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All issues No 420 (2019) Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst., 420 (2019) 23 Full HTML
Topical Issue on Fish Ecology
Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst.
2 Materials and methods
Summer microhabitat use and overlap by the invasive Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and native darters in the Trent River (Ontario, Canada)
Utilisation et chevauchement des microhabitats d'été par le gobie à taches noires (Neogobius melanostomus) et les darters indigènes dans la rivière Trent (Ontario, Canada)
Scott M. Reid*
Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Trent University – DNA Building, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
* Corresponding author: reid.scott@ontario.ca
Received: 27 February 2019
Accepted: 1 May 2019
Understanding the impacts of the invasive Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) is important for North American native fish conservation. One proposed mechanism for native species declines is competition for habitat. In this study, summer habitat use by Round Goby and Channel Darter (Percina copelandi) and Logperch (P. caprodes) was studied in the Trent River (Canada). Spot-electrofishing and systematic habitat sampling were used to measure habitat availability and use. Suitability for all species varied across the range of habitat conditions. At Glen Ross, habitat suitability for Channel Darter and Round Goby was highest at intermediate water depths (0.2–0.6 m), lowest at high water velocities (> 1.0 ms−1) and increased with greater amounts of gravel and cobble. There were no significance habitat differences between capture locations of the two species. At Meyer's Reach, Logperch and Round Goby habitat suitability was highest at intermediate water depths (0.4–0.6 m) and where gravel and cobble were abundant. The relationship between suitability and water velocity differed between species, with moderate velocities less suitable for Round Goby. The amount of boulder and bedrock at capture locations of each species differed. Results indicate that competition for habitat with Round Goby will vary among darter species.
Comprendre les impacts du gobie à taches noires (Neogobius melanostomus) est important pour la conservation des poissons indigènes d'Amérique du Nord. L'un des mécanismes proposés pour le déclin des espèces indigènes est la concurrence pour l'habitat. Dans cette étude, l'utilisation de l'habitat d'été par le gobie à taches noires et deux darters indigènes, le fouille-roche gris (Percina copelandi) et la perche noire (P. caprodes) a été étudiée dans la rivière Trent (Canada). La pêche ponctuelle à l'électricité et l'échantillonnage systématique de l'habitat ont été utilisés pour mesurer la disponibilité et l'utilisation de l'habitat. La pertinence pour toutes les espèces variait selon les conditions de l'habitat. A Glen Ross, la qualité de l'habitat du fouille-roche gris et du gobie à taches noires était la plus élevée aux profondeurs intermédiaires (0,2–0,6 m), la plus faible aux vitesses élevées (> 1,0 ms−1) et augmentait avec des quantités supérieures de gravier et de galets. Il n'y avait pas de différences importantes entre les habitats des deux espèces entre les lieux de capture. À Meyer's Reach, la qualité de l'habitat de la perche noire et du gobie à taches noires était la plus élevée aux profondeurs d'eau intermédiaires (0,4–0,6 m) et là où le gravier et les galets étaient abondants. La relation entre l'adéquation et la vitesse de l'eau différait d'une espèce à l'autre, les vitesses modérées étant moins adaptées au gobie à taches noires. La quantité de blocs rocheux et de substratum rocheux aux lieux de capture de chaque espèce différait. Les résultats indiquent que la concurrence pour l'habitat du gobie à taches noires variera selon les espèces de darter.
Key words: habitat / invasive species / competition / fishes / river
Mots clés : habitat / espèces envahissantes / compétition / poissons / rivière
© S.M. Reid, Published by EDP Sciences 2019
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
The Round Goby (Neogobius melanstomus Pallas, 1814) is a small-bodied, benthivorous fish of Eurasian origin. The species was first detected in North America in 1990 from the St. Clair River (Jude et al., 1992); which connects Lake Huron to Lake St. Clair. Round Goby was likely introduced to North America from ballast water discharged from transatlantic ships originating from Eastern Europe. Within five years, the species had spread to all five of the Laurentian Great Lakes (Charlebois et al., 2001). Round Goby is an aggressive, rapidly colonizing, invasive fish that disrupts spawning of other benthic fishes and may eat the eggs and fry of native fishes (Kornis et al., 2012). In parts of the Great Lakes, the species has been implicated in the decline of small, native benthic fishes such as the Channel Darter (Percina copelandi Jordan, 1877), Johnny Darter (Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque, 1820), Logperch (P. caprodes Rafinesque, 1818), and Mottled Sculpin (Cottus bairdii Girard, 1850) (Janssen and Jude, 2001; Thomas and Haas, 2001; Reid and Mandrak, 2008). While present in the Great Lakes for more than 25 years, the secondary invasion upstream of Round Goby into Ontario streams and rivers has been a more recent occurrence (Poos et al., 2010; Raby et al., 2010; Raab et al., 2018). Subsequent research in Great Lakes tributaries has identified that habitat and dietary competition between Round Goby and native darters is likely occurring (Abbett et al., 2013) and, in some watercourses, the distribution and abundance of small native fishes are negatively associated with Round Goby presence and abundance (Krakowiak and Pennuto, 2008; Abbett et al., 2013; Kornis et al., 2013; Raab et al., 2018).
In 2003, Round Goby was first collected from the Trent River downstream of the Lock 18 dam in the town of Hastings, Ontario (Canada) (Gutowsky and Fox, 2011). The Trent River forms part of the 386 km long Trent-Severn Waterway (National Historic Site of Canada) that connects Georgian Bay (Lake Huron) to Lake Ontario. The introduction is believed to be the result of anglers using baitfish collected from goby-infested waters in Lake Ontario. At the time of the discovery, Round Goby was also abundant in the Bay of Quinte (Lake Ontario), where the Trent River flows into (Taraborelli et al., 2009). An abundance of suitable Round Goby habitat (areas with cobble and boulder-sized bed material) is present along the Trent River, and the species' downstream and upstream expansion throughout the river was rapid (Raby et al., 2010) and complete by 2010 (Reid, unpublished data). Beyond Lock 18, Round Goby has spread more than 60 km upstream along the Otonabee River to the City of Peterborough (EDDMapS, 2019).
Seven native, small-bodied, benthic fishes are present along the Trent River: Central Stoneroller (Campostoma anomalum Rafinesque, 1820), Channel Darter, Fantail Darter (E. flabellare Rafinesque, 1819), Johnny Darter, Logperch, Longnose Dace (Rhinichthys cataractae Valenciennes, 1842), and Stonecat Madtom (Noturus flavus Rafinesque, 1818). Of these species, the Channel Darter is listed as Endangered under the Federal Species at Risk Act (SARA). Invasive species are considered a significant threat affecting Canadian freshwater fishes at risk (Dextrase and Mandrak, 2006). For imperiled darters, the risk of adverse population impacts due to Round Goby invasions has been assessed as high (DFO, 2011; COSEWIC, 2016). However, these assessments were largely based on expert opinion and, therefore require validation through field research and monitoring. One of the proposed mechanisms associated with negative Round Goby impacts is competition for habitat and shelter (Balshine et al., 2005; Abbett et al., 2013). In this study, summer microhabitat use by Round Goby and two darter species (Channel Darter and Logperch) was characterized at wadeable Trent River sites, and the magnitude of habitat overlap assessed.
2.1 Data collection
Over the period of September 5th and 21st, 2017, daytime (9:00 am to 17:00 pm) microhabitat use was studied at two Trent River sites: Channel Darter and Round Goby habitat use at Glen Ross (44°15'47'N; 77°35'49'W) and, Logperch and Round Goby habitat use at Meyer's Reach (44°15'18'N; 77°48'43'W°) (Fig. 1). Both sites are located downstream of Lock 18. Sites were selected based on suitability of habitats for sampling (i.e. electrofishing could be safely undertaken by foot) and the abundance of native darters. Channel Darter and Logperch have been collected at other Trent River sites, but the numbers of each species were considered too low for a robust study of habitat use (Reid, 2004, 2006). Wetted channel widths were between 37 and 100 m at the Meyer's Reach site, and between 145 and 179 m at the Glen Ross site. The mean river flow rate was 64.9 m3/s. Water temperatures during sampling ranged from 15.1 to 22.8 °C. Sampling occurred over seven days at Glen Ross and six days at Meyer's Reach.
A spot-sample electrofishing technique was used to collect darters and Round Goby and characterize habitat use (Johnson, 2008; Abbett et al., 2013). Electrofishing was limited to those wadeable habitats that could be safely and effectively sampled (water depths < 1 m). The area of habitat sampled was approximately 13 000 m2 at Glen Ross (within 40 m of the riverbank), and 20 000 m2 at Meyer's Reach (across the entire channel width). Fishes were collected by a 2-person crew using a Smith-Root 12B backpack electrofishing unit (settings: 400 v). Darter and goby collection points were individually marked with coloured, flat metal rings (i.e. a washer). Markers were placed by hand at locations where individual fishes were visually observed to be first stunned by the electrical field. Captured fishes were measured for total length (TL) on a measuring board after sampling was complete. All fishes were released after measurement.
A systematic transect sampling approach was used to describe habitat availability (Simonson, 1993). At each site, habitat characteristics were measured at points systematically distributed across the area of habitat electro-fished. Multiple transects were placed parallel to the shoreline and evenly distributed across the river. Transects (and sampling points) were demarcated with an anchored 68 m length of rope with white floats every four metres. Habitat availability was characterized at a total of 800 points in the area sampled at Glen Ross, and at a total of 500 points in the area sampled at Meyer's Reach. With this study design, individual resource use is characterized but availability is measured at a population level (Manly et al., 2002).
Physical habitat measurements taken at each point included water depth (m), mid-water column velocity (ms−1) and bed material composition (visual assessment of percent bedrock, boulder, cobble and gravel). Habitat characteristics common to other riverine fish-habitat studies (e.g. woody debris, aquatic vegetation, and fine sediment) were rare or absent, and therefore not measured. Water depth and water velocity were measured with a top-setting wading rod and a SwofferTM water velocity meter. Water velocity was measured at 0.6 of the water depth (Bain and Stevenson, 1999). Visual-based (i.e., snorkelling) studies of stream fish microhabitat selection often include estimates of focal point elevation (vertical distance of the fish from the bottom) and focal point water velocity (velocity at the fish's snout) (Leidy, 1992). For benthic fishes, focal point water velocities can be expected to be less than mean water column velocity (as measured at 0.6 of depth) (Stauffer et al., 1996; Welsh and Perry, 1998). Darter and Round Goby focal point elevations could not be estimated using electrofishing-based collections. For this study, mean water column velocity is assumed to be an index of focal point velocity. Percent composition of bed material was visual assessed using the following modified Wentworth particle size categories: bedrock, boulder (> 256 mm diameter), cobble (65–256 mm), and gravel (2–64 mm).
Location of the two study sites along the Trent River, and the study area within the Laurentian Great Lakes basin (inset map).
For each species, habitat suitability curves were developed individually for (i) water depth, (ii) water velocity, and (iii) combined percentage of gravel and cobble bed material. Curves were generated following the approach described by Hightower et al. (2012). The probability of using habitat category i was modeled as: where ai is the proportion of habitat available in category i, and wi is the unscaled relative probability of using habitat i based on the frequency of each species in habitat i if all habitats were equally available. Estimates of wi would be similar in magnitude if all habitats were used in proportion to their availability. As per Hightower et al. (2012), wi values were rescaled to a maximum of 1 for all habitat variables.
Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to visualize, in multivariate space, the similarity of habitat use by native darters and Round Goby, with reference to available habitat. As variables were measured with different units, variables were standardized by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation (Legendre and Legendre, 1998). Principal components (PC) with eigenvalues greater than 1 and loadings greater than |0.6| were retained. PC scores were subsequently used as dependent variables in Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) to test for habitat differences between darters and Round Goby, and between collection points and available habitat. Hotelling's T2 was used to test for pairwise differences, and p-values were adjusted using a sequential Bonferoni correction. Statistical analysis was completed using PAST version 1.94 (Hammer et al., 2001).
One hundred-nineteen Channel Darter, 421 Logperch and 360 Round Goby were captured during electrofishing. The median (range, standard deviation) total length of Channel Darter was 61.5 (52-70, 3.6) mm, of Logperch was 106 (61-140, 12.8) mm, and of Round Goby was 83 (29-168) mm. Round Goby collected from Glen Ross (median: 81 mm; range: 29–168; standard deviation: 21.3) and Meyer's Reach (median: 86 mm; range: 40–134; standard deviation: 24.9) were of similar size. Other species commonly encountered during electrofishing include Longnose Dace, Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus Linnaeus, 1758), Rock Bass (Ambloplites rupestris Rafinesque, 1817), and Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolemieu Lacépède, 1802). Glen Ross flow conditions were characterized by moderate water depths (0.4–0.8 m) and water velocities typically below 0.6 ms−1. Along Meyer's Reach, water depths were generally shallow (< 0.4 m) with water velocities less than 0.3 ms−1. The Glen Ross riverbed was a relatively even mix of gravel, cobble, boulder and bedrock. Riverbed material along Meyer's Reach was dominated by cobble, boulder and bedrock; with only a small amount of gravel present (Tab. 1).
Comparison of mean (standard deviation) habitat measurements at Channel Darter, Logperch and Round Goby collection spots. Available and used microhabitat data were measured at two Trent River locations (September, 2017).
3.1 Glen Ross
Channel Darter and Round Goby captures were generally associated with moderate water depths (0.4–0.8 m) and slow to moderate water velocities (0.1–0.5 ms−1), and with gravel and cobble substrates (Tab. 1; Figs. 2 and 3; Figs. S1 and S2). Channel Darter habitat suitability was greatest at water depths between 0.2 and 0.4 m, and water velocities between 0.2 and 0.4 ms−1, and 0.8 and 1.0 ms−1. Suitability declined substantially at depths greater than 0.6 m and velocities > 0.8 ms−1 (Figs. 2 and 3). Round Goby habitat suitability was greatest at water depths between 0.2 and 0.6 m and water velocities less than 0.2 ms−1. Suitability declined substantially at depths greater than 0.6 m and velocities > 0.8 ms−1. For both species, habitat suitability improved as the amount of gravel and cobble increased (Fig. 4).
The first three principal components explained 75.0% of the total variance among habitat use and availability measurements at Glen Ross. The first axis (PC1) reflected differences in the amount of gravel, cobble and bedrock at measurement points. Differences in the amount of boulder (PC2), and differences in water velocity and depth measurements (PC3) were represented by the other two axes (Fig. 5). There were significant differences among PC scores associated with available habitat, Channel Darter habitat use, and Round Goby habitat use (MANOVA, Wilk's Lambda: 0.94, p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between Channel Darter and Round Goby PC scores (pairwise comparison Hotelling's T2: p > 0.45). For both species, habitat use PCA scores were significantly different than available habitat (Hotelling's T2: p < 0.0001). Differences among PC 1 scores indicate Channel Darter and Round Goby were both collected from locations with more gravel and cobble, and less bedrock than available across the Glen Ross site (Tab. 1; Fig. 5).
Estimated Channel Darter (― ―) and Round Goby (solid line) habitat suitability for water depth (upper panel) and water velocity (lower panel) at Glen Ross, based on a resource selection function fitted to habitat use and availability data (Figs. S1 and S2). Suitability is scaled from 0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1 (highly suitable).
Estimated Logperch (–) and Round Goby (solid line) habitat suitability for water velocity and water depth at Meyer's Reach, based on a resource selection function fitted to habitat use and availability data (Figs. S1 and S2). Suitability is scaled from 0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1 (highly suitable).
Estimated Channel Darter (― ―), Logperch (–) and Round Goby (solid line) habitat suitability for gravel and cobble bed material at Glen Ross (upper panel) and Meyer's Reach (lower panel), based on a resource selection function fitted to habitat use and availability data. Suitability is scaled from 0 (unsuitable habitat) to 1 (highly suitable).
Comparison of mean (95% confidence interval) PC scores associated with Channel Darter habitat use ( ), Round Goby habitat use ( ) and available habitat ( ) at Glen Ross, Trent River. The amount of variation explained by PC1, PC2 and PC3 was 34.4, 21.9 and 18.7%. Dominant PC 1 loadings: bedrock (−0.62), gravel (0.50) and cobble (0.54); dominant PC2 loading: boulder (0.84); and dominant PC3 loadings: water depth (−0.59) and water velocity (0.70).
3.2 Meyer's Reach
Logperch and Round Goby captures were generally associated with shallow to moderate water depths (0.2–0.4 m), and slow to moderate water velocities (0.1–0.3 ms−1). At Logperch capture points, there was less bedrock and more boulder than where Round Goby were captured (Tab. 1; Figs. 3 and 4; Figs. S1 and S2). For both Logperch and Round Goby, habitat suitability at Meyer's Reach is predicted be greatest at water depths between 0.2 and 0.4 m and at locations dominated by gravel and cobble bed material (Figs. 3 and 4). Suitability declined substantially for Round Goby when water velocity was greater than 0.4 ms−1, and for Logperch when water velocity was greater than 0.8 ms−1 (Figs. 3 and 4).
The first three principal components explained 75.1% of the total variance among habitat habitat use and availability measurements along Meyer's Reach. The first axis (PC1) reflected differences in the amount of gravel, cobble and bedrock. Differences in the amount of boulder (PC2) and water velocity (PC3) were represented by the other 2 axes (Fig. 6). There were significant differences among PC scores associated with available habitat and habitat used by Logperch, and habitat used by Round Goby (MANOVA, Wilk's Lambda: 0.87, p < 0.0001). There was a significant difference between Logperch and Round Goby habitat use PC scores (Hotelling's T2: p < 0.0001). Differences between PC scores from the first 2 axes indicate that Logperch and Round Goby were collected from locations with differing amounts of boulder and bedrock (Tab. 1; Fig. 6). For both species, habitat use PCA scores were significantly different than available habitat (pairwise comparison Hotelling's T2: p < 0.0001). Compared to available habitat, both species were collected from spots with less bedrock, and more gravel and cobble.
Comparison of mean (95% confidence interval) PC scores associated with Logperch habitat use ( ), Round Goby habitat use ( ) and available habitat ( ) at Meyer's Reach, Trent River. The amount of variation explained by PC1, PC2 and PC3 was 39.5, 19.8 and 15.9%. Dominant PC 1 loadings: bedrock (−0.63), gravel (0.48) and cobble (0.43); dominant PC2 loading: boulder (0.73); and dominant PC3 loadings: water velocity (0.88).
Past observational and experimental studies have shown that Round Goby affects local habitat use by native small-bodied benthic fishes such as Mottled Sculpin (Dubs and Corkum, 1996; Janssen and Jude, 2001) and Logperch (Balshine et al., 2005; Leino and Mensinger, 2017). Accordingly, competition for space and shelter (such as interstitial spaces between rocks) has been identified as a causal mechanism for native species declines after Round Goby invasions (Burkett and Jude, 2015). At the microhabitat scale, darters are known to segregate spatially based on water depth, water velocity and bed material size (Stauffer et al., 1996; Welsh and Perry, 1998), and non-native darter species have been observed to shift habitat use by native darters (van Snik et al., 2009). Differences in microhabitat use have also been reported between Round Goby and darters (Fantail Darter: Abbett et al., 2013; Logperch: Leino and Mensinger, 2017). In this study, the degree of similarity with Round Goby summer microhabitat differed between the two native darter species studied and, was based on different habitat characteristics.
Habitat differences between Channel Darter and Round Goby were small; largely limited to Channel Darter occupying deeper habitats. In contrast to these results, Abbett et al. (2013) reported Fantail Darter to occupy shallower habitats than Round Goby in a St. Lawrence River tributary (Mullet Creek). The lack of agreement between studies may reflect Trent River habitats being deeper than Mullet Creek, or that Channel Darter typically occupies deeper habitats than Fantail Darter (Stauffer et al., 1996; Reid et al., 2005). Based on past descriptions of Channel Darter habitat use (Reid, 2004; Reid et al., 2005) and practical sampling limitations, habitat use by native darters and the invasive Round Goby was only studied at Trent River habitats of shallow to moderate water depth. Along the Trent River, such wadeable habitats are uncommon as reaches are dominated by deep run habitat and impounded areas. While Channel Darter are known to preferentially use shallow riffle and shoal habitats for most of the year (Etnier and Starnes, 1993; Reid, 2004), Round Goby are easily angled in the summer from deeper habitats along the Trent River (Gutowsky et al., 2011). Therefore, the breadth of microhabitats utilized by Round Goby is expected to be much greater than measured.
There were significant differences between Logperch and Round Goby habitat use; reflective of water velocities and riverbed material selected. As observed in nearby rivers (Reid et al., 2005), Logperch occupied habitats dominated by cobbles and boulders. In experimental studies, Round Goby has been shown to outcompete Logperch for shelter (Balshine et al., 2005) and food resources in rocky habitats (Leino and Mensinger, 2017). While Round Goby has been observed to be more aggressive than native, small-bodied benthic fishes (Dubs and Corkum, 1996), the outcomes of competitions for space and shelter are also size-dependent (Balshine et al., 2005; Groen et al., 2012). Trent River Logperch were on average 20 mm longer than Round Goby, and therefore, habitat use may be unaffected by the presence of Round Goby.
Habitats occupied by Channel Darter and Logperch differed; along with the degree of habitat overlap with Round Goby. Past studies have found differences between the habitats occupied by the two darter species (Stauffer et al., 1996; Reid et al., 2005). While both species appear to select particular microhabitats, differences among studies are not consistent. In the Trent River, the greater association of Channel Darter with faster and deeper habitats, and more gravels and cobbles, may simply reflect site-level differences in available habitat.
Past research undertaken along the Trent-Severn Waterway on the invasive Round Goby has provided insight into detection and monitoring methods (Gutowsky et al., 2011), rates of expansion (Brownscombe et al., 2012), diet composition (Raby et al., 2010), and variation in behavioural and demographic characteristics along the invasion front (Gutowsky and Fox, 2011; Groen et al., 2012). The length distributions of Round Gobies collected during this study were similar to that measured during the expansion phase of the Trent River invasion, nine years earlier (Gutowsky and Fox 2011). Also, the strong affinity for gravel, cobble and boulder material by Round Goby at Glen Ross and Meyer's Reach was consistent with observations by Brownscombe and Fox (2012) at other Trent-Severn Waterway sites. Round Goby diet in the Trent River includes a variety of invertebrates (zooplankton, amphipods and benthic macroinvertebrates) (Raby et al., 2010; Paton et al., 2019) that are also important prey for Channel Darter and Logperch. Therefore, competition between Round Goby and native darters is potentially occurring for both physical habitat and food resources along the Trent River. While the stomach contents of Logperch and Round Goby collected from the Trent-Severn Waterway have been compared (Paton et al., 2019), diet overlap with Channel Darter has not been studied. Future research on Channel Darter diet and trophic overlap with Round Goby is necessary to provide stronger evidence of resource competition.
Globally, most Round Goby impact studies have been undertaken within a short-time frame (< 5 years) after detection (Hirsch et al., 2016). Observations from this study provide a longer-term (> 10 years later) perspective on the potential for resource competition with native, small-bodied benthic fishes along the Trent River. In other aquatic habitats, evidence of resource competition has been reported along with declines in native fish distribution and abundance (Burkett and Jude, 2015). Documentation of population-level impacts to species such as the Channel Darter that utilize the same microhabitats as Round Goby will, however, require additional field study along the Trent River (e.g. Raab et al., 2018).
Research was supported by Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry species at risk program funds. I would like to acknowledge the efforts of Sarah Stewart, Matt Sweeting, and Alex Verkuyl who assisted with sampling and data entry. An earlier version of the manuscript was improved by comments from three reviewers.
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Cite this article as: Reid SM. 2019. Summer microhabitat use and overlap by the invasive Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and native darters in the Trent River (Ontario, Canada). Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst., 420, 23.
Fig. S1. Frequency distributions (percentage of all measurements) for water depth measurements at two Trent River study sites (upper panel: Glen Ross; lower panel: Meyer's Reach), September 2017. Legend abbreviations: Avail – available habitat; CH – Channel Darter; LG – Logperch; RG – Round Goby.
Fig. S2. Frequency distributions (percentage of all measurements) for water velocity measurements at two Trent River study sites (upper panel: Glen Ross; lower panel: Meyer's Reach), September 2017. Legend abbreviations: Avail – available habitat; CH – Channel Darter; LG – Logperch; RG – Round Goby.
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Round goby versus marbled crayfish: alien invasive predators and competitors
A review of Gobiid expansion along the Danube-Rhine corridor – geopolitical change as a driver for invasion
Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems (2013) 411, 01
Do invasive bighead goby Neogobius kessleri and round goby N. melanostomus (Teleostei, Gobiidae) compete for food?
Plasticity in habitat use of two native Ponto-Caspian gobies, Proterorhinus semilunaris and Neogobius fluviatilis: implications for invasive populations
A newly established round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) population in the upper stretch of the river Elbe
Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. (2015) 416, 33


text:
Home » Air India Jan 2023 , Crime Jan 2023 » Air India fined Rs 10 lakh for not reporting unruly passenger behaviour on Paris-New Delhi flight
Air India fined Rs 10 lakh for not reporting unruly passenger behaviour on Paris-New Delhi flight
Aviation regulator Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) on Tuesday imposed a fine of Rs 10 lakhs on Tata-owned Air India for not reporting to it the December 6 incident where a passenger onboard its flight allegedly relieved himself on a vacant seat & blanket of a fellow passenger & delaying in referring the matter to its Internal Committee.
In a statement on Tuesday, DGCA said the incidents of passenger misbehaviour occurred on the AI-142 flight from Paris to New Delhi on December 6, 2022. This is the second time in less than a week that the watchdog has taken enforcement action against the airline in connection with unruly passenger behaviour.
Earlier in January the DGCA had issued a show cause notice to the Accountable Manager of Air India after two incidents of passenger misbehaviour occurring the airline's flight AI-142 came to the notice of the regulator. The show cause notice said why enforcement action "should not be taken against them for dereliction of their regulatory obligations".
Two incidents occurred on the Air India flight.
While one passenger who was caught smoking in the lavatory, was drunk and not adhering to the crew instructions; another passenger allegedly relieved himself on a vacant seat and blanket of a fellow female passenger when she went to the lavatory.
"After perusal of the reply submitted by Air India through email dated January 6, prima facie it emerges that provisions related to the handling of unruly passengers as per DGCA CAR Section -3, Series-M, Part-VI have not been complied with," the press release said.
DGCA said It has been noted that the response of the airline has been "lackadaisical and delayed".
The Delhi Commission for Women (DCW) issued a notice to Delhi Police, Air India and the DGCA in this incident.
24/01/23 Economic Times
Categories: Air India Jan 2023, Crime Jan 2023

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to check if android microphone is available for use? I am currently programming an app that uses the microphone to query the sound level. I am using AlarmManager to query the sound level every minute. The problem I am facing is that I discovered if I am using another app that uses the microphone too (e.g. decibel level reader) my app will crash because the microphone is not available. Is there a way to check if the microphone is currently being used or not?

A: Try Catching exception, as you get exception when you try to use microphone you can handle it.
"The microphone will actually prepare fine even if the microphone is in use"
OR
this code snippet may give you an idea
//returns whether the microphone is available
    public static boolean getMicrophoneAvailable(Context context) {
        MediaRecorder recorder = new MediaRecorder();
            recorder.setAudioSource(MediaRecorder.AudioSource.MIC);
        recorder.setOutputFormat(MediaRecorder.OutputFormat.DEFAULT);
        recorder.setAudioEncoder(MediaRecorder.AudioEncoder.DEFAULT);
        recorder.setOutputFile(new File(context.getCacheDir(), "MediaUtil#micAvailTestFile").getAbsolutePath());
        boolean available = true;
        try {
            recorder.prepare();
            recorder.start();

        }
        catch (Exception exception) {
            available = false;
        }
        recorder.release();
        return available;
    }

A: if you use AudioRecord then call startRecording() and after that you should check recorder's state: getRecordingState(). If recording was started successfully (it means mic is available), it will return 3 (AudioRecord.RECORDSTATE_RECORDING) otherwise it will return 1 (AudioRecord.RECORDSTATE_STOPPED)
Here's code for this function in Kotlin:
private fun isMicAvailable(audioRecord: AudioRecord): Boolean {
    audioRecord.startRecording()
    val isAvailable = audioRecord.recordingState == AudioRecord.RECORDSTATE_RECORDING
    audioRecord.stop()
    audioRecord.release()
    return isAvailable
}

A: I also want to detect whether microphone is being used or not. My solution is using AudioManager to get current mode.
AudioManager am = (AudioManager) getSystemService(Context.AUDIO_SERVICE);
if (am.getMode() == AudioManager.MODE_NORMAL){
   //microphone is available.
}

Other modes usage like MODE_IN_COMMUNICATION, MODE_IN_CALL, please check
https://developer.android.com/reference/android/media/AudioManager.html#MODE_NORMAL

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Dec. 17-18, 7 p.m.
10th Wave: To The Beat of Her Own Drum
Feb. 17-18, 7:30 p.m.
Zeitgeist & No Exit: Here & There 2023
Feb. 25, 5:30 p.m.
Heartland Marimba: Opolo Wine Tasting
ANCIA Quartet
Spitting Image Collective presents Unheard-Of Ensemble
Jan 3, 7:30 p.m.
Not Always So: Explorations in Conduction, Improvisation and Contemplative Realms
Feb. 7, 7:30 p.m.
Feb. 10-11, 7 p.m.
113 presents New Music for loadbang
March 19, 7:30 p.m.
Quince Ensemble: New Music by Asuka Kakitani
March 25-26, 7:30 p.m.
Zeitgeist: SOUNDING GROUND Composer Showcase
April 30, 7:30 p.m.
Transient Canvas, presented by Spitting Image Collective
May 2, 7:30 p.m.
113 presents Fonema Consort
June 6, 7:30 p.m.
June 23, 7 p.m.
Heartland Marimba: World Premieres Tour
July 30, 7:30 p.m.
Nomads-Oasis
Aug. 20, 7 p.m.
Augmeanted Album Release Concert
Oct. 8, 7:30 p.m.
Ancia Saxophone Quartet
Oct. 9, 8 p.m.
Rova Saxophone Quartet
Oct. 14-15, 7:30 p.m.
The Dream Songs Project: X MARKS THE DRESS
Oct. 27-29
Zeitgeist Halloween Festival
Zeitgeist Early Music Festival: Alvin Lucier
scroll down for more events
Here & There 2023
Zeitgeist & No Exit Ensemble
Feb. 17-18 • 7:30 p.m. • $20 / $15 students & seniors
Zeitgeist and Cleveland-based No Exit New Music Ensemble continue their long-standing, cross-country collaboration with joint concerts in Ohio and Minnesota.
Zeitgeist will perform The Lost Melody by Frederic Rzewski, Heavier Than Air by Alvin Lucier, and Shadowgraph 5 by George Lewis. No Exit will perform world premieres of works by Daniel Jiménez Rojas and Minnesotans Philip Blackburn and Jonathan Posthuma.


Having searched the market for the cheapest prices, 25 offers were found for comparison. Furthermore, a large number of article in 34 relevant categories with a price range from £170.99 to £399.99 were found.
Overall, our search showed 9 different mail order companies for your product "rx580 oc", including overclockers.co.uk, box.co.uk, quzo.net and alternate.co.uk.
If you would prefer an item from a particular manufacturers, you can find 5 mail order companies for this product. If you have not yet made a decision, you can also filter your favourite producers and choose between 5 manufacturers.
The most offers (9) were found in the price range from £170.00 to £179.99.


Editor's Note: This is the third in a series of articles covering progress of the lame duck session of Congress.
If the just completed first week of the lame duck session of Congress is any indication, the 19th lame duck session will meet historical expectations of accomplishing nothing major.
Any sign of bipartisan cooperation will be significant. We also don't know if any deal on averting the fiscal cliff will be reached, nor do we know if Senate hearings on Benghazi will set off fireworks. If any or all of those happen, the achievements of this session will be some of the most significant ever.
Eight bills were sent to the President. None of these bills were controversial, and they passed both chambers with wide margins of support from both parties. The most noteworthy of these was a bill forbidding U.S. airlines to participate in the European Union's emission control program. The others concerned setting the 2012 cost of living increase for veteran pensions, construction of a natural gas pipeline in New York, consolidation of Congressional Budget Office reporting requirements for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, establishing a Mark Twain commemorative coin, minor amendments to a laboratory certification program and whistleblower protection act, and setting a sunset of 2020 for the Spam, Spyware and Fraud Enforcement with Enforcers Beyond Borders Act.
There were other signs of improving bipartisanship. On a vote of 365 to 43, the House sent a bill establishing normal trade relations with Russia to the Senate and in the Senate, cloture on a bill opening up more land for hunting, fishing, and shooting passed by a vote of 92 to 5.
During the 112th Congress, even non-controversial bills have been held up by partisan bickering. Not counting the eight bills sent to the President this week, only 196 have made it to the Oval Office the past two years. Is a 4% increase in one week a positive sign? I think it is.
Congress is now in recess until November 27th. In four weeks, the 112th Congress will be history. How it will be remembered can't be determined just yet.


These dive locations have next to no current most of the time and water temperature averages 30 degree Celsius. The reefs here are all patch reefs with varying depths from 7 to 30 meters with average visibility of 10 to 30 meters.
A Small 30 metre cargo ship carrying sawn timber is sitting on 18 metre sand bottom. The whole wreck is teeming with fish. Jacks, yellow grunts, batfish and barracudas can be found circling around the wreck while giant groupers swim in and out of the cargo holds.
Day recreational dive trips are available daily February till September and will be subject to sea and weather conditions. Liability Release (Waiver) Forms are to be signed prior to every dive departure.
Giant groupers inhabit this reef of 15 – 18 meters. Spiny lobsters are also another inhabitant together with yellow tails and other schooling fish.
An exciting reef that drops from 20 – 40 meters. At the vertical wall schooling jacks, barracudas, Napoleon Wrasses, yellow tails fusiliers, and large groupers are always around to greet you. Occasionally sharks and trumpet fish can be seen.
The average visibility here is 30 meters or more. Large gorgonian fans of 2 meters in size are all over the top of the reef at 21 meters. The reef extends drops to 35 meters.
A picturesque reef with gorgonian trees and sea fans. Batfish are common among the long swaying sea whips. This is a photographer's heaven.
A unique reef of 16 meters in depth that provides an excellent environment for an amazing variety of gorgonian sea fans and sea whips. The Schooling batfish always curiously watch over the divers.
One of the most interesting reefs with a depth range of 10 to 16 meters. Both hard and soft corals thrive here. You wouldn't miss the anemones and their symbotic clown fish. You will also find bubble corals, anchor corals and the colorful dendronepthya soft corals. Others like feather stars, giant clams, Nudibranchs and schooling yellow tails are plentiful.
This shallow reef of just 7 to 12 meters is carpeted with soft corals such as leather corals, elephant's ear and dead man's fingers. Giant anemones and clown fish are all over the reef. This reef is also characterized by the schooling yellow tail fusiliers and angelfish.
A Second World War Japanese wreck just off Lutong. The 100 metres ship is sitting upright with the top deck just 30ft from the surface. Most of the hull is covered with cave corals. A 60 kg giant grouper has made its home here.
Large trevally and barracudas are frequently seen.


It's been a while since I last wrote a post, I feel like I haven't stopped in months and it's been a bit of an emotional rollercoaster. When it rains, it pours and all that, but that's life and it's ok to hit a block sometimes. So to those of you still here reading my blog here and there, thank you.
I recently watched Stacey Dooley's documentary - 'Fashion's Dirty Secrets' and was horrified how uneducated I was regarding the damage the fashion industry is having on countries around the world. In the documentary you see a seabed, now reduced almost entirely to dust since the region was developed for cotton production, as well as witnessing children bathing in a river that is physically boiling (and v dangerous) from the horrible chemicals being released in to it and all for what? A piece of clothing that may get chucked away after 2 wears. It really made me think about becoming more conscious when it comes to buying.
In general, I don't buy or work with really really cheap fast fashion brands (I won't name, but the ones that mass produce and constantly slash prices by 40% on the regular). The quality is crap and as someone in the profession where I advise for my job, it's false advertising and I would never want to be lying for my own benefit, plus who wants shoddy clothes that don't last? However, it's interesting to see that the brands you think you could trust (and clearly can't!) refusing to comment on the matter. Guilty? How are we to know what goes on?
Instagram is now a world full of influencers making money by recommending items and everyone being in the 'need it now' mentality. I am by no means disrespecting influencers here, that's the way the social media world works and for a lot of them it is their full time job, but the brands themselves should be liable to making a change as much has we the consumers should. Is sending 20 items to one influencer or celebrity every week really a good thing? Will it be worn to it's full potential? I expect no would be the answer and it's having a negative impact on peoples mentality around shopping as well contributing to unnecessary waste. Equally, people who are in a less fortunate position have to shop cheaper brands to survive, therefore something needs to be done so everyone can make an impact, not just those who can shop sustainable brands and better quality.
Of course no one is going to stop shopping and most people would be lying to say they were (certainly me!) however, with everyone taking small steps to change, it's definitely going to have a positive impact down the line and the more people speak up, the more brands will have to make a change. I also do not want to come across as a hypocrite by writing this post as my job is in the industry at the heart of the problem, but by changing our habits, hopefully together we can all do a bit of good.
Re-sell clothes & buy second hand - even car boot sales or clothes swaps. I LOVE eBay, Depop etc, there's so many bargains to be had and after all, one mans trash is another mans treasure.
Never throw away clothes unless they are falling to pieces and beyond repair. Recycle - donate to charity, give to a friend or younger family member. H&M amongst other retailers operate a system where you can recycle your clothes in store.
Invest in items true to your personal style that will have longevity, ones you can wear again and again.
Pin point your personal style (and if you struggle with this - ask for help, my inbox is always open!). Don't buy because you feel like you have to fit in with the trends. When it comes down to it you'll look most confident in what suits you best and what you're comfortable in.
H&M and several other brands are working towards sustainability, their collection uses recycled materials. It's worth a quick google to find out what brands are having a positive impact.
Shop your wardrobe before you buy, not only will it save you money and benefit you in the long run, it will give you an idea of what you actually need, as opposed to what you think you need.


After only 3 days on the market, Kelly sold this pristine, single-story Mediterranean home in the sought after Cathedral Pointe development. Despite challenging market conditions, well-positioned properties are being bought and sold ever day in our area. Please give Kelly a call at 805-895-4406 for a confidential evaluation of your property and let her proven success record fork for you.


Now is the time to submit your comment letters regarding National Credit Union Administration's proposed member business lending (MBL) rule. With the onslaught of banker's letters protesting its benefits for credit unions, we need to counterbalance the negative with the positive. The deadline for comments is Aug. 31.
How can you submit your comment letter?
Go to PowerComment and follow the instructions. On PowerComment (www.powercomment.org), you will find a series of questions to consider and also some draft text for a comment letter.
Go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: www.regulations.gov. Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
NCUA Website: www.ncua.gov/Legal/Regs/Pages/PropRegs.aspx. Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
Email to regcomments@ncua.gov. Include ''[Your name]— Comments on Proposed Rulemaking for Part 723'' in the email subject line.
Fax: 703-518–6319. Use the subject line described above for email.
Mail: Address to Gerard S. Poliquin, Secretary of the Board, National Credit Union Administration, 1775 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314– 3428.
Encourage your members to comment, too!
Please also encourage your members, particularly your small business members, to send a short message to NCUA as well. Voter Voice is a portal that allows credit union members, employees and volunteers to send a message to NCUA that is supportive of credit union small business lending. On Voter Voice, there are a series of letters that can be sent, or individuals can draft their own message. Again, the bankers are making their views known. We strongly encourage you to ask your members, employees, and volunteers to send a message to NCUA on this proposal.
What should my letter say?
Your letter can be as short and simple as just a few sentences supporting the proposal in general and commending NCUA for easing regulatory burdens in this area. Or, feel free to address any specific issues or suggestions that you have after reading through the summary. As a reminder, comments can be provided in a simple email and do not have to address every aspect of the proposal. See sample letters on Cornerstone's Comment Call website page.
Feel free to contact Suzanne Yashewski, Cornerstone SVP regulatory compliance counsel at (512) 853-8516 or syashewski@cornerstoneleague.coop.


text:
Q: Create loop on subsets I work on a bid data frame and I wanna create some actions on subset that I had already create with copy/paste because I understand nothing about loop...
But now I really need to understand how loop because my subsets need's become to be very giant.
I try something with just two subset for training, I do exactly the same actions with loop and without, but there is error messagewith loop way. I create the subsets with a global data frame, there are not from different files.
> file=c("M.splendens","G.pulchellus")
> species=c("M.splendens","G.pulchellus")
> for (i in 1:length(species))
+ {
+   data= file[i]
+   data= select(file[i], code_site,passage,adulte)
+   data= spread(passage, adulte)
+   data= replace(data, is.na(data),0)
+   title=(species[i])
+   }
Error in UseMethod("select_") :
  no applicable method for 'select_' applied to an object of class "character"
> data = M.splendens
> data = select(data, code_site,passage,adulte)
> data = spread(data, passage, adulte)
> data = replace(data, is.na(data),0)
> M.splendens_td_a = data

Sorry for my bad english, and thank you in advance for your help.
Have a nice day !
Théodore


Study Aids There are 68 products.
Perfect for children who are learning to read using the synthetic phonics method, this pack features a phomene on each card, with an example of usage on the back. Also includes notes for parents, stickers and a set of 'tricky word' cards to help build vocabulary. Flashcards.
50 double-sided flash cards showing the first 100 Key Words. Use the cards and the helpful parent guide included inside the pack to help your child recognize words, build sentences and play games.


Fort Hancock ISD is a school district in Ft Hancock, TX. As of the 2017-2018 school year, it had 409 students. The school received an accountability rating of B. 70.4% of students were considered at risk of dropping out of school. 67.7% of students were enrolled in bilingual and English language learning programs.
An average teacher's salary was $52,087, which is $1,247 less than the state average. On average, teachers had 11.8 years of experience. The average SAT score at Fort Hancock ISD was 888. In the Class of 2017, 100% of students received their high school diplomas on time or earlier.
Students in Fort Hancock ISD are part of the Texas Education Agency's Region 19. Students who started eighth grade in in this region had a college graduation rate of 19.7 percent. View a more comprehensive breakdown of the higher ed outcomes in Region 19.


text:
"Got to Love" the music: Laila Biali jazzes up traditional styles in first performance of annual Concert Series
Esha Gohil
Juno Award winning jazz vocalist and pianist Laila Biali claps after performing one of her original works at the first Concert Series show last Friday night. In addition to her performance, Biali led workshops with jazz band, Downbeat and the upper school orchestra on Thursday and Friday.
by Kathy Fang, Editor-in-Chief
"One, two—one, two, three, four!"
The deep notes of the bass and a catchy drum rhythm kick off an upbeat jazz song, led by a bright trumpet melody. After a few counts, jazz vocalist, pianist and songwriter Laila Biali leans into the microphone and launches into the opening lyrics of her song "We Go," sprinkling in vibrant chords on the piano as her soprano voice fills the theater.
Biali starred as the first featured artist of this year's Concert Series, bringing a weekend of workshops and music to the upper school. Biali, a Canadian artist who recently won the 2019 Juno Award for Vocal Jazz Album of the Year, was invited by music teacher and Concert Series artistic director Dr. Dave Hart to lead workshops with jazz band, Downbeat and the upper school orchestra on Thursday and Friday, as well as an open rehearsal on Friday afternoon, before performing in the Patil Theater last night at 7 p.m.
Every year, the upper school performing arts department sponsors a series of performances by professional musicians, ranging from string quartets to modern jazz combos. When Dr. Hart was planning this year's Concert Series, Biali, a former colleague of Dr. Hart's at Stanford Jazz Workshop, "jumped out" as a candidate with a unique musical philosophy to share.
"I always tell the students this—I just want to find the best musicians out there and get them close to those musicians, because when you're around a good musician or a great musician, like Laila, it can change your life," said Dr. Hart, who joined Biali onstage Friday night on the trumpet. "My hope was, honestly, that she would just inspire with her musicianship and just push us in new directions, musically, and she does."
Biali leads the upper school jazz band in an big band arrangement of her own cover of Coldplay's "Yellow," which features in her newest album. Biali talked to students about the importance of listening to one another as they played, and she worked with each section individually on perfecting the "crunchy harmony" of the arrangement.
Biali's style of music mixes jazz, pop and classical styles in songs and covers that feature harmonically complicated musical structures, reviving old melodies and creating original works alike. Friday night's setlist featured a combination of classical jazz tunes, such as "Nature Boy" and "Night and Day," in addition to some of her own songs.
Whether it be a well-known hit tune like "Heart of Gold" or a self-written piece like "Got to Love," Biali adds a personal touch to each of her performances, sharing anecdotes and interacting dynamically with the band and audience as she sang.
"The way she reinterprets these classic and enshrined songs and brings to them a whole new sentiment—it's what the best of music is supposed to be. I was really moved by that," jazz pianist Kalyan Narayanan (12) said.
Biali sings as she plays the piano melody to a jazz song last night at her performance. Biali inaugurated this year's Concert Series, which will feature The Bohemian Trio and the Kronos Quartet later in the year.
Biali's musical career began at the age of three, when she played the Sesame Street melody on the piano "without having been taught a thing yet." "That sealed my fate," Biali said, laughing at the memory.
Biali then trained in classical piano under the Leila Fletcher method, which, as Biali remembers, involved arts and crafts activities that taught music as an enjoyable and tactile art. By the time Biali was eight, she had traded bedtime stories for bedtime études, listening to classical cassette tapes every night.
"The music would just wash over me, and it would give me such a feeling of excitement," she said. "I wanted so much to be able to create that for others."
Biali went on to study jazz in college and became a professional pianist. Even though she wasn't professionally trained as a vocalist, Biali delved into vocal music in addition to her work as a jazz and classical instrumentalist, and with that, she began to develop her niche in the world of music, earning multiple honors in numerous fields along the way. Last year, she released her newest album, "Laila Biali," a mix of original songs and covers that won the equivalent of a Canadian Grammy award earlier this year.
Throughout her musical career, Biali has kept the spirit of her childhood inspiration with her, and her lasting determination to bring that "feeling of excitement" to others through her music has largely influenced the work that she creates. In her music, Biali hopes to share both her love for the art and the lessons that it has taught her.
"Music teaches us to listen to one another," she said. "It's communication. So in that sense, I think that that principle and the values of music, if they expanded into society—principles of listening to one another and then you contribute what you can that serves the whole… everybody is contributing, and then we all rise together."
Biali emphasized this especially during her workshop with the upper school jazz band, during which she led the student musicians in a big-band arrangement of her arrangement of Coldplay's song "Yellow." Though they only had time for two run-throughs and some section-specific workshopping, Biali hopes that by exploring this piece, students learned how to find connection as a band through the music itself.
"I wanted to be able to help them listen to one another. You do your part and you realize how you fit into the whole, and then everything improves. And we actually saw that in real time," Biali said.
The next Concert Series performance will feature piano, saxophone and cello combo The Bohemian Trio on Nov. 22, followed by contemporary classical group Kronos Quartet on Feb. 28.
Irina Malyugina
Biali addresses the students and faculty who sat in on her open rehearsal Friday afternoon. The rehearsal was held in anticipation of Biali's performance later that night, which began at 7 p.m. and featured a setlist that mixed jazz, classical and pop styles.
Dr. Dave Hart
Kathy Fang, Editor-in-Chief
Kathy Fang (12) is the editor-in-chief of Harker Aquila. This is her fourth year on staff. From covering local marches and protests to initiating Harker...
Esha Gohil, HoH Co-Editor-in-Chief and Aquila Photo Editor
Esha Gohil (12) is the co-editor-in-chief of Humans of Harker and the photo editor of Harker Aquila. This is her fourth year on staff, and this year she...
Irina Malyugina, Photo Editor
Irina Malyugina (11) is the photo editor of Harker Aquila and the Winged Post. This is her third year on staff. She has a passion for visual storytelling...


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Angelina Jolie Quotes
United States, Actress
Angelina Jolie (/dʒoʊˈliː/ joh-LEE; born Angelina Jolie Voight, June 4, 1975) is an American actress, filmmaker, and humanitarian. She has received an Academy Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards, and has been cited as Hollywood's highest-paid actress. Jolie made her screen debut as a child alongside her father, Jon Voight, in Lookin' to Get Out (1982). Her film career began in earnest a decade later with the low-budget production Cyborg 2 (1993), followed by her first leading role in a major film, Hackers (1995). She starred in the critically acclaimed biographical cable films George Wallace (1997) and Gia (1998), and won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the drama Girl, Interrupted (1999).
Also known as Film Maker, Humanitarian
There is no greater pillar of stability than a strong, free and educated woman, and there is no more inspiring role model than a man who respects and cherishes women and champions their leadership.
I need more sex, OK? Before I die I wanna taste everyone in the world.
I've never lived my life in the opinion of others. I believe I'm a good person. I believe I'm a good mom. But that's for my kids to decide, not for the world.
I usually make up stories for my kids.I like to tell them stories and make up any kind of crazy to involve them in characters. The kind of fairytales I don't like are the ones with happy endings, where there's just good and evil and things are perfect. I think when there's a good story for children it has a moral tale, so that's what I try to teach my kids.
Women and girls are bearing the brunt of extremists that revel in treating them barbarically. This is inextricably linked to our overall failure to prevent and end conflicts worldwide, which is causing human suffering on an unprecedented level.
I'm looking very much forward to growing older. I want to be an exhausted older woman but with a very full life behind me and one still going.
The truth is I love being alive. And I love feeling free. So if I can't have those things then I feel like a caged animal and I'd rather not be in a cage. I'd rather be dead. And it's real simple. And I think it's not that uncommon.
Working with [Robert] De Niro taught me a lot about being an actor's director.
I don't really have girlfriends in movies, if you've noticed. Well, I have a few girlfriends, I just... I stay at home a lot. I'm just not very social. I don't do a lot with them, and I'm very homebound. I'll talk to my family, I talk to Brad... But I don't know, I don't have a lot of friends I talk to. He is really the only person I talk to.
A Path Appears is an insightful book focused on how individuals can contribute to positive change and the remarkable people behind the organizations that make it happen. The authors' desire to motivate people to support good causes, learn about the situation in other countries, and find the best way to help their fellow men and women is inspiring.
I've realized that being happy is a choice. You never want to rub anybody the wrong way or not be fun to be around, but you have to be happy. When I get logical and I don't trust my instincts - Thats when I get in trouble.
I just started to see the world as it really is and it completely shocked me and changed my opinion on everything.. on life and my values and certainly my own sense of self.
I'm able to be very effective because I'm not a Democrat, I'm not a Republican. So, I'm not tied, and I'd never want to be tied to anything, to some constituency that I would have to answer to.
If anybody comes into my home and tries to hurt my kids, I've no problem shooting them.
Now they can do all these magic things with computers. So you think you get to do something in a movie and you find out you don't get to really do it.
Never send a boy to do a woman's job.
I love directing, It means so much to me to direct stories about subject matter that I care deeply about. I can act in many things, and you can try to experience different characters, but to direct is years of your life and you have to really love it and believe in it.
I learned a lot from Clint [Eastwood], who's an extremely economic director. I learned a lot from Michael Winterbottom, who really gave a lot of trust in the actors and allowed them to live in the space instead of trying to manipulate and make it too set and too staged. Working with [Robert] De Niro taught me a lot of being an actors' director and what that is. I've learned a lot from pretty much everybody. Hopefully I've picked up something from everybody I've worked with.
This script was just so much smarter than usual and I'm just fascinated by human behavior.
First and foremost comes my family and my life with Brad. We have so much joy in raising our children and teaching them about the world that nothing really compares to that.
My kids will be needing me a lot when they hit their teens. If I know anything about being a teenager. I need to be braced to be spending a lot of time with all six of them and making sure I can be there for when they go through everything.
Brad [Pitt] and I have never wanted our kids to be actors. We've never talked about it. But, we also want them to be around film and be a part of mommy and daddy's life, and for it not to be kept from it either. We just want them to have a good, healthy relationship with it.
Becoming a parent has just completely changed me, and made life so beautiful and given me such a center and a focus and such joy.
I am deeply grateful to the citizens of Sarajevo and the Sarajevo Canton assembly for bestowing upon me this incredible honor of citizenship. I am so proud to now be a part of such an extraordinary part of the world and fellow citizen to the people I deeply love and admire.
J. C. Chandor
Carl Karcher


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The reality reboot will continue in 2019.
Netflix announced today that Queer Eye will be returning for a third season. The reality series, which is an updated version of the 2003 original, has been enjoying a successful resurgence since its return to television earlier this year.
Queer Eye, or Queer Eye for the Straight Guy as it was originally known, ran for four seasons on Bravo before it was cancelled in 2007. 10 years later, Netflix confirmed it was creating a revived edition of the lifestyle-focused series featuring a new 'Fab Five' with expertise in fashion, culture, grooming, design, and food and wine.
The new version of the show premiered in February and is off to a strong start, with two critically-acclaimed seasons already under its belt. Just yesterday, it picked up four nominations for the 2018 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, including one for Outstanding Structured Reality Program.
Netflix has ordered another eight episodes for Season 3 of Queer Eye, matching its Season 1 and 2 orders. Look for a premiere in 2019.
I use to watch the original Queer Eye for the Straight Guy. I LOVED IT! I didn't know it was back. I will be checking it out. OH YES and JP needs to get a clue....You are the FREAK!
I thought the word queer couldn't be used, unless you're queer. And by queer, I mean a freak of nature.
Not my kind of show really but happy it got renewed for those who enjoy it.
Richard should get a life.
Great to hear. Excellent show!
Liberal left agenda at it again!


There was another record turn-out for the fifth annual Export & Freight Masters Golf Day staged at the challenging and award winning 18-hole Championship Golf Course at Lough Erne Resort in Fermanagh.
Todd's Leap in Ballygawley was the venue for the second event for those who like their recreational sport more adventurous and away from the greens. The off roading, clay pigeon shoot and other pursuits proved both challenging and entertaining for the numerous guests. Watch the videos below for a full overview of the day and night.
Images coming soon, please check back later.


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Q: delaying infinite scroll with jquery or javascript I have a jquery script that is correctly loading new pages for an infinite scroll setup. What I would like to do is have it so that when you're say 300px away from the bottom, it loads more. I'm able to do that now, but unfortunately the scroll registers multiple times and the ajax loads the rest of the page. I've tried setTimeout to no avail.
        (function(){

            //inner functions will be aware of this
            var currentPage = 1;

                $(window).scroll(function() {

                if($(window).scrollTop() + $(window).height() > $(document).height() - 300) {

                    $.ajax({
                        type: "GET",
                        url: "posts/page/" + currentPage,
                        data: "",
                        success: function(results){
                            $(".container").append(results).masonry('reload');
                        }
                    })
                    setTimeout(currentPage++,3000);

                }

            });

        })();

A: With this modification you don't perform another ajax-request if the previous hasn't finished yet:
(function(){

    //inner functions will be aware of this
    var currentPage = 1,
        currentXHR;

        $(window).scroll(function() {

        if($(window).scrollTop() + $(window).height() > $(document).height() - 300) {

            if (currentXHR) {
                return;
            }

            currentXHR = $.ajax({
                type: "GET",
                url: "posts/page/" + currentPage++,
                data: "",
                success: function(results){
                    $(".container").append(results).masonry('reload');
                },
                complete: function() {
                    currentXHR = null;
                }
            })

        }

    });

})();

A: There is an excellent RailsCast on this here (don't worry if you aren't in Ruby, you're just getting JSON data anyway.)


PMC provides plastic molding services for several key manufacturers in the food storage and service industry.
We provide molding services for high-precision engineered components that are used for food storage and retail packaging. For example, we mold catering trays and bowls from glass-filled or other materials that combine high strength with long-lasting finish. Many of these products are designed for low-cost, high volume molding.
We also provide plastic molding services for high-precision engineered components in food service machinery.
Items made for food packaging and storage can be molded or thermoformed. They're typically designed for high-speed production and multi-cavity molds.
Catering trays and bowls can be formed from Sheet Molding Compound or ABS.
Instead of painting or applying decals, we can provide in-mold decorating, hot stamping, pad printing and multishot molding.
Food service machinery and equipment can include specialized plastic molded components with inserts and complex geometries.
Engineered resins provide strength and dimensional stability over a wide range of temperatures.
Food service products are typically designed to stand up to hot water and harsh chemicals in warewashing equipment.
Plastic Molded Concepts is able to produce injection molded products that meet stringent regulations of agencies such as NSF, UL and RoHS.
PMC is also compliant with all the regulations required to supply plastic molded parts for use in commercial food zone areas, as well as refrigeration and ice machines.
We maintain strict traceability records on all the raw materials we use in the plastic molding process.
PMC's plastic molded products are composed of quality, long-lasting materials that are strategically selected to provide the best product for its intended application and environment.
We make sure our end products are clear of any blemishes or imperfections that might occur during the molding process.
Our quick turn-around time on both short and long run orders saves you time and money!
When selecting a plastic molder for a food service product, you need to look at speed-to-market, as well as experience. High-volume production requires careful attention to mold chilling and cycle times. The mold must be carefully designed to allow complete filling across all cavities.
Keeping waste to a minimum is also important, especially if remolded resin runs at a different temperature & pressure compared to virgin product.
For precision machinery components, molding management works hand-in-hand with product design to maximize the engineered plastics. Our certified in-house Master Molders can recommend small changes in draft angles & product thickness to help you get the dimensional tolerances you require.
In certain cases, post-mold machining or fabrication can be most cost-effective for a complex part.
Insert molding may give you the wear-resistance a piece requires with less expensive engineered resins.


The Bird and Nature Festival has been celebrating birds of the Bay of Somme and beyond since 1991.
Whether pictures or videos , discover the Festival of the Bird and Nature , its frame " Somme Bay , Grand Site de France " and relive the highlights of this event today become essential for all the curious by nature !
The Bird and Nature Festival Committee is a nonprofit organization presided over by Henri SANNIER, an anchorman of France Télévisions, since it was founded in 1990.
Our Festival is a family event. We want to raise awareness about nature and indeed about birds and their habitats through art, culture and science.
The 1st Festival took place April, 11th – 14th, 1991.
Spreading over 70,000,000 square meters, the Bay of Somme offers 3 ecological habitats: the estuary, sand dunes and marshes. Nature lovers appreciate its flora and the place is well-known among bird-watchers.
The Bird and Nature Festival is a yearly event. It takes place every spring, the best moment to go birdwatching in this unique setting, a member of the Most Wonderful Bays in the World Club as well as a "Grand Site de France".
The Bird and Nature Festival organizes 2 international competitions at the end of the summer: one dedicated to bird photography, the other to nature documentaries. The best of both competitions are displayed during the event. You'll find more information on this website when the competitions are open (available September / November) and in our program pages (available February / April).


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I will make a full backup of all website files, content and your database. Then I will migrate it to your new hosting server or domain name.
What is included in this hourly?
If you have any questions, please feel free to ask by sending me a message. If possible, please ask any questions you may have before purchasing an Hourly.
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I have strong Knowledge of PHP | MySQL | Opencart | Prestashop | Wordpress| Magento and having excellent experience in developing and designing dynamic database driven websites as well...Read moreI have strong Knowledge of PHP | MySQL | Opencart | Prestashop | Wordpress| Magento and having excellent experience in developing and designing dynamic database driven websites as well as customized and open source CMS based sites with back-end admin panel, e-commerce websites including real estate, merchandise, auction, music cart etc.
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