text:
Tag: Testimonium Flavianum
Porphyry on quotation practices in antiquity
An interesting volume has come my way on the quotations in Eusebius. It is Sabrina Inowlocki, Eusebius and the Jewish Authors: His citation technique in an apologetic context, Brill, 2006. This, remarkably, was a PhD thesis in French.
The study is interesting enough that I should like to read the paper volume. I have a PDF but reading more than a bit on screen is impossible. But sadly the price at $150 renders that impossible. However the PDF is indexed, and as a result I keep finding good things.
Chapter 2 is about the way that ancient authors quoted sources. In chapter 2E, Faithfulness to the Text Cited, we find the following statements:
The changes brought by an author to the cited passage vary substantially. They generally consist in the omission or addition of words, in grammatical changes, in the combination of citations, and in the modification of the primary meaning of the quotation. These changes may be deliberate, which means that they are made by the citing author specifically in order to appropriate the content of the citation.52 They may also be accidental. If deliberate, the changes result from the author's wish to adjust the citation to his own purposes, to 'modernize' the stylistic expression of a more ancient writer, or to adapt the grammar of the cited text to that of the citing text. It may be noted that deliberate changes do not always stem from the citing author's eagerness to tamper with the primary meaning of a passage, as modern scholars often suspect and harshly condemn.
A passage from Porphyry, cited in the Praeparatio, is particularly revealing. It shows the methodology applied to the cited text, even by an author who was eager to preserve the primary meaning of that cited text:
(I omit the Greek, since I can't paste it and don't have time to retype it tonight)
To such you will impart information without any reserve. For I myself call the gods to witness, that I have neither added, nor taken away from the meaning of the responses, except where I have corrected an erroneous phrase, or made a change for greater clearness, or completed the metre where defective, or struck out anything that did not conduce to the purpose; so that I have preserved the sense of what was spoken untouched, guarding against the impiety of such changes, rather than against the avenging justice that follows from the sacrilege.(53)
53. De philosophia ex oraculis I, p.109-110 (Wolff) = PE IV. 7. 1.
The sense, in other words, is what Porphyry transmits, not the exact words before him. This is perhaps easier to understand if we remember that the copies before him were manuscripts, and so could easily contain corruptions.
Inowlocki goes on to say:
This passage emphasizes the prominence of the meaning of the text over its phrasing: The nous is clearly opposed to the lexis.54 Porphyry claims not to have tampered with the noemata of the oracles but he does not claim that he has not changed the terms and expressions of the cited text.55 Yet it should be noted that the respect shown to the meaning of the oracles is due to their sacredness. Similar attitudes are also found among Jewish and Christian authors regarding the modification of the Scriptures. Such changes are even more harshly condemned in the Jewish and Christian traditions.56[1] This was not the case with secular texts, as can be seen from Porphyry's use of citations in his De abstinentia.57 Porphyry was especially gifted in manipulating texts, although the concept of manipulation hardly applies to antiquity. At any rate, the neo-platonic philosopher was not the only one to do so. Plutarch, who is well known for his extensive use of quotations, does not hesitate to transform the passages he cites by omitting, adding or modifying terms or expressions occurring in the quotation. Not even Plato was spared by him.
However, it should be emphasized that our scholarly criteria of citation are not relevant to the practice of ancient authors. Purpose and methodology differ dramatically. Actually, that which we might consider falsification was viewed by ancient writers as a methodology in explicating the true, authentic meaning of a text. In a sense, in the ancient authors' view, modifying the text cited was meant to express its essence more clearly.59
In addition to the distinction between sacred and secular texts, the treatment of prose citations differs from that of poetic citations. Indeed, it was more difficult to modify poetic texts because of the metric rules. Moreover, in many cases, the readership knew them by heart. This was especially the case with Homer. As Stanley has pointed out in a study on Paul,60 the status of Homeric poems in Hellenism was to some extent comparable to that of the Scriptures in Judaism and Christianity. Both texts constituted the most authoritative text. Homer had been critically edited in the Hellenistic period and this 'vulgate' was in general faithfully copied by second-century C.E. authors. This observation may probably also apply to Euripides' and Sophocles' tragedies.
However, the poetic text cited by the ancient authors is not always identical to that which has reached us through direct transmission, i.e., in manuscripts. Several explanations other than the responsibility of the citing authors may be suggested. Firstly, the authors often cited passages from memory and therefore made mistakes;61 secondly, in the case of Homeric quotations, the authors could use a text other than the Alexandrian 'vulgate;' thirdly, most authors excerpted passages from florilegia rather than from the original text;62 finally, some differences may be due to the corruptions to which medieval manuscripts were subject.
As for prose texts, they could be more easily modified thanks to the flexibility of their form. They could easily be summarized, paraphrased and transformed. It is worth noting that the faithfulness to the text also depends on the feelings of the quoting author towards the quoted author. An author such as Strabo, whose faithfulness to the Homeric text has been shown by Stanley, proves to be rather loose in his citations from Herodotus.63 Likewise, Plutarch quotes Herodotus faithfully only in half of the cases64 whereas it is well known that he cites Homer faithfully.
The different methodologies in modifying a text may be presented as follows:65 …
But here we must halt our quotation. Most of the footnotes refer to studies.
Isn't this fascinating stuff? It is really useful to hear Porphyry's statement. It is really useful to hear some solid examples of how ancient writers handle these things.
The author, Sabrina Inowlocki, is a Eusebius scholar, and her study of the quotations in the Apodeixis (i.e. the Praeparatio Evangelica and Demonstratio Evangelica) is really interesting. But it's the kind of book to read through.
What a murder it is, that so useful a volume, funded by a tax grant, should be obscured by such a high price!
[1]56. See, e.g. Josephus, Antiquities I. 17, X. 218 and Against Apion I. 42; Letter of ps.Aristeas 310…↩
Posted in From my diaryTagged Eusebius, Josephus, Testimonium Flavianum4 Comments on Porphyry on quotation practices in antiquity
Words, Words, Words: A response to Richard Carrier on Feldman and Eusebius
Posted on February 22, 2017 by Roger Pearse
It's always nice when my blog posts attract attention. I learned last week that an old post of mine, from 2013, has attracted a response from a professional atheist polemicist named Richard Carrier. In a rather excitable post here on his own blog he roundly denounces my casual remarks, and indeed myself (!), and offers a new theory of his own. A correspondent drew my attention to this, and asked me to comment.
My original post was written after I happened to see an article by the excellent Josephus scholar Louis Feldman. This tentatively endorsed the fringe idea that Eusebius of Caesarea (fl. early 4th century) may have composed the so-called Testimonium Flavianum (TF), the rather odd passage in Josephus Antiquities 18 which mentions Christ.[1] This claim is not one that anybody has previously had much time for, and I didn't see any purpose in rebutting it. Feldman was only summarising work by others, I felt.
But then I saw something interesting. The article made the claim that, if you search the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae database for a phrase towards the end of the TF, "And the tribe of Christians has not died out even to this day" (eis eti te nun – even/still to this day),[2] then it gives a bunch of hits in Eusebius' works, and pretty much nowhere else.
I do computer searches. I'm interested in Eusebius. So I did the search for the phrase, but I got only a handful of results. Disappointed, I blogged about it, added some cautions on rushing to conclusions from these kinds of matches, and thought no more about it.
Last week I learned that, after four years, Richard Carrier has written a blog post in which he asserts rather over-enthusiastically that I simply did the search wrong – that instead I should have searched for eis eti nun; the te is just a particle, with the vague sense of "and", and the two phrases are pretty much the same in meaning. Of course the two are indeed more or less identical in meaning.
Carrier's search produces splendid results. It gets 94 matches.[3] Of these, 6 are later than Eusebius; one each in six authors. The other 88 are entirely in Eusebius. In other words, practically nobody in all Greek literature ever uses the phrase other than Eusebius, if we can trust this search. It looks like the claim that Eusebius wrote the TF is proved!
But 88 out of 94 is not just a good result for the theory. It's a fabulous result! In fact, it's too good to be true. It's like a Soviet election result with 99% voting for the official candidate. The number is supposed to produce confidence in the result, and does the opposite. It's a sign that we need to sanity-check what we are doing.
Doing so produces instant discomfort. Surely "even to this day" is a trivial phrase? Are we really saying that Eusebius invented something as obvious as that? It seems unlikely. Imagine a Greek, complaining about his neighbour, as man has done since time immemorial. Would he not say, "How long has this been a problem?" "Oh it started when we landed, and it has continued even to this day." How else would you express that idea?[4]
In fact, if we look at little further we find that the idea in rather similar words is indeed kicking around well before Eusebius, six centuries earlier, in the third century BC. Apollonius Rhodius uses the idea in his Argonautica. He uses it to tie together past and present, in precisely the way that Eusebius does. [5] The historian Polybius uses it, the poet Callimachus uses it. Nobody in our corpus uses it like Eusebius does; but then nobody is writing quite the kinds of works that Eusebius is.
So why didn't these authors appear in the results, when we do the search? Because these rely on searching for versions of eiseti nun, which differs only by a word-division and means much the same thing.[6] We can omit te; we can replace it with the stronger equivalent kai; we can run eis and eti together, especially when we know that Greek manuscripts did not feature word division. Any claim that depends on the presence of a space in the text is a pretty fragile one.
In fact there are quite a number of things we can do to twiddle the search, once we start thinking about it. Let's just give the numbers from the TLG for a few versions of this search string, all of which mean much the same:
eis eti te nun – 4 hits. Josephus (1 hit), Eusebius (3 hits).
eiseti te nun – 7 hits. Eusebius (4), Sozomen (2), Oecumenius (1).
eis eti nun – 94 hits. 88 are from works of Eusebius, and the other 6 are later: Didymus the Blind (d.398) On Genesis, Procopius of Gaza (5th c.) Commentary on Isaiah, Stobaeus (6th c.), Chronicon Paschale (6th c.) and two 12th century Byzantine writers.
eiseti nun – 142 hits. Mostly pre-Eusebius; 7 hits in Apollonius Rhodius (3rd c. BC), Timaeus Historicus (3rd c. BC), Polybius (2nd c. BC), Philo (1st c. AD), Aelius Aristides (2nd c. AD), Lucian (2nd c.), Oppian (2nd c.), Clement of Alexandria (ca. 200), and others. But Eusebius (63 hits) and Sozomen (41 hits) do appear.
eis eti kai nun – 23 hits. 2 hits from Porphyry (3rd c.) from different works. Some from Eusebius, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory Nazianzen, and then Byzantine writers.
eiseti kai nun – 110 hits. Callimachus (3rd c. BC), Herennius Philo (ca. 100 AD), Lucian, the Book of Jubilees (ca. 150 BC), Eusebius (56 hits) – especially in the commentaries on Isaiah and Psalms – Eutropius, Chrysostom, Palladius, and Byzantine writers. Also an LXX variant reading for Isaiah 9:6 (given by Eusebius).
All of these do show significant use by Eusebius. Some of these show pre-Eusebian use; others don't.
In fact Carrier is quite well aware of the pre-Eusebian results, which he proceeds to mention briefly in a paragraph that reads as if it was tacked on afterwards. But it's terrible stuff. Clement of Alexandria is just a Christian, so he doesn't count (?!). Polybius doesn't count because no other historical writer after him uses this phrase. In fact Carrier has changed his argument; from "only Eusebius uses this, so it proves that Eusebius forged the TF" – a defensible argument, if wrong – to "Eusebius uses this more than anyone, so that proves that he forged the TF". Which, of course, it does not. Carrier has defeated himself.[7]
Here's the rub; the success or failure of our search comes to depend on us, on our judgement, on our ingenuity, on our knowledge of Greek. This subjectivity was precisely why, in my first blog post, I never proceeded beyond the exact match.
There are further possible issues with this method. Only 1% of Greek literature has survived. Much of that is biased towards technical, classical or ecclesiastical writings, those that were useful to copyists in the Dark Ages. The TLG contains only a portion of that 1%. Someone who knew more about computational linguistics than I do could easily point out more problems.
The database itself is not "clean";[8] it is comprised of texts edited by many different editors, whose choices from the manuscript tradition will reflect their preferences. One example of this may be found in searching outside the TLG for eis eti nun. The TLG gives no hits before Eusebius. But I find that the 1831 R. Klotz edition of Clement of Alexandria, Protrepicus, has three hits for it.[9] In the TLG, based on the GCS edition, eis eti is replaced by eiseti. There is no indication in the apparatus as to why. The results of each database search are therefore a reflection of editorial choices.
Stylistic analysis, whether manual or automated, can be something of a trap. It's terribly easy to forget how little we really know about the texts before us, the language which none of us speak as a native and which changes considerably over the thousand years before us, the vagaries of editors, the influence of ammanuenses and copyists, and of the non-literary spoken language, which surrounds the literary text like a warm bath at every instant but is almost invisible to us.
To sum up, we saw that a search for the exact phrase does not confirm Carrier's claim. A search for revised phrases which mean the same does not confirm the claim either. Attempts to dodge this simply destroy the argument.
Now let's go back to where we started. The argument in Feldman's article was that the use of this phrase proved that Eusebius wrote the TF. We don't want any implicit assumptions here, so let's lay the argument out explicitly.
The claim is: (1) we have no evidence that eis eti te nun (etc) was used in Greek literature before Eusebius; (2) the search proves that Eusebius uses it extensively; therefore (3) any use of the term proves that Eusebius composed that bit of text; and (4) the TF as found in the Church History of Eusebius does contain it; so (5) Eusebius composed the TF.
The second point is correct. Eusebius does use the eis eti nun phrase extensively, once or twice in every book of the Church History, and elsewhere.
But the first point is dodgy, and so is the third. We have seen that in fact we do have evidence of its use for 6 centuries before Eusebius.
But let us suppose for a moment that the TLG searches did in fact show, as Carrier contended (before he discovered otherwise), that nobody used eis eti nun before Eusebius. The argument still is flawed. For this argument is an argument from silence – that we have no evidence that anyone else … so it must have been him. Arguments from silence are not valid.
The archaeologists never tire of telling us that absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. It is the first thing that we must remember. And we're searching only a subset of 1% of Greek literature, as we saw. According to Carrier this means that we don't have any evidence of use before Eusebius … very well. But even then we don't have all the evidence. We have only a fraction of it.
In conclusion, the claim that examining the use of eis eti nun proves that Eusebius composed the TF is not correct. The claim itself seems to involve an argument from silence. And the silence itself can only be sustained by ignoring the exact matches, using a related search, and then finding reasons to ignore other related searches.
[1]There is another brief mention in Ant. 20 which also does so.↩
[2]I have transliterated the Greek so that general readers can follow along.↩
[3]This from a search of the TLG-E disk; I am currently unable to access the online system.↩
[4]In fact it would be rather interesting to know how this was expressed in the classical period, as eis eti nun does not seem to be classical.↩
[5]M.P. Cuypers, "Apollonius of Rhodes", In: Irene J. F. De Jong, René Nünlist, Angus M. Bowie, "Narrators, Narratees, and Narratives in Ancient Greek Literature: Studies in Ancient Greek Narrative", vol. 1. Brill, 2004, p.56 and n.24.↩
[6]My thanks to Ken Olson for pointing this out in a comment on my original post. Dr O. is clearly no bigot, for he did so despite this information working against the interest of his theory: clearly a gentleman and a scholar.↩
[7]Full disclosure: I wrote the majority of this post without Carrier's post before me, so I did not remember his change of mind at this point.↩
[8]See further M. Eder, "Mind your corpus: systematic errors in authorship attribution", Literary and Linguistic Computing 28, 2013, 603-14.↩
[9]Page 9 line 29, p.12 l.17, p.18 l.16. The first of these reads "καταδουλοῦται καὶ αΐκίζεται εἰς ἔτι νῦν τοιὶς άνθρώπους,"↩
Posted in From my diaryTagged Eusebius, Josephus, Louis Feldman, Richard Carrier, Testimonium Flavianum19 Comments on Words, Words, Words: A response to Richard Carrier on Feldman and Eusebius
Diez on al-Makin and the Testimonium Flavianum
Posted on December 10, 2013 December 16, 2013 by Roger Pearse
Just a quick note to signal an important article: Martino Diez, "Les antiquites greco-romaines entre ibn al-`Amid et Ibn Khaldun. Notes pour une histoire de la tradition, in: Studia Graeco-Arabica 3 (2013), 121-140 (Online here). (In this and what follows, don't presume I have every letter just correct: WordPress won't allow me to!)
The abstract tells it all:
The Coptic Historian al-Makin Girgis ibn al-`Amid (1206 – after 1280) is the author of a universal history known as al-Magmu` al-Mubarak ('The blessed collection'). This work is divided into two parts: a section on pre-Islamic history, still unpublished, and a summary of Islamic history, edited by Erpenius in 1625 and completed by Claude Cahen. The article analyzes the two recensions of the first part of the Magmu` through the comparison of three manuscripts, in particular as regards the sections on Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine history. After discussing the particular version of the Testimonium Flavianum which can be found in the longer recension of the Magmu`, the article traces the fortune of al-Makin in subsequent Islamic historiography, especially al-Qalqašandi, al-Maqrizi and Ibn Khaldun.
Al-Makin is the big unpublished Arabic Christian history. His version of the Testimonium Flavianum in the first half of al-Makin's work was referenced by Shlomo Pines in his well-known article on the subject, when discussing Agapius, but a look at the French translation of Agapius reveals that Pines must have used Al-Makin's version extensively.
The article is in French, but promises to be very interesting! Watch this space!
Update (16th Dec. 2013): I had not realised that the article was online. I've added the link, and also corrected a typo in the title.
Posted in From my diaryTagged Agapius, Al-Makin, Arabic Christian, Josephus, Testimonium Flavianum3 Comments on Diez on al-Makin and the Testimonium Flavianum
Feldman, the Testimonium Flavianum, Eusebius and the TLG
Posted on September 13, 2013 February 22, 2017 by Roger Pearse
Last year Josephus scholar Louis Feldman wrote a tentative article in support of the hitherto fringe idea that Eusebius of Caesarea composed the so-called Testimonium Flavianum found in Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews, book 18.[1] On p.26 we find the following statement:
There is one phrase in the Testimonium that, while it has been noted by several scholars, has not been sufficiently emphasized, namely, eis eti te nun (still to this day), referring to the fact that "still to this day," "the tribe of the Christians, so called after him, has not disappeared."
This brief phrase, I would like to suggest, may–I repeat, may–give us the key to the whole puzzle as to the legitimacy of the Testimonium Flavianum. That key is now available to us because of the compilation during the past few decades of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, the complete dictionary of all the Greek words in all the extant Greek literature. In such a thesaurus, one would expect such a phrase to appear not hundreds but thousands of times, and it does appear frequently; but the only writer in this entire collection of many thousands of Greek texts to use this phrase with the words in this order, aside from Josephus, is Eusebius, in whose writings it appears three times. This phrase thus appears to be a favorite of Eusebius and of no one else, at least of extant writers from that period.
Now this seems really rather impressive (to me, anyway). But we must always verify our facts.
Let us do a textual search on the TLG for eis eti te nun. What do we get?
We get precisely four results. I'm not sure what search term produced "frequent" results.
1. The first result is Josephus himself. So far so good.
2. The second result is … erm … Eusebius quoting Josephus in the Church History book 1, chapter 11, verse 8; English translation here. This, of course, is neither here nor there as far as Feldman's theory is concerned.
3. The third result is from book 2 of the Church History, chapter 1, verse 7; English here.[2]
4. The fourth result is from the Eclogae Propheticae, p.168, l.15. This is part of Eusebius' later work, the General Elementary Introduction (to Christianity): "Διὸ καὶ τότε θαυμάζεσθαι αὐτοὺς εἰκὸς ἦν παρὰ τοῖς ἔμφροσιν, καὶ τοὺς λόγους αὐτῶν ἀναγράπτους παρὰ τοῖς ἱερογραμματεῦσι φυλάττεσθαι, εἰς ἔτι τε νῦν παρ' ὅλῳ τῷ ἔθνει προφήτας γεγονέναι τοῦ Θεοῦ πιστεύεσθαι·"
It is not obvious from this list of data just why this means that Eusebius composed the TF. So at this point we may ask ourselves what Feldman's argument was again. It would be advisable to place the argument in our own words — to avoid the danger of being influenced by rhetoric — and to make explicit any inferred arguments.
Feldman's argument would seem to be as follows:
If two writers both use the phrase eis eti te nun, and only two, then this must mean that one has read the other, and that one is copying the other or has composed both.
Josephus uses this phrase once.
Eusebius, who is later, uses it twice (ignoring the verbatim quotation of the TF).
Therefore Josephus did not write it, but Eusebius did.
I think most of us will be perplexed a little at this logic.
The first part of the argument seems very risky in a number of ways. The phrase is a simple one, and ought to appear, as Feldman acknowledges, all over the place. But the TLG as it stands reports only 4 results. It would seem possible, therefore, that the TLG database is not representative of Greek literature or speech. Since only 1% of ancient literature is preserved, and the TLG contains only a portion of that 1%, it is not impossible that this supposition is correct. But if the TLG is not comprehensive, then the presence of only 2 authors in the search means nothing; only that the TF is not comprehensive. In regard of completeness, it is suspicious that no other quotations of the TF appear in the results. Is it really the case that no later Greek author quotes the TF?
Likewise a phrase of 4 words is not much of a fingerprint.
Finally, arguments from parallels are always dangerous, because trivial parallels can be mistaken for significant fingerprints. They can arise in a great number of ways, and do not necessarily involve connection, never mind derivation. For instance literature derives from oral speech. Phrases appear in multiple places in modern literature, not because the authors know each other but because of some other source. The popularisation of the term "chillaxing" by British Prime Minister David Cameron in 2010 will undoubtedly have left its mark in the literary record; but woe betide any subsequent scholar who draws conclusions from comparing literature, rather than seeking its real origin.
The fourth part of the argument is a non-sequitur. If we allow a connection, it may arise in a number of ways.
The first possibility is the simplest. Let us suppose that Josephus wrote those words. Let us suppose that Eusebius copied them for the HE I, liked the phrase, and, having it in mind, repeated it when he composed book II, and, later, in the GEI. What could be more natural? What need is there to suppose anything other than copying?
There is another, many-headed alternative. For this we need to consider the second quotation of the TF by Eusebius, in the Demonstratio Evangelica, book 3, chapter 5. This does not appear in the search because, simply, it has a different text: "ὅθεν εἰσέτι νῦν ἀπὸ τοῦδε τῶν Χριστιανῶν οὐκ ἐπέλειπεν τὸ φῦλον."
Why are there two versions? Is Eusebius quoting from memory and tripping up, or using different copies of the text? — for how else can the same quotation have two different wordings?
But if he is quoting from memory a favourite saying then why does he get it wrong? This, surely, is evidence against the "favourite" argument.
If he has access to copies with two different versions, then of course there is a textual problem at this point with Josephus in transmission, which means that arguing from a parallel in the text is pointless because in this case we don't know what the text is.
We might also consider the well-known phenomenon of harmonisation. This is most familiar to us from the New Testament and the Lord's Prayer where — I am told — the version in Luke tends to become assimilated to that in Matthew in the manuscripts, as the former was more familiar.
Now Eusebius HE is a common text. Josephus' Antiquities 11-20 is comparatively a rare one. The TF was so well known by itself that it intrudes into Josephus Jewish War. The conditions are right for assimilation in transmission. Do we know for sure that, far from Eusebius composing the TF, the copyist of the 9th century ancestor of all our modern mss. of Antiquities 11-20 did not harmonise the text with the HE, conciously or otherwise?
We do have evidence that assimilation did occur in versions of the TF. Jerome quotes in Latin in De viris illustribus a somewhat different version of the text. But I am told that in the Greek translation of DVI, someone has "corrected" the TF to the version found in Eusebius HE and Josephus.
On the other hand, the DE is also a rare text. Evidently harmonisation was not that commonplace.
But if we do assume a connection, and we allow for harmonisation, then it is equally likely that the Josephan TF is merely a scribal copy of the Eusebian version in the HE, itself probably corrupt, and that the real text is lost. If Eusebius (or his literary assistants – we must remember that there are problems with the quotations in the HE) did write down the TF from memory, and did so differently in the HE and DE, then of course errors of memory are possible and Eusebian phrasing may be introduced by a normal text-critical path.
Some will also feel rather concerned at the tiny data volumes – 4 words, 2 quotations – involved. Are these numbers large enough to be statistically significant? Databases can tell us much, but they can also mislead if used without awareness of the pitfalls, and without devising a way to exclude false positives.
In short, the argument put forward by Prof. Feldman is interesting but unconvincing. The data does not require the hypothesis of Eusebian composition in order to explain it.
UPDATE (17/2/17): In a new article, atheist Richard Carrier complains here that, for the purposes of the theory, I should have searched for eis eti nun instead of the exact phrase in the text of Josephus, eis eti te nun. In fact I just searched for the "brief phrase" that Feldman gave, and I didn't look further for ways to make it work. But let us by all means discuss this in a separate post when I have had a chance to look at the TLG.
[1]Louis H. Feldman, On the authenticity of the "Testimonium Flavianum" attributed to Josephus, in: E. Carlebach and J. Schacter (ed), New Perspectives on Jewish Christian Relations, Brill, 2012, 13-30. Accessible on Google Books Preview here.↩
[2]7 When he came to that place he healed Abgarus by the word of Christ; and after bringing all the people there into the right attitude of mind by means of his works, and leading them to adore the power of Christ, he made them disciples of the Saviour's teaching. And from that time down to the present the whole city of the Edessenes has been devoted to the name of Christ, offering no common proof of the beneficence of our Saviour toward them also.↩
Posted in From my diaryTagged Eusebius, Josephus, Louis Feldman, Richard Carrier, Testimonium Flavianum13 Comments on Feldman, the Testimonium Flavianum, Eusebius and the TLG
Did Eusebius forge the Testimonium Flavianum?
Posted on May 5, 2010 May 5, 2010 by Roger Pearse
Notoriously some years ago Ken Olson revived this allegation. I have today found an article by Alice Whealy, who specialises in the historiography of the Testimonium Flavianum, reviewing Olson's arguments and disagreeing fairly firmly. It appears in a collection of articles, and there is a preview on Google books. Does anyone have an electronic copy of the whole article?
Alice Whealey, Josephus, Eusebius of Caesarea, and the Testimonium Flavianum, in Josephus und das Neue Testament, Tübingen (2007), p.73 – 116, here.
Posted in From my diaryTagged Josephus, Patristics, Testimonium FlavianumLeave a Comment on Did Eusebius forge the Testimonium Flavianum?
Agapius almost ready
Posted on July 7, 2009 by Roger Pearse
I've finished turning the French translation of the 10th century Arabic Christian historian Agapius into English, formatting it and so forth. Only a couple of issues remain, but these are important.
People get interested in Agapius for two reasons only, in my experience. The lesser reason is that he preserves a fragment of Papias not found elsewhere. This undoubtedly comes from a Syriac version of some lost Greek chronicle.
The main reason is that Shlomo Pines quoted a version of the Testimonium Flavianum as from Agapius, which has since attracted a lot of attention. Pines made his own translation, using the 1912 CSCO text.
The passage is found in the second part of Agapius. This is preserved only in a single damaged manuscript in Florence. The manuscript breaks off in 776 AD, in the second year of the Caliph al-Mahdi; but the text originally continued to 941 AD. Quotations from Agapius are found in the 13th century Arabic Christian historian al-Makin. The CSCO text supplemented the text found in the Florence manuscript from al-Makin.
Methodologically this seems unsound to me. We all know that texts tend to grow in transmission, as marginal notes find their way into the text, and additional material gets added. It would be most interesting to learn whether attention was paid to this. Since no edition exists of al-Makin, it is rather hard to judge. Unfortunately the CSCO edition did not come with a translation. Let's hope it has a non-Arabic introduction!
Either way I need to look directly at the CSCO edition, and give both passages a special treatment. So I shall drive up to Cambridge tomorrow, and get copies of the relevant passages. I think I will take a little digital camera with me and just photograph the pages — the photocopiers at the university library are a disgrace!
Posted in AgapiusTagged Agapius, Patristics, Testimonium Flavianum4 Comments on Agapius almost ready


La Circulation Des Savoirs Interdisciplinarit Concepts Nomades Analogies M Taphores is good choice for you that looking for nice reading experience. We hope you glad to visit our website. Please read our description and our privacy and policy page.
Finally I get this ebook, thanks for all these La Circulation Des Savoirs Interdisciplinarit Concepts Nomades Analogies M Taphores can get now!


We all wondered what the high-flying Blake Griffin would look in the latter stages of his career when he could no longer consistently rely on his athleticism for buckets like he once used to. Thankfully, Jarrett Allen was there to answer that question for us tonight.
Had some of us actually paid attention to the NBA preseason, we might have seen this coming. The Nets forward had already gotten the better of Griffin earlier this month when Piston went for a dunk at the end of a play that was pretty similar to tonight's.
But it wasn't all horrible for Griffin and the Pistons. Detroit would leave their worryingly empty home opener with a 103-100 win over the Nets and the former Clipper would finish with 26 points, eight rebounds and six assists. So I guess the crippling sadness that comes with seeing a player like Griffin get reduced to a washed veteran who's easily stuffed at the rim will have to wait at least another game.


text:
Joan Rivers: 8 Funny Quotes from the 80-Year-Old Birthday Girl
Andrea Cheng
Andrea Cheng is a New York-based writer and editor who covers all things fashion, celebrity style, beauty, and trends. She was previously the Digital Fashion News Editor at InStyle.
Published on June 14, 2013 @ 05:15PM
Photo: AP Images
You think you're your own worst critic? Joan Rivers has you beat. At 80 years old, as of June 8, the Emmy award-winning comedienne still has her bite, a snappy tongue that made her a mainstay in the entertainment industry. With an insurmountable number of projects in play, including hosting E!'s Fashion Police, web-series In Bed with Joan, and reality TV series Melissa & Joan: Joan Knows Best?, Rivers is a one-woman one-liner powerhouse. We listened in on her less-than-politically-correct musings from interviews, clips, and stand-ups, and rounded up are eight memorable lines below. Scroll down and be sure to share your favorites.
1. On shapewear: "My grandson is mad at me. He's mad at me because I squandered his college fund on Spanx. It's a lot, but there's a lot going on here."— in an interview with David Letterman
2. On aging: "Old women are suctioned to the ground. Boobs, out of a brassiere, in the morning, it just goes. I use my left boob as a stopper in the tub."— stand-up at Live at the Apollo
3. On engagement rings: "Learn what not to expect. Irish catholic they get sh**** little rings. Irish women get crappy rings. Baptist get the worst because they get the rings under water. When it comes up, it's garbage. Jewish, big rings. Episcopalian big rings. Italians—the best, because they get them off of dead people, and second wives get the biggest rings of all."— stand-up at Live at the Apollo
4. On marriage: "You don't marry for love. What does love got to do with marriage? I spit on love and marriage. You marry for money."— stand-up at Live at the Apollo
5. On education: "Women should look good. Work on yourselves. Education? I spit on education. No man is ever going to put his hand up your dress looking for a library card."— stand-up at Live at the Apollo
6. On Botox: "I love plastic surgery."— stand-up at Live at the Apollo
7. On redressing the Virgin Mary: "I put her in a Chanel suit, Manolo Blahniks, and a Louis Vuitton pocketbook. You're the mother of God, look it! If she had looked like that, she would've gotten into the inn. The point is, it's about looks."— stand-up at Live at the Apollo
8. On herself: "I have no sex appeal and it has screwed me up for life. Peeping Toms look at my window and pull down the shade. My gynecologist examines me by telephone."— stand-up at Live at the Apollo
MORE:• Joan Rivers' Lenscrafters Bash• See Jennifer Love Hewitt's Engagement Ring• The Next Spanx? Get Smooth Red Carpet Curves
'The Princess' Finds So Many Parallels Between Princess Diana and Meghan Markle
Regina Hall Gives New Meaning to "Sunday Best" as a Subversive, Prada-Clad First Lady
Meghan Markle Had to Continue a Royal Tour in Africa Despite a Fire Breaking Out in Archie's Room
Billy Joel Posed to Look Like the Cover of His Album so Christie Brinkley Would Recognize Him
Why Melanie Griffith and Don Johnson Married Each Other Twice
Sandra Bullock Made Jesse James's Wedding Band Herself
A Complete Timeline of Cardi B and Offset's Relationship
Olivia Wilde and Tao Ruspoli, Son of the Prince of Cerveteri, Eloped on a School Bus
Alison Brie and Dave Franco's Complete Relationship Timeline
Will Smith Once Compared His and Sheree Zampino's Marriage to "Chinese Water Torture"
Remember When Elisabeth Moss Was Married to Fred Armisen?
11 Famous Women on Female Empowerment
Everything 'The Crown' Got Right (and Wrong) About Princess Diana
Meagan Good on Why You Need to Treat Your Skin Like a Great Pair of Shoes
Tia Mowry Gets Candid About Her Eczema Going Undiagnosed for Years

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Israel: Masked Palestinians dressed in plastic bags clash with police at sacred mosque
The unrest has led to renewed calls for peace talks, which last broke down more than two years ago.
By Alex Wheeler
Updated June 29, 2016 15:57 BST
Israeli authorities have banned non-Muslims from entering a contentious Jerusalem holy site, following a series of clashes between Palestinian protesters and Israeli police. The decision comes during the holy month of Ramadan and will be applied until the end of June, but will remain open for Muslim prayer.
Masked Palestinians rest in wheelchairs before clashes with Israeli police erupted for the third consecutive day at Jerusalem's Al-Aqsa mosque compound Ammar Awad/Reuters
Dressed in pieces of cloth and covering their feet with plastic bags, the protesters have been storming the holy site, pelting it with rocks, unable to be identified. The clashes, which have lasted for three days have seen masked Palestinians threw stones at Israeli police officers, with some 16 suspects being subsequently detained.
A masked Palestinian protester wearing a plastic bag around his body, looks on during clashes with the Israeli police at the Al-Aqsa mosque, Jerusalem's Old City Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
Israeli police take cover as Palestinian protesters throw stones at them at Jerusalem's Al-Aqsa mosque Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
Masked Palestinians hold stones during clashes with Israeli police Ammar Awad/ Reuters
On 27 June, the second day of the protests, police managed to lock the demonstrators inside the mosque, before the opening the site once more. According to the Associated Press, the protesters managed to attack the police later in the day. Police officers responded with "riot-dispersal means" police spokesman Micky Rosenfeld said.
Masked Palestinians read the Koran before clashes with Israeli police Ammar Awad/ Reuters
Masked Palestinian protesters throw stones towards Israeli policemen Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
A masked Palestinian protester, wearing pieces of cloth and plastic during clashes with the Israeli police Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
A masked Palestinian rests inside Al-Aqsa mosque during clashes with Israeli police for the third day running Ammar Awad/ Reuters
Masked Palestinian protesters wearing pieces of cloth around their bodies gesture during clashes with the Israeli police Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
The Al-Aqsa mosque is referred to by Muslims as the Noble Sanctuary. It is believed to be where the Prophet Muhammad embarked on a night journey to heaven. The Jewish community refer to the site as the Temple Mount, where the two Jewish temples stood in biblical times.
Violence was witnessed at the holy site back in September. Since then, Palestinian's have carried out dozens of attacks, including shootings and car ramming assaults, killing 32 Israelis and two visiting Americans. According to AP, 200 Palestinians have been killed during that time, most of which were identified as attackers by Israel.
Tourists listen to a guide during a visit at Mount of Olives in east Jerusalem overlooking the Old City and the Dome of the Rock mosque, situated at the Al-Aqsa mosque compound Thomas Coex/ AFP
A masked Palestinian protester sweeps the ground following clashes with Israeli police Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
Palestinians clear the damage at the entrance of Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem's Old City after clashes erupted at the compound between Palestinians and Israeli police Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
Palestinian Muslim women pray in front of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem's al-Aqsa mosque compound Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
Masked Palestinians read the Koran prior to the clashes with Israeli police for the third day Ammar Awad/ Reuters
Masked Palestinians gesture during clashes with Israeli police Ammar Awad/ Reuters
A masked Palestinian protester wearing pieces of cloth around his body keeps watch following clashes with Israeli police officers Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
Masked Palestinian protesters wearing pieces of cloth around their bodies read the Koran following clashes with the Israeli police Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
Masked Palestinians gather during clashes with Israeli police Ammar Awad/ Reuters
A security guard from Waqf, the Jordanian foundation that oversees the Al-Aqsa mosque compound, talks to masked Palestinian protester following clashes with Israeli police Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
Masked Palestinian protesters wearing pieces of cloth and plastic around their bodies gesture during clashes with the Israeli police Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
Masked Palestinian protesters wearing pieces of cloth around their bodies read the Koran following clashes with the Israeli police at Jerusalem's Al-Aqsa mosque compound for the third consecutive day Ahmad Gharbali/ AFP
More photography from IBTimesUK
Glastonbury 2016: Hangovers, mud and tractor rescue services – the festival clean-up begins
Gay Pride 2016: Flamboyant photos of celebrations around the world
Calcio Storico: Photos of the world's most brutal sport, a savage form of football played in Florence
Related topics : Israel


text:
Netflix Renews 'Stranger Things' for A Fifth and Final Season
LOS ANGELES – Netflix has renewed that "Stranger Things," the sci-fi horror series that premiered in 2016, for a fifth and final season.
Series creators Matt and Ross Duffer announced the news in a letter to fans that said "Stranger Things 4" would be split into two parts, with the first to debut May 27 and the second to launch July 1, series creators Matt and Ross Duffer also wrote that the show will wrap up with "Stranger Things 5."
"Seven years ago, we planned out the complete story arc for 'Stranger Things,'" the two showrunners wrote in the letter published on the Netflix blog. "At the time, we predicted the story would last four to five seasons. It proved too large to tell in four, but — as you'll soon see for yourselves — we are now hurtling toward our finale. Season 4 will be the penultimate season; season 5 will be the last."
The fourth season of "Stranger Things" will premiere after a long delay that saw show's third season releasing more than two-and-half-years ago. The final season comes as the show's young cast is reaching their 20s when they originally appeared on the show in their early teens.


The Bates method for better eyesight was developed by ophthalmologist William Bates in 1920. Bates believed poor eyesight of all kinds (not only refractive errors that are usually treated with prescription lenses, but also abnormal eye conditions such as cataracts) originated from habitual strain caused by the mind. Rather than believing glasses would help, he suggested a series of exercises that would relieve the strain. Treatments include closing and opening the eyes in front of an eye chart, visualising objects no longer present, shifting gaze regularly, and exposing the eyes to sunlight.
William Horatio Bates was born in America in 1860. He attended Cornell University, and then received his medical degree at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. He later became an ophthalmologist, after which time he developed the Bates Method for better eyesight. The method was in contrast to most medical theories of the time, and is still, although there are many patients of this method who claim to have been cured of myopia. Along with this research, Bates is also famous for the discovery of a substance in 1886 that was later marketed as adrenaline.
How to prepare your eyes each day.
How to relax your eyes.
Nutrition guide to improve vision.
Vitamins and minerals to regain 20/20 vision.
The central premise of Bates' argument was that poor eyesight was caused by mental strain. He believed focus is maintained by variation in the extra-ocular muscles around the eye that cause the elongation of the eyeball itself; Bates rejected the idea that the lens played any role in accommodation (changes in the eye that result in focusing on near or far objects). He also rejected the claim that refractive errors were due to damage to the physiological shape of the eye, and believed that this, too, was the result of visual habits. He claimed that straining to see at the near-point instantly shortened the eyeball, producing hypermetropia (farsightedness) in an eye with previously normal vision, and that straining to see at the far-point instantly lengthened the eyeball, producing myopia (nearsightedness), however there were also more psychological causes of eyesight problems. Bates believed the strain of lying or of over-work could cause myopia. Treatment involved exercises of the eye to build up muscle strength and relieve strain. Bates also believed prescriptive lenses affected colour perception, contracted the field of vision, and caused dizziness and headaches. For this reason, he advised people who wore glasses to discard them before seeking further treatment.
Bates method relies on relaxation in order the achieve better vision. There are many suggested exercises designed to relax the eye muscles, most of which involve closing the eyes for a period of time, and picturing something not seen, and preferably pleasant. Along with this, there are some more specific exercises.
Covering the eyes with your palms, which is referred to as 'palming', is believed to aid relaxation of the eye by blocking out all light. The darkness of the field in this instance is a reflection of the patients relaxation, however if he/she cannot see black then it is better to picture a concrete object than strain the eyes in attempting to clear the field of vision.
Keeping vision centred on the small points rather than trying to take in the whole image is intended to reduce strain on the retina. Picturing images in your minds eye is also believed to help perceive finer detail. This is best used in conjunction with memory exercises: trying to recall something just seen in fine detail in the mind.
Sunshine is made use of in the Bates methods. Letting the sun fall on closed eyelids while swaying back and forth is intended to relax but stimulate vision.


text:
U Ko Ni – A prominent human rights lawyer, activist and key NLD advisor assassinated at Yangon Airport
U Ko Ni – A prominent human rights lawyer, activist and key NLD advisor assassinated at Yangon Airport.
YANGON, Myanmar – U Ko Ni, a prominent human rights lawyer and legal advisor to Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) was assassinated at Yangon Airport.
Mr. Ko Ni was shot in the back of his head on Sunday after arriving from a trip to Indonesia. A taxi driver by the name U Ne Win saw it happening and chased the attacker. U Ne Win got shot and killed during the chase. Other taxi drivers detained the attacker until the police arrived.
Shortly after the event pictures on social media starting to show the attacker as he was taken in by the police. He was covered in blood from head to toe. He was identified by the police as U Kyi Lin from Mandalay, Myanmar.
"It seems the gunman knew the exact time of his arrival and was waiting to shoot him", said a member of the team who traveled with Mr. Ko Ni to Indonesia. "It is unsafe here", he ended.
Mr. Ko Ni was a key advisor to Aung San Suu Kyi's NLD and worked together with several organizations including Amnesty International on human rights issues in Myanmar. "His assassination was a big blow to the National League for Democracy, and it would be very difficult for us to replace him," said Mr. U Win Htein, spokesman for the NLD. "We lost a hero. It is a bad situation here."
As a student activist dating back to the uprising of 1988, Ko Ni has been a political prisoner, a senior lawyer, a key legal advisor, an expert on constitutional law and he worked on the NLD's plans to amend Myanmar's military drafted charter.
Last year, during the assaults on the Muslim Rohingyas, he spoke of the need to stand up for the rights of Muslim citizens. That may have made him some powerful enemies. But so far no official motive has been given.
philippe2019-04-19T16:58:46+07:00January 31st, 2017|
FED Migrant Centre received recognition for assisting returning migrants during the Covid-19 pandemic
FED Concerns on COVID-19
Outcry over death penalties upheld for Koh Tao murders
As of July 1, 2018 – Twelve professions previously reserved for Thais now permitted to foreigners.
Falling through the Net
Human Rights Program
accident activist advisor amnesty international assassination brain tumor burma burmese Certificate of Identity CI compensation covid-19 democratization Education fishing Health history hospital hospital negotiation human rights labor rights laywer migrants migrant student migrant workers MOU murder myanmar NLD pandemic passport rape refugees report rohingya rubber plantation social justice takuapa thailand torture TOT u ko ni visa work permit yangon airport


text:
Opening Ernest Cole
House of Bondage
Foam proudly presents the first overview of the work of South African photographer Ernest Cole. The exhibition includes parts of his archive, which had long been considered lost. As one of the first Black freelance photographers, Cole offered with his work an unprecedented view from the inside. Born in a township, Cole experienced the strains of apartheid first-hand.
The exhibition will be opened on Thursday 26 January in the presence of Leslie Matlaisane and James Sanders, representatives of the Ernest Cole Family Trust. You are welcome from 17.30 to 21.00 hrs at Foam. Register for free.
ended 26 Jan 2023
Ernest Cole
The exhibition includes parts of his archive, which had long been considered lost. The overview was assembled in collaboration with the Ernest Cole Family Trust, which in 2017 secured control of Cole's archive. Cole is celebrated for his tireless documentation of Black lives in South Africa under apartheid: a regime of institutionalised racial segregation that was in effect from 1948 to the early 1990s.
South Africa, 1960s © Ernest Cole / Magnum Photos
This exhibition was made in collaboration with the Ernest Cole Family Trust and Magnum Photos.
The exhibition opens in tandem with the launch of two volumes published by Aperture: the first republication of House of Bondage, and the second presenting the US work for the first time in history.
Foam is supported by the VriendenLoterij, Foam Members, De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek, the VandenEnde Foundation and the City of Amsterdam.
until 12 Feb


Do I smoke pot to get high because I like too? Your damn right I do. My name is James Priest and I love the H.E.-Double-Hockey-Sticks outta weed! Am I a medical patient? Yes and no. Doctors would rather me be on Prozac and Trazadone after the loss of my infant son a few years back followed by the loss of my stepdaughter to heart failure at 13 just a short time later. Does cannabis help me? You bet your arse it does. Does it fix all my problems and make things go away? Nope. But, it does help me to efficiently focus and function through it all. It isn't just me that finds this to be true with cannabis. Many before me thought the way I do.
In 2700 BC, an Emperor named Sheng Nung, who is the Father of Chinese medicine is said to have discovered the healing attributes of cannabis.
By 1500 BC this incredible plant known as cannabis was written into the Chinese Pharmacopoeia in a book called the Rh-Ya.
1213 BC, inflammation, glaucoma, and even enemas derived from cannabis were being utilized by the Egyptians.
Moving along to 1000 BC a combination of cannabis and milk was utilized across India as an anesthetic in a drink called Bhang.
Approaching 200 BC ancient Greece found multiple uses for medicinal cannabis. They to understood the medicinal uses cannabis offered for conditions such as inflammation, edema, and earaches.
By 1 AD you could find more than 100 elements that Chinese text recommended cannabis as the treatment.
Cannabis was rolling along smoothly until the early nineteen-hundreds. When the greedy power of a corrupt government forming, solidified their financial and future financial generational wealth with the signing of the 1937 MJ Tax Act. As you can see many before me have understood the amazing property of healing this plant offers society.
I know what cannabis holds for people who embrace it. Is it for everyone? In my opinion, yes. Not necessarily in the form of smoking psychoactive THC but in a topical, capsule, or edible there are several cannabinoids that are essential to a healthy endocannabinoid system. The saturation of cannabinoids such as CBD THC, CBG, CBN and others to the CB1 and CB2 receptors found all throughout the body creates efficient two-way communicating between cells and nerves. That's just my opinion based from what I've learned and witnessed. Some people will agree with me 100% while others won't agree with me on this a bit. There are facts to support what I've learned. Here's my take on this. I hope you find it useful.
Cannabis is a smoking topic at the center of the debate on many different tables. Arguments are presented by both sides, being anti-cannabis and pro-cannabis supporters. There seems to be one major problem, though. The anti-cannabis supporters appear to be using false information fueled by negative cannabis propaganda from the Reefer Madness hysteria brought on by the American government. The facts are out there. Thanks to the power of freedom of speech combined with the Internet, the truth can be learned by anyone who has an open mind and the willingness to accept truth and change.
The media for decades was controlled by powers to be and used to influence the thoughts of the people. This hasn't changed much except for the access to knowledge part. The powers to be are still lying and using outdated fictional propaganda information when debating cannabis. People surely must see this right? Not necessarily. I've traveled from the east coast of FL to the west coast of Washington and have seen a wide variety of opinions about cannabis. Facts flow in abundance on the west coast and have even made their way east. However, the south is a whole different story.
Check out this outdated pure nonsense that's being said by political leaders. This shows me nothing more than these people are either brainwashed or in the pockets of special private interest groups and corporations. Cannabis could be the healing of the nations if not for this debauchery.
This information is a bold face lie and an outright slap in the face to constituents. Thinking like this must change. We the people put the people in power and we the people can remove them. If the ones we elect continue to support pharma, private insurance, and nonrenewable resources when a safe healthy natural and sustainable one is right in front of them don't want to except change then it's time for them to go. Ask yourself just what happened to the American government in the 1900's that caused cannabis prohibition to exist and you'll find the answer was money. Check out what these influential and successful cannabis consumers of the past that helped to establish a nation thought about this remarkable plant.
It's time the people of this planet come before profit margins. We have the power to fix the world we live in. Pot isn't the cure-all answer for every problem out there. It is a step in the right direction, though. Returning to our roots of cannabis-based natural medicines will help remove addiction and death that are attributed to the harmful side effects found with prescription drugs. Our soldiers in America are sent to guard poppy fields that produce raw opium. Yet they are ordered all too often to destroy cannabis plants. Guard the plant that harms so many yet destroy the one that helps so many? That sounds like the work of evil to me.
Let's educate those who don't know about cannabis so we can change minds and lives for the better. Let's get legalization in place so we can focus on the stuff that matters like water conservation, clean energy, sustainable food sources and ending world hunger. This can all be done when profits removed from the picture. It won't happen overnight. People looking to profit off others has become a way of life. We can change this, though. Through random acts of kindness, continued education, and walking with our eyes and minds open it can be done.
Curious as to some of the lives cannabis has changed? Check out the incredible individuals like me and you who are here today because of the options cannabis offered them. Our political leaders in denial would tell these people to die. This must stop. Life is our choice not the choice of some suit.


text:
Copyright for Educators & Librarians
Universidad Duke
Fear and uncertainty about copyright law often plagues educators and sometimes prevents creative teaching. This course is a professional development opportunity designed to provide a basic introduction to US copyright law and to empower teachers and librarians at all grade levels. Course participants will discover that the law is designed to help educators and librarians.
This is a fabulous copyright course for academic professionals! If you've ever had questions about copyright law in an academic context, take this course!
The way the course was delivered, exceptional! Set of examples on the important details have been a very powerful tool to further understand the concept.
Owning Rights
For this module, we will discuss copyright ownership and what it means in an educational context. We will also discuss the public domain, the first sale doctrine, and the idea/expression dichotomy. This last concept—that creative expression can be copyrighted, but that the ideas behind it cannot—is one of Anne's favorite topics in copyright law. As you'll see in the video, the concept is applicable to many subjects and situations.
First Sale, Part 1 9:10
Public Domain 9:54
Idea/Expression Dichotomy10:22
Kevin Smith, M.L.S., J.D.
Former Director, Copyright and Scholarly Communication
Lisa A. Macklin, J.D.,M.L.S.
Director, Scholarly Communications Office
Anne Gilliland, JD, MLS
Scholarly Communications Officer
Hi, I'm Ann Gilliland, I'm the scholarly communications officer at the University
of North Carolina Chapel Hill and
today I'm going to talk to you about the public domain.
So what is the public domain?
Material that is not in copyright, and or
that is not copyrightable, and is free to use, is in the public domain.
Con, this content can be reproduced for all kinds of purposes.
It's possible to make derivative works with public domain material and so on.
Essentially there is no copyright on public domain work.
However, it's important to remember that plagiarism and
copyright infringement are two related but different things.
So it's certainly possible to plagiarise a public domain work even if
copyright infringement is not applicable in a public domain situation.
So, what are some examples of public domain material?
One of the ones that's very important for us in the U.S. is U.S.
government material.
Most of the work produced by the federal government in this country is
not copyrighted, and it is free to be used by the citizens of this country
in a variety of ways, to be distributed widely, to be reproduced, and so on.
Now, there are a few exceptions, of course, to that rule.
Occasionally, some US government contractor work is in copyright, but
most of it is not.
Another thing to note is that state government work
the public domain status of that work is less clear.
Some states assert copyright in their state publications of various sorts,
other states do not.
And many states have a sort of vague and gray area there.
It's also important to remember that in other countries.
The way the public domain for
ca, government material is handled can be quite different.
For example, in the UK, crown copyright is something that is, works in
a different sort of way than US government material that is not in copyright.
Some more examples of material that is in the public domain.
One of those is work published during the time when the formalities,
that means the registration and
notice that we talked about earlier, were required, but they weren't observed.
So for example, if a work was produced during a time when you needed to re,
register the work or renew the work and
those things weren't done then the work would fall into the public domain.
If a work was produced during a time when you needed to provide the notice, a C with
a circle around it and that wasn't done, the work would fall into the pubic domain.
As, as we noted in our re, resources materials, one of the things that's super,
super useful in figuring out those sorts of time-based and formalities-based
public domain rules are a chart created by Peter Hirtle at Cornell.
That is in, in your resources materials too, to refer to.
And it, that is an invaluable work to look at for
the very complicated rules about when the copyright term expired, or when things
were not done in a way that would have made copyright happen in former years.
And one thing to remember, as you look at public domain work,
is the copyright is not intended to last forever.
The constitution says it's for a limited time, and so
there are some benefits that we feel we get by having material eventually
come into the public domain one way or the other.
Another way that material can go into the public domain is that the rights owner can
release it to the public if he or she wishes to.
Doesn't happen super frequently but some people do do that.
And one thing to note that this release should be irrevocable.
So for example, if I create a painting and I decide to
release it to the public domain, and people start to reuse the painting.
If I then change my mind and say, gee, I shouldn't have done that
people have relied on my release, and it wouldn't be fair and
equitable to allow me to then take the painting back into copyright.
Another thing to remember is that there are some materials that can just
be copyrighted and they, they never were copyrighted to begin with such
as ideas facts, slogans and useful objects.
However, there are other intellectual property systems such as trademark and
patent that may cover this material even if copyright does not.
The public domain is not growing like it did at one time, and
copyright terms are lengthening.
So, and this means that work is not coming into the public domain like we would like,
once saw it in previous times.
Plus the fact that copyright happens without formalities of notice of
registration and renewal now, means that the public domain is, is, in a way,
shrinking copyright terms today.
They are much longer than they were when the founders wrote the Constitution.
Some of the reasons that is true the laws have been changed
because of business reasons and commercialization of copyrighted material.
People live longer, and so there's been a desire to have the copyright
last longer and provide revenue for creators during that time.
Many creators have a desire to provide for their heirs, and so there has been a,
a move towards lengthening copyright terms for all of those reasons.
Although there are some good reasons why people and entities have wanted to extend
copyright terms copyright is not supposed to last forever,
and there are some consequences from those kinds of expansion of terms.
Most recently, the Copyright Terms Extension Act of 1998 gave
an additional 20 years onto the copyright term.
In a lawsuit that followed the enactment of that statute.
The Supreme Court said that Congress had the ability to lengthen terms,
as long as they were for a limited time,
even if that time was a long time, as, as long as it was still limited.
However, in many ways the lengthened copyright terms are unwieldy.
Copyright terms extend quite a bit beyond a creator's life at this point, and
so it's often true that in the later part of a copyright term,
it's hard to tell if a work is still in copyright.
It's hard to tell who the creator was, and
it's hard to find the creator or his or her heirs.
This means that it's more difficult to reproduce work with permission or
to make derivative works and so on.
Since copyright terms have become longer, and they have been judged constitutional,
we've had an opportunity to see that in many times they don't work very well.
Because they extend beyond the copyright owners lifetime and
because there are no formalities today, we often have these situations where we can't
find the rights owner any longer and we often refer to these as copyright orphans.
They the, the works are still available, but
we don't know who made them or we can't locate those people now.
Some of those works are in a sort of a limbo
where it is difficult to re-use them or commercialize them again.
Can work be plucked out of the public domain and put back into copyright?
I just said that an individual can't do this.
That if an individual releases a work to the public domain, he or
she can't then put it back into copyright later.
But Congress can do this.
And Congress did do this with a statue that restored copyrights
in work where the formalities weren't observed during the 20th century.
These were works like for example, from Soviet music composers
where the Cold War prevented those composers from registering or
renewing their work and so it lapsed into the public domain.
Congress allowed the copy right in those works to be restored so that the copyright
status in the US mirrored the copyright status in the home country.
And consequently, it's very, very difficult, just as a footnote to trace
copyright status of international works published in the 20th century.
In some cases because of this sort of restoration that happened.
So why do we care about the public domain?
The public domain is more than just work that is old and
we don't, no one's using it anymore, we don't care about it.
It's more than work that's simply not being commercialized anymore.
It has work that has stood the test of time in many cases.
And has really truly become part of our cultural heritage.
One of the things that is important about a vibrant and growing public domain
is that we all profit when expression isn't controlled too tightly.
The ability to reuse and distribute older works is
in all of our interests as we participate in the world of scholarship and in,
of the world of ideas and in the world of our culture in general.


WASHINGTON — The house owners of a restaurant in Washington, DC, are suing President Donald Trump, claiming that his eponymous lodge — which facets a steakhouse, a bar, and different dining alternatives — has an unfair and illegal edge available in the market.
The lawsuit, filed in DC Advanced Court docket on Thursday by using the house owners of Cork Wine Bar, alleges that Trump's lodge not best competes for general consumers, but additionally particularly for consumers in quest of to do company with and have an effect on US executive and elected officers.
"The outcomes of that unfair expertise are magnified drastically by using marketing actions of the Lodge's officers and personnel and the similar actions of defendant Trump, his household, and the White Apartment personnel and/or advisors," the lawsuit says.
Alan Garten, chief felony officer for the Trump Company, called the swimsuit "a wild publicity stunt absolutely missing in felony advantage" in an e mail to BuzzFeed Information.
The lawsuit cites information reviews about overseas diplomats patronizing the lodge and about how the lodge is now the vicinity to be for lobbyists hoping to have an effect on the brand new administration. For his first meal out within the city because fitting president, Trump in late February selected to dine at BLT Most suitable, the steakhouse at his lodge. He reportedly dined together with his daughter Ivanka Trump, his son-in-law and senior adviser Jared Kushner, Florida Gov. Rick Scott, and a ways-right British flesh presser Nigel Farage.
"It's clear that people who are searching to have an effect on this administration are going to seem to that company first," Scott Rome, one of the legal professionals who filed the swimsuit, said at a press convention on Thursday morning saying the case.
Cork's owners aren't seeking cash damages. They've as a substitute requested the court docket to enter an order halting the unfair competitors they are saying is taking vicinity, which their legal professionals say might be completed by using the lodge and eating places closing all through Trump's tenure as president, Trump and his family wholly divesting their pursuits in the lodge, or Trump resigning.
From left: Law professor Steven Schooner, attorney Scott Rome, plaintiffs Diane Gross and Khalid Pitts, attorney Mark Zaid, and legislation professor Alan Morrison.
Trump's DC lodge has been the discipline of litigation even earlier than Trump received the election in November.
Since 2015 Trump has been suing two celeb restaurateurs, José Andrés and Geoffrey Zakarian, who dropped plans for eating places in the lodge after Trump made disparaging remarks about immigrants and Mexicans all through the crusade. Andrés and Zakarian have countered that Trump's feedback made their restaurant plans untenable. Those instances are pending.
In January, an electrical contracting firm sued the lodge, claiming greater than $2 million in unpaid expenses for work on the challenge. The lodge has but to file a response in court docket.
Although Trump has given up day-to-day manage of his agencies, he hasn't divested his monetary pursuits. He's facing one lawsuit claiming that those pursuits, including the lodge, create unconstitutional conflicts of pastime. The felony and ethics students who filed the case in January pointed to the undeniable fact that overseas diplomats and governments had been reserving rooms and using different services on the Trump Global Lodge in Washington as examples of how Trump became allegedly violating the Overseas Emoluments Clause in the Charter.
The lawsuit filed by using Cork's house owners, Khalid Pitts and Diane Gross, doesn't lift an Emoluments Clause declare. Gross told newshounds on Thursday that they seen the case strictly as company litigation. They are claiming that the lodge, which is on property leased from the Popular Functions Administration, is in violation of a piece of the hire that claims no elected reliable can advantage from the challenge.
"We're difficult the movements that he's taken as a company proprietor," Gross pointed out. "We're not difficult his guidelines as president."
Asked about their political affiliations, Pitts and Gross originally demurred, saying it wasn't principal to the swimsuit, but Pitts pointed out later that he's a registered Impartial and Gross pointed out she is a Democrat. Gross prior to now labored as a advice to former Democratic senator Barbara Mikulski, and, according to information reviews, they've each labored in Democratic politics. Pitts pointed out the swimsuit wasn't politically motivated however became about two agencies within the equal market.
The criticism says that Cork had suffered losses to its company, but did not specify any particular activities or purchasers that the restaurant misplaced out to the lodge. Pitts and Gross told newshounds that no prospective consumers had particularly pointed out they were selecting Trump's lodge over Cork, but that there had been a decline in company as in comparison to old years. They declined to place a dollar quantity on these losses.


text:
require 'thwait'

class Counter
  attr_reader :total_count
  def initialize
    @total_count = 0
  end
  def inc
    @total_count += 1
  end
end

count = Counter.new
waiter = ThreadsWait.new([])

# create 10 threads that each inc() 10,000 times
10.times do
  waiter.join_nowait(Thread.new { 10000.times { count.inc } })
end

waiter.all_waits  #!sh!
count.total_count

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Wednesdays 9:00 PM on NatGeo
The Hot Zone News
The Hot Zone Reviews
The Hot Zone Watch Online
The Hot Zone Episode Guide
The Hot Zone Quotes
The Hot Zone Pictures
Follow The Hot Zone
Lenny Platt on Breathing Life into Nat Geo's The Hot Zone
Carissa Pavlica at May 23, 2019 1:00 pm .
You best know Lenny Platt from his role on Quantico and How to Get Away with Murder, but now he's taking on the role of a military man caught in the midst of the real-life terror that led to The Hot Zone.
With great candor and genuine excitement for the role and his craft, Platt shares with TV Fanatic his thoughts on the true story behind The Hot Zone as well as the vigorous performances required to bring that story to life on screen.
The Hot Zone premieres on Nat Geo May 27 at 9/8c and will air in two-hour blocks for three nights straight making it a great early summer binge experience. Until then, I hope you enjoy portions of our interview with Platt below.
All right, so tell me a little bit about The Hot Zone and how you got involved?
Well, we actually just had the premiere last night, at Tribeca, which was a lot of fun. The Hot Zone series.
Is that your first time?
It was my first time at Tribeca, so it was a definitely a bucket list moment.
Oh good for you.
Yeah. Thank you.
Okay, go ahead, I'm sorry to interrupt.
No, no, no worries, interrupt away. Yeah, I'd been in New York for a minute, so being a part of that festival was a big, kind of, moment, and with such a great project, it was really a very happy evening for me.
But, yeah, the hot zone is a miniseries that's based on a bestselling novel by Richard Preston, which tells the story of the origins of the Ebola virus, and a true story, and a lot of people don't know about it but the first time Ebola was discovered on US soil. So it was a fascinating and very terrifying project to work on.
I found out I got the job while I was on vacation in Europe and I was flying back to head to set, and that was on the international flight, and I was reading the book, and it's fantastic, and it's a page turner. But, at the same time, I'm reading it, I'm like, Oh my God, I should go wash my hands.
Yeah, you're looking around.
Yeah. Every cough was giving me goosebumps.
Considering the first scene of the series.
Yeah, exactly. Exactly right. Have you seen it?
I actually did. I got the screeners and saw the whole season already.
Oh, cool, very cool.
I pretty much watched it in one sitting.
Okay. Did it make you as germophobic as it did for me when I read it? [laughs]
Well I never really leave my house, because I write from home, so I'm lucky. I don't have to deal with the public.
But yeah, it's very scary, isn't it?
It is. I think one of the most interesting parts for me was that I didn't know the story, and I didn't realize that not only had Ebola been discovered and was here in the United States, but that it was kind of kept under wraps by the government a little bit.
At least during the procedure, and for good reason right? I think my character who is a member of an army unit, the 91 Tangos, that goes and has to eliminate this threat, they have to do it incognito.
They drive around in unmarked vehicles and they're in the facility quarantining the monkeys that are infected and were moving them, but doing it under cover of night, or under a disguise, basically to prevent panic.
Enjoy UNLIMITED access to thousands of Movies and TV shows with Amazon Prime Video
I understand completely; it's very frightening that Ebola could be that close to DC and potentially creating this epidemic at the helm of our government. But, it was just wild to see this very important thing and a big mission, and that it was done quietly.
I think that Richard Preston's article in the times and the book and this piece shedding light on it is really fascinating and frightening, and unfortunately timely as well, because, we are currently fighting this potentially catastrophic infectious disease in the Congo Region. Yeah, it just was really an eye-opening experience in many ways.
Yeah, and what's interesting is, well what I loved about the show, is they don't pull back from anything. Everything you guys did was gory and gross, and about as frightening as you could possibly make it, so I think they went to extremes to make it as scary as it could be which is very cool.
I loved it. I'm a big fan of Ridley Scott and films like Alien, and parts of the experience, wearing those big blue hazmat suits, or the recall suits, which were the orange ones that we wore in the monkey facility, it felt like being in a science fiction film. But, these were real.
The project has elements that are gory, and shocking, and I think it's done with intent to really showcase how horrific this virus really is. Ebola basically makes people zombies, and this idea that we have on TV and film, this fictionalized monster that we don't think is reality, in a lot of ways is, because Ebola makes a human into a vessel for replicating itself and spreading it.
If you read the book, particularly, it goes into great detail about how people become shadows of their former selves, and they're alive and they're awake, but they have no personality towards the end. And their sole purpose is really to continue to spread that virus through coughing, though the vomiting that you see at the beginning, which is really gross.
But there are so many grotesque ways, in reality, that Ebola uses our bodies to propagate itself. So, it's definitely shocking, and not something you should probably watch while eating dinner. But, after dinner, it's great viewing, and I think that as much of a horror movie as it may feel like at parts, it's important because it's honest; that's really what that nasty virus does to the human body.
Well, the best horror is always the stuff that's as close to reality as you can get, and you're just one step away from reality, being that the book was written based on a true story, and this was based on the book. Did you have a chance to meet any of the people that were actually involved in the original fiasco?
Actually, so, Nancy and Jerry Jaax were present last night at the premiere.
Oh, nice.
Yeah, which was really awesome to have them there, and I can't imagine how surreal it is for them to, so many years later, see this fictionalized version of their life on camera.
But, Nancy particular, the character played by Juliana, is such an amazing heroic individual, and then Linda Oaks, the producer, who has had this incredible journey of just, for decades, trying to get this project out there and bring it to life.
One of the reasons she is able to convince Richard Preston, who wrote the book, to turn this into a film was really focusing on Nancy and her heroic efforts in dealing with this outbreak. So, it was really cool to be in the room with them. My father and one of my brothers are in the army as well, so.
Yeah, to celebrate these veterans, these people who have been serving our country, and have done this work to protect us as well, so really kind of special for me in particular.
So, yeah, it was great to meet them, and Richard Preston as I said, who was there as well. And, he's got a follow-up book coming out to The Hot Zone, and talk to him a little bit about that.
And, it was just really kind of an awesome experience to have seen this, read the book, and see it come to life, and have these people there to view it.
Lifetime's Prince William, Jordan Whalen, on Stepping Into Royal Shoes
Oh, absolutely. And, tell me, you mentioned a little bit about that suit or both suits, how long did it take to get wrapped up in that gear, and what was it really like being inside of that?
It was incredible. I've always been a big space geek, so one of my dreams has always been to play an astronaut, or go into space or something, and I haven't been able to do that yet, but putting these suits on was a step towards that, because they feel like a spacesuit.
You are in your own world when you put on one of these suits. This company called Lucid Studios that made these period costumes were incredible, and they really authentic. They had painstaking detail in making them look and feel like they did at the time.
And, what's pretty wild is, we found out especially the blue ones that you saw earlier on, are the ones that are actually used in the lab at USAMRIID, in The Hot Zone, which is level four. Those suits are incredibly heavy, and they also have a breathing apparatus where you have to plug in these air tubes.
And then, if you want to move throughout the lab or go down the hall, you have to unplug yourself, and you have a certain amount of time to breathe the air that's in the suit before you reach the next level.
So, we had to mimic that on set, but it just kind of, was an amazing experience to put these on and imagine what these scientists really go through to put themselves in this, kind of, otherworldly environment.
They're wearing these spacesuits on Earth to deal with these incredibly dangerous pathogens. So, I had a blast wearing them, but they were very sweaty in those things. We had these fans installed to keep us cool, but with those fans came noise, and it was very realistic in that way, where it was just kind of chaotic internally.
There was a lot of sound going on; I remember a few moments just having to read Juliana's lips in scenes. So that I could see her to really act because it was just so loud sometimes with the necessary elements of the suit. So, it was a lot of fun, but it was a lot of work at the same time.
I think also one interesting thing was, these scientists when they do wear them, they don't wear them for long periods. They'll wear them for a few hours and get out of them, but we were filming 12-hour days. So, there were days where we were wearing those things all the time, and bathroom breaks were challenging.
They kind of wore on our body frame, and particularly, Juliana, it was an incredible experience working with her, and she's as you can imagine, a constant professional and just game for anything, but it was really impressive to watch her navigate wearing these suits that also were at the time, probably designed for men.
The show takes place in 1989. There weren't many women in the field, and they wanted to have them accurate. These weren't things built for a female frame, and it was even more challenging for her, and she endured through it, and it was really awesome to watch her work through that.
But, I think it's, unfortunately, something that we're dealing with today because I recently saw an article where the spacesuits for an EVA, they only had one female suit, so one of the female astronauts couldn't go on an EVA on this mission.
Oh, wow.
Yeah, it was interesting. And obviously, a lot of that is also dealt with in the show. This character, Nancy, overcoming constraints that were placed on her in this very male-driven industry, and in the military, particularly at the time. So, the suit was a lot.
Yeah, the suits were great. I had a lot of fun in them though because you do kind of feel like you're in your own world, and when you put that on it really helped me get into character and feel the importance of what these characters were working on.
Maybe everybody needs one in their own home so that whenever you really need to escape, you can just escape into your suit.
Instead of having to slam the door or something, you could escape into your suit, and sit amongst your family.
There you go, as long as you're not claustrophobic, otherwise you're going to be in more trouble.
Did anybody have trouble wearing those suits? Was there anybody who turned out to be claustrophobic and they didn't even know it?
No, no, everyone was really cool, even if it was a bit of a struggle because they're not easy to put on. It took a team of people to get us in and out of those things. But, everyone was up to the challenge.
Between Topher, Juliana, and I, working in the blue suits and then the recalls, which were the orange ones, which they were a lighter material, but there was this really big breathing apparatus, this unit that you would have to strap on like a belt, and then we'd have to clip on flashlights and all kinds of tools, and it was really heavy.
It was a challenge, but everyone was so professional and up for this challenge, and really believed in the story we're telling, and the authenticity in that story, so everyone was game. It was really kind of exciting to be a part of that; there was the big team mentality in telling the story correctly.
What do you hope people take away from the series after watching it?
Oh, man. This is going to be maybe a little controversial. But, I hope people take away that science is real, and intellectualism is important, and that the world is not flat, and that vaccines are important, and science is something that should be lauded and funded and backed by people in their daily life.
And we should recognize that these are things that are potentially catastrophic to our human race.
We should continue to tell these stories to raise awareness, and to realize that countries like the places that are being affected in Africa, in the Congo, and those regions are really being affected by Ebola, and that we as a human race, as a world, can assist with knowledge, and by funding through companies like the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation that gave some funding for the book.
Katia Winter Shares her Blood & Treasure Experience and Urges You to Watch
It's just really important to continue to expand our knowledge and learn about these things, so that when the time comes, when Ebola is back, because it will come back, it never goes away, it just lays dormant and waits, and evolves, and is waiting for its next opportunity to strike, that we will be prepared.
So, hopefully, people are aware of it, they realize its threat, and realize the importance of science and research, and how we should continue to fund and support the endeavors that are trying to protect us and keep us on this planet for as long as we can.
There are a lot of people who are committing their lives to protect us in ways we'll never know, and it's really important to understand the importance of science and education to preserve our life and this planet while we're on it.
What do you like watching on TV when you have down time?
I'm a huge film geek, and I'm loving this golden age of television, where the lines are now blurred between what is TV and what is film. It's all long or short form content. I love science fiction. I'm on the Game of Thrones trend right now, I'm watching Barry. I don't watching a lot of reality shows, but I just can't get enough of Queer Eye.
But, I just love the fact that we are living in a time -- and it's great to be an actor in this time -- where people are willing to take risks, and commit to telling a story that is important without concerns about, "is this going to be profitable," or, "is this commercially accessible." And, it's really awesome to be part of it.
Linda Oats, the producer, said something really interesting last night, where she had been trying to make this film for years with Ridley Scott, and it fell through.
I don't know if you know the background, but there was a bidding war for the rights to the book, and Linda won the rights to the book, but then another studio that had lost the rights, rushed the movie Outbreak into production.
Yeah. It's pretty fascinating. And I remember that movie vividly as a kid, because it scared the hell out of me, and I liked it as a kid. I re-watched it recently, and I was like, wow, okay, it's got an amazing cast, but it is not anything close to reality, or the true story of what that book deals with.
Linda, last night, was discussing how she's so glad that it has come to Nat Geo and that Nat Geo made it six episodes because she was able to tell the story authentically and in the way that she envisioned as opposed to trying to put this into an hour and a half, two hour film format where people wanted a romantic storyline, or they want to wrap it up in three acts.
She wasn't limited in that way, and I think where TV is now with streaming, you can do whatever you want, and it's important for these stories.
You know, I think the things I'm most drawn to are things that are unexpected or are just really great storytelling, and I think we're living in a world, with this format, that allows for these really fantastic, amazing stories to be told in a multitude of ways.
I agree with you. And if you had a chance to be on any other show or movie at this time, what would it be?
Oh man, that's a tough question. I don't know. Anything with space, like I said, put me in a spacesuit, throw me up, I'll be a happy, happy guy. I went to space camp as a kid.
Yeah, there isn't a show out there right now about space.
Not yet. But there will be.
Yeah, they come and go.
Yeah. But I would hope in the future, something that involves me putting on another claustrophobic suit, in space.
I can't wait to see what people think of The Hot Zone.
Yeah. Me too. I'm excited to see it. My mom is a bit squeamish, so I'm pretty curious to see how she makes it through.
She's going to be worried for her baby.
Yeah, I know, she's going to be worried for her baby, especially because I usually, not always, but with a lot of the projects I've been on, my characters will meet a very horrible demise. So, I think she doesn't know the full arc, and I think she's going to be worried that she's going to see her son kick the bucket again.
Well don't tell her. Don't tell her what happens.
No, I didn't want to ruin it for her. I know, but you've seen it, so I sent her some photos of me [from the show], and she was like, "I don't want to know, oh no, are you going to die again? I can't deal with it." Because I think the worse was, I forgot to tell her, when I was on Gotham, that my character got burned alive.
Oh that was you?
Ooooh.
Yeah, so that was rough for her to watch. So, she can't separate the character from me. I feel bad for her. But, no, she's excited for it, and this is particularly a bonding experience for my family because I would send photos of my uniform while I was on set to my dad.
You're finally in the army.
Yeah, I finally did it, pretend. But, my dad, I don't know if you have any people in the military in your family, or have friends, and have watched a film or TV show about the military, but they are very critical, rightfully so.
And this is their life, and they'll watch it, I've watched war movies with my dad, and he's immediately taken out of the story. He's like, "that guys boots are tied incorrectly, or his patch is in the wrong place.
So with this, I was like, you know what, I'm going to write out the date, consult with my dad to make sure that I am dressed accordingly and am doing justice to the real-life service men and women that we're telling the story of.
So, he was like, "you're rolling your sleeves wrong." There are things that I would not think about, but my dad was in the Army at the time, in the '80s, when my character was, so he's like, "with that uniform, we had to learn how to roll our sleeves a certain way. You can't have any white showing, you have to have only camo."
So, there's a really particular way, even of rolling up the sleeves, and my character had to do that to reach into this liquid tank to get a piece of paper out it. So, it was just fun to collaborate with my dad in that way.
Oh, that is nice.
Yeah, it was very special and brought us closer together. So, it was really a special experience for me to be able to seek his advice on how to get these details right.
Yeah, my dad and my brother are in the military. I think there was a scene where Nancy was giving this big mission briefing to the unit, and there was even a moment where we were unsure of the protocol. Do we have to rise when she enters the room? How do we rise up? And, I was able to call my brother who is stationed in Hawaii currently.
Lucky him.
Lucky bastard, right? I know.
There are worse places to be stationed. But yeah, he was able to give me some advice too, to just make sure that we're getting the details right. So, yeah, it was just really kind of awesome and special to work with my family in that way.
Make sure you catch The Hot Zone when it premieres on May 27 at 9/8c!!
13 Scariest Moments in Television History
Carissa Pavlica is the managing editor and a staff writer for TV Fanatic. She's a member of the Critic's Choice Association, enjoys mentoring writers, cats, and passionately discussing the nuances of television and film. Follow her on Twitter and email her here at TV Fanatic.
Tags: The Hot Zone, Interviews, Exclusives, NatGeo
Dr. Jaax: SHF doesn't kill cells like this.
Ben: That's what I'm saying.
Dr. Jaax: There's only a few things in the world that could do this.
Jahrling: User error?
Permalink: User error?
Jason: Have you ever seen AIDS?
Jaime: Mom doesn't see human patients. Besides, Tammy's mom says all the AIDS are in New York --
Dr. Jaax: -- Um, Tami's mom believes that Falcon Crest is a real place. Let's just stick to science. Facts only.
Permalink: -- Um, Tami's mom believes that Falcon Crest is a real place. Let's just stick to science....
The Hot Zone Sequel Officially in the Works at Nat Geo
The Hot Zone Season Finale Review: Danger on the Horizon
The Hot Zone Review: Preparing for War
The Hot Zone Photos


Consumerism is the social phenomenon of rapidly increasing consumption of products, often at an economically or environmentally unsustainable rate.
Many people regard "consumerism" as a phenomenon unique to the industrial age and the developed world. However, consumption in unnecessary and excessive quantities is as old as civilization itself and even exists in the lives of dollar-a-day third-world inhabitants who suffer malnutrition.
Consumerism in the developed world, however, gives rise to another kind of problem: credit card debt. Americans spend themselves into a stupor and then wake up the next morning with credit card debt of $10,000 with a 23.5% interest rate, compounded at every meal. The complete lack of self-control is useful for corporations and workers in China, but the overall sustainability issue came back to bite us in 2008.
A large number of muckraking journalists make a living from arguing that consumerism has negative effects on people living in Third World countries who are paid what First World consumers would consider chump-change for producing the goods. This is tenuous at best, as almost everybody working in these factories is doing it to avoid starvation and subsistence farming and much prefers the work over dying in the hot sun or turning tricks for food. It would seem those worst injured by consumerism are the consumers themselves.
""Many think that happiness is to be found outside ourselves in material things, but actually happiness is something that comes from within.
To many of those opposed to consumerism, "consumerism" is just the latest in a long line of terms used to describe what the King James Bible called "the world" — sinful, material, fleshly existence as opposed to a life lived focusing on higher spiritual matters. For these people, the fact that lots of goods are being consumed is not the primary issue. What is the primary issue varies widely; the religiously devout might consider consumerism a distraction from God, political leftists might consider it a form of false consciousness distracting from the class struggle, and the more woo-ish environmentalists might consider it a disruption of the balance of nature independent even of its non-sustainable consumption of natural resources.
Besides these, there are also legitimate efforts to soften the negative effects of consumerism, such as choice architecture, which seeks to help those who are incapable of making reasonable choices on their own act a little less stupid. Also, some politicians have come to realize that maybe restricting the legal right of credit card companies to bury your house in credit card offers is a good idea.
Consumerism, which has a generally negative connotation, is often confused with the philosophical stance of materialism, which denies the existence or falsifiability of the immaterial world. Because atheists often profess to being materialists, creationists use this confusion to portray them as shallow or worshiping money.
↑ "The Economic Lives of the Poor" Banerjee and Duflo, 2006.
↑ "The State of the World's Children" UNICEF Report, 1997. Page 60.