text:
Translation, interpreting, and the brain behind it all
During this webinar, that will be held in English, Adolfo García will tell the participants all about the inner workings of cross-linguistic processing.
Mainstream insights on the inner working of translation and interpreting have long been gained through the formal tools of generative-transformational grammar, quantitative psychological approaches, think-aloud protocols, and, more recently, eye-tracking and keylogging technologies.
This bulk of research has greatly contributed to understanding mental processes during translation and interpreting, but it is mostly uninformative about the biological systems in which they are embedded. Neuroscientific research proves crucial to bridge such a gap. The present lecture will provide an overview of the field.
First, Adolfo García will introduce neurocognitive research on translation and interpreting against the backdrop of non-neural approaches. Second, he will overview the principles and key findings of neuropsychological, hemodynamic, electrophysiological, and even brain-invasive studies on these topics. Finally, Adolfo García will discuss the contributions, limitations, and challenges of the field, considering their potential practical implications.
Overall, a claim will be made for the relevance of brain-based research to hone our understanding of translation and interpreting in the twenty-first century.
This lecture's learning objectives are for attendees to
(i) acknowledge neuroscience as a relevant field to understand core aspects of translation and interpreting;
(ii) appraise the field against the backdrop of mainstream research trends;
(iii) understand the basic principles of key methods in the field;
(iv) relate outstanding findings in the field to their own experience; and
(v) develop a critical perspective on the strengths, weaknesses, and challenges of this framework.
Understanding the biological substrates of translation and interpreting allows practitioners, trainees, and trainers to complement their theoretical and applied toolkit with scientific elements that demystify the inner processes involved in both tasks while inviting new conceptualizations key aspects of their work, such as directionality, translation units, and expertise.
In uw KTV-account vindt u drie artikelen in het Engels die u voorafgaand aan het webinar kunt doornemen.
Adolfo García, Ph.D., is an expert in the neuroscience of language, including bilingualism, translation, and intepreting. He serves as Co-Director of the Cognitive Neuroscience Center (Universidad de San Andrés, Argentina), Atlantic Fellow at the Global Brain Health Institute (University of California, San Francisco), Adjunct Researcher at the National Scientific and Technical Research Council (Argentina), Adjunct Professor of Neurolinguistics at the Faculty Education of the National University of Cuyo (Argentina), President of the "Translation, Research, Empiricism, Cognition" (TREC) Network, honorary member of the Center of Cognitive Neuroscience at La Laguna University (Spain), and High-Level Talent appointed by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China. He has received training in cognitive neuroscience, translation, and foreign-language teaching, alongside postdoctoral studies at the Institute of Cognitive Neurology (Argentina) and research stays at New York University and Rice University (United States). He now leads research projects in over ten countries across the globe. Moreover, he serves as Director of the Master's in Language and Cognition, a postgraduate program he created at the National University of Cuyo. His teaching career includes graduate and postgraduate courses in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom and China. He has more than 190 publications, including books, chapters, and papers in leading journals, mainly focused on neurolinguistics and bilingualism. He has offered more than 150 presentations and speeches at international academic meetings and science dissemination events. Moreover, he is the host of the TV show "Of brains and words" and of a radio column titled "Mind and communication." His scientific contributions have been recognized by awards and distinctions from the Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States, the Ibero-American Neuroeducation Society, the Argentine Association of Behavioral Science, the Legislature of the City of Buenos Aires, and the Alzheimer's Association.
Uiterlijk 24 uur voor de start van het webinar ontvangt u een instructiebericht m.b.t. het registreren en inloggen voor het webinar zodat u deze kunt bijwonen. Webinars zijn interactieve presentaties (live), die ondersteund worden door een PowerPoint-presentatie op uw scherm.
Tijdens een livewebinar kunt u schriftelijk vragen stellen aan de spreker.
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1) elk livewebinar volledig volgt of binnen 7 dagen de opname volledig bekijkt; én
2) het evaluatieformulier invult. Het evaluatieformulier bevindt zich in Mijn KTV > Cursussen.
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Om een webinar of opname te kunnen beluisteren/bekijken, heeft u slechts een laptop/computer/tablet met een goede internetverbinding en geluid(sboxen) of een headset nodig.
LET OP: de kortingsactie van 30 euro bij drie inschrijvingen, geldt niet voor webinars.
Datum: 10 feb. 2022


Most characters are lucky to make it out of a Coen Brothers film alive. For laughs, the brothers run their co-stars' dead bodies through wood chippers. For yucks, a guy's hand gets stuck to a window sill with a sharp knife.
It's dark humor, lost on the average moviegoer, I suppose, but usually funny to those who enjoy it. I'm one of them, so I try to see whatever Joel and Ethan throw at us. We're the kind of people who appreciate the comic potential of a 9mm slug between the eyes (look, it's just a movie, all the actors go home without a scratch).
Alas, the "every slit throat is good for a few chuckles" vibe that gave us "Miller's Crossing" and "Fargo" seems dead and buried in "No Country for Old Men." The Coens seem to have lost their sense of humor in regards to the inevitability of death. There's no cheating it, they're telling us, and the harder you try, the more you hurry it along.
Death stalks the scraggly hills of southwest Texas in the human form of Anton Chigurh, a man with one purpose: to return $2 million in drug money to its rightful owners. Killing anybody who gets in his way is just his quirky way of upholding his exacting professional standards.
Somehow a botched drug deal has turned into a border-country bloodbath. One intrepid (though badly shot-up) Mexican drug runner wanders off with a satchel full of hundred-dollar bills, then dies. About a quarter mile behind him are a half-dozen dusty four-wheel-drive pickups full of yet more shot-dead drug traffickers.
Whatever planet Mr. Moss is from, he does defy the common sense handed down by every novel, movie, short story and soap opera episode from the time of Aesop to future media forms as yet uninvented: Keeping the money ruins your life.
As expected, things get increasingly complicated — and violent — for Llewelyn Moss. Death, that is, Mr. Chigurh, is after him with a vengeance you'd think might better be reserved for whoever cures cancer or AIDS.
As cinema, it's a solid film with strong performances from Josh Brolin (who looks uncannily like his dad) as Moss and Javier Bardem as Chigurh, who carries the trademark Coen Brothers homicidal smirk throughout.
Tommy Lee Jones plays a Texas lawman who should be trying to do something about all the unfolding mayhem, but isn't. Woody Harrelson is sort of tossed in there for no obvious reason.
The story is based on something by Cormac McCarthy, who writes novels about tough guys who soldier on through ceaseless carnage because, well, soldiering on through ceaseless carnage is just what they do. Against formidable odds — and with a formidable disregard for punctuation — McCarthy's novels succeed impressively. I've read a bunch and liked them all.
His books are usually meditations on the bleak corners of the human character. Not funny, or ironic, or sarcastic. Tough, you might say, like the West itself, where most of his stories unfold.
The Coens, in contrast, make movies about fools and the blood-soaked consequences of their their folly (except for "O Brother Where Art Thou," which had fools aplenty, but not much blood. It's my favorite Coen brothers film).
I might need to see the movie again to be sure this coming together of Coens and McCarthy really works. The movie is stylish, beautifully photographed, peppered with authentic-sounding West Texas twang. It has McCarthy's characteristic rough dudes doing what they must.
For now, though, the movie seems not quite amusing enough for spot in the Coen cannon, and the characters are not quite enduring enough to be authentic McCarthy-esque protagonists.
But if it makes me want to see it twice, "No Country for Old Men" must have something going for it.
(Wow, this pic just won Best Picture).
Oh yeah, Tom. See it again. You missed a lot, including the fact that Llewelyn Moss is, in fact, a pretty good shot. Not every large animal drops over dead with the first shot.
But I'm with you about "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" which is also my favorite Coen Brothers film.
"No Country for Old Men" is visual poetry, right up there in Akira Kurosawa territory, and the Coens advance the meaning of the story with visuals. Bravura filmmaking.
Oh, I'm all over the visual poetry, but when I sat down to write what the movie was about, I just couldn't help thinking what a complete idiot Moss was — if the Coens have taught us anything over the years, it's that things like this will go badly wrong. I'd love to see a single reference in popular culture where Joe Sixpack gets by with stealing $2 million from ruthless criminals. Joel and Ethan know this. After Fargo this movie is redundant.
I guess it comes down to which metaphor you bring home from the film: I saw the implacable killer as death incarnate. As far as we know nobody gets away with cheating death, which makes the movie a pointless exercise. Why go to so much trouble to make such an obvious point?
Now, another interpretation could be that the implacable killer represents the permanence of evil in human affairs. But here's the problem: the history of human affairs demonstrates that in the long run good trumps evil (evidence by the fact that there are many, many times more good people than evil ones). "No Country" doesn't come out that way at all.
Yet another interpretation: the mindless pursuit of wealth looses evil on the world. OK, but still: this is hardly an original observation.
A movie shot with such obvious artistic flair must be making an artistic statement. I didn't see anything more complicated than the points I've just made. When the Coens are on their game they are never so obvious.
Then again, I liked "Big Lebowski" much better the second or third time I saw it. (Missed the "Big Sleep" angle the first time; duh). Maybe this one's an acquired taste for me.


Blanchard Security provides you with security solutions that are well thought out, designed with intelligence, and installed with care.
For nearly a decade, Blanchard Security has been building relationships with customers all over Vancouver Island and beyond!
Our highly skilled security technicians can help explain all the options to find the best fit for you.
We work with proven UL Approved products and the latest software technologies to build custom security systems that match our clients needs. From residential security to industrial applications we are the experts you can count on to provide the peace of mind for you and your property.
Blanchard Security is a forward moving company that specializes in IP security solutions of all types.
Since the company was first conceived in the fall of 2008, we have strived to increase our knowledge of the latest technologies in physical security in order that we can meet and exceed the security needs of our valued customers. By staying current with today's security advancements we are able to offer the best solutions that make the most sense.
Our skilled technicians have certified training on alarm systems, access control systems, surveillance systems (IP and analog), fence intrusion systems, IP phones, and intercom systems. You can trust the extensive knowledge and experience of the Blanchard Security team. Send us a message, or give us a call. We would love to hear from you.
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The school is open 12 months a year, but students only have to attend three weeks and then they get to go home. Meet the woman who has been named teacher of the year for having made a real difference in the lives of her students.
Video: Feeling sad or depressed?
County of San Diego offers free depression screenings, referrals and resources for San Diegans.
Will San Diego voters approve a half-cent sales tax increase?


KUALA LUMPUR: Malaysian Resources Corp Bhd (MRCB), which expects to invest up to RM36mil to deploy integrated information technology (IT) solutions at KL Sentral Park, sees a return on investment in less than 36 months.
Group managing director Shahril Ridza Ridzuan said the IT solutions constituted about 5% of the RM720mil gross development value for the project, which is situated within the KL Sentral enclave.
KL Sentral Park, which is scheduled to be completed by 2011, is the first pilot project utilising the Cisco Smart+Connected Communities framework and involves integrating Cisco's end-to-end technology and building solutions.
Shahril said the deployment of such infrastructure would raise the value of the project and deliver savings for the company.
"We expect to have additional revenue from services and lower operating costs in terms of return on investment," he said after a tripartite memorandum of understanding signing ceremony between Cisco Malaysia, MRCB Land and Datacraft Advanced Network Services Sdn Bhd yesterday.
Shahril said the move was part of MRCB's plan to incorporate state-of-the-art technologies in all its property developments under MRCB Land to promote sustainable, green and smart urban development practices.
"In terms of operating costs, we expect savings of 10% to 15%, mostly in energy," he said.
The deployment of the IT solutions are expected to increase services revenue by 30% to 40%.
Shahril said MRCB was also looking at implementing similar comprehensive IT solutions at its other transport hubs, particularly Penang Sentral.
As the prime systems integrator, Datacraft will lead the project management and deployment of solutions for KL Sentral Park.
These include a core multiple Internet Protocol platform to integrate information and communications technology, and building automation networks.
MALAYSIAN Resources Corp Bhd (MRCB), Cisco Malaysia and Datacraft Advanced Network Services Sdn Bhd have teamed up to provide information, technology and communications (ICT) connectivity starting at Lot E of KL Sentral Park in Kuala Lumpur Sentral.
MRCB group managing director Shahril Ridza Ridzuan said for the ICT initiative, the group has allocated 5 per cent out of KL Sentral Park's total gross development value of RM720 million, which is expected to be completed in 2011.
"This smart partnership is expected to raise the value of KL Sentral Park and deliver significant savings on MRCB's operational and capital expenses as ICT will improve efficiency and also drive revenue streams and benefit consumers.
"It will also increase service revenues up to 40 per cent and provide a return on investment in less than three years," Shahril told reporters in Kuala Lumpur yesterday.
Under a memorandum of understanding between the three companies, MRCB's property division MRCB Land, as property owner, has tasked Datacraft as the ICT systems integrator and project management leader to allow easy integration of ICT and building automation network.
Cisco acts as the ICT infrastructure provider throughout KL Sentral Park and the project will provide free Wifi connections for KL Sentral Park's tenants and patrons.
Shahril said the success of this model will determine the adoption of a similar concept in MRCB Land's future development. The group also has property hubs in Penang and Malacca.


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Blacks with Power is the show for young Black men & women in America who want to be part of the solution to the issues confronting Black life in America and want to discover ways to use their power in order to advance the Cause of Freedom for themselves, their family and others.
We believe that to make America great…to make it into the More Perfect Union our Constitution calls it to be, we must have racial reconciliation in this Country. And, in order for their to be reconciliation, Blacks in America must use their power – lovingly – to compel and encourage repentance for the system and ideology of White supremacy and privilege that has betrayed the ideal of Liberty and Justice for all.
Fr. Jabriel Ballentine is a personal pastor who inspires people through biblical insights and spiritual vision to develop fuller relationships with God, themselves and those around them so that they can find ever-greater fulfillment in their lives.
He is host of Blacks with Power podcast, which is a theological guide for those Blacks in America who find themselves in positions of power and want to discover ways to use that power in order to advance the Cause of Freedom for themselves, their family and others. He is also cohost of Racial Heresy, a monthly podcast on Christian theology and racial reconciliation that debunks the established racial doctrines which keep us separate and helps people engage in meaningful conversations across the color line. Fr. Jabriel is the creator of the Game Changer System for finding and maintaining a championship caliber marriage and family life. He is also the author and performer of Journey to the Promised Land, an album of Gospel inspired spoken word poetry that inspires compassion for those who live outside of mainstream American life.
Fr. Jabriel holds a Master's Degree from the Virginia Theological Seminary and a Bachelor's from the University of Maryland. He is an Executive Council Member for the Episcopal Church, serving as liaison to the Church's Commission on Anti-Racism. He resides in Dr. Phillips, Florida with his wife and children.
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Hey @DeeWellsOSD you familiar with @DRIPFootWear out of #SouthAfrica?
Until several of them are charged w/ something where the punishment is death, I don't want to hear it. https://apnews.com/article/stewart-rhodes-arrested-oath-keepers-jan-6-insurrection-70019e1007132e8df786aaf77215a110
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For 20 years, we at Primavera have dedicated ourselves to understanding essential oils, their unique benefits, and their delicate extraction from 100% organic plants. From our humble beginnings in the foothills of the Alps, we sought out and sponsored organic cultivation projects in optimal growing regions around the world. The partnership with our farmers allows us to achieve the absolute highest global standards in growing the nearly 200 varieties of plants, flowers, and fruits used to produce our essential oils.
Our pure, organic oils are the foundation for every Primavera product and our quality standard ensures that each product delivers the full spectrum of nature's aromatherapeutic, energizing, harmonizing, and healing benefits.
Our philosophy is driven by a strong belief that a balance between nature's processes and humanity's impact on the earth is essential for mankind's continued well-being. We are committed to upholding and exceeding environmental standards in every decision that we make. We support small communities that are working hard to preserve traditional values and sustainable agriculture.
Our concern for the air we breathe, the land we inhabit, and the products we use drives our desire to share nature's best with our customers. So we invite you to try Primavera products and experience The Pure Joy of Life.


/ What is Annuity and What are its Benefits?
An annuity is defined as a contract that is made between two different parties one being the purchaser and the other being the insurance company which is designed with its objective of the retirement purposes. These contracts are signed up for long terms between the two groups. Here either the purchaser makes a single contribution or a long term contribution which varies over a fixed duration of time. After this the insurer makes payments on a periodic basis to the purchaser which starts at a particular date in futures that is during the period of retirement.
What is the main purpose of annuities?
Initially the main objective of annuities is to provide insurance against some kind of superannuation or the issue of outliving an individual's income streams. But with growing advancement in this field the modern day annuities also provide additional facilities like they pay for disabilities or even long term care. Other than that they act as the shields for rich individuals who have high income as it provides tax shelters.
How do they differ from life insurances?
Now these differ from the life insurances in the way in which they perform. While on one hand life insurances pay the insured amount after the death on the other hand annuities pay the annuitants while the person is still alive. Thus the annuities are the promises made by one party to the other that they will be making a series of payments for specific time duration or until any particular event takes place like death of the person who was being paid the annuitants. Thus annuity are those products sold in the financial markets by any particular financial entity which is designed in such a way that they focus on acceptance and the growth of funds form a particular individual and then pay them back in future.
This is a benefit which ensures the return of the purchase payments via withdrawals that are made annually even if the contract vales come down to zero, for a fixed period of time or even for a lifetime.
The first benefit is that the amount that is earned from the annuity investments is free from income taxes. So you don't have to pay any taxes for that.
In case if the person who has made the purchase for annuities dies, then the designated beneficiaries will automatically start getting the payment and they don't have to go through probate.
When you invest in annuities they provide plenty of options so that you can receive them for the rest of your life after your retirement. This also includes the option in which if you want you can also opt to continue making payments to the beneficiaries as well for the time duration that you want to.
Thus the annuities come with so many benefits and are quite a smart investment strategy. It not only insures a stable income after your retirement but also decreases the burden of income taxes.


Radio online from Switzerland, Zurich - 4 stations. Radio that is broadcasting from Switzerland, Zurich.
Station plays dance music – clubbing for all generation of clubbing lovers.
Radio «RS dance station» is broadcasting in English and German from Switzerland, Zurich.
Listened: 2 161 since 25.10.2016 | ~ 17 a week.
An official Swiss registred radio station for the German and English furry community.
Radio «Furry FM» is broadcasting in English and German from Switzerland, Zurich.
Listened: 869 since 17.11.2016 | ~ 7 a week.
Country music of all genres: bluesy, rocky, traditional, etc. All hot, new and the best.
«Country Radio Switzerland» is broadcasting in German from Switzerland, Zurich.
Listened: 42 since 10.12.2017 | ~ 1 a week.
24/7 Quality Techno and House music, selected and mixed with passion, from the heart of Europe.
«radiobit.ch» is broadcasting in English from Switzerland, Zurich.
Listened: 8 since 08.01.2019 | ~ 1 a week.


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Following on from the success of installing the Liberation bronze statue and the Victor Hugo Bench, we were asked by the Artist Mark Cook to supply and install a granite base for the Guernsey Together sculpture.
In our minds, the only suitable granite of course would be Guernsey granite; however, the only working quarry in Guernsey focuses on producing aggregates, the down side to this is the extraction method, which is achieved by detonation rather that careful cutting/splitting of blocks from the quarry face. This method left us with the problem, that any Guernsey granite from the quarry would have fracture cracks caused by the explosion. We were fortunate enough to have five blocks of Guernsey granite that were not used on the Liberation monument which was built in 1995 and unveiled by HRH The Prince of Wales. However only four were still in some sort of usable condition, this left us with an issue of height, after introducing some 20mm contrasting granite slabs we managed to achieve the height needed.
The final task was to deliver the block to Beau Sejour Leisure Centre ready for the official unveiling.


This (late) morning's breakfast was cobbled together from things in the fridge, and bits of inspiration from my head.
We have some tangy spices here, soft yielding potato, crispy bits, creamy cheese to contrast with the chilli heat, and the sunny yolk oozing out gloriously to bind everything together. It's definitely a winner.
It's a rough and ready recipe, so forgive the lack of exact measures!
Take some good general purpose potatoes (I used floury desiree), peel them and boil until tender. Mash – I like to do this with a potato ricer.
Warm up the frozen peas in a microwave or pan, mix with the potatoes, season with the chaat masala, salt and green chilli and form into round patties or 'tikkis'. If you don't have chaat masala you could make do with a little bit of spice (e.g. garam masala or curry powder) and add lemon for the tang.
Shallow fry the tikkis with a little bit of oil in a frying pan on a relatively high heat: they may break up but that is fine and arguably adds some charm to the dish. You are looking for browning and crispiness on the outside. At the same time fry the eggs in another pan.
To assemble the dish, plate up the potato cakes, add the eggs. Season the eggs, add liberal amounts of the goats curd and sliced chilli and tuck in! I accompanied it with an Indian masala chai.


These self-managed groups are affiliated to Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland though not provided directly by the charity. They are as individual as the people who run them, reflecting local interests and diversity. The principle of all Community Stroke Groups is to support their members to participate in and enjoy activities in their local community.Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland provides dedicated support to the community stroke groups, offering advice and guidance.


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Q: STL iterator: "dereferencing" iterator to a temporary. Is it possible? I'm writing a 3D grid for my scientific software and I need to iterate through the nodes of the grid to get their coordinates. Instead of holding each node object in the container I'd rather like to just calculate the coordinates on the fly while iterating. The problem is that stl::iterator requires to return reference to a value as a result of operator*(), or pointer for operator->().
Some of the code below:

class spGridIterator {
public:
    typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
    typedef spVector3D value_type;
    typedef int difference_type;
    typedef spVector3D* pointer;
    typedef spVector3D& reference;

    spGridIterator(spGrid* gr, int index);

    spGridIterator& operator++();
    spGridIterator& operator++(int);

    reference operator*() const;
    pointer operator->() const;

private:
    spGrid* m_grid;
    int m_idx;
};

spGridIterator::reference spGridIterator::operator*() const {
    // return m_grid->GetPoint(m_idx);
}

spGridIterator::pointer spGridIterator::operator->() const {
    // return m_grid->GetPoint(m_idx);
}

This method queries the node coordinates by index provided

spVector3D spGrid::GetPoint(int idx) const {
    // spVector3D vec = ... calculate the coordinates here ...
    return vec;
}

Any input on this?
Thanks in advance,
Ilya

A: You could use a member variable to hold the grid point it is currently pointing to:
class spGridIterator {
public:
    typedef forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;
    typedef spVector3D value_type;
    typedef int difference_type;
    typedef spVector3D* pointer;
    typedef const spVector3D* const_pointer;
    typedef const spVector3D& const_reference;
    typedef spVector3D& reference;

    spGridIterator(spGrid* gr, int index);

    spGridIterator& operator++();
    spGridIterator& operator++(int);

    reference operator*();
    const_reference operator*() const;

    pointer operator->();
    const_pointer operator->() const;

private:
    spGrid* m_grid;
    int m_idx;
    mutable spVector3D CurrentPoint;
};

Then the dereference operator could look like this:
spGridIterator::const_reference spGridIterator::operator*() const {
    CurrentPoint = m_grid->GetPoint(m_idx);
    return CurrentPoint;
}

Thanks to @greg for pointing out that CurrentPoint needs to be mutable for this to work. This would be a lazy implementation (only retrieving the point when the iterator is actually dereferenced). An eager implementation would update the CurrentPoint member in the mutator methods of the iterator (the operator++ variants in this example), making the mutable superfluous.

A: I know this post is too old but just because I had the same "problems"
and google brought me here, I will add my two cents, here is what I found:
At least in the C++ library there are many iterator types, each one declaring some related semantics. The types are

*

*Input iterators

*Forward iterators

*Bidirectional iterators

*Random access iterators

*Output iterators

In your problem case the input iterators semantics fit. Specifically in input iterators operator*() does not have to return a reference to an object it can even return the a newly created object. Thus avoiding having an "dummy" object inside the iterator object as Bjorn suggested.
You can view more here.

A: Since an iterator is a value object, why not just setting a member to the value you want to return, and return a reference to the member?

A: Short answer is, this will lead to undefined behaviour, you are after all returning a reference to a temporary! One option (if this iterator does not have to re-entrant is to have a class member (of type spVector3D) to which you "assign" the returned value (of course you could do it more optimally by passing in a reference to this to GetPoint as well as index), and then return that.

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10's off the showroom floor!
MSHS made an appearance at ChallengerFest6 and boy were we in for a treat. The Modern Street HEMI® Shootout sponsored a Hellcat Challenge Prize for the Hellcat that made the quickest pass of the day. We've heard about the potential 10 second passes and now we've seen it with our own eyes.
Rob Irle's sick 2015 Hellcat Challenger peeled off 10 after 10 second pass during the event and ended up with a best of 10.82 @ 127 mph. Totally stock car with 20 inch drag radials! Enough said.


Google provides free/unlimited storage for both Picasa Web Albums and Google+ users under certain conditions. If you're a Google+ user, you can upload unlimited photos that fit into 2048x2048 pixels and videos not longer than 15 minutes. If you're a Picasa Web Album user without a Google+ registration, you can upload unlimited photos up to 800x800 resolution and videos with a length up to 15 minutes (but obviously these conditions may be subject to change at any time).
However if you upload high resolution photos (or longer than 15m videos) from time-to-time, then these will sooner or later hit the limit which is 1 GB for Picasa Web Albums users at the moment (and optionally you can buy extra storage from Google for a yearly fee). Unfortunately Google does not provide an easy method for users to tell which albums/photos/videos consume that 1 GB (or 80 GB or whatever your quota is).
The attached Python script helps you with this. It should be run from the commandline with a Picasa Web Ablums or Google+ username (or userid) as its first parameter and it'll list all (public) photos and videos that are over the limit for the unlimited storage pool. At the time of writing the limit is 2048 pixels for photographs and 15 minutes (900 seconds) for videos for Google+ users and these are the defaults for the script as well (but you can specify your own limits on the commandline as second and third arguments).
Actually you can use the optional 2nd and 3rd arguments (with a value of zero) to list all photos and videos (it'll print their dimensions and sizes too) in a Picasa Web Albums or Google+ account. Might come handy if you want a full listing of all your (public) uploads.
The username (which is pretty much the same as the mailbox name) of a Google account is not trivial to find out. Recently you'll not find it on Google+ profiles. However you'll find the numeric user ID. If you go into the photos section of a Google+ profile, you'll find the user ID in every link to every album.
Eg. let's take a look on National Geographic's profile. If you go into their photos, you'll find album links like this one: https://plus.google.com/photos/109600806421917664383/albums/5673171928649745297. Here the 109600806421917664383 number is their Google user ID.
will list all photos and videos from National Geographic that are over the script's default photo size and video length limits.
P.S.: I've tested this script using Python 2.6.1 (and Mac OS X 10.6.8). But I guess it should run on anything with python 2.6+ (not sure about Python 3.* though).
any way to list private photos?
Re: any way to list private photos?
Sure. Google's API supports authentication, they suggest the use of oAuth2. If you authenticate your requests, you'll get both public and private photo data. Google even provides some client libraries that make it easy to do the oAuth authentication. I didn't incorporate this in my script, because all of my albums are public.
how do I do this on windows 8 - ie run the script for the google photos/videos.
Install Python (see above for the installer).
Download my script into a directory.
So I know google exists but I am no developer. i can figure out how to run this script and I'll even be able to trouble shoot if I get errrors, but adding oAuth2 is a bit beyond me?
I'm even struggling finding what to google!
Could you point me in the right direction to get oAuth2 to work with your script?
It seems to me that the easiest way to use oAuth with Google APIs is by switching to Google's API Client Libraries.
My script used direct (HTTP) calls to the old Picasa Data API.
The API Client Libraries are (supposingly) even easier to use.


Every day throughout the tournament, blackhawks.com provided updates on how the club's prospects did. Visit blackhawks.com/worldjuniors for more.
GOLD MEDAL GAME - FIN 3, USA 2: In a wild finish to the 2019 World Juniors, Finland scored with 1:26 left in the game to steal victory and gold. Blackhawks defenseman Henri Jokiharju recorded the second assist on the game-winning goal by Kaapo Kakko.
Jokiharju had four shots on goal for the game and finished the tournament with two goals and three assists in seven appearances.
BRONZE MEDAL GAME - RUS 5, SUI 2: Blackhawks prospect Philipp Kurashev's tournament came to an end with a loss to Russia in the bronze medal game on Saturday night. Kurashev had no points and finished the game with five shots on goal for the Swiss, playing 21:36.
Kurashev led the tournament in goals with six in seven games and also fired a whopping 28 shots on net, giving him a shooting percentage of 21.43. The forward was named a tournament All-Star by the media covering the event.
The 2018 fourth-round pick of the Blackhawks heads back to the QMJHL, where he had 43 points (18G, 25A) in 33 games for the Quebec Remparts.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Lie groups provide a way to express the concept of a continuous family of symmetries for geometric objects. There exist a correspondence between Lie groups as geometric object and Lie algebras as linear objects. By differentiating the Lie group action, you get a Lie algebra action, which is a linearization of the group action. As a linear object, a Lie algebra is often a lot easier to work with than working directly with the corresponding Lie group. Whenever you study different kinds of differential geometry (Riemannian, Kahler, symplectic, etc.), there is always a Lie group and Lie algebra lurking around either explicitly or implicitly.
It is possible to learn each particular specific geometry and work with the specific Lie group and Lie algebra without learning anything about the general theory. However, it can be extremely useful to know the general theory and find common techniques that apply to different types of geometric structures.
Moreover, the general theory of Lie groups and algebras leads to a rich assortment of important explicit examples of geometric objects.
So importance of Lie groups leads to importance of its generalizations. In this paper we deal with three different kinds of Lie groups generalizations, namely, Lie groupoids, Double Lie groupoids and generalized Lie groups or top spaces.

The groupoid was introduced by H. Barant in 1926. C. Ehresmann used the concept of Lie groupoid as an essential tool in topology and differential geometry around 1950.

Double Lie groupoid in double category was interestingly introduced by K. Mackenzie \cite{mac}. A double Lie groupoid is essentially a groupoid object in the category of Lie groupoid. We can present a double Lie groupoid as a square

$$\xymatrix{
V \ar @{>} @<2pt>[d] \ar @{>} @<-2pt>[d] \ar @{<-} @<2pt>[r] \ar @{<-} @<-2pt> [r] &D \ar @{>} @<2pt>[d] \ar @{>} @<-2pt>[d]\\
M \ar @{<-} @<2pt>[r] \ar @{<-} @<-2pt> [r] &H}$$
where each edge is a groupoid and the various groupoid structures satisfy certain compatibility conditions.

Top spaces as a generalization of Lie groups was introduced by M. R. Molaei in 1998. In this generalized field, several authors (Araujo, Molaei, Mehrabi, Oloomi, Tahmoresi, Ebrahimi, etc.) have studied different aspects of generalized groups and top spaces \cite{mo,mb}.

In section 2, introducing some basic definitions, we prove that every subgroupoid of a Lie groupoid with the same dimention, is a Lie subgroupoid and show the analogous for double Lie groupoids.

In section 3 we provide some useful tools to prove a theorem similar to Cartan's in Lie groups case i.e. we show that each closed generalized subgroup of a top space is a top subspace.

\section{Generalized subgroups as Lie generalized subgroups}
E. Cartan showed that every closed subgroup of a Lie group, is a Lie subgroup. In this section we give some conditions under which every subgroupoid (double subgroupoid) of a Lie groupoid (double Lie subgroupoid) is a Lie subgroupoid (double Lie subgroupoid).
 A groupoid is a category in which every arrow is invertible. More precisely, a groupoid consists of two sets $G$ and $G_{0}$ called the set of morphism or arrows and the set of objects of groupoid respectively, together with two maps $\alpha , \beta:G\longrightarrow G_{0}$ called source and target maps respectively, a map $1_{0}:G_{0}\longrightarrow G, \ x\longmapsto x_{0}$ called the object map, an inverse map $i:G\longrightarrow G_{0}, \ a\longmapsto a^{-1}$ and a composition $ G_{2}=G_{\ \alpha}\times_{\beta}G\longrightarrow G, \ (b,a)\longmapsto boa$ defined on the pullback set

$$G_{\ \alpha}\times_{\beta}G=\lbrace(b,a)\in G\times G\vert \alpha(b)=\beta(a)\rbrace.$$
These maps should satisfy the following conditions:
\begin{itemize}

\item[i.]$\alpha(boa)=\alpha(a)$ and $\beta(boa)=\beta(b)$ for all $(boa)\in G_{2}$;

\item[ii.] $co(boa)=(cob)oa$ such that $\alpha(b)=\beta(a)$ and $\alpha(c)=\beta(b)$, for all

$a,b,c\in G$;

\item[iii.]$\alpha(1_{x})=\beta(1_{x})=x$, for all $x\in G_{0}$;

\item[iv.]$ao1_{\alpha(a)}=a$ and $1_{\beta(a)}oa=a$, for all $a\in G$;

\item[v.]$\alpha(a^{-1})=\beta(a)$ and $\beta(a^{-1})=\alpha(a)$, for all $a\in G$.\cite{mac}
\end{itemize}

 Let $(G,G_{0})$ be a groupoid, $M$ be a manifold and $w:M\longrightarrow G_{0}$ be a submersion. An action of $G$ on $M$ via $w$ is a smooth map $\varphi:G_{\ \alpha}\times_{w}M\longrightarrow M, \ (a,x)\longmapsto a.x$, satisfying the conditions:
\begin{itemize}
\item[i.] $w(a.x)=\beta(a)$;

\item[ii.] $b.(a.x)=(boa).x$;

\item[iii.] $1_{w(X)}.x=x$.\cite{fa}
\end{itemize}

\begin{defn}\label{GSub}
 A groupoid $(H,H_{0})$ with $(i,i_{0})$ is called subgroupoid of $(G,G_{0})$, if $$i:H\longrightarrow G,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i_{0}:H_{0}\longrightarrow G_{0},$$ are injective and $(i,i_{0})$ is a morphism of groupoids.
\end{defn}
Here is an example of definition \ref{GSub}.
\begin{exm}
Let $G$ be a groupoid acting on $M$. For each $m\in M$, the set
$$H(m)=\lbrace a\in G\vert a.m=m\rbrace,$$
is a subgroupoid of $G$, which is called the stabilizer of $m$ in $G$. Let $G^{'}=H(m)$ and $$G_{0}^{'}=\alpha(G^{'})\bigcap\beta (G^{'}),$$ we show that $(G^{\prime}, G_{0}^{\prime})$ is the subgroupoid of $(G,G_{0})$. See that $\alpha (G^{'})\subset G_{0}^{'}$, $\beta (G^{'})\subset G_{0}^{'}$ and $aob\in G^{'}$, for all $a,b\in G^{'}$. Let $g\in 1_{G_{0}^{'}}$, then $g=1_{x}$, for some $x\in G_{0}^{'}$. Therefore,
$x\in \beta(G^{'})$. In other words there exists $ g^{'}\in G^{'}$ such that $x=\beta(g^{'})$.
Therefore $g^{'}.m=m$ and we have
$$g.m=1_{x}.m=1_{\beta(g^{'})}.m=1_{w(g^{'}.m)}.m =1_{w(m)}.m=m.$$
Let $a\in G^{'},$ then
$$a^{-1}.m=a^{-1}.(a.m)=1_{\alpha(a)}.m=1_{w(m)}.m=m.$$
Hence $(G^{\prime},G_{0}^{\prime})$ with the restriction of source and target maps of $(G,G_{0})$ is a groupoid, $i$ and $i_{0}$ are injective and $(i,i_{0})$ is a morphism of groupoids.
\end{exm}

Now we recall the Lie groupoids and morphism of groupoids. A groupoid $(G,G_{0})$ is called Lie groupoid if $G$ and $G_{0}$ are manifolds, $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are surjective submersions and the composition is a smooth map. For example, any manifold $M$ may be regarded as a Lie groupoid on itself with $$\alpha=\beta=id_{M},$$ and every element a unity.\cite{mac}

 Let $(G,G_{0})$ and $(G^{'},G_{0}^{'})$ be groupoids. A morphism $G\rightarrow G^{\prime}$ is a pair of maps $F:G\rightarrow G^{\prime}$, $f:G_{0}\rightarrow G_{0}^{\prime}$ such that $\alpha^{\prime} oF=fo\alpha$, $\beta^{\prime} oF=fo\beta$ and $F(hg)=F(h)F(g)$. Let $(G,G_{0})$ and $(G^{'},G_{0}^{'})$ be Lie groupoids, then $(F,f)$ is a morphism of Lie groupoids if $F$ and $f$ are smooth.\cite{mz}

\begin{exm}
 For any groupoid  $(G,G_{0})$, the map
 $$\chi=(\beta,\alpha):G\rightarrow G_{0}\times G_{0}, g\mapsto(\beta(g),\alpha(g)),$$
 is a morphism from $G$ to $G_{0}\times G_{0}$.
\end{exm}
\begin{defn}
\cite{mac}
 Let $(G,G_{0})$ be a Lie groupoid. A Lie subgroupoid of $(G,G_{0})$ is a Lie groupoid $(H,H_{0})$ together with injective immersions $i:H\rightarrow G$ and $i_{0}:H_{0}\rightarrow G_{0}$ such that $(i,i_{0})$ is a morphism of Lie groupoid.
\end{defn}

If $(i,i_{0})$ is a morphism of Lie groupoids and $i$ is an injective immersion, then $i_{0}$ is an injective immersion too.

\begin{defn}
\cite{man} Let $G$ be a manifold. A Lie algebroid on $G$ is a vector bundle
$( E, p,G)$ together with a vector bundle map $\sigma:E\longrightarrow TG$ called the anchor of $E$, and a bracket $[.,.]$ on sections of $E$, i.e. $\Gamma(E)$, which is R-bilinear and alternating, satisfying the Jacobi identity, and is such that

$$[X,fY]=\sigma(X).fY+f[X,Y],$$
$$\sigma([X,Y])=[\sigma(X),\sigma(Y)],$$
where $X,Y\in \Gamma(E), f\in c^{\infty}(M)$.
\end{defn}

 Let $(G, G_{0})$ be a groupoid with the object map $1_{0}:G_{0}\rightarrow G$ and let
$$T^{\alpha}G:=ker(T\alpha),$$
where $T\alpha$ be the bundle map introduced by $\alpha: G\rightarrow G_{0}$, i.e.
$$T\alpha:TG\longrightarrow TG_{0}.$$
The pullback bundle $AG:=1_{0}^{\ast}(T^{\alpha}G_{0})$ is a Lie algebroid of the Lie groupoid $(G,G_{0})$. We have $AG=\cup_{x\in G_{0}}T_{1_{x}}(G_{x})$, where $G_{x}=\alpha^{-1}(x)$.

Now we recall the topological dimension.
 A collection $\mathcal{A}$ of subsets of the space $X$ is said to have order $m+1$ if some point of $X$ lies in $m+1$ elements of $\mathcal{A}$ and no point of $X$ lies in more than $m+1$ elements of $\mathcal{A}$. We recall that given a collection $\mathcal{A}$ of subsets of $X$, a collection $\mathcal{B}$ is said to refine $\mathcal{A}$, or to be a refinement of $\mathcal{A}$, if each element $\beta$ of $\mathcal{B}$ is contained in at least one element of $\mathcal{A}$. A space $X$ is said to be finite dimensional if there is some integer $m$ such that for every open covering $\mathcal{A}$ of $X$, there is an open covering $\mathcal{B}$  of $X$ that refines $\mathcal{A}$ and has order at most $m+1$. The topological dimension of $X$ is defined to be the smallest value of $m$ for which this statement holds. The topological dimension of any m-manifold is at most $m$.\cite{man}

In the following theorem we present an important fact about Lie subgroupoids.

\begin{thm}\label{asli}
 Let $(H,H_{0})$ with $(i,i_{0})$ be a subgroupoid of a Lie groupoid $(G,G_{0})$ which satisfies the following conditions. $H_{0}$ is a submanifold of $G_{0}$ and $i_{0}$ is a submersion map, $i$ is injective  and the topological dimension of $i(H)$ and the dimension of  $G$ are equal. Then $(H,H_{0})$ is a Lie subgroupoid.
\end{thm}

\begin{proof}
Step 1.

We show that $i(H)$ is a submanifold of $G$:  Suppose $E$ be a algebroid of $(G,G_{0})$, since $E$ is a vector bundle over $G$, there is a smooth, surjective and locally trivial map $P:E\longrightarrow G$, i.e. for every $x\in i(H)$ there exists a neighborhood $U\subset G$ of $x$ and a fiber-preserving diffeomorphism
$$\varphi: P^{-1}(U)\longrightarrow U\times R^{k}.$$
Therefore $\varphi$ maps $P^{-1}(i(H)\cap U)$ to $(i(H)\cap U)\times R^{k}$.
The restriction of $\varphi^{-1}$ to $U$ is a diffeomorphism onto $\varphi^{-1}\vert_{U}(U)$.
Suppose $\psi:W\rightarrow R^{n}$ is a chart of $E$ such that $ P^{-1}(x)\subset W$. Let $$V=\varphi(W\cap\varphi^{-1}\vert_{U}(U))\cap i(H),$$
 then $\psi o\varphi^{-1}\vert_{V}$ is a chart for $i(H)$.
Since the topological dimension of $H$ and the dimension of $G$ are equal and the topological dimention is topological invariant \cite{pe}, these charts are $C^{\infty}$-related.

Step 2.

 One can see that $H$ is a manifold. We define $U\subset H$ to be open if $i(U)$ is open in $G$.
 For every $h\in H$ there exists $x\in i(H)$ such that $h=i^{-1}(x)$. Suppose $\eta$ is a chart for $x$, then $\eta oi$ is a chart for $h$.

Step 3.

 The groupoid $(H,H_{0})$ with $(i, i_{0})$ is a Lie subgroupoid of $(G,G_{0})$; the map $i:H\rightarrow i(H)$ is a diffeomorphism and so is an immersion. Thus $(i,i_{0})$ is a morphism of Lie groupoids. We have $\alpha_{G}oi=i_{0}o\alpha_{H}$ and $\beta_{G}oi=i_{0}o\beta_{H}$, so $\alpha_{H}$ and $\beta_{H}$ are submersions.
Therefore $ (H,H_{0}) $ is a Lie subgroupoid of $(G,G_{0})$
\end{proof}

 Note that if the topological dimensions of $G$ and $i(H)$ are not the same, the result of the previous theorem is not true.

\begin{exm}
 Consider the groupoids $(R^{2},R)$ and $(H,R)$, where $$H=\{(x,y)\in R^{2}\vert x^{2}=y^{2}\}.$$
 $H$ is a  subgroupoid of $(R^{2},R)$ but $H$ doesn't have the structure of a manifold.
\end{exm}

A double groupoid $(D ,V ,H ,M )$ is a higher-dimensional groupoid involving a relationship for both horizontal and vertical groupoid structures. In following we will define double Lie groupoids in detail.
\begin{defn}\cite{meh}
Let $ \alpha_{H},\beta_{H}:D\rightarrow H $ and $ \alpha_{V},\beta_{V}:D\rightarrow V $ denote source and target maps, respectively and we use $ \alpha $, $ \beta $ to denote source and target maps from $ H $ or $ V $ to $ T $,
the square

$$\xymatrix{
V \ar @{>} @<2pt>[d] \ar @{>} @<-2pt>[d] \ar @{<-} @<2pt>[r] \ar @{<-} @<-2pt> [r] &D \ar @{>} @<2pt>[d] \ar @{>} @<-2pt>[d]\\
M \ar @{<-} @<2pt>[r] \ar @{<-} @<-2pt> [r] &H}$$

is a double Lie groupoid if the following conditions hold:
\begin{itemize}
\item[i.] The horizontal and vertical source and target maps commute;
\begin{center}
$ \alpha o\alpha_{H}=\alpha o\alpha_{V}\quad \quad \beta o\alpha_{H}=\alpha o\beta_{V} $\\
$ \beta o\beta_{H}=\beta o\beta_{V}\quad \quad \alpha o\beta_{H}=\beta o\alpha_{V} $
\end{center}
\item[ii.] $ \alpha_{V}(s_{1} ._{H} s_{2})=(\alpha_{V}s_{1}).(\alpha_{H}s_{2})
, \alpha_{H}(s_{1} ._{V} s_{3})=(\alpha_{H}s_{1}).(\alpha_{H}s_{3}) $ and similar equations hold for $ \beta_{H},\beta_{V}; $
\item[iii.] $ \alpha_{V}(s_{i1})=\beta_{V}(s_{i2}) $ and $ \alpha_{H}(s_{1i})=\beta_{H}(s_{2i}) $, for $ i=1,2,... ;$
\item[iv.] The double source map $ (\alpha_{V},\alpha_{H}):D\rightarrow V_{s\times s}H $ is a submersion.
\end{itemize}
\end{defn}

\begin{defn}\label{LiDoSub}
Let $(D,V,H,M)$ be a double groupoid. A double subgroupoid is a double groupoid $ (D_{1},V_{1} ,H_{1},M_{1} ) $ such that groupoids $ (D_{1} , H_{1}  )$, $ (D_{1} , V_{1} ) $, $( V_{1} , M_{1} ) $ and $( H_{1} , M_{1} ) $ are subgroupoids of $ (D  , H  )$, $ (D  , V ) $, $ (V  , M ) $ and $ (H , M ) $, respectively.
\\
Let $(D,V,H,M)$ be a double Lie groupoid. A double Lie subgroupoid is a double Lie groupoid $ (D_{1},V_{1},H_{1},M_{1})$ together with maps $(j,j_{0},i,i_{0})$ such that Lie groupoids $(D_{1},H_{1}) $, $(D_{1},V_{1})$, $(V_{1},M_{1})$ and $(H_{1},M_{1})$ are Lie subgroupoids of $(D,H)$, $(D,V)$, $(V,M)$ and $(H,M)$, with maps $(j,i)$, $(j,j_{0})$, $(j_{0},i_{0})$ and $(i,i_{0})$, respectively.
\end{defn}
The next theorem is a generalization of theorem \ref{asli} for double Lie groupoids.
\begin{thm}
Let $ (D_{1},V_{1},H_{1},M_{1}) $ with $(j, j_{0}, i, i_{0}) $ be a double subgroupoid of $(D,V,H,M)$. If $dim H_{1} =dim  H$, $dim  D_{1} =dim D $ and $dim V_{1}=dim  V $ and
$ j_{0} $ and $ i_{0} $ are injective and immersion maps, Then $ (D_{1},V_{1},H_{1},M_{1}) $ is a double Lie subgroupoid.

\end{thm}
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix@!0{
& D_{1} \ar@<-0.5ex>[rrr]\ar@<0.5ex>[rrr]\ar@<-0.5ex>' [dd] [ddd]\ar@<0.5ex>' [dd] [ddd]
& & & V_{1} \ar@<-0.5ex>[ddd]\ar@<0.5ex>[ddd]
\\
& & & &
\\
D \ar@{<-}[uur]^{j}\ar@<-0.5ex>[rrr]\ar@<0.5ex>[rrr]\ar@<-0.5ex>[ddd]\ar@<0.5ex>[ddd]
& & & V \ar@{<-}[uur]^{j_{0}}\ar@<-0.5ex>[ddd]\ar@<0.5ex>[ddd]
\\
& H_{1}\ar@<-0.5ex>' [rr] [rrr]\ar@<0.5ex>' [rr] [rrr]
& & & M_{1}
\\
& & & &
\\
H \ar@{<-}[uur]_{i} \ar@<-0.5ex>[rrr]\ar@<0.5ex>[rrr]
& & & M \ar@{<-}[uur]_{i_{0}}
}
\end{displaymath}
\begin{proof}
We suppose $ (D,V,H,M)$ is a double Lie groupoid and $ (D_{1},V_{1},H_{1},M_{1}) $ is a double subgroupoid. We  show that $ (D_{1},V_{1},H_{1},M_{1}) $ has structure of double Lie groupoid.

Using the proof of theorem \ref{asli} for both vertical sides and both horizontal sides of double Lie groupiod $ (D,V,H,M)$,  we get $ (D_{1},H_{1})$, $(D_{1},V_{1})$, $(V_{1},M_{1})$ and $(H_{1},M_{1})$ are Lie subgroupoid of $ (D,H)$, $(D,V)$, $(V,M)$ and $(H,M)$, respectively. Then by definition \ref{LiDoSub}, $ (D_{1},V_{1},H_{1},M_{1}) $ is a double Lie subgroupoid.
\end{proof}

\section{Cartan's theorem for generalized Lie groups}
Another generalization of Lie groups is called generalized Lie groups or top spaces which arises from the definition of a generalized group. In this section we prove a theorem analogous to Cartan's theorem in Lie groups case.
\begin{defn}
\cite{mo}
A generalized group is a non-empty set $\mathcal{G}$ admitting an operation called multiplication which satisfies the following conditions:
\begin{itemize}
\item[i.] $(g_1 . g_2) . g_3 = g_1 . (g_2 . g_3)$, for all $g_1, g_2, g_3 \in\mathcal{G}$.
\item[ii.] For each $g \in \mathcal{G}$ there exists a unique $e(g)$ in $\mathcal{G}$ such that $$g . e(g) = e(g) . g = g.$$
\item[iii.] For each $g \in \mathcal{G}$ there exists $h \in \mathcal{G}$ such that $g . h = h . g = e(g)$.
\end{itemize}

\end{defn}
In this paper by $e(\mathcal{G})$ we mean $$\{e(g):g\in \mathcal{G}\}.$$  For any generalized group $\mathcal{G}$, and any $g\in \mathcal{G}$,
 $$e^{-1}(e(g))=\{h\in \mathcal{G}|e(h)=e(g)\},$$ has a canonical group structure.
 If $e(g)e(h)=e(gh)$ for all $g,h\in \mathcal{G}$ then $e(\mathcal{G})$ is an idempotent semigroup with this product.

A top space is a smooth manifold which its points can be (smoothly) multiplied together by a generalized group operation and generally its identity is a semigroup morphism, i.e.
\begin{defn}\cite{bull}
A top space $T$ is a Hausdorff d-dimensional differentiable manifold which is
endowed with a generalized group structure such that the generalized group operations:
\begin{itemize}
\item[i.] $. : T \times T\rightarrow T$ by $(t_1, t_2) \mapsto t_1 . t_2$ which is called the multiplication map;
\item[ii.] $^{-1} : T \rightarrow T$ by $t \mapsto t^{-1}$ which is called the inverse map;\\
are differentiable and it holds
\item[iii.] $e(t_1 . t_2) = e(t_1) . e(t_2)$, for all $t_1
, t_2 \in T$ .
\end{itemize}
\end{defn}
Throughout this paper by $T_{a}$ we mean $T\cap e^{-1}(e(a))$.
\begin{defn}\cite{bull}
If $T$ and $S$ are two top spaces, then a homomorphism $f : T \rightarrow S$
is called a morphism if it is also a $C^{\infty}$ map.
If $f$ is a morphism, by $f_{a}$ we mean $f|_{e^{-1}(e(a))}$.
\end{defn}
 For a smooth manifold $M$, the set of all smooth functions from $M$ to $M$ such that their restriction to a submanifold of $M$ is a diffeomorphism i.e. partial diffeomorphisms of $M$ is denoted by $D_P(M)$.
If $T$ is a top space, we call an immersed submanifold $S$ of $T$ a top subspace, if it is a top space.
Before we continue, we have to recall some tools. The following definitions, examples and theorems up to theorem \ref{form} is from \cite{ma}.
\begin{defn}\label{action}
An action of a top space $T$ on a smooth manifold M is a
map $$\phi:T\rightarrow D_P(M),$$ which satisfies the following conditions:
\begin{itemize}
\item[i.] For every $i\in e(T)$ the map $e^{-1}(i)\times M\rightarrow M$ which maps $(t,m)$ to $\phi_t(m)$ is a smooth function;
\item[ii.] $\phi_{ts}=\phi_t\circ\phi_s$, for all $t,s\in T$.
\end{itemize}
\end{defn}
Now by using the following theorem, we give an example of the definition above.

\begin{thm}
Let $T$ be a generalized group such that $e(t)e(s)=e(ts)$, for any $t,s\in T$. Then there is a generalized group isomorphism between $T$ and $$e(T)\ltimes\{G_i\}_{i\in e(T)},$$where $G_i=e^{-1}(i)$, for all $i\in e(T)$ and $$e(T)\ltimes\{G_i\}_{i\in e(T)}=\{(i,g)|g\in G_i\},$$ by the production rule
$$(i_{1},g_{1})\ltimes(i_{2},g_{2})=(i_{1}i_{2},g_{1}g_{2}),\quad i_{1},i_{2}\in e(T)
, g_{1}\in G_{i_{1}}, g_{2}\in G_{i_{2}}.$$
\end{thm}

\begin{exm}
For a top space $T$, $Ad:T\rightarrow D_P(T),$ where $Ad_t(s)=tst^{-1}$ is an action of top spaces on manifolds which is called adjoint action. Observe that $ad_{t}:e^{-1}(t)\rightarrow e^{-1}(t)$ is a diffeomorphism.
\end{exm}

\begin{defn}
If $G$ is a Lie group and $M$, a smooth manifold, a partial action of $G$ on $M$ is a map
$$\varphi:G\rightarrow D_P(M),$$ such that the map $G\times M\rightarrow M$ is a smooth function and $\varphi^{gh}=\varphi^{g}\circ\varphi^{h}$, for all $g,h\in G$.
\end{defn}

\begin{thm}\label{th;act1}
Let $T$ be a top space. Then $\phi$ is an action of $T$ on $M$ if and only if there exists a family of partial actions $\{\varphi_i\}_{i\in e(T)}$ of $e^{-1}(i)$ on $M$, for any $i\in e(T)$, such that $\varphi_{e(ts)}^{ts}=\varphi_{e(t)}^{t}\circ\varphi_{e(s)}^{s}$ and $\phi_t=\varphi_{e(t)}^{t}$, for all $t,s\in T$.
\end{thm}

\begin{thm}\label{form}
Let $T$ be a top space and $T_ie^{-1}(i)$ the tangent space of $e^{-1}(i)$ at $i\in e(T)$. Then the vector space of all partial left invariant vector fields on $T$ is isomorphic to $$\bigoplus_{i\in e(T)}T_ie^{-1}(i).$$
\end{thm}

In order to reach our aim, we must show that there exists a map from Lie algebra of a top space to the top space itself, which acts like the exponential map in Lie group case.
Consider the exponential map for Lie groups denoted by $exp$.
\begin{lem}
Let $T$ be a top space. Then $exp_{a}$ is a local diffeomorphism for every $a\in e(T)$.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
The action $\alpha$ of a top space on a manifold is a partial diffeomorphism for each $t\in T$. So $\alpha_{a}$ is a diffeomorphism for every $ a\in e(T)$. So the $exp_{a}=\gamma_{\alpha_{a}}(1)$ is a local diffeomorphism.
\end{proof}
Now we are ready to prove the following important theorem.
\begin{thm}
Each closed generalized subgroup of a top space is a top subspace.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
Let $T$ be a top space and $S$, a closed generalized subgroup of it. We know that $T_{a}$ is a Lie group for every $a \in e(T)$. So $S_{a}$ is a closed subgroup, since a Lie subgroup of $T_{a}$, for every $a \in e(S)$. Denote by $\mathfrak{t}$, the Lie algebras of $T$. Note that by theorem \ref{form} the vector space of all partial left invariant vector fields on $t$ is isomorphic to $\bigoplus_{a\in e(t)}\mathfrak{t_{a}}$, where $\mathfrak{t_{a}}$ is the Lie algebra of $T_{a}$. Now consider the set
 $$\mathfrak{s}=\{ X\in \mathfrak{t}| exp(tX)\in S, \forall t\in \mathds{R} \},$$
 where the exponential map $exp=\bigoplus_{a \in e(T)}exp_{a}$ is a local diffeomorphism. Obviously $\mathfrak{s}$ is a linear subspace of $\mathfrak{t}$ since every $\mathfrak{s}_{a}$ is a linear subspace of $\mathfrak{t}_{a}$, for all $a$ in $e(S)$. Open sets of $\mathfrak{s}$ are unions of open sets on each $\mathfrak{s_{a}}$. We found a local diffeomorphism between $\mathfrak{s}$ and $S$; therefore, by use of the left transitions we can find an open neighbourhood in $\mathfrak{s}$, for all open sets of $S$. Thus, we can find a smooth chart for each open set of $S$ since $s$ is a linear space. Hence, $S$ is a smooth embedded submanifold which inherits the subspace topology.

\end{proof}
The question remains to be asked is under which conditions different from the ones given in this paper, we can deduce the same results.
\section{Acknowledgments}
This paper is supported by grant no. 92grd1m82582 of Shiraz university, Shiraz, Iran.

\bibliographystyle{<bibstyle>}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Mike Leake will see familiar face in the clubhouse Friday.
The Giants acquired another Cincinnati Red, outfielder Marlon Byrd, and cash considerations, for minor-league pitcher Stephen Johnson.
Byrd has played for eight MLB teams during his 14-year career. The 37-year-old made an All-Star appearance with the Cubs in 2010.
Byrd is hitting .237 with 42 RBI and 19 home runs this season and will cushion the Giants' anemic outfield depth.
The Giants lost out on infielder Chase Utley yesterday to the first-place Dodgers, a blow softened by Kelby Tomlinson's improved play at second and with the bat. Joe Panik is due back by early September.
Hunter Pence was placed on the 15-day disabled list today with a left oblique strain, making way for Nori Aoki's rise off the 7-day concussion disabled list. He's in the lineup Thursday against the Pirates. Angel Pagan is still rehabbing his sore knees.
Bruce Bochy said, per CSN's Alex Pavlovic who is with the team in Pittsburgh, that Byrd will probably play left field and Aoki will move to right while Pence recovers.
Leake also told Pavlovic that Byrd's "got some old-man strength in him, still." The Giant's need for some extra pop became clear after a two-game pinch hit appearance from none other than Madison Bumgarner against the Cardinals.
Bochy sent Bum out there because he's got the most home runs of anyone on the bench. Ouch.


text:
Introducing Nina Vlemmings
Nina Vlemmings, DFC's new Alumni Programme Officer
I am a British citizen of Anglo-Nordic heritage, who grew up in Denmark. After many years in the UK and brief periods in Chile, Belgium and Australia, I resettled in Copenhagen four years ago, together with my husband.
My professional background spans both foreign policy and international development, with my early career spent as a trainee at the European Commission before moving to the advocacy team of the think tank 'European Council on Foreign Relations'. Since then, I have dedicated around five years to strengthening and growing global networks and communities, primarily as part of the international youth entrepreneurship NGO and network 'Youth Business International' (YBI). Whilst at YBI I had the great pleasure of working with brilliant people from all over the world, with considerable focus on Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa.
I recently became a mother to a baby girl. Our daughter is happily settled into nursery and (just like her parents) is very much enjoying life here in Denmark! Taking on the role of Alumni Programme Officer here at DFC therefore marks the end of my maternity leave, and I am beyond excited to be taking this next step on my professional journey.
My daughter and I enjoying a weekend visit to Copenhagen's Tivoli Gardens
I'm passionate about multi-culturalism and the power of international networks, and am thrilled to be given the opportunity to explore these areas in depth as part of the DAN team. I very much look forward to working with DFC colleagues, our diverse alumni and other partners on creating strong communities both nationally and globally that deliver meaningful impact.
Danida Alumni Prize 2021
This year Danida Fellowship Centre awarded Dr.
Danida alumni on a shared journey towards realizing positive change in Kenya
By: Nina Vlemmings
THE WINNER OF THE DANIDA ALUMNI PRIZE 2021 IS DR OLMAN SEGURA-BONILLA FROM COSTA RICA
The Danida Alumni Prize 2021 is awarded to an alum who, based on his or her Danida-funded studies, has contributed to
Call for Danida Alumni Activity Grants 2021 round 2
We are pleased to announce a new call for Danida Alumni Activity Grants, allowing Danida Alumni to apply for financial…
Introducing Ea Elsbøl new Programme Manager
My name is Ea Elsbøl and I have joined


Russia has threatened to cut off a supply of rocket engines that are crucial to the U.S. space program in retaliation for surprise sanctions over the Skripal poisoning. The U.S. announced Wednesday it would impose new sanctions after Washington determined Moscow had used a nerve agent against Russian former spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter, Yulia. Dawn Sturgess, a mother of three, died after coming across remnants of the poison, which also affected her boyfriend, Charlie Rowley. Russia continues to deny any involvement in the attempted murders using a Soviet-era nerve agent known as Novichok. "On August 8, 2018 our Deputy Chief of Mission was informed in the State Department of new 'draconian' sanctions against Russia for far-fetched accusations of using the 'Novichok' nerve agent against a U.K. citizen," the embassy said in a statement. "We grew accustomed to not hearing any facts or evidence." The value of the Russian ruble slid by more than 1 percent against the dollar Thursday, a day after falling toward its lowest level in nearly two years. The Russian embassy said it continued to advocate for a transparent investigation into the poisoning.


A great range of Celebrity Infinity reviews written by our customers. To write your own Celebrity Infinity review click the link on the right.
Summary: Bit mixed, some good parts, entertainment but also lacking sail away party last day lasted 15 minutes. Felt like a commodity being milked of cash. Notified of dietary intolerance. Tried to manage when asked for help maitre de patronising!!!! On arrival wardrobe and TV stand broke- tools TV was meant to be like it. After persistence repaired. Balcony quite rusty. Concierge personalised service non existant! Boarded Tuesday, received message on Friday saying he had been on a course, over 10 days left about 4-5 phone messages- sadly lacking. WE had waited a long time and felt a little underwhelmed overall.
Summary: A special 60th holiday to Canada and Alaska which had been postponed from 2015 (due to illness) when we were booked for the Holland America line. 2016 saw us on Celebrity Cruises the ship Infinity. Our first sight of the ship in Vancouver port and our first impression was, the ship was old and rusty. All the windows had been siliconed in smudges all over the glass which put doubts in our minds of what was to come for our 7 night cruise to Alaska and return. Our cabin was barely big enough to swing a cat and you had to squeeze past the end of the bed to reach the 'seating' area which you couldn't get to sit as the table was in the way! Thank goodness for the balcony, a god send, although noisy neighbours were asked to respect all passengers. Food was generally average, although homemade pizza made to order filled the gaps as did ice-cream, but there was nothing outstanding or memorable. On board entertainment was another saving grace. Some excellent shows in a spacious theatre. Staff were very aloof initially and not very helpful, but this is generally the way with bigger ships - passengers are numbers not people and are treated as such. A large cattle market with over rated high prices. Canada and Alaska are amazing and I would recommend both places to anyone, BUT if I were to do this again I would pick the local ferry boats or a much more upmarket ship with the service you have paid for. One other thing I did fill in a comment slip on board, but as I expected I received no reply.
Summary: Four years after last cruising on Celebrity Infinity we returned for a 15 night Eastbound Panama Canal Cruise. Clearly the entertainments management has changed in that time as loud music is now played at all time in all public rooms and on all outer decks throughout the ship. This becomes very tiresome when the only place that is quiet is the cabin. That cabin, (2153), was comfortable and very acceptable and we were well looked after by our helpful steward Denny. We had been given a Standard drinks package but this had been upgraded to a Classic package . We were thus able to enjoy specialty coffees in Cafe al Bacio, a very civilised spot but for the aforementioned music! The MDR Trellis Restaurant is an absolute nightmare of high octane chaos. Celebrity describe it as a 'place of intimacy and personal connections' ~ which is just laughable. We had Select Dining and on advice pre-booked each night and thank goodness we did. However most tables for two are placed towards the aisles where waiters, assistant waiters, sommeliers, waiters with headpieces making up tables (and shouting messages back to the restaurant reception) and head waiters also with headpieces are literally dashing about. The latter helped us to be placed and to be served on a number of occasions such was the mayhem. The food from the very limited menu was however good. Obviously Celebrity, by providing only limited choice in the MDR, are pushing you towards paying for more choice in the speciality restaurants. Thus we ate several times in the Ocean View buffet where the selections can be OK but the food is always cool and served on cold plates. The ports of call were not outstanding but of interest and we took a ship's excursion in each. Cabo San Lucas was a tender port and this was very poorly operated by the ship. The tender service for independent passengers ran flawlessly from one pontoon whilst those on a tour waited and waited to be taken from another pontoon. So much for ship's excursion passengers having priority! Sadly it was very wet when we took the canopy aerial tram ride from the Costa Rican port of Puntarenas so saw little wildlife. The main reason we took this cruise was the transit of the Panama Canal and in this we were not disappointed. An outstanding lecturer gave an all day commentary and this was very good. Disembarking in Fort Lauderdale was a laborious affair with only two Immigration counters open for foreign nationals to be finger printed (both hands and thumbs) photographed, a 90 line with suitcases. It should be noted that Celebrity block book seats on flights from the UK. This prevents early check-in though you can contact their Flight Team to request seats for the outbound flight, four days before departure. For the return flight though, you are on your own as we found out at check-in! Fortunately the pleasant BA crew sat us together as soon as we mentioned it on entering the aircraft. (What has happened to the food offering on BA long haul flights? Very poor.) So verdict on Celebrity? I would say never again, but we are already booked on a Jet Sail out of Stansted on Celebrity Constellation in four weeks. Hopefully there will be fewer of our noisy and often rude friends from across the pond on board.
Summary: The ship was clean and tidy and our cabin 6022 was lovely, just the right size for 2 people. All of the pool areas were good and there were plenty of sun beds, one pool was child free. The self service restaurant was a bit of a bun fight , but generally the service in the main restaurant was good except for the first night . The food was ok , but I've had better . Unless you have a drinks package all drinks including bottled water and juice have to be paid for. The entertainment was good as was the late night disco:-) All in all though we enjoyed our cruise on the infinity.
Summary: The Infinity is FANTASTIC. The staff, without exception, are excellent. However please avoid outside cabin 3088 as the sound of constant running water in the pipes will drive you mad. We were fortunate enough to be moved to another cabin nearby after the first night.
Summary: Buenos Aires - Valparaiso New Year 2015. As first-time Celebrity cruisers we were impressed by the organisation of the cruise, the customer relations team and the shore excursions team. However, it should be noted that boarding the ship in Buenos Aires was chaotic and stressful. Once on the ship we were told we would have to wait two hours for our staterooms where upon most passengers found their way to the buffet lunch. The Trellis Restaurant provided excellent food and service at all times. The SS 'United States' restaurant had a wonderful atmosphere and the memory of the lobster being cooked at my table, and of course the taste, has to be a gourmet highlight. The variety of the buffet food was admirable. It was a shame that some of the 'hot' food became luke warm before being served. The Ice Cream bar at the buffet was very popular. We quickly learned not to join a queue full of children who, faced with a dozen or so choices of ice-cream flavours and toppings, chose to fill their plates! The local guides on the shore excursions were excellent and enthusiastic. They all spoke excellent English, indeed some of them were English teachers. They were eager to show us round, provide enough history to help us to understand what we were seeing, and to give thoughtful answers to our questions. In contrast to arriving on the ship, the dis-embarkation arrangements went very well. Everyone knew where to wait. Groups were called on time. Once ashore cruisers were directed to their buses and taxis. Yes, we would probably take another Celebrity cruise.
Summary: Booked this immersive wine cruise last minute due to excellent "Iglu" price and reputation of Celebrity. Have cruised with Celebrity seven times previous including Century, Eclipse and Equinox and could not find fault. On this occasion we were extremely disappointed. Infinity did not appear to have benefited from her solstice makeover in 2012 and looked tired and outdated. Stateroom furnishings were worn, stained and dreary. Mildew in bathroom and the dreaded shower curtain hung waiting to wrap around us. Condensation excessive. Very noisy, especially at night. We complained and did receive some compensation but did not expect this on a Celebrity cruise which has a 5 star reputation. Poor live entertainment and the bars lacked atmosphere. Lounges had a 1980's feel. Sun loungers ranged from acceptable to broken. Pool towels were dull and worn. Spa area had a strange musty smell. Changing room was unhygienic. Overall a ship that had seen better days. Positive side. Food was very good, especially in main restaurant. Service in most cases, also very good. Itinery, apart from Le Havre, was excellent. La Rochelle, as charming as ever, Bibao a real surprise and wonderful Basque City, Vigo pleasant and Oporto a gem! The wonderful weather was superb. So yes, I would book with Celebrity again but only on a Solstice class ship.
Summary: We had a great time and we were upgraded to a Family stateroom with veranda which was sheer luxury and the cabin stewards were lovely. The staff were helpful and attentive at all times, the food was wonderful and the cleanliness could not have been bettered. The crew and entertainment were brilliant. A lovely holiday only downside was a flu virus onboard mainly because other passengers still went to the shows and trips coughing and sneezing without a thought for other travellers onboard and did not cover their noses or mouths! We came down with it on our last night onboard so brought it home with us, but much better than being poorly on holiday. If it was Iglu who gave us the upgrade thank you, but you do realise that we will want that room on every trip now as we were so spoilt. Thank You.