text:
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using MongoDB.Bson;
using MongoDB.Context.Bson.Differences;
using MongoDB.Context.Locking;
using MongoDB.Driver;
using NUnit.Framework;
using MongoDB.Context.Tests.Entities;
using MongoDB.Context.Changes;
using MongoDB.Context.Enums;
using MongoDB.Context.Tracking;

namespace MongoDB.Context.Tests
{
	[TestFixture]
	public class ChangeFactoryTests
	{
		private MongoChangeFactory<TestEntity, ObjectId> _ChangeFactory;

		[SetUp]
		public void Setup()
		{
			_ChangeFactory = new MongoChangeFactory<TestEntity, ObjectId>();
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_NoChange_WhenNoDifference()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[] {};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes, Is.Empty);
			Assert.That(locksRequired, Is.Empty);
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_OneChange_WhenOneFieldDifference()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonFieldDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(new object[] { "TEST" }, BsonString.Create("OLD"), BsonString.Create("NEW"))
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(1));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("TEST"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_OneChange_WhenTwoFieldDifferences()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonFieldDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(new object[] { "TEST" }, BsonString.Create("OLD"), BsonString.Create("NEW")),
				new BsonFieldDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(new object[] { "TEST2" }, BsonString.Create("OLD"), BsonString.Create("NEW"))
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(1));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(2));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("TEST"));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[1].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[1].Field, Is.EqualTo("TEST2"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_TwoChanges_WhenOneFieldDifferenceAndOneArrayItemAdded()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonFieldDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(new object[] { "TEST" }, BsonString.Create("OLD"), BsonString.Create("NEW")),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Add, new object[] { "TEST2", 0 }, BsonNull.Value)
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(2));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(2));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("TEST"));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[1].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[1].Field, Is.EqualTo("TEST2"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_ThreeChanges_WhenOneFieldDifferenceAndOneArrayItemRemoved()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonFieldDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(new object[] { "TEST" }, BsonString.Create("OLD"), BsonString.Create("NEW")),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Remove, new object[] { "TEST2", 1 }, BsonNull.Value)
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(3));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(2));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("TEST"));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[1].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[1].Field, Is.EqualTo("TEST2"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_FourChanges_WhenOneFieldDifferenceAndOneArrayItemAddedAndOneArrayItemRemoved()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonFieldDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(new object[] { "TEST" }, BsonString.Create("OLD"), BsonString.Create("NEW")),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Add, new object[] { "TEST2", 0 }, BsonNull.Value),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Remove, new object[] { "TEST2", 1 }, BsonNull.Value)
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(4));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(2));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("TEST"));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[1].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[1].Field, Is.EqualTo("TEST2"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_TwoChanges_WhenOneArrayItemRemoved()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Remove, new object[] { "ARRAY", 0 }, BsonNull.Value)
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(2));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("ARRAY"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_ThreeChanges_WhenTwoArrayItemsRemoved()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Remove, new object[] { "ARRAY", 0 }, BsonNull.Value),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Remove, new object[] { "ARRAY", 1 }, BsonNull.Value)
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(3));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("ARRAY"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_FiveChanges_WhenTwoArrayItemsRemovedAndOneInsertedInBetween()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Remove, new object[] { "ARRAY", 0 }, BsonNull.Value),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Add, new object[] { "ARRAY", 1 }, BsonNull.Value),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Remove, new object[] { "ARRAY", 2 }, BsonNull.Value)
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(5));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("ARRAY"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_FourChanges_WhenOneArrayItemRemovedAndTwoInsertedAfter()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Remove, new object[] { "ARRAY", 0 }, BsonNull.Value),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Add, new object[] { "ARRAY", 1 }, BsonNull.Value),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Add, new object[] { "ARRAY", 2 }, BsonNull.Value)
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(4));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("ARRAY"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_FourChanges_WhenThreeArrayItemsRemoved()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Remove, new object[] { "ARRAY", 0 }, BsonNull.Value),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Remove, new object[] { "ARRAY", 1 }, BsonNull.Value),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Remove, new object[] { "ARRAY", 2 }, BsonNull.Value)
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(4));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("ARRAY"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_TwoChanges_WhenTwoArrayItemsAdded()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Add, new object[] { "ARRAY", 0 }, BsonNull.Value),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Add, new object[] { "ARRAY", 1 }, BsonNull.Value)
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(2));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("ARRAY"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_ThreeChanges_WhenThreeArrayItemsAdded()
		{
			var differences = new BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>[]
			{
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Add, new object[] { "ARRAY", 0 }, BsonNull.Value),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Add, new object[] { "ARRAY", 1 }, BsonNull.Value),
				new BsonArrayItemDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>(BsonArrayItemDifferenceType.Add, new object[] { "ARRAY", 2 }, BsonNull.Value)
			};

			ObjectId docId;
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(differences, out docId), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(3));
			Assert.That(locksRequired.Count, Is.EqualTo(1));

			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].DocumentId, Is.EqualTo(docId));
			Assert.That(locksRequired[0].Field, Is.EqualTo("ARRAY"));
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_OneInsert_WhenOneEntityAdded()
		{
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionInsertDeleteSet(1, 0), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(1));
			Assert.That(locksRequired, Is.Empty);

			Assert.That(changes[0].Change, Is.TypeOf<InsertOneModel<TestEntity>>());
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_TwoInserts_WhenTwoEntitiesAdded()
		{
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionInsertDeleteSet(2, 0), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(2));
			Assert.That(locksRequired, Is.Empty);

			Assert.That(changes[0].Change, Is.TypeOf<InsertOneModel<TestEntity>>());
			Assert.That(changes[1].Change, Is.TypeOf<InsertOneModel<TestEntity>>());
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_OneDelete_WhenOneEntityRemoved()
		{
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionInsertDeleteSet(0, 1), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(1));
			Assert.That(locksRequired, Is.Empty);

			Assert.That(changes[0].Change, Is.TypeOf<DeleteOneModel<TestEntity>>());
		}

		[Test]
		public void Should_TwoDeletes_WhenTwoEntitiesRemoved()
		{
			List<MongoLockRequest<ObjectId>> locksRequired;
			var changes = _ChangeFactory.GetMongoChangesFromChangeSet(GetMockCollectionInsertDeleteSet(0, 2), out locksRequired);

			Assert.That(changes.Length, Is.EqualTo(2));
			Assert.That(locksRequired, Is.Empty);

			Assert.That(changes[0].Change, Is.TypeOf<DeleteOneModel<TestEntity>>());
			Assert.That(changes[1].Change, Is.TypeOf<DeleteOneModel<TestEntity>>());
		}

		private static MongoCollectionChangeSet<TestEntity, ObjectId> GetMockCollectionUpdateSet(
			IEnumerable<BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>> differences, out ObjectId docId)
		{
			docId = ObjectId.GenerateNewId();
			return new MongoCollectionChangeSet<TestEntity, ObjectId>(
				new List<TrackedEntity<TestEntity, ObjectId>>(),
				new Dictionary<TestEntity, IEnumerable<BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>>>
				{
					{ new TestEntity { _Id = docId }, differences }
				},
				new List<TrackedEntity<TestEntity, ObjectId>>()
			);
		}

		private static MongoCollectionChangeSet<TestEntity, ObjectId> GetMockCollectionInsertDeleteSet(int inserts, int deletes)
		{
			return new MongoCollectionChangeSet<TestEntity, ObjectId>(
				new List<TrackedEntity<TestEntity, ObjectId>>(
					Enumerable.Range(0, inserts)
					.Select(z => new TrackedEntity<TestEntity, ObjectId>(
						new TestEntity { _Id = ObjectId.GenerateNewId() },
						EntityState.Added
					))),
				new Dictionary<TestEntity, IEnumerable<BsonDifference<TestEntity, ObjectId>>>(),
				new List<TrackedEntity<TestEntity, ObjectId>>(
					Enumerable.Range(0, deletes)
					.Select(z => new TrackedEntity<TestEntity, ObjectId>(
						new TestEntity { _Id = ObjectId.GenerateNewId() },
						EntityState.Deleted
					)))
			);
		}
	}
}


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Asset management can be a boon for equipment intensive businesses wanting to streamline operations and lower costs. This blog gives a detailed description of asset management, including its functions, types, and some best practices relating to it.
Organizations aiming towards improving performance and achieving higher targets tend to focus on optimizing asset use. Based on strategic decision making, these optimizations focus on logging and tracking various tools from acquisition, deployment, utilization, maintenance, all the way to their disposal. Being a multi-faceted technique, this practice gives you the ability to oversee and successfully carry out responsibilities relating to procurement, budgeting, servicing, and more.
So, what is asset management? It is precisely the set of activities outlined above. It lets you control excessive costs by eliminating ghost assets and derive maximum returns by investing in timely service sessions. Doing so is critical for companies to if they want to optimally allocate available resources.
But why do it all manually? Using an easily accessible, cloud-based asset management system leads to better collaboration and speeds up the decision making process. It uses metadata and login enabled records to monitor and categorize asset movements. Let's learn more about asset management – software based and otherwise – below.
What are the functions of asset management?
Scheduling services: What's better than having your equipment serviced on time to avoid unnecessary breakdowns? Schedule all your maintenance appointments beforehand to cut down on repair costs.
Drafting purchase orders: Make sure your stock isn't finished when you need it by setting thresholds. An asset manager can draft purchase orders whenever these limits are about to be reached.
Record asset locations: For firms operating at multiple job-sites or offices, it is crucial to enter asset locations. You can do this easily every time a tool is checked out for use.
Make timely reservations: Having limited inventory can be challenging, especially if you have complex work routines. Asset management can help you plan tasks in advance by booking the required equipment.
Maintain compliance: To keep up with government regulations, companies need to organize regular audits. A huge host of asset manager activities are geared towards achieving compliance of this sort.
Send alerts: Looking for a way to inform all employees and staff about certain asset-related activities? Design and send out customized notifications and emails to your staff, or do it all manually to make sure everyone's in the loop.
Streamline procurement: Choose from a list of vendors for your desired inventory purchases. You might also need to store the details of warranties provided to you by manufacturers.
Run actionable reports: Organize data according to your needs to summarize business growth over the years. You may also need to add customized details about the assets you wish to monitor closely for performance.
How can asset management help your business?
Ensure asset traceability: A barcode label on all items in your inventory enables you to enter locations even while working on off-site projects. This comes in extremely handy for construction companies and healthcare institutions. Firms often end up losing tools through misplacement, due to a lack of robust security mechanisms. An updated database on asset positioning lets you easily trace ownership in cases of theft and loss. Such practices allow you to cut back on excessive money spent trying to look for missing equipment. Readily available information regarding asset placement streamlines warehouse management by allowing faster retrieval at the time of checkouts!
Improve reliability with timely maintenance: According to a research, around 81% of organizations reported a loss of around $300,000 due to a single hour of downtime. While this number is shocking, companies can opt for preventive maintenance to control unexpected breakdowns and prolong the useful life of their equipment. With an asset management software installed, pre-scheduled service sessions let you take care of any broken parts to avoid downtime during work operations. Doing this has a positive impact on overall efficiency and increases asset reliability for seamless business tasks.
Did you know? The number of companies not looking at supply chain management dropped from 40% to just 17% in 2018.
Optimize supply chain management: Maintaining the right amount of inventory is key to the successful execution of daily work tasks. It is quite common for companies to stock up on tools to take advantage of wholesale prices. But is this the right move? Every type of asset has its useful life during which it needs to be properly maintained. Failure to do so will just add to the company's burden to dispose it off due to faster depreciation. To avoid over-stocking, firms need to automate procurement through an asset management program. This allows you to order new stock before you run out as well. Optimal inventory quantities allow you to allocate resources more effectively by minimizing waste.
Raise productivity by defining user roles: One way to improve overall work progress is to constantly monitor employee participation. This can easily be done through work order management, where you can assign and supervise workflows. Vital tasks can also be scheduled in advance to avoid any last minute confusions. Sometimes, organizations need to differentiate between asset use for various departments due to security reasons. To this end, you can set user roles to restrict unauthorized access. Strict measures of security allow you to control fraudulent asset practices, and ensure that assets only change hands or leave the premises when they're meant to.
Take mass actions on asset labels: Institutions like healthcare centers and construction companies tend to check out huge numbers of tools and equipment daily. Urgent operations require hasty actions, and delays can lead to more than just financial costs. The best way to tackle these challenges is to prepare frequently used toolkits for checkouts. Asset management software lets you take mass actions by scanning large quantities of items in a single go. Prompt checkouts allow employees to meet deadline and carry out seamless workflows.
Of course, even if your asset management isn't automated, following the basic principles of organizing, logging and reporting on asset management data can really help businesses amp up their efficiency.
IT asset management: Today, the majority of firms store most of their data online. This means you need to have a reliable IT base for your business. Every laptop, printer and hard disk should have a backup. Tight security is only possible if you have a warranty and license management program. Manufacturers often give you warranties along with the purchase of new items. By scheduling service sessions, you can always get your IT equipment repaired or refurbished. In addition to this, all kinds of IT hardware and software need to get their licenses updated. By setting calibration deadlines, you can choose suitable repair mechanics for this job. Our blog on IT asset management has more details.
Fixed asset management: Every company has both fixed and variable assets. These two require different management routines due to the frequency and nature of use. Some examples of fixed assets owned by firms include land, transport and furniture. Depending on how rigorously these items are used, they are likely to experience wear and tear over time. The inability to take into account the depreciation of your fixed assets is a financial flaw which can have serious repercussions. An asset management program allows you to run devaluation reports to seek out repairs whenever required. Such preventive maintenance ensures that only reliable equipment is used in daily work tasks. You can check our piece on fixed asset accounting for more details.
Asset maintenance management: While most organizations have their own maintenance routines, there are some companies which need to follow a very specific maintenance program. For instance, fleet management firms work with vehicle financing, maintenance and telematics. To cater to such companies, a cloud-based asset management program comes with a combination of features to carry out repair activities. For example, it lets you log hundreds of custom details about your equipment, and remind your crew of impending maintenance. It also allows you to store a list of service vendors so that you can schedule services on time, and enables you to generate a preventive maintenance checklist for ease.
Did you know? According to Gartner, IT firms which practice lifecycle management lower their costs by 30% in their first business year.
Warehouse asset management: This entails storing and retrieving thousands of assets for sale or use in production elsewhere. To enable ease of access, companies often devise smart asset labelling practices. Barcodes and QR Codes with product serial numbers are readily designed, and the tags are scanned through a third party scanner. This setup allows you to easily enter relevant information into your database. This saves time and lets you locate required tools and equipment faster. Asset management programs also come with a mobile integrated application which lets employees scan items on the go. Doing this allows you to process checkouts and check-ins in an accurate and timely manner.
1) Organize assets according to your workflow: Most companies have particular guidelines on how they administer daily tasks. Some firms tend to be spread across different locations. In such situations it becomes critical to record where assets are positioned. An ideal way to organize tools in this scenario would be through location-based tracking. On the other hand, if your firm is demarcated by departments, creating different groups for departmental assets would be a better option. You can customize fields like 'IT department', "Finance department' and so on. Such divisions make it easier for employees to retrieve tools for daily work operations.
2) Tag your assets: As easy as it sounds, asset tagging actually requires focused planning. To start off, you need to decide which tools you want to label. After doing that, think about what sort of tags you want to use? There are plenty of options available depending upon the frequency of asset use and your budget. If you have high value assets, you want to go for secure labels like tamper evident barcodes, whereas two-part tags work best for mobile tools. The next step is to consider what you want to put on the label. You can choose serial numbers, location/department initials. Moving on you can also color code your tags for easy reference. If you're new to all this, you can take a look at our blog on asset tagging best practices.
3) Appoint asset managers: In order to ensure optimized asset utilization, it is essential to appoint asset managers. Such personnel are usually accountable for asset movements in and out of the office, and for running reports relating to company assets. In case of any unauthorized practices, a pre-established hierarchy makes it easier to trace ownership and pinpoint the individuals responsible for damage. Robust asset management through directed staff lets you strengthen security.
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4) Centralize data: While using a cloud-based program for asset management, you can store all important data in a single place. A centralized database allows you to boost integrity and minimize redundancy as the available set of information is taken as the primary record. Being online, all asset documentation can be accessed by employees anywhere, anytime. This is extremely helpful as all inter-related activities like maintenance, check-in, checkout and procurement records are conveniently stored in a single software program. For instance, if a tool has been repeatedly checked out for repair, you can decide to create a purchase order for its replacement, especially if the period maintenance costs are higher than the actual one-tiem purchase cost.
Cost effective: It easily scales up as your business grows. You can therefore save all your data in one place without having to relocate every time your team expands.
Customizable to your workflow: You have the option to add unique fields, filters, and specifications for all your assets.
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Easy access: Multiple users can log into a cloud-based software and access the required information when needed.
Businesses must possess a strong asset base if they are to succeed. Doing so is only possible if you have a robust asset management program implemented. This helps you record minute details to maintain an accurate database. You can revert back to this information to forecast future business consumption trends and practices. Automate procurement and maintenance activities to improve asset reliability and gain operational efficacy. The smart business strategy would be to devise a customized management routine which takes into account the nature of your workflows. This can be done by investing in a cloud-based software for streamlined tracking to gain higher rate of returns.
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This dish takes time, but much of that time is hands-off. Using dried beans is key to the authenticity of this meatless variation on a French classic. Here vegetable-and-grain breakfast links replace pork sausages.
Rinse the beans and discard any stones or shriveled beans. In a medium saucepan, combine the beans and water to cover by 2". Let soak overnight.
Drain the beans and return to the pan. Add the onions, garlic, and water. Bring to a boil over high heat. Reduce the heat to low, cover, and simmer for 1 hour, adding a little water, as necessary, to keep the beans from sticking.
Meanwhile, in a small bowl, combine the sun-dried tomatoes with boiling water to cover. Soak for 5 minutes. When softened, drain (reserving the soaking water) and chop coarsely. Set aside.
Preheat the oven to 325°F. Coat a 2-quart baking dish with cooking spray.
Remove the beans from the heat. Stir in the breakfast links, leeks, roasted peppers, carrots, salt, and black pepper. Add the tomatoes and soaking water and stir to combine. Spoon the mixture into the prepared baking dish. Sprinkle with the rosemary and top with the bread crumbs.
Bake for 1 hour, or until the carrots are softened and the bread crumbs are golden brown.


text:
Q: Property declaration in Objective-C
Possible Duplicate:
How does an underscore in front of a variable in a cocoa objective-c class work?

So i have found out that you have to use underscore when synthesizing properties and that doesn't make a single bit of sense to me.
So, let's start.
In our .h file we write this line:
@property (nonatomic) double speed;

In our .m file we do this:
@synthesize speed = _speed;

Why? As far as I know, property makes an instance variable and creates setters and getters for it.
But what the hell does line
@synthesize speed = _speed

do?
As common sense tells me, we assign value in _speed to speed. Okay.
Where did we declare _speed? Why doesn't compiler give us an error? What is it supposed to mean? Why such an obfuscated code?
My questions here:
What happens if I do just
@synthesize speed;

without _speed, will I get error or some bugs?
What is the reason after this syntax? What were they thinking when making it? Where does _speed come from? What is it? Is it a pointer or a real value? What is going on?

A: Well, _speed is the instance variable used by the property. If you really want to declare it fully, you need to write:
@interface Foo
{
    double _speed;
}

@property double speed;

@end

@implementation Foo

@synthetize speed = _speed;

@end

Now Xcode 4.4 is unleashed, most of that stuff is unnecessary and should be omitted for sanity.
Basically, all you have to do is:
@interface Foo

@property double speed;

@end

No instance variable, no @synthetize, and everything still works as before. You can either use self.speed or self->_speed for direct access.

A: okay you don't have to do this...
However by doing so means that in your implementation you cannot use the non underscore name of that property, because in fact by doing so you would be getting mixed up with accessing the iVar directly rather then through the property.
So in other words by doing this:
@synthesize myProperty;

In your code you can reference it by myProperty (iVar) or self.myProperty (property - with the access rules - readonly/readwrite, getter, setter etc...) this can of course be confusing if you are using some kind of rules like:
@property(nonatomic, retain, getter = anotherProperty) NSNumber myProperty

By accessing this with myProperty in code, you would expect to get value of anotherProperty
This would only be possible by doing:
self.myProperty

So in Objective-C we can do the following to avoid this:
@synthesize myProperty = _myProperty;

Therefore in code it is actually an error to reference myProperty directly, instead you must do self.myProperty (property access) or _myProperty (iVar access).

A: You do not HAVE to do that. It is just common practice. The ...=_speed will create an property named _speed and its setter and getter will be named after speed. That allows you to distinguish between
self.speed = value;

and
speed = value;

because the latter will create a compiler error.
_speed = value;

would be correct in that case.
That helps avoiding retain/release related errors because the setter will retain the object and the simple assignmen will not.
(self.speed = ... will call the setter!)
If you omit the "=_speed" on the synthesize statement then the property will be named "speed" only. If you don't make any mistakes, then this will work perfectly fine.

A: Its a naming convention, you don't have to do it. People tend to do this so that they can distinguish between the instance variable and the property.
Usually it goes
.h

@interface myClass : NSObject
{
    NSNumber *_speed
}

@property (nonatomic, strong) NSNumber *speed;

.m

@implementation
@syntesize speed = _speed;

A: Nothing bad will happen -- it's fine to just write @synthesize speed.  Using _speed just makes the underlying instance variable _speed instead of speed.  Most people do this to keep from accidentally accessing the ivar directly, instead of through thr getter.

A: From the documentation
@synthesize speed = _speed; will point the property speed to the instance variable _speed.
You do not have to do this. @synthesize speed works just fine.

A: In environment with manual memory management:
Why do I need an instance variable name at all?

*

*You need to release memory which may be used by your properties in the dealloc

*You may use self.field = nil but this approach may cause problems

*So you need an instance variable which is used behind this property so you can [_field release]; it in dealloc.

The same if you need to access your property in the initializer.
Why do I need an underscore in the instance variable name?

*

*To never accidentally use ivar directly and break memory management contract for the property

@property (retain) UILabel *label;

...

@synthesize label;

...

-(void)viewDidLoad {
   [super viewDidLoad];

   label = [[[UILabel alloc] initWithFrame:frame] autorelease];
}

here by accidentally missing self. you made label potential 'dangling pointer'. If you used @synthesize label = _label; above code would produce a compiler error.

*

*Local variables or method parameter names often tend to be the same as the property name - if you use underscored instance variable it won't cause any problems

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Immanuel Mifsud's long wait
Reflecting on his latest publication, EU-literature prize laureate IMMANUEL MIFSUD speaks to David Schembri about the state of waiting, the state of poetry and the state of his health.
Immanuel Mifsud. Picture by Melvin Mifsud
Immanuel Mifsud sits at a café table nursing a smouldering cigarette. His drink, a bottle of sparkling (or fizzy, as the serving staff would have it) stands atop the garden-style furniture, keeping his cigarette packet and notebook company as he waits for the interview to start. The relatively full bottle, half-smoked fag and the author's own words all point to the wait not having been too long.
Not that waiting seems to be much of a problem for Mifsud. Rather, it is for him a source of inspiration, as the title of his latest poetry book, Penelopi Tistenna suggests.
"We spend a lot of our lives waiting – in our daily lives we wait for people, we wait for particular times," the writer says. "On a grander scale, we are all waiting: for the big moments in our lives, and eventually we wait for death – even though death is not a very present theme in this work. This was something which struck me enough to write about it," he says, in a matter-of-fact way.
The book itself – named after Penelope, Odysseus' long-suffering wife, who features in one of the poems – had a gestation period of elephantine proportions – 12 years, to be precise.
Somewhat ironically for a writer who writes exclusively in Maltese –"I can't write in any other language," he admits – most of the 80 poems featured in the collection have already been published in translation in the book Confidential Reports, published in Ireland in 2005. A few months ago, while in Ireland, he reflected on the anomaly of having translations published before the actual works were published, and, once back, decided to rectify the situation by approaching Klabb Kotba Maltin to publish the collection, who in turn obliged.
Mifsud, who is perhaps better known as a prose writer, not least in part due to the success of Fl-Isem tal-Missier (u tal-Iben), believes poetry is sometimes misunderstood as an art form – even by the people who write it.
"One of the things that intrigues me most about poetry most is that people take it for granted that a poet is necessarily speaking about themselves. We accept – expect, even – that a prose writer can speak about characters other than themselves. In poetry, this is not the case – some poets actually expect that to be the case," the author, also a literary theorist at the University of Malta, says.
Penelopi Tistenna features a disparate range of characters who are not Mifsud – despite sometimes being written in the first person. Lovers, mythological characters, people he observes: "all are waiting for someone – lovers for their loved one, Medusa for someone to look at, prostitutes for their clients". Sometimes, inspiration is also found in other works of literature:"Aqrali, Qaltli, for example, used the book The Reader – later made into a film – as a springboard. Although it's written in the first person, there's nothing of me in it," he says.
He is also critical of the way poets – and this includes himself – present their work. "In each poetry festival I attend, all the poets complain that poetry isn't being read. Ironically, however, you can't count the number of poetry festivals there are, and in practically all the festivals I went to, the readings had a full house." Mifsud believes that the fault poetry does not get the audience it might wish for lies with the writers themselves: "Are we giving poetry to people? Do you just issue a book every 12 years, organise a book launch and hope people turn up?" To this end, he's planning to read his poetry in a number of different venues to give his work a wider audience "We can't expect people to start liking poetry out of the blue… Poets have to approach people."
Anyone who has seen Mifsud in a public event might have noticed his tendency of staying alone, away from the rest of the crowd. Does he use these opportunities to observe people? "I do end up observing people, it has been like that for a long while. The other reason is more practical – seven years ago I was diagnosed with a medical condition which is causing me a physical handicap that prevents me from doing a lot of things, so in mass activities you'll find me in a corner for fear of not falling down," Mifsud says.
His condition, Ankylosing spondylitis, a form of chronic arthritis, has resulted in him being very easily fatigued and makes simple tasks like picking things up from the floor impossible. "In my case, my spine is totally fused, which explains my lack of mobility, and my crouched posture," he says frankly. The condition has also affected his left hand, but for the moment he can still type using both hands. He does, however, find himself depending on an increasing number of aids to get through his daily routine.
Does this condition give his writing a sense of urgency?
"A lot of people in my position get depressed because they feel they're a burden on their family. I was almost in this position when my child was still a toddler and I didn't have the energy to play with him, but I've got a lot of support from home, and my job is relatively static…"
"For some reason, I've taken this as a fact of life… For now, I either haven't realised or I'm in denial, but I'm not worried about it affecting my writing," Mifsud says.
He does, worry, however, about his creative energy being sapped.
"Artistically I'm less content than I was – I'm still waiting for new things to come along, I'm waiting to finish new works I've been working on. I still hope there are things for me to look forward to artistically –God forbid I'm at the point where I feel I've arrived. On the other hand, I really admire artists who know where to stop. I've got two fears as an artist: writer's block, and arriving to the point where my creative energy has run out and keep writing."
By way of example, he cites local poet Victor Fenech, who had decided to stop writing poetry because he felt he'd said all he had to say. "That's a sign of great courage"
For someone whose identity is quasi-synonymous with his work, this decision would effectively entail the death of one's artistic career – a fact of which Mifsud is painfully aware: "building your identity through writing is a bit of a risk. I hope the point where I have to stop is far off."
Originally published on the Sunday Times of Malta
'The Kappillan' becomes 'Il-Kappillan" "Syria has no choice but hope" Sex, solitude and shortlists The rubberbodies theatre experiment
+ April 28, 2013 by David Schembri Articles

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Running a national carrier is difficult, especially one with stakeholders demanding results. We have already seen T-Mobile US and their "Uncarrier" initiatives upsetting Wall Street, as their way of running a network could stunt potential revenue growth in the medium to longer term. And now it's the turn of AT&T, where investment analysts have criticized the new plan to offer customers unlimited data, although they have highlighted that the new deal is likely to attract customers to both its cell plans and DirecTV businesses. The deal offers customers unlimited airtime, text messages and data for $100 a month for the first line. A second line costs another $40, as does a third line with the fourth line being free; however the deal is only available to customers of AT&T DirecTV or AT&T U-Verse TV. Even so, $180 for four lines of unlimited anything is sure to be a tempting proposition for many people.
Moody's, the investment analyst, note: "AT&T should gain marketing traction by offering a highly valued customer benefit that has largely been phased out... ...We think that customers will be attracted to the unlimited plan offer and that it will drive modest subscriber growth at both AT&T wireless and DirecTV." Moody's go on to explain that they believe that revune from new customers will more than offset the increased costs associated with providing unlimited data. AT&T's plan here appears to be to target the fifteen million DirecTV subscribers that do not have an AT&T cell phone. However, AT&T are also sure to be releasing these new plans as a means of fending off T-Mobile US and their aggressive unlimited data plans especially when combined with the unlimited mobile video service, Binge On.
This, however, is Moody's concern: that despite AT&T saying that they will not rise to the threat of competition, their introduction of an unlimited data plan could trigger a price war between the carriers, and how this would erode one of the few remaining avenues for revenue growth in the industry: data volume. Returning to unlimited data plans would almost certainly be a stumbling point in this plan and highlights the difficulties a carrier faces between keeping customers and investors happy. On the high street, customers may welcome a price war between competitor carriers offering unlimited or very high data allowance plans for less and less.


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text:
Q: Php mail function not sending in html format In PHP, I'm trying to send emails in HTML format. So far I have this
            $subject = "Password Reminder";
            $message = "Your password is {$password}.

me";
            $message = wordwrap($message, 70, "\r\n");
            $headers = 'From: me@gmail.com' . '\r\n' .
                'Reply-To: me@gmail.com' . '\r\n' .
                'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion() . '\r\n' .
                'MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n' . '\r\n' .
                'Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1\r\n';

            mail($email, $subject, $message, $headers);

I followed this guide: http://css-tricks.com/sending-nice-html-email-with-php/
But when I get the email, it shows with the tags, I want it to interpret the tags into html.
Does anyone know whats wrong?
Thanks.

A: this is most likely the problem: 'MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n' . '\r\n' .
after two endlines the headers end and the body starts. So your content-type declaration of text/html is being parsed as message body, while it belongs to headers.
remove one endline and it should work:
'MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n'
also I noticed you use single quotes for \r\n. You should use double quotes or else they will be escaped. You need them to be parsed.
 'From: me@gmail.com' . "\r\n" .
                'Reply-To: me@gmail.com' . "\r\n" .
                'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion() . "\r\n" .
                'Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1'."\r\n".
                'MIME-Version: 1.0'."\r\n\r\n";


You would think not much ever happens in the sleepy towns and dusty valleys of the Eastern Cape, yet look deeper. On shade-dappled farmhouse porches and in the back rooms of rented settler-era cottages, stories unfold every day – of loss, love, betrayal, obsession – and fish. In the '80s and 90s author Marion Baxter cut a solitary and eccentric figure in provincial society. Her introspection belied a pen that wouldn't stop writing about the people and places around her. An author is, above all, an observer – and Baxter's writings stand as a high definition showcase of the place and time where she lived out her latter years. Baxter passed away from advanced breast cancer in July 2002, leaving behind a stack of manuscripts in her Rhodes University office. This volume of stories was on the top.
Dr Peter Anderson, BA (Hons) Cape Town MLitt Oxon PhD Cape Town, is interested in poetry, the essay, landscape, 18th and 19th century South African history and culture, Shakespeare, Coleridge, Auden. He is the author of two volumes of poetry, Litany Bird and Foundling's Island, and the editor of In the Country of the Heart.
Marion Baxter and I crossed paths at times in Grahamstown in the years before her death in 2002, though never on more than greeting terms; she seemed extremely shy, soft-spoken, slightly hunched behind a set smile and heavy glasses. She seemed to me solitary as an archivist; it struck me as slightly surprising to learn that she had had a husband, and borne two children. The point is: I scarcely knew her, though every so often I'd encounter a poem or short story in one of the little magazines, always impressed by their deftness. Some won prizes. One of those poems (published in New Coin) treated a particularly Eastern Cape – or Grahamstonian – subject: the coelacanth, the corpse of which prehistoric fish had lay embalmed in Rhodes University's ichthyology department.
It's unpretentious, closely-observed, and quietly keen to a certain tragic irony. The qualities of her stories, too.
Will a two-state solution bring stability to Zimbabwe? Zimbabwe is not one country; to pretend otherwise is a dangerous hallucination. The country has to be divided into two federal states of Mashonaland and Mthwakazi (Matabeleland).
This book gives a comprehensive account of the plight of the Matabele people since the death of Lobengula following the invasion of his kingdom by the troops of the British South Africa Company in 1893.
Zimbabwe is not one country; to pretend otherwise is a dangerous hallucination. The country has to be divided into two federal states of Mashonaland and Mthwakazi (Matabeleland). Matabeleland is bigger than Sierra Leone, Liberia, Malawi, Lesotho, Swaziland, Togo, Guinea Bissau, Rwanda, Burundi, Eritrea and Djibouti, all found in Africa, and all full members of both the African Union and the United Nations.
Zimbabwe can be divided into two countries as envisaged by the Mthwakazi group.
Capacity to enter into relations with other states.
The issue of the statehood of Mthwakazi should have been resolved at the pre-independence negotiations in 1979 and the error was a tragic constitutional omission on the part of the delegation led by Joshua Nkomo.
The Government of Zimbabwe will never concede to the separation – the genocide of the gukurahundi pays witness to this. It has to be achieved by negotiation under the auspices of an independent body of the United Nations.
For more than a century, the Ndebele nation has been without a king. After years of research, academics and indigenous experts traced Prince Bulelani as grandson and the rightful heir to Lobengula's crown. He was born and bred in Port Elizabeth and had been a soldier within the SANDF until 2014, when he moved to Pretoria. Khumalo said the restoration of the kingdom would bring back the dignity that was stripped by the colonialists. He said the nation had lost their culture, heritage, identity and pride in many different ways.


text:
Carmakers expand reach to e-bikes
By Kim Da-sol
Published : Aug 3, 2022 - 15:20 Updated : Aug 3, 2022 - 22:59
Porsche's e-bike model (Porsche)
Global carmakers are penetrating the electric bicycle market, taking advantage of its value as a test bed for the future technology of electric vehicles while rounding out their e-mobility portfolios.
Experts note that both e-bikes and EVs have motors and batteries as their core parts, and also shared parts of their design structure. This gives carmakers a great leg up in the e-bike market, which is still in its nascent stage with no clear market leader.
"When the finished carmakers diversify their e-mobility portfolios, they can easily cement their reputation as total mobility solutions providers and clinch more investment deals – similarly, carmakers are launching last mile mobility services and Urban Air Mobility business to transform as the global trend of gasoline cars are shifting towards electrified models," said professor Kim Pil-soo of automotive engineering from Daelim University.
Market data showed that the global e-bike market would grow to be worth $25.9 billion in 2025, making at least 10 percent annual growth from $14.4 billion in 2019.
Porsche is planning to set up two joint venture companies by joining hands with Netherlands investment firm Ponooc to produce high-performance e-bike and develop micro-mobility technology. Mercedes-Benz, BMW and Jeep are also producing e-bikes that are priced between 4.5 million to 9.5 million won.
Rivian, which started as an EV startup is also seeking to launch e-bikes after re-registering its trademark rights to also include e-bikes.
Market insiders viewed that Hyundai Motor Group is also closely looking into e-bike market as it has shown constant interest and made investments in micro-mobility sector in recent years.
An imagine design of Hyundai Motor's concept bike model Ioniq Q by design magazine (Yanko Design)
In April, the Korean carmaker has applied for a patent on an electrified tricyle design in the US. The special design comes with movable wheels so the wheelbase can fixed wider or narrower.
The Korean automaker also unveiled a 7.7-kg Ioniq e-scooter in 2019, which is attached with 10.5Ah lithium-ion battery that can travel 20 kilometers at single charge.
According to the industry sources, Hyundai Motor Group has recently conducted an investment inspection on delivery service firm Manna Corp. to invest in the last mile industry. The investment amount is expected to be around 30 to 40 billion won, according to the sources.
By Kim Da-sol (ddd@heraldcorp.com)


text:
National Taco Day
annually on October 4th
#NationalTacoDay
#TacoDay
http://www.nationaltacoday.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco
Today is a day for tacos! There is some evidence that tacos with small fish were eaten in the Valley of Mexico before Spaniards arrived to the continent. In the 18th century Mexican silver miners used "plugs" or "wads"—paper wrappers with gunpowder fillings—to extract ore, and these were also called tacos. Tacos likely got their modern name because they resembled the explosives. Tacos usually consist of a protein such as beef, chicken, pork, or fish, wrapped in a hard or soft shell made of corn or flour. Toppings may include tomatoes, onion, lettuce, cheese, refried beans, cilantro, salsa, sour cream, or guacamole.
Traditional Mexican tacos include the al pastor, carne asada, tacos de camarones (shrimp tacos), tacos de pescado (fish tacos), and others. They are often served at taco stands and many times are accompanied with sliced red radishes, lime, salt, and chilis.
Whereas most traditional tacos have corn tortillas with a soft pliable shell, in the United States the hard-shelled U-shaped taco has been the most popular, and was first described in a cookbook in 1949. Wheat flour soft-shell tacos are also popular in the United States. In 1962 Taco Bell opened in California and helped fuel the rise in popularity of tacos in the United States, and there are now about 5,800 locations. Other popular types of tacos are breakfast tacos—which are soft corn or flour tortilla tacos with meat, eggs, and cheese—and Indian tacos, also known as Navajo tacos, which use frybread instead of tortillas and are commonly eaten by indigenous people in the United States and Canada.
How to Observe National Taco Day
Celebrate taco day by going to a Mexican restaurant and eating tacos; many restaurants have deals today, so keep your eyes peeled for that. Since there are so many ways that tacos can be made, it's also a lot of fun to make them on your own. Build your own taco or try some recipes.
Blessing of the Animals at the Cathedral Day
Cinnamon Roll Day


text:
Q: BJT saturation region
What happens to the emitter electrons when a BJT is in saturation region?
Do electrons move from the emitter to the collector because of the base being saturated with electrons?
What are the conditions for this to arise?

A: The name saturation has more to do with the bias voltage-current relationship rather than the behavior of the carriers themselves.
In forward-active mode, the collector-emitter current is a result of the the combined action of the following:

*

*Base-Emitter forward voltage, which causes current flow according to the working principles of a PN junction

*Base-Collector reverse voltage, which results in a depletion region in the thin base region that can then capture carriers.

This second point is important: the base-collector voltage must be sufficiently reverse-biased such that the formation of a wide enough depletion region in the thin base region is possible.  As the magnitude of this reverse-bias voltage decreases, the depletion region width also decreases, and eventually the transistor stops behaving as described in forward active mode.  At this point, the transistor is said to be in saturation, because increases in base current \$ I_B \$ are not reflected as collector current \$ I_C = \beta I_B \$ .  In other words, the collector current has saturated at some value below \$ \beta I_B \$.
Some notes about transistor operation in saturation:

*

*Since the BJT is a nonlinear device, it is hard to pinpoint an exact voltage that corresponds to saturation mode operation as opposed to active mode.  Therefore, circuit analysis typically involves assigning a saturation collector-emitter voltage, \$ V_{CEsat} \$, below which the device is said to be operating in saturation and above which the device is said to be operating in forward-active mode.  This saturation voltage is typically something like 0.2V.  The transition of the device from forward-active to saturation is made clear in the following diagram from https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_4.html on the I-V characteristics of BJTs.

The definition of a discrete saturation threshold voltage is called "piecewise-linear analysis," and is usually a great first pass tool in circuit analysis or design.

*The piecewise-linear model described above does not work well when the BJT is on the edge of saturation (i.e. when the device is operating very close to \$ V_{CE} = V_{CEsat} \$).  This is because the piecewise-linear model is only an approximation of the device behavior.

*Saturation mode is not "good" or "bad"...designers might term saturation region as desirable or undesirable depending on the design case.  When designing a small-signal amplifier, the designer tries to keep the device in forward-active mode to exploit the high base-collector current gain, which in turn means avoiding large collector loading such that \$ V_{CE} \$ is pushed to its saturation value. However, when using the BJT as a switch, saturation mode operation works, since all you care about is toggling the device between cutoff (device is not conducting) and some conducting state with the application of a base current.  An example of this might be to use an NPN BJT to drive an LED or small motor from a microcontroller GPIO pin (check out this simplified application explanation from sparkfun for an example: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/transistors/all)


New album The Adventures of Selfie Boy Pt 1 is out December 9th via 1965 Records.
Living in London is an experience. It is a wonderful, chaotic, and also destructive metropolis that can change a person intrinsically and often without their complete awareness. In London, one can learn the best aspects and absolute worst aspects of themselves. Things get out of hand there. This is precisely what Raf Rundell (aka Selfie Boy, aka Raf Daddy, and one half of The 2 Bears) captures on 'Carried Away', the second track to be gleaned from his upcoming album The Adventures of Selfie Boy Pt 1.
Built on a swirling piano loop and a rattling drum beat, Raf narrates a story that warns of how the city can carry one away from the people they love with its undoubted allure and seductiveness: "The city of my dreams / Pop stars and beauty queens / I got carried away / From you". For Raf, the city is like an addiction. One that takes as much as it gives. Apparently, the track was written in a 'dark satanic mill up north' with Simon Dine, so it seems that Raf had to get out of the capital to get some perspective on the place.
Raf's monthly club Ladies Night will return to London on October 29th for a Halloween special at East Bloc.
Find Raf Rundell on Facebook.


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Justin O'Brien, George Gilligan, Alex Roberts & Roger McCormick (2015): Professional standards and the social licence to operate: a panacea for finance or an exercise in symbolism?, Law and Financial Markets Review
This paper considers how the use of professional practice is applied in Australia and the United Kingdom via the lens of professionalism in the finance sector. How can effective conduct standards, training or ethical commitment be established and maintained? What is the potential of the social licence to operate (SLTO), which is emerging as the preferred strategy of the Bank of England? We argue that the SLTO model has enormous traction for the finance industry, not just in the United Kingdom. It has global applicability. To work effectively, however, the assessment has to be outside of the sector itself and voluntarily accepted by it.
To access the paper, please click here.


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Eye on the Arts, March 20, 2017
By Tom Maloney • Mar 20, 2017
John Cain, host of "Eye on The Arts" talks with Jeff Brown, Assistant Professor of Music at Valparaiso University, about the 32nd Annual Valparaiso Jazz Festival, taking place from Monday, April 3rd through Saturday, April 8th.
Jeff Brown, Assistant Professor of Music and creator of the Valparaiso Jazz Festival.
Credit Valparaiso University
Valparaiso University
Valparaiso University Jazz Festival
John Cain, host of Eye on the Arts, talks with Kirk Muspratt about the 75th Anniversary of the Northwest Indiana Symphony Orchestra and Northwest Indiana Symphony.
Eye on the Arts, March 3, 2017
By Tom Maloney • Mar 6, 2017
Megan Crosby Photography / Towle Theater
Jeff Casey, Managing Director of the Towle Theatre, talks to John Cain, host of "Eye on the Arts" about the upcoming Towle Theater's "Nunsense A-men."
Eye on the Arts, February 27, 2017
By Tom Maloney • Feb 27, 2017
Phil Potempa talks with "Eye on the Arts" host John Cain, about the Theatre at the Center's "My Way."
NWI Comic-Con
Julio Guerra talks with "Eye on the Arts" host John Cain, about the upcoming NWI Comic-Con, on February 25, 2017.


Abstract: This study looks at how farmers adjust their consumption of electricity in response to changes in the price of energy. A demand model is specified and estimated. The conclusions suggest that the price of electricity is a factor impacting the quantity of electricity demanded by farmers for irrigation and for other (non-irrigation) uses, but there is no indication that other types of energy are substitutes for electricity. Additionally, the number of acres irrigated is an important factor driving the demand for electricity for irrigation and the number of acres planted is a factor determining the demand for electricity for other uses. Finally, the estimated models of electricity for irrigation and electricity for other uses are structurally stable over the period 1971-1992.
Keywords: agricultural demand; energy prices; energy policy; United States; USA; energy demand; agriculture; energy consumption; farmers; demand modelling; electricity; irrigation.


text:
67 minutes of kindness in tribute to Mandela
NELSON Mandela's daughter is calling on the people of Liverpool to mark next month's Mandela Day by spending 67 minutes improving the lives of others.
Supported by Liverpool City Council, the My67 campaign has been established by charity Mandela8 in partnership with Dr Makaziwe 'Maki'. It aims to mark the 67 years Nelson Mandela fought for social justice by encouraging people to give up 67 minutes of their time to help others.
Mandela Day takes place on Thursday 18 July – Nelson Mandela's birthday – and anyone wishing to be part of the uplifting initiative is being asked to carry out their good deed either on the day itself, or anytime that week.
Dr Maki said: "I am very happy to learn that Mandela8 will be celebrating by doing acts of kindness and goodness with the Liverpool community – it is very exciting. My father said what matters in life is not that you have lived your life, but that you have made a difference in the lives of other people. This is about showing love and compassion to your neighbours."
The call-out has the backing member of the Jacksons, Jermaine Jackson, who has already pledged to give up 67 minutes of his time and said: "I want you all to be part of the Mandela8, My67 minutes, and do something good for someone else who needs your help – a neighbour, a stranger or even your community."
My67 was piloted in 2018 and was initially aimed at youngsters across the city. As part of the scheme, 170 schools received Nelson Mandela's autobiography The Long Walk to Freedom and school pupils took part in litter picks, art projects, gardening and raised money for local charities with football fundraisers and bake sales.
Mayor of Liverpool Joe Anderson, said: "Liverpool's connection with Nelson Mandela runs deep, and we were honoured to make him Freeman of the City in 1994.
"He campaigned to make this world a better place for 67 years and we are delighted to work in partnership with Mandela8 to ensure his legacy is never forgotten in this city.
"Marking his birthday by doing a selfless deed is a great tribute to a great man. Liverpool is a city renowned for its kindness – taking this small amount of time out of our busy lives could massively benefit the lives of others, and I hope as many people as possible become part of the My67 movement."
There are more than 60 suggested ideas for how to get involved on the official website – www.mandela8.org.uk/my-67. Organisers are encouraging everyone who takes part to promote their acts of kindness on social media using #mandela8my67minutes or #my67minutes.
Sonia Bassey, Chair and one of the founding members of Mandela8, said: "It is so important to us that people show kindness to each other and learn to get along, there is already so much hate in the world, it doesn't need any more.
"We want people of all ages to get involved. Children, parents, schools, youth groups, organisations and individuals give 67 minutes of your time on Mandela Day to help your friend, neighbour or a stranger. Make Mandela Day a special day across Liverpool, the North West and beyond."
Other organisations supporting My67 are the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority, Liverpool Learning Partnership, Africa Oyé, Unison North West, MSB, Granby Toxteth Development Trust, Prima Group, Steve Biko Housing Association and Weaver Vale Housing Trust.
Seven Up for Merseyside Independent Business Awards
Liverpool CEO joins first ever international LGBTQ+ trade mission


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Show Notes for Tuesday June 19, 2018
National FreeBSD Day
National Watch Day
National Martini Day
National Garfield the Cat Day
"Life is either a great adventure or nothing at all." --Helen Keller
If you'd like to get drunk faster — lose weight. People who undergo gastric bypass surgery get drunk quicker and take longer to get sober. The study (conducted by researchers at Stanford University) found that the procedure, which is increasingly common in the fight against obesity, heightened the effects of alcohol.
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Police said that a private garbage truck's drunk driver lost control of
his massive rig and slammed into several cars, a tree, and a Brooklyn
resident's front gate on Saturday. 40-year-old Anthony Castaldo was
in a drunken stupor while driving down 60th St. between 19th and 20th
avenues in Borough Park about 5:20 a.m. when he somehow lost control
of the wheel. The 64,000-pound truck crushed eight parked vehicles —
knocking them around like Matchbox cars — before slamming into a
tree and coming to a stop in someone's front yard, steps from the
stoop. Castaldo climbed out of his truck and ran off, but was quickly
arrested by police. One of the cops injured his elbow and hand during
the pursuit. Police charged Castaldo with resisting arrest, drunken
and reckless driving, and leaving the scene of an
accident. https://goo.gl/1YhwDN
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CNN President Jeff Zucker has signed on to stay with the network until 2020. https://goo.gl/zwVWfN
Disney has released the first teaser trailer for Tim Burton's live-action remake of Dumbo. The reimagined story will follow a former circus star, played by Colin Farrell, who returns to the big tent after coming home from war. He finds work with a struggling circus and is put in charge of a newborn elephant whose oversized ears make him the laughing stock of the show. The movie comes out March 29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QPdRfqTnt4&feature=youtu.be&goal=0_c01849cdd6-bc775f5dc6-264008501
Recently freed Grandmother Alice Johnson says she never heard of Kim Kardashian prior to the reality star's attempt to get her pardoned. https://goo.gl/ZopNWAAn Ameritrade survey found that 53% of millennials expect to be millionaires someday. https://goo.gl/sfcg8N
A study by the Black Dog Institute of Australia found that too much job stress can lead to depression by the age of 50. https://goo.gl/i61xbj
A Kentucky choir teacher was charged with having sex with a male student in her classroom after school. https://goo.gl/uZzqhX
A study by the University of Exeter found that like animals, plants can camouflage themselves for protection. https://goo.gl/DHXhxXAn alligator delayed flights at Orlando International Airport.
A raccoon spotted in downtown St. Paul, Minnesota, Tuesday morning scaled a building and got to 20 stories up. The poor raccoon apparently got itself stranded on a ledge.
http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2018/06/13/raccoon-rooftop-st-paul/
Mailmen in Russia now carry revolvers after a recent decision by the government.
Aesculapian or Esculapian (es-kyuh-LAY-pee-ehn)
Adjective:
-Relating to medicine.
-A doctor.
After Aesculapius, the god of medicine and healing in Greco-Roman mythology. One of his daughters was named Hygieia. Earliest documented use: 1604.
"We all remember the story of the good Doctor Jekyll, Aesculapian by day, farouche hylden by night!"
Authorities say a soldier stole an armored personnel carrier from a Virginia National Guard base and led police on a more than 60-mile (100-kilometer) chase before being arrested. State Police Sgt. Keeli Hill tells the Richmond Times-Dispatch the man had taken the vehicle Tuesday evening from Fort Pickett. She says the chase ended in Richmond when he abandoned it and was taken into custody near City Hall. Authorities have not identified the driver or said how he was able to take the vehicle from the facility in Nottoway County. Hill says he had driven it mostly on interstate highways at speeds that topped around 45 mph (70 kph). No injuries or accidents were reported.State Police spokeswoman Corinne Geller says the vehicle is not a tank. Police say charges are pending. http://www.wate.com/news/national-world/police-man-steals-armored-vehicle-from-national-guard-base-1/1221798925?utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter_6News
Vandals in Grafton, Wisconsin, who spray painted the term "Hitler Bridge" on an overpass but spelled it wrong. A jogger alerted authorities after noticing the terms "Hitler Hail" and "Hitler Bridge" which was spelled B-R-I-G-D-E." He alerted park officials who notified police and began a search. Police are asking anyone with information to come forward. https://goo.gl/pfiYw2
A 26-year-old man was naked when Florida (New Port Richey) deputies said
he broke into a home and fought with the residents on Friday evening. The
intruder was naked and armed with a rake.
FLORIDA - (fox13news.com)
GOOD NEWS:
Brought To You By Odeeva... the monthly subscription for ladies! RadioSavings.com
Pitcher Runs Not to His Cheering Teammates, but to Comfort the Batter After
Season-Ending Strike-Out. LINK TO STORY


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Muy majo: Madrid's fiercely independent working class tribes
Chulapos dancing the chotis at the Fiestas de la Virgen de la Paloma, Madrid
If you've ever attended a festival in Madrid, you may have seen ladies in polka dot skirts and headscarfs hanging on the arms of gents in tight dark trousers and checkered caps, both sporting bright red carnations. These are the chulapos and chulapas who were immortalized in literature and song during the 19th century as bawdy but benign rogues. Emblematic of the spirit of Madrid, they are cheeky, independent figures that are above all friendly to outsiders. But this wasn't always the case. In the 18th century this tribe was so fiercely nationalistic that it brought them to blows with the establishment on more than one occasion.
Formally, chulapos and chulapas were part of the larger tribe of majos and majas; that is working-class Madrileños living in the more deprived areas of Maravillas (now Malasaña) and Lavapiés (then Avapiés). Proud of their Spanish heritage, they wore colorful embroidered outfits that were quite unlike the French fashions adopted by the upper classes. Rough and ready majos loved macho pursuits like bullfighting, but showed a softer side with their fondness for fandango music. Most were law abiding workers, but some took advantage of the fact that the typically-Spanish long cloak was perfect for concealing weapons, while the wide-brimmed hat ensured anonymity during the execution of a quick mugging on the darkened streets of Madrid.
The court of that time – led by Bourbon King Carlos III – was, by contrast, extremely influenced by French ideas. Courtiers largely adopted a French style of dress to match its progressive liberal policies. Reforms were introduced one after another. Street lightning in Madrid, for instance (as a countermeasure to those muggings I mentioned), as well as the liberalisation of the grain trade. It was this last reform that began to sow discontent among the working classes. The price of bread shot up so high that when the king's adviser Esquilache had the temerity to issue a decree banning the long cape and wide-brimmed hat in favor of the short cape and French three-cornered hat, the people revolted causing the king to flee the city in fear for his life.
Carlos finally made his peace with the majos by withdrawing the controversial dress-code decree, booting out his adviser and appointing majo mayors to each neighbourhood. While the odd street fight still occurred between majos and the people they viewed as Frenchified fops, peace reigned. That was, of course, until Napoleon rolled into town. Dress again became overtly political and it was these flamboyant majos, fiercely loyal to their ousted king (surmising perhaps that it was better the devil you knew), that died by the hundreds in reprisals for the May 2 uprisings of 1808.
Goya was a huge fan of the majos and depicted them over and over again, not only in his tragic paintings of the Esquilache riots and May 2 uprising, but also in more tranquil scenes, playing guitars or taking paseos. He even put some cheeky majas in his fresco of Saint Anthony raising a man from the dead in the cupola of Ermita de San Antonio de la Florida! His portraits of a sexy clothed and nude maja are on now on public display in the Prado, but at the time sparked quite a bit of controversy after being confiscated by the Inquisition. Goya narrowly escaped prosecution for refusing to reveal the identity of the patron who commissioned the paintings. Neither did he reveal the identity of the subject, who some believed was the Duchess of Alba.
Though Goya did have an affair with the duchess, it's unlikely she would risk her reputation to pose for such a picture. These theories are based on the fact that the adventurous duchess liked to stroll around Madrid incognito dressed up as a maja. This would mean wearing calf-length skirts puffed out with petticoats, white stockings, embroidered bodices and a lace mantilla. Playing dress up must have been fun for this aristocrat, but real life was tough for majos who struggled to get by at the best of times. Losers in the class war, it was perhaps inevitable that they wound up fighting each other.
Goya's watercolour of a majo couple, note the majo's long cape and maja's voluminous petticoats
Which brings me back round to chulapos and chulapas, and by extension to manolos and manolas. I mentioned earlier that the main working class areas of Madrid were Maravillas (now known as Malasaña) and Lavapiés (then known as Avapiés). The majos and majas of Maravillas called themselves chulapos and chulapas, whereas those from Avapiés called themselves manolos and manolas. Chulapo is somewhat equivalent to saucy and refers to the cheeky attitude of the barrio, whereas manolo is derived from the name Manuel which was common among descendants of converted Jews. These two groups were often at loggerheads with each other and come festival season in spring, fights would break out.
During the late 19th and early 20th century, majo culture was immortalized in zarzuelas (plays with musical interludes) and the literature of writers such as Benito Pérez Galdós and Ramón de la Cruz. However, as these works were written by bourgeois artists who had little real contact with the culture they depicted, in this period chulapos and manolos became conflated in the public imagination, hence we are left simply with chulapos and chulapas. Similarly, foreigners would also conflate Madrileño majo culture with the Andalusian flamenco tradition, giving birth to works like Bizet's Carmen.
If you'd like to see real live chulapos and chulapas strutting their stuff, make sure you attend the Festival of Saint Isidro on 15 May. Not surprisingly the "traditional" Chotis dance you'll see them performing only dates back to 1850. The dance, along with the threads sported by modern day chulapos and chulapas bears little or no resemblance to Goya's stunning paintings of Madrid's original majos. Like everything, chulapos have changed with the times and while their disdain for the French seems to have softened somewhat, they maintain the cheeky majo attitude that so endeared them to the artists and writers of their day.
4 Replies to "Muy majo: Madrid's fiercely independent working class tribes"
Melissa Dura says:
21st January 2018 at 2:09 pm
Fascinating – for one, this puts paid to the myth that Lavapiés was named after an ancient fountain in the main square; or, at least, it would seem to if the area was renamed. Equally, I didn't know that Manuel was a typical name of Jewish descendants and that the Manolos/ Manolas were part of the Lavapiés 'tribe'. This needs more explanation over a beer, I think!
Thanks for the comment. Lavapiés started out as Lavapiés, but at some point became Avapiés, only to later revert back to its original name. Not sure about the fountain, need to do a bit more digging on that one. Yes, we should discuss over a beer though, going to PM you. x
Rebecca Haidt says:
Hello! I always enjoy reading about majos! Thank you. For some further reading on majos and majas, you might try Julio Caro Baroja's classic essay "Los majos." In my 2011 book Women, Work and Clothing in Eighteenth-Century Spain, I've got a couple of chapters on majos and majas. You may also find of interest an essay I wrote on majos and their working-class or abject roots: https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHMO/article/viewFile/38675/37397.
Thanks for your reading recommendations Rebecca. Hopefully I will be able to use these to dig deeper into majo culture some time in the future, feel like I'm only just scratching the surface at the moment so it's great to have some pointers!
Carlos III: a revolutionary king
Tabacalera then and now


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