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First, I want to say that I absolutely believe that this book should still be included in school curriculum. The only thing 'new' about it is that pages and passages were added. Nothing was taken out and the translation was not changed. Reports that the book is so different that it's nothing like the original are false. Reports that the story is different are false.
Until 1990, the museum's directors were all former prisoners. Cywinski is just 37. His office is on the first floor of a former SS administration building directly across from a former gas chamber and crematorium. He tells me that Auschwitz is about to slip into history. The last survivors will soon die, and with them the living links to what happened here. Preserving the site becomes increasingly important, Cywinski believes: younger generations raised on TV and movie special effects need to see and touch the real thing.
After the arrival of a transport at the ramp in Birkenau, the process known as selection took place. SS officers decided who would be taken to work, and who would be sent directly to the gas chambers. Often it was mere chance or the mood of the SS officer that decided whether someone died immediately or had a hope of survival. The prisoners selected for slave labour were sent to one of the many auxiliary camps at Auschwitz or elsewhere in the Nazi concentration camp system. Their aim was "Vernichtung durch Arbeit" - extermination through labour.
After Nazi Germany unleashed World War II in September 1939, vast new territorial conquests and larger groups of potential prisoners led to the rapid expansion of the concentration camp system to the east. The war did not change the original function of the concentration camps as detention sites for the incarceration of political enemies. The climate of national emergency that the conflict granted to the Nazi leaders, however, permitted the SS to expand the functions of the camps.
Probably my earliest memories of anything at all are of walking through the streets of Trenčín and people stopping in their tracks and saying with amazement: "You're back!" "What a miracle that you're alive!" I understood as a three-and-a-half to four-year-old that I was a miracle because I got to hear it so many times, but I didn't really understand what the word meant. Only much later could I recognise what a miracle it really was that I had survived, when I learned that of the thousands of Slovak men and women who were deported to Auschwitz, only a few hundred returned.
When the stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929, the effect in Germany was dire.[11] Millions were thrown out of work and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the NSDAP prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to strengthen the economy and provide jobs.[12] Many voters decided the NSDAP was capable of restoring order, quelling civil unrest, and improving Germany's international reputation. After the federal election of 1932, the NSDAP was the largest party in the Reichstag, holding 230 seats with 37.4 percent of the popular vote.[13]
In March 1941, Himmler ordered a second, larger complex to be built next to the original camp. It was called Auschwitz II - Birkenau. The camp at Birkenau was divided into subsections surrounded by electric fences with barbed wire. During 1943 and 1944 the BIIb section became the location of the "Terezín family camp". At its summit, Birkenau had over 100 000 inmates. In March 1942, the Auschwitz III camp was set up at nearby Monowitz, also known as Buna Monowitz. German company I.G. Farben set up a synthetic rubber factory there, in which it used the prisoners' slave labour. Auschwitz also had a further 45 auxiliary camps, where prisoners were forced to engage in slave labour, mostly for German companies.
After the start of World War II, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, implemented a policy that came to be known as the "Final Solution." Hitler was determined not just to isolate Jews in Germany and countries annexed by the Nazis, subjecting them to dehumanizing regulations and random acts of violence. Instead, he became convinced that his "Jewish problem" would be solved only with the elimination of every Jew in his domain, along with artists, educators, Gypsies, communists, homosexuals, the mentally and physically handicapped and others deemed unfit for survival in Nazi Germany.
Upon arrival at Auschwitz, the SS forcibly separated the men from the women and children, and Otto Frank was wrenched from his family. Those deemed able to work were admitted into the camp, and those deemed unfit for labour were immediately killed. Of the 1,019 passengers, 549—including all children younger than 15—were sent directly to the gas chambers. Anne Frank, who had turned 15 three months earlier, was one of the youngest people spared from her transport. She was soon made aware that most people were gassed upon arrival and never learned that the entire group from the Achterhuis had survived this selection. She reasoned that her father, in his mid-fifties and not particularly robust, had been killed immediately after they were separated.[52]
Hitler admired the British Empire and its colonial system as living proof of Germanic superiority over 'inferior' races and saw United Kingdom as Germany's natural ally.[59][60] He wrote in Mein Kampf: "For a long time to come there will be only two Powers in Europe with which it may be possible for Germany to conclude an alliance. These Powers are Great Britain and Italy."[60]
During the Röhm Purge of 30 June to 2 July 1934 (also known as the "Night of the Long Knives"), Hitler disempowered the SA's leadership—most of whom belonged to the Strasserist (national revolutionary) faction within the NSDAP—and ordered them killed. He accused them of having conspired to stage a coup d'état, but it is believed that this was only a pretence to justify the suppression of any intraparty opposition. The purge was executed by the SS, assisted by the Gestapo and Reichswehr units. Aside from Strasserist Nazis, they also murdered anti-Nazi conservative figures like former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher.[84] After this, the SA continued to exist but lost much of its importance, while the role of the SS grew significantly. Formerly only a sub-organisation of the SA, it was made into a separate organisation of the NSDAP in July 1934.[85]
In October 1941, work began on Auschwitz II, or Birkenau, located outside the nearby village of Brzezinka. There the SS later developed a huge concentration camp and extermination complex that included some 300 prison barracks; four large so-called Badeanstalten (German: "bathhouses"), in which prisoners were gassed to death; Leichenkeller ("corpse cellars"), in which their bodies were stored; and Einäscherungsöfen ("cremating ovens"). Another camp (Buna-Monowitz), near the village of Dwory, later called Auschwitz III, became in May 1942 a slave-labour camp supplying workers for the nearby chemical and synthetic-rubber works of IG Farben. In addition, Auschwitz became the nexus of a complex of 45 smaller subcamps in the region, most of which housed slave labourers. During most of the period from 1940 to 1945, the commandant of the central Auschwitz camps was SS-Hauptsturmführer (Capt.) and ultimately SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieut. Col.) Rudolf Franz Hoess (Höss).
Auschwitz II (or "Birkenau") was completed in early 1942. Birkenau was built approximately 1.9 miles (3 km) away from Auschwitz I and was the real killing center of the Auschwitz death camp. It was in Birkenau where the dreaded selections were carried out on the ramp and where the sophisticated and camouflaged gas chambers laid in waiting. Birkenau, much larger than Auschwitz I, housed the most prisoners and included areas for women and Gypsies.
On 2 August 1934, Hindenburg died. The previous day, the cabinet had enacted the "Law Concerning the Highest State Office of the Reich", which stated that upon Hindenburg's death the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor.[39] Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler ("Leader and Chancellor") – although eventually Reichskanzler was dropped.[40] Germany was now a totalitarian state with Hitler at its head.[41] As head of state, Hitler became Supreme Commander of the armed forces. The new law provided an altered loyalty oath for servicemen so that they affirmed loyalty to Hitler personally rather than the office of supreme commander or the state.[42] On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 90 percent of the electorate in a plebiscite.[43]
Jewish civil servants lost their jobs in 1933, except for those who had seen military service in World War I. Members of the NSDAP or party supporters were appointed in their place.[201] As part of the process of Gleichschaltung, the Reich Local Government Law of 1935 abolished local elections, and mayors were appointed by the Ministry of the Interior.[202]
The concentration camps increasingly became sites where the SS authorities could kill targeted groups of real or perceived enemies of Nazi Germany. They also came to serve as holding centers for a rapidly growing pool of forced laborers used for SS construction projects, SS-commissioned extractive industrial sites, and, by 1942, the production of armaments, weapons, and related goods for the German war effort.
The first concentration camps in Germany were established soon after Hitler's appointment as chancellor in January 1933. In the weeks after the Nazis came to power, The SA (Sturmabteilungen; commonly known as Storm Troopers), the SS (Schutzstaffel; Protection Squadrons—the elite guard of the Nazi party), the police, and local civilian authorities organized numerous detention camps to incarcerate real and perceived political opponents of Nazi policy.
From the mid- to late 1930s, Hitler undermined the postwar international order step by step. He withdrew Germany from the League of Nations in 1933, rebuilt German armed forces beyond what was permitted by the Treaty of Versailles, reoccupied the German Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938 and invaded Czechoslovakia in 1939. When Nazi Germany moved toward Poland, Great Britain and France countered further aggression by guaranteeing Polish security. Nevertheless, Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. Six years of Nazi Party foreign policy had ignited World War II.
^ Hitler stated: "Today our left-wing politicians in particular are constantly insisting that their craven-hearted and obsequious foreign policy necessarily results from the disarmament of Germany, whereas the truth is that this is the policy of traitors […] But the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms." Adolf Hitler. Mein Kampf. Bottom of the Hill Publishing, 2010. p. 287.
The SS gained its independence from the SA in July 1934, in the wake of the Röhm purge. Hitler then authorized SS leader Heinrich Himmler to centralize the administration of the concentration camps and formalize them into a system. Himmler chose SS Lieutenant General Theodor Eicke for this task. Eicke had been the commandant of the SS concentration camp at Dachau since June 1933. Himmler appointed him Inspector of Concentration Camps, a new section of the SS subordinate to the SS Main Office.
Realistically, the Polish government and the proponents of preserving Auschwitz are not about to abandon the place, but at times during my visit I had some appreciation for van Pelt's perspective. I arrived on the September day the camp counted its millionth visitor of the year. Cellphone-wielding visitors snapped pictures of the sign at the main gate, Arbeit Macht Frei (Work Will Set You Free). Tour group members wearing headphones stood shoulder to shoulder with their guides speaking into wireless microphones.
During the next two months, some fifty thousand people were arrested on this basis, in what turned into a "frenzy" of political purges and score-settling. In the legal murk of the early Nazi regime, it was unclear who had the power to make such arrests, and so it was claimed by everyone: national, state, and local officials, police and civilians, Party leaders. "Everybody is arresting everybody," a Nazi official complained in the summer of 1933. "Everybody threatens everybody with Dachau." As this suggests, it was already clear that the most notorious and frightening destination for political detainees was the concentration camp built by Himmler at Dachau, in Bavaria. The prisoners were originally housed in an old munitions factory, but soon Himmler constructed a "model camp," the architecture and organization of which provided the pattern for most of the later K.L. The camp was guarded not by police but by members of the S.S.—a Nazi Party entity rather than a state force.
Next to physical labor, military drill played an important part, especially for the older men. Still to-day I can hear the command: 'Eyes right! Eyes front!' The drill consisted mainly of marching in large formations and in turns and practising the salute—a quick removal of the cap. Those who did not greet a passing S.S. man with this procedure laid themselves open to severe punishment. A sixty-five-year-old lawyer, who in spite of glasses could see very little, did not salute a passing 'superior officer,' and was struck so that his glasses were broken. His excuse that he was extremely nearsighted was answered with curses.
Towards the war's end, in an effort to remove all traces of the crimes they had committed, the SS began to dismantle and raze the gas chambers, crematoria, and other buildings, as well as burning documents. Prisoners capable of moving were forced into death marches to other remaining areas of the Third Reich. Those who remained behind in the camp were liberated by Red Army soldiers on 27 January 1945. An estimated 1.3 million Jews, Poles, Soviet POWs, Roma, homosexuals, and Jehovah's Witnesses had been murdered within the camps by the time of liberation.
The women's concentration camp (Frauenkonzentrationslager or FKL) was established in August 1942, in 15 brick and 15 wooden barracks in sector BIa (Bauabschnitt Ia) in Auschwitz II, when 13,000 women were transferred from Auschwitz I. The camp was later extended into sector BIb, and by October 1943 it held 32,066 women. Conditions in the camp were so poor that, in October 1942, when a group of male prisoners arrived to set up an infirmary, their first task, according to researchers from the Auschwitz museum, was to distinguish the corpses from the women who were still alive.[123] Gisella Perl, a Romanian-Jewish gynecologist and inmate of the women's camp, wrote in 1948:
In his new book, "Berlin, 1933," Daniel Schneidermann, a French media critic and the founder of Arrêt sur Images, a French analogue to Media Matters for America, examines the work of American, British, and French correspondents posted in Berlin in the nineteen-thirties, to investigate how acutely the foreign press understood the threat of Nazism. This genre of comparison can be ahistorical and logically flawed. In 2016, as the laughter of Trump's Presidential campaign gave way to incredulity over its triumph, archival searches from the twenties and thirties came into vogue. A Vox headline in March, 2016, proclaimed, "The New York Times' first article about Hitler's rise is absolutely stunning," and American pundits, on both the left and right, were making highly imperfect analogies to the rise of fascism. But Schneidermann's book (published in French) isn't trying to make a one-to-one argument; rather, he takes up the question of reporters covering a new political reality in the face of their own uncertainty. The result is a kind of meta-history of the nineteen-thirties, recounting the rise of Hitler through the manner in which newspapers chose to convey each successive event, and how those choices affected popular understanding outside Germany at the time.
In Birkenau, which was built anew on the site of a displaced village, only a small number of historic buildings have survived. Due to the method used in constructing those buildings, planned as temporary structures and erected in a hurry using demolition materials, the natural degradation processes have been accelerating. All efforts are nevertheless being taken to preserve them, strengthen their original fabric and protect them from decay.
Primary and secondary education focused on racial biology, population policy, culture, geography, and physical fitness.[357] The curriculum in most subjects, including biology, geography, and even arithmetic, was altered to change the focus to race.[358] Military education became the central component of physical education, and education in physics was oriented toward subjects with military applications, such as ballistics and aerodynamics.[359][360] Students were required to watch all films prepared by the school division of the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda.[355]
Beginning a pattern that became typical after the war began, economic considerations had an increasing impact on the selection of sites for concentration camps after 1937. For instance, Mauthausen and Flossenbürg were located near large stone quarries. Likewise, concentration camp authorities increasingly diverted prisoners from meaningless, backbreaking labor to still backbreaking and dangerous labor in extractive industries, such as stone quarries and coal mines, and construction labor.
Both national carrier PKP Intercity and regional line PolRegio provide rail service to Oświęcim station, with a travel time usually of an hour and 45 minutes from Kraków, and fifty minutes from Katowice. A bus can then be caught to Auschwitz I where the state museum is located (as there is a bus stop in front of the railway station), or you can walk there (approx 1.5 km) in about 20-25 minutes. If visitors decide to walk, leave the station, turn immediately right, and follow ul. Wyzwolenia for five minutes. At the first roundabout, follow the signs to the Muzeum Auschwitz, and turn left on ul. Stanisławy Leszczyńskiej.
Uniquely at Auschwitz, prisoners were tattooed with a serial number, on their left breast for Soviet prisoners of war[97] and on the left arm for civilians.[98] Categories of prisoner were distinguishable by triangular pieces of cloth (German: Winkel) sewn onto on their jackets below their prisoner number. Political prisoners (Schutzhäftlinge or Sch), mostly Poles, had a red triangle, while criminals (Berufsverbrecher or BV) were mostly German and wore green. Asocial prisoners (Asoziale or Aso), which included vagrants, prostitutes and the Roma, wore black. Purple was for Jehovah's Witnesses (Internationale Bibelforscher-Vereinigung or IBV)'s and pink for gay men, who were mostly German.[99] An estimated 5,000–15,000 gay men prosecuted under German Penal Code Section 175 (proscribing sexual acts between men) were detained in concentration camps, of which an unknown number were sent to Auschwitz.[100] Jews wore a yellow badge, the shape of the Star of David, overlaid by a second triangle if they also belonged to a second category. The nationality of the inmate was indicated by a letter stitched onto the cloth. A racial hierarchy existed, with German prisoners at the top. Next were non-Jewish prisoners from other countries. Jewish prisoners were at the bottom.[101]
I won't be going back to Auschwitz again after this visit. So it's my last chance to make sure this tragedy is not forgotten. I found out only about a week before I was due to leave that I will be one of two survivors who will be part of the US presidential delegation, headed by the secretary of the treasury, Jack Lew, and I feel very honoured, but it has much to do with the fact that many others who could go are ill and unable to travel.
Influenced by the Völkisch movement, the regime was against cultural modernism and supported the development of an extensive military at the expense of intellectualism.[8][187] Creativity and art were stifled, except where they could serve as propaganda media.[188] The party used symbols such as the Blood Flag and rituals such as the Nazi Party rallies to foster unity and bolster the regime's popularity.[189]
Auschwitz II, located in the village of Birkenau, or Brzezinka, just outside Oświęcim, was constructed in 1941 on the order of Heinrich Himmler (1900-45), commander of the "Schutzstaffel" (or Select Guard/Protection Squad, more commonly known as the SS), which operated all Nazi concentration camps and death camps. Birkenau, the biggest of the Auschwitz facilities, could hold some 90,000 prisoners. It also housed a group of bathhouses where countless people were gassed to death, and crematory ovens where bodies were burned. The majority of Auschwitz victims died at Birkenau.More than 40 smaller facilities, called subcamps, dotted the landscape and served as slave-labor camps. The largest of these subcamps, Monowitz, also known as Auschwitz III, began operating in 1942 and housed some 10,000 prisoners.
Disfigured by a brutal beating, Frank rarely granted interviews; her later work, "The Return," describes how her father did not recognize her upon their reunion in 1945. "The House Behind" was searing and accusatory: The family's initial hiding place, mundane and literal in the first section, is revealed in the second part to be a metaphor for European civilization, whose facade of high culture concealed a demonic evil. "Every flat, every house, every office building in every city," she wrote, "they all have a House Behind." The book drew respectful reviews, but sold few copies.
As we read the diary we see how much potential was lost not only in Anne but in her entire family. Anne Frank was an intelligent and well-read young woman who studied multiple languages and had an analytical mind. I believe we lost a shining beacon of women's intelligence when she died. She was an emerging feminist, activist, and writer! I think she would have been an amazing woman who would have gone on to do great things. All that potential was lost millions of times over during WWII, and this is what we feel deep in our hearts upon closing the book.
Hitler's first DAP speech was held in the Hofbräukeller on 16 October 1919. He was the second speaker of the evening, and spoke to 111 people.[43] Hitler later declared that this was when he realised he could really "make a good speech".[30] At first, Hitler spoke only to relatively small groups, but his considerable oratory and propaganda skills were appreciated by the party leadership. With the support of Anton Drexler, Hitler became chief of propaganda for the party in early 1920.[44] Hitler began to make the party more public, and organised its biggest meeting yet of 2,000 people on 24 February 1920 in the Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München. Such was the significance of this particular move in publicity that Karl Harrer resigned from the party in disagreement.[45] It was in this speech that Hitler enunciated the twenty-five points of the German Workers' Party manifesto that had been drawn up by Drexler, Feder and himself.[46] Through these points he gave the organisation a much bolder stratagem[44] with a clear foreign policy (abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, a Greater Germany, Eastern expansion and exclusion of Jews from citizenship) and among his specific points were: confiscation of war profits, abolition of unearned incomes, the State to share profits of land and land for national needs to be taken away without compensation.[47] In general, the manifesto was antisemitic, anti-capitalist, anti-democratic, anti-Marxist and anti-liberal.[48] To increase its appeal to larger segments of the population, on the same day as Hitler's Hofbräuhaus speech on 24 February 1920, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ("National Socialist German Workers' Party", or Nazi Party).[49][50] The word "Socialist" was added by the party's executive committee, over Hitler's objections, in order to help appeal to left-wing workers.[51]
Successive Reichsstatthalter decrees between 1933 and 1935 abolished the existing Länder (constituent states) of Germany and replaced them with new administrative divisions, the Gaue, governed by NSDAP leaders (Gauleiters).[199] The change was never fully implemented, as the Länder were still used as administrative divisions for some government departments such as education. This led to a bureaucratic tangle of overlapping jurisdictions and responsibilities typical of the administrative style of the Nazi regime.[200]
Remarkably, there were instances of individual resistance and collective efforts at fighting back inside Auschwitz. Poles, Communists and other national groups established networks in the main camp. A few Jews escaped from Birkenau, and there were recorded assaults on Nazi guards even at the entrance to the gas chambers. The 'Sonderkommando' revolt in October 1944 was the extraordinary example of physical resistance.
All of their clothes and any remaining personal belongings were taken from them and their hair was shorn completely off. They were given striped prison outfits and a pair of shoes, all of which were usually the wrong size. They were then registered, had their arms tattooed with a number, and transferred to one of Auschwitz's camps for forced labor.
The metaphor of war encouraged the inhumanity of the S.S. officers, which they called toughness; licensed physical violence against prisoners; and accounted for the military discipline that made everyday life in the K.L. unbearable. Particularly hated was the roll call, or Appell, which forced inmates to wake before dawn and stand outside, in all weather, to be counted and recounted. The process could go on for hours, Wachsmann writes, during which the S.S. guards were constantly on the move, punishing "infractions such as poor posture and dirty shoes."
The diary has been praised for its literary merits. Commenting on Anne Frank's writing style, the dramatist Meyer Levin commended Frank for "sustaining the tension of a well-constructed novel",[78] and was so impressed by the quality of her work that he collaborated with Otto Frank on a dramatization of the diary shortly after its publication.[79] Levin became obsessed with Anne Frank, which he wrote about in his autobiography The Obsession. The poet John Berryman called the book a unique depiction, not merely of adolescence but of the "conversion of a child into a person as it is happening in a precise, confident, economical style stunning in its honesty".[80]
Anne Frank was born Anneliese Marie Frank in Frankfurt, Germany, on June 12, 1929, to Edith Hollander Frank (1900-45) and Otto Frank (1889-1980), a prosperous businessman. Less than four years later, in January 1933, Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany and he and his Nazi government instituted a series of measures aimed at persecuting Germany's Jewish citizens.
Nazi in the extended sense of "a fanatical or domineering person" has existed at least since 1980 and parallels the use of the word police in the language police/the grammar police . Though this usage of Nazi is usually intended as jocular, it implies being intolerant of other people's views and practices. And many people consider any extended use of the word Nazi to be offensive, in that it trivializes the terrible crimes of the German Nazis.
"The problem is," Schneidermann told me, "there weren't any journalists with enough credibility to tell what was really happening in Germany without being suspected of being biased or taking sides." It was in part the Times' quest for credibility with its public—meaning, Schneidermann says, not seeming like "a 'Jewish newspaper' or a 'Communist newspaper' "—that prevented it from attaining the decibel level that we would now consider appropriate. "Activist journalism," Schneidermann writes, "journalism that subordinates the quest for truth to the quest for a truth that is useful to its cause, is the only journalism that, today, doesn't have to feel ashamed about what it produced. . . . Everything reasonable, scrupulous, balanced, in my opinion, contributed to lulling the crowd to sleep." But, he continues, "If I'd been a reader at the time, I probably would have quickly stopped reading after a few days, dissuaded by the bludgeoning."
The Frank sisters each hoped to return to school as soon as they were able, and continued with their studies while in hiding. Margot took a shorthand course by correspondence in Bep Voskuijl's name and received high marks. Most of Anne's time was spent reading and studying, and she regularly wrote and edited her diary entries. In addition to providing a narrative of events as they occurred, she wrote about her feelings, beliefs, and ambitions, subjects she felt she could not discuss with anyone. As her confidence in her writing grew, and as she began to mature, she wrote of more abstract subjects such as her belief in God, and how she defined human nature.[35]
On 2 July 1947, the Polish government passed a law establishing a state memorial to remember "the martyrdom of the Polish nation and other nations in Oswiecim".[285] The museum established its exhibits at Auschwitz I; after the war, the barracks in Auschwitz II-Birkenau had been mostly dismantled and moved to Warsaw to be used on building sites. Dwork and van Pelt write that, in addition, Auschwitz I played a more central role in the persecution of the Polish people, in opposition to the importance of Auschwitz II to the Jews, including Polish Jews.[286] An exhibition opened in Auschwitz I in 1955, displaying prisoner mug shots; hair, suitcases, and shoes taken from murdered prisoners; canisters of Zyklon B pellets; and other objects related to the killings.[287] UNESCO added the camp to its list of World Heritage Sites in 1979.[288] All the museum's directors were, until 1990, former Auschwitz prisoners. Visitors to the site have increased from 492,500 in 2001, to over one million in 2009,[289] to two million in 2016.[290]
Nazism's racial policy positions may have developed from the views of important biologists of the 19th century, including French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, through Ernst Haeckel's idealist version of Lamarckism and the father of genetics, German botanist Gregor Mendel.[101] However, Haeckel's works were later condemned and banned from bookshops and libraries by the Nazis as inappropriate for "National-Socialist formation and education in the Third Reich". This may have been because of his "monist" atheistic, materialist philosophy, which the Nazis disliked.[102] Unlike Darwinian theory, Lamarckian theory officially ranked races in a hierarchy of evolution from apes while Darwinian theory did not grade races in a hierarchy of higher or lower evolution from apes, but simply stated that all humans as a whole had progressed in their evolution from apes.[101] Many Lamarckians viewed "lower" races as having been exposed to debilitating conditions for too long for any significant "improvement" of their condition to take place in the near future.[103] Haeckel utilised Lamarckian theory to describe the existence of interracial struggle and put races on a hierarchy of evolution, ranging from wholly human to subhuman.[101]
In Germany the words 'protective custody' have a double meaning. Originally the term meant the incarceration of people who were threatened by others and who were guarded for their own safety so that they might be protected from their enemies. Now, however, men in protective custody are mostly those who are brought, for the 'protection of the people and the State,' into a concentration camp without hearing, without court sentence, without the possibility of redress, and for an indefinite time. Frequently people sentenced by a court are taken into protective custody by the Gestapo after serving their prison sentence, often directly from the prison gate. Such, for example, was the fate of Pastor Niemöller, who, after being released from prison, was taken into the camp Sachsenhausen near Oranienburg, the camp with which we shall be concerned here. He is in solitary confinement there, and I never saw him.
Frank soon found the traction to publish Margot, a novel that imagined her sister living the life she once dreamed of, as a midwife in the Galilee. A surreal work that breaks the boundaries between novel and memoir, and leaves ambiguous which of its characters are dead or alive, Margot became wildly popular in Israel. Its English translation allowed Frank to find a small but appreciative audience in the United States.
Turkey: For much of its modern history, Turkey has pursued a policy of forced assimilation towards its minority peoples; this policy is particularly stringent in the case of the Kurds—until recently referred to as the "mountain Turks"—who make up 20 percent of the total population. The policy has included forced population transfers; a ban on use of the Kurdish language, costume, music, festivals, and names; and extreme repression of any attempt at resistance. Large revolts were suppressed in 1925, 1930, and 1938, and the repression escalated with the formation of the PKK as a national liberation party, resulting in civil war in the Kurdish region from 1984 to 1999.
I recall the time in Auschwitz as single moments, short encounters, smells. We tried to distract ourselves from the reality of it by trying to recall our home lives in what turned into a game of momentary escapism. Quietly, the children would huddle together and ask each other: "What will you have for breakfast?" And I remember saying: "Maybe an egg or a piece of bread and butter," and tried to conjure up memories of home.
Following Operation Barbarossa, the Soviet Union was also plundered. In 1943 alone, 9,000,000 tons of cereals, 2,000,000 tonnes (2,000,000 long tons; 2,200,000 short tons) of fodder, 3,000,000 tonnes (3,000,000 long tons; 3,300,000 short tons) of potatoes, and 662,000 tonnes (652,000 long tons; 730,000 short tons) of meats were sent back to Germany. During the course of the German occupation, some 12 million pigs and 13 million sheep were taken. The value of this plunder is estimated at 4 billion Reichsmarks. This relatively low number in comparison to the occupied nations of Western Europe can be attributed to the devastating fighting on the Eastern Front.[297]
^ Scholarship for Martin Luther's 1543 treatise, On the Jews and their Lies, exercising influence on Germany's attitude: * Wallmann, Johannes. "The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century", Lutheran Quarterly, n.s. 1 (Spring 1987) 1:72–97. Wallmann writes: "The assertion that Luther's expressions of anti-Jewish sentiment have been of major and persistent influence in the centuries after the Reformation, and that there exists a continuity between Protestant anti-Judaism and modern racially oriented anti-Semitism, is at present wide-spread in the literature; since the Second World War it has understandably become the prevailing opinion." * Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006; see chapter 4 "The Germanies from Luther to Hitler", pp. 105–151. * Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Hillerbrand writes: "[H]is strident pronouncements against the Jews, especially toward the end of his life, have raised the question of whether Luther significantly encouraged the development of German anti-Semitism. Although many scholars have taken this view, this perspective puts far too much emphasis on Luther and not enough on the larger peculiarities of German history."
On August 4, 1944, the Gestapo (German Secret State Police) discovered the hiding place. It has been long thought that the authorities acted after being tipped off by an anonymous Dutch caller. But a more recent theory is that the German SD discovered the hiding place by chance, while investigating reports that illegal work and fraud with ration coupons were occurring at the house.
National Socialist politics was based on competition and struggle as its organizing principle, and the Nazis believed that "human life consisted of eternal struggle and competition and derived its meaning from struggle and competition."[167] The Nazis saw this eternal struggle in military terms, and advocated a society organized like an army in order to achieve success. They promoted the idea of a national-racial "people's community" (Volksgemeinschaft) in order to accomplish "the efficient prosecution of the struggle against other peoples and states."[168] Like an army, the Volksgemeinschaft was meant to consist of a hierarchy of ranks or classes of people, some commanding and others obeying, all working together for a common goal.[168] This concept was rooted in the writings of 19th century völkisch authors who glorified medieval German society, viewing it as a "community rooted in the land and bound together by custom and tradition," in which there was neither class conflict nor selfish individualism.[169]
On 25 November 1947, the Auschwitz trial began in Kraków, when Poland's Supreme National Tribunal brought to court 40 former Auschwitz staff. The trial's defendants included commandant Arthur Liebehenschel, women's camp leader Maria Mandel, and camp leader Hans Aumeier. The trials ended on 22 December 1947, with 23 death sentences, 7 life sentences, and 9 prison sentences ranging from three to fifteen years. Hans Münch, an SS doctor who had several former prisoners testify on his behalf, was the only person to be acquitted.[268]
I married a Polish Jew and we settled in Germany, the "Täterland" – the land of the perpetrator – after being forced out of Czechoslovakia after the collapse of the Prague Spring in 1968. It does sometimes feel like a strange decision to live in Germany because the Holocaust is just so omnipresent here and there is a growing antisemitism that scares me, especially when you feel it in Germany, of all places, which is why I always repeat what Primo Levi wrote: "What happened can happen again."
The Auschwitz Memorial and Museum is easily navigated on foot. There is a free shuttle bus between the Auschwitz I and Birkenau sites, leaving every half hour at the top of the hour from Auschwitz I to Birkenau, and going the opposite way every 15 minutes of the hour at half hourly intervals. Please check the timetable at the bus stop as intervals and shuttle operation hours may change depending on the season, or you can walk the two miles between the camps. If you've just missed a bus, a taxi between the sites will cost about 15PLN.
Losses continued to mount after Stalingrad, leading to a sharp reduction in the popularity of the Nazi Party and deteriorating morale. [127] Soviet forces continued to push westward after the failed German offensive at the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. By the end of 1943 the Germans had lost most of their eastern territorial gains.[128] In Egypt, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps were defeated by British forces under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery in October 1942.[129] The Allies landed in Sicily in July 1943 and in Italy in September.[130] Meanwhile, American and British bomber fleets based in Britain began operations against Germany. Many sorties were intentionally given civilian targets in an effort to destroy German morale.[131] German aircraft production could not keep pace with losses, and without air cover the Allied bombing campaign became even more devastating. By targeting oil refineries and factories, they crippled the German war effort by late 1944.[132]
Victor Kugler, Johannes Kleiman, Miep Gies, and Bep Voskuijl were the only employees who knew of the people in hiding. Along with Gies' husband Jan Gies and Voskuijl's father Johannes Hendrik Voskuijl, they were the "helpers" for the duration of their confinement. The only connection between the outside world and the occupants of the house, they kept the occupants informed of war news and political developments. They catered to all of their needs, ensured their safety, and supplied them with food, a task that grew more difficult with the passage of time. Frank wrote of their dedication and of their efforts to boost morale within the household during the most dangerous of times. All were aware that, if caught, they could face the death penalty for sheltering Jews.[25]
Nazi Germany had a strong anti-tobacco movement, as pioneering research by Franz H. Müller in 1939 demonstrated a causal link between smoking and lung cancer.[389] The Reich Health Office took measures to try to limit smoking, including producing lectures and pamphlets.[390] Smoking was banned in many workplaces, on trains, and among on-duty members of the military.[391] Government agencies also worked to control other carcinogenic substances such as asbestos and pesticides.[392] As part of a general public health campaign, water supplies were cleaned up, lead and mercury were removed from consumer products, and women were urged to undergo regular screenings for breast cancer.[393]
The fate of the Frank family and other Jews in Amsterdam was wrapped up with the German occupation of the city, which began in May 1940. In July 1942, German authorities and their Dutch collaborators began to concentrate Jews from throughout the Netherlands at Westerbork, a transit camp near the Dutch town of Assen, not far from the German border. From Westerbork, German officials deported the Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau and Sobibor killing centers in German-occupied Poland.
On 31 July 1941 Hermann Göring gave written authorization to SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, Chief of the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA), to prepare and submit a plan for a "total solution of the Jewish question" in territories under German control and to coordinate the participation of all involved government organisations.[33] The resulting Generalplan Ost (General Plan for the East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered.[34]


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The LabVIEW Advanced Signal Processing Toolkit is a suite of software tools, example programs, and utilities for time-frequency analysis, time-series analysis, . The LabVIEW Advanced Signal Processing Toolkit is a suite of software tools, example programs, and utilities for time-frequency analysis, time-series analysis, and wavelets. It also includes a full version of the LabVIEW Digital Filter Design Toolkit, which is also available separately. Use the System Identification VIs to preprocess raw data from a dynamic system and develop a model that reflects the behavior of that system. You can analyze the response of a dynamic system to a certain stimulus.
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Tampa Photography Museum About Us Which New Museum Photographer Should You Go to if You're Looking for New Art?
Which New Museum Photographer Should You Go to if You're Looking for New Art?
The New Museum Photography Museum, which opened on the grounds of the Museum of Modern Art in Washington D.C., is a collection of photos and video from the museum's collection, which includes works from artists such as Robert Rauschenberg, Peter Falk, and Richard Serra.
These include photos taken at the museum by a crew of six, which include the New Museum's photography director, Sarah Bader, and a series of other photographers.
The team also included the New School's Art and Design professor, James Gatto, as well as a series that includes artists such a Robert Rausschenberg and Peter Falk.
The exhibition, which opens on March 14, has been curated by photographer Alex Fischel and features art and photography from artists from across the arts, including the American Institute of Architects, the National Gallery of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, and the Smithsonian.
The museum is open through April 14, and its website has more info about its collection.
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Have you ever been described as a great listener? Would this describe you? Are you the person that keeps saying "Sorry, what did you say?" I was prompted to think about listening in the past few month because I was working on some business projects which required deep levels of listening on my part to get results needed for a team and a client's business.
I put myself up to the challenge of really noticing how well I was listening while also taking in how other people listen in a conversation, so I could learn from them. In coaching, the most powerful tool we can use is listening, and listening in an active and fully present way. No matter where we are in our professional life, nothing gets achieved without listening. Mis-communication is often created by under-developed listening skills. People make assumptions based on what they thought they heard. The next thing, you are sitting in a reality far removed from the actual facts. Here are some thoughts on what listening can do for you, if you take up the 30-day challenge.
We cannot be listening to the inside and the outside at the same time. There is a distinction between practicing self-listening and other-listening. When you are self-listening, you are consciously following every thought and word you speak, and ensuring that it fits with those you are addressing, the environment and context. You are noticing how congruent you are with what you are saying. So if somebody asks you, "What did you say?" you can repeat it, instead of realising that you can't actually remember. Being present to your own words and thoughts will keep your self-listening levels high. And it helps in negotiations to know exactly what you said throughout the discussions.
When you are other-listening, you are tracking for understanding of others, without comment, you are turning down the inner dialogue and literally hearing every word and idea being said. Distracted listening will show up where you need to repeatedly utter"Huh, What?" or a variation of this. You will look distracted, moving or fidgeting if you are thinking about what you are going to say next. This will be picked up as not being fully present to other person and will certainly affect the communication. This is a very common habit, particularly where there is a tempting smartphone near by to pick up and check. Listening deeply to the words, tone and gestures of others will give you a wealth of unspoken valuable insight into their way of working and help build a quality relationship with them. Don't miss out on the cues to tell you how the conversation is going.
Have you ever been in a conversation where somebody completely paraphrases what you just said? They don't use the words you used and may even have turned what you said upside down. How did you feel? I've seen one incident where it was definitely not what the person said at all. It started a whole argument because one person was just making up what they heard. Putting words in people's mouths does very little to build relationships.
This is called inferred listening, where we put our own spin on what we hear, usually for our own benefit. Literally listening to every word will never get you into trouble. It allows you to take what you heard and bring clear clean responses to your conversation. If you need to relate what they said, your literal listening will allow you to use their words in a clean way, rather than paraphrasing and inviting misunderstanding and, at worst, distance between people.
Whenever a person feels that you are listening and hearing them, you are actually including them. As far out from your own view as they may be, it is always a good practice to listen and then consider what they are saying. Listening to others is about receiving who they are, their contribution, ideas and points of view. Getting a reputation for poor listening will tend to alienate others and when you really need these people on your side, they may not be around. "They never listen anyway" is a good indication that relationships need building. I have heard it in many places I have worked in, and certainly in the parenting zone, it is a common theme.
I noticed that the really great listeners are fully present in how they hold themselves. They are still, calm, nodding, and really seeking to understand. It comes back to one of the Steven Covey's Seven Habits, Seek first to Understand. If you develop your skill of really listening, and recalling exactly through literal listening you will find people warm to you more readily. Over the years I have worked to develop skills in tracking what people said in earlier coaching conversations and so I can bring it into relevance where appropriate. It is an invaluable skill to have.
I recently had a conversation with a friend about learning styles in school children. A child who has only one channel switched on will struggle more in the classroom. This can often translate into poor academic performance. Seeing, hearing and doing is how we learn best. Listening and hearing is how we understand. A great way to develop your recall from listening is to close your eyes, listen to a dialogue and see how much you can remember verbatim.
Listening is not just confined to the spoken word and daily conversations: consider how you "listen" to the messages in emails and social media posts. Are you listening with your inner ear and asking what the intention of the message was or are you assuming a meaning that is not there? Listening as a communication skill can really take your relationships to another level.
Give yourself a 30-day challenge to see you well you listen. Can you do literal listening, as you stay fully present with the other person, instead of reaching for a distraction, thinking about your next utterance or making up your own interpretations of what somebody means. In the power of listening lies your communication and relationship success. See where you are in 30 days!


Ever wonder how to determine core size in current transformers? The following article by Eric Christensen and George Langer examines the factors related to current transformer cores. Be sure to contact Magnelab at 303-772-9100 for all your current transformer needs.
To determine the correct core for a current transformer (CT) you must first have an understanding of the basic operation. Current transformers (CT's) operate with the same basic principles of standard transformers with a few differences in the design stages. The "primary" winding is generally considered a one turn winding consisting of the conductor passing one time through the center of the transformer. The "secondary" is the winding on the core consisting of "N" turns, therefore the ratio becomes 1:N, which determines the output current of the CT.
When selecting a toroid core for current transformers there are many parameters to consider. For a fast response and an accurate output keep the winding resistance low while making the inductance of the secondary winding high. This can begin with the size of the core. It must be large enough to hold the winding while leaving enough room through the middle for the conductor you are measuring. Generally, the larger the core, the larger wire you can use for the winding, which lowers the resistance of the winding.
Other than ensuring correct core size and secondary wire size for good accuracy and to avoid overheating, burdened current transformers are fairly safe devices that should not pose a safety hazard. In general, the larger the CT the better accuracy and response you can achieve and the biggest hazard you may face is from dropping it on your foot.
To contact the author, Eric Christensen with questions about this blog article, or to order custom Magnelab products, email him at echristensen@magnelab.com or call him at 303-772-9100 extension 126.
i am confused that what will be VT here and how much ?
also what should be flux density for a low voltage CT with 100/5AMP ?
also what will be stacking factor of core?
The VT of a current transformer is determined by the voltage on the output instead of the voltage on the primary. If you have a 5 amp output you will need to determine the load used on the secondary circuit to determine the voltage (V). The frequency of the primary signal determines the rate of change in time (T). These are also the factors used when determining the core cross section needed.


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Ask discovery questions to ascertain their requirements, opportunite, challenges and pain points establishing what they are wanting to achieve, plan your demo accordingly.
To avoid running out of time in your demo, initiate some steps that you can complete during the demo. If you know in advance which areas your client is most interested in looking at, initiate steps in other areas so you have more time to focus on their area of interest during the demo.
Below are suggested steps to complete prior to a demo, you will need to tailor them depending on how you are wanting to run your demo.
Choose candidate who you entered an alias email address for and initiate the 'Pre-employment Documentation Workflow (eSS)'. Complete steps 1.01-3.01, you will save a lot of time if you have already created the Employment Contract. Wait until the demo to send this to the candidate and to complete the other steps.
Commence the Employee Induction Checklist for one of the employees, complete a few steps that will speed you up if your client requests to see this checklist in the demo.
Initiate and complete Perform ace Reviews for some of the employees other than your champion. When you log into OPR as your champion manager, you will then be able to see the different stages.


No words about WOW, the World Of Wearable Art can illuminate and excite as images do. Wow!
Therefore, please watch the slideshow first and our short article just adds useful information about the show and WOW New Zealand.
A yearly costume competition draws artists, designers and crafts people from many corners of the globe to follow the call and submit their creations. Over the years the competition has garnered worldwide recognition and it ends in front of 60,000 fans during runway shows in Wellington, New Zealand.
Fifteen minutes of that high drama event is presented on three video screens at the museum, where many more costumes come to life in a multifaceted and amazingly colorful and fast pace performance piece that turns and tumbles live mannequins, dancers and actors in and out of focus.
Among the 32 works in this exhibition are participants from New Zealand, Mexico, Canada, China, Hong Kong and the USA. They have applied materials such as virgin wool and old tires, aluminum and ceramics, feathers and plastics, wood and cloth, fiberglass and taxidermy, and other unimaginable materials.
Labels describe their very thoughtful symbolism and titles, such as: Beast in the Beauty, by Alaskan carpenter, David Walker, who dedicated his creation to his wife and all who live with cancer. Mengyue Wu with Yuru Ma, and Xiao Tong Guo from China, young designers, are represented with two costumes that point to necessary environmental changes. The titles are Born to Die and Revive.
Among the participants from New Zealand are couture designers of Samoan and Maori heritage, who incorporated cultural expressions in Le Tatau (the Tattoo) and The Exchange, made for a couple that is wearing special Maori leaders clothing. Lighthearted costumes are also exhibited such as Noor Reverie, a play on Moroccan lanterns, by Rebecca Maxwell and American Dream, a sassy car costume deconstructed by Sarah Thomas.
If you can, hurry to experience this 'Fata Morgana' (mirage), before it comes to an end on June 11.
"Thank you for sharing this exciting exhibition!"
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The first video is a 20 minute long bonus video in which Andrew shows us what markets have yielded the best results for himself and his students following the Forever Affiliate method, and which markets and niches to avoid.
In this 18 minute video, Andrew teaches us an easy method for finding niches just as they're becoming popular, so you get a head start and are ready when their popularity booms.
It's quick and takes very little work, and then it will work on it's own without you having to do anything! Why didn't I think of this?! This method even makes use of one of my favorite sites, but I never thought to use it this way!
The 3rd video is 11 minutes long. It's about finding products on Clickbank using a different method than what people usually teach.
I'll have to try this out. I've never promoted Clickbank offers before, because I could never find niches that weren't too competitive using the methods I learned from others.
Andrew also gives us an interesting reason why the products you find using this method are better, other than the lower competition.
This video is just 5 minutes long, and I don't really like this method. It seems to me that it would be very hit or miss, and there are not that many products on this site.
The 5th video is 14 minutes long. In it Andrew teaches us how to find products or niches that a lot of affiliates don't know about.
I love this method! It takes more work and more time, but I think this is where you can find real hidden gems, because most people won't go to the trouble of doing this.
This video is 16 minutes long, and it's actually part 1 of 2. This is a method to use if you don't have a specific niche in mind.
I know the website used in this method – I actually first learned about it from Andrew, but I've never really used it, though I always meant to. Strange how in the years since then, this site has never been mentioned in any other courses I've bought. It's always just Clickbank and Amazon, maybe sometimes Commission Junction and ShareASale.
There are 2 methods in this first video, but there's nothing too special about the first method.
The second method uses the same site, but is much more interesting. Andrew gives us some keywords to search for or keep an eye out for, that might indicate very profitable products.
This video is part 2 of the previous one, and it's 12 minutes long. This method uses the same site as the previous video, but this one is for when you already have a niche in mind.
This video covers 3 different methods. They're so simple, but I don't know if I would have thought of the first and last ones!
It looks like videos 8 and 9 are swapped around. 9 is first, and it's 10 minutes long.
Andrew gives us a website that we can use as a starting place for some potential niches; it's a way to get a head start on certain industries or products that might get a jump in popularity very soon.
It's a very interesting way to find products growing in popularity, and I wouldn't have been able to do this if Andrew hadn't shared this method with us.
Oops, Andrew forgot to do a recap at the end of this video!
Video 8 is 10 minutes long and covers how to find niches and keyword groups that are a bit different to the ones we looked at so far.
Wow, this is a good point! If we don't do this, we could be losing out on very profitable niches. In the example he showed us, we would have thought the searches were 3,000, but they were actually at least 90,000!
This video is also 10 minutes long, and underneath the recording there's a note from Andrew apologizing for the weird sound in this video, he says it only happened on this one. Lol, it sounds like he's talking underwater or through a pipe or something.
I struggled to hear him for the first 2 minutes or so, then either the sound got a bit better or I just got used to it. It still sounded weird but I could hear what he was saying much more easily.
Hmm this is good to know. I'll check this out, and maybe I'll switch my Amazon sites to this method.
Underneath the videos, they have a bonus pack of pre-researched niches available for us to download. The pack contains 20 niches, each with keywords, monthly searches, competition, and affiliate program to use.
I don't know if I'll use one of these, they might get too difficult if a bunch of Forever Affiliate customers all use them. But maybe everyone is thinking the same thing and nobody ends up using them! A lot of people also buy courses and don't implement them, so maybe I'll consider it, but I want to try some of these methods that I learned first to see if I can find my own niche. It's almost 2am again though, so it will have to wait until tomorrow after work.
This last section of phase 1 was over 2 hours long, and I learned lots of great methods for looking for keywords. There were a couple I didn't like so much, but they were balanced out by the ones that I thought were really good.
I think I forgot to mention that there are transcripts under each video. However, I think you really have to watch the videos to fully understand what Andrew is doing.
2. He says that his method is designed to be hands free from day one (I may be paraphrasing a bit here but I think this is the gist of what he said) . Does he deliver on his promise?
3. Does his method differ from the usual comment links, forum links, press releases and the various other generic types of links that are way too tedious to be done on a daily basis (and for multiple sites to boot!) ? You have already said that his strategy does not involve autoblogging, SENuke etc. which is definitely good in my opinion.
4. Does he recommend any software at all to keep the site ranking?
Hi Krishna, thanks for your comment! I've also been wondering these questions, and I will get back to you as soon as I find out the answers.
I live in Italy and my (late) lunch break is just ending now, so it'll still be a few hours before I can get the OTO. You can read a detailed description of what's included in part 2 of the review (linked below). Once I get the OTO (actually the second OTO, the first one is too expensive for me right now), I will review that too.
If you're undecided whether to get the course, you could always just keep following my review and decide later. I'm going to review the complete course and also post updates once I have implemented everything and enough time has passed to see results. After the first 9 days the price will go up by $30, but it might be worth waiting for piece of mind.
However, if you're interested in getting the OTO, you probably shouldn't wait too long because it's limited to 300 places, and I read that they expect to sell out within the first 6 days.
It's remarkable how similar our stories are, except in reverse! I live in South Africa, but all my family's in Italy. Weird!


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Shane Staggs
CAGED: Solitary confinement – an inmate's perspective
'This is a lonely place,' Shane Staggs writes from his one-man cell at Oregon State Penitentiary
by Emily Green | 30 Aug 2017
Shane Staggs wrote about his experience in solitary confinement for Street Roots while he was sitting in the Disciplinary Segregation Unit at Oregon State Penitentiary in March. (His letter has been edited for clarity; the underlines are Staggs'.) This article is part of a Street Roots report on inmates' experience with solitary confinement.
A Solitary Mind
by Shane Staggs
This is a lonely place. As I wander in this state of seclusion, anxiety follows. Panic meets depression, simultaneously, colliding with many other mental and emotional deprivations I need most at this time in order to feel human.
In solitary confinement, the un-requested sounds of keys and muffled radio correspondence have become indicators of time. They mark the nameless hours by which no clock tracks; according to our overseer the warden, inmates deserve no sense of the passing of time.
I shall be content with that only because all else is silent in the sensory deprivations forced upon me by my arrival to the Oregon State Penitentiary's Segregation Unit.
My one-man cell: A bathroom with bars and a bed is where I spend 23 hours and 20 minutes a day by myself. Forty minutes to shower and shave before I must return to my box. Lost in deep thoughts and confused over how I've ended up residing in such a place, I'm in my head a lot. Still a strong mind is the only reason I am able to avoid suicidal contemplation.
I look for answers to my many questions but have yet to find them, I am left to guess, or assume. … Today one of my questions is why I've just read in the Statesman Journal that an ex teacher got sentenced to 180 days in county jail for molesting a child for close to a decade; my mind is left to pray that not only does that man meet with karma for his actions beyond the half year sentence his judge imposed on him, but also that the young man he abused recovers in a way that allows him to enjoy life without fear of seclusion himself.
My next question is why? Why am I serving a full year (365) days in solitary confinement for an unjustified allegation in prison?
I am in constant awe of the Oregon Department of Corrections. This "organization" has no organization. I cannot be convinced otherwise.
Furthermore, is it necessary that every night I am forced to try and fall asleep to the off-beat drumming produced by a mentally unstable schizophrenic?
This cruel and unusual punishment on the other inmates and I is inhumane; worse is that the mentally vulnerable are subject to the same inhumane conditions, tipping that precarious balance that is their instability, while at the same time invading my own sanity, putting me at risk of potentially becoming what I see, what I hear even as this is being wrote and read – an "unstable mind" diagnosed by forces beyond his control.
How does being in his cage away from others help me? How does it aid in rehabilitation? Does it make sense to remove me from general population when I am not threat to others?
The judge in my case has already done the ultimate punishment. If I cannot be involved in a program, or a club, or many other pro-social activities due to non-punitive segregation, how can I succeed? If the testimony of a desperate inmate with a drug problem is all administration needs to put me in a box for a year at a time, despite my achievements in self-help classes, gainful employment and mentorship, you may as well label me a "target." I do. A target not only to the "desperate," but also to the pathological failure who is most envious of my success.
Is it fair to force me to cut ties from my life, to remove a son from his father's reach? Is it healthy to force my shoulder, away leaving no familiar surface for my wife to cry on? Depriving me of life and liberty?
I would like to know why ODOC thinks this kind of treatment is necessary in the slightest fashion.
I feel it is very important to have communication from loved ones while in prison; it is evident that such connections aid in fostering healthy relationships and therefore reduce the risk of recidivism upon a prisoner's transition into society.
This form of "non-punitive" solitude does the exact opposite; indeed, it presents the alternative: Immersement into the deviant lifestyle to which a previous offender is most accustomed.
To be alone is a scary feeling. In a place like this, trusting is hard, and knowing who to trust is even harder.
I chose the former, it is easier to trust no one. Cold, dingy, dark … I feel what I witness. As I get minimal sleep tonight, I'll prepare for tomorrow.
If I can overanalyze just enough to make logical exceptions for my conspiring thoughts … It just might be a good day.
Shane's story
Shane Staggs grew up in Clearwater, Calif., what he describes as "a small dead-end town" in the northern part of the state. He has never met his biological father, and growing up, he rarely saw his mother. She was battling a heroin addiction.
As a kid, he lived under his stepfather's roof, and he was the only multi-racial person in the household – a fact his cousins made sure he was constantly aware of.
Staggs became so accustomed to domestic violence and abuse from his stepfather, he said, that eventually it was the mental anguish that affected him more than the physical pain he endured.
When he was 9, he began stealing his stepdad's weed so he could share it with his friends. He said he got higher from the feeling of finally being accepted than from the THC. But that changed as he got older.
He moved to Eugene as a teenager and began to sell drugs to college students. By age 17, he said, he was pushing large quantities of cocaine, pills and MDMA. He drank and popped pills. Pills graduated to heroin.
"I was smart. I just had zero guidance," he said. "My priorities were all wrong."
It was around this time he began to reconnect with his mother. The two would bond over methadone and OxyContin. He said these were some of his happiest memories.
In his early 20s, he moved to Washougal, Wash., where he shared a four-bedroom home with a friend and his then-girlfriend. He said he had a "legit" painting business and was staying out of trouble, although he was still using drugs.
Then his mother died of a heroin overdose.
In quick succession, Staggs lost everything.
When he got back from his mother's funeral in Colorado, there was an eviction notice on his front door. He headed back to Eugene, where he began selling drugs, forging checks and committing other crimes. During that time, his girlfriend gave birth to his son. As soon as he cut the umbilical cord at the hospital, the state took the boy because the mother had drugs in her system.
Shortly thereafter, his girlfriend was sent to prison. Already spiraling out of control, he felt he had nothing else to lose at that point. Staggs went on a five-day crime spree, kicking down doors and robbing people. The spree escalated to kidnapping when he and his accomplice forced two University of Oregon students and another woman, on separate occasions, to drive around town and make ATM withdrawals.
"I finally got caught," Staggs said. "I can honestly say I am thankful for that."
As Staggs began to detox on the floor of the Lane County jail, he was looking at an indictment for 14 counts of Measure 11 crimes, which carry mandatory minimum sentences. He was soon handed a 17 1/2-year sentence, which he began to serve in 2010.
During Staggs' incarceration, he's been sent to solitary confinement three times – once for four months after a fight, and twice, nearly a year each time, for drugs. Two of those times, he was found guilty based on information gleaned from confidential informants. He maintains his innocence.
• Inmates say staffers are abusing the system and overusing solitary confinement
• Reforms to solitary confinement in Oregon uncertain
• Little recourse for Oregon prisoners
inmates, Caged: Solitary Confinement
Visit our advocacy website
Submit a news tip to the Editor
CAGED: Inmates raise red flags about Oregon's solitary confinement
CAGED: Reforms to solitary confinement in Oregon uncertain
CAGED: Little recourse for Oregon prisoners
Director's Desk: Inmate labor is 'insanity' when worthy programs can do more
Mary Bowers is an inmate's link to the outside world
Read Street Roots' complete report
• Shane's story: Solitary confinement in an inmate's words
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© 2019 Street Roots. All rights reserved. To request permission to reuse content, email editor@streetroots.org.
- Menu -Street Roots News is a publication of Street Roots.Street Roots thanks OMBU Web for their excellent work on this site!© 2019 Street Roots. All rights reserved. To request permission to reuse content, email editor@streetroots.org.


I sure would not want to be traveling through a landscape such as this. I've seen similar images from other areas of the world created by similar forces of nature. Pancake rocks is a very appropriate name for this rock formation.
Mother Nature's creativity never ceases to amaze. Thanks for sharing.
Those sea caves must be enormous, considering their distance. Not a boat in sight.


Good bye tomatoes? No way!
Bitter orange (Citrus Aurantium) is an evergreen bush or a tree reaching up to 10m in height. Its bushes are exceptionally thick and prickly. Its fruit, against expectations, is not completely bitter. It tastes like grapefruit and its juice is bitter and sour. It comes from Southeast Asia and was brought to the Mediterranean Area by Arabs in the 10th century. It has been well known in Croatia for many years and was particularly important before lemons and sweet oranges caught on. It is most popular in South Croatia (Dubrovnik, Korcula, Mljet, Hvar, Vis) where it is still widely cultivated and makes a splendid decoration of many houses thanks to its evergreen leaves. Its skins is exceptionally aromatic and... bitter! In Dalmatia fruit of bitter orange is highly valued and often substitutes for lemon as an addition for tea, seasoning for fish and grilled meat. It is much richer in vitamin C than lemon. As now is a time when fruit of bitter orange is the most juicy, aromatic and bitter there is nothing else to do but get down to making marmalade and drying fruit skins which in the nearest future will be used for brewing another batches of A la Americana!


Check and optimize your instrument settings for DELFIA® assays with our instrument controls.
100 nmol/L Fluorescein standard solution, 50 mL Shipped on blue ice.
Europium standard solution for DELFIA time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) assays.


What are some of the best things you can put on one of these? We like to use different kinds of olives and peppers BUT I'm looking for more ideas. We like having Finger Foods on Christmas Eve.
What are some great seafood chowder recipes?
What are good recipes for finger food?
How do I throw a great coctail party?


The Battle for the Frick: Can Thousands of Garden-Loving Activists Stop a Museum?
On a rainy Wednesday afternoon, I went to meet a man vociferously opposed to the proposed renovations of The Frick Collection, and we met on enemy territory: The Frick Collection.
"This is an institution devoted to connoisseurship that represents the best of Western civilization," said Charles Warren, who goes by Chip, an architect with a pleasant, fussy air about him, complete with pocket square.
The lovers of old buildings are up in arms.
In the spring of 2014, the Frick—on Fifth Avenue, overlooking Central Park, as prime as real estate gets anywhere on earth—announced plans for a 60,000-foot addition, adding six stories to the original design of robber baron Henry Clay Frick's home. The expansion, which digs up a small garden on 70th Street adjacent to the museum, will allow for more gallery space and a performance pavilion.
This desire to grow is hardly shocking considering the Frick's recent success, the smashing blockbuster that was "Vermeer, Rembrandt, and Hals: Masterpieces of Dutch Painting From Mauritshuis"—a show featuring Vermeer's Girl With a Pearl Earring and Fabritius' Goldfinch (which was also on the cover of the year's biggest pseudo-literary airport read)—was seen as a mandate, and the board acted accordingly. No longer would the masses stand in lines curling around the block.
But—as it happened with a widely derided attempt to whizbang up the New York Public Library, or the seething backlash to the Museum of Modern Art's plan to smash the American Folk Art Museum's home to smithereens in pursuit of a spiffier lobby—there was instant, bitter opposition to the building project. Michael Kimmelman at The New York Times went on a rampage rarely seen in the Gray Lady, calling the proposal a "self-inflicted wound" to the city and compared trashing the garden to throwing a Vermeer in front of traffic.
Petitions to stop the expansion popped up on Change.org and Facebook. People who had never even been to the Frick to see its spectacular permanent collection of Vermeer, Rembrandt, Fragonard, etc., were up in arms.
There are sensible reasons to be squirrelly about such a project, way beyond nostalgia and architectural fetish. Several—if not nearly all—recent museum renovation projects have been over-budget and unsuccessful. And this one would be masterminded by Davis Brody Bond, the firm that did the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, which is, to say the least, not considered an unqualified success. And there's a case to be made that no park space whatsoever in Manhattan should ever be surrendered—although, in this instance, Central Park is right across the street. But beyond the specifics of this particular museum or these specific plans, it just seemed to hit a nerve with New Yorkers who just want to stop seeing nice things get screwed up.
My companion for the afternoon, architect Mr. Warren, a former chairman of the neighborhood's Community Board 8, is a member of this scrappy crew of scholars, historians, Upper East Side advocates, aesthetes, bureaucrats, professors, heiresses, philanthropists, artists, gardeners, and descendants of Henry Clay Frick hell-bent on blocking the renovations. Robert A. M. Stern and Maya Lin are just two of the other boldface names picketing the plan, so to speak. The online petition is nearly 4,000 strong, and growing.
On the flip side, the expansion plans have the full support of the board—which includes Blackstone Group CEO Stephen Schwarzman, antiquities collector Barbara Fleischman, and Pemmy du Pont Frick, an heiress to the two fortunes of her name. It also has a fairly straightforward proposal to put in front of the Landmarks Preservation Commission (in late spring, according to a somewhat indeterminate timeline) once it jumps the comparatively low hurdle of Community Board 8 approval.
The Frick has declined repeatedly to present even a ballpark figure for how much the expansion would cost, though opponents, and past history of New York museum renovations, put it comfortably in the millions. The institution's endowment is pretty robust. A representative for the museum's finance department said the endowment in 2015 has scaled $315 million, which is not bad for a museum that usually has a yearly attendance of 300,000. For instance, a MoMA spokesperson told me its endowment hovers around $1 billion, but it gets 2.8 million people through its doors each year. The little museum has money, for sure.
Given that, is there even a chance that the Frick can be saved? Chip Warren and his fellow Unite to Save the Frick members think so.
"And what is the purpose of this 'multipurpose' room" they wish to add?
He's a champion of the idea that the domestic touches of the house remain intact—that it be always the Frick Mansion, a reminder of a time when Fifth Avenue was suburbia for the nation's steel magnates and railroad tycoons and oil barons and little else. He doesn't want it to become like one of those staid institutions built solely for the purpose of hanging art.
"It is a function of the character of the Frick just having been built as a residential place and as a residence—and, also, having Mr. Frick's art in the space connects you on a personal level," said Simeon Bankoff, executive director of the Historic Districts Council and another Unite to Save the Frick supporter.
"I think that there are some really serious reasons why the damage to the Frick—and to the architectural character of the Frick, and to the sense of place in the Frick—should be judged quite strongly by the Landmarks Commission," Mr. Bankoff said.
Much of the protest has focused on the proposed destruction of the Frick's conservatory garden and water lily pond (the much larger, magnolia-filled Fifth Avenue Garden will remain) designed by celeb British garden designer Russell Page. Sometime home to ducks and turtles, it's on the former site of a townhouse torn down in the 1970s. Originally, the space was meant to be a new wing but then, ultimately, because of recession in that decade, it became a garden.
The details of that narrative, though, are contested. The garden was described at the time as "permanent" in press releases, but Frick officials at the press conference for the addition said it was "temporary." And while Frick flacks (which includes a crew from PR czar Howard Rubenstein) now make the argument that this newly proposed renovation will add another rooftop garden—this one open to the public, unlike the Russell Page garden, which is trod upon rarely, usually by fabulously wealthy donors at a gala—Unite to Save the Frick insists the institution is revising history to eliminate a treasured spot.
"We have this New York idea of occupying every single foot possible," Mr. Warren said.
We turned a corner in the Frick's rustic maze and saw through a window a bright flash of green, the verdant carpet of the doomed garden.
Peter Pennoyer, an architect who reps the Upper East Side so hard that he was named ambassador to the Upper East Side by the Friends of the Upper East Side Historic Districts, is also a proud Unite to Save the Frick member.
After strolling through the museum for some time, Mr. Warren walked outside, and stepped before the giant fence that keeps the public from getting into the garden. He put his hands on the iron and looked inside.
Expecting little in the way of a comment from the Frick regarding the thousands-strong coalition singularly focused on defeating them, I reached out to press representatives with a quick note, asking for a statement. But instead of keeping quiet for fear of making things worse, the museum did the opposite. They invited me over for coffee.
And, thinking about it, why wouldn't they? The Frick has a trump card its opponents could never pull: access to the very private, very cherished Frick family quarters on the second floor of the museum, restricted to even the most connected of visitors.
"You've just gotten past the hottest velvet rope on the Upper East Side," said Heidi Rosenau, who works in the press office (and clearly knows how to win me over), guiding me to the living quarters of Henry Clay Frick's family. The steel baron had been a despicably ruthless man in pursuit of fortune—he ousted from Carnegie Steel the man who saved his life after an assassination attempt, owned a shoddy dam that burst and killed over 2,000 Pennsylvanians, and banished his own son to France when he feared a patricidal coup—and the fruits of these methods were on full display.
Iron-wrought curlicues wrapped around the top of the marble stairs, priceless masterpieces dotted the walls, Elsie de Wolfe chinoiserie washed over the ceilings, and at the turn of the heart-stopping staircase was an Aeolian-Skinner organ on which organists would entertain guests from the clans of Whitney, Morgan, Schwab, Carnegie and Vanderbilt.
For 80 years, this has been guarded from the public, opened to the rarefied and very few, and if the renovations are approved, it will rend its velvet rope and let in everyone.
After scooping my jaw off the floor, I followed Ms. Rosenau to Henry Clay Frick's bedroom—or, as she described it, "the place where Henry Clay Frick died," as if his sins of capitalism (and little stunts such as ending a protest by ordering a siege that left 16 people dead on the ground) still linger. It is now a conference room, and awaiting me in it was the Frick's Ian Wardropper.
There were porcelain china coffee cups and porcelain china saucers, so as I sat and sipped some java, Mr. Wardropper clicked through the slideshow on a screen he had installed in Henry Clay Frick's bedroom, explaining why Unite to Save the Frick is misguided and wrong.
Then he started rattling off statistics and snippets from the history, arms gesturing until his wrists would stick far out of his semi-decent fit of a suit. He was trying to make the argument that the new space is desperately needed, and the renovations justified. Here are some of his points. The collection started with 635 works; they now have 1,119. They usually show half of the collection at any given time; they are currently showing 31 percent of it. The upstairs parlor rooms, as grand as any in this city, have to be used, somewhat unthinkably, as offices. The staff and the public can't flow easily through the library and the collection; they have to exit through the main doors and walk to the other side of the block. Wheelchair access is quite limited.
And then he went on to discuss the garden, the vortex of protest, the gem of green so cherished by Unite to Save the Frick, the penny on the track that could derail the train.
And the garden is there for what, exactly?
He floated a theory that the majority of people opposed to the renovations are bleeding-heart Upper East Side lifers, locals who would decry a re-shelving of their go-to corner store. Others are neighbors who would be impacted by construction. As for Unite to Save the Frick, he sees them as a legitimate threat, even if he doesn't seem to grasp the idealism behind the signatures.
Then he got up and began to give me a tour. We walked from Henry Clay Frick's bedroom to the bedroom of his daughter, Helen Clay Frick, then to the bedroom of his wife, Adelaide Childs Frick ("Say what you will about the daughter separating the husband and the wife") and then to what used to be the lady of the house's dressing room.
"So, you have to move out?" I asked.
If his nightmare comes true, and Unite to Save the Frick somehow stops the expansion, at least Mr. Wardropper gets to keep his office. And his view.
To read the full article on the New York Observer's website, click here.


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