text:
Published in Income Tax Act
SOUTH AFRICAN REVENUE SERVICE
INTERPRETATION NOTE NO. 26
ACT : INCOME TAX ACT, NO 58 OF 1962 (the Income Tax Act)
SECTION: Section 1 definition of "gross income", paragraph(c), paragraph(d) and paragraph(f): Section 10(1)(x): Section 7A(4A)
SUBJECT : The Taxation of CCMA and Labour Court Awards to Employees and Former Employees
The purpose of this interpretation note is to provide guidelines on the taxability of CCMA and Labour Court awards to employees and former employees, arising from the application of labour law. Labour law may be described as the regulation of the rendering of services by means of common law, statutory measures, as well as case law.
2. Background
Various Dispute Resolution Mechanisms:
2.1 The Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration The main function of the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) is to attempt to conciliate and, if conciliation fails, to take steps to arbitrate such disputes. The CCMA will only have jurisdiction to arbitrate a dispute if a matter is referred to it by a party to a dispute and if the Labour Relations Act, 1995 allows for the arbitration. Even where the Labour Relations Act, 1995 provides for the Labour Court to arbitrate, the CCMA is obliged to arbitrate the matter if all the parties to a dispute request the CCMA to arbitrate. Some examples of the matters that may be arbitrated by the CCMA in accordance with the Labour Relations Act, 1995 are:
Disputes about certain unfair dismissals. Certain residual unfair labour practices.
Application for the removal of a member of a workplace from office.
Disputes concerning the interpretation and application of the Labour Relations Act, 1995 concerning workplace forums.
Disputes of mutual interest.
Disputes concerning disclosure of information. Disputes concerning organisational rights.
Disputes in essential services when parties are not allowed to strike, or lock out.
Where parties fail to agree on matters of joint decision- making at work-place forums.
2.2 The Labour Court
The Labour Court of South Africa has similar authority and powers to those of a high court in relation to matters that fall under its jurisdiction. It has exclusive jurisdiction in respect of all matters provided for in the Labour Relations Act, 1995, or where any other Act of parliament gives it jurisdiction. Examples of matters in which the Labour Court has exclusive jurisdiction are:
The review of arbitration awards of the CCMA. Automatically unfair dismissals.
Dismissals for operational reasons.
Dismissals flowing from strikes or closed shop agreements. Unfair labour practice disputes concerning discrimination.
2.3 The Labour Appeal Court
The Labour Appeal Court is the final court of appeal in respect of all judgments and orders made by the Labour Court, provided that the matter falls within its exclusive jurisdiction. It is a superior court and has similar authority and powers to those of the supreme court of appeal.
3. The law
3.1 Definition of "gross income" in section 1 of the Income Tax Act
"'gross income', in relation to any year or period of assessment, means -
(i) in the case of any resident, the total amount, in cash or otherwise, received by or accrued to or in favour of such resident; or
(ii) in the case of any person other than a resident, the total amount, in cash or otherwise, received by or accrued to or in favour of such person from a source within or deemed to be within the Republic, during such year or period of assessment, excluding receipts or accruals of a capital nature, but inclu ding, without in any way limiting the scope of this definition, such amounts (whether of a capital nature or not) so received or accrued as are described hereunder, namely-…"
Specific inclusions of "gross income"
3.1.1 Paragraph (c) of "gross income"
"(c) any amount, including any voluntary award, received or accrued in respect of services rendered or to be rendered or any amount (other than an amount referred to in section 8 (1)) received or accrued in respect of or by virtue of any employment or the holding of any office: Provided that—
(i) the provisions of this paragraph shall not apply in respect of any benefit or advantage in respect of which the provisions of paragraph (i) apply;
(ii) any amount received by or accrued to or for the benefit of any person in respect of services rendered or to be rendered by any other person shall for the purposes of this definition be deemed to have been received by or to have accrued to the said other person;
(iii) to (vi) inclusive…"
3.1.2 Paragraph (d) of "gross income"
"(d) Any amount, including any voluntary award, received or accrued in respect of the relinquishment, termination, loss, repudiation, cancellation or variation of any office or employment or of any appointment (or right or claim to be appointed) to any office or employment: Provided that -
(i) the provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to any lump sum award from any pension fund, provident fund or retirement annuity fund;
(ii) any such amount which becomes payable in consequence of or following upon the death of any person shall be deemed to be an amount which accrued to such person immediately prior to his death;"
3.1.3 Paragraph (f) of "gross income"
"(f) any amount received or accrued in commutation of amounts due under any contract of employment or service;"
3.2 Definition of "remuneration" in the Fourth Schedule to the Income Tax Act
"'remuneration' means any amount of income which is paid or is payable to any person by way of any salary, leave pay, wage, overtime pay, bonus, gratuity, commission, fee, emolument, pension, superannuation allowance, retiring allowance or stipend, whether in cash or otherwise and whether or not in respect of services rendered, including —
(a) any amount referred to in paragraph (a), (c), (cA), (d), (e), (eA) or (f) of the definition of "gross income" in section 1 of this Act;…"
CCMA and Labour Court awards will be taxed either under the general definition of "gross income" in section 1 of the Income Tax Act or they may be specifically included under paragraph (d), paragraph (f) or, if applicable, paragraph (c) of this definition.
4.1 Types of CCMA and Labour Court awards made to employees and former employees
The three broad categories into which CCMA and Labour Court awards fall, are as follows:
4.1.1 Unfair Dismissals
This mechanism is available to protect the employee against dismissal, without substantive grounds, in a procedurally unfair manner. The various elements of dismissal are categorised into substantive fairness, automatically unfair dismissals, procedural fairness and misconduct (justification for dismissal must be proven by the employer). Examples of reasons for unfair dismissal are as follows:
Participation in trade union activities or strike action.
Incompetence and incompatibility.
Marital status.
Family responsibilities.
Absence from work during maternity leave, illness or injury.
Dismissal of an employee who is HIV positive.
Incapacity or disability.
Race, colour, gender, sexual harassment, nationality, age, politics.
Selective dismissal and re-employment of employees.
Religion.
Military service.
The amounts awarded in respect of the above, including voluntary payments, in the circumstances of a claim for compensation for loss of office, termination of employment, or unfair dismissal, will fall within the ambit of paragraph (d) of "gross income".
In terms of paragraph (d) of the definition of "gross income" any amount, including a voluntary award, received or accrued in a year or period of assessment in respect of relinquishment, termina tion, loss, repudiation, cancellation or variation of any office or employment or of any appointment (or right or claim to be appointed) to any office or employment, must be included in "gross income".
The following factors will be considered in determining whether an amount will fall into paragraph (d) of "gross income":
There must be 'employment', or 'office' or the appointment to any 'employment' or 'office';
There must be an amount (including a voluntary award) received by the employee;
There must be termination of employment or the loss, cancellation, or variation of any office or employment; or There must be a right or claim to be appointed. In certain cases of unfair dismissal, the employee is ordered by the CCMA or the Labour Court to be reinstated within the services of the employer. The employee thereafter waives his or her right to be reinstated and receives the option of a lump sum award instead.
The following must be taken into account with regard to the meaning of 'employment' in paragraph (d) of "gross income":
The dominant distinction of a person that is in employment is that of control and supervision. The master/servant relationship is of significance. The power to supervise and control the type of work required to be conducted, the control of the productive capacity, and the power to dismiss employees lie in the hands of the employer. The employee is obliged to follow the instructions given by the employer.
4.1.2 Termination of an employment contract prior to its expiry Where the provisions of the above-mentioned paragraph (d) are not applicable in this situation, paragraph (f) of the definition of "gross income" in section 1 of the Income Tax Act may tax "any amount received or accrued in commutation of amounts due under any contract of employment or service". Depending on the terms of a contract of employment, a breach of such contract can result in amounts "due" being taxable in terms of the mentioned paragraph (f). Therefore, if an employer breaches a contract of employment by terminating the contract, prior to its expiry, the compensation paid by the employer will be taxed because the compensation will be received or accrued in commutation of amounts due under a contract of employment or service.
Amounts received or accrued by an emplo yee in terms of a contract of employment, for services to be rendered in the future, may also fall into the mentioned paragraph (f).
In Income Tax Case No.222 1931, 6 SATC 148, the court held that the lump sum payment received by the employee in respect of the salary due to him in respect of the remaining period of his contract was, in fact, income flowing directly from a contract of service, entered into by him. The entitlement or privileges of the employee and the obligations of the employer that arise in terms of the contract of employment or service is very important when determining whether amounts fall into paragraph (f) of "gross income".
4.1.3 Unfair labour practice
Any person who is the victim of unfair labour practice is entitled to legal protection in terms of the Constitution. The Labour Relations Act, 1995 does not provide for a general unfair labour practice jurisdiction. However, residual unfair labour practices may be described as unfair conduct during the employment relationship concerning promotion, demotion, training, suspension, failure for the provision of benefits, the failure or refusal to re-instate a former employee in terms of an agreement, or variation of employment.
The following are examples of variation of employment:
The renewal of an employee's contract into a fixed term contract.
A temporary employee who, after a prescribed probationary period, is made permanent.
Where an employee can prove that there is reasonable expectation that a fixed term contract will be renewed or that permanent employment can be attained, the employee can bring a claim under unfair labour practice to the courts. (Dierks vs University of South Africa, 1999, 4 BLLR 304(LC))
If compensation is paid in a matter relating to an unfair labour practice, SARS will examine the facts of the case and the nature of the amounts awarded to determine if paragraph (d) or paragraph (f) of "gross income", as discussed above, may be applied to the awards.
Examples in the broad categories of awards are listed in Annexure A.
4.2 Other applicable provisions of the Income Tax Act:
Paragraph (c) of "gross income" may be applied to CCMA and Labour Court awards in circumstances where it can be established that the award is actually in respect of services rendered.
Paragraph (c) of "gross income" taxes any amount, including any voluntary award, received or accrued in respect of services rendered or to be rendered, or by virtue of any employment or the holding of any office. In order to determine whether the amount falls within the ambit of paragraph (c) of "gross income", a direct link between services rendered and the payment received must be established.
Where an amount is received, in respect of past services rendered as well as for compensation for loss of office, the dominant purpose of the amount paid, must be determined [as was determined in ITC No.1093, 28 SATC 269, 1967(16)]. If it can be established that the amount has been allocated between services rendered and compensation for loss of office then the former will be included in paragraph (c) and the latter in paragraph (d) of "gross income".
In taking all of the relevant specific inclusions of "gross income" into account, the purpose for which the payment is received must be established e.g. is the payment in respect of services rendered [paragraph (c)], or is it for the termination of employment [paragraph (d)], or is it for breach of contract of employment [paragraph (f)].
4.2.2 "Remuneration" as defined in paragraph 1 of the Fourth Schedule
CCMA and Labour Court awards, which are taxable either under paragraph (c), (d), or (f) of the definition of "gross income", will constitute "remuneration" as defined in paragraph 1 of the Fourth Schedule to the Income Tax Act. These amounts will, therefore, be subject to the withholding of employees' tax by the employer.
In this regard, the case of N.C. Wentzel vs SARS, case No. 26697/02, heard in the Transvaal Provincial Division, held that the amount awarded by the company's major shareholder as compensation for breach of contract signed between the company's employee and the company's major shareholder, constituted "remuneration" , as defined in paragraph 1 of the Fourth Schedule to the Income Tax Act. The major shareholder had effectively, by virtue of its obligations in terms of the contract that it had signed with the company's employee, become the "employer" of the affected employee and had to withhold employees' tax from the "remuneration" that was payable to the employee.
4.2.3 The applicability of section 11(c) - deduction of legal costs
In circumstances where an employee incurs legal costs in bringing a dispute to Court, section 11(c) of the Income Tax Act permits the employee to claim a deduction of such costs actually incurred in relation to the amount of the award that will be included in his or her income for income tax purposes.
However, where these legal costs are subsequently recovered, as part of the award by the CCMA or the Labour Court, they will be taxed in terms of the recoupment provisions of section
8(4)(a) of the Income Tax Act.
4.2.4 The applicability of section 10(1)(x) – R30 000 exemption CCMA and Labour Court awards that fall within the ambit of paragraph (d) of "gross income", may be subject to an exemption of up to R30 000 in terms of section 10(1)(x) of the Income Tax Act, provided that the requirements of this section are met.
In this regard, the following requirements have to be taken into account for the exemption to apply:
The employee or former employee must have attained the age of 55 years; or
The termination must be due to superannuation, ill health or other infirmity; or
The termination must be due to the employer having ceased or intending to cease to carry on trade, or due to the employee becoming redundant in consequence of a general reduction in personnel or a reduction in personnel of a particular class. If the employer is a company, then this exemption will not apply to any person who, at any time, was a director of that company and that at any time held more than 5% of its issued share capital or its member's interest.
4.2.5 The applicability of section 7A(4A) – tax rate concession CCMA and Labour Court amounts awarded in respect of compensation because of termination of services or impending termination of services within five years (or any longer period as the Commissioner may approve), and which are taxable under paragraph (d) of "gross income", may be subject to the "rating concession" in terms of section 7A(4A) of the Income Tax Act, provided that the requirements of this section are met.
In this regard, the following requirements have to be taken into account for the "rating concession" to apply:
The taxpayer has attained the age of 55 years; or
The termination of the taxpayer's services is due to superannuation, ill-health or other infirmity; or
The Commissioner must be satisfied that the termination or impending termination of the taxpayer's services is due to the employer's ceasing or intending to cease to carry on the trade in respect of which the taxpayer was employed; or
The Commissioner must be satisfied that the taxpayer's having become redundant is in consequence of his employer having effected a general reduction in staff or staff of a particular class; and
The Commissioner must be satisfied that the circumstances of the case warrant the concession provided by section 7A(4A).
5. Tax administrative procedures
An application for a tax directive must be completed and submitted by the employer for all amounts paid to employees or former employees in respect of CCMA and labour court awards. The application form, IRP3 (a), is available on the SARS website (www.sars.gov.za ) under "Income Tax", "IT Forms". The completed form must be submitted by the employer to the local SARS branch office where the employee or former employee is registered for income tax purposes. Where applicable, the court judgment or settlement must be submitted with the application.
The application form, IRP3(a) must include the following information: The year of assessment in which the labour court award accrued;
The actual remuneration last received for the year of assessment; and
A breakdown of the amount received e.g. loss of income, legal costs, damages, etc.
Amounts awarded either by the CCMA, Labour Court, or the Labour Court of Appeal in respect of labour disputes will be examined closely by the South African Revenue Service in light of the specific facts of each case.
These amounts will, in most cases, be taxed in terms of the general provisions of the definition of "gross income" in section 1 of the Income Tax Act, or in terms of the provisions of paragraph (d), paragraph (f), or paragraph (c) of that definition. Applications for directives, to determine the amount of employees' tax to be deducted from the awards, must be submitted by the employer to the relevant SARS branch office.
7. Annexures
7.1 Annexure A
Annexure A contains a list of typical awards that are taxable.
7.2 Annexure B
A comprehensive example to take the contents of this note into account is found in Annexure B.
7.3 Annexure C
This annexure deals with the taxation of awards that were made in the recent, landmark Labour Court judgment, Ntsabo vs Real Security CC, C 259 of 2000.
ANNEXURE A
Types of awards made to employees
Income Tax Act provision
A lump sum payment received by an employee for refusal to accept a new shift system which amounted to an unfair dismissal.
(Fry's Metals (Pty) Ltd v NUMSA & others 2003, 2 BLLR 140 (LAC))
Reason: Payment received for the termination of employment.
Paragraph (d) of gross income
An amount paid by an employer who refused to renew an employee's fixed term contract because the employee is pregnant which amounted to unfair labour practice.
(Solidarity obo McCabe VS SA Institute for Medical Research 2003, 9 BLLR 927(LC))
Reason: Payment received in commutation of breach of contract of employment.
Paragraph (f) of "gross income"
Payment in respect of dismissing employees who refused to accept a final wage offer and locking them out. This amounts to unfair dismissal.
(NUMSA & others v Zeuna-Starker Bop (Pty) Ltd 2003, 1 BLLR 72 (LC))
Reason: Payment received for the loss of employment.
The employer retrenches employees before the sale of the business and does not inform the employees that their contracts of employment have been automatically transferred to the purchaser. The retrenchment of employees without explaining the consequences of the sale of the business is considered to be unfair.
(CEPPWAWU & Others v Herber Plastics (Pty) Ltd & Another 2002, 1 BLLR 44 (LC))
The selection of employees for retrenchment with no prior consultation with the affected group of employees on possible alternatives can constitute unfair dismissal.
(Delport v Parts Incorporated Africa of Genuine Parts (Pty) Ltd 2002, 8 BLLR 755 (LC))
The retrenchment of employees that unsuccessfully apply for positions during a restructuring of the business. The actions of the employer by means of filling positions may be considered to be unfair in light of the dismissed employees.
(Wolfaardt & another v IDC of SA Ltd 2002, 11 BLLR 1127 (LC))
The employer retrenches before consultation with the employees and the unions.
(Mabaso &Others VS Univseral Product Network (Pty) Ltd 2003, 9 BLLR 871 (LC))
The dismissal of strikers for no reason other than their participation in collective bargaining will generally be considered to be unfair.
(Cobra Watertech v NUMSA 1995, 6 BLLR 1 (LAC))
An employee is dismissed for an alleged operational reason.
(Mahlati v SA Broadcasting Corporation 2003, 1 BLLR 33 (LC))
Compensation paid to a prospective employee because of the failure of his prospective employer to enter into a contract of employment.
Silke on South African Income Tax
Reason: Payment received for the cancellation of employment.
A lump sum payment received by an employee for the breach of a contract of employment by his employer based on the unexpired portion of the service agreement. (Income Tax Case No.222 1931, 6 SATC 148)
ANNEXURE B
Comprehensive Example
Mr. X who is 42 years of age is an employee of company Z. He has been employed by the company for 8 years. Company Z is in the process of restructuring. Employees in the middle and lower management are affected by the restructuring. Mr. X is employed in middle management. Employers have not consulted with employees or unions regarding the decision making process for the retrenchment and restructuring process. One of the senior managers had informed Mr. X that he faces dismissal. New posts are advertised before consultation with the existing staff regarding the retrenchment and restructuring process. The company informs the affected employees that they may reapply for the positions. Mr. X re-applies for his position, but he is unsuccessful. Mr. X is dismissed by the company. A new person is employed in the same capacity as Mr X, however, the job title has been changed. The job description remains the same.
Mr. X seeks an order against his company for compensation in terms of section 193(1)(c) of the Labour Relations Act, 1995. The fairness of Mr. X's dismissal is in dispute. He makes application in this regard to the Labour Court. The court finds in favour of Mr. X that the dismissal of Mr. X was procedurally unfair. The judge makes an order for compensation to be awarded to him equivalent to twelve months remuneration which amounts to R120 000. The employer is ordered to pay the costs of the application.
Company Z is now liable to award the amount after the deduction of the applicable tax due to Mr. X. Company Z must apply for a tax directive to the local SARS branch office where Mr. X is registered. The amount of R120 000 will be reduced by the tax liability determined by SARS. A copy of the Court judgment must accompany the IRP3 (a) that is submitted to the relevant SARS branch office. It must be determined whether the amount awarded is taxable and under which provisions of the Income Tax Act it is taxable.
The following facts must be taken into account:
The amount awarded is in respect of termination of employment. It has been received in the 2004 year of assessment.
Mr. X was dismissed on 15 May 2001.
The amount awarded is made up of the last twelve months remuneration earned by Mr. X.
The legal costs incurred by Mr. X must be paid by the employer in terms of the Court order.
Mr. X' s marginal tax rate is 30% (for illustrative purposes). Mr. X has not yet attained the age of 55.
The amount will be taxed in terms of paragraph (d) of "gross income". It is compensation awarded for the termination of employment. Mr. X had been in the employ of company Z for the last eight years. It must be established whether the award that will be taxed in terms of paragraph (d) of "gross income", will be subject to the exemption of R30 000 in terms of section 10(1)(x) of the Income Tax Act. Further, it must be established whether this amount will be subject to the section 7A(4A) 'rating concession' generally enjoyed by amounts that fall into paragraph (d) of "gross income". Mr X has not attained the age of 55 nor was his termination due to ill-health nor has the employer ceased trading. Furthermore, Mr. X was made 'redundant'. However, his position was immediately filled by a new appointee.
Therefore, it is apparent that the termination of his employment was not due to redundancy. The provisions of sections 10(1)(x) and 7A(4A) of the Income Tax Act will, therefore, not apply to the compensation award received by Mr. X. This means that the award will not be subject to the 'rating concession' or to the exemption of R30 000. The full amount of R120 000 will be subject to tax of 30%. The tax will be withheld by Company Y and the remaining portion of the award will be paid to Mr. X.
The legal costs actually incurred by Mr. X, in relation to the taxable amount of the award, will be allowed as a tax deduction. However, since Company Z was ordered to pay these legal costs, the recovered amounts that were allowed as a tax deduction will be taxed in Mr. X's hands. It follows that any portion of the legal costs that was not allowed as a tax deduction will not be taxed. This effectively means that the legal costs recovered from Company Z will be tax-neutral in the hands of Mr. X.
ANNEXURE C
Labour Court Judgment: Ntsabo vs Real Security CC, C 259 of 2000
In this recent, landmark case, the Court was satisfied with the employee's claim that she had been constructively dismissed.
What makes this case unique is that the employee's application for a sexual harassment claim was also successful in the same Court. In this regard, it was ruled by the Court that:
The employer had failed to protect the employee after it had received numerous complaints that she was being sexually harassed by her supervisor.
The employer had contravened sections 6(1) and 6(3) of the Employment Equity Act, 1998 that deals with sexual harassment. The employee's privacy and constitutional rights had been violated.
The court ordered that compensation for unfair dismissal and damages for sexual harassment be paid to the employee. The compensation and damages are made up as follows:
R12 000 for unfair dismissal;
R20 000 in respect of future medical costs (psychological counselling); and
R50 000 for damages in respect of the employee's impairment of dignity.
The tax implications for the amounts awarded are as follows:
R12 000 for unfair dismissal
The amount awarded in this respect will be taxed under paragraph (d) of "gross income", as dealt with above in paragraph 4.1.1.
R20 000 in respect of future medical costs (psychological counselling)
In view of the facts of this particular case, this payment will not be taxed under paragraphs (c), (d), or (f) of the definition of "gross income" in section 1 of the Income Tax Act.
R50 000 for the employee's impairment of dignity
In view of the specific facts of this case, this amount will not be taxed under paragraphs (c), (d), or (f) of the definition of "gross income" in section 1 of the Income Tax Act.
The legal costs actually incurred by the employee, in relation to the taxable amount of the award, will be allowed as a tax deduction. However, since the employer was ordered to pay these legal costs, the recovered amounts that were allowed as a tax deduction will be taxed in the employee's hands. It follows that any portion of the legal costs that was not allowed as a tax deduction will not be taxed. This effectively means that the legal costs recovered from the employer will be tax-neutral in the hands of the employee.
Last modified onSunday, 23 August 2015 11:19
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Finalizing the event in Seattle, Washington. I will have it up and posted soon!
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John, I responded to you privately because it revolves around multiple email addresses. In general if others have this same issue: Your Potters Council email address on file needs to be the same as your Ceramic Arts Daily email. If they are different you will not be granted access to Potters Council Members Only pages. If this does occur, please contact Carolyn Dorr at cdorr@ceramics.org to fix this issue. You will need to provide me with both emails.
It's all in the Details! The SPLENDID SURFACES conference will bring together an accomplished group of presenters to demonstrate, share ideas and answer any questions you have. Discover how each presenter uses the clay as their canvas, creating lush surfaces so inspiring you will rush home to your studio with fresh ideas. If you're looking to add to your repertoire of surface techniques, then this is the conference for you. Featured Artists: Melisa Cadell, Fong Choo, Molly Hatch, Kathy King, Tom Meuninck, and AMACO® Technical and Professional Ceramic Artist staff.
I have been thinking about putting together a conference that incorporates both food and ceramics... I really need to figure out how to do this... Any thoughts on this conference idea... The discussion so far has me inspired!
Not sure if you post is a stand alone topic, then place it here.
Eric, welcome back to Potters Council... The forum here has a great gallery. I would for sure post your pictures. Also, now that you're a member again. You should post pictures in the Potters Council Artist Portfolio. I have attached a link to the portfolios and how you send in the information. Artists Portfolio Link: http://ceramicartsdaily.org/galleries/artist-portfolios/ How to submit your information: http://ceramicartsdaily.org/galleries/request-listing/ I look forward to hearing from you!
You've come to the right spot if you're looking for an international organization that connects potters from around the world. Potters Council may be the organization that you're looking for... A nurturing, creative community The Potters Council was formed to create a community of potters and ceramic artists from around the world. This is a community of potters dedicated to supporting each other by sharing ideas, insights, and advice. Community is important. We can all share techniques and tips and add new dimensions to each other's works–and our own. You never know what will inspire your work or influence your next project. But that's part of the joy of pottery! And when you become a member of the Potters Council, you're part of a creative, compassionate community of people who understand you. Connected to the clay Potters Council is a nonprofit subsidiary of The American Ceramic Society (ACerS). It was formed to serve you: potters, ceramic artists, lovers of clay. Our mission is to meet the needs of studio potters and ceramic artists by providing a place for knowledge exchange and professional enhancement. To learn more about Potters Council go here: http://ceramicartsdaily.org/potters-council/learn-more-about-potters-council/ If you have additional questions, please contact me at anytime.
While attending NCECA I was able to talk to many artists, and one of the major concerns continues to be health insurance. Here at Potters Council, we are concerned that many artists are not covered. We've been able to help many members obtain insurance in the US (some states are not eligible). It is worth it to give them call or request a quote online. Check out the information below. Carolyn Potters Council Health Plan: Enroll Today! Lock in Your Rate for three years! 866-425-3335 or www.potterscouncilhealthplans.com. With TeleExpress member enrollment, you can build your health plan, and enroll right now over the phone in as little as 15 minutes. You can be approved in as little as 24 hours. All plans are completely voluntary with no obligation. (Available for US Members Only) Traditional PPO Health Plan - The traditional PPO plan is a cost-effective traditional plan for both everyday and catastrophic needs. You'll be able to control your premiums without giving up benefits, you can still choose to add optional features, like an office visit copay for more protection and convenience. Providing up to $25 million in benefits, this traditional plan offers quality and fexibility. PPO "Light†Health Plan - The PPO "Light†plan is ideal for those who are without health insurance or are thinking about dropping current coverage due to cost. This health plan provides extensive access to providers and up to $2 million in health-care benefits, for as little as half the price of other popular plans. Health Savings Account Insurance Plans - Health Savings Accounts are the most innovative approach to health care in years and may save you up to 42% over traditional PPO plans. Furthermore, you don't pay taxes on the funds you deposit in your Health Savings Account. Unused funds in the account roll over from one year to the next, and earn interest tax-free. Call today to learn more about the advantages of Health Savings Account Insurance plans.


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Research has long shown that people with autism have high rates of anxiety disorders. Research also suggests that anxiety tends to have different causes and symptoms in those affected by autism than it does in the general population. For these reasons, the Autism Speaks ATN prioritized the development of the diagnostic and treatment guidelines that became part of a special ATN/AIR-P supplement to the February issue of Pediatrics.
A study has found that brain scans may soon be able to assist in earlier diagnosis of autism in boys. Researchers have been able to identify signs of autism in the images – which can be used to diagnose the disorder and measure its progression. They found boys with autism have changes in the part of their brain that controls social perception – that is, being able to understand a person's facial expression and tone of voice. In future, the scans could diagnose children at an earlier age, providing treatment when it is most effective.
State spending on adults with autism is dramatically higher than for children, according to a new analysis that may offer hints of what's to come as more people on the spectrum grow up. In a study looking at per-person spending on autism services in California, researchers found that the state is shelling out roughly $26,500 on average for each adult annually. By comparison, costs for those under age 18 are averaging about $10,500.
A new CDC report finds the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder largely unchanged from two years ago, at one in 68 children. Rates have been rising since the 1960s, but researchers do not know how much of this rise is due to more children being diagnosed with ASD or if actual cases are increasing, or a combination of both. The CDC's first prevalence report, which was released in 2007 and was based on 2000 and 2002 data, found that one in 150 children had ASD.


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In Rotation
IVERSON Is Accepting the Void … And Making Out With It
Written by Vocalo Radio on July 6, 2021
Charles Iverson, Gene Knific and Joey Meland are IVERSON, a Chicago-based alt pop trio taking notes from pop legends of the past but continually redefining their own sound.
IVERSON captivates listeners with their signature funky, synthy, catchy and highly-danceable music. Their most recent single "How Does It Make U Feel" is a grooving powerhouse, and was featured on Vocalo's June In Rotation playlist.
Gene and Charles met each other at a high school jazz camp in the upper peninsula of Wisconsin. Joey appeared playing on a bill with IVERSON at the Beat Kitchen, in a former project from fellow Chicago artist Emily Blue, and dreamed of being a part of IVERSON for a few years prior to officially joining.
Are you all originally from Chicago? What does Chicago mean to you, and how has Chicago contributed to who you are as both individuals and artists?
Charles is originally from the Chicago area; Gene and Joey are originally from Michigan and Wisconsin, respectively. Chicago means a lot of things to a lot of people, and cannot be approached as a monolith. What we can say about it, for certain, is that the communities we've found and grown as a part of in this city have made us kinder, stronger and more whole. Who we are today is largely a result of the incredibly inspiring people that hail from Chicago. Not only the artists, but also the organizers, leaders and all otherwise beautiful, beautiful people that make up the many intricate pieces of this much larger whole.
When you were growing up, what musicians or groups made you want to pursue music?
Aqua, Chick Corea, Radiohead, Mr. Bungle, Pixies, Queen.
Who, musically or otherwise, inspires you the most?
We feel deep inspiration from the transgender community of the world, at large. We feel deep inspiration from those of us who never cease to emit extreme beauty, even in the face of massive collective trauma. We feel deep inspiration from each other!
Which artists do you have on repeat right now?
Kero Kero Bonito, Peachy Fingernail, Diane Coffee, Carlile, Roy Kinsey, Spektral Quartet, Onuki Taeko. Prince — always and forever, Prince.
Your music incorporates some vintage elements but stays fresh and unique. How do you blend older ideas with modern concepts in your sound?
A lot of this comes from our rabid obsession with the synth-laden fare of the late '70s through the early '90s, filtered through a strong aversion to sacrificing progression over tradition. As far as combining old and new, it's really just a matter of taste. We're always only making music that we want to hear and hoping that the listener will feel that excitement and emotional investment, regardless of what sonic connotations adjoin it. We have such great love for artists like ABBA, Prince, Kate Bush, etc. but also a deep appreciation of the myriad line-pushers of recent and present-day Earth.
Your single "The Blood Of Time" was remixed by Fire-Toolz. How did this collaboration come about?
Fire-Toolz is an absolute, unbelievable genius and we are perpetually so fangirl-y about them. They had been on our radar for a while as big fans, so we reached out to collab on a remix of "The Blood Of Time." They share our obsession with big, bombastic, probably-overwrought synth-pop, so the match made sense for everyone involved. We could not have been more thrilled by the utterly, wonderfully bonkers remix they created for us.
Which artists do you dream of collaborating with?
The Fire-Toolz collaboration was a dream we so fortunately get to check off our list. Other artists we'd love to work with are Arca, Hosono Haruomi, NNAMDÏ, Teddy Geiger, Connan Mockasin, Roy Kinsey and the queen of all queens, Kate Bush.
Your music explores themes of "beauty and absurdity." How do you see those concepts playing out and intertwining in the world or in your own lives?
All of the world is absurd beauty. Our existence on this planet, and literally everything that entails, is both infinitely absurd and crushingly beautiful. It's sometimes difficult to imagine why anyone would make art, or even entertainment, that doesn't hold at heart the inalienable beauty of experiencing something so devoid of any verifiable meaning but so full of possibility all at once. Our aim is to always embrace that mammoth question mark, accepting the void — and making out with it.
A post shared by the band IVERSON (@weareiverson)
You've also referenced "making out with the void" in your music. What do you mean by that?
The whole idea is to unconditionally embrace the open-endedness of existence and, in a tongue-in-cheek way, "making out" with that ambiguity. It's about the burning questions pertaining to our purpose, death, and the nature of time and radically accepting the lack of a definitive answer. This ambiguity is often physically represented as the sky or the known universe and metaphorically represented as the expansive internal space we all hold within.
Do you have anything exciting coming up on the horizon?
Aside from a consistent flow of new music, we have a few collabs in the works such as tracks featuring Diane Coffee and Chicago's chamber music ensemble Spektral Quartet. Someday soon, IVERSON will return to the stage to facilitate making out with the void with friends and strangers alike. Also, we purchased the domain http://midi.gay.
Follow IVERSON on Twitter and Instagram, and stream In Rotation on Spotify below.
Interview edited for length and clarity by Erik Anderson
Tagged as chicago music in rotation IVERSON
Zenesoul's "Brown Sugar" Is Soul For Late Nights And Darkened Rooms
Late Nite Laundry Shows The Beauty In Going With The Flow


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June 15, 2020 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Mud and Stars: Travels in Russia with Pushkin, Tolstoy, and Other Geniuses of the Golden Age by Sara Wheeler |
The Georgia Review Summer 2020
I reviewed Wheeler's book on traveling contemporary Russia through the lens of great, 19th-century Russian writers for The Georgia Review's Summer 2020 issue.
April 9, 2020 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
A Luminous Republic by Andres Barba | Chicago Review of Books
The protagonist of Andres Barba's novel A Luminous Republic is its premise: thirty-two mendicant children appear in the city of San Cristobal, make the local denizens uneasy, speak in an unintelligible language, commits acts of seemingly random violence, disappear into the jungle, and eventually lose their lives. Continue reading…
Hurricane Season by Fernanda Melchor | On the Seawall
Hurricane Season begins, appropriately, with boys. Here is the first line: "They reached the canal along the track leading up from the river, their slingshots drawn for battle and their eyes squinting, almost stitched together, in the midday glare." These boys, mere children, are already immersed in a culture of violence, ready for some imaginary battle their world tells them to prepare for. None of them "would dare admit he was scared," as the others, even if they were afraid, would make merciless fun of him. These boys are the ones who find the Witch's body. Continue reading…
March 24, 2020 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Object Impermanence: On Kimiko Hahn's Foreign Bodies | Vol. 1 Brooklyn
A caveat: Foreign Bodies is Kimiko Hahn's tenth collection of poetry, but it's the first and only one that I've read. By my own standards as a critic, this lack of familiarity with a writer's work usually disqualifies me as a reviewer of one of their books. The only exception I make for this is when I read a book that is so fantastic and exhilarating and rich that I'm compelled to write less of a review and more of a celebration, a fan's note, a paean to a particular book's achievements. This is one of those cases. Continue reading…
April 19, 2019 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Costalegre by Courtney Maum |
The year is 1937 and Leonora Calaway, a wealthy art collector, has gathered up the artists "the Führer decided were the most degenerate in Europe" and sailed to Costalegre in Mexico, where Surrealists and Dadaists, writers and painters, all live together to wait out the coming war. Continue reading…
April 1, 2019 April 1, 2019 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Mostly Dead Things by Kristen Arnett |
Set in a richly rendered Florida and filled with delightfully wry prose and bracing honesty, Arnett's novel introduces a keenly skillful author with imagination and insight to spare. Continue reading…
Lost Time: Lectures on Proust in a Soviet Prison Camp by Józef Czapski |
The Georgia Review, Spring 2019
I reviewed Lost Time for The Georgia Review's Spring issue. Check it out here.
February 25, 2019 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Springtime in a Broken Mirror by Mario Benedetti | Publishers Weekly
This rich, heartbreaking novel from the late Uruguayan writer Benedetti (1920–2009) (The Truce), first published in 1982, describes the devastating effects on one family of Uruguay's military dictatorship in the 1970s and '80s. Continue reading…
February 18, 2019 February 18, 2019 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Not a Clue by Chloé Delaume | Publishers Weekly
Delaume's first novel to be translated into English is a sly and thorny work that loosely takes the form of a game of Clue, and even more loosely takes the form of a novel. The six murder suspects are psychiatric patients in Paris's Saint-Anne's Hospital, and each gets a few chapters providing their backgrounds, how they wound up institutionalized, and attributing to them a name from the board game. Continue reading…
February 4, 2019 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Mars: Stories by Asja Bakić | Publishers Weekly
Bosnian writer Bakic's debut teems with the oddball narratives of George Saunders, the eerie atmosphere of Edgar Allan Poe, and the feminist intellect of Marge Piercy. Her characters all, in one form or another, use language to survive, to manipulate, or to shine. Continue reading…
January 14, 2019 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
New Year, New Verse: 4 Great New Poetry Collections | Vulture
Poetry ought to be the preeminent form of this age — hell, every age. In a smattering of words, a poem can eulogize, satirize, criticize, proselytize. The greatest verse clues us into what Jane Hirshfield calls "poetry's knowing," its function of "clarification and magnification." It's the quintessential hybrid form: an amalgam of essay, lyric, story, polemic, and diary. Poets are penguins, to paraphrase E.E. Cummings. They use their wings to swim. Continue reading…
January 7, 2019 January 7, 2019 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
The Old Drift by Namwali Serpell |
Recalling the work of Toni Morrison and Gabriel García Márquez as a sometimes magical, sometimes horrifically real portrait of a place, Serpell's novel goes into the future of the 2020s, when the various plot threads come together in a startling conclusion. Intricately imagined, brilliantly constructed, and staggering in its scope, this is an astonishing novel. Continue reading…
December 24, 2018 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Trump Sky Alpha by Mark Doten |
A blistering and heartbreaking satire in which president Trump brings about a nuclear apocalypse, Doten's second novel (after The Infernal) is by turns a dystopian nightmare, a cyber thriller, a spot-on treatise on memes, and a tragic tale of love and loss. Continue reading…
November 19, 2018 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Big Bang by David Bowman | Publishers Weekly
"Where were you when you first heard President Kennedy had been shot?" asks Bowman (1957–2012) in the opening of his big, bold, and brilliant posthumous novel, and for the next 600 pages, he investigates what occurred in the years leading up to that monumental event in American history. Through the lives of such iconic figures as Norman Mailer, Elvis, William de Kooning, Marilyn Monroe, Dr. Spock, Ngô Dihn Diem, the Kennedys themselves, and dozens of others, Bowman conjures an enormous narrative out of the troubled years from 1950 to 1963. Continue reading…
October 20, 2018 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Last Night in Nuuk by Niviaq Korneliussen | Publishers Weekly
Korneliussen's captivating debut centers around five young people over the course of a party and its aftermath in Nuuk, Greenland, as they come to terms, in various ways, with their identities. Continue reading…
The Birth of Loud by Ian S. Port | Kirkus Reviews
A rip-roaring journey through the early days of rock 'n' roll, told through the lives of the men whose innovative guitars helped usher it into existence. Continue reading…
October 2, 2018 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
The End of Ice by Dahr Jamail | Kirkus Reviews
A war journalist and mountaineering aficionado chronicles his global travels to witness the stakes of humanity's greatest battle: the destruction of our planet. Continue reading…
September 24, 2018 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
The Supreme Orchestra by David Turgeon | Publishers Weekly
A man enters an art gallery and purchases an erotic drawing, which sets into motion a series of complex events in Turgeon's solid first book to be translated into English. Continue reading…
August 6, 2017 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Goodbye, Vitamin by Rachel Khong | The Columbus Dispatch
"Autobiographical" feels like the right description for Rachel Khong's "Goodbye, Vitamin." But because I don't know whether her debut novel is based on her real life (and because it doesn't matter if it is or not), I'll say her novel feels "lived in."
Khong has crafted a believably human protagonist in Ruth, a 30-year-old woman who's back in her childhood home to help take care of her father, who has Alzheimer's. "Goodbye, Vitamin" follows Ruth's adventures in her old stomping ground for one year, during which she also tends to her own problems, including a broken heart and a lack of purpose. Continue reading…
July 19, 2017 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Stephen Florida by Gabe Habash | New York Times Book Review
"People are bad at giving up," a man tells the title character late in "Stephen Florida," Gabe Habash's debut novel. "A lot of the time they don't do it early enough." He's commenting on life in the oil fields of North Dakota, where Stephen is considering a job after college, but he might as well be describing Stephen's current situation: He's a wrestler at Oregsburg College in the late 1970s, and it's his senior year, which means it's his last chance to win a collegiate championship. Habash's novel follows Stephen through his event-filled final season and traces his complex inner turmoil as he pursues his unbending ambition to dominate the competition. By the time the above statement is made to Stephen, he's veered far away from mere determination and ended up near monomania, and his will to win has become enmeshed in bitter jealousy, calculated malice and philosophical scrutiny. The sport itself, in other words, is beside the point, as are the actual benefits of succeeding. Stephen's drive has brought him to the brink, but is it too late for him to give up? Continue reading...
Blind Spot by Teju Cole | San Francisco Chronicle
Teju Cole's newest work, "Blind Spot," a collection of the author's photos with accompanying textual commentary, is an eclectically brilliant distillation of what photography can do, and why it remains an important art form. Known for his novels "Open City" and "Every Day Is for the Thief," Cole also is the photography critic for New York Times Magazine, and a hell of a nonfiction writer to boot (his recent essay collection "Known and Strange Things" unambiguously demonstrates this). "Blind Spot" proves that Cole's singular talents extend into picture-making, yes, but more than that, it shows what an extraordinarily gifted writer he is. Continue reading…
May 8, 2017 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
At Home in Ruins: Imagine Wanting Only This by Kristen Radtke | Fiction Advocate
Kristen Radtke's meditative graphic memoir Imagine Wanting Only This ruminates on ruin and decay—of an abandoned city, of a genetically faulty heart, of love and relationships, and, in the long run, of all things. Through black-and-white images with stark juxtapositions, Radtke braids together the death of her favorite uncle, Dan, the end of her engagement to her college boyfriend, her travels to various ruins around the world, and her own struggle to find a home somewhere that isn't in the process of deteriorating. Continue reading…
Essay Collections by David Orr, Stanley Elkin, & Betty Fussell | New York Times Book Review
For the New York Times Book Review, I reviewed essays collections by poetry critic David Orr, novelist and essayist Stanley Elkin, and food writer Betty Fussell! Check it out here!
December 9, 2016 December 9, 2016 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
The Mathematics of History: On Michèle Audin's One Hundred Twenty-One Days | Kenyon Review
In 1960, the writer Raymond Queneau and the engineer François Le Lionnais founded Ouvroir de littérature potentielle ("workshop of potential literature"), which came to be known by the shorthand Oulipo. It was a literary movement principally focused on restraints—e.g., member Georges Perec's 1969 novel A Void is a lipogram, a work that deliberately excludes a letter or letters, in Perec's case the letter "e." Other members of the distinguished group—which also included many mathematicians and engineers—were Italo Calvino, Marcel Duchamp, and the cartoonist Étienne Lécroart. Thus it was not something one could simply join.
"And then, one day," the mathematician and writer Michèle Audin wrote recently, "the Oulipo becomes a reality for me: 'it' invites me to a meeting." So Audin became one Oulipo's few female members, and with the publication of One Hundred Twenty-One Days, she becomes only the second female member to publish a book in English (the first was Anne F. Garréta, author of Sphinx). She does not disappoint Oulipo's legacy: One Hundred Twenty-One Days is a remarkable novel, a brilliant pastiche of varying styles and forms, elegantly crafted and intricately structured, but also one that never neglects the humane emotions and drama of which great novels are made. Continue reading…
A Brief History of the Future: On James Gleick's Time Travel: A History | The Millions
This is my favorite epigraph attribution from all my published essays:
"Time exists in order that everything doesn't happen all at once, and space exists so that it doesn't all happen to you."
—Susan Sontag, quoting "an old riff I've always imagined to have been invented by some graduate student of philosophy," but part of which (i.e., the first half) is often attributed to John Archibald Wheeler (who "admitted to having found it scrawled in a Texas men's room"), Woody Allen, and Albert Einstein, but which actually appeared before all of these figures were supposed to have said or written it in a novel by Ray Cummings from 1922 called The Girl in the Golden Atom and is spoken by a character named Big Business Man, so I guess one can only really credit Sontag (or, I suppose, the "old riff" to which she refers) with the part about space (which, admittedly, is a totally brilliant and enriching addendum; really makes the phrase, don't you think?), and if you think this quote attribution is convoluted and confusing well then hold onto your hats, there, buddy, because shit's about to get real weird…Continue reading…
Ark by Julian Tepper | New York Times Book Review
ABSOLUTELY THRILLED TO REVIEW FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW AGAIN!
In the early chapters of his second novel, "Ark," Julian Tepper introduces three generations of the once-wealthy Arkin family through a series of phone calls that shift perspective from one speaker to another to another. It's an efficient and notably cinematic technique: One may recall the introduction of the grown-up children in Wes Anderson's film "The Royal Tenenbaums," which also uses correspondence to usher each character onscreen. (This could explain why the book jacket explicitly aligns "Ark" with Anderson's work.) But in a novel, cinematic methods and the omniscient narration necessary to pull them off can lead to little hiccups of confusion, as when we first meet Rebecca Arkin, the nearest thing the book has to a protagonist: "Rebecca was in the middle of lunch. The man keeping her company was Randy Nobel, her colleague at the firm." If this were a movie, the audience, having seen "the man keeping her company," would of course implicitly understand to whom the narrator is referring — but a novel has no such visual cue, so when "the man" is mentioned here, I went back just to make sure he hadn't been brought up previously. Continue reading…
The Best Books About Books, Part II | Literary Hub
Last summer, I wrote a piece about a number of books that were themselves about books, a category that happens to be my very favorite. Though I maybe should have anticipated it (it was, after all, a decidedly literary essay on a decidedly literary website), "The Best Books About Books" attracted a lot of attention—more so, I'm sure, because of the titles collected than for the quality of my writing. But nonetheless I was pleased to see those works receiving due promotion, which is mainly the only joy a critic experiences.
Blackass by A. Igoni Barrett
The Scofield, Spring 2016
I reviewed A. Igoni Barrett's Blackass in the latest issue of The Scofield. Artist Chris Ames drew portraits of all the contributors, and <– here's mine! Go to thescofield.com to download the Spring issue, also featuring Sven Birkerts, Idra Novey, Kaitlyn Greenidge, Mira Jacob, D. Foy, Simon Critchley, and Sarah Gerard!
Ward Farnsworth Doesn't Fuck Around | The Millions
Now, six years on, Ward Farnsworth has produced a sequel (a term associated more with Hollywood franchises than with manuals on literary technique). Farnsworth's Classical English Metaphor duplicates its predecessor in approach and structure and voice and directness, and for all intents and purposes is just as fun and accessible, too. But Farnsworth's latest subject, the metaphor, makes his follow-up better and more insightful than the first one, but also, in some ways, less useful, a fact that has less to do with Farnsworth's skill and more to do with the metaphor's nuanced utility. It is not that Farnsworth doesn't do an excellent job illuminating the various ways we use language to compare things — sometimes the only means of apt description — or that his examples are less instructive or applicable. Rather, it is that the metaphor is simply employed far less often than the enormous toolbox of rhetoric, and, when it is used, its power stems less from its structure and more from the lucidity and the inventiveness and the clarity of the comparison. Metaphors have a quality of "wrongness," as Walker Percy put it in 1975's The Message in the Bottle (a book way too recent to have assumed Farnsworth has read it), and "that its beauty often seems proportionate to its wrongness or outlandishness."
March 4, 2016 March 4, 2016 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
102 Indispensable Works of Literary Criticism | Literary Hub
Anyway, so I spent my Superbowl Sunday organizing the most important section of any critic's collection: literary criticism and biography. Not only is this my favorite shit to read, but I also refer to them so often that they're also the most practically necessary. After I finished, I posted a photo of the beautifully and temporarily full shelves (I've already pulled like six books off that I'm using for current pieces) on Twitter, and someone asked me if I had any particular favorites. I wasn't at home when I got the tweet, so to even consider responding at the time was unthinkable. I pondered for a few seconds before immediately becoming overwhelmed. When I returned later and stared at the shelves, it occurred to me that I've been asked this question quite a few times. Perhaps this is because as a self-identifying literary critic there isn't much else for people to ask me—this field doesn't exactly make for the most riveting party talk. But whatever the reason, I thought I'd put together a list of the criticism that I most admire and to which I repeatedly refer. This is, of course, an extremely limited list, taken exclusively from books I own. Also for the sake of my sanity, I excluded all single-subject biographies and criticism on film or music; only fiction, poetry, and drama. Memoirs counted only if they directly involve other writers and/or the literary landscape of the era. It is in no way meant to be a list of the world's indispensible literary criticism, only my own, and only so far.
The Door by Magda Szabó | Northwest Review of Books
Emerence is a housekeeper for a writer named Magda, and the two women couldn't be any more different. That sentence, in all its ordinariness, could legitimately stand as a plot description for Magda Szabó's subtle and fascinating novel The Door. The events that take place are dramatic at times, to be sure, but they function more as isolated incidents rather than a narrative whole. Emerence is the through-line; she is the connective tissue that brings together the disparate parts to make a body. She is—like Gatsby, Ahab, or Daisy Miller—what I call a study character, an important figure that a narrator is unable to fully understand but who is also unalterably enmeshed in their psyche. Emerence, in all her extremely fine details, her many contra-dictions, her utter singularity as a character, is one of the most compelling people I've met in recent fiction. She is a classic; she is a magical, mysterious presence that makes The Door a masterpiece.
Infinite Jest 20th Anniversary Edition!
I'm quoted and named on the back cover! What an honor! David Foster Wallace is one of my biggest heroes and Infinite Jest was especially influential to me. This is one of the great thrills of my life.
This Should Be Written in the Present Tense by Helle Helle | New York Times Book Review
I'M IN THE FUCKING NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW!!! I CAN'T BELIEVE MY LIFE!!
"For the last 20 years, Helle Helle's novels and short stories have made her a star in her native Denmark, where she regularly receives awards and acclaim. Denmark is also where, according to her biography, Helle "lives in a forest." What a fittingly magical dwelling for Helle, who — judging from her first novel to be translated into English, "This Should Be Written in the Present Tense" — has enchanting gifts as a storyteller." (More.)
January 20, 2016 January 20, 2016 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
The Classic Fiction Formula | The New Republic
My first piece for The New Republic! I'm so thrilled!!
As I write this, I can spot on my shelves the following books: On Writing, Zen in the Art of the Writing, The Art of Fiction, The Art of the Novel, Aspects of the Novel, 13 Ways of Looking at the Novel, This Year You Write Your Novel, Reading Like a Writer, and How Fiction Works. And I've read every damn one of them. Though some were revelatory—especially the first, by Stephen King, and the last, by James Wood—most of them failed to improve my writing, though they sure as hell improved my reading, and some left me discouraged and overwhelmed. Novelists and critics wrote these books, practitioners of the art, who, it mostly turns out, are terrifically adept at elucidating narrative strategies but less skilled at demonstrating how to put those techniques into practice. And often you're left not with literary ability but a sense of awe at just how great the great writers are.
January 8, 2016 January 8, 2016 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ 2 Comments
O Muse, Where is Wisława Szymborska's Teeming Crowd? | Literary Hub
Last year saw the publication of Map: Collected and Last Poems, an extraordinary and vital summation of Szymborska's decidedly modest output, and although critics positively and even sometimes excitedly reviewed it, the book didn't sell tremendously well (and of course nothing like the 120,000 first edition of View with a Grain of Sand) and wasn't noted in all those Best of 2015 lists. What a shame. Not only is Szymborska a major poet of the last half century but Map, as a reading experience, is wonderful, illuminating and enriching, a reminder that poetry can be direct, unadorned and still deeply moving. I cannot complain, of course, that Szymborska's work is hopelessly obscure (because it isn't) but I can be a tad disappointed that such a rare poet and such a brilliant, warm, and lovely book didn't find more readers in 2015.
My essay "The Art of the Chapter" was the sixth most popular essay on The Millions in 2015! This is the second year in a row one of my pieces has made the list. Last year, my review of Michael Schmidt's The Novel: A Biography was number eleven!
Writers at Work | Literary Hub
On 12 books and 4,500 pages of essay collections from Jessica Hopper, Richard Hell, Christopher Hitchens, Saul Bellow, Lillian Ross, John Lahr, Joni Tevis, Greil Marcus, Helen Vendler, Jeff Nunokawa, Stanley Fish, and Edward Mendelson.
This year has given us essay collections by a wide variety of writers from different points in their careers—some life-spanning tomes, some brazen debuts, some posthumous celebrations, and one novelist working, as William Gass phrased it, "off duty." And here I wish to discuss 12 of these books, in praise not just of the journalistic/critical essay as art but in general to all its eclectic practitioners—those often unknown and usually underpaid freelancers, those occasional contributors struggling to get by, those staff writers churning out 2,000-word pieces like a court stenographer, whose volume seems to reduce their artistry but who are merely practicing a different kind of art, one that necessarily responds and reacts to the world and its daily shifts, and so instead represents not a finished product but a process of continual creation—here's to writers at work.
August 26, 2015 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
In Praise of the New Modernists |
More recently—say, in the last 20 years or so—numerous so-called postmodern novels have contained this distinctly non-postmodern quality—not that the characters feel so much as the reader. The cumulative effect isn't necessarily a fully fleshed-out character but a fully emotional experience. Think of Jonathan Safran Foer's strong sentiments in the face of the Holocaust and 9/11; think of the alligator-wrestling family at the heart of Karen Russell's Swamplandia!; think of the way Ali Smith works her linguistic magic in order to convey the complexities of love and relationships; or the heart-breaking wallop of David Levithan's The Lover's Dictionary; think of Reif Larsen's I am Radar, of Zadie Smith's NW, of Téa Obreht's The Tiger's Wife. Can these books truly be considered postmodern when the most prevalent aspect is emotion rather than thought?
August 14, 2015 August 14, 2015 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Genoa (1965) by Paul Metcalf | Northwest Review
We as a nation would do well to follow the lead of Paul Metcalf, an experimental writer who died in 1999. His 1965 novel Genoa, reissued by Coffee House Press to celebrate its 50th anniversary, contends with exactly these kinds of forces. The present action of the novel is pretty bare bones: Michael Mills, a man with a medical degree but who can't bring himself to practice, sifts through the detritus of his attic while his children watch television downstairs. That's really it. Throughout, Michael quotes Melville and Christopher Columbus for various reasons and in various ways; a good chunk of the book is made up of quotations. But the novel is really about the convergence of three threads: 1. Paul Metcalf's relation to Herman Melville (he was Metcalf's great-grandfather), 2. Columbus's relation to America, and 3. the character Michael's relation to his brother Carl, who was executed for murder. These three notions intertwine and correspond in complex ways throughout the novel.
In Praise of Unlinked Story Collections | Literary Hub
But what I want to praise are collections in which the stories are unrelated, in which the characters are distinct, and the whole of the book isn't a perfectly cohesive unit but is instead a messy depiction of numerous lives. Of course we assume that writers and publishers spend a lot of time organizing each story of a collection; we believe they try to create a thematic arc, a rhythm to the order, which hopefully makes the reading experience more consistent and enjoyable. But here's the thing: this matters to me not at all. I do not need a collection to feel "cohesive," nor do I spend too much time considering the order. Rather, what I adore is precisely the opposite: a rattling journey from plot to plot, from character to character, from idea to idea.
July 23, 2015 July 23, 2015 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Just Who is This Oscar Wilde Person, Anyway? | The Georgia Review, Summer '15
My essay review of three books on Oscar Wilde––David M. Friedman's Wilde in America: Oscar Wilde and the Invention of Modern Celebrity; Roy Morris Jr.'s Declaring His Genius: Oscar Wilde in North America; and Antony Edmonds' Oscar Wilde's Scandalous Summer: The 1894 Worthing Holiday and the Aftermath––appears in the Summer 2015 of The Georgia Review. Buy a copy here.
June 17, 2015 June 17, 2015 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
Ordinary Light by Tracy K. Smith | Northwest Review
Tracy K. Smith's exquisite memoir Ordinary Light primarily traces three narrative threads—her relationships with her mother, with religion, and with herself—which are all tied together by Smith's discovery of poetry. Raised in a Baptist family, Smith struggled through much of her life to resolve the ever-growing conflict between the certainty of her mother's beliefs and the ambiguity of the real world. She found a kind of happy medium with poetry and went on to publish three volumes of it, the latest of which, 2012's Life on Mars, won a Pulitzer Prize.
May 12, 2015 May 12, 2015 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
A Portrait of the Critic as a Young Man | The Millions
Here is James Wood's newest work, The Nearest Thing to Life, taken from a series of lectures given at Brandies and the British Museum. This book, which manages to be even slimmer than How Fiction Works, also manages to be even better. The Nearest Thing to Life is as close as we'll ever get to a manifesto from the British-born New Yorker critic. Contained in the book's 134 pages is a passionate defense of criticism, a memoir of Wood's early life and influences, and an insightful study of the meaning of fiction.
Satin Island by Tom McCarthy | The Rumpus
On the cover of Tom McCarthy's new novel, a number of words appear crossed out. "A manifesto," "an essay," "a report," "a confession," and "a treatise" are all struck through, leaving only the words "a novel" un-slashed. But none of these terms quite captures what Satin Island really is: a polemic.
April 2, 2015 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ 1 Comment
Saint Friend by Carl Adamshick | Tupelo Quarterly
If someone had the gumption to go around and ask everyday Americans to name a poem, nearly all of them would certainly supply an answer. One might hear, as a reply, Poe's "The Raven" or Hughes's "A Dream Deferred" or Frost's "The Road Not Taken." But if this same pollster were to ask these citizens to name a single volume of poetry, a collection, how many would be able to come up with a title?
Late Lights by Kara Weiss | PANK
Late Lights is a book of stories so connected, they basically make up a novel. But at 123 pages, it's more like a novella in stories, a combination of two types of fiction that don't ordinarily sell well. Story collections, the popular publishing wisdom goes, only interest MFA students, while novellas, apparently, interest no one. That Weiss not only published the book but also won two Next Generation Indie Book Awards makes the rarity of her achievement all the more atypical.
March 6, 2015 / Jonathan Russell Clark	/ Leave a comment
All the Dumb Young Literary Stand-ins | The Millions
I was reminded of Tom Perrotta's Bad Haircut and Junot Díaz's Yunior stories in Drown and This Is How You Lose Her. And then going back to Sal Paradise and Dean Moriarty in On the Road and further back to Ernest Hemingway's Nick Adams and F. Scott Fitzgerald's Sad Young Men (and Keith Gessen's Sad Young Literary Men). Essentially, these are all just stories about young men doing stupid shit, or young men not doing enough good shit, or young men doing good shit in the wrong way.
Crude Sketches Done in Quick Succession by Andrew Brininstool | Necessary Fiction
Sometimes Brininstool's stories recall Tom Perrotta, the master of suburban ennui, while at other times there is the undeniable influence of George Saunders. You get the feeling of a novice (though very talented) writer finding his voice. The book works better in individual stories than it does as a whole. The two best pieces here are worth the cover price, and it seems no coincidence that they do not feature callow, equivocating men.
The David Foster Wallace Reader | The Millions
The argument here is going to be that David Foster Wallace not only wrote about literature, lobsters, cruises, Roger Federer, grammar and John McCain, but he also wrote about writing about literature, lobster, cruises, etc. In nearly every published essay, Wallace first established the parameters of his project, the limitations of his assignment and even the crass, subtextual thesis of all book reviews. He dissected the very idea of reviewing a book, or covering a festival, or interviewing a radio host. In other words, Wallace wrote metanonfiction.
How to Be Both by Ali Smith | The Rumpus
How To Be Both is, after The Accidental, The First Person and Other Stories, There but for the, and Artful, Smith's fifth masterpiece in a row. Her inimitable writing sneaks into you with its deceptive readability, but it's her radiating intelligence that stays with you. Her mind works wonders on a theme, able to find lovely and profound connections in seemingly anything. She's a passionately caring writer whose emotional generosity spills out into her pages, trickling out of her books like an overflowing champagne flute.


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Smith (1975) mentions in the past "close relations with the emperors of China whose flag was golden yellow with a dragon".
Based on the on-line book entitled "The Origin and Description of the National Flag and Anthem of the Kingdom of Bhutan", the first version of the national flag appeared during the signing of the Indo-Bhutan Treaty of 1949. The king, His Majesty Jigme Wangchuck, designed a square flag diagonally divided yellow in the upper hoist over red in the lower fly, with a green dragon "at the centre of the yellow-red fields, parallel to the fly, facing the fly end". I think that means the dragon is upright. The original flag was embroidered by Lharip Taw Taw, a court painter. The dragon was painted in green, in reference to the traditional yu druk ngonm (གཡུ་ རབྲུག་ སྡོནམ), the turquoise dragon. An extant sample of this flag is in the National Assembly Hall in Thimphu, but it shows the dragon "embroidered along the fimbriation [the red-yellow join in this case - sic], not parallel to the fly". I think that means on the diagonal. The location of the original first flag is unknown.
The next time a national flag was needed was during a royal tour in 1956. A flag was made based on a photograph of the flag used in the 1949 treaty, but the dragon was changed to white. Many flags were made, to affix to the saddles of every tenth pony in a convoy, and a larger flag, about 6 sq. feet to be hoisted at the camps. "The flag was square and the dragon, instead of being diagonally placed, was straight."
"Every country has a national flag as a symbol of its identity. Hence, the explanation of our national flag is narrated comprehensively.
The national flag is half yellow and half red. The yellow spreads from the summit to the base and forms the fluttering end.
His Majesty, the Dharma King is the summit and root of the Drukpa Kagyud of the Palden Drukpa. As he wears the yellow robe [scarf], the yellow represents the being of His Majesty.
The significance of red is that the Kingdom of Kagyud Palden Drukpa is governed from the foot of the Dharma King His Majesty consistent with dual monastic and civil systems, and therefore the country's entire borders and centre is consistent with the teachings (Dharma).
The red and yellow fields are adjoined. The dragon spreads equally over them. This signifies that the people are united in oneness of speech and mind in upholding the Kingdom's interest. The dragon symbolizes that in the eyes of Palden Drukpa, there is no discrimination against people of any disposition, and that they are being governed toward peace and prosperity."
The modern flag shape dates to the late 1950's. During a visit of an official from India it was noted that the square flag did not fly as well as the 2:3 Indian flag. The national flag was then redesigned based on the size of the Indian flag - 9 feet by 6 feet. Two other changes have been introduced. The dragon was embroidered diagonally along the colour join so that when flying in a light wind it would not give the impression that the dragon was facing the ground. Lastly, the red was changed to orange in 1968 or 1969 upon a royal command.
On page 70 of Pedersen (1970) is the Bhutan state flag, diagonally halved with upper hoist gold and lower fly brownish. Proportions are 4:5. I have drawn it with RGB 255-204-0 and RGB 153-0-0 respectively [shown above as "Second Version of the National Flag"]. These colours of course are open to speculation, but they do seem to differ somewhat from the Bhutanese national flag in use today (the colours are orange-yellow/orange). Smith (1975c) gives us "Usage initiated in the nineteenth century" and of course, Znamierowski (2000) agrees here. "Flags of the world" by Barraclough and Crampton (1978) sheds more light, reporting "the present exact form of the flag was adopted when Bhutan entered the United Nations".
So what about the image here? I presume many variants were in existence in the nineteenth century, as it is an extremely complicated design to standardise - at least in those days! All I can surmise is that it was in use from 1800's to whenever Bhutan joined the UN. The "Observers book of flags" (1966 edn.) also agrees that the dragon is *white*, but confuses the issue by describing lower fly colour as "red" - very nebulous! No literature at my disposal ever shows *green* as reported by Jaume Oll�. But of course - who is to know exactly what the situation was at that time?
The information I have, gleaned from William Crampton, is that the present form of the flag dates from c1965, and that the Kingdom of Bhutan was founded in 1910. The colours are given by the Flag Institute of Great Britain as saffron over orange-red (PMS116 and PMS165 although I think perhaps that this could be bettered?).


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Q: Child of anchor can't have text decoration removed? I have a global javascript function which .appends() a tooltip element to any element with the data-tooltip attribute.
This is all cool until I try to give an anchor the data-tooltip attribute, which seems to break the css because I cannot seem to remove the text-decoration rule on the tooltip.
How do I remove text-decoration on the child of an anchor?
The underline is clearly being inherited from the parent anchor, as it has the default anchor colour underline, but the color of the tooltip text is orange.
See http://img.ly/35kc for a clearer idea of what I am talking about.
Update
Here is my css for the tooltip, as requested
/*TOOLTIPS*/

.tooltip_placeholder {
    position: relative;
    width: 0px;
    height: 0px;
    white-space:nowrap;
    display: inline;
    z-index: 100;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.tooltip_boundary {
    position: absolute;
    width: 300px;
    z-index: 100;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.tooltip_border {
    z-index: 100;
    background: url(/sales/global/images/tooltip_arrow.png) no-repeat;
    padding-left: 35px; /*left offset*/
    background-position: 16px 0px;
    float: left;
    z-index: 100;
    text-decoration: none;
}

.tooltip {
    padding: 8px;
    color: #A97D35;
    background: #FBF98E;
    -moz-border-radius: 0px 8px 8px 8px;
    border-radius: 0px 8px 8px 8px;
    border: 6px solid #F9E98E;
    font-size: 12px;
    text-transform: none;
    z-index: 100;
    text-decoration: none;
}

This is how a tooltip is put in:
$(element).append('

'+$(element).attr('data-tooltip')+'

')

Update 2
@Guffa has kindly fiddled this http://jsfiddle.net/TxRmk/
The issue appears to be browser specific, as I can get it to work in FF, not Safari or Chrome. Haven't checked IE, but it probably does something completely different

A: Did not modifying the tooltip class to remove underline work?
Add this to the class definition of tooltip.
text-decoration: none;

If this did not work, try using this:
$(function(){
    $('[data-tooltip]').children().css('text-decoration','none');
});

UPDATE
I think this behavior may be caused by browsers.
Why not making this work-around?
a:hover {text-decoration: none; }

A: WHen I try that, the text-decoration is not inherited:
http://jsfiddle.net/TxRmk/
CSS:
a { position: relative; }
a span { display: none; position: absolute; left: 10px; top 20px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid #999; background: #ccc; color: #fff; }

Javascript:
$('a').hover(function(){
    $('span', this).css({ display: 'block' })
}, function(){
    $('span', this).css({ display: 'none' });
});

HTML:
InfoInformation

A: Ok I have one solution to my own question - Don't use
 elements inside an anchor tag. I tried using  instead and it works correctly now

A: http://jsfiddle.net/CHSmV/
I couldnt get it to work without modifying your HTML. If you are able to do that, see my fiddle. I added an extra span around the non-tooltip text and added classes to both spans. Then I targeted the relevant spans with the proper text-decoration.
This worked in FF 3.6, IE 7+8, Safari 5 and Chrome 9.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Iain Aitch
Website for Iain Aitch
@iainaitch
Iain Aitch writes on the arts, culture, identity, travel, architecture and eccentricity. He's written for The Daily Telegraph, The Observer, The Guardian, The Financial Times, The Independent, The London Evening Standard, Coast, Salon, The Idler and Bizarre and he is also London Editor of US architecture magazine Dwell. His two books are about British culture and he has also contributed to many anthologies and collections.In addition to his written work, Iain also sells ideas for a living. He is, after all, the inventor of World Phone-in Sick Day as well as initiating (and later apologising for) the annual London Santacon: a gathering of Santas intent on festive mayhem. Iain has worked as artist-in-residence with the Turner Contemporary in his home town of Margate, where he sought old mods, rockers, skinheads and punks to interview and photograph for an exhibition. He is now undertaking a similar project with former-beauty queens. He also writes and gives talks on youth subcultures and coastal regeneration and gentrification.
Publications by Iain Aitch
We're British, Innit (HarperCollins, Non-fiction)
A Fete Worse Than Death (Headline, Non-fiction)
Click on covers to view full details including rights information.
We're British, Innit
A Fete Worse Than Death


The prevalence of substance use among adolescents warrants considerable concern since it often has detrimental effects on an individual's physical and mental health, and correlates with worsened Social, physical, and employment outcomes. Research shows that adolescents with disabilities are especially susceptible to the development of substance use disorders. To address this concern and to ensure accurate rehabilitation service planning, effective screening for substance use risk is necessary. Unfortunately, the most common screening instruments for adolescent substance use rely on information obtained solely from self-report. This type of data, although useful, is also susceptible to inaccuracies due to such factors as client malingering, memory errors, and denial. These confounds propelled the development of the Juvenile Addiction Risk Rating, a 10-item instrument that rates the severity of an adolescent's risk for substance addiction based on data collected from collateral sources as opposed to data collected solely from self-report. However, it had not been validated for use in vocational rehabilitation. This investigation presented 39 certified rehabilitation counselors with three vignettes depicting individuals of low, moderate, and high risk of substance use disorder with instructions to score a Juvenile Addiction Risk Rating (JARR) based on the information within the vignettes. This study also investigated whether statistical differences of JARR total scores were present between males and females, and ethnicities represented as Black/African American, White/Caucasian, Hispanic, and Other. Overall, the certified rehabilitation counselors scored with 95.73% accuracy, correctly scoring 112 of the 117 vignettes. An independent samples t-test found no statistical difference in mean total scores among males and females, but a one-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey HSD found a statistical difference of mean total scores between White/Caucasian and Hispanic ethnicities, but with a small effect size.
Hickerson, Paul Tyler, "The Juvenile Addiction Risk Rating For Use in Vocational Rehabilitation" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 1704.


The tableau, as the series of images is called, would have looked upon a real wooden boat said Josef Wegner, a curator at the Penn Museum at the University of Pennsylvania, who led the excavation. Only a few planks remain of the wooden boat, which would have been constructed at Abydos or dragged across the desert, Wegner said. In ancient Egypt, boats were sometimes buried near a pharaoh's tomb.
The discoveries leave archaeologists with a series of mysteries that future excavations may help solve.


text:
New Weapons in the Fight Against Spam and Fraud
by Lauren Simonds
Cloudmark announces products that promise to banish spam from SMB servers and desktops.
It doesn't matter whether your small business consists of one desktop or a phalanx of server-connected PCs, spam can impact your company's bottom line in terms of the work hours spent dealing with it and the all-too-real potential for identity theft.
Cloudmark, a San Francisco, Calif.-based company that provides spam protection for over one million computer desktops in 72 countries, today announced its Cloudmark Exchange Edition (CEE) software. According to the company, the software protects SMBs from any e-mail-borne threat such as embedded viruses or phishing attempts.
"Both CEE and our recently announced desktop software, SafteyBar, stop over 98 percent of all spam without producing any false positives," said Karl Jacob, Coudmark's CEO. "We're especially pleased to have added protection against malicious phishing attacks."
Cloudmark designed CEE to work with Microsoft Exchange Server. "CEE's seamless integration with Microsoft's Exchange Server offers companies a big advantage in over-all ease of use," said Karl Jacob. "The wizard-based installation is easy and straightforward, and it and eliminates the need for complicated, hard-to-configure client-based software."
CEE's control console should look familiar to SMB owners and managers — it's based on the standard Microsoft Management Console that Microsoft Exchange Server uses.
What Others Say About CEE
K&L Wine Merchants, a San Francisco, Calif.-based company with 50 employees sells wines through its two retail stores and over the Internet. Brian Zucker, the company's vice-president, said the company had been looking for an anti-spam product to help control the over 50,000 spams they received each month.
"We've been selling high-end collectible wines over the Internet since 1997, so we were getting a ton of spam," said Zucker. "We tried two other products before we found Cloudmark CEE, but neither worked very well," he said. "They either filtered out too much or not enough, and we had way too many false positives, which meant we were missing business-related e-mail."
Zucker found Cloudmark through EndSight, his reseller. Intially, the reseller installed it, but soon after, Zucker's company bought a new server, so he reinstalled the software himself. "The whole installation took me aobut an hour," he said. "It wasn't hard at all."
"Prior to installing Cloudmark," said Zucker, "I spent about 30 to 45 minutes a day deleting spam. Now multiply that number by 50 employees. That's a lot of wasted time and money." The company's been using Cloudmark CEE for about four months now, and according to Zucker, they couldn't be more pleased.
"The results were so dramatic" he said. "I spend a few seconds a day on spam — if that. At this point, it's negligible. Spam is no longer an issue for us."
Desktop Protection
For SMBs without a Microsoft Exchange Server, or for companies that don't have a large number of desktops, Cloudmark says it offers the same protection in its desktop version, SafetyBar 4.0 (formerly known as SpamNet).
Designed to work in conjunction with Microsoft Outlook and Outlook Express, SfetyBar 4.0 also provides protection against e-mail-borne threats and phishing attacks. According to Cloudmark, this software protects over one million desktops in 72 countries.
The software provides an interesting feature — a way to fight back against spam and to help improve the protection for the entire community of people who use SafetyBar. If a spam should slip into your inbox (a rare occurrence, according to Cloudmark), you click on the "Block" button. That deletes the message from the inbox, and it also keeps that e-mail from landing in any other SafetyBar user's inbox.
Cloudmark Exchange Edition: Pricing starts at $599 per year for up to 10 people. Volume discounts apply to larger organizations. The product is available through various resellers, or on the company's Web site store. You can download a15-day free trial from the site.
Cloudmark SafetyBar: The individual desktop software costs $39.95 per year. You can purchase the product through the company's Web store.Lauren Simonds is the managing editor of SmallBusinessComputing.com
This article was originally published on Tuesday Nov 9th 2004
Soup-to-Nuts Spam and Virus Protection for SMBs
Small Business Guide to Dealing With Spam
Anti-Spam, Anti-Virus Software is 'Greek to Me'


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Home news China will ban exports petroleum, textiles products to North Korea as Per...
China will ban exports petroleum, textiles products to North Korea as Per UN Sanctions
United States Ambassador to the United Nations Nikki Haley speaks to China's U.N. Ambassador Liu Jieyi after a vote to adopt a new sanctions resolution against North Korea during a meeting of the U.N. Security Council at U.N. headquarters, Monday, Sept. 11, 2017. (AP Photo/Jason DeCrow)
Vastavam web: China said on Saturday it will ban exports of some petroleum products to North Korea, as well as imports of textiles from the isolated North, in line with a United Nations Security Council resolution passed after Pyongyang's latest nuclear test.The announcement from Beijing came at the end of a week that saw tensions ratchet up between the United States and North Korea, with the leaders of both countries trading insults.
Imports of textiles from North Korea would also be banned immediately, the statement said.Textile trade contracts signed before Sept. 11 would be respected if import formalities are completed before midnight on Dec. 10, the statement said.The moves follow the adoption of a unanimous UN Security Council agreement on sanctions after the isolated North conducted its sixth and most powerful nuclear test on Sept. 3.Russia urged calm on Friday after U.S. President Donald Trump called North Korean leader Kim Jong Un a "madman". Kim had called Trump a "mentally deranged U.S. dotard" a day earlier after Trump said Washington would "totally destroy" North Korea if it threatened the United States or its allies.
Trump announced new U.S. sanctions on Thursday that he said allows the targeting of companies and institutions that finance and facilitate trade with North Korea. U.S. Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin also said banks doing business in North Korea would not be allowed to operate in the United States.North Korea has launched dozens of missiles this year, several of them flying over Japan, as it accelerates a weapons programme aimed at enabling it to target the United States with a nuclear-tipped missile.
The United States and South Korea are technically still at war with North Korea because the 1950-53 Korean conflict ended with a truce and not a peace treaty.
ban exports
UN Sanctions
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