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En/Ge/Ru articles
En/Ru • Nauka • Zdravlje
Wild healing medicinal plants and usage in traditional phyto therapy of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sulejman Redzic
Wild medicinal plants and their usage in traditional human therapy (Southern Bosnia and Herzegovina, West Balkan)
Both Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina are known for very prominent traditional usage of wild medicinal and aromatic plants for the treatment of various diseases.
Ethno botanical interview method was used to collect information from the sample population comprised of 55 adults, of different religious background (Catholics, Muslims, and Orthodox), with an average age of 63. This resulted in the collection of 96 wild plants from 46 different plant families. These plants are used in preparation of up to 200 different ethno pharmaceuticals and used for 430 different treatments, mainly of chronic diseases: respiratory system (63 species), stomach and intestinal system (55 species), liver and gall bladder (60 species), urinary system (33 species), genital system (42 species), nervous system (30 species), cardiovascular system (27 species), skin conditions (56 species). 60 species are being used for the treatment of some other health disorders. In ecological sense, 40% of these species are constituents of meadow and rock debris communities, 34% of termophilous forest and shrub communities, while 20% of species are constituents of abandoned places.
Traditional herbal medicine has played an important role in the life of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian population.
This is especially true for Herzegovinian population (Redzic, 2007), whose geographical area is generally very rich in medicinal plants (Redzic, 2009). Medicinal plants of this area have been used in treatment of various diseases since ancient times (Gluck, 1892; Sadikovic, 1928). Etnobotanical research in Herzegovina is an important link to similar researches in the other parts of the world, including both, third world countries (Girach et al., 1998; Lev and Amar, 2002; Fernandez et al., 2003; Giday et al., 2003; Hattarai et al, 2006) and the developed ones (Kenny, 2002; Applequist, 2004; Stobart, 2005; Pieroni et al., 2005a). Men have always used natural resources of healing substances in a search for a cure for a many pathological human condition. Effort to heal the sicknesses by means of traditional phyto-therapy has been made in all parts of the world (Heinrich, 2003; 2005; Abella et al., 2000; Bodeker et al., 2005). At present, ethno botanical and ethno pharmacological experiences of certain nation are used in the treatment of wide range of diseases Matavelle and Habib, 2000; Sheng-Ji, 2001; Vivienne et al., 2005; Muthu et al., 2006; Uniyal et al., 2006) including treatments for the difficult to cure diseases such as cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, alcoholism, etc. (Perry et al., 1999; Carai et al., 2000; Bedoya et al., 2001; Donaldson and Rex, 2004;
Bailly et al., 2005; Heinrich and Bremner, 2006; Sajem and Gosai, 2006).
Today, a major breakthrough in a fight against stress is reached with the phytotherapy that is based on traditional ethno botanical knowledge gained through experiences of almost all nations of the world (van-Wyk, 2002; Nigro et al., 2004; Norscia and Borgognini-Tarli, 2006).
Each geographical area is characterized by its unique biodiversity, people, culture, specific history and its living needs. This results in many different forms of interaction between a man and environment, through the nourishment needs (Redzic, 2006a, b), and basic medicinal healing treatments (Redzic et al., 1991; 1998).
Isolation of some geographical regions over longer periods of time, due to the relief dynamism or a presence of large rivers, has led to the development of trends in usage of wild plants in medicinal treatment and supplementary nourishment (Leporatti and Corradi, 2001; Leporatti and Ivancheva, 2003; Bonet and Vales, 2003; Leduc et al., 2006). An area of Mediterranean and sub Mediterranean part of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) named Herzegovina, extremely dynamic in its biodiversity, relief, climate, anthropogenesis and other factors, developed unique culture and tradition with specific ethno botanical and ethno pharmacological way of practice.
Even though Herzegovina has been inhabited since the ancient times and is known to possess a long tradition in ethno botany, there are scarce records on respective experiences concerning medicinal or edible wild plants.
This paper points out certain aspects of traditional medicinal plants practice in phytotherapy by human community in the Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean region of BiH.
The main aim of this paper is to make an inventory and to record medicinal and aromatic plants practices in human therapy in Mediterranean and sub- Mediterranean region of BiH. This paper also includes data gathering on preparatory procedures for some herbal drugs.
The area of interest is located between N 43° – 44° and E 17° – 19° (Figure 1). It includes Mediterranean and sub Mediterranean zone belt, as well as one part of Southern Herzegovinian high Mediterranean region. Mediterranean belt includes 30 km of Adriatic coastline. Sub Mediterranean belt extends to north towards Mostar city including area around Ljubuski in the west, and Stolac in the east. Altitude of the investigated area spans from 0 – 1,800 m above the sea level with an average altitude of around 300 m.
Natural vegetation of this area comprises of remnants of woods and shrubs with evergreen oak Quercus ilex, deciduous oak forests with Quercus pubescens, Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus and Quercus frainetto. In the colder habitats, vegetation includes shrubs of Ostrya carpinifolia and Fagus moesiaca. Characteristic of sub Mediterranean region is an occurrence of shrubs composed of endemic Balkan species Petteria ramentacea (Redzic, 1999; 2000). Secondary vegetation types include shrubs, xeric grasslands and meadows. Significant number of medicinal plants quite commonly grows in the habitats of the abandoned places (around roads and arable land). Moving towards the high mountain region, wood communities including the endemic pine Pinus heldreichii can be found. This area is characterized by an enormous heterogeneity and the high level of habitat's diversity, as well as biodiversity in general. It also posses richness of endemic and relict plants. 60% of 450 endemic plants of BiH are found in the territory of Herzegovina (Redzic et al., 2003).
The territory of Herzegovina, around Neretva River, was inhabited by humans during a Neolithic Era (Fukarek, 1954) and their settlements were mainly located around a river beds. Some evidences prove existence of a pill dwelling. All investigated sites in the area of interest have (spanning from Adriatic Sea to Mostar city) revealed remains of the Roman culture and civilization. Later in history, these attractive areas were visited by many individuals arriving from the North, South, West, and East. The culture and tradition of the region were heavily influenced by the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The area has been inhabited by Catholics and Muslims and later by Orthodox too. Similar population structure is maintained nowadays. This is confirmed by an existence of many sacral places, that are known beyond borders of BiH – Medjugorje (Sveta Gospa, Catholic), Manastir Žitomislici (Orthodox), and Tekija on Buna river (Islamic). Since the early days of civilization, the population was orientated to agriculture – (growing vegetables and Mediterranean fruits), and at higher altitudes – cattle breeding, especially goats. Since ancients, vine and tobacco were also grown here (Begovic, 1960). Over the last twenty years tangerine, kiwi, tomato, sweet pepper, watermelon, peach, and apricot have been planted as well.
The intensive ethno botanical research has been conducted continuously from a year 2000 to the year 2005. Significant amount of data was gathered during the long-termed ethno botanical and floristic investigations in this part of BiH, which was carried out by the author during the last 15 – 20 years. They include all important transects (Figure 1): from the Adriatic Sea coast to Hutovo blato (17 informants), surrounding of Stolac (9 informants), surrounding of Ljubuski, villages Vitina and Klobuk (12 informants), surrounding of Čapljina (6 informants) and surrounding of Mostar, Podveležje and Buna (11 informants).
Ethno botanical interview has been used as a basic method for data gathering. All informants have given their consent to participate in the research. The ethno botanical interview form contained: name and age of informants, area/village, time the interview took place, local name of medicinal herbs, herbal part being used, preparation procedure, purpose of usage, habitat type and estimation of conservation status.
The survey included interviews of over 55 informants. Average age of informants is 63 (ranging from 48 – 83). They had to be involved in collection and application of medicinal plants with the therapeutic purpose in any way. Informants were identified through the local community authorities. Local community's representatives provided data on persons which could have certain experience in human therapy. The author made an oral interview with each of the above mentioned persons, explaining the research's objective and making a preliminary testing of their knowledge in the field of traditional therapy. Only after they gave their consent, they were interviewed by the author. Printed forms containing following information: common or the most frequently used plant name, plant's part being used, usage modes and the purpose of usage were distributed to all informants. Thereafter, the author collected indicated plants and confirmed their true identity with informants. In some cases, the informants were able to provide only dried plant's
materials and the author himself had to conduct further botanical identification. Knowledge on medicinal herbs and traditional use thereof in therapy and ethnology, was transferred from generation to generation. In the Mediterranean area people use wild plants for healing purposes more often than in any other region. Some informants stated to practice traditional healing modes with herbs based on ethno botanical and ethno pharmacological experiences
gained by earlier herbalists. Many of them are very famous and respected, even today and their work has also been acknowledged by pharmacological scientists too, such as St. Grga Martić and Sadik Sadiković.
The informants are the members of different ethnical groups.
Approximately 55% of them are Catholics, 35% are Muslims and 10% are Orthodox. Gender ratio is: approx. 65% female and 35% of male. In many occasions, the author presented the collected herbal material the locals, and for the each specimen that was recognized as the one that is being used in the therapy, relevant data was collected (including photos and prepared plant material).
Communication with the locals went on smoothly due to the fact that the entire population of the investigated area uses the same local language. Moreover, all interviewed persons, with the few exceptions, readily agreed to participate in ethno botanical dialog.
In the dialogs, the author expressed the deepest respect to each interviewed person, especially to the respective ethno botanical skills and knowledge. High level of co-operation was also achieved thanks to the fact that the author is well known to the locals for his numerous TV presentations about nature and medicinal herbs.
The entire plant material collected in the course of research is placed and stored in the Herbaria of medicinal plants of the Center of Ecology and Natural Resources at the Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo (CEPRES HERB!) and in the Herbaria of the National Museum of BiH (SARA!). Each determined specimen is assigned with own herbarium number (voucher of specimen). Herbal material was identified by the author. Some questionable taxa were determined by comparing them with the referring specimens from SARA and CEPRES HERB. The plant nomenclature complies with Flora Europea (Tutin et al., 1980). It is important to point out that in some cases several modes of usage and preparation procedures for certain herbs were recorded. As a consequence of this, spectrum of occurring species concerns only the most frequent ones, whereby less frequent species were named in Table 1. Forms of usage of medicinal herbs used for the treatments have been created in consultation with the experienced local herbalists taking into account human organ systems. Here, like in other areas, some species, or even genera are highly variable and complex for precise taxonomic determination, especially in the sense of a modern taxonomic investigation (EURO-MED Plant Base, 2006). Therefore, some species are aggregates that contain some micro-species whose origin are found within these aggregates. Example of these are Achillea millefolium agg., Thymus serpyllum agg., Taraxacum officinale agg., Rosa canina agg., Rubus heteromorphus agg.
During the course of investigations 96 vascular plants have been recorded belonging to the wild flora and playing a key role in the phytotherapy of Mediterranean and Sub- Mediterranean region of BiH. An overview of these plants along with their main features is given in Table 1. All recorded species belong to vascular plants.
The most frequently used plants in the whole region are: Thymus serpyllum (32 times), Crataegus monogyna (31 times), Salvia officinalis (31 times), Tilia cordata (31 times), Urtica dioica (31 times), Taraxacum officinale (31), Hypericum perforatum (27 times) Achillea millefiolium (26 times), Thymus pulegioides (23 times), Artemisia absinthium (21 times), Teucrium montanum (21 times), Nepeta catharia (17 times), Orchis morio (17 times) and others (Table 1).
For the first time in BiH, the following species are recorded as ones used by ordinary people as medicinal herbs: Dictamnus albus, Origanum heracleoticum, Pinus heldreichii, Psoralea bituminosa, Rubia peregrina, Teucrium polium and Vitex agnus-castus. For the first time use of Sedum sexangulare, Lilium cattaniae and Micromeria thymifolia in Mediterranean area is recorded. Preparations made of detected medicinal plants are used for the treatment of wide spectrum of human diseases. The majority of species (63 of them) are used for the treatment of different respiratory disorders (cough, inflammation of throat, various infections, malicious kind of illnesses etc.). Significant share of plants (75 species) is used for the treatment of chronic illnesses of urinary and genital system, most commonly inflammation of urinary paths, inflammatory processes in the kidneys, formation of stone in the kidneys and the urinary bladder, then fungal or bacterial infections and as a preventive measure against the sterility, especially in females, as well as for treatment and rising of male potency. About 55 of analyzed species are primary used for treatment of gastrointestinal illnesses (ulcers of stomach and duodenum, digestion disorders, regulation of stomach acidity, bettering of appetite etc.). Significant number of species is traditionally used for treatment of heart malfunctions, especially rhythm disorders, myocardial ischemia and circulation disorders, as well as for the treatment of skin conditions, wounds, diseases of nervous system (youth madness, depression, and fear), liver and gall diseases and metabolic disorders (Figure 2).
Shoot system (stem and leaves) is the most frequently used in medicinal purposes (Table 2), where usage of dried floral parts (34%) and dried leaves (around 21%) is predominant. Share of use of root system (rhizome, root, bulb and tuber) is approximately around 17% (Table 2).
The most frequent preparations for medicinal treatments from plants are usually very simple where infusion comprise around 44%, then diversity of decocts (around 19%), fresh juices (around 8%), and others (macerations, oils, tincture, etc.) (Table 3).
In the sense of taxonomy, plants that are being used for therapeutic purpose in this region belong to divisions of Pteridophyta (one species from Equisetaceae, Aspleniaceae and Adiantaceae) and Spermatophyta with its two subdivisions: Coniferophytina (one species from Cupressaceae and Pinaceae) and Magnoliophytina (with two classes Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida, including 35 families all together). Domination of Magnoliopsida has been very noticeable with its 32 families comprised of 84 species that are used in therapeutic purposes. Labiatae family (Lamiaceae) represents the highest portion 20, followed by Compositae (Asteraceae) 11, Rosaceae 7, Leguminosae (Fabaceae) 4 and Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) 4. Class Liliopsida is represented by five families, 2 species are Liliaceae and one species each from Asparagaeceae, Convallariaceae, Araceae and Orchidaceae. The rest of the families are represented by one or two species only (Table 1 and 4).
According to the EUNIS classification (EUNIS, 2006), 22 different habitats have been detected in the area of interest and they can be divided into several groups: woods and shrubs, meadows and rock debris communities, rock crevices and scree, swamps and abandoned places (Figure 3). The majority of medicinal plants (40%) are being found by people in open places, such as Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean rock debris communities from the orders Thero-Brachypodietalia and Scorzonero-Chrysopogonetalia, termophilous meadows from order Brometalia erecti and wet meadows from the orders Arrhenatheretalia and Trifolio-Hordeetalia secalini.
About 30% of species grows in the evergreen woods belonging to the order Quercetalia ilicis, termophilous broadleaved woods and shrubs from the orders Quercetalia pubescentis and Ostryo-Carpinetalia orientalis and black pine woods from the order Pinetalia heldreichii-nigrae. Significant number of species (about 20%) inhabits abandoned places (Figure 3).
Through the analysis of records of plant based medicinal treatments (Table 1), it becomes obvious that some of the plants are being used more frequently than the others (Achillea millefolium, Hypericum perforatum, Salvia officinalis, Taraxacum officinale, Thymus serpyllum, Tilia cordata, and Urtica dioica). These species were the most quoted by the informants in the entire area of investigation. Besides this, majority of these species play an important role in therapy of other regions, too (Antonone et al., 1988; Merzouki et al., 2000; Agelet and Valles's, 2001, 2003a, b; Bnouham et al., 2003; Loi et al., 2004; Gülcin et al., 2004; Novais et al., 2004; Guarrera et al., 2005a, b; Daher et al., 2006). Some of these species are used in a different way than in any other country. One such case is Salvia officinalis that in majority of Mediterranean countries is being used for throat rinsing, after the tooth extraction and wound healing, while in the investigated area it is used to treat, first of all, heart diseases and then nervous system illnesses and kidney and liver problems (Lalićević and Djordjevic, 2004; Edi et al., 2005). This is also true for Thymus serpyllum. While the people of other areas use it as an excellent bronchial dilatators (Rasoli and Mirmostafa, 2002), in this region it is used to treat heart diseases, hand tremor or to regulate the period. Species with wide distribution Urtica dioica is usually applied as a mean against anemia and cardiovascular diseases (Testai et al., 2002), but people in the area of interest also use it against a cough, fever, liver and gall diseases. In the entire world, Taraxacum officinale is known as a plant with the underlined healing character and here it is also used to treat anemia, hemorrhoids and jaundice. Hypericum perforatum is being used to treat different skin conditions in many countries, but in the area of investigation, its main purpose is to heal lung diseases and inflammation of kidneys. Next good example represent usage of Tilia cordata and Tilia argentea inflorescence that are used to treat illnesses of nervous system, such as epilepsy and hysteria, while in other parts of the world they are used as a medicine against a cough, mean to provoke sweating and in recent time for anti inflammatory effects (Anesini et al., 1999; Toker et al., 2004).
Comparative analysis of the ethno botanical practice between investigated area and other territories in the region (Capasso et al., 1982; De Feo et al., 1991; 1992; 1993; Malamas and Marselos, 1992; Bonet at al., 1999; Ballero et al., 2001; Comejo-Rodrigeus et al., 2003; Guarrera, 2005; Ghorboni, 2005; Everest and Ozturh, 2005; Azaizeh et al., 2006; Avci et al., 2006) has shown that some identified plants possess many healing properties as they are being used to treat different diseases that are often diseases of completely different physiological systems. Thus, there is a group of plants that locals call "plants used for the treatment of any sickness" that is comprised of following species: Achillea millefolium, Acorus calamus, Althaea officinalis, Arctium lappa, Artemisia absinthium, Centaurium maritimum, Chelidonium majus, Equisetum arvense, Hypericum perforatum, Juniperus oxycedrus, Juglans regia, Pimpinella saxifraga, Polygonum aviculare, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus ebulus, Thymus serpyllum (including several species of the same genus) and Teucrium montanum.
The good example is Arctium lappa that is used to treat skin conditions, to strengthen the hair root, against intestinal parasites, for dissolution of kidney stone, for improved urination, against diabetes and rabies, dog's bites, to release stomach gases, against sexually transmitted diseases, to treat facial nerve inflammation etc. Leaves of walnut Juglans regia, in addition to common healing the wounds are also used for the treatment of bacterial infections of female reproductive organs, liver diseases, various inflammations, strengthening the muscles and enlargement of the female breasts, raising a male potency, etc.
It has also been noticed that some medicinal plants, which are very popular in the Mediterranean area and wider, are rarely used in human therapy of population from the area of interest, such as: Ruscus aculeatus, Punica granatum, Verbascum thapsus, Fraxinus ornus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Herniaria hirsuta, Paliurus spinachristi, Cnicus benedictus and Vitex agnus-castus.
Medicinal plants of the investigated area are being used to prevent and heal 140 different "diseases". In the course of this research, 527 ways of herbal usage in human phytotherapy have been identified (Table 1 and Figure 2). It is common that the same species is used for the treatment and prevention of several different diseases as its healing properties influences different functional systems. Thus the study has shown that the average number of health disorders being treated by the same plant is approximately 4 – 5. For example Arctium lappa is applied in 12 cases, Achillea millefolium in 11, Salvia officinalis in 9, Polygonum aviculare and Juglans regia in 8, Sambucus ebulus, Pimpinella saxifraga and Centaurium maritimum in 7 etc. Most of the plants are being used for medicinal treatment of five different illnesses. There are only few species which usage is limited to only one, two or three diseases (Adiantum capillus-veneris, Eryngium campestre, Geranium macrorrhizum, Lilium cattaniae, Pinus nigra, Pistacia lentiscus, Polygonum odoratum, Polypodium vulgare, Punica granatum, Sedum maximum, Sedum sexangulare). Some plants treat disorders of a single functional system, such as entire genus Teucrium (T. montanum, T. chamaedrys, T. arduini, and T. polium) that is only used for the treatment of digestive system.
Through the comparative record's analysis (Table 1 and Figure 2), one comes to the conclusion that despite being uneducated or lacking basic medicinal knowledge, common people make a positive difference in the treatments of numerous unfavorable health conditions (over 140). Majority of species are being used to fight respiratory system difficulties (63), especially against cough (even 32 species) and asthma and lung diseases (16). There are few species, such as Chelidonium majus, Sedum acre and Satureja subspicata that are commonly used to treat tuberculosis or lung cancer. Digestive system is often an object of herbal medicinal treatment too and over 30 different diseases or disorders are prevented and cured by herbal preparations. 55 species are used for stomach and intestinal therapy of which major proportion is for the stomach difficulties (19 species) and digestion disorders on such as constipation and diarrhea (11 species). 41 species are being used in the treatment of lever sicknesses, including jaundice and the gall. Treatment comprised of five plants has achieved a great success in the maintenance of stable sugar level in the bloodstream.
Traditional phytotherapy provides excellent results in the treatment of diverse cardiovascular disorders, especially arrhythmia, heart fibrillation and the diseases of blood vessels. In the investigated area, unlike other parts of BiH (Redzic, 2006b) or wider (Ivancheva and Stantcheva, 2000; Pieroni et al., 2003; Jaric et al., 2007), different heart disorders have been cured with great success. For this, preparations of Satureja montana and S. subspicata have been used, while in other regions Artemisia absinthium is used for the same purpose, as well as for treatment of arrhythmia. Acorus calamus is used for the treatment of heart fibrillation while Salvia officinalis is well known in the investigated area as a "cardiac treatment plant"used to strengthen heart muscle and to treat arrhythmia. Thymus serpyllum strengthens heart muscle, etc. There are many species that regulate nervous system and by that positively regulate cardiovascular system too.
There are several plants used for the treatment of diseases that affect blood, mainly in terms of «blood cleansing» and against anemia, while some of them, such as Satureja montana and local endemic species Satureja subspicata, are used to treat leukemia and syndromes of lymphatic nodes since long ago.
There is an interesting story of a 70 years old man from nearby Stolac, who was as a 23 old boy dismissed from the military academy in Belgrade for his bad health, with a life expectancy of only 2 – 3 months. Afterwards, he was subjected to the intense therapy of powder and infusion prepared with Satureja montana and S. subspicata (combined with goat's milk). The final result had astonished doctors in the region and he started his new life as a healthy man where medicinal plants became an obligatory part of it.
Thirty-three plants are applied in the treatment of kidney and urinary system diseases, mainly as a mean to dissolve a stone in kidneys, for the treatment of urinary infections and inflammation processes, or to improve urination. The best effects have been reached by following species: Arbutus unedo, Adiantum capilusveneris, Arctium lappa, Asparagus officinalis, Carlina acaulis, Hieracium pilosella, Hypericum perforatum, Polygonum aviculare, Sambucus ebulus and others.
At present, plants are being used for the treatment of kidney and urinary system diseases in other regions too (Abu-Rabia, 2005; Lans, 2006). 42 plant species have been used in the treatments of conditions affecting genital system. Informants have suggested 21 different modes of usage of these plants, covering all possible unfavorable conditions of genital system. Majority of plants (13 species) are used for the healing of female genital infections (Achillea millefolium, Artemisia vulgaris, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Juglans regia, Pimpinella saxifraga, Plantago meda, Quercus pubescens, Potentilla anserina, Mentha pulegium, and especially Sedum sexangulare). 5 species have been used for the treatment of prostate inflammatory processes (Asparagus officinalis, Hieracium pilosella and especially Nigella damascena). The underlined use of plants as an aphrodisiac aimed to raise male potency (Juglans regia, Satureja montana, Hyssopus officinalis, especially Orchis morio and Origanum heracleoticum) reflects southern temperament of the people in the investigated area.
Significant experiences in the usage of traditional herbal remedies for female gynecological disorders have also been recorded in the other parts of the world (Arnel- Schnebelen et al., 2004; Vidyasagar and Prashantkumar, 2007).
Fifty-six species have been used for the treatment of different skin conditions of which the most significant are: Althaea officinalis, Arctium lappa, Carlina acaulis, Cotinus cggygria, Pinus nigra, Pistacia lentiscus, Polypodium vulgare, Sedum maximum and Viola alba.
Emphasized use of medicinal plants for the treatment of skin conditions has been recognized in some other regions as well (Burnstock et al., 1999; Onanga et al., 1999; Saikia et al., 2006).
Significant results are also being reached in terms of treatments of nervous system disorders such as hysteria, epilepsy and psychotic state of mind forwhich 29 plant species have been used. The most efficient are: Hypericum perforatum, Acorus calamus, Vitex agnuscastus, Dictamnus albus, Glechoma hederacea, Micromeria thymifolia, Nepeta cataria, Mentha pulegium, Thymus pulegioides, and Viscum album.
About 20 plants are used to treat the diseases of muscles and skeletal system, mouth, nose and throat (Table 1). It should be emphasized that Sanguisorba minor is used to treat bites of the most venomous snakes in the area, such as Vipera berus and Vipera ammodytes. This characteristic of Sanguisorba minor arises from its content of unique phenol carboxylic acids (Nahla, 2003).
In the region of high biological diversity, where poisonous animal bites occur, seeking for a plant that can treat these states is a specially protruding (Otero et al., 2000).
Similar to other countries (Bandeira et al., 2001; Palmese et al., 2001; Passalacqua et al., 2007) in terms of plant's part being used, the most prominent practice is use of aerial parts where usage of flowering plants (about 34%) and leaves (about 22%) dominate. This proportion correlates with the general domination of hemi cryptophytes in the area (meaning perennial plants), as well as the simple way of collecting them. This isn't the case with trees or plants developing massive root system organs, making a collection more complicated, in a karsts dominated territory (substratum is very hard to penetrate). Even though the proportion of geophytes in the investigated area is much higher, the usage of the root system (root, bulb and rhizome) for the medicinal treatments comes from only 19 plants. Similar to the other territories in BiH (Redzic et al., 1989; 1991; 2006b), usage of coniferous tree's resin as an important ingredient of some traditional pharmaceutics is very popular here. Pharmaceutical preparations are often prepared from several species of plants, (usually mixing three, five or up to seven). It is believed that the effect of cure is better if more plants are used in its preparation.
Majority of plant parts, which are usually aerial parts, are being used to prepare diverse infusion. These preparations are made with simple boiling of plant leaves or flowers in the water, removing it from a heat and leaving it covered until cooled. Afterwards, the infusion is filtrated and served in a traditional manner with the sage honey. A cup of this should be taken several times a day. It can also be consumed instead of water or any other liquid, such as infusion of Teucrium montanum (usually 2 – 3 L of tea are made in one go). Jaundice is very successfully treated in this way, as well as liver and stomach diseases, depression etc. Maceration is prepared in way where a crushed plant has been sunk in the warm water over the night.
Homemade tinctures, also frequently used for treatments, are prepared in the way that plant parts are sunk into brandy, kept on the sunlight for 7 – 10 days and applied in a form of drink or cataplasm to cure stomach aches, respiratory system diseases and skin conditions.
Unique preparations are creams known as "mehlemi" whose traditional use in this area is very long. They are prepared using fresh plant parts or pine's resin and mixed with cow's butter or pig's fat. Mehlems are common cure for hard healing wounds. Apart from home made medicinal preparations, medicinal plants are commonly used for a traditional nutrition. The dishes are mainly made with olive oil (Redzic, 2006a).
Compared to the international databases on medicinal and edible plants (PFAF, 2006), and to the other countries in Mediterranean region (Ivancheva and
Stantcheva, 2000; Pieroni et al., 2002b; 2003; El-Hilaly et al., 2003; Pieroni and Quave, 2005; Scherrer et al., 2005) to the area of interest, significant difference regarding plant diversity has been detected, including its taxonomical position, ecological character, way of preparing medicinal substances and forms of its application in traditional human therapy.
Comparison of obtained results to the most encompassing database plants for the future (PFAF, 2006), has lead to discovery of 17 species whose therapeutic usage was mentioned for the first time. This represents an important contribution to the advancement of ethno botany and pharmaceutics on global scale (Table 1). Special attention, in terms of being valuable therapeutic resource, should be paid to: Teucrium montanum (that according to local people beliefs «heal every disease»), Teucrium arduini (endemic species), Centaurium maritimum (very popular plant when it comes to stomach and «female» sickness) and Eryngium amethystinum (used to treat «water sickness» and hepatitis). Despite being SE European endemic species, Eryngium amethystinum posses wide distribution in the investigated area, representing therefore secure resource for further research and modern therapeutic practice.
Using the above mentioned database, it appears that Helichrysum italicum hasn't been known for its medicinal characteristics so far and it was only recorded as a spice. Nevertheless, in the area of interest, this is the mostly used medicinal plant used in traditional therapy for liver, gall and stomach sickness, plus it works as an excellent insecticide. The list of species with so far less known or even completely unknown therapeutic use includes the following: Lilium cattaniae (local endemic plants), Marrubium incanum (excellent anti-arrhythmic), Micromeria thymifolia (has an odor similar to that of genus Mentha and Thymus), Origanum heracleoticum (has a luscious smell), resin of the endemic kind of pine Pinus heldreichii, then Prunella laciniata, Psoralea bituminosa (used in the treatment of skin conditions), Rubus heteromorphus (used in the treatment of diarrhea and cough) and Salvia bertolonii (used in the treatment of skin conditions and cough). Comparing to the same database, Sanguisorba minor has been used rarely in the therapy and yet, in the area of interest, this plant is used to treat bites of the most venomous snakes that frequently occur in this area, such as Vipera ammodytes and Vipera berus subsp. bosniaca. It is also used for the treatment of diabetes.
Species such as Satureja subspicata (used to treat the most severe blood diseases, such as leukemia), Sedum maximum and Sedum sexangulare (used to treat skin conditions and complicated vaginal infections) have also been unknown to the world's ethno botanical databases: Further ethno pharmacological research is needed to confirm true potential of these plants in medicinal treatment in the above named or any other pathological condition in human health.
The comparison of the generated data with the international databases in the pertaining field (PFAF, 2006) and mentioned references revealed that the species of Centaurium maritimum (L.) Fritsch (Syn: Centaurium discolor (Gand.) Ronniger) have not been registered previously to have any use in the traditional therapy. Comparative studies of this plant to the one preformed on very popular species in ethno botany Centaurium umbellatum (Grujic-Vasic et al., 2005) showed that the species C. maritimum have a significantly higher degree of bitterness. This may indicate its potentially higher phytochemical capacities, and should be confirmed in a concrete pharmacological research. The traditional tincture of "grape brandy"with an aerial part of the species C. maritimum has been proved to have an excellent influence on heart strengthening as well as on elimination of stomach discomfort. It is also very popular as an everyday aperitif.
There is no previous record of species Eryngium amethystinum L. (Syn.: Eryngium multifidum Sibth. and Sm.; Eryngium glomeratum Lam.) in the human therapy.
This generates the need for more detailed both phytochemical and bio-assay research efforts aimed at this productive species, because complex researches of similar species of the genus Eryngium (in particular Eryngium campestre, Eryngium maritimum) indicate obvious anti-inflammatory activity (Kupeli et al., 2006). As a matter of fact, some species of this genus such as the more widely distributed Eryngium campestre contains cyclohexenone and cyclohexadienone glycoside (Clemens et al., 1986).
So far, species Marrubium incanum Desr. (Syn.: Marrubium candidissimum auct., non L.) was not registered in human therapy even though, according to this research, has shown to be very effective in the treatment of not only stomach diseases but also heart conditions such as arrhythmia. It is extremely important to identify pharmacological effects of this species, the more so because a seed of Marrubium candidissimum contains anti Tn (Bird and Wingham, 1981).
Lilium cattaniae (Vis.) Vis. (Syn.: Lilium martagon L. var. cattaniae Vis.; Lilium. martagon L. var. atropurpureum Neilr.; Lilium dalmaticum Vis. in Sched.) is an endemic, very decorative species. It grows in thermofilous forests and shrubs of Herzegovina. So far, it was neither recorded in traditional therapy, nor it was researched from the phytochemical aspect. It represents an important resource both for phytochemical and pharmacological research, because its closest species Lilium martagon in the neighboring Albania is being used in therapy "to eliminate lipids from the blood", to treat every liver disease (Pieroni et al., 2005b), and it also contains pyrroline glycoside ester and steroidal saponins (Satou et al., 1996).
Origanum heracleoticum L. (Syn.: Origanum hirtum Link) is an endemic species of strong odor. So far, it was not recorded in the human therapy in the Mediterranean region. The research that was conducted on this species showed that its essential oil has a significant antimicrobial activity on Pseudomonas putida (Oussalah et al., 2006), Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurinum, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria onocytogenes (Oussalah et al., 2007). It also contains very unique chemical compositions such as 4, 5-epoxy-p-menth-1-ene (Lawrence et al., 1974), and a series of other organic compositions (Nhu-Trang et al., 2006). This indicates a need for thorough bio-assay research of these very popular species in BiH coastline.
Pinus heldreichii H. Christ (Syn.: Pinus leucodermis Antoine p.p.), endemic Balkan-Apennine pine with its distribution in the Central and Western Balkans, is used in the human therapy in the area of interest. Its usage in the other areas has not been recorded. Tree sap is mainly used from this species. This may indicate a medicinal value of both twigs and bark because it contains cembratrienols and other organic compounds at white bark of this species (Werner et al., 1994).
Species Prunella laciniata (L.) L. (Syn.: Prunella alba Pall. ex M. Bieb.), which mainly inhabits warmer habitats of open sub-Mediterranean meadows, so far hasn't been recorded in human phytotherapy either. In the surveyed area, this species is used for making infusions for the cough treatment, gall and skin diseases. Its closest relative species, the more widely distributed Prunella laciniata, is used externally "for cleaning open sores and wounds"(Rivera and Obon, 1995). Given that Prunella laciniata inhabits ecologically clean habitats and it is numerous, it could be considered as a serious resource in modern phytotherapy.
Bitumen trefoil Psoralea bituminosa L. is Mediterranean species which so far has not been used by humans in BiH. However, it was recorded in therapy of Madeira and Porto Santo, where they use its leaves for making "decoction with alcohol and iodine that is applied externally as a hair restorer"(Rivera and Obon, 1995).
For the first time, Salvia bertoloni Vis. (Syn.: Salvia pratensis L. subsp. bertoloni (L.) Visiani) has been mentioned in human therapy of Mediterranean countries where this species is located. There are several indicators that this is truly a medicinal plant because its closest relative, a typical meadow sage Salvia pratensis L. in addition to a series of compositions which have an antioxidant effect (Miliauskas et al., 2004; Lima et al., 2005; Eidi et al., 2005), contains lupeol derivates (Anaya et al., 1989). It is also necessary to make a thorough investigation of pharmacological effects of the species Salvia bertoloni, which may have been unjustifiably left out in favor of the more popular medicinal plant Salvia officinalis, since the two frequently share same habitats.
Red heather Satureja subspicata (Syn.: Satureja illyrica Host; Satureja montana L. subsp. illyrica Nyman) is a Balkan endemic species with its center of distribution in the investigated area (Silic, 1984). So far, its official usage in a therapy has not been recorded. It was probably pushed out from the use by the species Satureja montana, which is more widely distributed and more popular among people. Having in mind an extremely prominent chemical diversity and antimicrobial activity of the species Satureja subspicata from the habitat of the neighboring Croatia (Skočibušić et al., 2006), it is necessary to do more detailed pharmacological researches, because of a belief that this species successfully treats and "protects" from very serious diseases.
Species of the genus Sedum such as Sedum sexangulare (Syn.: Sedum mite auct.; Sedum boloniense Loisel.), as well as Sedum maximum (L.) Suter (Syn.: Sedum telephium L. subsp. maximum (L.) Krock) have not been registered in the therapy of either BiH region or in the wider Mediterranean region.
Having in mind their role in treating skin diseases, infections, vaginal discharge and liver, it would be necessary to complete pharmacological researches on these species. The reason for this is mostly because of flavonol glycosides (Mulinacci et al., 1995) that were isolated in the leaves of Sedum maximum, which have been used to treat wounds during the last war in BiH.
Although the popular Teucrium montanum L. (Syn.: Teucrium pannonicum A. Kern.; Teucrium praemontanum Klokov; Teucrium helianthemoides Adamovic; Teucrium jailae Juz.) has been in use for a long time, its effects are yet to be sufficiently pharmacologically researched and its medicinal effects confirmed. Available phyto chemical researches pointed at the presence of neo-clerodane diterpenoids (Malakov et al., 1992), and the populations of this species from the region of the neighboring Serbia, has indicated the antimicrobial and free radical scavenging activities (Djilas et al., 2006). In particular, it would be necessary to examine its pharmacological effects on the human liver.
Dinaric endemic species Teucrium arduinii L. (Syn.: Teucrium hircanicum auct. eur., non L.) is a sort of novelty in the therapy but it deserves a full attention in the sense of both more detailed phyto chemical and pharmacological researches, because of neo-cleodane diterpenoids indication of a anti-feedant activity (Bruno et al., 2002).
True significance of possible usage of the abovementioned wild plants can be revealed through modern tendencies in the ethno pharmacology (Gilani and Rahman, 2005) and through the stronger connection between the ethno botany and ethno pharmacology (Heinrich et al., 2006).
Full lenght text of research and science paperwork about Bosnia and Herzegovina healing wild plants as pdf file for free download is here: Sulejman Redžic – Wild medicinal plants and their usage in traditional
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
E-mail: [email protected] Tel/Fax: +387 33 649 196.
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Biljne kapi za imunitet i infekcije BioAntiBio i prirodni antibiotik Ehinacea
Kako da izgubite višak kalorija
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Duga i dugine boje – šta znači smisao simbola duge za ljude i šta nas čeka na kraju svetlosnog luka
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Elektronski mikroskop slike ćelije unutar tela – fotografije elektronskog mikroskopa
Kako problem gubitka kose potiče i od lošeg rada creva?!
Kis Moliker (Kees Moeliker): Kako je mrtva patka promenila moj život
Povišen testosteron kod žena – bolesti, ishrana i lekovite biljke
zora каже:
1. септембра 2013. у 21:33
Hvala na opsirnoj studiji biljke Satureja Montana.Njezina geografska rasirenost nije potpuno obuhvacena.U Srbiji,blizu Sokobanje, na Rtanj planini poznata je i pod narodnim imenom kao Rtanjski caj.Latinski naziv je isti-sva sreca da biljke imaju te nazive.'Montana' mi ukazuje da je to planinska biljka.
Alison Freame каже:
Suzette Owens каже:
20. јула 2015. у 22:22
i thank you great SUKU for help me to cured my lung cancer and be free and be cured,
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text:
Welcome to the Diamond Club. Each month, the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee celebrates athletes' outstanding achievements through the Team USA Awards presented by Dow. Votes from fans and National Governing Bodies combine to select a male, female and team to honor each month. Their collective accomplishments tell the inspiring story of the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic athletes year-round. Here, Team USA Awards winners share their training tips, secrets to success and much more.
Meet Your Winners
Ryan Boyle
In May, Para-cyclist Ryan Boyle won a gold and silver medal at the first UCI Para-cycling Road World Cup event. A week later he won double gold at the next World Cup event. Boyle was named Male Athlete of the Month following his achievements.
In April, teenage surfing prodigy Caroline Marks won Female Athlete of the Month after winning the Women's Championship Tour event and earning the No. 1 spot in the world rankings. Marks now hopes to make the 2020 Olympic team.
Nathan Chen
Nathan Chen had an outstanding 2018-19 season - going undefeated in the ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Series. Chen was also voted Male Athlete of the Month during March after his stellar performance at world championships.
Mick Dierdorff
After many years of hard work, snowboarder Mick Dierdorff finally found his way to the podium. In February, Dierdorff became a two-time world champion and won Male Athlete of the Month.
Alysa Liu
In January, Alysa Liu became the youngest U.S. figure skating champion in history of age 13. After her outstanding performance at 2019 U.S. Figure Skating Championships in Detroit, Liu was named Female Athlete of the Month.
Caeleb Dressel
In December, Caeleb Dressel picked up nine medals at the FINA Swimming World Championships in China and won Male Athlete of the Month. How does he do it? Get an inside look into Dressel's daily life as an Olympian.
In November, the U.S. women's ice hockey team won team of month after claiming the Four Nations Cup Title. Check out what players Kendall Coyne Schofield and Sydney Brodt have to say about the team's success.
Adeline Gray
In October, Adeline Gray made her comeback at Wrestling World Championships in Budapest, Hungary. Gray won her fourth world title and is now tied for most world titles by an American.
In September, Matt Anderson helped lead the U.S. men's volleyball team to a bronze medal at the FIVB World Championship. Learn more about Anderson's routine to keep himself healthy on and off the court.
Sam Mikulak
In August, Sam Mikulak won his fifth U.S. all-around championship in Boston. In September, he earned a spot on the Men's World Championship team. Get the inside scoop on his daily life as a world-class gymnast.
Eli Dershwitz
In July, Eli Dershwitz won silver in men's saber at world championships as well as a world cup title. Dershwitz is now the No. 1 fencer in the world, and hopes to stay there as he works towards his goal of Tokyo 2020.
Wheelchair Rugby Team
In June, wheelchair rugby players Adam Scaturro and Chuck Melton shared just how grueling the sport can be. The U.S. National Wheelchair Rugby Team won Team of the Month in June following its win at the International Wheelchair Rugby Canada Cup.
Men's Foil Team
In May, the U.S. men's foil team ended their season after going unbeaten in all five world cups. There's no doubt they are good at fencing, but there are more interesting facts and talents hidden among the team.
In April, Patrick Reed won the 2018 Masters Tournament, marking the 2016 Olympian's first victory at one of golf's prestigious major events. While the win was the result of a career filled with hard work and dedication, it was Reed's daughter's reaction that made it all worthwhile.
Summer Britcher
In January, Summer Britcher became became the all-time singles victory leader in USA Luge history. It wasn't always this easy for Britcher, however, as she overcame self doubt and low self esteem to reach her athletic peak.
Sarah Robles
In December, Sarah Robles became Team USA's first weightlifting world champion since 1994. But during a few lean years, it took taking a step back and finding balance for Robles to find her way forward.
Mike Schultz
In November, Mike Schultz won gold -- and upset the world champion -- at the World Para Snowboard World Cup. Schultz credits his ability to adapt to his success both in business and on the slopes.
Morgan Hurd
In October, Morgan Hurd won the world all-around title in her world championships debut. Despite living the life of a newly-minted gymnastics superstar, she still takes occasional time to be a normal teenager.
Duke Ragan
In September, Duke Ragan won the first boxing world championship silver medal by a U.S. athlete since 2009. But outside of the ring, this new dad has a softer side.
In August, Kyle Snyder won his second world title at the age of just 21. What allowed him to win the contest dubbed the "match of the century"? Snyder says it's all in his mental approach.
Maddie Musselman
In July, Maddie Musselman and the U.S. women's water polo team won their third consecutive world or Olympic title. Musselman, the world championship MVP, explains what makes this team successful on an unprecedented level.
CJ Cummings
In June, CJ Cummings won his fourth straight world title and extended a year-long winning streak... and he's just 17 years old. What does daily life look like for a weightlifting phenom still juggling high school?
LaNola Shepherd
In May, LaNola Shepherd and the U.S. women's recurve team won their first Archery World Cup medal in nearly two years. Shepherd gives a look behind the scenes of topping the podium, missing the Olympic team and everything in between.
McLain Ward
In April, McLain Ward won the FEI World Cup Jumping Final for the first time in 17 tries. But what goes on behind the scenes? Ward gives the inside scoop on everything from training to how he names his horses.
In March, Marcus Stroman was on the hill in the World Baseball Classic final, tossing six-plus innings of no-hit baseball to lead Team USA to the title. Despite standing only 5-7 tall, there are a multitude of reasons we can all look up to him.
Lowell Bailey
In February, Lowell Bailey became the first U.S. biathlete to win a world title. What was the secret to his success? Two decades of training, a dedicated support team and some race-day diaper duty.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Our Guys
They thought they were above the law. But one woman swore to bring them to justice…
At Glen Ridge, New Jersey, the players from the local high-school team are worshipped as gods. So when rumours circulate that a group of them has carried out a shocking assault on a mentally challenged girl, the community closes ranks to protect its own and a female detective finds herself facing the toughest case of her career. This true story of how a crime tore a tight-knit community apart is the subject of the controversial and powerful drama OUR GUYS, which stars ALLY SHEEDY (The Breakfast Club, St. Elmo's Fire, High Art), ERIC STOLTZ (Mask, Pulp Fiction) and HEATHER MATARAZZO (The Princess Diaries).
Detective Kelly Brooks (Sheedy) returns to her suburban home town after years of fighting crime in the big city. The particular crime she must investigate is as shocking as any she has encountered: Leslie Farber (Matarazzo), a young woman with the mind of a child, has come forward with a despicable story of abduction and sexual abuse by local high-school star athletes. In a community ruled by snobbery and the class divide, no-one believes Leslie's story – until the girl draws some very disturbing pictures of what happened to her that fateful night. Building her case, Kelly finds just one football player prepared to testify. Even worse, Barry Bennett, the son of Kelly's partner, is named by Leslie as one of her attackers. Enlisting the help of state prosecutor Robert Laurino (Stoltz), Kelly discovers that Leslie has left out even more appalling details of her assault. But at the trial, she seems unsure of exactly what happened. In a shocking twist, Kelly and Laurino are forced to employ a last-ditch court-room strategy in an attempt to bring the accused to justice.


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Q: APEX Division with Decimal I declare the variable as Decimal and use division operator / but I always get round numbers
on my VS CODE.
For example :
Decimal age = 225/12;

gives the output 18
Why?

A: You are performing division on Integer values, so the result is an Integer before you assign it to a Decimal variable. This behavior is documented here:

Loss of Fractions in Divisions

When dividing numeric Integer or Long values, the fractional portion of the result, if any, is removed before performing any implicit conversions to a Double or Decimal. For example, Double d = 5/3; returns 1.0 because the actual result (1.666...) is an Integer and is rounded to 1 before being implicitly converted to a Double. To preserve the fractional value, ensure that you are using Double or Decimal numeric values in the division. For example, Double d = 5.0/3.0; returns 1.6666666666666667 because 5.0 and 3.0 represent Double values, which results in the quotient being a Double as well and no fractional value is lost.

Express your values as a Double or assign them to a Decimal before performing division to avoid this truncation behavior.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
La Croix de Sourdéac, près du lieu-dit "Sourdéac" sur la commune de Glénac dans le Morbihan.

Historique

La croix fait l'objet d'une inscription au titre des monuments historiques depuis le .

Architecture
La croix de Sourdéac s'apparente au même type que la croix de Tréhat, la différence la plus notable sont les branches pattées à Sourdéac.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Monuments historiques du Morbihan
 Glénac

Liens externes
 Croix de Glénac

Sourdeac
Sourdeac
Monument historique inscrit en 1927

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tomas Kalas warns Hull City that Bristol City are 'motivated' to stop unbeaten run
Tomas Kalas has fired a warning to Hull City that his Bristol City side will be ready to end the Tigers' recent up-turn in form
Kieran King
Bristol City's Tomas Kalas
Get the latest Hull City news straight to your inbox with our daily Tigers newsletter
Bristol City defender Tomas Kalas has admitted that he is motivated to put an end to Hull City's unbeaten run when they make the trip to the MKM Stadium this weekend.
The Tigers haven't lost in their last five matches, winning four of those, and have subsequently climbed up to 19th, six points above the relegation zone.
Impressive victories over Cardiff City and Millwall were included in that run and it seems like Grant McCann has rejuvenated his team heading into the festive period.
Go here for all the latest Hull City news
Meanwhile, the Robins come into the game off the back of a 1-0 success over rock bottom Derby County last time out and will be looking to record consecutive wins for the first time this season.
Kalas, who has started in all but one of their Championship matches in 2021/22, claimed that they have been paying attention to Hull's recent form but is hoping that doesn't affect them on Saturday.
Speaking in his pre-match press conference, he said: "It will be really tough. Looking at the table, everyone is going to say it's a game they're going to win.
"They're on a quite good run, winning four games and drawing one is amazing for this league, or any league.
"They're doing something right, and we're going to have to do something more right than them, to actually win. No matter where they are in the table, we have to take it seriously and try to get all the points because only like that can we start to build.
Nigel Pearson reflects on Hull City spell as he prepares for Bristol City return
Hull City deliver stern warning to supporters after East Stand problems
"At the moment, it's win then loss, win then loss or draw so it would be nice to get a run going.
"Us as players, we always look at results and tables and when you see everything flashing green or orange then you kind of pay attention to it but I wouldn't say it's bothering us.
"But it's something that kind of motivates you to stop their run."
Having begun the season in excellent form away from home, the Robins struggled on the road in recent weeks, losing their previous four matches.
Nigel Pearson's side last won on their travels back in early October when they secured a dramatic 3-2 win over Peterborough United.
Kalas, however, is keen to turn that around and give their supporters 'something back' as they prepare to make the 450+ mile round-trip to East Yorkshire.
The former Fulham centre-back added: "It's been a while since we won away. We don't want to get to the stage where we're going to be 17 games away, like we did on our home ground; we know how annoying and frustrating that was.
"The fans away are always amazing, they are following us so we need to give something back."
For the latest Hull City news direct to your inbox, go here to sign up to our free newsletter
QPR's double victory could be a blessing in disguise for Hull City
Grant McCann's message for Hull City fans as Tigers eye third straight home win
Grant McCann


text:
Az 1932 (római számmal: MCMXXXII) az 1931 és 1933 között található természetes szám.

A matematikában
A tízes számrendszerbeli 1932-es a kettes számrendszerben 11110001100, a nyolcas számrendszerben 3614, a tizenhatos számrendszerben 78C alakban írható fel.

Az 1932 páros szám, összetett szám. Kanonikus alakja 22 · 31 · 71 · 231, normálalakban az 1,932 · 103 szorzattal írható fel. Huszonnégy osztója van a természetes számok halmazán, ezek növekvő sorrendben: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 21, 23, 28, 42, 46, 69, 84, 92, 138, 161, 276, 322, 483, 644, 966 és 1932.

Az 1932 két szám valódiosztó-összegeként áll elő, ezek az 1876 és az 1931².

Források
 Möbius and Mertens values for n=1 to 2500
 http://www.wolframalpha.com (EulerPhi, Divisors, SumDivisors)

Jegyzetek

3 1932


text:
Islington Centre for Refugees and Migrants
Welcoming and supporting refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants in our community
Skills development programmes
Social and recreational activities
Arts activities
Wellbeing activities
Accessing our services
Volunteer & staff pages
Our partnership work
Our Patron and Trustees
Islington Centre for Refugees and Migrants: Privacy Policy
Tomas' Story
Jo's Story
Mary's Story
Lola's story
Life for Koffi – one year on from Christmas at St Paul's
Our clients' work
Max's Photography
Jonathan's Gift
Watch our clients celebrate Christmas through song
Volunteering at the Islington Centre
Thank you for supporting our work. The Islington Centre for Refugees and Migrants relies entirely on donations and grants, and the support of the community is absolutely vital to us.
Without your generosity, we would not be able to undertake our crucial work to support some of the most vulnerable and marginalised people in London today. Find out more about our clients' stories, and how the Centre has helped them, here.
There are a number of ways to support us: through donations and fundraising, volunteering, and supporting clients directly through donations in kind.
"The Centre is important to me mainly for the support I get in this place, and when I say support I mean emotional, financial, sharing ideas and community relationship."
Your generous support is crucial to enable some of the most vulnerable members of our community to rebuild their lives:
£100 will pay for a full day of our Support Service, enabling asylum seekers and refugees to resolve crippling practical problems
£75 will pay for an English class for 30 asylum seekers and refugees
£50 will pay for a therapeutic arts and writing session for 20 asylum seekers and refugees
£20 will cover an emergency grant for food and clothing for an asylum seeker with no access to financial support
£5 will provide warm drinks to welcome our clients when they arrive in the morning.
Please consider committing to a regular donation. Regular donations, no matter how small, enable us to plan for the future, and offer stability to our clients who are so often adrift. Regular donations can be set up in 5 minutes through our online donation page, which automatically increases the value of donations through collecting Gift Aid.
There are a number of easy ways to donate:
Donate online here
Donate by cheque or bank transfer: Donations – Information for Donors
Host a fundraising event for us, by setting up a fundraising page here
If you would like to donate in another way, and claim Gift Aid – or even to claim Gift Aid on past donations – you can do so through our easy online form here. Gift Aid increases adds 25p to every pound donated – and every little helps!
If you have any questions, or would like to explore other ways to support us, please contact Katie Commons on katie.islingtoncentre@gmail.com.
The generosity of our volunteers is crucial to the success of our vital work. It is also a hugely rewarding experience, working with experienced staff to enable some of the most vulnerable people in our community to take huge steps in rebuilding their lives. We work with around 30 volunteers each year.
Opportunities are available across all areas of our work, from English language classes to arts activities. We also welcome volunteers who have new ideas about activities for clients; we will support you to develop and implement these ideas.
We welcome volunteer applications throughout the year. If you are interested in volunteering, the first step is to contact the Volunteer Manager to express interest and tell us a little bit about yourself, what you would like to offer and why you would like to work with us.
To get involved, please contact us.
We rely on the generosity of many committed individuals who give us gifts in kind for distribution among those most in need. We collect and distribute:
Packet Food
If you would like to make a donation in kind, please drop off any donations between 11am and 1pm on Mondays, Tuesdays, or Wednesdays. Due to limited storage space, we are only able to accept a maximum of two carrier bags of clothes at any one time.
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Managers often believe that it is imperative to pay their best employees outside of established parameters to keep top performers happy and on the job. They worry about losing critical employees to competitors because of a lack of competitive compensation practices. It's fairly safe to assume the information being shared by managers is coming from employees within their department. Most managers don't have time to investigate the salary plans of competitors. But they do find time to run to the CEO with their fears. Without solid compensation goals and plans for staying in line with or above the competition, it's difficult for your CEO to discern fact from fiction.
HR can be a real hero for providing your Senior Executives with a regular comparative analysis of salaries from your recruiting areas, what is currently being paid, and how your salaries compare with the competition. Utilizing this data, your executives can establish the company's position on wages/income for your employees in relation to the competition. Do you want to be at par or perhaps in the upper range of the recruiting market? Once the company communicates its position to everyone within the organization, staying on target and compensation management becomes much easier. Everyone is working from the same blueprint and understands the goals and objectives.
In this economic environment, it's not just salary that attracts talent, however. Your compensation program should consider benefits that are outside the box like parking fees, toll tags, annual guaranteed educational experiences, sign-on bonuses, project completion bonuses, or even use of a car for driving around during the day, to name a few. Employees are becoming savvier about the "total compensation package". So, companies can look for innovative programs with a high ROI to attract talent without always spending compounding salary dollars.
The key is finding the right information from the best source within the timeframe that it is needed. If you can't afford to buy a survey, you can build your own. It's not that difficult and there are several excellent resources, including free information at www.bls.gov . Once you've built your survey, you can use the data to build a competitive compensation model.
A strategic position in the labor market is best driven by a dynamic compensation program based on external competitiveness, internal equity and the company's financial ability to pay.


text:
Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/e/pna81.html
Sita Nataraj Slavov
First Name: Sita
Middle Name: Nataraj
Last Name: Slavov
RePEc Short-ID: pna81
http://www.sitaslavov.com
Arlington, Virginia (United States)
http://schar.gmu.edu/
RePEc:edi:ipgmuus (more details at EDIRC)
Jump to: Working papers Articles Chapters
Jason Scott & John B. Shoven & Sita Slavov & John G. Watson, 2021. "Is Automatic Enrollment Consistent with a Life Cycle Model?," NBER Working Papers 28396, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
John B. Shoven & Sita Slavov & John G. Watson, 2021. "How Does Social Security Reform Indecision Affect Younger Cohorts?," NBER Working Papers 28850, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Devon Gorry & Kyung Min Lee & Sita Slavov, 2020. "Does the Actuarial Adjustment for Pension Delay Affect Retirement and Claiming Decisions?," NBER Working Papers 27508, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Jason S. Scott & John B. Shoven & Sita N. Slavov & John G. Watson, 2020. "Can Low Retirement Savings Be Rationalized?," NBER Working Papers 26784, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Mary J. Lopez & Sita Slavov, 2019. "Do Immigrants Delay Retirement and Social Security Claiming?," NBER Working Papers 25518, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Mary J. Lopez & Sita Slavov, 2020. "Do immigrants delay retirement and social security claiming?," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(10), pages 1105-1123, February.
Jason Scott & John B. Shoven & Sita Slavov & John G. Watson, 2019. "Retirement Implications of a Low Wage Growth, Low Real Interest Rate Economy," NBER Working Papers 25556, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gila Bronshtein & Jason Scott & John B. Shoven & Sita N. Slavov, 2018. "The Power of Working Longer," NBER Working Papers 24226, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gila Bronshtein & Jason Scott & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2018. "The Power of Working Longer," NBER Chapters, in: Incentives and Limitations of Employment Policies on Retirement Transitions, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Bronshtein, Gila & Scott, Jason & Shoven, John B. & Slavov, Sita Nataraj, 2019. "The power of working longer," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 18(4), pages 623-644, October.
Sita Slavov & Devon Gorry & Aspen Gorry & Frank N. Caliendo, 2017. "Social Security and Saving: An Update," NBER Working Papers 23506, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Sita Slavov & Devon Gorry & Aspen Gorry & Frank N. Caliendo, 2019. "Social Security and Saving: An Update," Public Finance Review, , vol. 47(2), pages 312-348, March.
Frank N. Caliendo & Aspen Gorry & Sita Slavov, 2017. "Survival Ambiguity and Welfare," NBER Working Papers 23648, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Caliendo, Frank N. & Gorry, Aspen & Slavov, Sita, 2020. "Survival ambiguity and welfare," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 20-42.
John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov & David A. Wise, 2017. "Social Security Claiming Decisions: Survey Evidence," NBER Working Papers 23729, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Shanthi Ramnath & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2017. "Pathways to Retirement through Self-Employment," NBER Working Papers 23551, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gila Bronshtein & Jason Scott & John B. Shoven & Sita N. Slavov, 2016. "Leaving Big Money on the Table: Arbitrage Opportunities in Delaying Social Security," NBER Working Papers 22853, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Frank N. Caliendo & Maria Casanova & Aspen Gorry & Sita Slavov, 2016. "The Welfare Cost of Retirement Uncertainty," NBER Working Papers 22609, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Aparna Mathur & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2016. "The role of legislative change in reducing domestic violence against women in India," AEI Economics Working Papers 886036, American Enterprise Institute.
Frank N. Caliendo & Aspen Gorry & Sita Slavov, 2015. "The Cost of Uncertainty about the Timing of Social Security Reform," NBER Working Papers 21585, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Caliendo, Frank N. & Gorry, Aspen & Slavov, Sita, 2019. "The cost of uncertainty about the timing of Social Security reform," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 101-125.
Aspen Gorry & Devon Gorry & Sita Slavov, 2015. "Does Retirement Improve Health and Life Satisfaction?," NBER Working Papers 21326, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Aspen Gorry & Devon Gorry & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2018. "Does retirement improve health and life satisfaction?," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(12), pages 2067-2086, December.
Gopi Shah Goda & Shanthi Ramnath & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2015. "The Financial Feasibility of Delaying Social Security: Evidence from Administrative Tax Data," NBER Working Papers 21544, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Goda, Gopi Shah & Ramnath, Shanthi & Shoven, John B. & Slavov, Sita Nataraj, 2018. "The financial feasibility of delaying Social Security: evidence from administrative tax data," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 17(4), pages 419-436, October.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Slavov, 2015. "Work Incentives in the Social Security Disability Benefit Formula," NBER Working Papers 21708, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Goda, Gopi Shah & Shoven, John B. & Slavov, Sita Nataraj, 2019. "Work incentives in the Social Security Disability benefit formula," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 18(2), pages 165-189, April.
John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2013. "Recent Changes in the Gains from Delaying Social Security," NBER Working Papers 19370, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
John Shoven & Sita Slavov, 2013. "Recent Changes In The Gains From Delaying Social Security," Discussion Papers 13-019, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
John B. Shoven & Sita Slavov, 2013. "The Role of Retiree Health Insurance in the Early Retirement of Public Sector Employees," NBER Working Papers 19563, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2013. "The Role of Retiree Health Insurance in the Early Retirement of Public Sector Employees," NBER Chapters, in: State and Local Health Plans for Active and Retired Public Employees, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Shoven, John B. & Slavov, Sita Nataraj, 2014. "The role of retiree health insurance in the early retirement of public sector employees," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 99-108.
Aparna Mathur & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2013. "Empowering women through employment, earnings and wealth in India," AEI Economics Working Papers 4794, American Enterprise Institute.
John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2012. "The Decision to Delay Social Security Benefits: Theory and Evidence," NBER Working Papers 17866, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2012. "When Does It Pay to Delay Social Security? The Impact of Mortality, Interest Rates, and Program Rules," NBER Working Papers 18210, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2011. "Does Widowhood Explain Gender Differences in Out-of-Pocket Medical Spending Among the Elderly?," NBER Working Papers 17440, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Goda, Gopi Shah & Shoven, John B. & Slavov, Sita Nataraj, 2013. "Does widowhood explain gender differences in out-of-pocket medical spending among the elderly?," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 647-658.
Steven Nyce & Sylvester Schieber & John B. Shoven & Sita Slavov & David A. Wise, 2011. "Does Retiree Health Insurance Encourage Early Retirement?," NBER Working Papers 17703, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Nyce, Steven & Schieber, Sylvester J. & Shoven, John B. & Slavov, Sita Nataraj & Wise, David A., 2013. "Does retiree health insurance encourage early retirement?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 40-51.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2010. "Does Stock Market Performance Influence Retirement Intentions?," NBER Working Papers 16211, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2012. "Does Stock Market Performance Influence Retirement Intentions?," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 47(4), pages 1055-1081.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2010. "How Well Are Social Security Recipients Protected from Inflation?," NBER Working Papers 16212, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2011. "How Well Are Social Security Recipients Protected from Inflation?," NBER Chapters, in: Investigations in the Economics of Aging, pages 119-139, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Goda, Gopi Shah & Shoven, John B. & Slavov, Sita Nataraj, 2011. "How Well Are Social Security Recipients Protected From Inflation?," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 64(2), pages 429-449, June.
Gopi Shah Goda & John Shoven & Sita Slavov, 2009. "How Well Are Social Security Recipients Protected From Inflation?," Discussion Papers 08-059, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
Gopi Shah Goda & John Shoven & Sita Slavov, 2009. "Differential Mortality by Income and Social Security Progressivity," Discussion Papers 08-061, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2011. "Differential Mortality by Income and Social Security Progressivity," NBER Chapters, in: Explorations in the Economics of Aging, pages 189-204, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gopi Shah Goda & John Shoven & Sita Slavov, 2008. "Removing the Disincentives for Long Careers in the Social Security and Medicare Benefit Structure," Discussion Papers 08-058, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
B. Douglas Bernheim & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2007. "A Solution Concept for Majority Rule in Dynamic Settings," Discussion Papers 07-029, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
B. D. Bernheim & S. N. Slavov, 2009. "A Solution Concept for Majority Rule in Dynamic Settings," Review of Economic Studies, Oxford University Press, vol. 76(1), pages 33-62.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2007. "Removing the Disincentives in Social Security for Long Careers," NBER Working Papers 13110, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2009. "Removing the Disincentives in Social Security for Long Careers," NBER Chapters, in: Social Security Policy in a Changing Environment, pages 21-38, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2007. "Social Security and the Timing of Divorce," NBER Working Papers 13382, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gopi Shah Goda & John Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2009. "Social Security and the Timing of Divorce," Discussion Papers 08-057, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2007. "A Tax on Work for the Elderly: Medicare as a Secondary Payer," NBER Working Papers 13383, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Gopi Shah Goda & John Shoven & Sita Slavov, 2009. "A Tax On Work For The Elderly: Medicare As A Secondary Payer," Discussion Papers 08-60, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research.
John B. Shoven & Sita N. Slavov, 2006. "Political Risk Versus Market Risk in Social Security," NBER Working Papers 12135, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Sita Nataraj & John B. Shoven, 2004. "Has the Unified Budget Undermined the Federal Government Trust Funds?," NBER Working Papers 10953, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Aparna Mathur & Sita N Slavov, 2017. "The impact of legislative change on reported domestic violence against women in India," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 37(4), pages 2655-2664.
Aparna Mathur & Sita Nataraj Slavov & Michael R. Strain, 2016. "Has the Affordable Care Act increased part-time employment?," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(3), pages 222-225, February.
Slavov, Sita Nataraj, 2016. "Get What's Yours: The Secrets to Maxing Out Your Social Security. By Laurence J. Kotlikoff, Philip Moeller and Paul Solman (eds). Simon & Schuster, 2015, ISBN 978-1-476-77229-5, 324 pages," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 15(1), pages 121-123, January.
Sita Nataraj Slavov & Benjamin Ho, 2014. "Measuring inequality: One size does not fit all," AEI Economic Perspectives, American Enterprise Institute, April.
Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2014. "Public Versus Private Provision of Public Goods," Journal of Public Economic Theory, Association for Public Economic Theory, vol. 16(2), pages 222-258, April.
Shoven, John B. & Slavov, Sita Nataraj, 2014. "Does it pay to delay social security?," Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, Cambridge University Press, vol. 13(2), pages 121-144, April.
Sita Nataraj Slavov & Aspen Gorry, 2013. "The tax treatment of the family," AEI Economic Perspectives, American Enterprise Institute, May.
Sita Nataraj Slavov & Aspen Gorry, 2012. "Financing entitlements and promoting work: Does policy encourage early retirement?," AEI Economic Perspectives, American Enterprise Institute, December.
Benjamin Ho & Sita N. Slavov, 2012. "An alternative perspective on health inequality," Economics Bulletin, AccessEcon, vol. 32(4), pages 3182-3196.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2011. "What Explains Changes in Retirement Plans during the Great Recession?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 101(3), pages 29-34, May.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2011. "Implicit Taxes on Work from Social Security and Medicare," Tax Policy and the Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 25(1), pages 69-88.
Gopi Shah Goda & John B. Shoven & Sita Nataraj Slavov, 2010. "Implicit Taxes on Work from Social Security and Medicare," NBER Chapters, in: Tax Policy and the Economy, Volume 25, pages 69-88, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Slavov Sita Nataraj, 2006. "Age Bias in Fiscal Policy: Why Does the Political Process Favor the Elderly?," The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 6(1), pages 1-37, October.
Sita Nataraj & John B. Shoven, 2003. "Comparing the Risks of Social Security with and without Individual Accounts," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 93(2), pages 348-353, May.
van der Meulen Rodgers, Yana & Nataraj, Sita, 1999. "Labor Market Flexibility in East Asia: Lessons from Taiwan," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 48(1), pages 51-69, October.
This author is among the top 5% authors according to these criteria:
Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Simple Impact Factor
Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Recursive Impact Factor
Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Number of Authors and Simple Impact Factors
Number of Distinct Works, Weighted by Number of Authors and Recursive Impact Factors
NEP is an announcement service for new working papers, with a weekly report in each of many fields. This author has had 28 papers announced in NEP. These are the fields, ordered by number of announcements, along with their dates. If the author is listed in the directory of specialists for this field, a link is also provided.
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing (24) 2007-05-26 2007-09-09 2011-10-01 2012-01-10 2012-03-08 2012-07-14 2013-09-24 2013-11-02 2015-07-18 2015-09-18 2015-10-04 2015-12-28 2016-09-18 2016-12-04 2017-06-18 2017-07-09 2017-09-03 2018-02-19 2019-02-11 2019-02-25 2020-03-23 2020-08-17 2021-03-29 2021-06-28. Author is listed
NEP-PBE: Public Economics (12) 2004-12-12 2006-04-22 2007-05-26 2015-09-18 2015-12-28 2016-09-18 2017-06-18 2017-07-09 2017-09-03 2019-02-11 2019-02-25 2020-08-17. Author is listed
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, & Wages (11) 2012-01-10 2013-11-02 2015-12-28 2016-09-18 2017-07-09 2018-02-19 2019-02-11 2019-02-25 2020-03-23 2020-08-17 2021-06-28. Author is listed
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics (8) 2007-09-09 2011-10-01 2012-01-10 2013-11-02 2015-12-28 2016-09-18 2017-08-13 2019-02-25. Author is listed
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics (7) 2007-05-26 2007-09-09 2007-09-09 2012-01-10 2012-03-08 2013-11-02 2015-09-18. Author is listed
NEP-PUB: Public Finance (7) 2007-09-09 2007-09-09 2015-09-18 2017-06-18 2017-09-03 2019-02-25 2021-06-28. Author is listed
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics (5) 2011-10-01 2012-07-14 2013-09-24 2020-03-23 2021-06-28. Author is listed
NEP-HEA: Health Economics (5) 2007-09-09 2011-10-01 2012-01-10 2013-11-02 2015-07-18. Author is listed
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium (2) 2017-06-18 2021-03-29
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics (2) 2015-10-04 2016-09-18
NEP-UPT: Utility Models & Prospect Theory (2) 2016-09-18 2017-08-13
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy & Education (1) 2017-09-03
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness (1) 2015-07-18
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics (1) 2011-10-01
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration (1) 2019-02-11
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics (1) 2006-04-22
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics (1) 2016-09-18
To update listings or check citations waiting for approval, Sita Nataraj Slavov should log into the RePEc Author Service.


Following Sam from @brooksmodelingagency into the night. Sam is wearing the all-do, all-season must-have, the all-commute overcoat. Get yours on our webshop! #senscommon #allweather #allcommute #overcoat #raincoat #coat #commute #adapted #optimal #protection #unisex #minimalist #lif#lifestyle #apparel #cycling #cyclist #bike #commuter #innovative #solution for #everyday #life Uncommon utility fitting urban life.


The work Simon and the Acuitas team did for Kingsley to publicise the launch of our strategic partnership with Oxford University on cannabinoid medicine was truly exceptional. I wouldn't hesitate to recommend them to anyone in need of decent PR.
Over the last five years Simon and, more recently, Samantha, have worked with me on a number of successful strategic developments in both the UK and Europe. They have been a great support and I'm still using their services today.
Simon and Samantha worked tirelessly in helping us achieve our strategic aims for the True and Fair Campaign, as well as establishing us as a leading industry commentator in terms of consumer protection and holding vested interests to account.
During my ten years heading up the public affairs team at Lloyds Banking Group, Simon and Samantha provided invaluable professional advice and support to me and my team in the UK and Brussels.


text:
AlphaTauri deliver Tsunoda blow ahead of rookie De Vries arrival
Ian Parkes
Monday 7 November 2022 17:20
AlphaTauri team principal Franz Tost is refusing to dismiss the possibility of Nyck De Vries becoming team leader next season despite Yuki Tsunoda's greater F1 experience.
After a lengthy spell with Mercedes, most recently as a reserve driver, former F2 and Formula E champion De Vries will switch to AlphaTauri over the winter.
The 27-year-old Dutch driver replaces Alpine-bound Pierre Gasly to work alongside Japanese Tsunoda, who is five years younger.
Next season will be Tsunoda's third with the Faenza-based squad, and while De Vries will be an F1 rookie in comparison, his overall racing knowledge given the categories in which he has raced means he may take on the team leader role from Gasly.
Red Bull advisor Helmut Marko recently stated as such, with Tost not ruling out the prospect.
READ MORE...Alpine make Gasly demand amid fear of race ban
Asked specifically whether that could happen, Tost replied: "This we'll see. Yuki has more Formula 1 experience. Nyck is a little bit older, has more race experience. He won many races and championships.
"The most important part is that we provide the drivers with a competitive car, and then it's easy for both of them to set up the car and to perform well.
"Who of these two drivers will be the faster? This we will see. I don't know yet.
"I'm looking forward because both of the drivers have a lot of potential. Both of the drivers are fast, and I think that we should have a successful season."
AlphaTauri building up De Vries contact
De Vries recently enjoyed his final outing for Mercedes in the first practice session ahead of the Mexico City Grand Prix, at the end of which he thanked the team for all they had done for his career, as well as saying his goodbyes.
Tost has confirmed enjoying considerable contact with De Vries in recent weeks since the team confirmed his move as the two build up to next season's partnership.
"I have had a lot of contact with him," added Tost. "He was in Faenza, they made the seat and I also met him. We always have some chats together.
"It's very interesting, very important to know each other, and I want to integrate him into the team as fast as possible.
"He will do the young driver test for us in Abu Dhabi, where he can become more familiar with the car, with the team, and then we will see.
"We have a good programme for him during the winter months to prepare him in the best possible way for 2023."
Kubica F1 career over as major sponsor jumps to AlphaTauri
Yesterday 09:44 15.000+ views
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AlphaTauri issue "lost" team leader warning ahead of new F1 season
De Vries explains "big brother" link to Verstappen


text:
Q: Configure Socks Proxy iPhone I am currently in China and I would like to bypass the censorship. (Mostly for Google and Netflix)
I have a linux host in France that I could use for the SSH tunnel (let's call it user@domain.fr)
In my Mac Book Pro, I typed the command line
ssh -ND 9999 user@domain.fr, I configured my socks proxy, and everything worked fine.
First idea: I tried to follow this tutorial
My Pac file is :
function FindProxyForURL(url, host)
{
     return "SOCKS domain.fr:9999";
}

I put the file proxy.pac in my linux host via scp command. When I checked the URL of the file with Mobile Safari, it displayed the code written above, so I guess it can access it.
Then I configured the iOS device (Proxy Http -> Auto -> URL...) but it didn't work. What's strange is that I can still access non-censored website (like Apple), but I can't access censored-one (Facebook, Twitter) I would have thought that configuring the Http Proxy to Auto would affect the whole Web Browser.
Anyway, I wonder if that's because I need an authentication to access my host. And if that's so, how could I make it work?
Second idea: : I tried port forwarding with this tutorial
Since my basic needs are Google and Netflix, I used Termius and configured the port forwarding as followed :
Port Forwarding > Local
Host : domain.fr:22
Port from : 9998
Destination : google.com
Port to : 80
Port Forwarding > Local
Host : domain.fr:22
Port from : 9999
Destination : netflix.com
Port to : 80
Then I tried to access via localhost:9998 and localhost:9999.
For Netflix, I have a Http Status 404 : the requested resource is not available.
For Google, I have a Http Status 404 : the requested URL was not found on this server.

A: With the said configuration the HTTP traffic is routed to the proxy. But there is a catch, then DNS lookup which is not an HTTP protocol will fail.

A: for your first idea, this script may help
https://github.com/wooowooo/proxyMyPhone
you can try running this script on your linux host


Go DJ, That's My DJ!
With the rise of EDM and more similar dance music over the past few years, comes a surge in popularity in a few of the top DJ's – and a flow of ridiculous f***ing cash!
Take a look at the top 10 highest-paid DJ's – a list that features some insane dollar figures!
Talk about a rags-to-riches story. In his early years, Harris worked as a grocery store clerk. Today, he's turned the music industry upside down, working with big names such as Rihanna and Kesha on his way to becoming arguably the most popular DJ in America.
A steep drop off in dollar amounts from Harris to Guetta, but this uber famous European DJ has toured with Rihanna, Britney Spears and Lady Gaga, all while raking in that bank roll.
This 24-year-old has exploded onto the scene with his famous "Wake Me Up" jam that reached over four million hits in the U.S. alone. For someone so young, he's doin' alright!
Over the last two years, Tiesto has racked up over $60 million, an absurd number topped only by Harris.
Perhaps the busiest man on this list, Aoki oftentimes will play three shows a day. With endorsements from companies such as Bud Light and Guitar Center, Aoki has cracked the top five with his passion and love for giving his all for the crowd.
The coolest fact about Afrojack is he's is endorsed by Nike, a rare feat for a music DJ. Oh, and that $22 MIL ain't bad, either.
Zedd is not dead (you're welcome Pulp Fiction fans). The protégé of Skrillex has now earned even more than his mentor at just 24 years old.
After releasing nine albums, No. 10 was the charm for Kaskade, as he earned a Grammy nomination for Best Dance/Electronica album for Atmosphere.
Although perhaps on the downturn of his career, the six-time Grammy winner has still continued to kill shows and has even scored films such as Wreck-It Ralph.
Known for wearing a mouse head costume, this DJ has become one of the most lucrative names in the business, and is often a fan favorite at festivals across the country.
There you have it. If you're looking to make a shitload of music in a thrilling industry, start learning how to spin some records and you'll be using Benjamin Franklin's for napkins.