text:
\section{Introduction}
Direct measurements of entropy in nanoscale systems have the potential to identify and explore exotic quantum states that are otherwise difficult to distinguish from more conventional quantum states. Although entropy, $S$, is a common metric in macroscopic systems obtained through the measurement of heat capacity of the system, this quantity is immeasurably small for nano-scale quantum systems, requiring a different approach entirely.   Strategies have been proposed for quantifying entropy based on electronic measurements of conductance, thermopower, or charge detection, each of which can provide easily detectable signals even in the smallest of quantum devices.\cite{Hartman.2018,Kleeorin.2019,Pyurbeeva.2021x0i, gehring2021, Rozen.2021}  Comparing the three approaches, strategies based on conductance and thermopower can typically be performed closer to equilibrium, but are more limiting in the coupling required between mesoscopic circuit and leads.

Here, we focus on the third approach, using Maxwell relations to measure $S$ (or, more accurately, changes in $S$) by sensing changes in charge with temperature.  Recently, Ref.~\onlinecite{Hartman.2018} followed the charge sensing approach to measure $\Delta S$ associated with the addition of a single spin-1/2 electron in a lithographically-defined quantum dot.    This experiment served as a promising step towards a direct entropy measurement protocol based on charge sensing.  Unfortunately, the precise implementation of the Maxwell relation in that initial work limited its applicability to relatively simple systems for which the measurement of entropy holds little scientific value, and allowed only the determination of entropy change caused by adding one full electron at a time.  At the same time, the experimental method described in that work left room for artifacts in the measurement signal that could contaminate the determination of $\Delta S$.

The goal of this paper is to outline improvements made to the experimental approach in Ref.~\onlinecite{Hartman.2018} that make it more robust at a technical level and applicable to a broader range of measurements.  From the analytical side, the extraction of $\Delta S$ is based on a different formulation of the Maxwell relation \cite{Sela2019},
\begin{equation}\label{eq:eran}
    \Delta S_{\mu_{1}\to \mu_{2}} = \int_{\mu_{1}}^{\mu_{2}}\frac{dN(\mu)}{dT}d\mu,
\end{equation}thereby enabling a determination of entropy (change) continuously as a function of gate voltages or other parameters that control $\mu$. In the experiment, significant improvements to the thermal design and measurement protocol eliminate many sources of error.   Beyond the description of the new experimental protocol, we aim to describe common challenges and possible strategies to overcome them that other groups may encounter in attempting this type of measurement.

\begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\columnwidth]{fig1.pdf}
    \caption{\label{fig:fig1}
    (main panel) False coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the key parts of the entropy sensor. Electrostatic gates (gold) define the circuit in a 2D  electron  gas  (2DEG).  The thermal electron reservoir (red) can be rapidly heated by driving current through QPCs far away (Fig. \ref{fig:fig3}). (inset) Current through the charge sensor, $I_{CS}$, for a wide sweep of the coarse plunger gate, \ensuremath{V_P}, demonstrating the alignment of the \ensuremath{0\to 1} transition at the steepest part of the trace to maximize sensitivity.
    }
\end{figure}

\section{Device Design and Layout}

A circuit designed to measure the entropy of a quantum dot (QD) using $\partial S/\partial \mu = \partial N/\partial T$ must have three elements: a QD coupled to an electron reservoir with a tunable chemical potential $\mu$, the ability to change the temperature of this reservoir, and a charge sensor to detect the occupation of the QD.  At the outset, it is important to note that $\mu$ referred to in the Maxwell relation is the chemical potential of the thermodynamic reservoir, which cannot easily be controlled in the experiment\cite{Pyurbeeva.2021x0i}.  Instead, we tune the energy of the QD level, that is, the energy required to add an additional electron to the dot. In practice, it is the difference between $\mu$ and the QD energy that controls when electrons will enter the dot, so tuning the dot level effectively tunes $\mu$ as it appears in Eq.~\ref{eq:eran}.

Figure~\ref{fig:fig1} shows an example of a circuit with the three elements listed above; it is
similar in functionality to the one described in Ref.~\cite{Hartman.2018}.
The circuit was defined using electrostatic gates on a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure, following a standard nanolithography process.
Measurements were carried out in a dilution refrigerator at temperatures ranging from 30 mK up to 500 mK. Electron temperatures below 30 mK were not attainable in our cryostat, and temperatures higher than 500 mK brought in sources of $S$ unrelated to those of interest in the measurement.

The QD itself was defined following standard design guidelines developed through two decades of few-electron dot measurements across the mesoscopics community, see e.g. Refs.~\cite{Elzerman.2004, hanson2007spins,Barthel.2010}.  The gates immediately surrounding the dot were cooled down with a +450 mV bias so that, when cold, the 2DEG under the gates was depleted of carriers with no voltage applied.  The resulting QD could be readily tuned to an occupation of $0 \to \sim 5+$ electrons using the surrounding gates, with \ensuremath{V_P}~ dedicated to coarse tuning of the dot occupation.

Two advantages of a charge sensing measurement that simplify device design are that the entropy detection protocol itself is relatively insensitive to coupling through the QD tunnel barrier and that only one such barrier is required.  However, some factors are especially important for the entropy measurement that may not be as relevant in other experiments.  For example, tuning of the chemical potential (QD energy level) is central to this technique, and this tuning must be accomplished without changing other dot parameters significantly.  For this reason, the design includes a gate extending into the middle of the dot, labelled $V_D$ in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}, with a very large electrostatic coupling to the QD electron wavefunction: the lever arm of this gate (the ratio of the change in QD energy to the gate voltage applied) was typically 0.2$e$ for this gate, compared with 0.04$e$ or less for $V_P$.

The quantum point contact operated as a charge sensor (CS) was formed by the three leftmost gates in Fig. \ref{fig:fig1}, and used to detect the occupation of the QD \cite{Field.1993, sprinzak2002charge, elzerman2003few}. A DC bias, typically between 50 and 300 \textmu V, was applied across the CS, with the resulting current $I_{CS}$ recorded using a current-voltage converter ($10^8$ A/V, 1 kHz bandwidth set by a two-stage low pass filter).  For the measurement protocol described here, real-time monitoring of the current is important, so the output of the current preamplifier was fed into an analog-digital converter with 2.5 kHz sample rate.

$V_{CS}$ was tuned to maximize CS sensitivity to charge in the QD.  The inset to Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1} shows 0$\to$1$\to$2 electron transitions for the QD, in this case driven by \ensuremath{V_P}, with the 0$\to$1 transition tuned to the steepest slope below the 1st conductance plateau.  The relatively large cross-capacitance between \ensuremath{V_P}~and the CS is apparent in the data in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1} inset: just 200 mV applied to $V_P$ can tune the QPC from pinch-off nearly to full transmission.  This highlights the importance of tuning dot occupation with $V_D$ during the entropy measurement.

The CS sensitivity could also be increased by tuning the gates around the dot to bring the centre of the electron wavefunction as close as possible to the CS: in some cases we were able to achieve a 10\% change in CS transmission due to the addition of an electron to the QD using this gate geometry.  We point out, however, that increasing the QD-CS coupling has both advantages and disadvantages.  Stronger coupling reduces the bias that must be applied to the CS for the same signal-to-noise.  At the same time, stronger coupling shifts the charge detection process farther from the weak-measurement limit that may be desirable from the point of view of back-action on the quantum system under study\cite{Aleiner.1997, silva2003peculiarities, kang2007entanglement}.  Which of these factors is more important will, in general, be different from experiment to experiment.

The coupling of the QD to the heated electron reservoir was controlled by \ensuremath{V_T}.  Entropy measurements were possible deep into the weakly-coupled regime (very negative \ensuremath{V_T}), with the limitation that the tunnelling rate, \ensuremath{\Gamma}, has to be much faster than the measurement rate, that is, the inverse of the time spent sitting at each setting of $\mu$ during which an average $N$  was recorded.  From a thermodynamic perspective, this restriction ensures the QD can transition between all available microstates within the measurement time. In the opposite, strongly-coupled, limit, the primary restriction comes from a strongly reduced $\partial N/\partial T$ signal at high \ensuremath{\Gamma}.  In our device, $\partial N/\partial T$ approached the noise limit of the measurement when $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\gtrsim$ 200 \textmu eV $\sim 20k_B T$.

\section{Measurement Protocol}

The measurement of $\partial N/\partial T$ that is central to Eq.~\ref{eq:eran} was carried out by evaluating the discrete derivative $\Delta N/\Delta T$, using the CS to monitor the change in $N$ between two nearby temperatures $\Delta N = (N(T+\Delta T)-N(T))$.
The choice to measure at two particular values of $T$, rather than the simpler approach of oscillating $T$ (approximately) sinusoidally at frequency $f_T$, then locking in to variations in $N$ at $f_T$, was found to be important to the quantitative determination of $\partial T$ in Eq.~\ref{eq:eran} to better than 10-20\% error, and was also helpful in troubleshooting spurious changes in the dot potentials that may appear when attempting to change only $T$.

It is the response of $N$ to temperature alone, with all other parameters (such as $\mu$) constant, that contains information about the entropy of the system.  This requirement, for identical $\mu$ between the two temperatures, turns out to pose a significant experimental challenge.  In practice, any changes $\delta\mu$ in the dot energy between the measurements at $T+\Delta T$ and $T$ will introduce inaccuracy in the entropy measurement by an amount of order $\delta\mu/(k_B \Delta T)$.  For measurements below 100 mK, where $\Delta T$ will then be less than a few 10's of mK, this restricts $\delta\mu$ between the two temperatures to be much less than 1 \textmu eV for an accurate determination of $\Delta S$.  There are both intrinsic and extrinsic factors that must be taken into account in order to keep $\mu$ constant to such a high degree.

\begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\columnwidth]{fig2.pdf}
    \caption{\label{fig:fig2} (a) SEM micrograph of the full measurement device showing the large (10 \textmu m square) chambers used for electron thermalization, QPCs 1 and 2 through which Joule heating current $I_H$ flowed, and QPCs 3 and 4 through which heat diffused but no net current flowed. The dashed rectangle in the upper left is the region shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}a, including QD and charge sensor.
    (b) Crosses: Broadening of the charge transition ($\Theta$, left axis), converted to electron temperature ($T_e$, right axis),  increases above the sample temperature, $T_s$=100 mK, due to \ensuremath{I_{bias}} driven through QPCs 1 and 2. Solid line: quadratic fit to $|I_H|<1$ nA data, with deviations seen at higher $|I_H|$.
    (c) Extension of panel (b) to higher $I_H$, and for a range of different sample temperatures.  Sub-linear behaviour at very large $I_H$ reflects electron-phonon cooling at higher temperatures.
         }
 \end{figure}

Quantum dots fabricated in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures experience intrinsic, albeit small, electrostatic fluctuations due to nearby charge motion in the dopant layer of the heterostructure,  resulting in noise in the QD energy with a frequency spectrum typically between $1/f$ and $1/f^2$\cite{BuizertPRL,liang2020reduction}. It is therefore crucial that the measurements $N(T+\Delta T)$ and $N(T)$ be carried out as close to each other in time as possible, protecting the measurement from noise in the low-$f$ limit.
The requirement to alternate rapidly between hot and cold reservoir temperatures mandates that the temperature change is accomplished locally on the chip, rather than by changing the temperature $T$ of the entire cryostat.  For this reason, and to minimize the heat capacity of the thermal system, Joule heating due to a bias current $I_H$ was used to raise the electron temperature $T_e$ of the thermal reservoir adjacent to the QD  (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}) above the sample (chip) temperature $T$: $T_e=T$ when $I_H=0$  and $T_e=T+\Delta T$ at finite $I_H$.

Driving $I_H$ directly into the thermal reservoir will generally change its potential, however. Since $\mu$ is defined with respect to the chemical potential of the reservoir, this direct effect of $I_H$ must be avoided. At the same time, the advantage of very local heating must be balanced by the requirement for full thermal equilibration of charge carriers in the reservoir, in contrast to the non-equilibrium distribution that is expected when injecting carriers at high bias through a mesoscopic circuit.

A two-chamber heater was used to ensure a thermalized electron reservoir with $\mu$ that did not change when the Joule heating current is applied (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}a):  $I_H$ was sourced through QPC1 and drained through QPC2 to heat the first chamber directly, whereas the second chamber (the thermal reservoir immediately adjacent to the QD) was heated indirectly by electrons diffusing from the first chamber through QPC3.  Cooling of the reservoirs was via electron-phonon coupling (especially at higher temperatures) and by diffusion through QPC1, QPC2, and QPC4 to the 2DEG regions connected to ohmic contacts, which remain at the chip temperature due to their large volume and therefore strong electron-phonon equilibration.  For most experiments, QPCs 1, 2, and 3 were set at their 2$e^2/h$ conductance plateaux, while QPC4 was set at 6$e^2/h$.

One advantage of using quasi-enclosed chambers for heating is the relatively low values of $I_H$ required to achieve a significant temperature rise.  Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}b shows that $T_e$ of chamber 2, measured via the broadening of a weakly-coupled charge transition in the QD, can be increased from a sample temperature $T$=100 mK, to $T+\Delta T$=130 mK, with $I_H$ less than 3 nA.  At a quantitative level, of course, the temperature rise for a given current depends on the settings of all 4 QPCs.

The electron temperature is approximately quadratic in $I_H$ for small heating currents, as might be expected from Joule heating power $P\propto I_H^2$, but already by $\Delta T\sim 20$ mK small deviations are visible in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}b, where $T$=100 mK.   The deviations become more extreme at higher $I_H$ or lower chip temperature $T$.  Non-quadratic behaviour results from the temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity $\kappa$ between the reservoir electrons and the cold thermal ground, whether it be via electron-phonon coupling to the chip's lattice ($\kappa_{e-ph}\propto T^{3-4}$ expected) or Wiedemann-Franz cooling ($\kappa_{WF}\propto T$ expected) to the cold reservoirs connected to ohmic contacts\cite{mittal1996electron}.   Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}c illustrates the extreme deviation from quadratic behaviour for large $I_H$, corresponding to large $\Delta T$.  The sub-linear lineshape of $T_e(I_H)$ at the highest currents demonstrates that phonon cooling has become dominant.  It is worth noting that the deviation from $\Delta T\propto I_H^2$ makes the lockin-based approach, which relies on $T_e$ changing at the second harmonic of a sinusoidal $I_H$, especially challenging to calibrate accurately and provides further support for the discrete alternation between $T$ and $T+\Delta T$ used here.

\begin{figure}
         \includegraphics[width=1.0\columnwidth]{fig3.pdf}
         \caption{\label{fig:fig3}
         A step-by-step inspection of the analysis procedure that goes into an eventual calculation of $\Delta S$. The fine-tuning plunger gate, \ensuremath{V_D}, is used to lower the energy of the QD level such that one electron enters from the thermal reservoir.
         (top) Schematic illustration of $I_H(t)$ through one complete 80 ms cycle.
         (a-d) Charge sensor current through the 80 ms cycle, calculated with respect to the unheated sections, at four locations on the \ensuremath{0\to 1}~transition: $V_D=-0.6,-0.05,0.08,0.6$ mV. Data shown here is averaged over 2000 square wave cycles. Blue(red) indicate times at which the thermal reservoir is unheated(heated). The relaxation time of the measurement ($\sim 4$ ms) is visible in panels b,c.
         (e) Charge sensor current separated into averages over the 4 parts of the square heating wave, where heating is applied with an alternating current direction ($I_+$, $I_-$), with zero bias applied in between ($I_0^0$, $I_0^1$). Fits to the average ``cold'' and ``hot'' data are shown in grey.
         (f) The difference in charge sensor current between the ``cold'' and ``hot'' traces.
         (g) $\Delta S(\ensuremath{V_D})$ obtained by integration of \ensuremath{\Delta I_{CS}}~ using Eq. \ref{eq:eran}. $\ensuremath{\Delta T}$ is 25.9 mK, equivalent to $0.98$ mV when converted to effective gate voltage, determined from the difference in thermal broadening of heated and unheated $I_{CS}$.
         }
 \end{figure}

The potential of chamber 2 (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}a) was held constant by biasing $I_H$ through QPC1 while applying a balancing voltage $V_{BAL}$ behind QPC2  $V_{BAL}$ was tuned such that the potential in chamber 2, when sensed directly by the QD, remained constant.  The inverse signs of $I_H$ into QPC1 and $V_{BAL}$ behind QPC2 are illustrated schematically at the bottom of Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}a.  In order to alternate the temperature while ensuring that $\mu$ stays constant, opposing three-level square waves were created by two channels of a 2.5 kHz digital-analog converter to generate $I_H$ and $V_{BAL}$.  The top row of Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3} shows the square wave driving $I_H$, with an inverse wave setting $V_{BAL}$.   The square wave has four 20ms segments: two segments heated with equal magnitude but opposite sign ($I_H=\pm 3$ nA in this case), separated by two segments at $I_H=0$.  Only after confirming the expected response in all four segments is it possible to conclude that the heating process has not affected $\mu$.

Panels a-d in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3} show the response of the charge sensor ($I_{CS}$) to the square wave, at the four positions along the charge transition indicated by arrows in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}e.  Before and after the transition (Figs.~\ref{fig:fig3}a,\ref{fig:fig3}d) there is no effect of $I_H$.  Checking these ``control" positions is important to confirm the absence of spurious coupling between $I_H$ and the charge sensor, such as capacitive coupling between the wires carrying $I_H$ and those carrying $I_{CS}$, or between the current path of $I_H$ and the charge sensor itself.  Before the midpoint of the transition (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}b), Joule heating causes $I_{CS}$ to drop, reflecting extra charge in the dot and therefore positive $dN/dT$ (Eq.~\ref{eq:eran}).  Within the noise of this measurement there is no difference between positive and negative $I_H$.  This confirms that first-order effects of $I_H$ have been strongly suppressed, for example by properly setting $V_{BAL}$.  For $V_D\gtrsim 3$ mV, $dN/dT$ changes sign, before returning to zero well past the transition.

The raw data, $I_{CS}(t)$, is processed to determine a single value $\Delta I_{CS}$ for each $V_D$. This involves separating the data into two segments corresponding either to $T$ or $T+\Delta T$.  Before that is done, however, it is important to remove the time periods during which the measurement is settling to the new temperature value.  This settling time is clearly visible in Figs.~\ref{fig:fig3}b and \ref{fig:fig3}c, as the $\sim 3$ ms diagonal step preceding each segment at fixed temperature.  We note that the rate of settling is limited by the response of the cryostat wiring in our case; thermal equilibration times within the device are many orders of magnitude faster.  The two segments at $T$, or $T+\Delta T$, are then averaged to find $I_{CS}(T)$, or $I_{CS}(T+\Delta T)$.  These values, determined at each $V_D$, are plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}e in blue ($T$) and red ($T+\Delta T$), with the difference, \ensuremath{\Delta I_{CS}}, in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}f.

$\Delta N/\Delta T$ is obtained from the \ensuremath{\Delta I_{CS}}~measurement using parameters obtained from the charge transition itself, $I_{CS}(V_D)$.  Weakly coupled transitions are broadened by the Fermi-Dirac distribution in the reservoir and may be fit to\cite{Houten.1992, Maradan.2014}:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:thermal}
    I_{CS}(V_D) = \frac{-I_e}{2}\tanh\left({\frac{V_D-V_0}{2\Theta}}\right) + I'(V_D-V_0) + I_0,
\end{equation}
where $I_e$ quantifies the sensitivity of the charge sensor to the occupation of the QD, $V_0$ is the centre of the charge transition, $\Theta$ represents the thermal broadening in equivalent gate voltage, $I'$ quantifies the cross-capacitance between $V_D$ and the CS, and $I_0$ is the current through the charge sensor midway through the transition. Although the cross-capacitance is well approximated as a simple linear term for weakly coupled transitions, for more strongly coupled transitions it may have different slopes on the $N=0$ and $N=1$ sides of the transition, which requires more elaborate fitting.

Of these parameters, $I_e$ and $\Theta$ are crucial to the conversion between $\ensuremath{\Delta I_{CS}}$ and $\Delta N/\Delta T$.  $I_e$ is the difference in current through the charge sensor between the unoccupied (N=0) and occupied (N=1) states, and is therefore used to scale the charge sensor reading to $\Delta N=-\Delta I_{CS}/I_e$ (the minus sign appears because an increase in N causes a drop in $I_{CS}$).  \ensuremath{\Delta T}~is determined from the difference in the broadening term, $\Theta$, for heated and unheated transitions.  This calculation is straightforward when the QD is in the weakly coupled limit, with the charge transition well-modelled by Eq.~\ref{eq:thermal}.   $\Theta$ as determined by fits to Eq.~\ref{eq:thermal} will have units of gate voltage instead of energy, and the lever arm $\alpha\equiv\Delta\epsilon/\Delta V_D$ that converts changes in gate voltage $V_D$ to changes in the dot energy $\epsilon$ would be needed to convert $\Theta$ to $k_B T$.  In practice, it is more convenient to perform the integral in Eq.~\ref{eq:eran} over the gate voltage $V_D$ actually controlled in the measurement, rather than over the equivalent $\mu$ (in units of energy).  Therefore, the denominator in the integrand $\Delta N/\Delta T$ is more conveniently expressed as $\Delta\Theta$ in units of equivalent $V_D$ rather than $\Delta T$ in Kelvin.  The $\Delta S$ obtained by this approach is then in units of $k_B$.
Following this procedure, the factor $\alpha$ cancels and needs not be measured directly.

\section{COMMON PROBLEMS}
\begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=1.0\columnwidth]{fig4.pdf}
    \caption{\label{fig:fig4}
    (a) False-color scanning electron micrograph of entropy measuring circuit from Ref. \cite{Hartman.2018} where the thermal electron reservoir was heated by $I_H$ through a single QPC (top), with no additional confinement of the heated channel.

    (b) Using the circuit in panel a), \ensuremath{\Delta I_{CS}}~measurements over the \ensuremath{0\to 1}~transition for 0, 100, and 200 mT of magnetic field applied perpendicular to the plane of the 2DEG.  100 and 200 mT data are offset by 0.05 and 0.1 nA respectively.   Illustrates the effect of unthermalized electrons from the heater QPC reaching the QD, for 0 and 100 mT data. Fits to theory for weakly-coupled transitions (solid grey) emphasize the deviation of data from theory on the $N=0$ side of the transition.
    (c) Four segments of $I_H$ square wave averaged separately, analogous to Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}e and made using the circuit in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}a) but without proper balancing to keep the chemical potential of the reservoir at ground.  The result is a shift of $I_H$=+5 nA with respect to -5 nA data. Inset: zoom-in to the $V_D$=-0.4$\rightarrow$-0.1 range of the main panel, showing both lateral and vertical offsets $\pm5$ nA data.
    }
\end{figure}

The rather complicated thermalization device design described in the previous section was arrived at after an initial round of experiments, e.g. Ref.~\onlinecite{Hartman.2018}, with a much simpler design. That design is illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig4}, with Joule heating through a single QPC directly across a channel from the QD to be measured.  In addition to the more efficient heating in the present design ($\Delta T$=30 mK at $T$=100 mK requires 2.5 nA at 32 \textmu V bias compared to 8 nA at 160 \textmu V bias in Ref.~\onlinecite{Hartman.2018}), Fig.~\ref{fig:fig4}b,c illustrate two of the experimental artifacts that were introduced by the simpler design.

Figure \ref{fig:fig4}b shows the effect of poor thermalization of the electrons due to $I_H$ before they interact with the dot. Electrons (or holes) passing through the Joule heating QPC enter the reservoir (channel) with very high energy (160 \textmu eV in the example above) compared to the final temperature they will have after equilibration ($k_B\cdot130$ mK$\sim$ 11~\textmu eV).  Due to the ballistic nature of the channel (mean free path $> 5$ \textmu m), they will impinge on the QD far from equilibrium when arriving due to a straight path trajectory\cite{Topinka2001}.  The effect of this non-equilibration is visible in the \ensuremath{\Delta I_{CS}}~data taken with transverse field $B_\perp$=0, as a series of bumps preceding the peak in \ensuremath{\Delta I_{CS}}, deviating dramatically from the theoretical curve shown with a solid line.  Although we do not have a microscopic explanation for the details of these bumps, they are suppressed by $B_\perp$ as the trajectories from heating QPC are bent away from the QD.  Unfortunately, magnetic fields of at least 200 mT were required to eliminate these deviations entirely (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig4}b), and at this field the entropy measurement was perturbed both by the Zeeman energy of the field and by the onset of Shubnikov de Haas oscillations in the channel.

Figure \ref{fig:fig4}c illustrates the damaging effect of direct (linear) offset of the reservoir potential due to $I_H$. When $I_H$ is driven through the heater QPC in the geometry from Fig.~\ref{fig:fig4}a, a voltage offset is generated in the reservoir outside the QD due to the non-zero resistance to ground. This offsets $\mu$ in Eq.~\ref{eq:eran}, contravening the requirement to measure $\partial N/\partial T$ with $\mu$ fixed. At the same time, it may have a capacitive effect on the charge sensor, directly affecting the measurement of $N$.  Because these effects reverse with the sign of the current being driven through the heater QPC whereas the Joule heating itself does not, it is easy to identify their influence via a shift of the two heated traces (one at $+I_H$ and one at $-I_H$) away from each other. Direct influence on the reservoir potential causes the traces to separate laterally (Fig. \ref{fig:fig4}c main panel), whereas cross-capacitive effects on the charge sensor cause the traces to separate vertically (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig4}c inset). Averaging the $\pm I_H$ traces together is not sufficient to remove these offsets due to non-linearity in $I_{CS}(V_D)$, and may artificially raise or lower the apparent entropy determined from analyzing \ensuremath{\Delta I_{CS}}~data.

\section{OUTLOOK}

We have described an improvement of the thermal circuit design and measurement protocol for quantifying entropy of mesoscopic devices in the quantum limit, based on monitoring how the charge of the system changes with temperature using a Maxwell relation.  To conclude, we offer a few guidelines for how this technique may be improved and made more broadly applicable in the future.

 Extending these measurements to new regimes with higher bandwidth measurements will immediately offer rewards in noise performance. The damaging effect of offset charge noise on quantum dot energy levels, which motivated the fast alternation between temperatures discussed in the Measurement Protocol section, is more severe in this type of experiment than in a typical mesoscopic investigation.  The need to control $\mu$ at a sub-\textmu eV level forces the measurement to be performed at as high a frequency as possible, and fundamental speed limitations involving heat capacity of electrons are orders of magnitude above what was achieved in the present experiment.

Two more opportunities for improvement stem from the need to remain in thermal equilibrium in order for Maxwell relations to be applicable.  The very act of charge sensing injects a non-equilibrium component into the system dynamics, in principle violating the starting requirement for Maxwell relations. This can be minimized by, first, reducing stray couplings between the sensor circuit and the device under test and, second, by reducing the noise of the charge sensing measurement itself.  At the same time, the theoretical question of how much charge sensing is actually expected to affects $dN/dT$ for a given system remains an important open avenue for study.

At a more mundane level, the requirement for operation in thermal equilibrium is hard to meet in complex circuits, when following the electron heating approach outlined above.  The advantage of heating only electrons is that the heat capacity is minuscule, and temperatures can change rapidly as a result.  The disadvantage is that the electronic system is then out of thermal equilibrium with the phonon lattice, so parts of a multi-component mesoscopic circuit that couple differently to the heated electronic reservoir and to the phonon lattice may end up at different, and poorly defined, effective temperatures.  This concern was not a factor in the proof-of-principle measurement of electron spin entropy laid out in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}: the ``system" (the electron in the dot) is easily brought into thermal equilibrium with the reservoir with even the weakest coupling between them because there are no internal degrees of freedom (within $k_B T$) for the first electron in a 200 nm-diameter QD.

For more complex systems, with microstates spaced closely together (but not degenerate) in energy, the challenge will be greater.  Future experiments may ultimately move away from this electron heating approach, to a more intricate thermal circuit that maintains electrons and lattice phonons in thermal equilibrium during the heating step.  This will require a careful design, ensuring that thermal coupling between the chip and cryostat is strong enough to keep the chip close to the base temperature while the heating is off, but weak enough to keep the chip in internal thermal equilibrium during the heating process.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This work was undertaken with support from the Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, and the Canada First Research Excellence Fund, Quantum Materials and Future Technologies Program.  SF, GCG and MM were supported by the US DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering award no. DE-SC0006671, with additional support from Nokia Bell Laboratories for the MBE facility gratefully acknowledged.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Forum fobbed off
Submitted by Matthew on 3 July, 2013 - 7:23
The Labour Party National Policy Forum met in Birmingham on 22-23 June 2013.
In Tony Blair's 1997 restructuring of Labour, much of the Labour conference's policy-making work was supposed to be transferred to this Forum.
In fact the Forum confirmed what has long been clear: that it is a weak consultative body, and real policy-making is concentrated in the party leaders' offices.
As Jon Lansman has reported on the Labour-left website Left Futures, "Important issues addressed in keynote speeches, like that of Ed Miliband on social security policy, or by Jon Cruddas's policy review, could... not be discussed, let alone voted on by delegates in Birmingham".
Ed Miliband said that he "hopes we can repeal the Bedroom Tax", but fended off all clear commitment with the protest that "our proposals must be credible".
"We won't be able to promise now to reverse [Osborne's cuts] because we can only do so when we can be absolutely crystal clear about where the money is coming from". From implementing TUC policy to take the banks into public ownership? From taxing the rich?
He said Labour would reduce student fees (how much?) and repeal the Health and Social Care Act (and reverse its effects?)
Christine Shawcroft reports that she and others "put forward the arguments about axing Trident and called for a debate at Conference. The facilitator said that we have no control over the party conference arrangements..."
The unions should use their clout within Labour to get debate on the rule changes demanding more democracy which pour into Labour conference each year, and to get them passed.
Momentum Internationalists sets out it plans
We need a renewed Labour left based on the principles of internationalism, democracy and...
Dissolving Labour's policies
Labour policy should be decided by its conference. The policy forum system currently...
Another setback for Labour in Scotland
There are three (overlapping) versions of why Richard Leonard resigned as leader of the...
Starmer wraps himself in the flag
The workers' movement doesn't need a focus-group-driven clown show: it needs a political...
Condemn Starmer u-turn on free movement
Don't let Keir Starmer ditch Labour's pro-migrant policies!
Solidarity 291, 3 July 2013Labour Party

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Les Grandes Heures de Rohan sont un livre d'heures médiéval conservé à la Bibliothèque nationale de France (lat. 9471) qui fut composé entre 1430 et 1435 par le Maître de Rohan sans doute à Angers. Le manuscrit conserve onze miniatures en pleine page.

Historique
Le Maître de Rohan réalise ce livre alors qu'il est au service de la maison d'Anjou. Il est sans doute basé à Angers, ayant quitté Paris probablement à la suite des troubles de la guerre de Cent Ans que connait la capitale royale à cette époque. Ce livre d'heure a vraisemblablement été commandé par Yolande d'Aragon : celle-ci a alors un projet d'union entre la maison d'Anjou et la maison de Rohan. Selon François Avril, l'ouvrage devait célébrer un mariage entre sa fille Yolande d'Anjou et le vicomte Alain IX de Rohan. Mais ce projet échoue. Les armes sont peintes dans l'ouvrage sans être pour autant des repeints. Par contre, des bannières au folio 26v présentent celles de Rohan mais pas celle de sa future femme.

La maison professe de la Compagnie de Jésus à Paris en est propriétaire au . La Bibliothèque royale l'achète en 1784, après la mort en 1780 du duc de La Vallière qui en était propriétaire.

Attribution des miniatures
Le manuscrit sert dès le début du  à définir le style d'un artiste original qui prend alors un nom de convention d'après cet ouvrage. Par la suite, différentes mains ont été distinguées au sein du manuscrit. En 2010, il a été proposé d'identifier l'un d'entre eux au Maître de Giac, auteur des miniatures du calendrier ainsi que les portraits des évangélistes et de la crucifixion. Cette identification ne fait cependant pas l'unanimité.

Description
Ce manuscrit enluminé comprend 239 folios de  sur  avec onze miniatures en pleine page et cinquante-quatre miniatures en demi-page, ainsi que deux cent vingt-sept petites vignettes ou illustrations. Quelques pages ont été perdues, les miniatures de pleine page étant quinze à l'origine : les miniatures de pleine plage perdues sont La Nativité, L'Adoration des mages, la première pages des psaumes pénitentiels qui représente habituellement la pénitence du roi David après son adultère avec Bethsabée, et la première page des Mystères joyeux des litanies de la Vierge.

Il suit la liturgie des Heures de Paris et commence par un calendrier suivi des extraits des Évangiles selon (dans l'ordre) saint Jean, saint Luc, saint Matthieu et saint Marc; puis par un extrait de la Passion selon saint Jean; les prières traditionnelles de la liturgie des Heures débutant par le petit office de la Sainte Vierge avec les offices de prime, de terce, de sexte et de none, suivis de psaumes et d'antiphones, de lectures et de répons, d'hymnes, de cantiques, de versicles et de diverses prières. Les sept psaumes pénitentiels qui suivent la liturgie des Heures proprement dite se poursuivent par diverses litanies et par les petites heures de la Croix et les petites heures du Saint Esprit. Les Grandes Heures de Rohan se terminent par une méditation sur les mystères douloureux de la Vierge qui est suivie par l'office des morts avec le Stabat Mater.

En marge des folios sans miniature de pleine page, des scènes de l'Ancien Testament en petites vignettes sont représentées avec un court texte rédigé en vieux français. Ce cycle iconographique unique constitue une véritable Bible moralisée.

Le propos du Maître de Rohan, qui est empreint d'un tempérament mystique, est ici d'évoquer des ambiances et des sentiments. Ses personnages souvent de forme étirée traduisent une expressivité inhabituelle dans le paysage artistique français de l'époque. Le Maître de Rohan fait fi de la spatialité et des idées de la perspective moderne pour exprimer son sentiment religieux.

Un fac-similé a été édité en 1973 à Paris, puis à New York. Un fac-similé complet relié de cuir avec des commentaires en espagnol a été édité à Madrid en 2006.

Voir aussi

Sources et bibliographie
 Millard Meiss, Marcel Thomas, Les Heures de Rohan (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, manuscrit latin 9471), éditeur Draeger frères, 1973, 246 p.

  Eberhard König, Die Grandes Heures de Rohan. Eine Hilfe zum Verständnis des manuscrit latin 9471 der Bibliothèque nationale de France, Simbach am Inn, Pfeiler, 2006, 122 p.

Articles connexes
 Maître de Rohan
 livre d'heures

Liens externes

 Notice de la BNF

Notes et références

Grandes Heures de Rohan
Manuscrit enluminé conservé à la Bibliothèque nationale de France
Manuscrit enluminé gothique

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Vortex Green Energy
DO WATTS GOOD™ dba of Vortex Brands Co. [OTC: VTXB]
PAS Tech
Update: Tripac Systems Finalizing Pilot Program Funding
Vortex Green Energy, a dba of Vortex Brands Co. (OTC: VTXB) and Tripac Systems, a privately held company, is commercializing a national energy service plan that reduces generation requirements to utilities who implement Phase Angle Synchronization (PAS) within their service territories. Tripac Systems will supply the equipment and installation at no cost, meaning no new budget items for the utility. Vortex Green Energy will undertake the daunting task of administering and coordinating all aspects of the service program.
Tripac Systems is finalizing agreements to secure full funding for the pilot program in exchange for a manufacturing license. This structure will move the pilot program forward without debt, and without a dilutive strain VTXB stock. The pilot program will place multiple PAS systems into real-world environments and produce conclusive data to prove the energy-saving and generation reduction capabilities of PAS that will create national and international demand for this long-awaited solution in the industry.
Tripac Systems in Burlington, Washington
PAS Demo at Tripac Systems
Mike Stevens with New PAS System
Published in General Info
What if you paid per mile you drive?
Behind the Scenes at Tripac Systems
How to Save a Million
Double Green: Do Good and Make Money
The PAS Tech
This website, VortexGreenEnergy.com contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act") and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. You can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words such as "outlook," "believes," "expects," "potential," "continues," "may," "will," "should," "could," "seeks," "projects," "predicts," "intends," "plans," "estimates," "anticipates" or the negative version of these words or other comparable words. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described under the section entitled "Risk Factors" in our Offering Statement on Form 1-A dated February 22, 2019, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), as such factors may be updated from time to time in our periodic filings and prospectus supplements filed with the SEC, which are accessible on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause actual outcomes or results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in our filings with the SEC. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as required by law.
Vortex Green EnergyDO WATTS GOOD™ dba of Vortex Brands Co. [OTC: VTXB]


Food establishment sanitation inspections in Massachusetts.
Food establishment sanitation inspections. Insect and rodent elimination. Micro-analytical entomology. IPM services, consultation, and troubleshooting pest problems.
We believe that the key to an effective pest control program is Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Biological Hazards: Pests contaminate food, food contact surfaces, foodservice equipment and utensils with pathogenic microorganisms, which are carried in their excreta and on their bodies. These pathogens are known to cause mild sickness to death.
Chemical Hazards: Improper application and use of pesticides can contaminate foods.
Morrell Associates pest management team will design, develop, and implement a successful IPM program for your food establishment.
Inspecting the foodservice establishment to identify target pests, pest infestation and factors that favor pests' survival.
Establishing a program utilizing non-chemical methods and chemical methods as a last resort.
Educating foodservice management as to the importance of their active role in the IPM program.
Reviewing services with foodservice management after an inspection and/or treatment.


text:
Familial Reactive Perforating Collagenosis
Parental consanguinity was present in one. Histopathological study was performed in all patients. The eruptions appeared mainly during infancy or early childhood as papules showing a central plug, which subsided within 10 weeks. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Here, we present two cases of inherited form of RPC in siblings aged 4 and 7 years presented with a history of itchy raised lesions of 9 months and 3 years duration, respectively. [ijpd.in]
The familial variant of RPC is rare, affects one or more family members, presents at an early age and is usually triggered by simple trauma. [3] Three sisters aged 8, 11 and 13 years presented to us with multiple, shallow, well defined facial scars that [ijdvl.com]
A 30-year-old woman presented to the out-patient department with minimally itchy papules over the extremities since childhood. History of spontaneous remission and exacerbation was present. There was no history of oozing, vesiculation, or crusting. [e-ijd.org]
A 4 year old boy presented with history of itchy raised lesions on body of 2 years duration. Though parental consanguinity was not present, his elder brother had similar complaints. [pubfacts.com]
This system helps physicians, medical students, dentists, nurses, pharmacists, and allied health professionals identify education deficits and learn new concepts. [knowledge.statpearls.com]
Gouty Tophus
Tophus Pathology of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum #dermatopathology Pathology of Elastosis Perforans Serpiginosa - 10 Important Facts Pathology of Gouty Tophus Pathology of Basaloid Follicular Hamartoma #dermatopathology Pathology of Papillary Eccrine Adenoma [pinterest.co.kr]
Face, Head & Neck
Facial Scar
In addition, the brother of a girl with RPC who claimed to be free of the dermatosis, had facial scars suggestive of RPC in the past. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
[…] have been reported, including topical and systemic corticosteroids, retinoids, doxycycline, phototherapy and allopurinol. 4 There is little evidence supporting these treatments, and no controlled studies or treatment guidelines are available. [cmaj.ca]
The recurrent nature of lesions in familialRPC poses a treatment dilemma; a safe andeffective maintenance therapy is needed. [docslide.net]
No randomized controlled trials have evaluated the treatments for reactive perforating collagenosis, and all treatment suggestions are the result of case reports. [knowledge.statpearls.com]
Treatment was stopped because of difficulty with mobilityand attending the treatment centre. Because the patient wasgreatly distressed by the pruritus, acitretin 25 mg/day, orally,was started. [dokument.tips]
What treatment is available? Lesions are usually self-healing without any treatment but often recur. [dermnetnz.org]
In case of severe Reactive Perforating Collagenosis, the treatment may include the use of topical creams and moisturizers, phototherapy, and antihistamines for itching The prognosis of Reactive Perforating Collagenosis is frequently excellent, with or [dovemed.com]
In a series of 22 patients with acquired reactive perforating collagenosis, the mean patient age at presentation was 56 years. [2] Prognosis The lesions of reactive perforating collagenosis are intensely itchy, leaving some scarring after resolution. [emedicine.medscape.com]
Treatment of the underlying associated disease improves the lesion and prognosis becomes better. [japi.org]
The etiology of reactive perforating collagenosis is unknown. ... Found on reactive perforating collagenosis (RPC) a rare, usually familial type of acquired perforating dermatosis in which collagen fibers are extruded through the epidermis. [encyclo.co.uk]
[2] Overview Reactive perforating collagenosis is a rare, familial, nonpuritic skin disorder characterized by papules that grow in a diameter of 4 to 6mm and develop a central area of umbilication to which keratinous material is lodged. [1] [2] The etiology [wikidoc.org]
The etiology of reactive perforating collagenosis is unknown. Source: Wikipedia MS-DRG Mapping DRG Group #606-607 - Minor skin disorders with MCC. DRG Group #606-607 - Minor skin disorders without MCC. [icd.codes]
Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known. [howlingpixel.com]
McKee's Pathology of the Skin is the most complete, in-depth resource on dermatopathology, covering etiology, pathogenesis, disease mechanisms, and recent genetic, molecular, and basic science data. Drs. J. [books.google.com]
[…] collagenosis, as follows [2] : Elimination of necrotic basophilic collagen bundles into a cup-shaped epidermal depression as seen in biopsy specimens Umbilicated papules or nodules with a central, adherent keratotic plug Onset of lesions after age 18 years Epidemiology [emedicine.medscape.com]
Epidemiology Reactive perforating collagenosis is a very rare inherited disease. Fewer than 50 cases have been reported in the literature since it was first described in 1967. [knowledge.statpearls.com]
Pathophysiology The major abnormality in reactive perforating collagenosis is focal damage to collagen and the elimination of the disrupted collagen through the epidermis. [1] A frequent association with pruritus, the tendency to the Koebner phenomenon [emedicine.medscape.com]
Pathophysiology There has been no specific genetic defect found. It has been reported that overexpression of TGF-beta3 and extracellular matrix proteins may be seen in patients with the acquired form of reactive perforating collagenosis. [knowledge.statpearls.com]
The common pathophysiological principle in these disorders is transepidermal elimination of dermal substances. [japi.org]
Your skinHolds body fluids in, preventing dehydrationKeeps harmful microbes out, preventing infectionsHelps you feel things like heat, cold, and painKeeps your body temperature evenMakes vitamin D when the sun shines on itAnything ... [codelay.com]
Currently, there are no specific methods or guidelines to prevent Reactive Perforating Collagenosis However, proper treatment and control of diabetes and other associated disorders can be ensured to help lower one's risk for RPC If there is a family history [dovemed.com]
In our patient the t rauma was scratching secondary to pruritus, and the majority of the skin lesions healed when the patient was prevented from scratching and his diabetes mellitus was controlled. [docslide.com.br]
Three of the four patients (patients 2, 3and 4) had a significant improvement at 24 months withreduction in pruritus, prevention of new lesions developingand clearance of existing lesions. [myslide.es]


text:
Q: Namespaced controller redirect urls i have probably a simple question. I have created a namespace panel with categories controller.
After creating or editing a category, rails redirects me to website.com/categories/:id instead of website.com/panel/categories/:id.
I've noticed that in the _form view, the @panel_categories argument of form_for() function points to /categories nor /panel/categories and that's causing this behaviour. Offcourse i can add a :url => '/panel/categories' param but i feel that it's not the best solution...
Can you provide me any better solution?
Thanks in advance
Files:
routes.rb:
Photowall::Application.routes.draw do
  resources :photos

  resources :categories

  resources :fields

  resources :users, :user_sessions
  match 'login'  => 'user_sessions#new',     :as => :login
  match 'logout' => 'user_sessions#destroy', :as => :logout

  namespace :panel do
    root :to => "photos#index"
    resources :users, :photos, :categories, :fields
  end

  namespace :admin do
    root :to => "users#index"
    resources :users, :photos, :categories, :fields
  end
end

categories_controller.rb:
http://pastebin.com/rWJykCCF
model is the default one
form:
http://pastebin.com/HGmkZZHM

A: form_for [:panel, @panel_category]

A: You can set the url to a route such as:
:url => panel_categories_path

I'm not sure what your route is, but this should work with your application.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Roundup Weed Killer - Chhabra & Gibbs, P.A.
Those most at risk of developing cancer as a result of Roundup Weed Killer exposure include farm workers, landscapers, nursery workers, and others in occupations that require frequent use of herbicides like Roundup on crops. People who use Roundup for their own home gardens and lawns are also at risk, if they have used the herbicide regularly.
Roundup is a weed and grass-killer that has been linked to cancer. Lawsuits accuse Monsanto of failing to warn that glyphosate and other toxic chemicals in Roundup might cause non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Monsanto's product is one of the most popular weedkillers in the world, because it kills pests with minimal damage to crops and the environment. It is sprayed on entire fields to kill weeds that would prevent crops from thriving. It is also used by landscapers, nursery workers, as well as by homeowners on their home gardens and yards to eliminate common weeds. Because of Monsanto's advertising campaign, it was widely considered one of the safest herbicides, until new research emerged from the International Agency for Research on Cancer linking it to several types of blood cancer.
The main ingredient in the weed killer, glyphosate, is the product's most worrisome component. It has been linked to the development of Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, a deadly blood cancer. The World Health Organization conducted its own investigation following multiple claims that RoundUp was dangerous. In 2015, they declared RoundUp a "probable carcinogen," or cancer-causing agent. In 2008, The International Journal of Cancer did research of their own, and found that people exposed to glyphosate were twice as likely to develop Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma in their lifetime. Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma is a blood cancer that attacks the white blood cells or lymphocytes, which typically safeguard the body against infections. The behavior of this cancer varies, and can either be slow to develop, sometimes not showing symptoms for years. However, other cases have cited the cancer as aggressive and quick. Studies also found RoundUp led to the development of other cancers, like leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Farm workers and those exposed to the chemical on a regular basis were found to be the highest at risk. Anyone exposed to glyphosate either by spraying it, breathing while it is being sprayed near you, mixing the chemical, cleaning up the chemical, or drinking or eating anything exposed to glyphosate, could be at risk.
Because of Monsanto's advertising campaign, it was widely considered one of the safest herbicides, until new research emerged from the International Agency for Research on Cancer linking it to several types of blood cancer.
The Attorneys at Chhabra & Gibbs, P.A. are currently accepting Roundup injury cases in Mississippi. If you or someone you know was diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, you should contact us immediately for a free case consultation.
If you've been injured from use of Roundup Weed Killer, call us today for your free consultation to discuss your rights. Chhabra & Gibbs, P.A. are Mississippi Attorneys that are here for you.


The $80,000-added AustrianRHA Futurity 2018 (August, 22 – 25, August 2018 at Wiener Neustadt) promises to be another big highlight in the World of Reining this year. The first deadline was on July 2, but it will take the show office quite some time to sort through the many emails with entries. So it will take a few more days until further details about the show can be published. Here are a few of the riders that have already entered their horses: Gennaro Lendi, Giovanni Masi, Max Ruggeri, Arnaud Girinon, Emanuel Ernst, Rudi Kronsteiner, Kim Obenhaus, Klaus Lechner Miroslav Baniari, Vern Sapergia, Sabine Ehrenreich, Ewald Rifeser, Markus Gebert and Markus Schopfer.
The next deadline of the AustrianRHA Futurity will be on July 23. Entries can be made online via www.showmanager.info.


text:
Updated 14 March, 2016 - 13:44 dhwty
Godfrey of Bouillon: Leader in the First Crusades and Ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Godfrey of Bouillon was a medieval Frankish nobleman best known for his role as one of the main leaders during the First Crusade. As a consequence of this successful military expedition to the Holy Land, Godfrey became the first ruler of the newly-established Kingdom of Jerusalem. Godfrey is said to have refused to accept the title 'King', choosing to adopt the title of Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri , which means 'Advocate / Protector of the Holy Sepulchre' instead.
Early Life of Godfrey
Godfrey of Bouillon was born in 1060, and was the second son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, and his wife, Ida, the daughter of Godfrey III (the Bearded), Duke of Lower Lorraine. Whilst his elder brother, Eustace III, was heir to the County of Boulogne and was to inherit the family's estate in England, Godfrey was named as the heir of his maternal uncle, Godfrey IV (the Hunchback). When this uncle was assassinated in 1076, Godfrey inherited his lands, which included the Duchy of Lower Lorraine the County of Verdun and the Marquisate of Antwerp.
Godfrey of Bouillon, from a fresco painted by Giacomo Jaquerio in Saluzzo, northern Italy, in 1420. ( Public Domain )
Yet, not all of these territories fell into Godfrey's hands immediately. For example, whilst he was the heir to the Duchy of Lower Lorraine, this duchy was taken by the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV, and given to his son, Conrad II of Italy. This territory, however, would be restored to Godfrey in 1089, as a reward for his loyalty to the emperor.
During the War of the Investitures, which pitted Henry IV against the pope, Gregory VII, Godfrey, as a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire, sided with emperor. As a reward for his support to the emperor, Godfrey was created Duke of Lower Lorraine in 1089.
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Godfrey Joins the Call to Arms
On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II was in Clermont (in the Auvergne region of modern day France), where he preached the crusade. It was here that the call urging the men of Christendom to take up arms to aid their fellow Christians in the east was first issued. Both peasants and nobles were inspired by the pope's message, and took the cross, or gave alms to fund this enterprise. Godfrey was one of the nobles who responded to the pope's call to arms. Accompanying him was his younger brother, Baldwin, who would first become the Count of Edessa, and then inherit the Kingdom of Jerusalem from his brother.
Other important nobles who took the cross and served as commanders of the First Crusade included Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, Bohemond I, Prince of Taranto, and Stephen II, Count of Blois. The various contingents of crusaders travelled to the east from their homelands using different routes, gathering outside Constantinople before pushing into enemy territory. Godfrey, Baldwin, and their army travelled overland through the Holy Roman Empire and Hungary, and then into Byzantine territory, reaching Constantinople two days before Christmas in 1096.
Godfrey depicted with Bohemond, Raymond IV of Toulouse, and other Crusaders. ( Public Domain )
In Constantinople, the relationship between the Byzantine Emperor, Alexius Comnenus, and the crusaders was strained since the beginning. At one point, for instance, a false rumor that their leaders had been taken into custody at the emperor's command caused the crusaders to launch an attack on Constantinople,
"there was reported to these people the false rumor that the counts had been taken into custody at the Emperor's command. Thereupon, the Latin legions surged together in a huge crowd and moved upon Byzantium and without delay utterly destroyed the palaces which are situated toward the swamp called Argyra. At the same time, they tried the walls of the city, not with siege machines, for they were not at hand,"
In the end, Alexius succeeded in persuading the leaders of the crusade to do him homage, and to promise to acknowledge him as their overlord when they reconquered Byzantine territories from the Turks. In return, the emperor promised to provide support and supplies during the crusaders' march through Asia Minor,
"He (Godfrey) came to him (Alexius) and in solemn manner took the oath which was demanded of him: that whatever cities, lands, or fortresses be should thenceforth capture from the barbarians (which cities, lands, or fortresses had formerly belonged to the Emperor) he would in good faith hand over to the military leaders or prefects who should be sent by the Emperor for this very purpose.… He then crossed the Strait and pitched his camp at Pelecanum, the Emperor seeing to it that an ample supply of necessities was provided everywhere."
Sixteenth-century bronze statue of Godfrey of Bouillon from the group of heroes surrounding the memorial to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in the Hofkirche, Innsbruck. (CC BY-SA 2.5 )
By the middle of 1099, Godfrey (and what was left of the crusading army) came before Jerusalem. Despite the differences between the leaders of the crusade, they had managed to stay united during their march into enemy lands, winning some battles against the Turks, and conquering a fair amount of territory. Now, with their ultimate goal before their eyes, the crusaders began to besiege the holy city, which at that point of time, was under the rule of the Fatimid Caliphate. About a month later, Jerusalem fell to the crusaders.
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A Leader of Jerusalem
Eight days after the fall of Jerusalem, a king was to be elected, the process of which was described by William of Tyre as follows,
"Some say that in order to proceed to an election which was pleasing to God and which took account of individual merits, the princes called in some of the household of each of the great leaders, made them take a solemn oath, and questioned them about the conduct and habits of their lords so that they would tell the truth without any admixture of falsehood…. When the Duke (Godfrey)'s household were questioned among the others, they replied that, among all the Duke's actions, the one which most irritated his servants was this: that when he entered a church, even after the celebration of the liturgy had been finished, he could not be drawn out. Rather, be demanded of the priests and those who seemed experienced in such matters an account of each picture and statue. His associates, who were interested in other things, found this boring, even nauseating. Further, his meals, which had been prepared for a certain and appropriate hour, grew cold and most unappetizing because of these long and vexing delays.…At length, after consulting with one another and after many deliberations, they unanimously elected the lord Duke."
Godfrey remained in in the east for the rest of his life, and died in Jerusalem in 1100. The circumstances of his death, however, are unclear, as there are there are a number of conflicting historical accounts regarding it. Some of the causes of Godfrey's death have been said to be: being shot by an arrow, dying of an illness, and being poisoned (possibly via a poisoned apple).
Featured image: Illustration of Godfrey of Bouillon (central figure) from William of Tyre's Histoire d'Outremer, in the care of the British Museum. Photo source: Public Domain
By Wu Mingren
Bréhier, L., 1909. Godfrey of Bouillon. [Online]
Available at: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06624b.htm
Halsall, P., 1997. Medieval Sourcebook: The Crusaders at Constantinople: Collected Accounts. [Online]
Available at: http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-atcp.asp#gesta1
Halsall, P., 1997. Medieval Sourcebook: William of Tyre: Godfrey Of Bouillon Becomes "Defender Of The Holy Sepulcher". [Online]
Available at: http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/source/tyre-godfrey.html
Keen, M., 1968. The Pelican History of Medieval Europe. London: Penguin Books.
Siteseen Ltd., 2014. Godfrey of Bouillon. [Online]
Available at: http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/famous-medieval-people/godfrey-of-bouillon.htm
Snell, M., 2016. Godfrey of Bouillon. [Online]
Available at: http://historymedren.about.com/od/gwho/p/Godfrey-of-Bouillon.htm
Godfrey of Bouillon
Wu Mingren ('Dhwty') has a Bachelor of Arts in Ancient History and Archaeology. Although his primary interest is in the ancient civilizations of the Near East, he is also interested in other geographical regions, as well as other time periods.... Read More
3 November, 2016 - 02:54 dhwty
Godfrey of Bouillon was a medieval Frankish nobleman best known for his role as one of the main leaders during the First Crusade. As a consequence of this successful military expedition to the Holy...
Read more about Godfrey of Bouillon: Leader in the First Crusades and Ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem


Edutravel- No borders logo design contest!
What can you win? New York City trip to study business for one week!
Why you should vote for me: I hand drew and created this logo by myself!
Please vote through gmail or Facebook you can vote only once every 24 hours! Also please comment share and like my logo!


Bimota Forum :: View topic - YB7 fron master cylinder size?
Hey bud, only 10,500 rpm? is that rev limiter? seems low.
Also the 40mm disc spacers, are they for the smaller 310mm R1 discs, or spacing issues?
That's where it makes max power. I can rev it further if I want. 145 rwhp on pump fuel.
We could have tuned it for more power on the dyno but it would have made the engine more peaky, more susceptible to wheelspin and wheelstands. That would be a lot of fun but not my style on the track. The dyno guy knows how I ride so we set it up for that.
The front caliper spacers are to allow for the disc spacing. The standard R1 disc fixing bolts hit the fork legs as the discs are so close to the forklegs. I had to recess them into the disc and machine a bit off the heads to make them clear. The disc determined the caliper location.
It took a fair bit of thought, measurement and fabrication to get the R1 wheels to fit but in the end it was perfect. I retained the beautiful rear caliper bracket, now have a 6" rear rim and a choice of 520 R1/R6 aftermarket sprockets.
I just bought another set of R1 wheels to make into wets. These have the 310mm discs so I may need to make another caliper bracket for the front. I lucked out with the 320s on my first set of wheels as these only came out on 2 years of R1s so not all that common.
I remember your build thread well Bud, really enjoyed keeping up with your progress. It was a lot of work but you did a great job.
There was one for sale last year with almost no miles, wish I'd had the cash.... what a bike! Pinnacle of Bimota bikes in my opinion.
So it's done, the correct Brembo front master is 16 x 18, or 16mm by whatever lever ratio you want, the important number is 16mm. Installed it yesterday and have great feel and one finger braking. The "wooden" feel is from too large a master for the caliper, 18mm etc, I did this on the YZR, Loads of power but dangerously wooden and no feel.
On another tangent, I saw the latest work-in-progress by Mick Costin this week - another NSR500 replica. He does great work The handmade swingarm is exquisite. The custom frame looked like it was based on Honda spars. RD500 engine. The bodywork has been done and painted to a high standard as you would expect. Nice.
Great article and vid. What a beast!
I've got a bit of Dohan here as well! His oran park 2x win WSK FZR750. Which i think were his first world championship career wins, and certainly kick started his international career.
I've been collecting parts to complete it for years (it's all works stuff) and I'm happy to say I nearly have everything I need to get started on the build.
I need a kit 88 FZR swingarm peeps? Anyone?? but that is about it!
Hi Steve, Similar to this. No anodizing and heavily modified and braced. This one is FZ750.
Forks are billet showa, for 40 mm goldlines. (Adapters for OW01 calipers go) Adjustable offset magesium triples etc.
A recently acquired Yec kit exhaust ... The tail pipe sections are formed from from flat sheet, and formed into round sections (just because they can)!
The list goes on. No part of the bike was oem.... all supplied by the Yamaha race department. Y.E.C.
Not Bimota, but pretty cool!
Wow, that's gorgeous stuff mate!


Judge Hughes said in open court Tuesday that he jettisoned the Bingham McHale attorneys—Kevin McGoff and James Bell—on Nov. 22, three days after Bren's attorneys objected and asked for a stay in the case.
Judge Hughes said he has "no bias" for any party or attorney in the case.
Judge Hughes, who was vacationing when he was arrested Oct. 27, said he was not under the influence when he amended an order in the Simon case earlier that same day.
In court on Tuesday, Judge Hughes turned down a request to put off hearings on several procedural matters, but the judge said he would not immediately rule on the items under discussion.
Judge Hughes said he will cooperate if Bren's attorneys follow legal protocol in appealing to a higher court to have him removed from the case. But he refused to allow verbal arguments on the issue in open court.
"I'm not turning this into a circus for anyone's benefit" said Judge Hughes, a 22-year veteran of the bench.


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Home Politics Security Iran Neutralizing Constant Enemy Plots: Intelligence Minister
Iran Neutralizing Constant Enemy Plots: Intelligence Minister
Iranian Intelligence Minister Mahmoud Alavi says Iran has been identifying and neutralizing enemy schemes seeking to create sectarian divide within the country.
"The enemy is attempting to create an insecure environment through [causing] divisions between the Shias and Sunnis and among the society's various spectra," he said, speaking in the central city of Delijan on Sunday.
"All of these ploys have, however, been discovered," the Iranian minister added.
Alavi said the intelligence command possessed and practiced by Iranian security forces has led to "unparalleled security in Iran."
He said such security has been established even as Iran's enemies are constantly seeking to harm the country.
Secure… and beckoning for businesses
"Today, hand-made explosives are entering the homeland from its east and west," Alavi said, adding that Iranian intelligence forces have, however, been discovering all such attempts to smuggle explosives and they have been the ones "to pull the trigger" first.
The Iranian intelligence minister said such an atmosphere of "constant security" in Iran, which is located in a region bedeviled by wars and conflicts, has contributed to the willingness of foreign investors to bring their money into Iran.
"Insecurity in the region has prompted many investors to take part in economic cooperation in Iran, and this is the result of the strong security regime in the country," he said.
Iran has been successful in protecting itself from the spillover of terrorism and conflict — constant features of life in a number of regional countries — due to high vigilance by its intelligence and security forces.
On October 4, Brigadier General Mohammad Pakpour, the commander of the Ground Forces of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC), said a terrorist group, backed by the United States and the Israeli regime, had been dismantled in the country's west near the border with Iraq, with Iranian forces killing all of its members.
In a similar announcement in July, Pakpour said the IRGC forces had captured two members of a terrorist group in the southwest, saying the detainees had admitted to US and Saudi support.
Earlier in the year, a plot to stage attacks in Iran's major cities, including Tehran, was thwarted. The country's Intelligence Ministry then released a video showing the security forces raiding the hideout of the would-be attackers in the capital.
Seyyed Mahmoud Alavi
Regional Spy Services Working against Iran: Intelligence Minister
Iran, Azerbaijan to Expand Intelligence Relations
Regional Intelligence Services behind Recent Terror Attacks: Iran
Iran Says Denmark's Allegations Part of Israeli Plot
Iran Disbands 3 Terror Groups in Khuzestan Province
ISIS after Establishment of Caliphate in Pakistan, Afghanistan: Iran


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News Local British Council celebrates 80th anniversary in Cyprus
British Council celebrates 80th anniversary in Cyprus
The British Council has been working with Cyprus since 1940. In 2020, the organisation is marking its 80th anniversary with a series of events, celebrating cultural relations and exchange between the UK and Cyprus, and the collaborative role the British Council has played in supporting and maintaining these.
The campaign will highlight key moments throughout the 80 years that the British Council has been based in Cyprus; comparing the 'then' with the 'now' and showing how the organisation has evolved through the years. Today, the British Council is more accessible than ever, with its digital presence providing the opportunity for anyone, whether in Cyprus or abroad, at any time to access the organisation's information.
Over the past 80 years, the cultural relations organisation has helped Cyprus' emerging leaders in culture and education, to develop new skills and international partnerships. The organisation, is recognised across Europe as a trusted representative for artistic and cultural connections with the UK, brokering opportunities for collaboration between the most important and innovative artists and cultural organisations in the UK and in Europe. An annual programme highlight is #FiveFilms4Freedom; the world's widest-reaching digital celebration of LGBTQ+ themed film, which showcases films by emerging filmmakers from across the world and has a popular audience from Cyprus.
At the same time, the British Council provides platforms for UK higher education and research institutions to connect and collaborate with their counterparts and with students and researchers in European countries. Encouraging more young people to be involved in science and research, the British Council in Cyprus, organises the biggest science communication competition on the island, FameLab. The competition has been running in Cyprus since 2011 and already boasts an amazing network of 77 science communicators, who are committed to sharing their work and knowledge with public audiences nationally and internationally. This year's edition will also be part of the wide-ranging anniversary celebrations.
The UK remains the top destination for Cypriot students, with approximately one per cent of the population studying there at any one time, and around 40,000 alumni at UK institutions in total.
According to the UK's Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA), a total of 9,730 Cypriots were studying in Britain for the 2017/18 academic year. The yearly British Council's UK Education Fair held in autumn is a milestone for students who consider studying in the UK. In 2019 more than 40 UK universities joined the fair to meet students face to face.
Thousands of people in Europe who take English tests with the British Council, gain access to development, study and employment opportunities in their own countries and around the world. In Cyprus, the international organisation collaborates with about 50 highly recognised International exam boards, thus creating friendly knowledge and understanding between the people of the UK and other countries.
Angela Hennelly, British Council Director Cyprus said "Our anniversary is an occasion to celebrate our deep relationships in Cyprus and to look back on some of the great people and programmes that have shaped our work over the last 80 years. Our anniversary programme, will recall highlights from our past in Cyprus as well as look ahead to our shared future. We invite our partners, friends and everybody in Cyprus to join us in celebrating cultural relations and exchange throughout the year.'
For more information about the events and activities celebrating the British Council's 80 years in Cyprus Follow #80YearsInCyprus campaign on social media and visit our site: https://www.britishcouncil.com.cy/about/80-years-cultural-relations-in-cyprus
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Q: Upgraded to MVC3 Beta, Razor views generate a different base class than a newly created project I have been working on a website using MVC Preview 1 since it came out.  Now that beta is out, I have updated my system to beta.
There is not alot of help out there for upgrading from Preview 1 to beta, and just rebuilding caused a lot of problems.  What I have done so far:
1) Copied the web.config from a new MVC3 Beta project (to get the correct sections and values).
2) Added references to System.Web.Helpers and System.Web.WebPages, so that my references would match the newly created project.
3) Changed all my @import to @model as per the new format.
The problem I am getting, is that the views in the existing project, are being derived off of System.Web.Web.Pages and those in the new project are being derived off System.Web.Mvc.WebViewPage<>.
What am I missing that would be causing this base class issue.

A: You also need to copy the /views/web.config  from a new Mvc 3 project - its where the base page class is defined


French media giant Vivendi takes over Universal Pictures. Cue the Jerry Lewis flicks?
Universal Pictures, the venerable home of such enduring Americana as Frankenstein, Rock Hudson, Jaws and E.T., has fallen to the French. Will movies ever be the same?
Tuesday was a day for post-coital ceremonies -- press conference in Paris; a quick hop on the Concorde; a second dog-and-pony show in Manhattan followed by ingratiating phone calls to increasingly dubious financial analysts. After weeks of rumors, Jean-Marie Messier, chairman of Vivendi S.A., the French water utility turned telecommunication giant, officially embraced Edgar Bronfman Jr., president and CEO of the Seagram Company. Together, the pair will parent a complicated $34 billion international baby called Vivendi Universal.
Meanwhile, back in Hollywood, the folks at Universal Pictures, which is owned by Seagram, were doing their best to practice a casual Gallic shrug. After all, movie studios are accustomed to playing the fancy chit in high-stakes global poker.
In 1991, the Japanese electronics giant Matsushita -- driven by a need to acquire a movie library to push its VCRs -- bought what was then called MCA Universal from its aging founder Lew Wasserman for $6.9 billion.
Four years later, Hollywood's Byzantine ways having flummoxed the Japanese, they sold to the eager Bronfman for $5.7 billion. Bronfman went on to transform the company -- slashing away its executive ranks, selling most of its TV operations to Barry Diller's USA Network and then augmenting its music holdings by buying Polygram NV last year for another $10.4 billion.
Under Bronfman's watch Universal has grown, but its motion-picture division has shrunk in importance. It accounts for just 10 percent of Seagram's value (according to Bronfman); its standing in the new mega-company is likely to shrink even further, since the Vivendi/Universal merger is actually a complicated three-way deal.
Vivendi also owns 49 percent of the French pay-TV giant Canal Plus. As part of the deal, it's acquiring the remaining 51 percent. Canal, in turn, already owns its own motion picture production company, Studio Canal.
Universal Pictures, once the engine that powered the whole company, appears to have been reduced to another cog in the corporate wheel. Still, reaction at the studio's San Fernando Valley headquarters was measured. Many at the studio are adopting a cautious, wait-and-see attitude. "Actually, I sense the word at Universal is quite positive," said director Jonathan Mostow, whose recent feature, the submarine thriller "U-571," proved a spring hit for the studio, grossing $74 million to date.
With Canal Plus having already picked up some of the foreign distribution rights to his film, Mostow added, "I've met a lot of the players and I like them a lot. They want to be in the movie business and that's a great thing. They're not newcomers making toaster ovens. They understand that it would be a mistake to install non-Americans to run film operations and they don't seem to have any intention of doing that. Hollywood is a place where outsiders who don't understand the culture can be eaten for lunch."
The merger's effect on the studio is "a non-issue," adds Paine Webber analyst Chris Dixon. "They've already indicated they've seen a lot of people go to Hollywood and get drawn and quartered. I anticipate they'll rely on management that's well-known and comfortable in the Hollywood milieu. I don't view a major change in the operation."
Certainly, Messier was doing his best to assuage nervous Americans. "No little Frenchies are going to run a Hollywood studio," he vowed Tuesday.
The laissez-faire scenario: Messier keeps his word. As vice chairman of the mega-company, Bronfman plans to oversee music (his first love) and the Internet, washing his hands of any involvement in motion pictures. The film studio is overseen by Pierre Lescure, chairman of Canal Plus; Lescure serves as CEO of the new company, but remains in Paris -- as promised -- and leaves Hollywood alone.
(Lescure is actually far from an unknown quantity in Hollywood, where Canal Plus already has a few dozen deals in place. In the early '90s, Canal Plus lost a bundle backing high-flying Carolco Pictures, which hit it big with "Terminator 2: Judgment Day" before swan-diving into flops like "Cutthroat Island" and eventually going bankrupt. Undaunted, Canal Plus has since struck up deals all over town: It has a 50/50 co-financing arrangement with Universal that supports London-based Working Title Films, which turned out hits like Julia Roberts' "Notting Hill." Along with Warner Bros., it co-funds Bel Air Entertainment, responsible for Kevin Costner's "Message in a Bottle" and Keanu Reeves' August release, "The Replacements." And it's got a slew of distribution deals with companies like Spyglass Entertainment, producers of recent movies like "Keeping the Faith" and "Shanghai Noon." In fact, without Canal Plus' involvement, movies like the upcoming "Captain Correlli's Mandolin," a World War II romance starring Nicolas Cage and Penelope Cruz, might never have fallen into place. In addition, just about every movie made in France bears Canal Plus' signature. "They're a monopoly over there," says one producer who has dealt with the company. "It's as if HBO made every single movie over here -- no French movie gets made without them. And they've also built an extremely profitable and effective business in investing in and distributing American movies."
Eager to assure his new American colleagues that they won't be pressured into, say, casting Gerard Depardieu in favor of Brad Pitt, Lescure argued that Studio Canal and Universal Pictures will be complementary, not competitive. There's been no word on his feeling on the Jerry Lewis oeuvre though, in a delicious irony, Universal, which released Eddie Murphy's remake of "The Nutty Professor" and is about to unleash its sequel, has been enriching Lewis for years. "European films will go through Studio Canal; big-budget U.S. films that we co-finance will go through Universal's pipeline," he promised.
But before you assume it's all going to be Beaujolais and roses, consider another possibility.
The au revoir, mes amis scenario: From his distant pied-`-terre on the Seine, Lescure could easily reach out and shake up Universal. Ron Meyer, the former Creative Artists Agency president who took over as Universal's president and COO in 1995, looks the most vulnerable. Asked about Meyer's role in the new combine at Tuesday's New York press conference, Lescure responded diplomatically: "When you look at his career, his experience, his expertise, both as an agent and a studio executive, you realize he is of great value," he said. "I hope he will decide to stay with us." Then he added: it's "his personal decision."
Whispers around town have Terry Semel, former Warner Bros. co-chairman turned free agent, in line to take over. "From what I'm hearing, Ron is history," observed Porter Bibb, managing director of the New York merchant bank Technology Partners. "The word is they've been talking to Terry and he's at liberty right now. Ron is just not seen as a very strong manager."
Meyer himself was not commenting, but one Universal insider responded, "All the talk of Terry Semel is ridiculous. He might have been close to the French folks. He might have been a proponent of them hooking up in the first place. But the studio has already got strong management and [the Vivendi executives] have indicated they have nothing but respect for it."
Though Meyer and company have indeed engineered something of a turnaround in the past year -- hits like "The Mummy," "American Pie" and "Erin Brockovitch" have been box-office reanimators -- one should never underestimate the temptation any new owner feels to impose his own controls. Meyer, whose current contract runs for more than five years, could well find himself with a golden parachute.
And Meyer could be just the first to go. Take the scenario a step further: By hedging its bets and investing in pictures throughout Hollywood, as it's already done, Canal Plus could even decide Universal Pictures is an expensive indulgence it doesn't really need. After all, it's already got lots of product coming from other suppliers. Instead of pumping in more money, it could end up further tightening the studio's purse strings. "Universal could become even more risk-averse than it already is," says one observer with close ties to the studio.
And, if that scenario were to play itself out, there would only be one response: As the French say, C'est la vie.
Gregg Kilday, a writer in Los Angeles, writes regularly about the movie business.


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Atari ST: Gemulator 9.0 Community Edition
Post subject: Atari ST: Gemulator 9.0 Community Edition Posted: Nov 29, 2008 - 06:15 PM
Der Atari 800/800XL, Atari ST, Atari STE, Atari Mega ST, Atari Mega STE und Apple Macintosh Plus Emulator Gemulator ist in einer neuen Version für Windows erschienen.
Gemulator is an Atari 800/800XL, Atari ST, Atari STE, Atari Mega ST, Atari Mega STE and Apple Macintosh Plus for Windows. A new version has been released.
Gemulator 9.0 Community Edition is a free open source release of the Gemulator Atari 800 and Atari ST emulator for Microsoft Windows. It requires an Intel 486 or faster processor, and is recommended for use on Windows 98 and later.
Gemulator 9.0 Community Edition replaces Gemulator versions 8.03 and earlier, improving support for use on Windows Vista and Windows 2008, improving support for use on 64-bit editions of Windows, improving support on multi-core and hyper-threaded processors such as the AMD Phenom, Intel Core 2, and Intel Core i7, and improving performance when run in virtual machines such as Bochs and VMware.
New additions to Gemulator 9.0 Community Edition (compared to Gemulator 8.03) include an improved 68000/68030 debugger, support for emulating the 68030 processor, support for the open source TOS clone "EmuTOS", and simplified menus.
See the description of Gemulator 8.03 below for more details


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U.S. President Joe Biden to visit Canada in March, White House says
Exact dates and locations for the presidential visit have not yet been announced
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau meets with U.S. President Joe Biden at the Summit of the Americas, in Los Angeles, Calif., on June 9, 2022. THE CANADIAN PRESS/Sean Kilpatrick
U.S. President Joe Biden will make his first official visit to Canada in March, the White House has confirmed.
The announcement comes after Biden and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau sat down this morning for a bilateral meeting on the sidelines of the "Three Amigos" summit in Mexico City.
Canada is normally one of the first foreign trips for a new president but Biden's visit has been delayed, in part due to COVID-19.
The White House says he and Trudeau talked about a range of issues, from trade and the security situation in Haiti to critical mineral supply chains and green energy.
They also discussed the trusted-traveller program known as Nexus, which has been partially shut down since the start of the pandemic due to a dispute with U.S. Customs and Border Protection over the legal protections they have at centres in Canada.
The exact dates and locations for the presidential visit have not yet been announced.
RELATED: Trudeau, Biden have bilateral meeting as North American summit begins in earnest
Federal PoliticsJoe BidenUSA
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Ukraine says mining town holding out against Russian assault


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Bryan Wheelock Pens Article about IP and Video Games for World Trademark Review
By Bryan K. Wheelock, Principal
St. Louis patent attorney Bryan Wheelock has written a new article for World Trademark Review Magazine titled "When reality and video games collide." An excerpt of the article follows here:
In the effort to make video games more realistic and entertaining, developers incorporate real-world elements into their games. However, the owners of these real-world elements are not always keen on this use of their property – particularly if they are not compensated. While virtual skirmishes are fought in the gaming world, real battles are being waged in the courts.
The treatment of the borrowing of real-world elements in video games depends on the nature of the underlying rights. Video games are expressive works entitled to First Amendment protection, and the balance of free speech rights and proprietary trademark rights favours game developers, unless the use is so extensive that it suggests sponsorship by the trademark owner. However, personal rights (eg, the right of publicity) are given more deference, providing individuals with an advantage over game developers. Copyright rights are subject to exceptions for de minimis and statutory fair uses. Finally, patents present some open questions concerning whether virtual use can constitute infringement.
Read the full article on the World Trademark Review website.
Bryan K. Wheelock
Patent Attorney Tyson Benson Participates in Tech Transfer Webinar on Sovereign Immunity and the PTAB
Paul Keller Responds to Restatis Ruling, Tribal Patent Pacts
By: Paul A. Keller, Principal
Harness Dickey's Newest Principals Receive Recognition from Law360
By: Nancy K. Britt, Principal; Michael Gamble, Principal; Joel R. Samuels, Principal; David J. Tucker, Principal
Best Lawyers in America®, 2014
"10 Years Of KSR: 4 Key Statistical Takeaways," Law360, May 4, 2017


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Q: Unrecognized selector when swipe I need to catch swipe-action only on special area. But debugger tells unrecognized selector sent to instance
- (void)viewDidLoad
{
    UISwipeGestureRecognizer *swipeLeft = [[UISwipeGestureRecognizer alloc]
          initWithTarget:self.viewName action:@selector(didSwipe:)];
    swipeLeft.direction = UISwipeGestureRecognizerDirectionLeft;
    [self.view addGestureRecognizer:swipeLeft];
}

-(void)didSwipe:(UISwipeGestureRecognizer*)swipe{
   NSLog(@"swiped left");
}

whats wrong?

A: Your gesture recognizer has an argument, so that should be @selector(didSwipe:) (Note the colon).

A: You probably want the target to be self not self.imageName.

Edit In response to your comments.
UISwipeGestureRecognizer *swipeLeft = [[UISwipeGestureRecognizer alloc]
      initWithTarget:self action:@selector(didSwipe:)];
swipeLeft.direction = UISwipeGestureRecognizerDirectionLeft;
[self.viewName addGestureRecognizer:swipeLeft];

You want your target to be the place where the method lives. In this case that should be self. You want to add your gesture recognizer to the view that is supposed to be touched, self.viewName.


In the summer of 2016, we participated in "The Art of Living" street art festival on an abandoned NSA Field Station on Berlin-Teufelsberg (Devil's Mountain). On only one weekend we created a large Mural "Lady in Cement" and finally, in full darkness, we sprayed this ear-graffiti. Why an ear? Because a listening station without an ear is like a shoemaker without shoes! And all the people who know me personally also know the second reason.


Furnished as Exhibit 99.1 to this Report on Form 6-K is a press release of Yandex N.V. dated February 15, 2018, announcing the Company's results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2017.
Press Release of Yandex N.V. dated February 15, 2018, announcing the Company's results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2017.
MOSCOW and AMSTERDAM, the Netherlands, February 15, 2018 -- Yandex (NASDAQ: YNDX), one of Europe's largest internet companies and the leading search provider in Russia, today announced its unaudited financial results for the fourth quarter and the full year ended December 31, 2017.
Pursuant to SEC rules regarding convenience translations, Russian ruble (RUB) amounts have been translated into U.S. dollars at a rate of RUB 57.6002 to $1.00, the official exchange rate quoted as of December 31, 2017 by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
Experiments segment includes Media Services (including KinoPoisk, Yandex.Music, Yandex.Afisha and Yandex.TV program), Yandex Data Factory, Discovery services (including Yandex Zen and Yandex Launcher international revenues) and Search and Portal in Turkey.
Yandex's operating costs and expenses consist of cost of revenues, product development expenses, sales, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) and depreciation and amortization expenses (D&A). Apart from D&A, each of the above expense categories includes personnel-related costs and expenses, relevant office space rental, and related share-based compensation expense. Increases across all cost categories reflect investments in overall growth. In Q4 2017 Yandex's headcount increased by 549 full-time employees. The total number of full-time employees was 7,445 as of December 31, 2017, up by 8% compared with September 30, 2017, and up 19% from December 31, 2016.
Income from operations increased 44% in Q4 2017 compared with Q4 2016. This growth rate was driven by low base of Q4 2016 impacted by RUB 0.5 billion VAT provision, primarily related to prior years' tax audit.
additional dividend withholding tax provided by our main Russian operating subsidiary following decision to remit earnings for the year 2013 to our Dutch parent company, our effective tax rate for Q4 2017 was 22.8%, compared with 23.4% for full year 2016 as adjusted for SBC expense and similar provisions in that year.
We expect our consolidated ruble-based revenue to grow in the range of 25% to 30% in the full year 2018 compared with 2017. This outlook implies consolidation of Yandex.Taxi with Uber's operations in Russia and neighboring countries starting from February 7, 2018, but excludes the effect of potential deconsolidation of Yandex.Market.
We expect our Search and Portal ruble-based revenue to grow in the range of 18% to 20% in the full year 2018 compared with 2017.
Yandex's management will hold an earnings conference call on February 15, 2018 at 8:00 AM U.S. Eastern Time (4:00 PM Moscow time; 1:00 PM London time).
Yandex (NASDAQ:YNDX) is a technology company that builds intelligent products and services powered by machine learning. Our goal is to help consumers and businesses better navigate the online and offline world. Since 1997, we have delivered world-class, locally relevant search and information services. Additionally, we have developed market-leading on-demand transportation services, navigation products, and other mobile applications for millions of consumers across the globe. Yandex, which has 17 offices worldwide, has been listed on the NASDAQ since 2011.


Deirdre Kent is a diplomat in the Canadian Foreign Service with the federal government's Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Since joining the Foreign Service in 1994, she has had diverse diplomatic assignments that have taken her to all corners of the globe representing the foreign policy interests of Canada internationally.
She began her career developing trade policy for Canada with India. Her next assignment was in Singapore and Brunei in South East Asia. Deirdre has spent significant time working on the Middle East Peace Process both in Ottawa and during a posting to the Canadian Embassy in Israel. Professionally, she has focused on human rights and multilateral diplomacy. Her current assignment in Geneva is the culmination of these interests. At the Canadian Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Deirdre works to promote and protect human rights through the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Prior to settling on a career in diplomacy, Deirdre explored a number of professions including managing a ski hotel in the French Alps, international banking, computer consultancy, sales, secretarial work, international luxury travel marketing, technical writing and financial analysis.
While at KCSS, Deirdre was a member of the school band and the manager of the ski team. With the Swiss and French Alps at her doorstep, she continues to be an avid skier in the winter and hiker in the summer. While no longer practicing the trumpet, she does continue to play the piano and loves live music. Not surprisingly, travel is a favourite pastime for Deirdre and her family. She currently lives in Geneva, Switzerland with her husband Cameron MacKay, also a Canadian diplomat, and their two young children, Ciara and Callum. When in Canada, their home is in Ottawa.
Note - Deirdre Kent's career places her in the company of Canadians such as O. D. Skelton, Norman Robertson, Escott Reid and Lester Pearson, whose achievements during the past 100 years have made this nation a respected leader in the field of diplomatic service.