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Justia › US Law › Case Law › Federal Courts › District Courts › District of Columbia › District of Columbia › 1969 › Johnson v. American General Insurance Co.
Johnson v. American General Insurance Co., 296 F. Supp. 802 (D.D.C. 1969)
US District Court for the District of Columbia - 296 F. Supp. 802 (D.D.C. 1969)
George E. JOHNSON, Dwight D. Taylor, Franklin B. Tuttle, Plaintiffs,
AMERICAN GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company of America, Equity Annuity Life Insurance Company, Benjamin M. Woodson, Gus S. Wortham, and Harry C. Copeland, Jr., Defendants.
Civ. A. No. 3161-67.
United States District Court District of Columbia.
*803 *804 Jerome M. Alper, Washington, D. C., for plaintiffs.
John J. Wilson, Washington, D. C., David T. Searls, Harry M. Reasoner and Travis C. Broesche, Vinson, Elkins, Searls & Connally, Houston, Tex., for defendants.
MEMORANDUM-ORDER
GASCH, District Judge.
Plaintiffs filed the complaint in this case in two parts: part I is styled as a derivative action; part II as a class action. This matter came on for hearing on defendants' motions: (I) for summary judgment on count one of plaintiffs' complaint; (II) for an order requiring plaintiffs to amend their pleadings to eliminate allegations as to the representation of absent persons and allowing them to proceed in their individual capacities only; and (III), in the alternative, for an order determining and limiting the class and directing notice to the members of the class.[1]
It is alleged that plaintiffs are minority stockholders in the Equity Annuity Life Insurance Company (EALIC) a variable annuity insurance company organized under Title 35 of the District of Columbia Code. Defendant Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company of America (VALIC) is similarly organized under Title 35 of the District of Columbia Code. EALIC and VALIC, nationwide competitors, are leaders in the relatively new and expanding field of variable annuity insurance.
Defendant American General Insurance Company of Houston, Texas, (American General), a Texas corporation qualified to do business in the District of Columbia, allegedly is a holding company which controls five life insurance companies and seven fire and casualty companies. It owns minority interests in three other life insurance companies. During the years relevant here, American General owned 34.3% of EALIC's capital stock. Persons associated with American General owned an additional 25.8% of EALIC's capital stock creating a combined control of approximately sixty percent.
Defendant Woodson is the president and a director of both American General and EALIC.[2] Five of EALIC's *805 eleven directors are directors or officers of American General or its affiliated companies. Defendant Woodson owns 9,753 shares of EALIC's stock.
Rapid expansion diminished VALIC's capital. This brought pressure from the Superintendent of Insurance for the District of Columbia on VALIC to seek additional capital. American General, acting through President-Director Woodson, was responsive to VALIC's search and an agreement was established between them on May 5, 1967. Under part one of the agreement American General would purchase 1,325,000 shares (50%) of VALIC's capital stock for $12,735,000 ($9.61 per share) and VALIC would arrange to have Woodson become a director and chairman of the Board of VALIC. Under part two of the agreement and conditioned on the completion of part one of the agreement, American General, again acting through Woodson, would cause EALIC to sell all of its business, 250,000 capital shares, to VALIC in return for 250,000 shares of VALIC (quoted at 20 5/8 to 21 1/8 on 5/4/67).
It is generally alleged that Woodson, in effect wearing several "hats" at the same time, engineered these transactions from all sides without regard for EALIC's stockholders and with only the interests of American General, his true principal, in mind. Part two of the agreement has not been consummated. EALIC is still in existence.
Under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, defendants may prevail on their motion for summary judgment of count one of plaintiffs' complaint only if it appears from the entire record that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and only if on the undisputed facts the defendants are entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. In order to put the issue in focus, local rule 9(h) requires the movant to submit with his Rule 56 motion a particular statement of the material facts as to which there is no dispute. No rule 9(h) statement has been filed. Rather, the defendants have requested the Court to consider a recitation of "uncontroverted facts" appearing in their briefs in support of these motions as the statement required by rule 9(h).[3] To the extent possible the Court has done that.[4]
Plaintiffs, however, have challenged defendants' version of the material facts both in general and in the particular. "If one thing is clear about the case at bar, it is that material facts and the inferences to be drawn therefrom are in issue."[5] The Court agrees. Moreover, in this case it appears that the legal issues will in part turn on elements such as fiduciary duties, duties of loyalty and conflicts of interest, which elements require for their just resolution a scrutiny of the inferences to be drawn from the facts and from those presenting them.[6] In regard to antitrust litigation the Supreme Court has stated:
We believe that summary procedures should be used sparingly in complex * * * litigation where motive and intent play the leading roles, the proof is largely in the hands of the alleged *806 conspirators, and hostile witnesses thicken the plot. It is only when the witnesses are present and subject to cross-examination that their credibility and the weight to be given their testimony can be appraised. Trial by affidavit is no substitute for trial by jury which so long has been the hallmark of `even handed justice.' * * *[7] (citations omitted).
For these reasons the Court is at this time, on this state of the record, reluctant to find the material facts undisputed and accordingly, denies this part of defendants' motion for summary judgment.
Alternatively, the defendants have requested the Court to treat their motion as one in the nature of a motion to dismiss. Defendants argue that regardless of the facts, or assuming arguendo that the facts plaintiffs allege are true, defendants are entitled, as a matter of law, to a dismissal of count I of the complaint on either of two theories.
First, defendants argue that plaintiffs are now, on the eve of the consummation of the challenged corporate transactions, precluded from bringing this action since, rather than earlier seeking an injunction, they "deliberately chose to forego any type of equitable proceeding to prevent the consummation * * * of the transaction, choosing instead to protect their interests by suit for damages on behalf of the individual stockholders."[8] The Court is unable on the complex and factually contradicted record before it to find either that the plaintiffs made such a decision or, even in the event they did, that such a decision would preclude them from changing their strategy from negotiation on personal claims to suit on both personal and derivative claims.[9] It appears that this is a matter within the discretion of the Court.[10] Noting the plaintiffs allege that they sought all reasonable remedies within the corporate structure and that another stockholder, James K. Sullivan, unsuccessfully sought an injunction in Civil Action 1807-67 to prevent the holding of the stockholders meeting at which the agreement now challenged was subsequently allegedly approved, at this stage, the Court will not on this ground deny the plaintiffs the opportunity to proceed.
Second, defendants assert that plaintiffs cannot maintain a derivative action "[b]ecause it is clear that attacks by minority shareholders upon mergers or sales of assets ratified by the shareholder majority involving assertions of direct injury to the minority shareholders and do not injure the corporation as such * * *."[11] While this proposition has support among the authorities, it is not a statement which the Court would characterize as "clear" or dispositive of the issue.[12]
Thus, plaintiffs' complaint is not limited to grievances of the minority against the majority. To compel a dismissal here, defendants' statement of the *807 law would have to comprehend that attacks by minority shareholders upon mergers or sales of assets ratified by the majority can "only" be assertions of direct injury. As a general proposition that is incorrect.[13] The operative word implied in defendants' statement is * * attacks * * * "which" involve assertions of direct injury. As indicated earlier, the Court cannot at this stage find the facts which would bring this case within the theory defendants assert.
Moreover, defendants' theory assumes particular facts, such as the lawfulness of the ratification, which, while they may be true, have not at this stage of the proceeding been established.[14]
In a variation of this argument, defendants assert that the same injury cannot be both personal and derivative.[15] To the extent this means that the same single injury arising from the breach of a single duty cannot be both personal and derivative, this is probably correct.[16] Here, however, as will be more fully developed later, there is not one but several duties allegedly breached and not one but several injuries claimed. Again, defendants imply that plaintiffs "realistically" only have one grievance. Again, the Court will not at this stage ignore that which plaintiffs state as their grievances and argue as their theories. To do that would be "unrealistic."
Defendants cite several cases which indicate that where there has been a sale of the corporate assets or a merger, derivative claims will not lie since logically and practically there is no entity remaining from which a claim may be derived.[17] Here defendants assert the total assets of the corporation have been transferred and that it has filed a Form 966 Information Return for Corporate Dissolution or Liquidation with the Internal Revenue Service. This position has some merit where a court is in a position to view the facts "realistically" and when the proceedings reach the stage in which the court assumes an active role.[18] Plaintiffs, however, on whose allegations the Court must now depend, maintain that, although EALIC is no longer operating fully, it has not ceased to exist because the challenged transactions were suspended at the outset of this suit.[19]
Skillfully, defendants have pressed the broader argument that regardless of, or assuming, plaintiffs' factual allegations, the theories of plaintiffs' complaint do not meet the general test of derivative claims.[20] Defendants place particular emphasis on whether the relief sought is relief which would inure directly to the corporation (a derivative action) or whether the relief would go directly to the stockholder (a personal or primary action).[21] Plaintiffs, it is argued, are merely minority stockholders who do not object to the challenged *808 transaction except insofar as they may not receive as much for their individual shares as they would hope to.[22] The relief they propose is not that the corporation be returned to its full operating capacity, but rather that they receive more, personally, for their stock.[23]
Plaintiffs, on the contrary, maintain that the test of whether an action is derivative or primary is not phrased in terms of the relief sought but turns on whether the injury to be redressed is one to the corporation or to the individual stockholder.[24] Moreover, they argue, their statements as to relief were merely suggestions and that they favor any form of relief which will compensate the injuries.
Both statements of the test are partially correct. A review of the authorities indicates that courts have wide discretion in interpreting whether a complaint states a derivative or primary action.[25] The tests suggested by scholars and variously applied by other courts have been stated as broadly as: whether the injury is to the corporation directly,[26] or to the stockholder personally;[27] whether the injury results from the breach of a duty owed to the corporation or to the stockholder personally;[28] and whether the relief sought would go to the corporation directly or to the individual stockholder.[29] To be useful, therefore, these general statements must necessarily be supplemented by the results of cases.
In this connection precedent indicates that it is the existence and implications of "duties" which are the paramount considerations. Thus, it has been held that the same set of facts may give rise to several claims, some of which are personal and some of which are derivative[30] when there are duties owing both to a corporation and to a stockholder *809 personally.[31] Similarly, because directors as well as dominant stockholders stand in a fiduciary relationship to the corporation,[32] derivative suits may be maintained to remedy breaches of the duties arising from those relationships.[33] Moreover, where a suit is logically derivative in nature but, for instance, the overwhelming majority of the stockholders have also breached a duty perhaps in one of their dual capacities as directors and stockholders, courts have fashioned corporate relief which benefits only the minority, personally.[34]
Thus, focusing on the existence and implications of duties as the keys to proper characterization, considering the available options indicated by the precedents noted above and treating where necessary the facts alleged by the plaintiffs as true, the Court has examined the theories which appear to be asserted by plaintiffs' complaint to determine whether, as a matter of law, and under modern pleading[35] they may assert derivative causes of action.
In their complaint and motion in opposition to defendants' motion for summary judgment, plaintiffs allege that Director-President Woodson engaged in a course of conduct which necessarily produced a "conflict of interests" and which resulted in damage to EALIC. It is clear that a director owes a fiduciary duty to his corporation because of his position of special trust.[36] The often quoted standard related by Judge Cardozo is applicable here:
"Many forms of conduct permissible in a workaday world for those acting at arms length, are forbidden to those bound by fiduciary ties. A trustee is held to something stricter than the morals of the market place. Not honestly alone, but the punctilio of an honor most sensitive, is the standard of behavior. As to this there has developed a tradition that is unbending and inveterate. Uncompromising rigidity has been the attitude of courts of equity when petitioned to undermine the rule of undivided loyalty by the `disintegrating erosion' of particular exceptions."[37]
Woodson, president and a director of EALIC, allegedly breached this duty of loyalty to his corporation in part by favoring American General and sacrificing EALIC while representing both in the challenged transactions. The duty allegedly breached was one owing to the corporation, not to the stockholders directly and not to plaintiffs personally. Correspondingly the injury alleged is to EALIC directly and to the plaintiffs *810 only indirectly.[38] Relief could go to the corporation or to the plaintiffs depending on the development of the particular facts.[39] The authorities indicate that such a complaint may be maintained derivatively.[40] Moreover, the resolution of the issues thus raised turns closely on the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the particular facts.[41]
Plaintiffs also argue that in putting the challenged transactions together, Woodson and his associates circumvented the lawful procedures, including voting procedures, of the corporation. They allege that a board of directors meeting in which the plan was approved was improperly called and that a majority or a quorum of qualified directors did not participate. Similarly, a stockholders meeting at which the plan was allegedly ratified was defective. As a result, Woodson acted "ultra vires" and contrary to his express duty to the corporation to conduct its affairs according to established procedures. That these acts may also violate duties which may be owing to the shareholders personally[42] does not diminish the breach of a duty running to the corporation, except insofar as the doctrine of ratification may apply.[43] Here, however, the shareholders meeting is challenged as well. In fact the general rule is that a shareholder has no general right of action against a director who defrauds or mismanages a corporation because the primary duty breached is to the corporation even when the effect reaches the value of the shareholders stock.[44] It is the corporation which has the right of action; the derivative suit is the means.[45] Plaintiffs also assert claims against American General. They allege that American General, by virtue of its control, particularly through President-Director Woodson, had a fiduciary duty to EALIC and that duty was breached by creating and then exercising against EALIC a conflict of interest, by strengthening a competitor, by discriminating against EALIC, by committing waste and by denying EALIC a corporate opportunity.[46]
A derivative suit is in essence nothing more than a suit by a beneficiary of a fiduciary to enforce a right running to the fiduciary.[47] Here, the stockholders of EALIC are suing on its behalf to remedy the breach of a duty owed the corporation by those controlling *811 it. That such a duty exists, has long been established. In Pepper v. Litton, the Supreme Court stated:
A director is a fiduciary * * *. So is a dominant or controlling stockholder or group of stockholders. * * Their powers are powers in trust. * * * Their dealings with the corporation are subjected to rigorous scrutiny and where any of their contracts or engagements with the corporation is challenged the burden is on the director or stockholder not only to prove the good faith of the transaction but also to show its inherent fairness from the viewpoint of the corporation and those interested therein.[48]
Accordingly, these claims may be maintained derivatively.[49]
Finally, plaintiffs argue that Woodson is personally liable for participating in an "ultra vires" act to the detriment of the corporation and for being pecuniarily interested in corporate transactions in violation of 35 D.C.C. §§ 526, 530 (1967). It is logical that such claims should be maintainable as part of a derivative action.[50] No cases appear to the contrary.
Thus, in this case, which has become complex procedurally as well as factually, defendants argue that a realistic review of plaintiffs' allegations indicates that the claims are only personal. Defendants' position, with which the Court agrees, is that a "realistic" review is not yet possible since the facts are in dispute and a revelation of the implications of those facts plaintiffs assert must await further development. It does appear from the facts alleged that the defendants owed duties both to the corporation and to the plaintiffs personally. Whether those duties were breached is not now before the Court. All that is held here is that since no election between derivative and primary action is required, since as general propositions of law, the allegations of count I may be maintained derivatively, and since the facts are too contested to determine the "realities" of the situation, the Court will not at this stage strike plaintiffs' derivative claims.
For the foregoing reasons, defendants' motion for a summary judgment of count I of plaintiffs' complaint will be denied at this time.
Defendants' second motion is for an order requiring the plaintiffs to amend their pleadings to eliminate allegations as to representation of absent persons and allowing them to proceed in their individual capacities only. In part two of their complaint, plaintiffs purport to bring an action "for themselves and on behalf of all other stockholders of EALIC, as a class, for actions by the defendants affecting them and their rights as stockholders of EALIC."[51]
Rule 23 sets forth four threshold criteria for the maintenance of such a suit.[52] In essence these criteria relate to the definition of the class:
* * * (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable, (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class, (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses of the class, and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class.
Plaintiffs allege that they represent the class of all stockholders, approximately one hundred persons, making joinder impractical. Defendants argue that since *812 in the second cause of action plaintiffs complain of breaches of duty to the minority stockholders, in part by the majority, all stockholders cannot be in the same class. Logically this is irrefutable.
It appears, moreover, that the second part of plaintiffs' complaint contemplates more than merely an action against the majority shareholders. In part, it appears that the plaintiffs complain that the directors breached their fiduciary duty, not only to the corporation (discussed in Part I, supra), but separately to the shareholders not to use their positions for their own personal advantage to the direct detriment of the stockholders individually.[53] A breach of this or similar duties unquestionably gives rise to a cause of action by the shareholders in their own right.[54] The defendants the plaintiffs seek to charge, however, are also stockholders. Patently plaintiffs cannot seek to represent defendants even though defendants logically may have been acting in different capacities.[55]
Plaintiffs' definition of the class, therefore, is unacceptable. This however, does not require a dismissal of the class action.[56] The Court notes with approval the language cited from the SEC Amicus Brief in Dolgow v. Anderson, 43 F.R.D. 472, 492 (E.D.N.Y. 1968):
To effectuate the purpose of the securities laws, courts should employ the full measure of the discretion granted by the Rule, whenever a fair reading of the complaint permits, to define classes of injured investors in a manner which will permit utilization of the class action procedure.
The same principles apply to general corporate law.[57] Indeed the rule was formulated in part to give practical meaning to legitimate stockholder rights.[58] Thus, the Court will not finally at this time strike the class action.
At this time, however, the Court is also not in a position to define the class for the plaintiffs. Part two of plaintiffs' complaint is undifferentiated in terms of the particular duties allegedly breached by particular defendants. It is apparent that the plaintiffs cannot represent all of the stockholders since some of them are defendants in some of the complaints alleged. It is not apparent whom, in the alternative, plaintiffs might seek to represent and on which causes of action they might all be consistently represented. Thus, this does not appear to be a situation in which the Court can fairly narrow the claims.[59]
Accordingly, plaintiffs' allegations as to the representation of all stockholders will be stricken without prejudice for them to amend their complaint as to the particular personal claims they seek to assert against whomever of the defendants they wish to charge.[60] Part of the hearing held on these motions now before the Court was devoted to the Rule 23 problem. Another more complete hearing will be required by the trial judge on the amended pleadings. At that time the parties should be prepared to provide the Court with particular information as to the number of stockholders and their relative positions of legal interest. The Court notes that some information has already been filed and will be relevant to any amended class action the plaintiffs may seek. Of undoubted particular interest will be the legal position, both in regard to standing and in regard to the requirements of common legal theory, of the shareholders who have already exchanged their *813 stock (allegedly 73) and those who have already filed disclaimers of interest in the litigation (57) with the defendants.[61] In regard to the latter, the Court notes that while these disclaimers are not necessarily substitutes for the notice provisions of Rule 23 since the Court is unaware of the circumstances surrounding their solicitation, they do raise substantial doubt as to the size of a class which may finally be able to proceed.[62]
In regard to the former, those who have changed their position by exchanging their stock, there should be a development of the issue of whether their legal position is antagonistic to those seeking to represent them so that the plaintiffs cannot "fairly and adequately protect [their] interests * * *" in the sense of Pomierski v. W. R. Grace Co.,[63] or whether as in fraud cases such as Dolgow v. Anderson, there is no difference which would affect the representation.[64]
Accordingly, that part of defendants' motion II which requests the Court to strike the class action is granted, but without prejudice to the plaintiffs' to amend their complaint.
Defendants' third motion is premature at this stage.
For the foregoing reasons, it is by the Court this 14th day of February, 1969.
(1) That defendants' motion for summary judgment or in the alternative to dismiss part I of plaintiffs' complaint (the derivative action) be and the same hereby is denied;
(2) That defendants' motion to strike the allegations as to the representation of absent persons (the class action) be and the same hereby is granted without prejudice to the amendment of the complaint by the plaintiffs;
(3) That defendants' motion for an order allowing the plaintiffs to proceed in their individual capacities only be and the same hereby is denied; and
(4) That defendants' motion for an order determining and limiting the class and directing notice to its members be and the same hereby is denied as premature without prejudice to its renewal.
[1] No particular objection has been raised to the maintenance of the claims in count II as primary.
[2] It appears that personal service on Woodson while in this courthouse on another matter was quashed by Judge Corcoran on June 21, 1968. It does not appear whether substituted or other service has been pursued and accordingly the effect of this factor on the suit is not now before the Court.
[3] Brief for defendants in support of motions (I), (II), and (III) at 2, filed August 29, 1968.
[4] This Court's crowded calendar and central assignment system, which often result in several judges hearing separate issues in even complex cases, emphasize the need for concise 9(h) statements. Failure to provide such statements may be fatal to the delinquents' position; Thompson v. Evening Star Newspaper Co., 129 U.S.App.D.C. 299, 394 F.2d 774, 777 (1968). In this case the Court has exercised its discretion to consider the position of the parties since it appears some specific direction must be given to the narrowing of the issues if the case is to proceed expeditiously.
[5] Brief for plaintiffs in opposition to motions (I), (II) and (III) at 7, filed October 15, 1968.
[6] Greene v. Allen, 35 Del.Ch. 242, 114 A.2d 916 (Ch. 1955) rev'd sub nom. Johnston v. Greene, 35 Del.Ch. 479, 121 A.2d 919 (Sup.Ct.1956). See, Mayflower Hotel Stockholders Protective Committee v. Mayflower Hotel Corp., 84 U.S.App.D.C. 275, 173 F.2d 416 (1949), 89 U.S.App. D.C. 171, 193 F.2d 666 (1951).
[7] Poller v. Columbia Broadcasting System, 368 U.S. 464, 473, 82 S. Ct. 486, 491, 7 L. Ed. 2d 458 (1962).
[8] Motions of defendants for summary judgment at 2, filed August 29, 1968.
[9] See notes and text infra at note 12.
[10] See generally Note, 70 A.L.R. 53 (1931) and Quinn v. Baldwin, 64 App.D.C. 133, 75 F.2d 652 (1935) where laches was a bar.
[11] Brief for defendants, supra, note 1 at 16.
[12] See, e.g., Borak v. J. I. Case Co., 317 F.2d 838 (7th Cir. 1963) in which plaintiffs wished their complaint characterized as personal, defendants resisted arguing that it could only be derivative and the court observed that assuming the allegations of the complaint to be true:
We think the trial court failed to recognize the principle that the same allegations of fact might support either a derivative suit or an individual cause of action by shareholders. We think count 1 of the complaint adequately states a cause of action for the redress of rights individual to the Case stockholders.
Id., at 845. Compare Schiff v. RKO Pictures Corp., 34 Del.Ch. 329, 104 A.2d 267 (1954) with Seagrave Corp. v. Mount, 212 F.2d 389 (6th Cir. 1954).
[13] Id. Note, 40 Calif.L.Rev. 127 (1952).
[14] Ratification or laches may on certain facts be a bar: e.g., Quinn v. Baldwin, 64 App.D.C. 133, 75 F.2d 652 (1935).
[15] Citing Borak, supra, note 12.
[16] See, Glenn, The Stockholders Suit Corporate and Individual Grievances, 33 Yale L.J. 580 (1924).
[17] Citing e.g., Vine v. Beneficial Finance Co., 374 F.2d 627 (2d Cir. 1967). But see, United States v. Maryland & Virginia Milk Producers, Inc., 145 F. Supp. 374 (D.D.C.1956).
[18] It is also apparent, however, that a "realistic" view of the facts may encourage a derivative suit even where a corporate death has occurred: Glenn, The Stockholders SuitCorporate and Individual Grievances, supra, note 16 at 593; United States v. Maryland & Virginia Milk Producers, Inc., supra, note 17.
[19] See, California Labor School, Inc. v. Subversive Activities Control Board, 116 U.S.App.D.C. 180, 322 F.2d 393 (1963).
[20] Relying on e.g., Zahn v. Transamerica Corp., 162 F.2d 36, 172 A.L.R. 495 (3d Cir. 1947); Lebold v. Inland Steel Co., 125 F.2d 369 (7th Cir. 1941).
[21] Relying on Schreiber v. Butte Copper & Zinc Co., 98 F. Supp. 106, 112 (S.D. N.Y.1951); Abelow v. Symonds, 38 Del. Ch. 572, 156 A.2d 416, 418 (1959).
[22] Defendants cite letters from plaintiff Johnson and his attorney to defendant Woodson objecting to their "discriminatory" treatment as minority shareholders. These letters are indications that plaintiffs felt their cause to be primary. In count II of the complaint they have alleged primary actions. This does not necessarily foreclose bringing derivative actions as well. See notes 30, 31, infra and text and notes 12 and 13, supra.
[23] Citing as "See also" Sobel v. Whittier Corp., 95 F. Supp. 643 (E.D.Mich.1951).
[24] Relying on e.g., Borak v. J. I. Case Co., supra, note 12; Glenn, The Stockholders SuitCorporate and Individual Grievances, supra, note 16.
[25] E.g., Borak v. J. I. Case Co., supra, note 12. See, e.g., Note, 40 Calif.L.Rev. 127 (1952); 2 Barron & Holtzoff Federal Practice and Procedure § 564 (Wright ed.); 3A Moore Federal Practice ¶ 23.16; 1 Fletcher, Corporations, § 36 (1963).
[26] See Schreiber v. Butte Copper & Zinc Co., supra, note 21. Compare Liken v. Shaffer, 64 F. Supp. 432 (N.D. Iowa 1946) with Watson v. Button, 235 F.2d 235 (9th Cir. 1956).
[27] Ritchie v. McMullen, 79 F. 522 (6th Cir.), cert. denied 168 U.S. 710, 18 S. Ct. 945, 42 L. Ed. 1212 (1897).
[28] Gordon v. Elliman, 306 N.Y. 456, 459, 119 N.E.2d 331, 334 (Ct.App.1954).
[29] Swanson v. Traer, 354 U.S. 114, 77 S. Ct. 1116, 1 L. Ed. 2d 1221 (1957). Defendants cite Zahn v. Transamerica Corp., supra, note 20, for the proposition that whether there exists proportionate equality of injury to all shareholders is one of the best criteria of a derivative claim and that a shareholder's complaint of unequal treatment is non-derivative. Southern Pacific Co. v. Bogert, 250 U.S. 483, 39 S. Ct. 533, 63 L. Ed. 1099 (1919). This has been implied in cases such as Zahn where plaintiff sought to press his claim primarily since, for instance, he was not a shareholder at the time of the challenged events and could not pursue it derivatively. Zahn, supra, 162 F.2d at 48. These cases emphasize the significance of undisputed facts and their implications. See cases cited notes 30 and 31, infra, indicating that some circumstances may support both derivative and primary claims.
[30] See e.g., Borak v. J. I. Case Co., supra, note 12; Mayflower Hotel Stockholders Protective Committee, supra, note 6; Bennett v. Breuil Petroleum Corp., 34 Del. ch. 6, 99 A.2d 236 (1953); Glenn, The Stockholders SuitCorporate and Individual Grievances, supra, note 16; Note, Calif.L.Rev., supra, note 13; Note, 167 A.L.R. 279 (1947).
[31] Ritchie v. McMullen, supra, note 27. See Mayflower Hotel Stockholders Protective Committee, supra, note 6.
[32] E.g., Chenery Corp. v. S.E.C., 75 U.S. App.D.C. 374, 128 F.2d 303 (1942).
[33] Perlman v. Feldmann, 219 F.2d 173, 175, 50 A.L.R.2d 1134 (2d Cir. 1955). See Pepper v. Litton, 308 U.S. 295, 60 S. Ct. 238, 84 L. Ed. 281 (1939); Southern Pacific Co. v. Bogert, 250 U.S. 483, 39 S. Ct. 533, 63 L. Ed. 1099 (1919).
[34] Bellevue Gardens, Inc. v. Hill, 111 U.S.App.D.C. 343, 297 F.2d 185 (1961); Perlman v. Feldmann, supra, note 33, 219 F.2d at 178. See Southern Pacific Co. v. Bogert, supra, note 33. See generally Note, 69 Harv.L.Rev. 1314 (1956). Because the characterization of a suit as derivative or primary turns on duties whose implications may be subtle, a court may when it appears from the development of the facts that the derivative claim is not appropriate, dismiss that claim and/or characterize it as personal. E.g., Borak v. J. I. Case Co., 317 F.2d 838, 845, n. 7 (7th Cir. 1963).
[35] E.g., Dioguardi v. Durning, 139 F.2d 774 (2d Cir. 1944).
[36] E.g., Perlman v. Feldmann, supra, note 33. See, Murphy v. Washington Am. League Baseball Club, Inc., 116 U.S.App. D.C. 362, 324 F.2d 394 (1963); Hill, supra, note 34; Helms v. Duckworth, 101 U.S.App.D.C. 390, 249 F.2d 482 (1957); McKay v. Wahlenmaier, 96 U.S.App.D. C. 313, 226 F.2d 35 (1955); Mayflower Hotel, supra, note 6; Chenery Corp., supra, note 32; and compare these with Twin-Lick Oil Co. v. Marbury, 91 U.S. 587, 23 L. Ed. 328 (1875).
[37] Meinhard v. Salmon, 249 N.Y. 458, 459, 164 N.E. 545, 546, 62 A.L.R. 1 (Ct. App.1928).
[38] See text at note 30, supra.
[40] See, Pepper v. Litton, supra, note 33; Higgins v. Shenango Pottery Co., 279 F.2d 46 (3rd Cir. 1960); Perlman v. Feldmann, supra, note 33; Seagrave Corp. v. Mount, supra note 12; Irving Trust Co. v. Deutsch, 73 F.2d 121 (2d Cir. 1934), cert. denied 294 U.S. 708, 55 S. Ct. 405, 79 L. Ed. 1243 (1935); American Investment Co. of Ill. v. Lichtenstein, 134 F. Supp. 857 (E.D.Mo.1955); Abrams v. Allen, 297 N.Y. 52, 74 N.E.2d 305, 173 A.L.R. 671 (Ct.App.1947); Albert A. Volk Co. v. Fleschner Bros., 60 N.Y.S.2d 244 (Sup.1945); Guth v. Loft, Inc., 23 Del.Ch. 255, 5 A.2d 503 (1939).
[41] Johnston v. Greene, supra, note 6 (Sup. Ct.) 121 A.2d at 923 (found no violation but stated "whether or not the director has appropriated for himself something that in fairness should belong to his corporation `is a factual question to be decided by reasonable inference from objective facts.'")
[42] A shareholder need not sue derivatively, or even representatively, to enjoin "ultra vires acts" where it is established that the acts violated the charter-contract to which the shareholder is a party. Alexander v. Atlanta & West Point R. Co., 113 Ga. 193, 38 S.E. 772, 54 L.R.A. 305 (1901).
[43] See Kerbs v. California Eastern Airways, 33 Del.Ch. 69, 90 A.2d 652, 34 A.L.R.2d 839 (Sup.Ct.1952).
[44] Smith v. Bramwell, 146 Or. 611, 31 P.2d 647 (1934).
[45] E.g., Keenan v. Eshleman, 23 Del.Ch. 234, 2 A.2d 904, 120 A.L.R. 227 (Sup. Ct.Del.1938). See Geddes v. Anaconda Copper Mining Co., 254 U.S. 590, 41 S. Ct. 209, 65 L. Ed. 425 (1919).
[46] The relationship of Woodson and American General is most significant: e.g. Perlman v. Feldmann, supra, note 40.
[47] Goldstein v. Groesbeck, 142 F.2d 422, 154 A.L.R. 1285 (2d Cir. 1944).
[48] Pepper v. Litton, supra, note 33, 308 U.S. at 306, 60 S. Ct. at 245.
[49] See Lincoln Stores v. Grant, 309 Mass. 417, 34 N.E.2d 704 (1941), and text and cases cited note 40, supra.
[50] But see note 2, supra.
[51] Plaintiffs' complaint at 14, filed Dec. 13, 1967.
[52] Rule 23(a), Fed.R.Civ.P. (1966). See Note, 36 Geo.Wash.L.Rev. 1150 (1968); Cohn, The New Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 54 Geo.L.J. 1204 (1966); Note, 51 Va.L.Rev. 629 (1965).
[53] E. g., Borak v. J. I. Case Co., supra, note 12, citing e. g., Luther v. C. J. Luther Co., 118 Wis. 112, 94 N.W. 69 (1903).
[55] Dolgow v. Anderson, 43 F.R.D. 472, 491 (E.D.N.Y.1968).
[59] See generally, Dolgow, supra, note 55.
[60] Id., at 501. Rule 23 provides considerable flexibility in the handling of class problems. Note, 36 Geo.Wash.L.Rev. 1150, 1152 (1968).
[61] Compare Dolgow, supra, note 55, with Fischer v. Kletz, 41 F.R.D. 377 (S.D. N.Y.1966) with Pomierski v. W. R. Grace & Co., 282 F. Supp. 385 (N.D.Ill.1967) and see Note, 36 Geo.Wash.L.Rev. 1150 (1968).
[62] Fischer, supra, note 61, 41 F.R.D. at 386.
[63] 282 F. Supp. 385 (N.D.Ill.1967).
[64] Supra, note 55. The theory of Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 391 F.2d 555 (2d Cir. 1968), also merits consideration here.


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Q: dynamically create items in drop down list in bootstrap Small part of my html code :

            <button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">
                Platforms
            </button>

In my js file :
for (i = 0; i < platformList.length; i++) {
        var li =  $("
" , { id : "plat"+i,class : "dropdown" text : platformList[i]  } )
        //var text = document.createTextNode(platformList[i]);
        //li.appendChild(text);
        //btn.data("platform", platformList[i] );
         $("#buttonsPlace").append(li);
        console.log("hiding");
        $("#plat" + i).hide();
    }

However the menu is appearing but the menu items are not. where am i going wrong

A: Try This
$(function() {
    var change = function( txt ) {
        $("#ID").append( '
' + txt + '
' );
    };
    change("this is the first change");
    change("this is the second change");
});

Demo
For Li Click
$("ul").on('click', 'li', function () {
   var id = this.id;
   //play with the id
});

A: $(function(){

    $('.dropdown-toggle').click(function(){

        var countRows = $('ul.dropdown-menu li').size();
        $('.dropdown-menu').append('
Row '+countRows+'
');
        countRows++;
    });

});

Here is the jsfiddle for you http://jsfiddle.net/alexchizhov/ncgXK/
$('#drowdown-link1').click(function(e){
   e.preventDefault();
   window.location.href = 'http://example.com';
});

Here is another jsfiddle for you http://jsfiddle.net/alexchizhov/ncgXK/4/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: get default action for later usage in javascript I have an event that is fired off. I want to change the behavior of this event.
$('window').on('resize', function (ev) {
  ev.preventDefault(); // this needs to be "deferred"
  Game.pause();
  someAsyncPromise().then(result => {
    Game.resume();
    // continue the default action here
  });
})

Is it possible to defer the default action of an event with javascript in this way?

A:
Is it possible to defer the default action of an event with javascript in this way?

No, once all event handlers have returned and the event has finished being routed, the browser handles triggering the default action unless it's been prevented. You can't suspend the event (other than running synchronous code in a handler, of course), or reissue the default action.
It's tempting to try to fire the event again when you want the default to happen, but that's problematic even in the cases where it's possible (retriggers event handlers, many events can only be initiated by the user, etc.), and I don't think it's possible in this case anyway.

Side note: As LGSon pointed out, that particular event doesn't have any default action, so there's no need to worry about preventing it, and no need to try to re-start it later. But the question still applies in the general case.


Developing through the international technology scene, my career has been as diverse as the World Wide Web. I am currently working for ICANN, an internationally organized, non-profit corporation that has various responsibilities for The Internet. As a Registry Services and Engagement Manager, I am working with Registry Operators, which operate generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs) on the rightmost of the dots in web addresses.
Holding an engineering degree in electronics and having excellent communication skills in English and Turkish, I am taking my share of work for international organizations for over ten years. From technical sales to marketing, and operations to legal, I have always been a business developer in a broad sense. I worked for various global organizations as well as local ones, which are going global.
I am a Turkish citizen living in the beautiful city of Istanbul. During my time off from work, you can find me fixing/building things at home or spending some quality time with my daughter.


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Know Your Guide: Gene Steiner
At the age of 10, Gene held his first rod and tied his first fly. He was inspired by his first big catch – the goldfish in his parent's fishpond. Since then, his appreciation for the sport developed into a seasonal hobby that he loves to share with his son, family and friends. Growing up in northern California influenced his…
Know Your Guide: Greg Loomis
Greg recalls the catch like it was yesterday. He tied his fly and released it into a body of water more shallow and narrow than Trail Creek in the Wood River Valley. The tug came quickly, and 9-year-old Greg grew overwhelmed with pride as he reeled in his first 20-pound Steelhead on the end of his Pencil Popper. Since that initial great…
Fishing Forecast 4-18 to 5-2
By Silver Creek Outfitters Fishing Forecast
"I fish in spring to feel the…planetary tilt resurrect every creature and joy that autumn killed." ~ David James Duncan As the seasons change, anglers hold their collective breaths for a beat of time in anticipation of the next. Spring precipitation has blessed our mountains and the Big Wood and Big Lost drainages are right where they should be in…
Know Your Guide: Butch Harper
For the past 60 years, Butch Harper has lived and breathed fishing. Butch smiles as he reminisces over childhood memories of hopping on his dad's bike and venturing off to the Snake River in search of Carp with his old man. Born and raised in Idaho, Butch returned home in 1957 after attending college in Colorado. Upon his return he...
Know Your Guide: Sean Sullivan
For Sean Sullivan, there is no "off season." He will fish anytime, anywhere. His start in fly fishing began in 2011 and the following year he joined the team at Silver Creek Outfitters as a guide. Sean choose the rivers of Idaho to bring out his fly rod because he loves the solitude he receives from this fishing paradise. The…
Fishing Forecast 4-4 to 4-18
"There is a faith, called fishing. It is a form of waiting, some say, for that which has never really been seen. I say, whether I've seen him or not, I love him. And gladly go on waiting." ~ David James Duncan For some, the off season is a time to return to the vice and prepare for future adventures….

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Miller High Life Leg Lamp Beer Tower goes on sale this week. Here's how to get one.
The Miller High Life Leg Lamp Beer Tower holds beer and is a functioning lamp. It will go on sale at 10 a.m. EST on Friday, Dec. 9, 2022.
Deb Kiner | dkiner@pennlive.com
Fans of the 1983 film "A Christmas Story" will love the latest holiday decoration from Miller beer.
The Miller High Life Leg Lamp Beer Tower is not only a functioning lamp but also holds a six-pack of beer. There is a tap on the back of the bottom of the lamp.
The tower is 3 feet, inches tall and can hold 2.2 liters of beer, which is the equivalent of a six-pack.
"It even comes in a FRA-GEE-LAY box for that icon callback to the movie. It truly makes a grown up Ralphie proud!"
The Leg Lamp towers go on sale for $120 each at 10 a.m. ET on Friday, Dec. 9.
The price is in honor of Miller High Life's upcoming 120th anniversary.
READ MORE: These Busch Light Bush Lights are free. Here's how to get them to decorate for Christmas.


Head over to get a pair of these MUK LUKS ® Women's Gianna Shoes for ONLY $18.99 Shipped (Retail $34)!
A loafer with attitude! Turn heads with MUK LUKS® Gianna's striking sequins accents. Wear them again and again because of the easy pull-on style, elastic gore panels and a durable sole for a comfortable fit that lasts. Spot clean with cold water, no bleach, dry flat. Imported.


• Show your friends, how much you care about our T shirts with our best Dad christmas parties and gifts, Awesome dad personalized t shirts for Christmas. DaataaDirect provides a huge range of customized t shirts with high quality printing at much discounted prices. Use voucher codes to get maximum discount.
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Halloween Pumpkin Fancy dress T Shirt adult and junior.


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Seau death spotlights concussion link to depression
May/04/2012
Football fans were shocked this week when news came that Junior Seau, 43-year-old former Pro Bowl linebacker, had died of a suspected suicide on Wednesday morning.
It didn't take long, however, for speculation to turn to the impact that concussions and brain injury can have later in life on those involved in contact sports. Could the thousands of violent collisions Seau experienced over the course of his 20-year career with the San Diego Chargers, Miami Dolphins, and New England Patriots have played a hand in his death?
While most people recover from concussions, a few experience persistent problems with memory or other neurological functions. Doctors believe individuals who experience severe or multiple concussions may be at a greater risk for neurologic disease and clinical depression later in life than the average person.
Players don't have to take obvious knockout blows to suffer damage, says Daniel Stein, MD, a Sarasota neurologist who heads Sarasota Memorial's Concussion Program. Rather, everyday shots to the head in contact sports, repeated often enough, "repetitive sub-concussive injuries" in the jargon, can do the harm.
"These are relatively minor head injuries that cause a change in nerve function, we believe, that results in long-term brain problems," he said.
Each year, approximately 10-15 percent of athletes who participate in contact sports suffer a concussion. While those who participate in football, basketball, soccer and cheerleading activities are particularly vulnerable, a number of people suffer concussions from every day activities, such as riding bikes, skateboarding or rollerblading.
Although most are not life threatening, concussions are complex neurological disorders that require a fast and accurate diagnosis. Signs and symptoms of a concussion can occur immediately; in some cases, however, they can take hours or days to appear. And even the mildest concussion can take a week or more to full recover from.
Last week, Gov. Rick Scott signed the Florida concussion law (HB 291), which requires that any player who shows signs of a concussion get clearance from a doctor before playing again. It covers high school and youth sports. "It's going to be a sea change in how these games are played," Dr. Stein said.


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This weekly article profiles budget FPL players that you may wish to consider for selection in your squads when looking to enable funds to be spent elsewhere in your team.
Defender – Daryl Janmaat (£4.4m) vs Burnley (H)
The flying Dutchman has been bombarding the opposition's left flank in recent weeks as well as being part of an improved defence since the return of Quique Sánchez Flores to Vicarage Road. Note his presence in Norwich City's penalty area in his heat map below from Watford's last game:
<————-Direction of play
The right-back has picked up seven bonus points, three clean sheets and one assist from his last five matches with Watford's next two home games against Burnley and Crystal Palace. An away trip to Southampton in Gameweek 14 also looks attractive on paper.
Only Liverpool (5.63) are ahead of Watford (6.11) in terms of the least amount of xG conceded over the last six league matches.
Owned by 2.0%, Janmaat is therefore not just Watford's joint cheapest playing defender but also an asset with clean sheet, attacking and bonus points potential.
Defender – Charlie Taylor (£4.2m) vs Watford (A)
I picked the Burnley left-back in pre-season before his injury, which is why I was excited to see him making his first league start in Gameweek 12.
He came on for a poor Pieters at half-time against Sheffield United in the prior fixture and now looks set for a spell in Sean Dyche's starting eleven.
The Englishman is known for his crossing and dribbling prowess as demonstrated by his eye-catching heat map below against West Ham where he embarked on a total of three dribbles.
Direction of play ———->
With just 0.6% ownership, he is a great option for FPL managers favouring the Clarets' renowned defence as he is now £0.3m less expensive than the next cheapest starting defender, Matt Lowton (£4.5m), who was mysteriously benched last time out.
Crystal Palace visit Turf Moor the week after who along with Watford are in the bottom two for the lowest amount of goals scored in the league so far this season (10 & 8 respectively).
Forward – Gerard Deulofeu (£6.1m) vs Burnley (H)
The enigmatic Spaniard somewhat divides opinion amongst FPL managers after his poor start to the season when he was a popular £6.5m striking option.
Now £0.4m cheaper and down to 2.4% ownership, Deulofeu certified his status as a flat-track bully with a 12 point haul in gameweek 12 against fellow relegation candidates, Norwich City.
Watford's frontman has an xG of 2.83 at present so his tally of 2 goals suggests that he is slightly underperforming ahead of matches against Burnley and then Southampton away.
Deulofeu scored an incredible seven goals against Cardiff City and Huddersfield Town last season, which is why he merits consideration when the Hornets face poor opposition.
He is also on set-piece duty to boost his attacking potential and has six bonus points from his four attacking returns (2 goals, 2 assists) so far this campaign.
Published by Matthew Halliday
View all posts by Matthew Halliday
Premier League Press Conference Round-Up: Gameweek 12
Buy, Sell, or Hold – FPL Gameweek 13


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SOFTWARE. SENSING & COMPUTING POWER. DATA & POWER DISTRIBUTION.
We are born to move. We move people. We move ideas. We are a technology company bringing smart mobility solutions to the world. Join us.
Technical Center Krakow is one of the largest Aptiv research and development facilities in the world. Our focus is on advanced electronics and active safety technologies, including testing and validation.
We are also developing next generation infotainment and user experience platforms, like our 3D gesture recognition system, as well as electronic control units and smart architecture platforms.
Want to be part of our next big dream?
The Brains Behind the Future
of Mobility
We are creating the next generation of active safety, autonomous vehicles, smart cities and connectivity. We are looking for top talents to become the Brains Behind the Future of Mobility.
Our engineers had its 3D Gesture Recognition System on the 2016 BMW 7 Series recognized by Automotive News PACE jury for an Innovation Partnership Award.
In 2020, we are celebrating 20 Years of Shaping the Future of Mobility in Krakow. Discover the 20 reasons for the 20th anniversary of Aptiv Krakow that make us proud at www.aptiv.com/20for20
Some of our best talent comes from our local universities. That's why we're collaborating with them on various programs and projects, like Active Safety with AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow.
Tech Center Krakow
TCK is home to more than 3,000 employees, including 2,000 engineering professionals.
With new space and testing facilities, the Krakow site, which was established in 2000, is one of our largest R&D facilities in the world.
"It is amazing to start your day surrounded by people full of enthusiasm and devoted to one, common mission. The future is in our hands and we can touch it on daily basis. It is said that there is no place like home. I would say that next to home, I know a place where people are making dreams come true. How awesome is that?"
Engineering Group Manager for SW Quality Assurance in Aptiv
New vibe
Krakow is an old town with a new vibe. But you won't just feel it in the city. Walk into our Tech Center Krakow and you instantly feel the energy, the excitement.
The future of mobility starts here and we are the team making it a reality.
Still a student? About to graduate?
Check out our upcoming career fairs and internship programs.
What's happening in Krakow
"It's our move" spotlight: Romita and Skyler
"It's Our Move" spotlight: Audrey, Senior Account Manager, Mountain View
"It's Our Move" spotlight: Selling the future at Aptiv
"It's Our Move" spotlight: Abe, managing director, Las Vegas
Developing the future in-car experience with AI
Our DNA? Born to Move.
Employee Spotlight: Learn what drives our automated driving engineer, Ky
Keep pace with where mobility is going.
See what's next and get the latest updates.
Sign up for our newsletter Don't worry. We won't flood your inbox or share your email.


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Linux Foundation and NCWIT Release Free Training Course on Diversity in Open Source
November 13, 2020Announcements
Inclusive Open Source Community Orientation (LFC102) is a new training course from The Linux Foundation and National Center for Women & Information Technology (NCWIT) and is designed to provide essential background knowledge and practical skills to create an inclusive culture in the open source community.
The course delves into facts about diversity in tech, the importance of diversity for innovation, the basics of unconscious and societal bias, and how to recognize the different ways unconscious bias presents itself in technical environments. The course also provides the knowledge and skills to recognize, appreciate, and include people of differing races, ethnicities, genders, ages, abilities and other identity categories and promote inclusivity and diversity in open source communities.
"The research is clear: a variety of cultural factors and implicit biases prevent many people from meaningful participation in technology cultures," said Dr. Catherine Ashcraft, Director of Research, NCWIT. "The practices we suggest in the course are intended to address these multiple biases and make the open source community a more inclusive place where currently underrepresented groups are able to thrive and make meaningful contributions to future technical innovations."
While the 2020 Open Source Jobs Report found efforts by employers to increase diversity in open source hiring activities have increased, there is still progress to be made. 11% of those surveyed for the report stated they have been discriminated against or felt unwelcome due to their personal characteristics, an increase from 8% just two years ago. This course is meant as a starting point for everyone in the community – from technical staff to managers, executives, support teams and more – to learn more about these issues and how to ensure everyone feels comfortable in the workplace and broader community.
"Open source projects are best when they cultivate contributions from a wide range of individuals with different backgrounds from all over the world, so it is prudent for community members to ensure everyone feels welcome," said Chris Aniszczyk, CTO of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF). "This course will guide open source projects on how to build inclusive communities, which is why we will be planning to require all CNCF project leadership to complete this training starting next year."
LFC102 is available for immediate enrollment at no cost to students. The course complements the existing LFC101 – Inclusive Speaker Orientation which provides knowledge of how to ensure inclusivity in presentations, messaging and other communications. Enroll today and help build an inclusive open source community!


Tuesday, August 17th "Where is my Visa? It's in the mail"
Now 7-10 days overdue from when they told me it would arrive I am trying to remain calm. After two calls I was promised they would return my call the same day. Never got a return call and because of a short trip to the beach with family I did not have a chance to check in again this week. I can only hope that there is no problem, with a flight coming up in about 8 days I must keep my fingers crossed. Really this comes as no surprise to me and is a typical Spanish timetable. While not a visa I remember the same experience getting our satellite installed, waiting for WiFi from Telefonica, etc. And I'm sure I'm not the only one who may have to change a plane ticket because I lack both my visa and my passport.


Are you a typical genealogist with boxes or file cabinets bulging with census records, deeds, and marriage certificates? You probably have some military pension files and a collection of flowery obituaries. Perhaps you found some long-lost cousins and have pages and pages of correspondence and photocopies of documents from shared research.
But if you are a typical genealogist, you also want more! You want the maiden name of your great-grandmother. You want to know exactly when your immigrant ancestor arrived in the United States. Or maybe you cannot figure out where your great-great-grandparents married.
The answers to your genealogical puzzles may be buried in periodicals. Have you looked? If not, you are missing a gold mine of information.
Why are Periodicals Important to Research?
Periodicals (a.k.a. journals, newsletters, magazines, and quarterlies) are filled with indexes or extracts of every type of record imaginable, such as cemetery inscriptions, baptisms, naturalization records, and homestead applications. These periodicals, usually published by local genealogical societies, provide a constant stream of newly indexed resource material.
Some journals, such as The American Genealogist (a.k.a. TAG) and the New England Historical and Genealogical Register focus on publishing compiled genealogies of families, or correcting previously published family histories. For example, the 75th anniversary issue of TAG (July 1997) includes an article titled "Margery (Maude) Fisher, Quaker Immigrant to Delaware: A Correction of Her Lineage" by Charles M. Hansen, FASG. Margery Maude was born in 1671 and married Thomas Fisher in 1692 in Lewes, Delaware. The incorrect lineage of Margery (Maude) Fisher was published in Count d'Angerville's Living Descendants of Blood Royal, 5 vols., (London: 1959-73, 1:46-47) and again in Gary Boyd Roberts's The Royal Descents of 500 Immigrants, (Baltimore: 1993), 180. If you are a descendant of Margery (Maude) Fisher, this article will be critical to your research.
The National Genealogical Society Quarterly is well-known for its research methodology articles. Case studies teach readers how to analyze and correlate research to solve brick wall problems. For example, Margaret R. Amundson's article "The Taliaferro-French Connection: Using Deeds to Prove Marriages and Parentage" (Vol. 83 No 3, September 1995) describes how she used deeds to prove the marriage between Robert Taliaferro (1688-1736) of Essex County, Virginia, and Margaret French (ca. 1690-1724) of adjacent Richmond County.
Many periodicals, such as Heritage Quest, publish articles of general interest. Their September/October 1997 issue, for example, includes John Philip Colletta's article on U.S. passport applications, and Desmond Walls Allen's discussion of World War I draft registration records.
John Kennedy's article "Take Care of Pieces of Family History" in the September/October 1996 issue of Family Chronicle tells how to preserve family documents and photographs.
The Genealogical Helper is best known for publishing queries from genealogists who want to connect with others researching the same family. Queries are published by other journals too, and success stories abound on how cousins find cousins.
Book reviews may seem like an unimportant or boring item in journals, but they inform us of new products or books on the market. Critical reviews also teach us standards and how to evaluate the quality of publications.
How Do I Find These Periodicals? They're Not in the Grocery or Book Store!
Periodicals are published by every type of genealogical society ranging from the local group of ten members, to national societies with membership in the thousands. They are published throughout the world by family associations, hereditary societies, and individuals.
And, yes, they will not be found in the magazine section of the grocery store or book store. To find a periodical, you must first find the society or organization that covers your area of interest. The quickest method to find out if there is a genealogical society in the research area of your interest, is to study the Federation of Genealogical Societies Membership Directory. Information is provided on over 500 genealogical and historical societies and family associations.
Online web site directories, will guide you to publishers of genealogical magazines. Some of the sites offer online indexes to their journal and/or feature articles from their magazine. Although there are hundreds of sites, there are hundreds more that are not online yet. A visit to your nearest public library with a genealogy collection will introduce you to the variety of periodicals within the genealogical field.
The largest and best-known index to periodicals is the Periodical Source Index, known as PERSI. This resource, created by the Allen County Public Library and available on CD-ROM, indexes over 5,000 different periodicals published in the United States and Canada over the past 200 years. Every article can be searched by locality (both state and county), publication date, family name(s), and article subject.
We should begin our research with PERSI, but not stop with PERSI. There are limits to PERSI because only the article titles were indexed. If the article was an abstract of probate records, only the name of the county and record type will be indexed. But if you examine the full index to the periodical that published the probate records, all the names will be indexed.
The problem comes in finding indexes to the periodicals. Until the era of CD-ROMs, we had to rely on publishers creating cumulative indexes. In the "old days" we used Jacobus's Index to Genealogical Periodicals (an index to 91 periodicals published between 1932 and 1953), or the Genealogical Periodical Annual Indexes (known as the GPAI) that began in 1962. Or we examined annual indexes published by genealogical societies, a painstakingly long research process.
A couple of years ago, the New England Historic Genealogical Society published the Register, 1847-1994 on CD. The Register is the oldest continuous publication by a genealogical society. If you have colonial New England ancestry, the odds are excellent that you'll find references to your family in this publication.
A brief exploration of the Internet unveiled the following Web sites that have information about their periodicals and/or indexes to their periodicals. You may find many other such Web sites in your own explorations.
Avotaynu, the international review of Jewish genealogy, publishes on subjects of interest to genealogists of Jewish and Central and Eastern European ancestry. Last year, the company put the first 12 volumes of the publication on CD-ROM using the Folio search engine. Users can search for words and combination of words and the software locates occurrences (hits) displaying the complete article on the computer screen. The user can then print a copy of the article. For example, a search for the surname Fischbein identifies two articles in which the name appears -- Fall 1994 and Winter 1995 issues. The town of Lublin, Poland is identified with 58 hits.
The Record, is the second-oldest genealogical journal in the United States. Articles focus on families that lived in New York prior to 1900, as well as abstracts or indexes to original New York records such as church registers and tax rolls.
FEEFHS Internet Journal -- East European Genealogy Ala Carte There are several full-text articles at this Web site such as "Researching the People From 'No Mans Land' -- The Carpatho-Rusyns of Austria-Hungary" by Thomas A. Peters.
Index Types Utilize every available index type because none of them provide 100% of what you need. Use PERSI for general surname, locality, and subject searches; use CD-ROMs issued by publications for detailed surname searches; and use the annual index provided by the publication for topics not included in PERSI or CD-ROMs.
Surname Searches Prepare a list of spelling variations to use with every search. Include surnames of collaterals.
Locality Searches Search by town, township, county, or state; province, district, country.
Subject Searches Prepare a list of subjects unique to your family. For example, Methodists, gold rush, slaves, or Black Hawk War.
Research Log Maintain a record of the title and date of periodicals searched, plus research results.
If the Allen County Public Library in Ft. Wayne, Indiana has the periodical, they have a service to photocopy articles. Visit their Web site for details.
Ask your librarian if back issues of the periodical have been published on CD. We will be seeing more and more periodical collections in this format.
Researching with periodicals is never-ending because new material is published every day. For example, an article may appear in next month's NGSQ that will name your family. Or maybe the headstones from a small, rural cemetery were recently transcribed and will be published later this year.
That is why we never give up. There is always another record or another periodical to examine in hope of finding our elusive ancestors. And when you DO figure out one of your genealogical puzzles, write an article about it and submit it to your favorite magazine. Your contribution may help another genealogist solve their own puzzle!


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Home » Uncategorized » Space telescopes launching in 2017 and 2018 will mean a lot more exoplanet discoveries and mearsuring their atmospheres
Space telescopes launching in 2017 and 2018 will mean a lot more exoplanet discoveries and mearsuring their atmospheres
April 7, 2017 November 23, 2015 by Brian Wang
New space telescopes will be put up over the next few years to help with the search for planets outside our solar system.
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) will discover thousands of exoplanets in orbit around the brightest stars in the sky. In a two-year survey of the solar neighborhood, TESS will monitor more than 200,000 stars for temporary drops in brightness caused by planetary transits. This first-ever spaceborne all-sky transit survey will identify planets ranging from Earth-sized to gas giants, around a wide range of stellar types and orbital distances. No ground-based survey can achieve this feat.
The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is a planned space telescope for NASA's Explorers program, designed to search for exoplanets using the transit method.
The primary mission objective for TESS is to survey the brightest stars near the Earth for transiting exoplanets over a two-year period. The TESS project will use an array of wide-field cameras to perform an all-sky survey. It will scan nearby stars for exoplanets
TESS will provide prime targets for further characterization by the James Webb Space Telescope, as well as other large ground-based and space-based telescopes of the future.
In order to obtain unobstructed imagery of both the northern and southern hemispheres of the sky, TESS will utilize a 2:1 lunar resonant orbit called P/2, a never-before-used orbit. The spacecraft's 373,000 km (232,000 mi) apogee is timed to keep the craft away from the Moon, which acts as a destabilizing agent. This highly elliptical orbit should remain stable for decades, and will keep TESS's cameras in a stable temperature range. The majority of the orbit is spent outside the Van Allen belts to avoid radiation damage to TESS. Every 13.7 days at its perigee of 108,000 km (67,000 mi), TESS will downlink the data it has collected during the orbit to Earth over a period of approximately three hours.
TESS's survey will focus on nearby G- and K-type stars with apparent magnitudes brighter than magnitude 12.Approximately 500,000 stars will be studied, including the 1,000 closest red dwarfs, across an area of sky 400 times larger than covered by the original Kepler mission. TESS is expected to discover more than 3,000 transiting exoplanet candidates, including those which are Earth sized or larger. Of those discoveries, an estimated twenty could be super-Earths located in the habitable zone around a star.
Exoplanet candidates could later be investigated by the Automated Planet Finder telescope, the HARPS spectrometer and both the future ESPRESSO spectrometer and James Webb Space Telescope.
The James Webb Space Telescope, set for launch in 2018, will be the first able to actually measure the atmospheric composition of a rocky, possibly Earthlike planet far off in space, and so vastly enhance the search for life.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), previously known as Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), is a space observatory under construction and scheduled to launch in October 2018. The JWST will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from long-wavelength visible to the mid-infrared, and is a successor instrument to the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope. The telescope features a segmented 6.5-meter (21 ft) diameter primary mirror and will be located near the Earth–Sun L2 point. A large sunshield will keep its mirror and four science instruments below 50 K
Categories Uncategorized Tags air force, china, future, geopolitical, military, navy, russia, united states, world Post navigation
DARPA seeking novel mathematical frameworks for understanding and representing complexity
China putting $45.5 billion to start integrating Hebei province, Beijing and Tianjin


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Home A&E Books Like Clockwork: Steampunk Pasts, Presents, & Futures (University of Minnesota Press), edited by Rachel A. Bowser and Brian Croxall
Like Clockwork: Steampunk Pasts, Presents, & Futures (University of Minnesota Press), edited by Rachel A. Bowser and Brian Croxall
by David Luhrssen
Steampunk began as an undercurrent in fantasy literature. Soon, a subculture grouped around its varied visions of an alternate Victorian-Edwardian world. Eventually it rivaled Star Wars and Lord of the Rings for fans at fantasy cons and found its way into film and video games. The essays in Like Clockwork examine the phenomenon from several angles. In literature, steampunk often describes alternative histories drawing from such 19th-century antecedents as Jules Verne and even John Ruskin. Steampunk has often been associated with left, even anarchist politics, but the essays show that some authors have other intentions. While looking toward the past, steampunk also suggests a future of hybridity, culturally and even biologically. As Oscar Wilde, a steampunk favorite, wrote: "Our one duty to the past is to rewrite it."
A&E Books University Of Minnesota Press Steampunk Star Wars Film Video Games
David Luhrssen
David Luhrssen is the Managing Editor of the Shepherd Express. He is author of several books and has been published in Historically Speaking, History Today, the Journal of American History and other journals.
Read more by David Luhrssen


Budipine is an antiparkinson agent.
Its mechanism of action is not well characterized. It is believed to be an NMDA receptor antagonist, however, promoting the synthesis of dopamine.
Because it provides additional benefits relative to existing treatments, it probably does not precisely mimic the mechanism of an existing known treatment.
^ Martndale: The Complete Drug Reference, 35th Ed.
^ Reichmann H (October 2006). "Budipine in Parkinson's tremor". J. Neurol. Sci. 248 (1-2): 53–5.
^ Przuntek H, Bittkau S, Bliesath H, et al. (May 2002). "Budipine provides additional benefit in patients with Parkinson disease receiving a stable optimum dopaminergic drug regimen". Arch. Neurol. 59 (5): 803–6.


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Le Quarter Horse ou American Quarter Horse est une race chevaline originaire des États-Unis, originellement sélectionnée sur sa rapidité lors de courses de sprint d'un quart de , d'où son nom. Ses origines remontent aux . Les premiers colons américains réalisent des croisements entre les chevaux anglais importés, et les chevaux déjà présents sur le territoire américain, issus de la colonisation espagnole des Amériques. La race se développe grâce à l'engouement des colons pour les courses sur courtes distances. À partir du milieu du , les courses sur longues distances leur sont préférées, et le Pur-sang prend de l'importance. Avec la conquête de l'Ouest, le Quarter Horse trouve de nouveaux débouchés. Il est utilisé pour le transport, l'agriculture et surtout le gardiennage du bétail, qui fait sa renommée. L'American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) est fondée en 1940 au Texas, et est responsable du  de la race.

Le Quarter Horse est un cheval puissant, de taille moyenne, caractérisé par une arrière-main très développée. Vif et énergique, il est capable de redescendre rapidement en pression, ce qui en fait le compagnon idéal pour l'équitation Western. Son sens du bétail est reconnu, il est de ce fait souvent utilisé en croisement.

C'est la race la plus répandue dans le monde, son image étant intimement liée à l'univers du western et des cow-boys.

Dénomination

Le nom de  fait référence à la vocation première du cheval à savoir les courses sur courtes distances d'un . Néanmoins cette dénomination n'a été retenue par un groupe de ranchers et d'éleveurs du sud-ouest des États-Unis qu'au cours du , dans le but d'unifier des lignées et des pedigrees sous une même race. Le Quarter Horse n'a donc longtemps eu aucun nom officiel. Il a pu être nommé dans le temps  ou , du nom de célèbres gagnants de courses sur un quart de mille, ou encore  en raison des courses sur courtes distances.

Histoire

Le Quarter Horse est issu de deux races importées sur le territoire américain par les colons européens : le genet d'Espagne importé par les conquistadors espagnols au  et le Pur-sang importé par les colons anglais au . Les premiers colons de la côte est des États-Unis pratiquent le croisement de leurs chevaux avec les populations équines déjà présentes sur le territoire, notamment avec des chevaux Chickasaws, élevées par les Amérindiens à partir des chevaux espagnols. Ces croisements réguliers sont avérés dès 1611 en Virginie, en Caroline du Nord et en Caroline du Sud, encore sous domination britannique. Les chevaux Chickasaws sont des chevaux brévilignes de petite taille, musclés et résistants, mais également très agiles. Les colons les échangent avec les indiens pour les croiser immédiatement avec leurs propres chevaux.

Au cours du , les colons américains se prennent d'un engouement pour les courses de chevaux et en particulier pour les courses sur courtes distances d'un , soit environ . Ces courses, souvent du un contre un, ont lieu dans les rues des villes, sur les chemins de campagne et à travers champs. Ces courses font la popularité du petit cheval local, battant sur ces distances les Pur Sang anglais, d'où une très faible influence de la race sur le Quarter Horse à cette période. Seul l'étalon Janus, Pur Sang réputé pour sa vitesse et son endurance, semble avoir marqué la race.

Jusqu'au milieu du , les courses sur courtes distances sont les types de course les plus populaires aux  États-Unis. Mais avec l'engouement nouveau pour les courses sur longue distance, le Quarter Horse ne peut rivaliser face aux Pur Sang anglais. Il perd ainsi progressivement son intérêt de cheval de course pour se trouver de nouvelles utilisations.

Avec la conquête de l'Ouest, le cheval américain gagne ainsi en polyvalence, utilisé tant pour le loisir que pour le travail. Cheval de selle, il sert aussi bien pour le transport que pour l'agriculture ou le gardiennage du bétail. Cette dernière aptitude fait d'ailleurs sa renommée de cheval de travail illustrée par son appellation de . C'est également la monture utilisée par l'armée au cours de la Guerre de Sécession.

Les premiers efforts pour créer une race alliant vitesse, agilité, intelligence et sens du bétail ont lieu au tout début du  sous l'impulsion de Richard M. Kleberg Sr., Robert J. Kleberg Jr. et Caesar Kleberg.
Leur choix se porte sur un yearling appartenant à George Clegg, nommé plus tard Old Sorrel. Cet étalon devient l'un des étalons fondateurs du Quarter Horse. Son petit-fils, Wimpy, est le premier étalon enregistré en tant que Quarter Horse par l'American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) et porte donc le numéro  dans le registre d'élevage. L'AQHA est fondée en 1940 à Fort Worth, Texas, sous la direction de William Anson, Dan Casement et Robert Denhardt. Depuis 1946 elle est basée à Amarillo au Texas, et est responsable du  de la race. Elle compte environ  de sujets de par le monde, soit le plus gros effectif toutes races confondues.

Description

Morphologie

Le Quarter Horse est un cheval puissant, solide avec un port de tête fier. Avec une taille moyenne comprise entre  et , son poids varie entre  et . Il a une tête relativement petite, conique, avec des ganaches assez prononcées. Les yeux sont vifs, assez grands et bien écartés. Les oreilles sont de petites tailles. Le chanfrein est légèrement concave. L'encolure est longue et souple, et le garrot peu prononcé mais bien dessiné. La poitrine est bien éclatée avec une musculature saillante caractéristique. L'arrière-main est très puissante, prédominant sur l'avant-main avec une croupe fortement musclée, très caractéristique de la race. Le dos est court et droit. Les jambes sont solides, bien formées avec des articulations larges et des cuisses très musclées. Il possède de bons pieds même s'ils sont souvent considérés comme petits par rapport à sa taille et sa musculature.

Robes

Toutes les robes unies sont acceptées même si l'AQHA ne reconnait officiellement que dix-sept robes différentes chez la race. L'alezan est la robe la plus répandue, et d'autres nuances de brun sont très courantes dans cette race de cheval, y compris le bai ; la robe blanche ou grise est la plus rare. Les marques en tête et les balzanes sont autorisées si les deux parents sont enregistrés. Les balzanes, dites socks ou stockings dans son pays d'origine, sont très  courantes dans la race et peuvent être blanches ou noires. Un trop plein de blanc sur la robe est également accepté mais est considéré comme une caractéristique indésirable.

Tempérament et allures

C'est un cheval vif et énergique mais doté d'une très grande stabilité de caractère. Il est intelligent, sociable, loyal et fiable, et il s'adapte facilement à tout type de situation. La race a fait l'objet d'une étude visant à déterminer la présence de la mutation du gène DMRT3 à l'origine des allures supplémentaire : cette étude a permis de détecter la présence de cette mutation chez 15,43 % des 104 Quarter Horse analysés ; la race n'est pas connue pour comporter des sujets disposant d'allures supplémentaires.

Cette race de chevaux a été élevée pendant plus de 200 ans pour être très rapide sur de courtes distances : il a été enregistré qu'elle courait à une vitesse de 86 km/h à sa vitesse maximale. C'est pourquoi cette race est toujours utilisée pour les courses de chevaux aux États-Unis. Alors que le pur-sang a toujours été conçu pour être un coureur d'endurance, le Quarter Horse est un sprinter. Cependant, il a toujours été un cheval familial ou un cheval de ranch : les Américains ont élevé ce cheval de manière à ce qu'après la course ou un travail dangereux au ranch (comme conduire un bétail ou utiliser un lasso sur un taureau), ils puissent obtenir de lui une attitude calme et obéissante. Lorsqu'il n'y avait pas de travail à faire, le cheval devait être suffisamment docile et doux pour permettre aux enfants de s'asseoir sur la selle et d'aller à l'école à cheval.

Par conséquent, un cheval très nerveux et tendu n'est pas la façon dont cette race est supposée se comporter et peut en réalité constituer un danger dans les disciplines du rodéo.

Types

Plusieurs types existent chez le Quarter Horse, même si toutes les caractéristiques générales de la race restent inchangées. On distingue ainsi un type pour le travail du bétail, un pour les courses, un pour le dressage, et un pour les épreuves de . Les chevaux pour le travail du bétail ont ainsi tendance à être plus rustiques, ceux de course sont plus légers et ceux destinés au  sont excessivement musclés.

Diversité génétique

La diversité génétique de la race est bonne, avec un coefficient de consanguinité à 0,04. Soit plus élevé que chez le cheval mongol (0,02), mais beaucoup plus bas que pour le Pur-sang (0,15).

Utilisations

Variétés
Le Quarter Horse excelle dans les disciplines de l'équitation Western, à savoir le , le , le , le  et le . Son équilibre naturel lui permettant de tourner très serré et d'engager très fortement ses postérieurs sous la masse lui assure le succès dans toutes ces disciplines. Son sens du bétail lui permet également d'anticiper les mouvements d'un jeune bœuf. Le Quarter Horse est par ailleurs, de par son caractère très sûr, un cheval de randonnée et de promenade très recherché. Aux États-Unis et Canada, il est également utilisé en équitation classique en dressage et en saut d'obstacles.

De plus, le Quarter Horse et ses croisements sont très populaires dans les cites grandes des États-Unis auprès de la police montée, notamment à Houston, New York, Washington DC,  et Los Angeles. Les chevaux sont des signes très visibles de la présence policière.  Cette race est sélectionnée comme les montures de police américaines car elle a une disposition très douce avec le public, (assez douce pour qu'un enfant puisse caresser ou donner une pomme) mais elle peut chasser un criminel dans une explosion de vitesse et d'agilité.

Le Quarter Horse est également toujours très apprécié des Américains pour ses aptitudes à la course de vitesse. Des courses célèbres, comme l', sont organisées chaque année et dotées pour plusieurs millions de dollars. Elles génèrent de très importante sommes d'argent par le biais des paris.

Croisements

Le Quarter Horse est souvent utilisé en croisement et a donné naissance à d'autres races. Il est ainsi à l'origine de l'aztèque, issu initialement d'un croisement avec le pure race espagnole. Les croisements fréquents avec le Pur-Sang anglais () ont également donné le jour à un registre «  », où les chevaux issus de ces accouplements y sont inscrits ne pouvant être enregistrés dans le registre principal du Quarter horse. Ce type de croisement porte ainsi le nom d'Appendix Quarter horse ou tout simplement d'Appendix. Il existe également une version poney du Quarter horse, nommée Quarter pony. La race s'est notamment développée à partir de chevaux ne respectant pas les exigences de l' sur la taille minimum d' au garrot.

Diffusion de l'élevage

L' est la plus importante association de race équine au monde avec près de  succursales membres et entre 4 et 5 millions de chevaux enregistrés. Le Quarter horse est élevé principalement aux États-Unis, au Canada et au Mexique mais il l'est également dans 83 autres pays. En 2007, l'association compte  et a un budget de fonctionnement de près de 30 millions de dollars.  L'ouvrage Equine Science ( édition de 2012) classe le Quarter Horse parmi les races de chevaux de selle connues au niveau international.

En France
Avant 1984, le Quarter Horse est pratiquement inconnu en France. L'Association Française du Quarter Horse (AFQH) est fondée en 1981. . Un changement de loi permet à l'AQHA de mener des actions de promotion du Quarter Horse sur le territoire français durant le mois d'. L'année suivante, 15 chevaux d'une valeur totale de  sont exportés vers la France.

Le Quarter horse est désormais élevé sur l'ensemble du territoire français. Si, en 2007, on dénombre près de  Quarter horses en France et près de  propriétaires, ce sont  chevaux qui sont recensés en 2014 en France, et près de 260 élevages. .

Dans la culture

Dans la culture populaire, le Quarter horse est rattaché aux cow-boys et à l'univers du western en général. Leur participation à ce genre cinématographique est omniprésente et les exemples nombreux. Ainsi ce sont des Quarter horses qui sont utilisés dans les films Attaque au Cheyenne Club avec Henry Fonda et James Stewart, et L'Indien avec Anthony Quinn.

Cisco, le cheval de le lieutenant John Dunbar (Kevin Costner) dans Danse avec les loups (1990) est un Quarter horse de robe isabelle.

Wild Bill Hickock possédait un quarter horse nommé Black Nell, (Éléonore le Noire en français) comme en témoigne le fait qu'il s'agissait de la race la plus commune du Far West et abondante dans les Dakotas à l'époque.

Billy the Kid possédait une jument bai, un quarter horse de course, qu'il a volé ; elle était originaire du Texas et il était peu probable qu'il s'agisse d'un pur-sang car ils venaient d'être amenés dans l'État et les paris mutuels sur cette race étaient illégaux au Texas jusqu'en 1929. Les courses de quarter horse sont cependant très longues au Texas, antérieures à la naissance de Billy the Kid.

Kamikaze est un Quarter horse ayant tourné dans plusieurs films notamment The Journeyman en 2001 et le cheval Quartz Keeping Time a tenu le rôle-titre dans le film Prince noir en 1994.

Le Quarter horse est classé parmi les 3 plus belles races chevalines du monde d'après la revue Cheval pratique.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste de races chevalines
 Quarter pony, race de poney développée à partir du Quarter horse
 Paint Horse
 Appaloosa
 Quarab

Liens externes

Bibliographie

Ouvrages spécialisés

Ouvrages généralistes

Article de presse

Race chevaline originaire des États-Unis
Cheval de travail

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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University of Otago · Division of Sciences
PGDipSci
A postgraduate diploma can usually be taken at any time after the completion of your bachelor's degree.
If your first language is not English you need to meet our English language requirements as follows: IELTS score of 6.5 in the academic module (with no individual band below 6.0); we also accept a number of other English language tests. Due to COVID-19, we currently accept Duolingo English Test (DET), IELTS Indicator Test, and TOEFL iBT Special home Edition.
Don't meet the English language requirements? The University of Otago Language Centre English for Otago programme offers a pathway for Undergraduate and Postgraduate students to meet the English language requirements for undergraduate and postgraduate study.
February, July
The Postgraduate Diploma in Science (PGDipSci) is a one-year programme which builds on an undergraduate science degree. The diploma encompasses both papers and a research topic, and can be taken full-time. It provides entry to the Master of Science (MSc) degree by thesis only.
Physics tries to answer the bottom-line questions: What? and Why? when we see things in nature that are not understood. For instance, why is the sky blue whereas sunsets are red? What happens when a star explodes? What is radiation? What causes an aurora? Physics also involves the application of this knowledge to other fields. For instance, if you really understand about lasers then you will be better placed to develop new uses for them in applications such as communications, engineering and medical science. Often students take a degree in Physics because they have a particular career in mind, but for many their first priority is simply to understand Physics. They take Physics because it interests them.
60 points from PHSI 421, PHSI 422, PHSI 423, PHSI 424, PHSI 425, PHSI 426, ELEC 441
60 further 400-level MATH, PHSI or ELEC points, with no more than 20 MATH points and no more than 20 ELEC points.
Only one of PHSI 480 Research Project, or PHSI 490 Dissertation, may be included.
Structure of the Programme
Every programme of study shall satisfy the requirements for the subject concerned as set out above.
With the permission of the Heads of the Departments concerned, a candidate may substitute a paper of another subject for one of the required papers.
Any required research report must be submitted no later than 1 November.
Otago offers students an unrivalled campus experience and a vibrant, social student culture. The majority of Otago's 21,000 students live, work and play in Dunedin - New Zealand's only true university city. Otago is home to over 3,000 students, from over 100 countries.
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Don't forget, FFIM is having our annual holiday Festivus Saturday at Fore River Brewing in Portland. We will have several raffle items as well as a Yankee Swap, those who wish to participate should bring a wrapped gift. Feel free to bring snacks to share!
Edited to add: for raffle items we will have some gear from Patagonia, flies tied by Dave Martel and Justin Crouse!
I hope to see a lot of FFIMers there - happy trails!


Do you want to reduce the mid-afternoon slump in your employees? Boost mood? Reduce sickness absence?
Looking to improve nutrition at work – in a fun, engaging way?!
Good Workplace Nutrition Increases Productivity!
Did you know that a 2015/16 report by the Health and Safety Executive estimated that 25.9 million working days were lost due to self-reported work-related illness? Not only that, but on average, each person took around 16 days off work, 20 days for ill health cases and 7.2 for injuries.
We are also happy to work with you to develop a workshop tailored to your specific needs.
Complete flexibility- seminars can be part of a full-day or half-day programme, or can be shortened into a breakfast or "lunch and learn" workshop.
We offer on-site drop-in Nutrition Clinics for your employees, which may be subsidised by your company or paid by employees directly. These are individual consultations where your employees will be provided with a fully personalised nutrition and lifestyle programme that will take into account their own specific goals, needs, budget and lifestyle.
We offer on-site drop-in Mini Consultations for your employees. This provides them with the opportunity to discuss individual issues such as digestive complaints,weight management, low energy, stress, low mood, poor sleep, female and male health etc and receive targetted nutritional and lifestyle advice.
Health screening and health promotion can provide your employees with valuable information regarding the status of their health,. It can also be a powerful eye opener and motivator to make important dietary and lifestyle changes, supported by personalised expert recommendations.
Each test takes 5 minutes to perform and can be followed by a 5 minute mini-consultation to provide personalised recommendations to improve parameters. This test is ideal for raising general health awareness and encouraging participants to join a wellbeing programme.
Our biological age can be distinct from our chronological age and this works both ways. For example, you could have a chronological age of 50 but a biological age of 40, and vice versa.
This test consists of a fingertip pulse reader which uses scientifically validated technology to calculate your biological, Internal Age (as opposed to your actual chronological age). This is based on assessing the flexibility of the aorta, the largest artery in your body. How supple—or how stiff—you are inside provides a snapshot of your current heart and general health and also allows for objectively tracking health-positive effects of dietary and lifestyle choices on your biological, Internal Age. The test takes only 5 minutes to perform and can be followed by a mini-consultation to provide personalised recommendations to lower Internal Age, and become younger on the inside. Reports contaiing detailed information are sent to participants. People are usually fascinated to see whether their Biological Age differs from their Calendar Age!


It's time for another one of our monthly newsletters. In this edition, there is an introduction to a new member of staff, Diane, a reminder of our AGM and various other news items. There is even a mention of Christmas – sorry folks!!


Palisade Hops is a product of the Yakima Chief Ranch in the north western United States. The name Palisades means a strong wooden fence, literally, and is a cross between Tettnanger, and an American hops variety via open pollination. Palisade Hops is also known as YCR-4 and marks yet another versatile hop variety from the Yakima Farm.
Palisade Hops borders the line on being a dual use hops, and it associated with beer styles such as India Pale Ales, but more for the complex but subdued flavor profile and aroma than the bitterness. The alpha acid content in Palisade ranges from 5.5%-9.5%, and has a co-humulone content at 24.0%-29.0%, which is somewhat low. Palisade Hops can be used in early kettle additions in the wort, and is going to perform well at later additions or during dry-hopping in the fermentor or keg. The myrcene oil content is rather low, however it does not take away from the herbal, grassy character. Palisade Hops is associated with sweet nectar fruits with hints of citrus. The bouquet will also a deliver a punch of floral perfume to the brew, likely something that is fairly aggressive on the hops.
Palisade Hops is a strong grower that is high on the yield side at 2200-3000 lbs/acre. The medium cones are harvested mid-season from after growing with resistance to mildew and other diseases. From beer styles such as Goldens, to Lagers, to Imperials, Palisade Hops is worth some experimental brewing journeys.
Palisade hops is commonly used as as aroma agent in beer.
Below is a list of characteristics for palisade hops that impact farming, chemistry, transport & trade, beer production, as well as the final character of the finished product.