text:
package org.apache.solr.search;

import org.apache.lucene.index.Term;
import org.apache.lucene.search.*;
import org.apache.solr.SolrTestCaseJ4;
import org.apache.solr.util.AbstractSolrTestCase;
import org.apache.solr.request.SolrQueryRequest;
import org.apache.solr.response.SolrQueryResponse;
import org.apache.solr.update.processor.UpdateRequestProcessorChain;
import org.apache.solr.update.processor.UpdateRequestProcessor;
import org.apache.solr.update.AddUpdateCommand;
import org.apache.solr.common.SolrInputDocument;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;

import java.util.*;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 *
 */
public class TestSearchPerf extends AbstractSolrTestCase {

  @BeforeClass
  public static void beforeClass() throws Exception {
    initCore("solrconfig.xml", "schema11.xml");
  }

  @Override
  public void setUp() throws Exception {
    super.setUp();
  }
  @Override
  public void tearDown() throws Exception {
    super.tearDown();
  }

  String t(int tnum) {
    return String.format(Locale.ROOT, "%08d", tnum);
  }

  Random r = new Random(0);  // specific seed for reproducible perf testing
  int nDocs;
  void createIndex(int nDocs) {
    this.nDocs = nDocs;
    assertU(delQ("*:*"));
    for (int i=0; i<nDocs; i++) {
      assertU(adoc("id", Float.toString(i)
 //             ,"foo1_s",t(0)
 //             ,"foo2_s",t(r.nextInt(2))
 //             ,"foo4_s",t(r.nextInt(3))
              ,"foomany_s",t(r.nextInt(nDocs*10))
      ));
    }
    // assertU(optimize()); // squeeze out any possible deleted docs
    assertU(commit());
  }

  // Skip encoding for updating the index
  void createIndex2(int nDocs, String... fields) throws IOException {
    Set<String> fieldSet = new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList(fields));

    SolrQueryRequest req = lrf.makeRequest();
    SolrQueryResponse rsp = new SolrQueryResponse();
    UpdateRequestProcessorChain processorChain = req.getCore().getUpdateProcessingChain(null);
    UpdateRequestProcessor processor = processorChain.createProcessor(req, rsp);

    boolean foomany_s = fieldSet.contains("foomany_s");
    boolean foo1_s = fieldSet.contains("foo1_s");
    boolean foo2_s = fieldSet.contains("foo2_s");
    boolean foo4_s = fieldSet.contains("foo4_s");
    boolean foo8_s = fieldSet.contains("foo8_s");
    boolean t10_100_ws = fieldSet.contains("t10_100_ws");

    for (int i=0; i<nDocs; i++) {
      SolrInputDocument doc = new SolrInputDocument();
      doc.addField("id",Float.toString(i));
      if (foomany_s) {
        doc.addField("foomany_s",t(r.nextInt(nDocs*10)));
      }
      if (foo1_s) {
        doc.addField("foo1_s",t(0));
      }
      if (foo2_s) {
        doc.addField("foo2_s",r.nextInt(2));
      }
      if (foo4_s) {
        doc.addField("foo4_s",r.nextInt(4));
      }
      if (foo8_s) {
        doc.addField("foo8_s",r.nextInt(8));
      }
      if (t10_100_ws) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(9*100);
        for (int j=0; j<100; j++) {
          sb.append(' ');
          sb.append(t(r.nextInt(10)));
        }
        doc.addField("t10_100_ws", sb.toString());
      }

      AddUpdateCommand cmd = new AddUpdateCommand(req);
      cmd.solrDoc = doc;
      processor.processAdd(cmd);
    }
    processor.finish();
    req.close();

    assertU(commit());

    req = lrf.makeRequest();
    assertEquals(nDocs, req.getSearcher().maxDoc());
    req.close();
  }

  int doSetGen(int iter, Query q) throws Exception {
    SolrQueryRequest req = lrf.makeRequest();

    SolrIndexSearcher searcher = req.getSearcher();

    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();

    int ret = 0;
    for (int i=0; i<iter; i++) {
      DocSet set = searcher.getDocSetNC(q, null);
      ret += set.size();
    }

    long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
    System.out.println("ret="+ret+ " time="+(end-start)+" throughput="+iter*1000/(end-start+1));

    req.close();
    assertTrue(ret>0);  // make sure we did some work
    return ret;
  }

  int doListGen(int iter, Query q, List<Query> filt, boolean cacheQuery, boolean cacheFilt) throws Exception {
    SolrQueryRequest req = lrf.makeRequest();

    SolrIndexSearcher searcher = req.getSearcher();

    long start = System.currentTimeMillis();

    // These aren't public in SolrIndexSearcher
    int NO_CHECK_QCACHE       = 0x80000000;
    int GET_DOCSET            = 0x40000000;
    int NO_CHECK_FILTERCACHE  = 0x20000000;
    int GET_SCORES            = 0x01;

    int ret = 0;
    for (int i=0; i<iter; i++) {
      DocList l = searcher.getDocList(q, filt, (Sort)null, 0, 10, (cacheQuery?0:NO_CHECK_QCACHE)|(cacheFilt?0:NO_CHECK_FILTERCACHE) );
      ret += l.matches();
    }

    long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
    System.out.println("ret="+ret+ " time="+(end-start)+" throughput="+iter*1000/(end-start+1));

    req.close();
    assertTrue(ret>0);  // make sure we did some work
    return ret;
  }

  // prevent complaints by junit
  public void testEmpty() {
  }

  public void XtestSetGenerationPerformance() throws Exception {
    createIndex(49999);
    doSetGen(10000, new TermQuery(new Term("foo1_s",t(0))) );

    BooleanQuery bq = new BooleanQuery();
    bq.add(new TermQuery(new Term("foo2_s",t(0))), BooleanClause.Occur.SHOULD);
    bq.add(new TermQuery(new Term("foo2_s",t(1))), BooleanClause.Occur.SHOULD);
    doSetGen(5000, bq);
  }

  /** test range query performance */
  public void XtestRangePerformance() throws Exception {
    int indexSize=1999;
    float fractionCovered=1.0f;

    String l=t(0);
    String u=t((int)(indexSize*10*fractionCovered));

    SolrQueryRequest req = lrf.makeRequest();
    QParser parser = QParser.getParser("foomany_s:[" + l + " TO " + u + "]", null, req);
    Query range = parser.getQuery();

    QParser parser2 = QParser.getParser("{!frange l="+l+" u="+u+"}foomany_s", null, req);
    Query frange = parser2.getQuery();
    req.close();

    createIndex2(indexSize,"foomany_s");

    doSetGen(1, range);
    doSetGen(1, frange);   // load field cache

    doSetGen(100, range);
    doSetGen(10000, frange);
  }

  /** test range query performance */
  public void XtestFilteringPerformance() throws Exception {
    int indexSize=19999;
    float fractionCovered=.1f;

    String l=t(0);
    String u=t((int)(indexSize*10*fractionCovered));

    SolrQueryRequest req = lrf.makeRequest();

    QParser parser = QParser.getParser("foomany_s:[" + l + " TO " + u + "]", null, req);
    Query rangeQ = parser.getQuery();
    List<Query> filters = new ArrayList<Query>();
    filters.add(rangeQ);
    req.close();

    parser = QParser.getParser("{!dismax qf=t10_100_ws pf=t10_100_ws ps=20}"+ t(0) + ' ' + t(1) + ' ' + t(2), null, req);
    Query q= parser.getQuery();

    // SolrIndexSearcher searcher = req.getSearcher();
    // DocSet range = searcher.getDocSet(rangeQ, null);

    createIndex2(indexSize, "foomany_s", "t10_100_ws");

    // doListGen(100, q, filters, false, true);
    doListGen(500, q, filters, false, true);

    req.close();
  }

}


word.oaklog's a place to write about whatever the hell you want and read about other users' lives. After writing each entry, you decide whether to publish it to the main site or to keep it private. Don't publish anything that you'd be uncomfortable discussing; it'll be read by the person you least intended it for, and dramatics will ensue.
Click the "word" link in the top menu or "my log" in the right menu to access your word controls. Click "add entry." Write anything—you must enter a title as well as body text for your entry. You may format your word entries with several basic html commands. Before you click "submit," you can clean up your entry using the spell check function at the lower right.
When you're done, click "submit" below the text boxes. You'll be taken to your log, which now shows your new entry with its title in a contrasting color.
The different-colored title text means that the entry is currently "unpublished"; only you can view it. You can keep your entry private, or can make it visible to the site and internet at large by clicking "publish" below the title. You can unpublish, edit, or delete your entry at any time by clicking the appropriate link below the title.
Privacy note: Be aware that .oaklog permits search engines such as Google to keep a cache of its past contents. This means that if you publish and then unpublish an entry, it may continue to be accessible indefinitely through these search sites. If you never publish an entry, it will not be accessible to search engines.


Nominations for the Edublog awards close tomorrow, so I thought I better get my act into gear and nominate some of the wonderful people out there who make learning happen for me. Not only for me, but for countless others out there who find that the best professional development they receive these days comes from the people who are willing to be transparent about their thinking, and willing to share the resources they find that make them better at what they do.
It's not easy. There are far too many great blogs, tweeters, and resource sharing sites out there, but I'll give it a go. There are a ton more that deserve mentioning- wish I had the time to name them all.
Best individual blog – John Connell: The Blog. John always make me think. Especially when he's fired up about something. I've been reading John for as long as I've been involved in the edublogosphere, and his quality posts that appear on a consistent basis, are one of my always go to places on the web.
Best individual tweeter – Alec Couras. Whenever I see a tweet from Alec appear in my Twitter stream, I take pause to read it. Alec shares some wonderful links, as well as giving us insight into the way he goes about his work, and how he lives his life.
Best new blog – Liv to Dance. OK. I teach Liv, so I'll be up front and admit bias. But I love Liv's enthusiasm and how she's working at building audience as she writes about dancing, her passion.
Best student blog – Style Rookie I don't know if this qualifies as a student blog, but I'm guessing it does. Tavi is still at school, is blogging about what she loves, and making a reasonable dent in the universe while doing it. She impresses me, and she impresses my students also.
Best resource sharing blog – Phil Bradley's weblog. Phil finds the new stuff that's out there and lets us all know if it's worth looking at. If Phil thinks it's good, then I'm sure to be checking it out.
Best teacher blog – Brave New World. Tania Sheko's blog is well worth reading. Sometimes resource sharing, sometimes reflections on the need for change in education, and always how she is trying to make this happen. Quality writing too.
Best librarian / library blog – Bright Ideas I just love what SLAV and Judith Way are doing for Australian Teacher-Librarians, and Librarians the world over. Bright ideas is a place where Teacher Librarians can post what they're doing in their own schools. It a vehicle for many who don't have a web presence to get their great work out there for all to see and learn from. It's also a great resource sharing blog.
Best school administrator blog – Darcy Moore's Blog. Darcy is a Deputy Principal in New South Wales, and he pushes my thinking. I love that a Deputy Principal sees the value in blogging and wants to be part of the change process. Darcy is one of our great role models who the NSW Department of Education better hang onto!
Best educational podcast – Ed Tech Crew. Tony and Darrell do a great job of interviewing people who are exploring new ways of doing things. They share some great resources along the way too.
Best educational use of a social network – Instructional Rounds – Best Teacher practice – The E5 Model PLN. Nina Davis and Jenni Byass have set this up to support their teacher professional leave project, but along the way they've managed to attract school administrators and teachers from many parts of the world. Updated regularly and a supportive environment.
Lifetime achievement – Bill Ferriter. I've been to the United States twice this year and unfortunately did not get to meet Bill. His blog 'The Tempered Radical', is that really nice blend of a teacher modeling really good classroom practice, ideas for using new technologies for meaningful learning, and gutsy posts that get to the heart of current issues facing educators the world over. Bill is @plugusin on Twitter, and to me, he's a real human being, sharing what matters. I don't know how long Bill's been at it, but he gets my vote anyway.
Voting ends Tuesday 14th of December.
Wow, Jenny…I'm sitting here in a McDonalds doing a bunch of part time work and I've got tears in my eyes because you've left me completely humbled. Thanks a ton for your kind words about my content….but more importantly, thanks a ton for your digital friendship.
I, too, hate that we haven't crossed paths in person, but that doesn't cheapen our relationship. You matter, and that's cool.
Previous PostPrevious The one off lesson – what to do?


text:
Science, Science fiction, Space
Gravity Patterns
December 18, 2019 RichardAbbott 1 Comment
Stephen Hawking in a reduced-gravity aircraft flight, 2007 (Wiki)
Gravity is a curious thing. On an everyday level, almost all of us experience it in such a steady, unchanging way that it vanishes from our conscious attention. From time to time we notice change – the sudden acceleration of a lift in a tall building, or a ride in a theme park. A few people fly aircraft in such a way as to handle serious g-forces, and an even smaller handful have been in the microgravity of Earth's orbit (or a very specific aircraft trajectory intended to mimic conditions in space). But for most of us, most of the time, it is just there as a constant part of our environment.
In terms of physics, gravity is the odd one out of the standard four forces of nature (the others being electromagnetism, plus the weak and strong nuclear forces). It is odd for a couple of reasons – first, it is immensely weaker than the others, but secondly, it is always an attractive force rather than sometimes attracting and sometimes repelling… so far as we known in 2019. There has been a recent report of a Hungarian team discovering a fifth force, but this has not been confirmed by other teams yet, and in any case will not change the gist of this blog post. The forces other than gravity tend to cancel out over any great distance, and only really affect things on very short distances. But gravity, despite its comparative weakness, really does shape the way the universe looks and behaves.
Poster, Gravity (IMDB)
Gravity in films usually gets treated in very cavalier ways. The most striking example of this is the 2013 film Gravity, which was built on an interesting premise but often failed at the science. In one especially memorable moment, George Cluny's character tells Sandra Bullock's, that in order to get over to the Chinese orbital station, she just has to keep it in the centre of the viewport and keep firing the engines. In terms of orbital mechanics, it would be hard to arrive at a less likely option for reaching her target. It would work for fairground dodgem cars, or for boats on a stretch of open water: it would even work pretty well for two aircraft in flight. But two bodies in space, in orbit around a central body behave in ways that can be counter-intuitive, and the whole aim-and-accelerate idea is pretty much doomed to failure.
Voyager 2 slingshot manoeuvres through the solar system (Wiki)
It's an odd thing that gravity, even in Newton's classical world where relativity and quantum mechanics play no part, is such a hard system to solve. If the entire universe consisted of just two objects, then their future motion could be exactly predicted for as far ahead as you please. But with more than two objects – starting with the so-called three-body problem – there is no general exact solution. A few special cases can be solved to a good-enough accuracy, and there are some very hypnotic numerical simulations of the resulting tracks, but the general case remains unsolved. Even a partial answer is better than none at all, however, and one of the most strikingly useful examples of three-body interactions is the so-called gravity assist manoeuvre (also called a slingshot) in which a space probe is given a substantial acceleration by means of a close approach to a convenient planet.
Schematic showing the Lagrange points for the Earth-Sun system (Wiki)
From a story-telling perspective, three-body problem solutions are very handy! Gravity assists are a great way to make a journey achievable, which otherwise would take too long to complete. And some other very convenient solutions are the so-called Lagrange points – "fixed" places holding a particular relationship with a planet in its orbit. A small body – a spaceship, or a small asteroid – which is placed into one of those points will remain there in a stable configuration, whereas at other nearby locations, the relative orbits will diverge rather than converge. Most planets in the solar system have accumulated a little cluster of small natural bodies at the points L4 and L5 – these are generically called Trojan satellites, following a convention established for the moons of Jupiter. Even Earth has at least one Trojan satellite, whereas Jupiter has over 7000 of them. The Lagrange points provide a very convenient "resting-place", where an author can locate an artificial satellite without needing to exert any station-keeping energy.
These represent gravitational solutions which are useful, in a sort-of utilitarian manner. However, the long-distance and always-attractive qualities of gravity also give rise to exciting and rather surprising patterns of motion. These represent resonant patterns which can often stabilise a system, making it longer-lasting than might be expected. For example, the orbit of Pluto occasionally crosses over that of Neptune. One's first thought is that at some point they would collide, or at least get close enough to seriously interfere with each other's orbit. In fact their orbits are in a 2:3 resonant pattern with each other – for every three orbits of Neptune, Pluto makes two. This, together with some other resonances in their orbits, means that the two planets never in fact approach one another very closely at all. They remain stable. Similar stable patterns can be seen in the orbits of bodies outside Pluto, in the Kuiper Belt. Resonance can destabilise systems as well – there are gaps in the asteroid belt caused by resonances with Jupiter, and gaps in Saturn's rings caused by one or other of the moons. But I want to finish this section with a stabilising resonance which turns out to be particularly appealing – Naiad and Thalassa, two of the moons of Neptune, are constantly engaged in an orbital dance to avoid each other. The ratio is particularly complicated in this case: for every 69 orbits of Thalassa, Naiad orbits 73 times.
Orbital resonance of Naiad and Thalassa around Neptune. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)
So gravity is a complicated thing, and at least when you're in orbit, can't be solved by simply aiming-and-shooting. But it does give rise to some exciting possibilities for stories, and some fascinating choreography amongst planets, moons, and asteroids. Of which, more another time.
Previous PostMaking malt in spaceNext PostPathways or Navigation?
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· Posted on Dec 4, 2022
I Snooped Through My Fiancé's Phone, And Found Out He's Doing Coke — WTF Should I Do?
"I don't know how to bring this up without the focus being that I read his texts."
by Stephen LaConte
Hello, world. My name's Stephen LaConte, and this is Hey Stephen — a cozy little corner of the internet where BuzzFeed readers like you can DM me for advice.
Instagram: @stephenlc
Got a problem you want solved on BuzzFeed? DM me @stephenlc — just read the fine print at the bottom of this post first.
Today, we've got this woman, who went through her fiancé's phone and discovered that he's been doing cocaine with his friends when she's not around, despite a promise they made to each other to never do hard drugs. Should she confront him, or stay quiet since she found out about this through snooping? Here's what she wrote to me, via Instagram:
My reply...
You solved your own problem at the end of your message — you do indeed need to talk! What's happening right now is a breakdown in communication between the two of you, and it sounds like you both own some of the responsibility for it. He's hiding his coke use from you instead of being honest, and you're snooping through his phone to get answers instead of asking him directly. Both of those things are harmful to your relationship, but the same remedy could fix them both: an honest and frank conversation.
So, let's talk about how to approach that conversation with your fiancé. I think you need to be forthright about everything you've discovered, which should involve admitting to (and apologizing for) snooping through his phone. It's not clear from your DM what prompted you to snoop in the first place — whether you had a specific concern that he was using drugs, or were just curious about what you might find in his texts. Either way, I probably don't have to tell you that snooping was not the right move. If there were legitimate concerns about his wellbeing, they should have been taken to him directly. I think you need to own up to violating his privacy, acknowledge that it was wrong, and commit to not doing it again.
Antonioguillem / Getty Images/iStockphoto
But once your own mistake has been properly accounted for, it is more than fair to address his. And, for the record, I do think it was a violation for your fiancé to hide this information from you! He's a grown man capable of making his own decisions about what he puts in his body, but if you two had a mutual commitment not to do certain drugs, he should have honored that (or, at least, communicated to you that he wasn't going to honor it anymore). This is an advice column, not D.A.R.E., so I won't get into all the potential risks and damages of doing coke, but suffice it to say, it is reasonable for you not to want it in your relationship, and to take issue with your partner using it.
Ultimately, it should be up to every adult to understand the risks of a particular substance and make their own decision about whether or not to take it. But I think it's good for couples to be generally aligned on that stuff — not because you have to indulge in the same vices as your partner (you certainly don't!), but because you will usually end up having some proximity to whatever substances your partner is taking. Some couples might decide that softer stuff like booze, weed, and shrooms are fine, while harder drugs are a no-go. Some couples might have good reason to keep their relationship strictly sober, while others might be perfectly happy having no limits whatsoever. There are no right or wrong answers, so long as both parties are clear about their own needs, and able to accommodate the needs of their partner.
Catherine Falls Commercial / Getty Images
And that brings us to the two central questions I think you and your boyfriend need to discuss in your conversation together. The first is: What exactly is his relationship with cocaine? How often does he do it, what does he get out of the experience, and why is he hiding it from you? Is it because he knows you wouldn't approve of even rare, limited usage, or has he been covering up a more serious addiction, one that might require professional help?
The second question is: Are either one of you willing to compromise on your current position? As it stands, you want a relationship free of cocaine, and he wants to do cocaine. One of those things has to give, or your relationship will. Is he willing (and able) to stop doing coke, in the interest of respecting your boundaries (and, y'know, being a whole lot healthier)? Or, conversely, are you willing to look past occasional coke usage on his part, maybe with some new boundaries and rules in place? (At the very least, it would be reasonable to ask that he never bring it into your home, that he significantly limit how often he does it, and that he follow some basic precautions to decrease his own risk while using.)
Rattankun Thongbun / Getty Images/iStockphoto
I'd like to think that after 11 years together, you'll be able to agree on a solution that leaves both of you feeling respected, happy, and reasonably safe. (And honestly, if he won't budge at all on his coke usage to save a decade-long relationship, that might point to a more serious issue on his part.) But if you can't come to an agreement, think carefully about whether this is the right person for you to spend the rest of your life with. Breaking up would be a painful outcome, but not nearly as painful as staying in a relationship where one of you sneaks, and the other snoops. In your DM, you describe your relationship as an "open book." Now's the time to put that to the test. Good luck. I'm rooting for you.
If you or someone you know is struggling with substance abuse, you can call SAMHSA's National Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357) and find more resources here.
That's all the advice I've got for today's DM'er, folks. You can follow me on Instagram and Twitter @stephenlc. And if you happened to miss last week's column, read on!
Last week, we heard from this woman, who's unsatisfied with her current relationship and has started flirting with another man to fill the void. They're planning to meet up, but first, she wants to know: Should she ask her boyfriend for an open relationship so that this won't be considered cheating? Here's what she wrote to me, via Instagram:
There's no "wrong" reason to open up your relationship — except this one. Non-monogamy is a valid option when both partners come to a mutual agreement (like, together) that seeing other people would be okay. It is not so valid an option when one partner has made secret plans to have sex with someone else and needs to find some sort of way to justify it. You've been flirting with this guy behind your boyfriend's back, sexting with him, and trying to hook up with him, despite the fact that your relationship is monogamous. That behavior constitutes cheating. You can't reverse-engineer your relationship into an open one just to lessen the severity of those actions.
Now, if you'd broached this topic with your boyfriend before stepping outside of your relationship, that would've been a totally different story. If you'd recognized that you were not sexually fulfilled in your relationship, but were otherwise content to stay in it, then you'd have been well within your rights to sit your partner down and ask for a remedy — whether it came in the form of a renewed commitment to intimacy together, couples counseling, or yes, a non-monogamous relationship. You certainly don't have to stay in a situation that makes you unhappy, but you do need to transition out of it in a way that is honest, communicative, and fair to your partner.
Osakawayne Studios / Getty Images
There's also the fact that your "ask" here wouldn't actually be much of an ask, would it? You say that you plan to meet up with this guy whether or not your boyfriend consents to it. So, really, framing this conversation as "asking" him for an open relationship would just add another layer of deceit to the whole situation. You're not actually interested in gauging your boyfriend's feelings about an open relationship; you're interested in having sex with someone else regardless of how he feels about it. You should not present this to your boyfriend as something he has a say in when you've already decided he doesn't. That would be a lie.
As for what you should do, well, I think you should break up with your boyfriend. You're unfulfilled in your relationship with him. Your incompatibilities are significant enough that they have you actively pursuing an affair (and by the way, if the disparity between your respective sex drives has anything to do with the fact that he is 22 years your senior, that problem is likely to get worse with time, not better). Notably, your DM doesn't mention anything you particularly love about your boyfriend or any positive aspect of your relationship together that would make it worth fighting for. And frankly, it's clear that you don't have much respect for this man, given how ready and willing you are to cheat on him. So, cut him free. You'll both be better off in the long run.
Delmaine Donson / Getty Images
One last thing I should point out: The question in your DM technically wasn't about whether or not you should ask your boyfriend for an open relationship. It was: "Would asking him cause suspicions if he says no and I continue the affair?" Hopefully, I don't need to explain why that is the wrong question to be asking here. (And I certainly hope it would cause him suspicions because that would be the correct instinct for him to have!) But suffice it to say, if you really thought the dilemma before you was how to best hide your upcoming affair, then I think you desperately need some clarity on the situation you've put yourself in. Take 10 steps back from this. View it as an outside, objective observer. What do you see? What would you tell the woman in your shoes to do?
Many couples in open relationships use the term "ethical non-monogamy" to describe their arrangement. Clearly, you've got the non-monogamous part down pat, but the ethical part needs some work. And until you're willing to address that, with genuine introspection and honesty on your part, I don't think you're ready for a relationship of any kind — open, closed, or otherwise. Focusing on yourself isn't such a bad thing. See where it leads you. Good luck.
Got a problem you want solved in this column? DM me! My inbox is always open. Just read the fine print below first.
All DMs sent to me are for publication on BuzzFeed only. I do not respond to individual messages or provide any advice one-on-one. Please don't submit a question unless you want it published on BuzzFeed. We'll always keep you anonymous. You must be 16 or older to submit. Also, please try to keep your DMs as concise as possible. Instagram has a limit of 1,000 characters per message. Try to fit your whole problem in one message if you can. It will greatly increase your chances of getting picked! If you want, here's a handy character counter you can use to draft your question before DM'ing it to me. Thanks, y'all!
PS: If you've got any advice for today's DM'er, sound off in the comments! I'll be reading...
For more advice, check out the Hey Stephen archives.


We're on Facebook !! Check us out.
Thank you all for volunteering with us for our Saturday Sort on October 7th! I was not able to be there, but I hear you all did amazing. Because of your astonishing efforts, you all were able to accomplish the following volunteer projects. Assembled 1150 Backpacks Packed 972 Boxed Meals Sorted 8,750 lbs. of food drive Labeled 29,900 lbs. of canned tomatoes Volunteers like you helps Community Food Bank distribute the above items to children, families, and individuals in our local community.


Welcome to Four Shires Home Improvements of Banbury. We are experts in quality, professional, reliable and affordable home improvements in the Banbury area, covering Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Gloucestershire.
We have over 30 years' experience within the industry and are a team of highly skilled Banbury craftsmen and tradesmen. Together we can look after all the home improvement needs on your own property or your rental property. We are expert kitchen and bathroom fitters, we can do first class wooden floors, electrics and plumbing, and we are the top Banbury tilers, decorators and plasterers.
Four Shires Home Improvements welcome all jobs, however large or small, from simple redecorating to project management from start to finish. We also provide a first class service, finishing all work to the very highest standard, and are very competitive on pricing. We aim to price the work we do as keenly as possible without compromising on quality. And we are 100% committed to customer satisfaction and back this up with a 12 month no-quibble guarantee.
Our philosophy is everything under one roof – a fully comprehensive range of Banbury building and home improvement services, quality workmanship, competitive pricing and total customer satisfaction.


text:
namespace Miningcore.Blockchain.Ergo;

public class ErgoExtraNonceProvider : ExtraNonceProviderBase
{
    public ErgoExtraNonceProvider(string poolId, int size, byte? clusterInstanceId) : base(poolId, size, clusterInstanceId)
    {
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


UPVC double glazed entrance door with windows to side and above, central heating radiator, stairs to first floor with storage cupboard under, doors into the kitchen and the lounge.
UPVC double glazed window to front, central heating radiator, coving and picture rail, gas fire in ornate dark wood surround with marble coloured back and hearth.
Laminate flooring, uPVC double glazed window and door to rear, cupboard housing the combi boiler.
Fitted with a range of wall and base units with kickboard and under unit lighting, tiled splash back and complementary worktops. Integrated appliances include a four ring gas hob with overhead stainless steel and glass extractor, double oven, stainless steel one and a half sink with drainer and swan neck mixer tap, washing machine and dishwasher. Tiled flooring. Door into the dining room. UPVC double glazed window to rear.
UPVC double glazed window to front, central heating radiator, picture rail.
UPVC double glazed window to rear, central heating radiator, picture rail.
Three piece suite in white comprising a bath with overhead shower and screen, pedestal hand washbasin and low level wc. Tiled walls and matching flooring. UPVC double glazed frosted window to rear.
Garden area to front with low brick wall and path to front door.
Enclosed rear yard with flagged patio, decking area and gated access.


I am an entrepreneur and an investor, and I own and operate several successful and profitable businesses. I am in very good physical shape and training is a natural part of my everyday life.
I practice triathlon and annually conduct several Ironman-events in Sweden and worldwide. I live with my lovely wife and children in a large fine and well-kept house on the waterfront. We as a family encourage each other to develop and constantly improve. We travel frequently, both in Sweden and abroad.
I have a wonderful wife that I love and she feels seen and appreciated for exactly who she is. Our expectations on each other is explicit and clear. We appreciate each other and not only make it possible for each to develop and grow, but also encourage and spur each other to constantly work to get better. Our children know that we love them above everything else. They know that they can always feel safe with us and that they can turn to us at all times.
I work freely and dispose my time in the way that suits me best. I choose to give priority to such work as I enjoy. My customers appreciate and know I'm doing a good job and always deliver great value. I often travel to conferences because it is developing and at the same time very enjoyable and rewarding. I am often invited to give talks and presentations as a result of my books and my success as an entrepreneur. I have great economic freedom because my passive income far exceeds my fixed expenses.
I swim two times a week because it is a good all-round workout and gives a good physique. I practice running two times a week because it is an effective workout and burns a lot of fat. Additionally, it requires minimal equipment and can be done anytime and anywhere. I cycle at least one time a week, either out on the road, at work or on the trainer at home.
I have a typical lean body and never more than 9% body fat. My attitude to training is that there is always time to workout and when you feel that you have the least time for training is when you need it the most. It's just a matter of priority. I eat healthy food.


text:
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What is the Law on Murder in Oklahoma and What are the Punishments for it?
Death penalty or otherwise known in friendlier terminology as 'capital punishment' refers to the planned killing which is awarded by the Government because of a crime. In the US, most states award death penalty for murder. Some states may also award it for espionage, treason, drug trafficking, attempt to murder of a court officer, a witness or a juror.
The US military has also given capital punishments to over 135 defense members for various reasons including murder and desertion. Let us quickly look at why the murder law in Oklahoma will award a death penalty.
Advantages of capital punishment
Proportionate Punishments – Law in every country requires that the punishments awarded should be in proportion to the crime committed. If the person has been convicted of taking away a life, then giving him life imprisonment will not serve justice. Almost all death cases in Oklahoma and other states give death sentences for aggravated murder.
Restraining against violent crime – Legal bodies try to protect society and deter people from committing murder by imposing such punishments. Love for one's own life is more than anything for anybody. Fear of death may make potential criminals think before executing a murder.
Brutality is not involved – The focus in the death penalty is to execute the person as quickly as possible in the least painful manner. In Oklahoma, the most commonly used execution method is by use of a lethal injection.
Eliminating the escape plans and safeguarding society – A person in life imprisonment usually puts efforts to plan to escape from jail. Such a convict will have nothing to lose. If he gets caught while escaping the judicial system will only add imprisonment years to his current capital punishment. Therefore, to avoid such situations and not jeopardize the victim's family in future a death penalty is awarded.
Controlling prison overpopulation – the Life expectancy of humans has exponentially increased with the availability of technology and better medication. Convicts are also eligible for enhanced medical treatments during their stay in prison. A death penalty helps to keep the population in prison under check. Courts cannot risk letting out dangerous convicts out in society just because they don't have plenty of space to keep them locked.
Absence of death penalty will cause an increase in the crime rate – It has been estimated that close to 2,000,000 US citizens become victims of different crimes. If the law lacks astringent action such as a death penalty, criminals may tend to become bolder and are likely to commit more crimes such as murder.
Violation of a victim's right to life, safety and freedom – Crimes such as murder and assault directly violate the right to live peacefully. Such criminals have no respect for other humans and only a capital punishment can serve justice.
While all the above stands true, there are people and various bodies who do not believe in capital punishment and who have raised their concerns to the government time and again.
Cons to capital punishments
Violation of human rights – There are various bodies who are pro-life and believe that the death penalty is an inhuman and cruel action exercised by organizations in the name of justice.
Innocent life at risk – History shows that there are cases when an innocent has been wrongly convicted of a crime and sentenced to imprisonment or worst a death penalty. It is therefore incorrect to award capital punishment as it also puts some innocent people to death.
Impact to the family of the convict – The family of perpetrator undergoes higher trauma and psychological problems when a death penalty is given than life imprisonment.
The advantages and disadvantages of capital punishment rely upon various aspects and also consistency across the state and the country. To determine if it is a right or a wrong approach is a debate at an individual level however, Oklahoma considers it as justice served to the victim.
South Dakota Free Background Check: How to Perform a Free Background Check in South Dakota?
Free Background Check South Dakota: Learn how to Perform a Free Background Check in South Dakota.
Kansas Free Background Check: How to Perform a Free Background Check in Kansas?
Free Background Check Kansas: Learn how to Perform a Free Background Check in Kansas.
Iowa Free Background Check: How to Perform a Free Background Check in Iowa?
Free Background Check Iowa: Learn how to Perform a Free Background Check in Iowa.


text:
Plan your stay :
Greetland
Andy Thornton Ltd
The world famous Andy Thornton showroom is open to everyone. A lovingly restored former textile mill in Yorkshire is the ultimate destination for r...
The world famous Andy Thornton showroom is open to everyone. A lovingly restored former textile mill in Yorkshire is the ultimate destination for restaurateurs, hoteliers, bar owners, designers, developers and home owners looking for something special and unique, that won't be found anywhere else. We offer thousands of products in ranges including contract furniture, decorative lighting, architectural metalwork, wood carvings and decorative accessories. We also stock the UK's largest selection of architectural antiques and salvage and have recently launched a complete range of vintage industrial furniture, lighting and retail display fixtures.
The Harrison Lord Gallery
The Harrison Lord Gallery is fast earning a reputation as one of the best places to see and buy contemporary art in West Yorkshire, specialising in...
The Harrison Lord Gallery is fast earning a reputation as one of the best places to see and buy contemporary art in West Yorkshire, specialising in contemporary art with a local bias. Famous Brighouse artist Peter Brook was one of the first artists to be represented and to this day his work still sells in large numbers through the gallery. The Gallery features a wide range of styles, so there is something for everyone. Regularly-held exhibitions showcase the talents of individual artists.
Powerplay Paintball & Operation Laser Tag
Operation Laser Tag offers woodland laser tag sessions from age 6 using the latest Hi-Tec equipment to bring you interesting and varied games. L...
Operation Laser Tag offers woodland laser tag sessions from age 6 using the latest Hi-Tec equipment to bring you interesting and varied games. Laser Tag is ideal for birthday parties, school or youth group sessions, stag or hen parties or just an action packed day out. Sessions are from one to three hours and prices start at £10/player. If you are looking for a game at your venue, we have a full mobile set up as well as our popular rental packages. We also offer Paintball and Battlezone Archery sessions in the woodland environment. Soft Dart (Nerf guns) are very popular with junior players. We have a complete hire set up including barricades for customers who are looking at running an indoor event and we also have a target range that can be hired. Our standard laser tag sessions are ideal for players from 8 years old and are held in our woodland venues at Brighouse. The most popular session is the 2 hour Sgt Major package. All our laser tag sessions are "Exclusive" so you only play with your own group. You will not be mixed with other groups therefore they are ideal for private parties. We offer food options but you are welcome to cater for your own players. E-mail address - info@operationlasertag.co.uk
Eureka! The National Children's Museum
Eureka! The National Children's Museum is an extraordinary fun-packed day out for families. We are the only fully interactive museum total...
Eureka! The National Children's Museum is an extraordinary fun-packed day out for families. We are the only fully interactive museum totally dedicated to children aged 0-11 anywhere in the UK.
We open our doors to a changed world, and we've changed with it – but not so much that you won't recognise us anymore, promise!
We know you'll have loads of questions so read our FAQs, there are a few really important changes that you need to know about:
Nothing is behind a glass cabinet! We have over 400 interactive, hands-on exhibits designed to inspire enquiring minds to find out about themselves and the world around them. Discover 6 unique zones each with a different theme to explore. Make some noise and explore how music is created, experience the world of work and take over a child-sized town, and step inside giant body parts. Each zone is packed with equipment to explore, activities to do, and buttons to press. And with plenty of events throughout the year, from science experiments to interactive shows; it's a different Eureka! experience every time.
There's a limited number of smaller areas we've kept closed for now, but all the main galleries and interactives are open. We've ramped up all our cleaning protocols and are even using a disinfectant "Fogging" system to ensure interactives can be played with. At this time our Creativity Space and the picnic train carriage remain closed.
Pay once, and get in free for a year with an Annual Pass.
Water Street Gallery
Water Street Gallery is a vibrant and inspiring gallery for contemporary art, showcasing and selling original art from leading artists and committe...
Water Street Gallery is a vibrant and inspiring gallery for contemporary art, showcasing and selling original art from leading artists and committed to promoting the work of up-and-coming talents.
Snug Gallery
Snug is a leading contemporary craft gallery in the North of England. Showcasing contemorary craft and design by some of the most prominent designe...
Snug is a leading contemporary craft gallery in the North of England. Showcasing contemorary craft and design by some of the most prominent designer-makers from the UK and Ireland alongside a selection of photography and lovely things.
Halifax Minster
Located in the heart of Halifax, Halifax Minster is a handsome 15th Century Grade 1 listed Parish Church; a site of major historical importance, a ...
Located in the heart of Halifax, Halifax Minster is a handsome 15th Century Grade 1 listed Parish Church; a site of major historical importance, a place of worship, prayer, of civic engagement, education and culture; with a year-round programme of events for you to enjoy. The church of St John the Baptist Halifax was given its Minster status in 2009 in recognition of its important role in the civic life of the town and borough. Visit Halifax Minster to enjoy a tour of the beautiful and historic interior of the building, the beautiful stained glass and painted wooden ceiling panels. Look out for the mice carved into the Thompson chairs in the Wellington Chapel! Children can enjoy Halifax Minster too. When you arrive with the kids you have free use of a backpack containing a short guide around the Minster, an eye-spy guide to the 16 stained-glass windows, paper, pencils and crayons to make drawings of all the interesting things you'll find and a torch to help you find them! Enjoy organ recitals on Thursdays at 1pm from March to end of October. Lunch (£4) is available from 12.15pm. There are also regular performances by the Minster Choir, our Summer festival in June & July and other events throughout the year. Entrance to Halifax Minster is FREE, with donations welcome to help us maintain and preserve this beautiful building for future generations to enjoy.
The Workshop offers a wide variety of jewellery making classes and courses in the heart of beautiful Hebden Bridge, suitable for everyone from abso...
The Workshop offers a wide variety of jewellery making classes and courses in the heart of beautiful Hebden Bridge, suitable for everyone from absolute beginners to those who already have some jewellery making experience. All our classes and courses are run by our expert professional jeweller Robert Dutson, who can guide you step by step through making your own beautiful jewellery. The classes we offer range from short 3 hour courses in which you can make a silver ring, silver necklace or bangle, to 6 week jewellery making courses and even a full day class in which couples can make their own wedding rings. For more class details and current timetables, please visit our website or contact us directly via email at info@theworkshophebden.co.uk
The Piece Hall is unique. A Grade I listed Georgian masterpiece and the oldest remaining cloth hall in Britain.
Following a multi-millio...
Following a multi-million pound transformation project, Britain's magnificent and last surviving cloth hall is ready to welcome visitors again.
The Grade I listed structure has stood at the heart of Halifax since 1779 and has now re-opened as a world class cultural, heritage and leisure destination.
The huge open-air courtyard is surrounded by a mix of independent bars, restaurants, cafes, galleries and shops. The stories of Georgian Halifax are told in the specially created exhibition spaces, while the central courtyard plays host to a year-round events programme of music, dance, film and spectacle for up to 7,500 people at a time.
Click here to watch a short video about the reopening of The Piece Hall.
What are you interested in?: Antiques, Books & Music
Hebden Bridge	(2)
Adventure & Leisure	(30)
Anne Gentleman Jack Lister	(1)
Antiques, Books & Music (1)
Culture & Heritage	(29)
Disabled Access	(21)
Galleries & Museums	(14)
Historic Sites & Trails	(26)
Libraries	(1)
Parks & Gardens	(11)
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The Calderdale Way	(12)
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Wildlife & Nature	(15)


text:
Q: ReportViewer - how to filter on Multi Value Parameter I have a report that uses a Multi Value parameter. I have added this to the report and can specify the parameter values in code.
Now I want to filter the data on the report by the multiple value parameter. Eg, I pass in a list of account no's and I want to filter the data on the report so only records with the passed in account no's are shown.
In the tablix properties there is a filters option which looks like the place I need to set up the filters.
I have added a new one, selected the Account Number column on the report. The operator that seems relevant to me is the 'in' operator. So show records that a 'in' this list. However, If i select the 'in' filter the expression text box is disabled. Is this what im meant to use?

A: Found it:
You should filter on The name of the parameter rather than an expression.
eg:
[@CostCentres]

rather than:
=Parameters!CostCentres.Value

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


ABBY, AGED 33, CAME TO DOUBLE IMPACT FOLLOWING A HISTORY OF CHAOTIC DRUG AND ALCOHOL USE, CONVICTIONS, AND HAVING TWO CHILDREN REMOVED FROM HER.
She had just entered a residential rehab at the time we also took on her referral. This proved helpful later, when she left residential treatment, providing a link before she entered a day treatment programme, which she successfully completed. At this point she re-entered our service, very motivated to be the best mother she could be and not to return to the chaos she had come from. She was now pregnant.
It keeps me busy, there's something to do every day, you can come and have a chat with staff – it's a nice atmosphere. Although I am going through a lot I'm still laughing and smiling. I don't want to go down that destructive road again.


text:
Labour Day Heralds Change
For most people Labour Day signals the end of summer and the advent of fall. Labour Day is a marker of change and seasonal transformation. It is also a celebration of work, all workers and the efforts of the labour movement to make work safer and more rewarding for everyone.
In this time, and in this province, where so many are working so hard yet find it so difficult to get ahead, it is clear that the labour movement's work is nowhere near done.
We're told we have a booming economy yet so many of the new jobs added in the last year are part-time or precarious jobs. Costs, including housing, are skyrocketing way past wage increases. In fact, wages are stagnant and pretty low in B.C. compared to most other provinces.
What does this mean, in plain language? More and more people can't afford to make ends meet in the place they call home.
The provincial government is no help. In fact, they've made a lot of decisions that have made this problem worse.
The good news is we don't have to accept this status quo. The labour movement, through our members, remains a powerful force for change. Together, we can bargain better wages and benefits. Together, we can demand action on affordability. Together, we can help elect a provincial government who will take action on the issues that matter most to British Columbians.
This Labour Day we're celebrating work and change. Let's bring that change to government in 2017.
President David Black


Xtra Transport Services Pty Ltd has been in operation for over 20 years and the company's founder Peter Parsons has contributed more than 30 years to Australia's transport industry. Xtra's management has implemented a simple effective operational approach, clear communication channels, a pragmatic method of training and retaining excellent drivers and a number of operational innovations to deliver a highly reliable and competent service.
Australia, Transport, Transport Services , Road transport Australia, transport Services Australia.
Xtra Transport Services Pty Ltd is located in the Huntingwood area of NSW. There are at least 18 other listings in the 2148 postcode area.


Real Madrid interim coach Santiago Solari has asked Gareth Bale to respond to his criticism and show more consistency for the stumbling European champions, after underperforming in the miserable 5-1 win over Barcelona at El Clasico last week.
Bale, Real's record, was in the line of fire this week for a flabby display of blows at Camp Nou.
The result led to coach Julen Lopetegui being sacked in five games after being defeated in the fourth division, leaving the team ninth in the league.
The Wales striker still has to evolve and become the club's talisman figure since Cristiano Ronaldo joined Juventus. He was especially criticized for not pushing opponents and working defensively when Barca broke out towards the end of the second half.
"Bale is in the limelight and I hope he shows us his tremendous talent," Solari told Real Valladolid at a press conference ahead of Rea's Real La League match on Saturday.
"We want to enjoy him every day, he is a fantastic player."
Bale has a good reminder that he took on Valladolid at the Santiago Bernabeu after scoring a 4-0 win over Madrid in his debut season.
Valladolid, owned by former Real and Brazilian striker Ronaldo, is one of the league's surprise packages and has not been defeated in their last six games. There are currently three seats in the table above Madrid.
Solari, who was overseen on Wednesday by a 4-0 win against third division Melilla in the Copa del Rey with impressive performances by emerging talents like Vinicius Jr and Alvaro Odriozola, also warned the older players of Real that their place in the team was not could be guaranteed.
"There are no undeniable players here, because there will always be injuries or players that are below their level," he said.
"We have players here who have survived and won many battles, but we also have many young players who have a lot of talent."
Solari has to lean against Valladolid because of a series of injuries in the defense. Raphael Varane, Dani Carvajal and Marcelo are not available. Also Mariano Diaz is not there.
Solari, who was a 2002 Champions League midfielder at Real and a former Argentine international, has been coach of the Castilla reserve team since 2016.
If Real does not appoint a successor to Lopetegui until 12 November, the Argentinian will automatically become Real's coach until the end of the season.
According to the regulations of the Spanish Football Association, an interim coach may be in office for a maximum of two weeks.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Systematic surveys of the local Universe can provide
some of the most important constraints on dark matter,
particularly through the measurement of the clustering of galaxies
and clusters of galaxies on large scales.
Most existing galaxy and cluster catalogues are based on photographic
plates, and there is growing concern that such surveys
might suffer from severe surface-brightness selection effects,
so that they are missing a substantial fraction of the galaxy population.
In addition, the limited volume of existing redshift surveys means
that even low-order clustering statistics, such as the galaxy two-point
correlation function, cannot reliably be measured on scales beyond
$100 h^{-1}{\rm Mpc}$, an order of magnitude below the scale on which COBE has
measured fluctuations in the microwave background radiation.

A collaboration has therefore been formed with the aim
of constructing a definitive map of the local universe, incorporating
digital CCD imaging over a large area in several passbands and
redshifts for around one million galaxies.
In order to complete such an ambitious project over a reasonable timescale,
it was decided to build a dedicated 2.5-metre telescope
equipped with a large CCD array imaging camera and multi-fibre spectrographs.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is a joint project of The University of
Chicago, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan
Participation Group, The Johns Hopkins University, Princeton University,
the United States Naval Observatory, and the University of Washington.
Apache Point Observatory, site of the SDSS, is operated by the Astrophysical
Research Consortium.   Funding for the project has been provided by
the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the SDSS member institutions, the
National Science Foundation and the U.S. Department of Energy.

\section{Survey Overview}

\begin{figure}
\plotone{site.ps}
\caption[]{View of Apache Point Observatory, with the SDSS 2.5m telescope
	to the left, it's roll-off enclosure in the centre and with the
	monitor telescope dome behind.
	The ARC 3.5m telescope is seen
	at the top right.}
\label{fig:site}
\end{figure}

Apache Point Observatory sits at 2800 metres elevation in the Sacramento
Mountains of New Mexico (Fig.~\ref{fig:site}).
The survey hardware comprises the main 2.5-metre telescope, equipped with
CCD imaging camera and multi-fibre spectrographs, a 0.5-metre monitor
telescope and a $10\mu$ all-sky camera.
On the best nights (new moon, photometric, sub-arcsecond seeing)
the 2.5-metre telescope will operate in imaging mode, drift scanning the
sky at sidereal rate, and obtaining nearly simultaneous images
in the five survey bands $u'$, $g'$, $r'$, $i'$ and $z'$ \cite{FUK}.
On sub-optimal nights, which will comprise the bulk of observing time,
the imaging camera will be replaced with a spectroscopic fibre plug-plate
cartridge.
It is planned that imaging data will be reduced and calibrated, spectroscopic
targets selected, and plates drilled within the one-month lunar cycle,
so that we will be obtaining spectra of objects that were imaged the
previous month.
We will spend most of the time observing within a contiguous $\pi$
steradian area in the north Galactic cap (NGC).
For those times when the NGC is unavailable, about one third of the time,
we will instead observe
three stripes in the southern sky, nominally centred at RA $\alpha = 5\dg$, and
with central declinations of $\delta = +15\dg$, $0\dg$ and $-10\dg$.
The southern equatorial stripe will be observed multiple times.
The location of survey scans is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:stripes}.

\begin{figure}
\vspace{-1cm}
{\centering \leavevmode
\psfig{figure=north.ps,width=.49\textwidth,angle=180}
\psfig{figure=south.ps,width=.49\textwidth,angle=180}
}
\vspace{-8mm}
\caption[]{Location of SDSS imaging scans in the northern (left) and southern
	(right) galactic hemispheres.
	The concentric circles show galactic latitudes of $b = 0$, $30$ and
	$60\dg$.
	The grey scale map shows Stark HI column density in units of
	$10^{20}$ cm$^{-2}$.
	The dark lines show the survey scan-lines, all of which follow
	great circles.
	We observe a contiguous area of $\pi$ sr in the north, and
	three separated stripes in the south.
	Note that the northern survey is tilted with respect to the
	$b = +30\dg$ contour to avoid regions of high HI column density.}
\label{fig:stripes}
\end{figure}

In the remainder of this section I discuss the various components
of the survey in more detail.

{\bf 2.5-metre telescope.}
The main 2.5-metre telescope is of modified Ritchey-Chr\'etien design \cite{wmgk}
with a $3\dg$ field of view, and is optimised for both a wide-area
imaging survey and a multi-fibre spectroscopic survey of galaxies to
$r' \sim 18$.
One of the most unusual aspects of the telescope is its enclosure.
Rather than sitting inside a dome, as is the case with conventional
optical telescopes, the enclosure is a rectangular frame structure
mounted on wheels, which is rolled away from the telescope in order
to take observations.
By completely removing the enclosure from the telescope, we can avoid
the substantial degradation to image quality due to dome seeing.
The telescope is situated on a pier overlooking a steep dropoff
so that the prevailing wind will flow smoothly over the telescope
in a laminar flow, which will also help to ensure good image quality.
A wind baffle closely surrounds the telescope, and is independently
mounted and driven.
This baffle serves to protect the telscope from stray light as
well as from wind buffeting.

{\bf Imaging Camera.}
In order to image a large area of sky in a short time, we have built
an imaging camera \cite{JEG98}
that contains $30 \times 2048^2$ photometric CCDs, arranged in six columns.
Each column occupies its own dewar and contains one chip in each of
the five filters.  Pixel size is $0.4''$.
The camera operates in drift-scan mode: a star or galaxy image drifts down
the column through the five filters, spending about 55 seconds in each.
This mode of observing has two significant advantages over conventional
tracking mode.
1) It makes extremely efficient use of observing time, since there is no
overhead between exposures: on a good night we can open the shutter,
drift-scan for eight hours and then close the shutter.
2) Since each image traverses a whole column of pixels on each CCD,
flat-fielding becomes a one-dimensional problem, and so can be
done to lower surface-brightness limits than with tracking mode images.
This, along with the high quantum efficiency of modern CCDs, will enable us
to detect galaxies of much lower surface brightness than can wide-field
photographic surveys.
There is a gap between each column of CCDs, but this gap is slightly smaller
than the width of the light-sensitive area of the CCDs, and so having
observed six narrow strips of sky one night, we can observe an interleaving
set of strips a later night, and thus build up a large contiguous area of sky.
The northern survey comprises 45 pairs of interleaving great circle scans,
and so
imaging observations for the north will require the equivalent of 90
full photometric nights.
The camera also includes 24 smaller CCDs arranged above and below the
photometric columns.  These extra CCDs, equipped with neutral density filters,
are used for astrometric calibration,
as most astrometric standards will saturate on the photometric CCDs.
Thus the photometric data can be tied to the fundamental astrometric
reference frames defined by bright stars.

{\bf Spectrographs.}
The 2.5-metre telescope is also equipped with a pair of fibre-fed,
dual-beam spectrographs, each with two cameras, two gratings and two $2048^2$
CCD detectors.
The blue channel will cover the wavelength range 3900--6100 \AA\ and
the red channel 5900--9100 \AA\ and both will have a spectral resolving
power $\lambda/\Delta \lambda \approx 1800$.
The fibres are $3''$ in diameter and the two spectrographs each hold 320 fibres.
Rather than employing robotic fibre positioners to place the fibres
in the focal plane, we will instead drill aluminium plates for each
spectroscopic field and plug the fibres by hand.
We plan on spectroscopic exposure times of 45 minutes and allow 15 minutes
overhead per fibre plate.
On a clear winter's night we can thus obtain 9 plates $\times$ 640 fibres
$= 5760$ spectra.
In order to allow such rapid turnaround between exposures we will assemble
9 fibre cartridges, so that each plate can be plugged
with fibres during the day.
It will not be necessary to plug each fibre in any particular hole,
as a fibre mapping system has been built which will automatically map
fibre number onto position in the focal plane after the plate has been plugged.
This should considerably ease the job of the fibre pluggers, and we expect
that it will take well under one hour to plug each plate.

{\bf Monitor telescope.}
In order to check that observing conditions are photometric,
and to tie imaging observations to a set of primary photometric standards,
we are also employing a monitor telescope.
While the 2.5-metre telescope is drift-scanning the sky,
the 0.5-metre monitor telescope, situated close by,
will interleave observations of standard stars with calibration patches
in the area of sky being scanned.
Operation of this telescope will be completely automated, and each hour will
observe three calibration patches plus standard stars in all five colours.

{\bf $10\mu$ all-sky camera.}
As an additional check on observing conditions, a $10\mu$ infrared
camera will survey the entire sky every 10 minutes or so.
Light cirrus, which is very hard to see on a dark night, is bright
at $10\mu$, and so this camera will provide rapid warning of
increasing cloud cover, thus enabling us to switch to spectroscopic
observing rather than taking non-photometric imaging data.

{\bf Data-reduction pipelines.}
The last, but by no means least, component of the survey is a suite
of automated data-reduction pipelines
which will read DLT tapes mailed
to Fermilab from the mountain and yield reduced and calibrated data
with the minimum of human intervention.
Such software is very necessary when one considers that the imaging camera
will produce data at the rate of around 16 Gbytes per hour!

Pipelines exist to reduce each source of data from the mountain
(photometric frames and ``postage stamps'', astrometric frames,
monitor telescope frames and 2-D spectra) as well as to perform
tasks such as spectroscopic target selection and ``adaptive tiling''
to work out the optimal placing of spectroscopic field centres to maximize
the number of spectra obtained.
The pipelines are integrated into a purpose-written environment
known as Dervish
and the reduced data will be written into an object-oriented database.

\section{Data Products}

The raw imaging data in five colours for the $\pi$ steradians of the
northern sky will occupy about 12 Tbytes uncompressed,
but it is expected that very
few projects will need to access the raw data, which will probably
be stored only on magnetic tape.
Since most of the sky is blank to $r' \sim 23$, all detected images
can be stored, using suitable compression, in around 80 Gbytes,
and it is expected that these ``atlas images'' can be kept on spinning disc.
The photometric reduction pipeline will meaure a set of parameters
for each image, and it is estimated that the parameter lists for all objects
will occupy $\sim 15$ Gbyte.
The parameter lists for the spectroscopic sample will probably fit
into 400Mb, and the spectra themselves will occupy $\sim 25$ Gb.
Final access to the data will be through an astronomer-friendly interface,
which will answer such queries as ``Return all galaxies
with $(g' - r') < 0.5$ and within 30 arcminutes of this quasar'', etc.

\subsection{Spectroscopic Samples}

The spectroscopic sample is divided into several classes.
In a survey of this magnitude, it is important that the selection
criteria for each class remain fixed throughout the duration of the survey.
Therefore, we will spend a considerable time (maybe one year), obtaining
test data with the survey instruments and refining the spectroscopic selection
criteria in light of our test data.
Then, once the survey proper has commenced, these criteria will be
``frozen in'' for the duration of the survey.
The numbers discussed below are therefore only preliminary, and we expect
them to change slightly during the test year.

The {\bf main galaxy sample} will consist of $\sim 900,000$ galaxies selected
by Petrosian magnitude in the $r'$ band, $r' \mathrel{\spose{\lower 3pt\hbox{$\mathchar"218$} 18$.
Simulations have shown that the Petrosian magnitude,
which is based on an aperture defined by the ratio of light within an annulus
to total light inside that radius, provides probably the least biased
and most stable estimate of total magnitude.
There will also be a surface-brightness limit, so that we do not
waste fibres on galaxies of too low surface brightness to give a reasonable
spectrum.
This galaxy sample will have a median redshift $\langle z \rangle \approx 0.1$.

We plan to observe an additional $\sim 100,000$
{\bf luminous red galaxies} to $r' \mathrel{\spose{\lower 3pt\hbox{$\mathchar"218$} 19.5$.
Given photometry in the five survey bands, redshifts can be estimated
for the reddest galaxies to $\Delta z \approx 0.02$ or better \cite{c95},
and so one can also predict their luminosity quite accurately.
Selecting luminous red galaxies, many of which will be cD galaxies in cluster
cores, provides a valuable supplement to the main
galaxy sample since 1) they will have distinctive spectral features,
allowing a redshift to be measured up to 1.5 mag fainter than the main sample,
and 2) they will form an approximately volume-limited sample with a
median redshift $\langle z \rangle \approx 0.5$.
They will thus provide an extremely powerful sample for studying
clustering on the largest scales and the evolution of galaxies.

{\bf Quasar} candidates will be selected by making cuts
in multi-colour space and from the FIRST radio catalogue \cite{bwh95},
with the aim of observing $\sim 100,000$ quasars.
This sample will be orders of magnitude larger than any existing quasar
catalogues, and will be invaluable for quasar luminosity function, evolution
and clustering studies
as well as providing sources for followup absorption-line observations.

In addition to the above three classes of spectroscopic sources, which are
designed to provide {\em statistically complete} samples, we will also
obtain spectra
for many thousands of {\bf stars} and for various {\bf serendipitous}
objects.
The latter class will include objects of unusual colour or morphology
which do not fit into the earlier classes, plus unusual objects found
by other surveys and in other wavebands.

\section{Current Status}

\begin{figure}
\plotone{first_light.ps}
\caption[]{A small section of the first-light image obtained on the
           night of May 27-28, 1998 which includes the galaxy NGC 6070.}
\label{fig:first_light}
\end{figure}

The 2.5m telescope and imaging camera are complete and in place.
First light with the imaging camera was obtained on 9 May 1998
during bright time and without the baffles; subsequently three imaging runs
have been made during dark time and with the baffles in place.
We obtained sub-arcsecond images on our most recent run (September 1998).
A small sample of SDSS imaging data is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:first_light}.
This and other colour images are available from the survey website:
{\tt http://www.sdss.org/}.

The spectrographs are both at the site and all optics have been
completed and coated.  One spectrograph has been fully assembled and
some test spectra taken.  A fully assembled fibre cartridge is
ready and all the others are ready for assembly.
The full complement of over 6,000 science fibres needed for
the survey have been accepted and tested with a mean throughput of 92.0\%.
Test plug plates have been drilled with all positions well within
tolerances.  The various pieces of equipment for storing, handling, and
transporting the cartridges are all in place.
Once the telescope control system is in operation later this year,
we will be able to take spectra on the sky.

All of the data reduction-pipelines are written, with
ongoing work on minor bug-fixes, speed-ups and integration of the entire
data processing system.
The imaging/photometric reduction pipelines are being exercised with
the data taken this May and June by the survey imaging camera.
Tests are being carried out on the spectroscopic reduction pipeline using
simulated data as well as daylight test spectra.

The intent of this project is to make the survey data available to the
astronomical community in a timely fashion. We currently plan to
distribute the data from the first two years of the survey no later
than two years after it is taken, and the full survey no later than
two years after it is finished.
The first partial release may or may
not be in its final form, depending on our ability to calibrate it
fully at the time of the release. The same remarks apply to the
release of the full data set, but we expect the calibration effort to
be finished before that release.

\section{Prospects for constraining dark matter}

Since the main topic of this meeting is dark matter, I will highlight
two of the areas in which the SDSS will provide valuable data for
constraining dark matter.

\subsection{Measurement of the Fluctuation Spectrum}

The huge volume of the SDSS redshift survey will enable
estimates of the galaxy power spectrum to $\sim 1000 h^{-1}{\rm Mpc}$ scales.
Figure~\ref{fig:P_k}a shows the power spectrum $P(k)$ we would expect
to measure from a volume-limited ($M < M^*$) sample of galaxies from
the SDSS northern redshift survey, assuming Gaussian fluctuations
and a $\Omega h = 0.3$ CDM model.
The error bars include cosmic variance and shot noise, but not systematic
errors, due, for example, to galactic obscuration.
Provided such errors can be corrected for, (and star colours in the Sloan
survey will provide our best {\em a posteriori}
estimate of galactic obscuration),
then the figure shows that
we can easily distinguish between $\Omega h = 0.2$ and $\Omega h = 0.3$ models,
just using the northern main galaxy sample.
Adding the the luminous red galaxy sample
(Fig.~\ref{fig:P_k}b), will
further decrease measurement errors on the largest scales, and so we also
expect to be able to easily distinguish between low-density CDM and MDM models,
and models with differing indices $n$ for the shape of the primordial
fluctuation spectrum.

\begin{figure}
\plottwo{power.ps}{power2.ps}
\vspace{-5mm}
\caption[]{Left: (a) Expected $1\sigma$ uncertainty in the galaxy power spectrum
	measured from a volume-limited sample from the SDSS northern survey,
	along with predictions of $P(k)$ from four variants of the
	low-density CDM model.
	Note that the models have been arbitrarily normalised to agree
	on small scales ($k = 0.4$); in practice the COBE observations
	of CMB fluctuations fix the amplitude of $P(k)$ on very large scales.
	Right: (b) Power spectrum expected from the luminous red galaxy sample
	(BRGs), assuming that these galaxies have a bias factor twice that of
	the flux-limited galaxy sample.}
\label{fig:P_k}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Cosmological Density Parameter}

By measuring the distortions introduced by streaming motions
into redshift-space measures of galaxy clustering, one can constrain the
parameter $\beta = \Omega^{0.6}/b$, where $\Omega$ is the cosmological
density paramter and $b$ is the bias factor relating fluctuations in
galaxy number density to fluctuations in the underlying mass distribution.
While existing redshift surveys, eg. IRAS \cite{cfw95} and Stromlo-APM
\cite{lemp96}, are hinting
that $\beta < 1$ (ie. that galaxies are significantly biased tracers
of mass or that $\Omega < 1$), their volumes are too small to
measure galaxy clustering in the fully linear regime reliably enough
to measure $\beta$ to much better than 50\% or so.
With the SDSS redshift survey, we expect to be able to constrain
$\beta$ to 10\% or better.

There are several ways we might hope to determine the galaxy bias factor $b$.
By measuring galaxy clustering on $\sim 1000 h^{-1}{\rm Mpc}$ scales as shown in
Figure~\ref{fig:P_k}, we can compare
with the COBE microwave background fluctuations directly, and so
constrain large-scale galaxy bias in a model-independent way.
Analysis of higher-order clustering statistics \cite{gf94},
and of non-linear dynamical effects \cite{cfw95} will also set constraints
on galaxy bias.
Knowing $\beta$ and $b$. we will be in a good position to reliably
measure the cosmological density parameter
$\Omega$ independent of models for the shape of the fluctuation spectrum.

\section{Conclusions}

It is probably no exaggeration to claim that the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
will revolutionize the field of large scale structure.
Certainly we can expect to rule out large numbers of presently viable
cosmological models, as illustrated in Figure~\ref{fig:P_k}.
As well as measuring redshifts for a carefully controlled sample of
$10^6$ galaxies and $10^5$ quasars, the survey will also provide high quality
imaging data for about 100 times as many extragalactic objects,
from which one can obtain colour and morphological information.
In addition to measuring the basic cosmological parameters $\Omega$ and $h$
discussed in the preceding section, the SDSS will also allow us to measure the
properties of galaxies as a function
of their colour, morphology and environment, providing valuable clues
to the process of galaxy formation.

The work described here has been carried out by people throughout
the SDSS collaboration.
It is a pleasure to thank the organisers of Dark98 for a most enjoyable
meeting and for supporting my attendance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
package test;

import harsh.p.raval.buttons.AngularButton;

import java.awt.Color;

import javax.swing.JButton;
import javax.swing.JFrame;

public class ButtonTest {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		JFrame frame = new JFrame();
		frame.setSize(250,250);
		frame.setLayout(null);
		JButton button = new AngularButton("test");
		button.setBackground(Color.yellow);
		button.setBounds(20, 20, 100, 100);
		frame.add(button);
		frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
		frame.setVisible(true);
	}
}