, including the former Chilean dictator, General Augusto Pinochet. In the Spanish Basque country, threats to Garzón are splashed everywhere in the blood-red graffiti of the separatist group ETA. And last September, Garzón issued a 692-page indictment against Osama bin Laden and 34 of his reputed followers.
It can be unnerving, then, to sit in Garzón's chambers and watch him work. The security at the Audiencia building in downtown Madrid seems inexplicably lax: Most anyone with a photo ID can step through a metal detector and enter the courthouse. There is rarely a receptionist on Garzón's floor, so people come and go outside his office, entering with no more than a quick knock. Even the secretary works only part time, and Garzón often answers his own phone, occasionally raising his voice to be heard over the power drill that his law clerks use to punch holes in their thick case files.
Garzón's "chambers" are really just a modest office, cluttered with law books and family pictures and the faux period furniture that is standard issue for the Spanish bureaucracy. When a tough-looking Belgian drug suspect shuffles into the office for a hearing one morning, the space seems to get even smaller. Garzón's bodyguards are nowhere in sight. The judge himself is not an imposing presence; with his soft, handsome face and rimless glasses, he could be the well-meaning doctor on a television soap opera. The police guards who accompany the drug suspect crack off his handcuffs and wait outside the door. A prosecutor, a defense lawyer, and a stenographer pull up chairs around Garzón's desk. The prisoner sits down directly across from him, barely three feet away.
The accused trafficker sits quietly as Garzón summarizes the Belgian government's request for his extradition. His hard stare notwithstanding, the suspect finally agrees to return home to face the charges. Garzón then confers briefly with the lawyers before dictating his report in a husky baritone so fast and fluid that it is hard to tell where his sentences begin or end. But such hearings are not always so matter-of-fact. Last May, one of ETA's more notorious accused killers leaped out of the same witness chair and hurled himself across Garzón's desk, spewing threats on the judge's life.
"If something is going to happen, it's going to happen," Garzón says later, shrugging a bit. "And when you take on terrorist groups, things happen."
Garzón is not a persuasively modest man, but he tries to be discreet about the dangers of his job, having been taught not to discuss the security that surrounds him. He is less guarded about drawing lessons from the way he works. When prisoners are treated with respect, he says, they tend to be more cooperative. But even when suspected terrorists refuse to talk, a democratic state cannot afford the long-term political cost of their mistreatment, Garzón insists. He knows that some of his foreign counterparts (U.S. intelligence officials, for example) consider this view anachronistic, even naive. But he believes it is the Americans who are putting themselves at greater risk. The Spanish authorities have been fighting terrorism for a long time, he says, and they have learned some difficult lessons.
"What frightens me is when people start going beyond the limits of the law," Garzón said. "Taking the right to a defense away from those who are detained at Guantanamo. Establishing a license to kill terrorists. In this country, we know what it means to use this heavy hand. We know that when the fight against terrorism moves outside the law, it becomes very dangerous."
At a time when the U.S. government remains bitterly at odds with much of Europe over how to confront the dangers of an often frightening new world, the 48-year-old Garzón has emerged as one of Washington's more resonant critics on the Continent. Almost from the moment the Bush administration declared its war on terror, Garzón has warned that curtailing civil liberties and torturing detainees would undermine public support and, eventually, the rule of law. He does not question the need for aggressive intelligence work, or even the select use of force to fight terror. But he argues for the primacy of a multinational, legal approach over what he describes as a "militaristic" strategy of intelligence gathering, extrajudicial arrests, and military detention. His sprawling indictment of bin Laden last fall—the first to charge the Al Qaeda leader in connection with the September 11 attacks—echoed his insistence that even the most terrible criminals on earth should be dealt with in courts of law. In late December, he sought the extradition of four Al Qaeda suspects from Guantanamo, arguing pointedly that the only standing charges against them were those he had filed in Spain.
Garzón has also been unflinching in his criticism of the Iraq war and the support it received from Spain's conservative prime minister, José María Aznar. In open letters to Spanish newspapers and at a massive demonstration in downtown Madrid, Garzón decried the war as illegal, unnecessary, and almost certainly counterproductive in the pursuit of a more pro-Western Middle East. He has been especially dismissive of the American attempt to link the crimes of Saddam Hussein with those of Al Qaeda, citing several terrorism investigations that suggested otherwise. Speaking out was not without risk: Garzón was threatened with formal sanction by the judicial authorities for his remarks about Aznar.
Yet unlike most of the Europeans who now criticize American policies abroad, Garzón does so from a well-dug trench in the antiterror fight. Working closely with foreign police and intelligence agencies, including the FBI, Garzón has tracked Al Qaeda operatives for years. Since September 11, he has prosecuted a network of radical Islamists in Spain that he accuses of having assisted in the attacks. Over the last decade, he has also played a central role in Spain's struggle against terrorism in the Basque region, leading some of the most important prosecutions of ETA, the separatist group founded in 1959 as Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, or "Basque Homeland and Freedom." Garzón also battled his own government to expose the role of Spanish security officials behind assassination squads that hunted down Basque separatists in the mid-1980s.
Outside Spain, Garzón is best known for his attempt to extradite Pinochet while the aging general was visiting London in 1998. The prosecution took bold advantage of a 1985 Spanish law that established the courts' jurisdiction in crimes against Spaniards even when they occur on foreign soil. But it ran into determined opposition from the Aznar administration, and it ultimately failed when Britain released the 84-year-old Pinochet for health reasons after 16 months of house arrest. Still, the case served notice to many of the world's tyrants that their impunity had been circumscribed, and it opened the way to other prosecutions for crimes against humanity in Europe and Africa. It also made Garzón a hero to the international human-rights movement.
He has burnished that status by pressing his inquiry into Operation Condor, the plan by which South American military regimes collaborated in the 1970s and early '80s to eliminate their suspected enemies. Last June, he won the landmark extradition from Mexico of a retired Argentine naval officer, Ricardo Miguel Cavallo, on charges that he tortured Spanish citizens, among others, during Argentina's "Dirty War" on subversion. (It was the first time in which one country had extradited a suspect to another country to face trial for crimes committed in a third.) In July, at Garzón's request, the Argentine government arrested 38 more former military officers. It released about half of them after the Aznar administration voided the order.
Over the last year or so, however, Garzón has begun to disappoint some of those who embraced him as a liberal champion in the war on terror. To the disquiet of civil libertarians (but now with Prime Minister Aznar very much on his side), he has steadily widened the fight against Basque separatists, targeting the teenage shock troops who intimidate moderate politicians, the relatives who raise money for ETA prisoners, and the strident Basque-language newspapers, among others. Garzón has also led a judicial effort to outlaw the radical political party Batasuna—a fixture of Basque politics that held a seat on the European Parliament—on the grounds that it serves as ETA's political wing.
To Garzón's mind, he is simply reaching as far as he legally can to dismantle a complex terrorist network. Should he overreach, he says, there is more than enough judicial recourse for his opponents. Already, he notes, the Batasuna ban has been the subject of appeals before the Spanish Supreme Court, the Constitutional Court, and the European Court of Human Rights. Yet even many Basque moderates are unconvinced; they count Garzón among the hardest of hardliners.
The apparent contradictions in Garzón's approach are a favorite subject among his Spanish critics. They see a hunger for big, high-profile investigations—and the headlines they bring—as the one constant in his case file. "That desire to win spectacular cases—that is more powerful in him than any other motivation," said Juan Alberto Belloch, a former Spanish justice minister who has battled with Garzón. "He needs attention."
It is without question a remarkable case file. A sampling from the last couple of years includes a request to question Henry Kissinger about American support for Pinochet's repression; a sweeping corruption investigation into Spain's second-largest bank, BBVA; and an attempt to prosecute Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi for tax evasion and fraud at a Spanish television station he partly owns. Not all of these efforts have been successful: The U.S. State Department rejected Garzón's Kissinger petition, and Spain's Constitutional Court suspended the Berlusconi case—at least as long as he remains prime minister. A handful of executives still face charges in the BBVA case. Still, Garzón professes not to worry that his rulings are not infrequently pared back by higher courts. Under Spanish criminal law, a magistrate like himself functions like an American prosecutor and grand jury: He investigates a police accusation or citizen complaint but also weighs exculpatory evidence before bringing indictments. He then reports to more senior judges, who decide whether to bring the case to trial.
"People in Spain criticize him a lot for being vain, but so what?" said Garzón's friend José Antonio Martínez Soler, a newspaper editor in Madrid. "He's not vain in a petty way. He wants to make history. He is someone who takes risks. People admire that."
Yet Garzón remains an enigmatic figure even to his compatriots. And he seems to like it that way. His investigations are often conducted in secret. He almost never discusses his cases publicly and rarely grants formal interviews. For a man who seems to enjoy his prominence, he is oddly shy. "Venga," he says in Spanish, smiling impatiently, at the beginning of one of several long conversations for this story. "Come on. What do you need to know?"
GARZóN'S RISE is a measure of the distance that Spain has traveled since the death of the dictator Francisco Franco in 1975. Today, it passes without note that the judge investigating South America's former tyrants once fought police riot squads as a student protester. But the old Spain weighed heavily in Torres, the small, hardscrabble town in Andalucia where Garzón grew up. Into the 1960s, it was a place almost untouched by foreign movies or television, where the authority of the Catholic Church and the Guardia Civil were absolute. Garzón attended a Catholic seminary, and he learned about politics from a favorite uncle, a well-spoken farmer who fought with the Republican Army and had been sentenced to death as the civil war ended in 1939.
"His sentence was commuted," Garzón told me. "But from that moment on, and throughout the 40 years of Franco, he was constantly watched and persecuted—even about the most insignificant things. I saw that persecution from the time I was a child."
By the time he entered the University of Sevilla in 1973, Garzón was already determined to become a judge. It was an unusual ambition in a country where the judiciary had often served as an arm of Franco's repression. But if Garzón was serious, he wasn't dull. Law-school friends remember a guy who loved flamenco and rock and roll and hated to leave a good party. He studied obsessively, often reading through the night while pulling the late shift at a gas station where his father worked. He graduated at the top of his class and married his girlfriend of eight years, Rosario Molina. He then moved his young wife to a quiet town near the Portuguese border to begin his career as a local judge.
Though Garzón rose quickly through the ranks, he showed little talent for the intricate politics of the post-Franco judiciary. Taking over at 30 as the inspector for the courts in Andalucia, he found evidence of corruption among prominent court officials in the coastal resort of Marbella and wrote a confidential report urging further inquiry. When his superiors shelved the case instead, Garzón was ready to quit. "I was just pushing paper," he said. "I said to myself, 'I'm not doing anything here.'"
Then, a couple of seats came open on the high court in Madrid, and at 32, Garzón qualified for one of the openings. They were not especially coveted posts; the cases that would soon fill the Audiencia's docket—drug trafficking, financial crimes, corruption—were just starting to command public attention. And terrorism was a confounding mainstay: Despite Spain's transition to democracy and the provision of autonomy powers to the Basque region under the 1978 constitution, ETA only escalated its attacks. Even the 1982 election of Prime Minister Felipe González, a young, charismatic Socialist, had done nothing to slow the separatists' violent campaign.
The case that would define many of Garzón's views about fighting terrorism was on his desk when he joined the high court in 1988. "That's where the story began," he told me. The investigation involved a mysterious four-year wave of bombings, shootings, and kidnappings in southern France and northern Spain in which 27 people had been killed, most of them Basque militants. The Spanish authorities had been notably slow to investigate. But the French eventually issued international warrants for the arrest of two Spanish police officials—a superintendent and his deputy.
Further evidence soon emerged tying the Spanish security forces to the rightist assassination squads that came to be known as the Grupos Anti-terroristas de Liberación, or GAL. But when Garzón sought information on secret government accounts linked to GAL, he found himself blocked. Prime Minister González maintained that the release of such information would compromise national security. Undeterred, Garzón ordered the two police officials arrested.
"Do you understand what you have set in motion here?" one of Garzón's astonished friends, Antonio Navalón Sánchez, recalled having asked him at the time. Garzón answered directly: "It's very simple: They either have to change the law so that they can kill people, or they have to respect it."
Navalón, a media executive sympathetic to the González regime, didn't know whether to be impressed by Garzón or afraid for his life. "He is kind of a Calvinist about the law," Navalón said. "Once he comes to his conclusion, nothing stops him."
As Garzón dug deeper, Socialist officials and even some judges began to complain that he was out of control. Belloch, the rival jurist, called him "a prosecutor in judicial robes." But Garzón pursued ETA militants with equal passion. He pushed for information—sifting leads, suggesting theories. He built ties to key police investigators and prosecutors, and they quietly steered him cases that would otherwise have been distributed at random among the high court judges.
Garzón also began to display what was—at least by the standards of the Spanish judiciary—an unusual flair for the dramatic. He loved working with the cops and seemed always to be on the scene when they made a big drug bust or rescued a kidnapped businessman. Before important hearings, he told me, he sometimes watched a worn videotape of the 1969 film Z, Costa-Gavras' thriller about a courageous magistrate's inquiry into the murder of a liberal politician in Greece. (Garzón's wife, Rosario, later told me he also saw Gladiator and The Fellowship of the Ring four or five times each.) Some compared Garzón to headline-grabbing American prosecutors like Louis Freeh and Rudolph Giuliani. But Garzón had a different model: Giovanni Falcone, the crusading Italian magistrate whose murder by the Mafia in 1992 helped to turn Italians decisively against the Cosa Nostra and its political allies.
By the early 1990s, Garzón's high-profile investigations had made him one of the most popular public figures in Spain. At the same time, Prime Minister González and his Socialists were in a tailspin, with complaints about corruption growing louder. Promising reform, González wooed Garzón to a new, high-level post to combat drug trafficking and corruption. Many Spaniards were aghast that he would take the job, given the suggestion of government involvement in the GAL case, but he proved to be just the electoral weapon that the Socialists needed. In June 1993, González won a stunning fourth term. But the prime minister's spell on Garzón wore off quickly. Calls to González's office went unreturned; the anti-corruption effort went nowhere. Garzón resigned after less than a year, telling a news conference, "González used me like a puppet."
Ten years later, Garzón is still touchy about his brief political career. "I don't regret it—I never regret things," he said. I pressed him a bit, asking whether he had been naive in dealing with González. "I've always thought that naivete is not a defect—if by naivete you mean that you think you can change things," he said. "My sin was hubris: to think that one person could have really gotten something done there."
Garzón returned to the high court with what one of his closest friends of that period, Ventura Pérez Mariño, remembered as "a sense of absolute failure." Many observers felt he shouldn't go back at all, given the prospect that he might be called upon to judge former government colleagues. Such a conflict arose almost immediately: Evidence in a new GAL case pointed to the involvement of senior government officials—perhaps even González himself—in the kidnapping of a suspected ETA militant.
Garzón's pursuit of the matter became the stuff of Socialist nightmares. In short order, he won indictments against half a dozen current and former officials. In January 1995, González went on national television to deny any involvement in the case. But in 1996, Spanish voters delivered their own verdict, ousting the Socialists in favor of Aznar and his conservative Popular Party. (By 1998, the Supreme Court had convicted all of the major figures Garzón had indicted. It later discounted the evidence against González and reprimanded Garzón for implicating the prime minister.)
THE GREAT IRONY of the GAL cases is that by uncovering the government's support for the death squads, the belief among many Basque separatists that they remained under siege, democracy or not, was validated. I told Garzón of meeting young Basque radicals who had talked late into the night about the "repression" they suffer at Spanish hands. Most of them had never known Franco's rule. They had grown up in a prosperous, autonomous region with its own parliament and police force; they learned Euskera, the Basque language, in public schools. But the GAL crimes were clearly an open wound for them. They were also, Garzón admitted, just the sort of kids that ETA recruits to the underground.
The political dynamics of the global war on terrorism are not dissimilar, Garzón argued. "To fight fire with fire is always going to be catastrophic," he said. "Very simply, that kind of action puts you on the same level as the terrorists. Although, really, you are in an even more perverse place because you are undermining the democratic system and you are getting absolutely nowhere in the process. Eventually, you will be held accountable. And that will give the terrorists a weapon they would not otherwise have."
Garzón bristles at the notion that he might be advocating a "softer" fight against terrorism. "I am not some sort of Candide, or some kind of ultrapacifist who believes that everything can be solved without the use of force," he went on. "It may make sense to use force—within the law of the land and according to the seriousness of the injury that you are trying to avoid or repair. But all over Europe—in England, in Germany, in Italy, in Spain—we are arresting people in terrorism cases and fighting terrorism within the law. I'm not so naive as to think we judges will do away with terrorism by ourselves. But together with good police work, with good intelligence, there is a lot that we can do."
Garzón advocates a longer view of the struggle, one that more explicitly acknowledges the interdependence of allies. He said he understood when, in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the United States demanded intelligence help from its allies while providing little in return. But he said that, to this day, his formal requests for information are typically met with silence from the Justice Department.
The United States' treatment of terrorist suspects has created a problem that transcends the battle for Islamic hearts and minds, Garzón asserts. The legal assault on a global terrorist infrastructure like Al Qaeda's is by definition an international enterprise, he says, one that may be crippled if the United States thinks only of the trials it intends to bring. "We cannot use anything that might be obtained in Guantanamo, for instance, because the prisoners there are not being given due process. So as far as any democratic state in Europe or anywhere else is concerned, that evidence is useless."
To those who see the latest round of the U.S.-European conflict as having originated in a failure of diplomacy before the Iraq war, Garzón also offers a more pessimistic view. The dispute, he said, is in large part over two different visions of the struggle against terrorism: an American "military strategy," in which intelligence is gathered for so-called direct action against terrorists, and a "civil approach," in which evidence is collected with a view toward the legal prosecution of terrorist crimes. The two need not be mutually exclusive, Garzón says, but the civil approach cannot succeed, even in the long term, unless international legal standards are upheld now.
As Garzón spoke, a judge from another court knocked at the of-fice door to wish him well. The day before, the Basque provincial government had filed a motion to force Garzón off the case against the Batasuna party, arguing that he had shown bias. (The suit was quickly dismissed.) Two more colleagues stopped by in the next half-hour, wondering how he was getting on. In late 2002, Garzón suffered a facial paralysis that doctors linked to exhaustion. Even some of his friends have urged him to be more selective about the cases he chooses. But not all of them are worried.
"What makes him happiest is to be mixed up in the middle of things like this," said Manuel Medina, who has known Garzón since his early days as a judge. "He's like a bullfighter who thinks, 'I am happy because I am going to die in a bullring.'"
Garzón's wife, Rosario, said she understood her husband differently. "He might feel fear; I have felt it," she said, alluding to the terrorists he has taken on. "I think they will come after him. If they can, they will try to eliminate Baltasar. Everyone knows that—they kill everyone they can." Since the family moved to Madrid, Rosario said, their well-guarded home has been broken into at least twice, with warnings left behind. She revealed this almost matter-of-factly, in an interview to which she arrived alone. Then she went on: "But what sense can your life have if you spend it hiding or running away? This is history. He has to do this."
Dispatch from Chile: On Pinochet, "He Did Nothing to Me"
Justice For Pinochet Takes the Weekend Off
Celia Perry
Policymakers on Torture Take Note – Remember Pinochet

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to pipe own output to another process? I want to do simple thing: my_process | proc2 | proc3, but programatically - without using shell, that can do this pretty easy. Is this possible? I cannot find anything :(
EDIT:
Well, without code, nobody will know, what problem I'm trying to resolve. Actually, no output is going out (I'm using printfs)
int pip1[2];
pipe(pip1);

dup2(pip1[1], STDOUT_FILENO);
int fres = fork();

if (fres == 0) {
    close(pip1[1]);
    dup2(pip1[0], STDIN_FILENO);
    execlp("wc", "wc", (char*)0);
}
else {
    close(pip1[0]);
}

A: Please learn about file descriptors and the pipe system call. Also, check read and write.

A: Your 'one child' code has some major problems, most noticeably that you configure the wc command to write to the pipe, not to your original standard output.  It also doesn't close enough file descriptors (a common problem with pipes), and isn't really careful enough if the fork() fails.
You have:
int pip1[2];
pipe(pip1);

dup2(pip1[1], STDOUT_FILENO);      // The process will write to the pipe
int fres = fork();                 // Both the parent and the child will…
                                   // Should handle fork failure
if (fres == 0) {
    close(pip1[1]);
    dup2(pip1[0], STDIN_FILENO);   // Should close pip1[0] too
    execlp("wc", "wc", (char*)0);
}
else {                             // Should duplicate pipe to stdout here
    close(pip1[0]);                // Should close pip1[1] too
}

You need:
fflush(stdout);    // Print any pending output before forking

int pip1[2];
pipe(pip1);

int fres = fork();

if (fres < 0)
{
    /* Failed to create child */
    /* Report problem */
    /* Probably close both ends of the pipe */
    close(pip1[0]);
    close(pip1[1]);
}
else if (fres == 0)
{
    dup2(pip1[0], STDIN_FILENO);
    close(pip1[0]);
    close(pip1[1]);
    execlp("wc", "wc", (char*)0);
}
else
{
    dup2(pip1[1], STDOUT_FILENO);
    close(pip1[0]);
    close(pip1[1]);
}

Note that the amended code follows the:
Rule of thumb: If you use dup2() to duplicate one end of a pipe to standard input or standard output, you should close both ends of the original pipe.
This also applies if you use dup() or fcntl() with F_DUPFD.
The corollary is that if you don't duplicate one end of the pipe to a standard I/O channel, you typically don't close both ends of the pipe (though you usually still close one end) until you're finished communicating.
You might need to think about saving your original standard output before running the pipeline if you ever want to reinstate things.

A: As Alex answered, you'll need syscalls like pipe(2), dup2(2), perhaps poll(2) and some other syscalls(2) etc.
Read Advanced Linux Programming, it explains that quite well...
Also, play with strace(1) and study the source code of some simple free software shell.
See also popen(3) -which is not enough in your case-
Recall that stdio(3) streams are buffered. You probably need to fflush(3) at appropriate places (e.g. before fork(2))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
[![Packagist](https://img.shields.io/packagist/v/markofly/admincrud.svg)](https://packagist.org/packages/markofly/admincrud)
[![Packagist](https://img.shields.io/packagist/dt/markofly/admincrud.svg)](https://packagist.org/packages/markofly/admincrud)
[![Packagist](https://img.shields.io/packagist/l/markofly/admincrud.svg)](http://choosealicense.com/licenses/mit)

AdminCrud is Laravel 5 package.

## Installation

Using composer

```bash
$ composer require markofly/admincrud "v0.0.3-alpha"
```

Add the service provider to `config/app.php`

```php
'providers' => [
  ...
  Markofly\AdminCrud\AdminCrudServiceProvider::class,
],
```

Publish config, view and form files

```bash
$ php artisan vendor:publish --provider="Markofly\AdminCrud\AdminCrudServiceProvider"
```

## Usage

### Set up Admin crud config

AdminCrud config file is located at `config/markofly/admincrud.php`

Default config looks like this:
```php
<?php

return [
    'path' => base_path('config/markofly/forms/'),
];
```

### Create form config file

Default form config files are located at `config/markofly/forms/`

```php
<?php
return [
    'model' => App\User::class, // Model class for forms
    'route_name' => 'users', // Resource route prefix
    'per_page' => 5, // Per page number for list view
    'create_form' => [...], // Create form fields
    'edit_form' => [...], // Edit form fields
    'list' => [...], // List view fields
];
```

#### Create form fields

```php
[
    'label' => 'Password', // Label for fields
    'type' => 'password', // Field type Currently available: text, password, textarea, checkbox, checkboxes, radio, select
    'multiple_data' => [ // Used only for radio, checkboxes, select
        [
            'label' => 'First label',
            'value' => 'first',
        ],
    ],
    'name' => 'password', // Field name
    'database_field' => 'password', // false for non database field; Database field name
    'validation_rules' => 'required|min:6|confirmed', //Laravel validation rules
    'storing_method' => function($value) { return bcrypt($value); }, // null for storing same value; function for storing custom value
],
```

#### Edit form fields

```php
[
    'label' => 'Full name', // Label for fields
    'type' => 'text', // Field type Currently available: text, password, textarea, checkbox, checkboxes, radio, select
    'multiple_data' => [ // Used only for radio, checkboxes, select
        [
            'label' => 'First label',
            'value' => 'first',
        ],
    ],
    'name' => 'name', // Field name
    'database_field' => 'name', // false for non database field; Database field name
    'validation_rules' => 'required', //Laravel validation rules
    'storing_method' => null, // null for storing same value; function for storing custom value
    'editable' => true // Is field disabled or not; Default value is true
],
```

#### List view fields

```php
[
    'label' => 'Full name', // Field label
    'database_field' => 'name', // Database field name
],
```

### Create controller for forms

```bash
$ php artisan make:controller UsersController
```

Basic AdminCrud controller should look something like this:
```php
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use Markofly\AdminCrud\AdminCrud;
use Markofly\AdminCrud\AdminCrudTrait;

class UsersController extends Controller
{
    use AdminCrudTrait;

    public function initializeAdminCrud()
    {
        $this->adminCrud = new AdminCrud('users');
        $this->pageTitle = 'Users';
    }
}
```

### Register new routes for controller

```php
Route::resource('users', 'UsersController');
```

### Change default layout file

Default view file is located at `resources/views/vendor/AdminCrud/default.blade.php`

## License

The MIT License (MIT). Please see [License File](LICENSE) for more information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It was very windy this past weekend, wasn't it? After a short spring-feeling week, the chill set back in and Mother Nature reminded us that winter isn't over yet! Not wanting to face the cold, I raided our pantry and decided to make a lentil soup with a kicked up Indian flavor profile. Cayenne, cinnamon, cumin, chili, and curry powder are all tossed together with tomatoes and garlic. You leave everything to simmer on the stove and come back for a no-fuss gourmet style dish in less than an hour.
I love how lentils are packed with protein, fiber, and other delicious nutrients. They stick to your ribs but aren't super heavy. Basically they're a nifty little food in a disk! To give the recipe more body and nutritious-ness, I added some diced sweet potatoes…and if I had escarole handy that would have been tossed into the pot too. You can't go wrong with this recipe, so add whatever veggies you like to this curried lentil soup!
In a large saucepan over medium/medium-low heat, add the oil and butter. Add in the diced onion, garlic, celery, and carrots. Sautee for roughly 3-5 minutes.
Add the rest of the ingredients into the pot with a large pinch of salt and pepper. I only had 2 cups of veggie broth left, so I also put in 4.5 cups of water. However, you can add up to 6 cups of water if you want your stew with more broth.
Raise heat to medium-high to bring to a boil. When it boils, reduce heat to low and simmer for 50 minutes. Add additional salt, if needed. Remove bay leaf.
Serve with toasted bread and enjoy!
What a beautiful dish. I know my family will love it.


text:
January 2023 - Global Digital Magazine
January 15, 2023 January 30, 2023 FrancisReviews
When it comes to garage door opener repair, most homeowners are often unaware of what needs to be done. This can lead to costly repairs and potential damage to their property. Fortunately, there are a few simple tips every homeowner should know to keep their garage door opener running smoothly. In this article, we will …. Read More
January 9, 2023 January 19, 2023 FrancisReviews
Garage door repair Tracy shops often won't sell springs to DIYers because of the potential safety risk. Garage door springs are under an immense amount of tension and can be difficult to handle safely without the proper know-how and equipment. While it might seem like a cost-saving measure, attempting to replace garage door springs on …. Read More
When it comes to using a professional garage door installer, there are some key considerations that you should take into account. Knowing what to look for when hiring a professional garage door installer in Poquoson can help ensure that you get the best possible service for your project. This guide will cover important factors to …. Read More
January 3, 2023 FrancisReviews
Inflammation is a complex and dynamic process that can be an indicator of various diseases and chronic conditions. In recent years, advancements in medical research have led to a better understanding of the role inflammation plays in disease management. This has resulted in an array of new therapeutic options that can help manage chronic diseases …. Read More
Top Features of Garage Door Repair Virginia Beach
Benefits of Roofing Business Lead Generation
Best Applications for Improving Business Efficiency
Best Ecommerce Platforms 2020
The Best Ways To Thank Your Customers for Their Feedback


Bowling is a unique sport in that it is one of few sports that can continue to be played with age. The average playing career of a pro football player that is a first round draft pick is about nine years. A professional basketball player only averages about five years. In tennis, it used to be that performance slowed after 30 years of age, but thanks to advances in kinesiology, many players have exceeded that in recent years. Still, in most sports, 30 is the average peaking age. Bowling and golf seem to be two of the only sports that don't apply to this generalization.
I have received many messages and emails from bowlers who have been bowling for many years and would like to continue, but have suffered injuries of some sort in their career that have inhibited them or caused them to be cautious of taking on a fitness program. There seems to be a large population of bowlers interested in learning ways to be safe at the gym and take care of their bodies better so they can continue to enjoy competing in our sport.
Let's cover some common misconceptions and recommendations on where to begin as an older individual looking to train.


text:
Q: How do I capitalize every letter that has a period immediately after it in Javascript in a concise manner? I have the following string A.b.c. This is an example
I would like to make it so that any letters which have a period immediately after them are capital.
This is the code I currently have, which works. Any ideas on how to make this more concise?

let testString = 'A.b.c. This is an example'
const pieces = testString.split('.')

let tempString = ''
let replaceString = ''
pieces.forEach(piece => {
  if (piece.length === 1) {
    tempString += piece.toUpperCase() + '.'
    replaceString += piece + '.'
  }
})

let newString = testString.replace(replaceString, tempString)
console.log(newString)

//A.B.C. This is an example

A: This can be done with a regular expression and a custom replacement function. It may look cleaner if you're not bothered by the ugliness of regular expressions.

let testString = 'A.b.c. This is an example.';
let newString = testString.replace(/\w\./g, letter => letter.toUpperCase());
console.log(newString);


text:
More about Muscles
1. Structure of muscle
2. Structure of muscle cells
3. Muscle Filaments
4. Sliding filament theory
5. Neuromuscular junction
6. Actions at neuromuscular junctions
Types of muscle contractions
Definitions of muscle terminology
Joint movements
Muscular disorders
Effects of exercise on muscles
Locations of
Anterior muscles
Posterior muscles
Muscles and tissues of facial expression
Muscles (Arms & Hands)
Muscles (Facial)
Muscles (Legs & Feet)
Muscles (Torso)
More about Metabolism
What is metabolism?
What is basal metabolic rate?
Metabolism boosting foods
Biochemistry of Metabolism
Metabolic pathways (general info and terminology)
Characteristics of metabolic pathways (how they work)
Metabolic pathways
Characteristics of metabolic pathways
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibres
There are 3 main types of muscle tissue:
(also called Striated Muscle)
Smooth Muscle, and
Cardiac Muscle (located only in the heart)
The different types of muscle cells compared on this page are all different types of skeletal muscle tissue.
There are three main types of skeletal muscle cells.
Muscle cells are also called muscle fibres, (Am Sp. muscle fibers).
Reminder of what is meant by 'skeletal' muscle :
The 3 types of skeletal muscle cells ( = 'muscle fibres') are:
Red / Slow (Type I fibres, 'slow twitch fibres')
Red / Fast (Type IIa fibres, 'fast oxidative fibres')
White / Fast (Type IIb fibres, 'fast glycolytic fibres')
More about these 3 types follows further down this page. To understand the differences between the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibres it is also useful to know a bit about the 3 processes of ATP production in muscle cells.
Why are there different types of skeletal muscle fibres?
The body's diverse requirements of its skeletal muscles, e.g. to generate rapid movements in some cases but to maintain high levels of tension (without fatigue) in the cases of other muscles, are such that the muscle fibres forming some muscles have different properties than muscle fibres forming other muscles whose main function and activity is significantly different.
Consider two extremes:
The soleus muscle (located in the lower-leg) plays an important role in maintaining posture, e.g. when standing, as well as for motion via movement of the leg.
an 'endurance' muscle that can be in constant use for hours at a time
reaches peak tension in 80-200 ms (i.e. slow)
contains predominantly slow-contracting muscle fibres
Six extraocular eye muscles control movement of the eye and another (the levator palpebrae) controls the elevation of the eyelid.
produce intermittent rapid movements; do not need to maintain tension for long periods of time
reaches peak tension in 7-8 ms (i.e. fast)
contains predominantly fast-contracting muscle fibres
The above examples are of 'extreme' muscles whose functions are such that they are composed mainly of either slow- or fast-contracting muscle fibres. However, many muscles have to perform a combination of endurance functions (e.g. contributing to the maintenance of body posture) and rapid actions. Muscles that need to be able to perform effectively in both respects consist of a combination of both slow- and fast-contracting muscle fibres.
Slow-contracting muscle fibres are called Type I.
Fast-contracting muscle fibres are called Type II.
There are two main types of fast-contracting muscle fibres (that is, Type II muscle fibres are divided into Type IIa and Type IIb), which have different resistance to fatigue. This relates to how effectively the muscle fibres can access the energy they need to contract. As explained on supply of energy for muscle contraction, the immediate source of (chemical) energy for muscle contraction is the molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which releases energy when it breaks down: ATP ADP + Pi + Energy. As ATP is used-up by muscles as they contract, an important aspect of the supply of energy for muscle contraction is how the muscle fibres produce ATP.
In order to describe and compare the different types of skeletal muscle fibres it is useful to know that:
In general, the myosin heads (within the thick filaments of muscle fibres) include an enzyme called ATPase that catalyzes, i.e. it acts as a catalyst for (=increases the rate of) the reaction ATP ADP + Pi + Energy, in which ATP decomposes into ADP and a free phosphate ion.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the final series of chemical reactions in the synthesis of ATP by aerobic cellular respiration, which is a very efficient method of production of ATP and a method of ATP production that can be sustained for long periods of time, e.g. when running a race that takes several hourse to complete. However, this process of ATP synthesis requires oxygen.
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria within cells, so cells that contain many mitochondria are better adapted for production of ATP via aerobic cellular respiration, of which the final steps that yield most of the ATP are known as oxidative phosphorylation, than cells that contain fewer mitochondria.
Short descriptions of each of the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibres:
Slow-contracting muscle fibre
(Type I)
Fast-contracting muscle fibre
(Type IIa)
(Type IIb)
Slow-contracting muscle fibre (Type I)
Main characteristics:
Low myosin ATPase activity (compared with Type II fibres)
High capacity for ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation
Very dense capillary network
High levels of intracellular myoglobin
Therefore ...
Due to (a), (b) and (c), the main pathway for ATP production is aerobic cellular respiration, the final stage of which is oxidative phosphorylation.
Due to (c) and (d), their predominant colour is red, as in 'red muscle'.
Fast-contracting muscle fibre (Type IIa)
Higher myosin ATPase activity than Type I fibres
Dense capillary network
Fast-contracting muscle fibre (Type IIb)
Lower capacity for ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation than 'red' fibres
Sparser capillary network
No intracellular myoglobin
Due to (a), (b) and (c), the main pathway for ATP production is anaerobic glycolysis, which is fast but not sustainable for as long as aerobic respiration, hence muscle fatigue occurs sooner i.e. these fibres have the least resistance to muscle fatigue.
Due to (c) and (d), their predominant colour is white .
There are two ways to describe and compare the different types of skeletal muscle fibres. One way is to describe each type (as above), another is to compare and contrast their structures and properties in short note form as in the following tables. On larger screens and some smart phones in 'landscape' orientation, all the information appears in one table, enabling easier comparison. The comparison in the form of the table below is more concise whereas descriptions of each type of skeletal muscle fibre allow for fuller explanations than fit easily into a single table.
Tables comparing the 3 main types of skeletal muscle fibres:
also called ...
Contraction time
Oxidative capacity
Resistance to fatigue
Diameter (of muscle fibre)
Capillary density
Mitochondrial density
Glycogen reserves
Main (metabolic) pathway for production of ATP
Force production
(i.e. force produced by muscle)
Example of typical use
*Examples of muscles or locations of skeletal muscles with this type of fibre
Red / Slow (Type I)
Slow twitch fibers
Red - due to the respiratory pigment myoglobin which, in common with the haemoglobin (Am.Sp. hemoglobin) in red blood cells, stores O2 by loosely binding it.
Aerobic cellular respiration - final stage: oxidative phosphorylation
Repeated low-level contractions e.g. walking or low intensity cycling for 30 mins.
Postural muscles, e.g. of the neck and spine, and leg muscles (which have Type I & Type IIa fibres).
Red / Fast (Type IIa)
Fast oxidative fibers
Medium (Intermediate)
Both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways
Activities involving speed, strength and power, e.g. moderately weight training and fast running e.g. 400 metres.
Leg muscles have large quantities of both Type I and Type IIa fibres.
White / Fast (Type IIb)
Fast glycolytic fibers
White - due to the absence of pigmentation, e.g. the respiratory pigment myoglobin or hemoglobin (as present in red blood cells).
Only anaerobic metabolism, esp. anaerobic glycosis
Short, fast, bursts of power (but rapid fatigue) e.g. heavy weight training, power lifting, and 100 metre sprints.
Arm muscles. (Type IIb fibres can be converted into IIa fibres by resistance training.)
*Most skeletal muscles contain a mixture of all three types of skeletal muscle fibres. However, the proportions of the different types of fibres that form specific muscles vary according to how the muscle is used - and, to a certain extent, also on genetic factors.
Note: General terms such as 'High', 'Medium' and 'Low' are shown in this table for ease of comparison of the fibre types I, IIa and IIb. Advanced courses may require examples of specific values e.g. of typical muscle fibre contraction times.
The general properties of each of the types of skeletal muscle fibres listed in the table above can be explained using a combination of other properties listed in the table supported by the descriptions in the section above.
For example, compare the resistance to fatigue of the 3 skeletal fibre types and explain the relative differences.
Why Type IIb has the least resistance to fatigue (= highest rate of fatigue):
Type I and Type IIa have higher resistance to fatigue than Type IIb because in the case of Type IIb, the main pathway for ATP production is anaerobic glycosis which cannot be sustained for as long a period of time as aerobic cellular respiration (the main pathway for ATP production in Type I and Type IIa).
Why Type I has the highest resistance to fatigue (= slowest rate of fatigue):
Aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen, which is supplied via the capillary network. As the capillary density for Type I fibres is higher (i.e. their capillaries are more dense) than for Type IIa fibres, the aerobic cellular respiration (metabolic pathway) is likely to be better supplied with oxygen in the case of Type I fibres, giving them the highest resistance to fatigue.
See also what is metabolism?, simple explanation of lactic acid formation in muscle tissue, 3 ways ATP is produced in muscles and types of muscle contractions (isotonic, isometric, isokinetic).
Note: Fibres or Fibers ? There are two different spellings of the word fibres, as in 'muscle fibres'. Fibres (with 're' at the end) is a common British English spelling whire fibers (with 'er' at the end) is the usual American English spelling. Both versions appear online and are used in internet searches.
Muscle Terminology (Definitions)
6. Actions at Neuromuscular Junction
Benefits of dementia friendly swimming opportunities - 30 May '18
New warm-up regime expected to reduce rugby injuries - 23 Oct '17
Brits walk less than one mile per day - 25 May '17
Study shows extent of variations in physical inactivity across England - 1 Aug '13
Sports participation after knee reconstruction surgery - 23 Mar '12
Long warm-ups tire sports players - 9 Jan '12
Sportsmen and alcohol-related violence - 21 Dec '11


text:
Correlation of high-energy phosphate metabolism and electron microscopic morphologic changes in acute experimental pancreatitis
J. A. Clemens, V. P. Chacko, J. L. Olson, J. L. Cameron
Surgical forum
Clemens, J. A., Chacko, V. P., Olson, J. L., & Cameron, J. L. (1989). Correlation of high-energy phosphate metabolism and electron microscopic morphologic changes in acute experimental pancreatitis. Surgical forum, 40, 152-154.
Correlation of high-energy phosphate metabolism and electron microscopic morphologic changes in acute experimental pancreatitis. / Clemens, J. A.; Chacko, V. P.; Olson, J. L. et al.
In: Surgical forum, Vol. 40, 01.12.1989, p. 152-154.
Clemens, JA, Chacko, VP, Olson, JL & Cameron, JL 1989, 'Correlation of high-energy phosphate metabolism and electron microscopic morphologic changes in acute experimental pancreatitis', Surgical forum, vol. 40, pp. 152-154.
Clemens JA, Chacko VP, Olson JL, Cameron JL. Correlation of high-energy phosphate metabolism and electron microscopic morphologic changes in acute experimental pancreatitis. Surgical forum. 1989 Dec 1;40:152-154.
Clemens, J. A. ; Chacko, V. P. ; Olson, J. L. et al. / Correlation of high-energy phosphate metabolism and electron microscopic morphologic changes in acute experimental pancreatitis. In: Surgical forum. 1989 ; Vol. 40. pp. 152-154.
@article{0f8964b941d14329a517150fb32c5be9,
title = "Correlation of high-energy phosphate metabolism and electron microscopic morphologic changes in acute experimental pancreatitis",
author = "Clemens, {J. A.} and Chacko, {V. P.} and Olson, {J. L.} and Cameron, {J. L.}",
journal = "Surgical Forum",
publisher = "American College of Surgeons",
T1 - Correlation of high-energy phosphate metabolism and electron microscopic morphologic changes in acute experimental pancreatitis
AU - Clemens, J. A.
AU - Chacko, V. P.
AU - Olson, J. L.
AU - Cameron, J. L.
JO - Surgical Forum
JF - Surgical Forum


I am writing in reference to guest columnist Paul Paulson's article on the 2008 Park Bond not being acted upon by the Cobb County Commissioners. My neighborhood in Smyrna was developed in the late '60s when lots were over .5 acre, native trees were left in the yards, and only one home was built on the property. Now the trend in Cobb County is for developers to bulldoze and level a lot and put as many homes as possible on the property.
My community, which includes Bennett Woods, recently had to fight off zoning challenges from developers who wanted to develop 6.5 acres of native trees from R 20 (our present zoning) to RAD. RAD allows more density per acre, and houses to be built less than 10 feet apart, leaving no room for greenspace. We are slowly being inundated with RAD developments all around us in Smyrna. RAD developments have taken over N. Cooper Lake Road, and the only trees left are in our neighborhood.
The Park Bond issue was voted on and passed by a majority of the voters who wanted the county to spend $40 million to buy properties to preserve future park greenspace in Cobb County. That desire is still prevalent today in 2015, probably even more, as properties are gobbled up by greedy developers and we are losing trees, wildlife and greenspace at an alarming rate. Hundreds of people from Bennett Woods showed up at every zoning meeting to fight off the developer, which illustrates that preserving greenspace is a "Quality of Life" issue that is still as important today as it was in 2008.
The 2008 vote, during a time of economic down turn, was a resounding public cry to save greenspace in Cobb. The economy has improved and millage rates have gone down, but property values have gone up. $40 million will not buy now what it could have bought in 2008. I think it would behoove the commissioners to get on the right side of this issue and spend the $40 million that the voters approved in 2008. They must buy properties that are left on the 2008 park property list before there are no more properties left to buy, and all our trees are gone. The public voted, and now the commissioners must act.
Published in the Marietta Daily Journal on November 19, 2015. View the original link here.
Paul Paulson's guest column regarding the parks bond in the MDJ's Nov. 4 edition hit the nail on the head. It's deplorable that many citizens, along with our new millennials and some of our county leaders, have no concept or interest in the need for greenspace unless a baseball is involved.
Could it be that Mr. Paulson and I, along with many others of our generation, are among the few remaining caring citizens that are steadfastly concerned about the right and wrong of our government and its leaders?
Thank you, Paul, for your observations and positive thoughts about the forgotten need and the many promises for greenspace in Cobb County.
It's regrettable that if it isn't an apartment complex, commercial property or a gigantic new neighborhood that brings in massive amounts of new property taxes, nothing else or greenspace even matters and it takes a seat way in the back of the budget meeting room.
Published in the Marietta Daily Journal on November 11, 2015. View the original link here.
I read with interest Paul Paulson's guest column of Nov. 4, urging our Cobb County Commissioners to issue the Park Bonds voted on and approved by the voters in 2008. I became aware, a few months back, that an area near my home was on the list of properties likely to be bought when the bond was issued. Alas, the bonds were not issued and the property was purchased by a private developer.
Now, I regularly drive by this area and every time I sigh. What was a totally forested area with a creek on one side of the property and a small lake on yet another was completely clear cut. Now large homes are being built, one on top of another, with nary a tree to be seen among them. I feel such sadness as I imagine what it could have been .... a place for folks to walk their dogs, take their children, say hello to their neighbor, experience nature, feel human.
Look around ... construction is going on all over the place now. When our very few remaining undeveloped properties are gone, as this one is, they're gone. This will not take long so the time to act is now. So, for myself and my grandchildren, I beg our Commissioners ... please, be Santa Claus, issue the bonds and give us the best Christmas present ever!
Greenspace. Soul food for the spirit. We all need a taste. But in Cobb County, it's endangered. Back in 2008 when it was learned that over 90 percent of our total acreage had already been knocked down by the blades of development, the people stood up and demanded action. Our Cobb County Board of Commissioners was compliant, agreeing to a ballot initiative asking voters for permission to issue $40 million in general obligation bonds in order to buy land for future parks in perpetuity before it was all gone.
Paul Paulson of west Cobb is former head of the Cobb Parks Coalition.
Published in the Marietta Daily Journal on November 4, 2015. View the original link here.


We are a family owned and operated company. We take pride that our product is AMERICAN MADE. Each piece gets our individual attention. Our goal, from the very beginning back in 1987, has been to manufacture THE BEST QUALITY and THE MOST UNIQUE product available on the market today. Whether it be the latest in horse tack, buckles and conchos or western accessories, we like to do it all COWPERSON STYLE...cause...COWPERSON TACK is where the good stuff happens!


The North London Toyota Parts & Accessory Department offers an extensive inventory of high quality Genuine Toyota Accessories designed specifically for your Toyota. Your new vehicle purchase is a big investment, and you want to be sure to protect it from all the elements!
Our Parts Specialists and Toyota Technicians have been trained to ensure you're getting the best fit for your vehicle.
Ask your Product Advisor about adding the cost of new accessories into your monthly vehicle payment!
To inquire about Toyota Accessories, please request a quote online or by contacting us by phone 519-451-3880. Most Toyota accessories are available for next day pick up.


text:
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Local Service. Global Capabilities. Search
About VEXOS
Electronics Manufacturing Services
Advanced Rapid Prototyping
Advanced Engineering Services (DFX)
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Printed Circuit Board Solutions
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MVM Ventilator
Understand the Total Cost of Your Printed Circuit Board Ownership
Electronics manufacturing services (EMS) suppliers are vital for maintaining efficient electronic production lines, but the costs and values of such EMS suppliers can be easily misunderstood. For example, changing a printed-circuit-board (PCB) supplier can be more costly than expected if all the cost drivers and potential savings are not at least somewhat understood. By identifying the associated cost drivers with manufacturing PCBs, it is possible to develop a total cost of ownership (TCO) model and a more straightforward approach to capturing real savings opportunities when building the next batch of PCBs.
Many factors are involved in understanding the cost of building different PCBs. In studying the different variables and costs in manufacturing PCBs, it was possible to develop a list of 10 cost drivers that, when properly understood, can be used to reduce the costs of manufacturing PCBs. While this is not an all-inclusive list, it does cover a significant amount of the key elements that need to be taken into consideration when a PCB is being manufactured:
10 PCB manufacturing costs
The number of layers.
The size of the PCB.
The panel utilization (percent) per number of PCBs on a working panel, where a standard working panel is 18 x 24-in.
The number of holes.
The trace width/spacing.
The surface finish/solder mask finish of the PCB.
The choice of base laminate/thickness of the PCB.
The copper weight/thickness used on the PCB.
The routing or die punching of the PCB profile.
The labor costs and amount of batch process steps needed to produce the PCBs.
Some of these cost drivers are straightforward, such as the size of the PCB (where cost rises with increased size) and the number of layers, where more complex circuits require more PCB layers, but this also means increased cost. Panel utilization refers to the number of arrays or PCBs per array that can be produced on a working panel. This is typically calculated by the percentage of utilization, which is calculated from the total area for the PCB divided by the total panel area based on a typical 18 x 24-in. working panel. Higher panel utilization percentages mean lower overall costs. Utilization above 75 percent is considered good.
Another cost driver of PCB costs is the number of holes and variety of hole dimensions. Depending on the number of sizes and quantities, each different hole diameter equates to longer machining time, and more use of drill bits, resulting in increased costs. If hole sizes become extremely small, whereby laser drilling may be necessary, this will also add significant costs to manufacturing a PCB.
PCB manufacturing costs are also impacted by trace widths and trace spacing: the width of the individual traces and how close they are to each other from a trace edge to trace edge can impact the cost, based on the cost of the imaging/plating equipment and process capabilities of a PCB manufacturing facility. Tighter, finer trace widths result in increased PCB production costs.
The type of surface finish on a PCB will also impact manufacturing costs and the manufacturing process method used to produce the boards. Typically, lead-free hot air solder leveling (HASL) is the lowest-cost alternative (not good for fine pitch SMT), followed by immersion tin, immersion silver, organic solder preservative (OSP) (shortest shelf life), flash gold, immersion gold, and thick gold. Several alternative finishes are available, each with advantages and disadvantages that should be investigated before deciding on a particular surface finish.
The base laminate that is specified for a PCB production job can also impact costs. It is better to specify material characteristics that are required than to specify a specific manufacturer's laminate. An alternate approach is to add "or equivalent" to a specific manufacturer's material. Allowing the PCB manufacturer to use commonly used materials not only produces the lowest possible cost but can also reduce lead times.
Increases in copper weight and thickness in a PCB generally mean increases in cost. The copper in a PCB is rated in ounces and represents the thickness of 1 oz. of copper rolled out to an area of one square foot. For example, a PCB that uses 1 oz. copper has a thickness of 1.4 mils. A PCB that uses 2 oz. copper has a thickness of 2.8 mils. The base copper thickness used, or how much the product is going to be plated to meet the required thickness, will impact the cost of the PCB. Typically, the lowest cost option is 0.5 oz. copper (thickness of 0.7 mils), increasing in 1-oz. increments to 9-oz. copper. PCBs usually fall in the 1 to 2 oz. range.
The costs of routing or die punching a PCB profile can vary since there are different methods for removing laminate material when developing a PCB's profile. The main approaches are based on routing, using a high-speed routing bit cutter to remove the laminate materials when creating a PCB profile. The other method is producing a punch that removes the laminate during the punch process. Typically, the punch process is a lower-cost option, but it will have some additional tooling costs to develop the punch tool.
Last on the list of 10 PCB manufacturing costs is the cost of labor, which can be significant when producing PCBs. Most circuit-board-assembly facilities incorporate a batch processing manufacturing process, which will require significant handling for each of the individual processes and moving a product from process to process. When performed at manufacturing locations with lower labor costs, the unit labor costs for the PCBs will usually be less. Other factors that can impact PCB manufacturing costs include whether the board is to be produced to the level of a particular standard, such as an IPC Class 2 standard, which is generally applied to standard electronics, or IPC Class 3, which is more stringent and more expensive. This is not the ultimate list of cost drivers for manufacturing PCBs but understanding how these 10 items can affect costs can pave the way for a better understanding of how to control PCB manufacturing costs.
For more information on the Total Cost of Ownership Contact VEXOS today!
Operating in several locations across North America and Asia, VEXOS is a high-mix, high complexity, mid to low electronics manufacturing and custom material solutions provider with a proven track record of delivering high quality, custom-designed electronics manufacturing services, and supply chain solutions to a diverse group of OEMs. Vexos' early involvement in the design cycle can provide customers with a more cost-effective product that has increased manufacturability, quality, and reliability throughout its entire lifecycle. During their involvement in design reviews, they focus on key areas throughout the cycle and provide critical feedback to address potential issues and ensure a successful new product introduction. Design reviews can also be categorized by material (Design for Supply Chain), test (Design for Testability), PCB fabrication (Design for Fabrication), assembly (Design for Assembly), and manufacturing (Design for Manufacturing).
VEXOS prides itself in working closely with its prospective and current customers to ensure that they offer value that far exceeds the six fundamental cost drivers of a supplier-customer relationship.
Posted in Blog and tagged CostReduction, PCBA, printedcircuitboards
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VEXOS Wins 5 Circuits Assembly's Service Excellence Awards 2022
Vexos Inc., a Global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) provider, received top honors in the CIRCUITS ASSEMBLY'S 2022 Service Excellence Awards. Sponsored by CIRCUITS ASSEMBLY,…
VEXOS is a full service, high-mix, high complexity, mid to low volume global Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) and Custom Material Solutions (CMS) company, providing complete end-to-end supply chain management solutions in electronic and mechanical products for Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs).
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Stochastic Processes in Atmospheric & Oceanic Dynamics was the theme at the 2015 GFD Program. Professors Charlie Doering (University of Michigan) and Henk Dijkstra (University of Utrecht) were the principal lecturers. Their lectures were collectively twopronged. The first prong was launched by Charlie, who laid down the mathematical foundations of random variables, stochastic processes and the nature and analysis of stochastic differential equations. In the second, Henk took us through the many places in the Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate system where the infrastructure from the first prong plays out. John Wettlaufer and Oliver Bühler were the stochastic co‐directors. In keeping with the theme, the Cottage was in constant motion with many visitors and long‐term staff members. Following the thematic principal lectures, the seminar room was busy all summer, with talks spanning an impressive range of topics that we are typically fortunate to experience in Walsh Cottage. Importantly, some of the newer staff ably jumped into the supervision of fellows projects ‒ directly or indirectly. The fellows pursued a rich range of projects and have produced a fine set of reports.


text:
Rapamycin Holdings, Inc. Opens Investigational New Animal Drug Application with the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine
SAN ANTONIO--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Privately-held Rapamycin Holdings, Inc. (RHI), based in San Antonio, has opened an Investigational New Animal Drug (INAD) application for the therapeutic use of the company's eRapa-NP2gTM compound in the treatment of Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis (FCGS).
FCGS is a debilitating condition that affects the oral cavity in approximately 200,000 domestic cats annually. Symptoms of this disease include reluctance to eat, pain when opening the mouth or swallowing, increased salivation, and vocalization after taking a bite to eat. Medical management and treatment of this condition is often frustrating, with complete full mouth extractions being the only option these cats have for resolution of symptoms.
Early pre-clinical studies completed by RHI show that the use of eRapa-NP2gTM to address FCGS resulted in:
44% Complete Remission
94% >50% Improvement
78% Average improvement
In addition, these studies show that the company's eRapaTM compound induced decreases in gum tissue immune, inflammatory and abnormal vascular conditions.
According to Rapamycin Holdings CEO Randy Goldsmith, "RHI is actively pursuing regulatory approval for the eRapaTM compound to address significant currently untreatable diseases in the companion animal market, like FCGS which is a debilitating and life threatening disease in cats. We have strong pre-clinical evidence that our product is both safe and highly effective at controlling this terrible disease, and we aspire to bring a treatment to market that will improve the lives of pets and their owners and offer hope for long term survival in diseases where currently there is little hope of a positive outcome due to limited treatment options available."
About eRapaTM
Researchers at the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio discovered that an improved formulation of the well-known drug, Rapamycin, extended life span and health span in rodents by mitigating the effects of age-related diseases. Rapamycin Holdings, as the exclusive licensee of this technology, is capitalizing on this discovery by developing a novel patent-pending formulation for the treatment of serious unmet medical needs in humans and companion animals.
About Rapamycin Holdings, Inc.
Rapamycin Holdings holds the exclusive licenses for Rapamycin-related research discoveries made at the University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio. The company is leveraging a platform of Rapamycin-related discoveries applicable to the veterinary and human markets which could have dramatic implications in improving an individual's health span and in fighting age-related medical conditions.
Rapamycin Holdings, Inc.
Lisa Owens, 210-601-6647
Randy Goldsmith, 210-478-8678


Honestly, I'm struggling today. I'm not sure what started it, but the tears began to fall on the drive in to work and they haven't really stopped much since. I keep trying to just take deep breaths and push them down, but they seem to just keep falling. We're edging ever closer to the 3 month mark. This Friday will be 12 weeks since I last held my son as he struggled to take his last breath. 36 hours with him was just not enough.


text:
Q: Weave variables into table names in TSQL I'm attempting to learn to use dynamic SQL to automate what would otherwise require a lot of typing. However, this would include putting variables directly into table names (not as the whole table name).
When running the below query directly in SSMS, I get the output "Command(s) completed successfully"... but I'd rather get the query output. Where am I going wrong?
DECLARE @sql NVARCHAR(MAX)
DECLARE @cat NVARCHAR(25)
DECLARE @type NVARCHAR(25)

SET @sql = '
            SELECT EntityID, ''@cat'' AS c, Subcategory'+@type+'
            FROM WCO..Entity'+@cat+' a
            JOIN WCO..Entity'+@cat+'Subcategory b ON a.Entity'+@cat+'ID = b.Entity'+@cat+'ID
            JOIN WCO..'+@cat+'Subcategory c ON b.'+@cat+'SubcategoryID = c.'+@cat+'SubcategoryID
            WHERE
                EntityID IN Ent_ID IN (728456,762360)
            '

EXECUTE sp_executesql @sql, N'@cat NVARCHAR(25), @type NVARCHAR(25)', 'AdverseMedia', 'Label'

A: When you're constructing @sql you're concatenating @cat and @type into the string, however, they're uninitialized.  As a result, your @sql variable is null when you go to execute (try using print @sql right before the sp_executesql).  You're looking for more like (note the initializations in the declarations):
DECLARE @sql NVARCHAR(MAX)
DECLARE @cat NVARCHAR(25) = 'AdverseMedia'
DECLARE @type NVARCHAR(25) = 'Label'

SET @sql = '
            SELECT EntityID, '''+@cat+''' AS c, Subcategory'+@type+'
            FROM WCO..Entity'+@cat+' a
            JOIN WCO..Entity'+@cat+'Subcategory b ON a.Entity'+@cat+'ID = b.Entity'+@cat+'ID
            JOIN WCO..'+@cat+'Subcategory c ON b.'+@cat+'SubcategoryID = c.'+@cat+'SubcategoryID
            WHERE
                EntityID IN Ent_ID IN (728456,762360)
            '
PRINT @sql
EXECUTE sp_executesql @sql


This light-weight, sleeveless hoodie is made from DRI-FIT fabric that helps keep you dry with moisture wicking abilities. Comfortable, durable and contouring to ensure a perfect fit for your most intense workouts. Featuring a diagonal color block design and hood stripe for a unique look.


Information found within should not be used for making financial or other commitments. The Town of Simsbury provides this information with the understanding that it is not guaranteed to be accurate, correct, current, or complete and conclusions drawn from such information are the responsibility of the user. While every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy, correctness, and timeliness of the maps presented, The Town of Simsbury assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions.
The Zoning Map is a draft and provided to the general public by the Town of Simsbury. A final version will be posted when completed.


text:
Embiid Rising to New Heights
Darrien Null
Despite battling gastroenteritis, Joel Embiid has risen to another level this series, but it didn't start that way.
During Game 1 against the Raptors, he dropped 16 points while adding eight rebounds and two assists. Marc Gasol disrupted Embiid's performance, causing him to shoot just 5 of 18 from the field. Despite Marc Gasol's stellar defense, however, Embiid was the only Sixer to finish with a positive +/- of 7 during the Game 1 loss.
Embiid was still battling gastroenteritis in Game 2 but still managed to play 32 minutes. He went on to score 12 points, grab six rebounds, and dish five assists on the night. Embiid clamped Gasol on the defensive end as well, holding him to just five points (1/6 FG). The real star of Game 2 however would be Jimmy Butler. Butler finished with a double-double that night scoring 30 points and grabbing 11 rebounds. In thanks to Jimmy Buckets performance the Sixers would come away with a Game 2 victory, evening the series at 1-1.
. Big fella. Big move. Big play.
@JoelEmbiid
#PhilaUnite | #HereTheyCome pic.twitter.com/M5GsyfN2NK
— Philadelphia 76ers (@sixers) April 30, 2019
Thursday's Game 3 in Philly would be Embiid's best game he's had this postseason. The 76ers routed the Raptors during their matchup with a final score of 116-95. Embiid posted a double-double of 33 points and 10 rebounds– a freight train off the tracks. The Process had one of the best shooting nights of his life, shooting 9/18 from the field, 3/4 from beyond the arc, and nearly perfect from the charity stripe (12/13, 92%). Joel also impacted the game on the defensive end, recording five blocked shots and virtually shutting down Marc Gasol once again. He also threw down this nasty windmill hammer.
The Sixers will look to take a 3-1 series lead tomorrow at 3:30 ET on ABC.
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About Darrien Null
Hometown: Strasburg, PA. Contributor for Sixers Lead.


text:
Two Left Feet: "Footloose," "The Thing," and "The Big Year"
It was probably inevitable that Paramount would get around to remaking Footloose, and once it did, the studio probably could've done worse than to hire director Craig Brewer for the job, despite a filmography (Hustle & Flow, Black Snake Moan) not exactly bursting with lighthearted confectionary fare. Yet considering that 27 years have passed since Kevin Bacon first screamed, "Let's da-a-a-ance!!!" to a grain mill full of eager young hoofers, shouldn't this new Footloose have been... I dunno... at least a slight improvement on the original?
In truth, though, Brewer's outing appears so completely beholden to its predecessor that everything that was borderline-crummy about Herbert Ross's 1984 hit - its melodramatic storyline, its forced sincerity, its haphazardly-edited dance sequences - is still borderline-crummy. And in general, the few moments of wit on display here are only witty because they're direct nods to the first film, as when a team of pre-teen girls teaches a gawky high-schooler to boogie by shimmying along to "Let's Hear It for the Boy." (Just like in Ross's offering, this dance-lesson montage, with the great Miles Teller substituting for the late, great Chris Penn, is the best scene in the movie.) Footloose - either of them, really - is too innocuous to get in a dither about. But this Bacon-free version seems to hold the original in such high esteem that the basic material hasn't been re-imagined in the slightest, and for the film to work in 2011, it desperately needed to be. One of Brewer's rare examples of revisionism is to have the feisty Sarah Jessica Parker character played, now, by a feisty young Black woman (Ziah Colon), yet you'll notice that she sports the exact same Sarah Jessica Parker hairdo.
For those too young to have seen Footloose's previous incarnation on the big screen, allow me to assure you that yes, we all did realize how stupid its plot about The Town That Banned Dancing actually was. (I'll never forget my high school friend's observation, as we left the theatre, that the only way the movie could've made any sense was if it had been set in Amish country.) The film, though, at least had some snap and momentum and what many of us thought was a kick-ass pop soundtrack, plus just enough flashes of legitimately joyous dancing to leave you with a lift; you could roll your eyes throughout and still admit to having a pretty excellent time.
In Brewer's take, however, nearly every scene seems to exude a rather dispiriting, going-through-the-motions vibe, as though the movie wasn't made for 2011 audiences so much as 1984 audiences who want to relive their 1984 experience. Ah, here's the scene where Ren (Kenny Wormald) first eyes Ariel (Julianne Hough), the beautiful, damaged preacher's daughter! Ah, here's the scene where Ren courts the hatred of Ariel's bruiser boyfriend (Patrick John Flueger)! Ah, here's the scene where Ren dances his troubles away through a pissed-off, and hilariously acrobatic, solo routine! I'm not sure what newbies will take from all of this, but barring some random highlights - among them the peppy opening-credits sequence (another homage to Ross's version), the portrayals of Ray McKinnon and Kim Dickens as Ren's uncle and aunt, and absolutely everything Miles Teller says and does - I felt precious little during this Footloose except nostalgia. And that's hardly the sensation that a modern, purportedly "energetic" dance movie should ever leave audiences with.
Brewer has a real eye for his film's Georgia locales, and even comes through with some occasionally superb compositions, none better than when Ren and Ariel share their first kiss, and their silhouettes against the sunset form, for just a second, the perfect image of a heart. That romantic tableau would've no doubt meant more, though, had we any particular feeling for those doing the kissing. But based on the evidence here, and despite moving reasonably well (especially with his editor's assistance), Wormald appears to be where screen charisma goes to die - he's like an airbrushed Michael Cera without the comic talent - and all Hough left me with was the belief that she needs to be cast as Jennifer Aniston's daughter stat. To say they're not enough to replace the memories of Bacon and Lori Singer, or even to be mentioned in the same breath as them, is a mild understatement, and sadly, almost everything in this Footloose is mild in the extreme. When, late in the film, Dennis Quaid's preacher explains the town's ban on dancing by saying that it was lurid and suggestive music that led to the deaths of five local youths, including his son, it sounds vaguely silly. But then you remember that, in the film's prelude, we actually heard what music the kids were listening to before their fatal accident: a Blake Shelton rendition of Kenny Loggins' original "Footloose." Say what you will about the artists' discographies, but only in a movie as tepid as this one could a Shelton cover of Loggins ever be considered lurid or suggestive.
Set in 1982, the year that John Carpenter's gross-out classic The Thing was first released, director Matthijs van Heijningen Jr.'s identically titled prequel introduces us to heroine Mary Elizabeth Winstead while her scientist is listening to Men at Work's "Who Can It Be Now" on the radio. For those who know the movie's plot, that's an outstanding joke, and one that quickly gets you thinking that this new Thing might wind up a better, smarter horror flick than the one you're expecting. And it is. It's just not, in the end, as good or as smart as you want it to be.
To be sure, there are some clever, well-sustained scare sequences in this latest tale of an alien life form that masquerades as human while knocking off an Antarctic research crew; the protracted scene in which the victims-to-be check each other's dental work for fillings (the creature not being able to replicate metal) is particularly nerve-racking. Yet while van Heijningen handles the tension and the cast with aplomb, there's not much he can do to enliven the hopelessly expository dialogue - Winstead is forever telling her companions exactly how and why the alien does what it does, as if her character had somehow committed Carpenter's film to memory - or the sadly predictable narrative arc. (If the too-obvious gold earring worn by Joel Edgerton's character doesn't immediately set off warning bells, you should turn in your horror-aficionado card.) And while there's a fairly satisfying amount of splatter onscreen, the sad truth is that none of it is nearly as memorable, or as nausea-inducing, as the animatronic visuals from 1982, back before the "miracle" of CGI took much of the tangibility out of special effects; the effects here may be gory, but they sure aren't special. Even after not seeing Carpenter's offering in more than two decades, I can still picture that disembodied head skittering along the floor while an understandably agog David Clennon says, "You've gotta be fucking kidding me." I saw the new The Thing just two days ago, and its images have all but completely evaporated.
THE BIG YEAR
The Big Year, which concerns the exploits of a trio of competitive birding enthusiasts, is the latest movie by David Frankel, the director of Marley & Me. It's also a movie for audiences who thought that Marley & Me was a little too gritty and lifelike for their tastes. I have no doubt that, as a recreational pursuit, the art of birding can be enormously fulfilling. But I found absolutely nothing fulfilling about this (too-)genial family comedy that trades any hint of real-world experience for ho-hum slapstick, incessant voice-over narration, maudlin sentiment, and an utter refusal to let us discover the mystery and beauty of avian life for ourselves. (Eyeing a great spotted woodpecker, one character calls the bird "nothing short of a miracle," a point pounded home through the overtly majestic music and angelic choir on the soundtrack.) A few welcome supporting performers help make it all somewhat less tiresome, among them Anjelica Huston, JoBeth Williams, Rosamund Pike, Rashida Jones, Jim Parsons, Brian Dennehy, and Dianne Wiest. (Happily, the real Dianne Wiest, not the Wiest as played by Andie MacDowell in Footloose.) But mostly, we're given too little to react to beyond leads Jack Black, Steve Martin, and Owen Wilson performing exactly the light-comic shtick they usually do, and delivering their blah dialogue with so little conviction that they don't even appear to be listening to one another. For a film so vocal about celebrating flight, The Big Year is depressingly earthbound.
Ziah Colon
Patrick John Flueger
Kim Dickens
Matthijs van Heijningen Jr.
dance movies
David Clennon
Jobeth Williams
Hustle and Flow
Marley and Me


Norwegian already bills itself 'world's fastest-growing airline,' and the airline is backing that up with yet another round of expansion from the USA.
Norwegian Air already bills itself "world's fastest-growing airline," and the European budget airline is backing that up with yet another round of expansion from the United States.
Austin and Chicago O'Hare will join the carrier's route map next spring and Norwegian will add more European routes from cities it already serves -- the growth furthering what's been a torrid growth spurt for the airline in the U.S.
"We are excited to add two more U.S. cities to our ever-growing network," Bjørn Kjos, Norwegian's CEO, said in a statement. "We will now offer nonstop service from 15 U.S. cities to 13 European cities, no other airline can rival that."
"We are excited to add Chicago and Austin to our ever-growing U.S. network," Bjørn Kjos, Norwegian's CEO, said in a statement. "We will now offer non-stop service from 15 U.S. cities to 13 European cities, no other airline can rival that. Within just a year, we have added seven U.S. gateways, creating much greater access for even more Americans to save a tremendous amount of money."
From both Austin and Chicago, Norwegian will launch non-stop flights to its base at London's Gatwick airport this spring. The carrier will offer four flights a week from Chicago (starting March 25) and three a week from Austin (starting March 27). The new service on Boeing 787 Dreamliners will launch with fares starting at $174 one way from Chicago and $249 from Austin.
Beyond the two new cities, Norwegian also is adding more destinations from U.S. cities it already serves. The airline will add routes to Paris from Boston, Newark and Oakland, growing its footprint in each of those cities.
With the new Paris flights, Norwegian will fly to a total of seven European routes from Oakland. The carrier also serves the San Francisco Bay Area airport with flights to Barcelona, Copenhagen, London Gatwick, Oslo, Rome and Stockholm. From Boston, the Paris flights will become Norwegian's fourth European destination, joining Copenhagen, London Gatwick and Oslo.
Norwegian also will beef up its Paris schedule by adding more flights on its existing service from Los Angeles. And when Norwegian's six weekly Newark-Paris flights begin Feb. 28, they'll compliment the carrier's existing daily service to Paris from New York JFK.
In total, Norwegian will fly six non-stop routes between the USA and Paris once the Boston and Oakland routes launch. The carrier's U.S. reach from London is even bigger, with Norwegian now flying non-stop from Gatwick to 11 U.S. destinations.
The new routes and added frequencies serve to underscore Norwegian's breakneck growth in the U.S. market, where the carrier debuted only about four years ago.
Now, with the new service announced Wednesday, Norwegian will offer 56 different trans-Atlantic flights from 15 U.S. airports to 13 destinations across France, Ireland, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Norwegian's tally of U.S. routes grows to 62 when its service to the French Caribbean islands of Martinique and Guadeloupe is counted. The carrier flies to the islands from New York JFK, Providence and Fort Lauderdale.
Still, its Norwegian's ambition in the U.S. that remains front and center.
It was just last week that Norwegian took the first of more than 100 Boeing 737 Max jets it has on order. Norwegian intends to use the aircraft – Boeing's latest update to its best-selling 737 model – to launch a whole raft of new trans-Atlantic flights.
Norwegian has detailed plans to use the 737 Max to fly to Europe from small U.S. airports where costs are lower. Coupled with the fuel efficiency and economics of the modern Max-8, Norwegian founder and CEO Bjørn Kjos is betting the aircraft will allow Norwegian to make money on niche routes like Providence-Cork, Ireland, and Newburgh, N.Y.-Edinburgh, Scotland.
Norwegian has already launched the first of 12 such routes it will fly from Providence, Newburgh and Hartford, Conn. By the end of the summer, Norwegian will be flying non-stop from those U.S. cities to a half-dozen destinations in Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom.


text:
Зоологічний інститут Російської академії наук, ЗІН РАН (ориг. назва: рос. Зоологический институт Российской академии наук, ЗИН РАН; міжн. назва: англ. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ZIN) — державна бюджетна наукова установа Російської Федерації, що належить до складу Відділення загальної біології Російської Академії наук.

Науково-дослідний Зоологічний інститут працює над проблемами зоології, екології тварин, біорізноманіття, морфології тварин, а також розробляє рекомендації з охорони природи.

До складу Інституту входять 16 підрозділів, зокрема: 13 лабораторій, Біломорська біологічна станція (ріг Картеш, Карелія), Біологічна станція селища Рибачий (Калінінградська обл.) і Зоологічний Музей.

Загальний фонд Інституту складає 60 мільйонів одиниць зберігання і близько 30 тисяч зоологічних експонатів у Музею.

Результати наукової діяльності Інституту видаються в журналах і збірниках — «Фауна России», «Определителях по фауне России» (видано більш ніж 300 томів), «Труды Зоологического института», «Исследования фауны морей», збірник із паразитології (заг. кількість понад 300 томів).

Історія

Історія Інституту сягає часів Петра І, коли він започаткував 1714 року створення першого в Росії Музею Кунсткамери, де було зібрано перші зоологічні експонати. Офіційно Зоологічний музей, як самостійна установа, була відкрита 4 липня 1832 року.

Будинок, в якому досі розміщено Інститут і Музей на Біржевій площі (південний пакгауз Біржі) 1890 року було передано науковцям. 1901 року відбулось урочисте відкриття Музею.

Під час реформи Академії наук 1930 року було прийнято рішення створити Зоологічний інститут Академії наук СРСР на базі виставкової колекції Музею. Інститут активно працював над створенням Червоної книги СРСР, розробляв нормативні актів у зв'язку із прийняттям закону СРСР «Об охране и использовании животного мира», брав участь у створенні заповідників і заказників та ін.
У Зоологічному інституті Академії наук СРСР було зосереджено найбільшу колекцію фауни СРСР і фауни Палеарктичної області в цілому, зібрано колекції експедицій М. М. Пржевальського, Г. М. Потаніна, Л. С. Берга, Є. Н. Павловського тощо.

У бібліотеці Інституту зберігалася найбільша колекція книг із зоологічних наук, більш ніж як у 450 тис. томах; до «особливого фонду» входило понад 2 тис. примірників, виданих у період з 1537 до 1825 рр.

Під час Німецько-радянської війни 1941-1945 рр. науковий колектив  Зоологічного інституту АН СРСР  зазнав важких втрат, про що свідчить меморіальна дошка при вході у будівлю. Серед загиблих у блокадному Ленінграді видатні ентомологи: Д. О. Оглоблін, А. М. Рейхардт, А. П. Семенов-Тян-Шанський, А. С. Скориков, С. С. Смирнов та інші.

В різні часи в Зоологічному інституті працювали (або працюють) вчені, які народилися в Україні або жили тут: І. І. Шмальгаузен, Д. О. Оглоблін, І. М. Кержнер, Ф. К. Лук'янович, Д. В. Знойко, О. М. Кириченко, Г. С. Медведєв, О. Г. Кірейчук, Г. Я. Бей-Бієнко та інші.

З 1991 року - Зоологічний інститут Російської академії наук.

Керівництво
 1929—1942 — академік Сергій Олексійович Зернов
 1942—1962 — академік Євген Ніканорович Павловський
 1962—1974 — академік Борис Овсійович Биховський
 1974—1994 — академік Орест Олександрович Скарлато
 1994—2005 — академік Олександр Федорович Алімов
 з 2006 — академік Олег Миколайович Пугачов

Інституту підпорядковано
 Комітет вивчення мамонтів і мамонтової фауни при відділені загальної біології РАН;
 Наукові товариства: Російське ентомологічне товариство, Гідробіологічне, Паразітологічне, Малакологічне, Герпетологічне ім. О. М. Нікольського;
 Редакції журналів «Паразитология», «Энтомологическое обозрение», «Zoosystematica Rossica», «Русский гидробиологический журнал», «Russian Journal of Herpetology»;
 Зоологічна бібліотека (філіал БАН РАН);
 дві спеціалізовані Ради по захисту докторських і кандидатських дисертацій.

Публікації
Інститутом видаються:
 «Труды Зоологического института» - 2016 р. видано 320 томів
 «Фауна», дві монографічні серії з систематики - до 2014 р. видано 148 томів
 «Определители» - до 2014 р. видано 178 томів
На базі інституту редактуються журнали:
 "Энтомологическое обозрение" - 1901
 Зоосистематика Росії ("Zoosystematica Rossica") - 1992
 "Паразитология" - 1967
 "Comparative Cytogenetics" - 2007.

Праці
 1896—1916. Ежегодник Зоологического музея Императорской академии наук
 1917—1918. Ежегодник Зоологического музея Академии наук
 1922—1923. Ежегодник Зоологического музея Российской академии наук
 1925—1932. Ежегодник Зоологического музея Академии наук Союза Советских Социалистических Республик
 1932—1968. Труды Зоологического института Академии наук Союза Советских Социалистических Республик
 1968—1991. Труды Зоологического института Академии наук СССР
 З 1992 — Труды Зоологического института Российской академии наук

Серія «Фауна»
 1911—1923. Фауна России и сопредельных стран преимущественно по коллекциям Зоологического музея Имперской (з 1917 — Російської) Академии Наук.
 1929—1933. Фауна СССР и сопредельных стран преимущественно по коллекциям Зоологического музея (з 1933 — інституту) Академии Наук СССР.
 1935—1990. Фауна СССР. Новая серия.
 1993— . Фауна России и сопредельных стран.

Серія «Определители»
 1927—1990. Определители по фауне СССР, видані Зоологічним музеєм (з 1933 — інститутом) Академії Наук СРСР.

 1991- . Определители животных, видані Зоологічним інститутом Російської Академії наук.

Див. також
 Зоологічний музей Зоологічного інституту РАН
 Інститут зоології імені І. І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
 Інститут проблем екології і еволюції імені О. М. Сєверцова РАН
 Палеонтологічний інститут ім. О. О. Борисяка РАН

Примітки

Література
 Зоологический институт. 150 лет. / Ред. Скарлато О. А. — Л: Наука, 1982. 243 с.
 Пугачёв О. Н., Слепкова Н. В. Зоологический институт РАН // Биология в Санкт-Петербурге. 1703–2008: Энциклопедический словарь / Отв. ред. Э. И. Колчинский. — СПб.: Нестор-История, 2011. — С. 200—201. — 568 с.
 Коллекции Зоологического института РАН сокровище мировой науки. / Алимов А.Ф., Танасийчук В.Н., Степаньянц С.Д.// Вестник РАН. 2000. Т. 70. № 1.С. 63-72.
 Коллекции Зоологического института РАН основа для изучения видового разнообразия. / Алимов А.Ф., Танасийчук В.Н., Степаньянц С.Д. // Зоол. журн. 1999. Т. 78. Вып. 9. С. 1027-1047.
 Санкт-Петербург колыбель отечественной зоологии. / Алимов А. Ф., Зайцев В. Ф., Пугачев О. Н., Степаньянц С. Д., Слепкова Н. В. // Наука в России. 2003. № 3. С. 92-100.
 Роль зоологического института РАН в изучении биологического разнообразия России. / Алимов А. Ф., Кержнер И. М., Лобанов А. Л., Степаньянц С. Д. // Успехи совр. биол. 2002. Т. 122. № 1. С. 6-15.

Посилання
 Офіційний сайт
 Зоологічний інститут РАН  на сайті «Санкт-Петербург. Энциклопедия».

Зоологія
Інститути РАН
Засновані в Росії 1832

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