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The Outrageous Ways Big Pharma Has Bribed Doctors to Shill Drugs
Martha Rosenberg, The Influence
Editor's Note: This article was originally published by The Influence, and is reprinted here with permission.
At the 2010 meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in New Orleans, a psychiatrist from the East coast shared her anger with me about the recent clamp down on Pharma financial perks to doctors. "They used to wine us and dine us. An SSRI maker flew my entire office to a Caribbean island… but now nothing," she lamented.
She was right. Before news organizations and the 2010 Physician Financial Transparency Reports (also called the Sunshine Act, part of the Affordable Care Act) reported the outrageous amount of money Pharma was giving doctors to prescribe its new, brand-name drugs, there was almost no limit to what was spent to encourage prescribing.
At another medical conference I attended, soon after, when it was suggested that doctors not accept free meals from Pharma reps because of indebtedness, a doctor asked in all earnestness "but what do we do for lunch?"
He was right. Doctors seldom have to go hungry at lunchtime when Pharma reps are around. Not only do reps reliably bring lunch and free drug samples, until fairly recently they wielded thousand-dollar budgets to send doctors on trips to resorts, golf vacations and to sought after sports events. No wonder the docs saw them.
But by 2010, much of the over-the-top Pharma largesse had ended. Not just because the press and Sunshine Act exposed the huge payments, naming names—but because practically every major drug company from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Eli Lilly, Abbott, AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson to Amgen, Allergen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cephalon, Novartis and Purdue had settled a wrongdoing suit. Both doctors and the public largely viewed Pharma's safety and effectiveness claims as "bought" by such extravagance.
In fact, by 2010, the number of doctors even willing to see Pharma reps had fallen by almost 20 percent and the number of doctors refusing to see all reps increased by half. Eight million sales calls were "nearly impossible to complete," reported ZS Associates.
Still, here are some of the ways Pharma managed to get drugs into your medicine cabinet when the financial excess bestowed on doctors was tolerated:
1) Blue Cross Blue Shield said that Pfizer jetted 5,000 doctors to Caribbean resorts where they enjoyed massages, golf and $2,000 honoraria to try to increase prescriptions for its painkiller Bextra—a drug that proved so unsafe it was withdrawn from the market in 2005 for heart risks.
2) The Justice Department charged that GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) "paid millions to doctors to promote Wellbutrin, approved at the time for depression, for off-label uses by funding meetings, sometimes at lavish resorts," according to CBS News. Off-label uses ignore FDA approved indications in favor of whatever Pharma wants to say to sell a drug.
3) In China, GSK was charged with being even more brazen—employing a network of 700 middlemen and travel agencies and sex workers to convince doctors to prescribe its drugs.
4) Johnson & Johnson wined and dined Texas Medicaid officials, charged state authorities, treating them to trips, perks and honoraria to get its expensive antipsychotic drug Risperdal preferred status on the state formulary where it would be paid for by taxpayers. (Taxpayers were also bilked by the Department of Veterans Affairs expenditure of $717 million on Risperdal only to discover the drug worked no better than a placebo.)
5) Bristol-Myers Squibb enticed doctors to prescribe its drugs with access to the Los Angeles Lakers and luxury box suites for their games, according to California regulators.
6) And, in keeping with the marketing free-for-all that has hooked so many Americans on opioid drugs, opioid makerVictory Pharma was charged with treating doctors to mortgage assistance and… lap dances.
Golf Trips Are Not the Only Way Pharma Pays Doctors
Doctors may not get to go to the Caribbean as they once did, but they make a huge amount of money from Pharma by giving speeches promoting its drugs. The speech-givers, who sit on Pharma's speakers' bureaus, are considered "key opinion leaders," capable of convincing other doctors of a drug's benefits so they will then prescribe the drug.
According to ProPublica, Sujata Narayan, a family medicine doctor practicing in Stanford, CA earned an astounding $43.9 million promoting drugs for Pharma. Karen Underwood, a pediatric critical care doctor in Scottsdale, AZ received a walloping $28 million. Moreover, hospitals are also awash in Pharma money with the City Of Hope National Medical Center receiving $361 million and the Cleveland Clinic Foundation $22 million.
Pharma also pays doctors to conduct studies of its drugs often paying them for each subject they recruit and winning their loyalty because they are then familiar with the drug after monitoring subjects on it. A huge Pfizer trial of the drug Neurontin was conducted just this way charged Carl Elliot in the New York Times: 772 study investigators were recruited so they would personally prescribe the drug once they were familiar with it. The study was not conducted to establish effectiveness and safety and the joke was on them—and the public.
Traditionally, Pharma also paid for Continuing Medical Education courses, or CME, that are required for doctors to keep their state licenses and sometimes their insurance. Since the Pharma subsidized CMEs were "free," doctors saved money they would have spent to enroll in a real course but of course had to listen to a Pharma sales pitch as a captive audience, instead.
Until transparency laws, CME course materials did not even hide Pharma funding. For example, a 2008 course called "Bipolar disorder: individualizing treatment to improve patient outcomes, part 2" was unabashedly taught by teachers funded by Abbott, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca; GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Wyeth, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Shire and four more drug companies.
Pharma has also used CMEs for damage control when safety signals about a drug could tank sales. When dentists, oral surgeons and patients began seeing "jawbone death" from the popular bone drugs called bisphosphonates, Pharma told doctors in its free CMEs it was not the drugs but patients' poor "hygiene" that was causing the serious and disfiguring side effect. Right. Seven years after hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was linked to increased risks of cancer, heart disease and stroke Pharma CMEs marketing HRT as if nothing had happened at Duke University, Penn State University and University of Oklahoma medical schools, the Cleveland Clinic and on Medscape.
Pharma funded CMEs also helped "disease awareness," an insidious selling tactic. When Lilly's antidepressant Cymbalta got FDA approval for use in fibromyalgia, Lilly gave nonprofits$3.9 million in CME grants to raise "awareness" of fibromyalgia. Have drug; need patients.
Defending Pharma Payments
Medical professionals have accused journalists of putting undue focus on Pharma payments, maintaining that it does not affect their prescribing and also that the world has bigger problems. New York University professor Lila E. Nachtigall, who received $124,000 from Pharma for speaking and other promotional fees, said "It kind of makes me laugh" that Pharma links are a concern, "with what goes on in the Senate."
But journalists hew to a strict "no gifts" code themselves. According to the Reuters Handbook of Journalism, professional journalists do not accept "any payment, gift, service or benefit (whether in cash or in kind) offered by a news source or contact," or "hospitality when there is no news value," or travel "junkets." Journalists must pay their own way on trips to maintain "accuracy, balance and the truth," says Reuters. Other reputable news organization adhere to the same standards.
At medical conferences, doctors often show slides disclosing all the Pharma companies who pay them before segueing into their "objective" medical study. Imagine what would happen if a journalist disclosed financial payments from an entity or industry and then proceeded to "report" on it.
Free Lunches Still Common—and Sway Prescribing
In 2002, Pharma's lobbying group PhRMA adopted a voluntary code discouraging free trips and tickets to the theater or sporting event for doctors. But the code still allows free meals. A recent study in JAMA Internal Medicine found that even a lowly, $20 meal resulted in more prescriptions for Pharma.
The study found doctors who received even one free meal were 70 percent more likely to prescribe the brand-name beta blocker Bystolic, 52 percent more likely to prescribe the brand-name ACE inhibitor Benicar, 118 percent more likely to prescribe the brand-name antidepressant Pristiq and 18 percent more likely to prescribe the brand-name statin Crestor. Preference for the drug linked to a free meal existed even though generic equivalents exist for all four drugs which significantly save patients and the health care system money. The study found that more than one free meal increased the likelihood of doctors prescribing the drugs with the exception of Pristiq, a "me-too" antidepressant with significant risks that was included in a legal settlement charging misrepresentation.
Of course doctors can take umbrage at the suggestion that they "can be bought for a hero or a slice of pizza," said the study's lead author R. Adams Dudley, a professor of medicine and health policy at the University of California, San Francisco. But "it is human nature for a doctor to reciprocate by listening to the pitch of a sales representative bearing free food or beverages."
An editorial accompanying the JAMA Internal Medicine study said, "There are inherent tensions between the profits of health care companies, the independence of physicians and the integrity of our work, and the affordability of medical care. If drug and device manufacturers were to stop sending money to physicians for promotional speaking, meals and other activities without clear medical justifications and invest more in independent bona fide research on safety, effectiveness and affordability, our patients and the health care system would be better off." It is an understatement.
Not only do we now know that even a free meal can affect prescribing decisions, three years after the Sunshine Act, more than half of US doctors were still enjoying free meals, gifts and outright payments from Pharma.
Martha Rosenberg is a freelance journalist covering the pharmaceutical industry.
This article (The Outrageous Ways Big Pharma Has Bribed Doctors to Shill Drugs) is re-printed here with permission from The Influence, a site covering the full spectrum of human relationships with drugs. Follow the Influence on Facebook and on Twitter.**
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Getting the most from your data-driven transformation: 10 key principles
Best practices like determining what makes data valuable and creating company cultures that promote data sharing will enable businesses to embrace data in the modern enterprise.
Janice Zdankusarchive page
Anthony Delli Colliarchive page
Provided byHewlett Packard Enterprise
The importance of data to today's businesses can't be overstated. Studies show data-driven companies are 58% more likely to beat revenue goals than non-data-driven companies and 162% more likely to significantly outperform laggards. Data analytics are helping nearly half of all companies make better decisions about everything, from the products they deliver to the markets they target. Data is becoming critical in every industry, whether it's helping farms increase the value of the crops they produce or fundamentally changing the game of basketball.
Used optimally, data is nothing less than a critically important asset. Problem is, it's not always easy to put data to work. The Seagate Rethink Data report, with research and analysis by IDC, found that only 32% of the data available to enterprises is ever used and the remaining 68% goes unleveraged. Executives aren't fully confident in their current ability—nor in their long-range plans—to wring optimal levels of value out of the data they produce, acquire, manage, and use.
What's the disconnect? If data is so important to a business's health, why is it so hard to master?
In the best-run companies, the systems that connect data producers and data consumers are secure and easy to deploy. But they're usually not. Companies are challenged with finding data and leveraging it for strategic purposes. Sources of data are hard to identify and even harder to evaluate. Datasets used to train AI models for the automation of tasks can be hard to validate. Hackers are always looking to steal or compromise data. And finding quality data is a challenge for even the savviest data scientists.
The lack of an end-to-end system for ensuring high-quality data and sharing it efficiently has indirectly delayed the adoption of AI.
Communication gaps can also derail the process of delivering impactful insights. Executives who fund data projects and the data engineers and scientists who carry them out don't always understand one another. These data practitioners can create a detailed plan, but if the practitioner doesn't frame the results properly, the business executive who requested them may say they were looking for something different. The project will be labeled a failure, and the chance to generate value out of the effort will fall by the wayside.
Companies encounter data issues, no matter where they are in terms of data maturity. They're trying to figure out ways to make data an important part of their future, but they're struggling to put plans into practice.
If you're in this position, what do you do?
Companies found themselves at a similar inflection point back in the 2010s, trying to sort out their places in the cloud. They took years developing their cloud strategies, planning their cloud migrations, choosing platforms, creating Cloud Business Offices, and structuring their organizations to best take advantage of cloud-based opportunities. Today, they're reaping the benefits: Their moves to the cloud have enabled them to modernize their apps and IT systems.
Enterprises now have to make similar decisions about data. They need to consider many factors to make sure data is providing a foundation for their business going forward. They should ask questions such as:
Is the data the business needs readily available?
What types of sources of data are needed? Are there distributed and diverse sets of data you don't know about?
Is the data clean, current, reliable, and able to integrate with existing systems?
Is the rest of the C-level onboard with the chief data officer's approach?
Are data scientists and end users communicating effectively about what's needed and what's being delivered?
How is data being shared?
How can I trust my data?
Does every person and organization that needs access to the data have the right to use it?
This is about more than just business intelligence. It's about taking advantage of an opportunity that's taking shape. Data use is exploding, tools to leverage it are becoming more efficient, and data scientists' expertise is growing. But data is hard to master. Many companies aren't set up to make the best use of the data they have at hand. Enterprises need to make investments in the people, processes, and technologies that will drive their data strategies.
With all of this in mind, here are 10 principles companies should follow when developing their data strategies:
1. Understand how valuable your data really is
How much is your data worth to you? This can be measured in a number of ways. There are traditional metrics to consider, such as the costs of acquiring the data, the cost to store and transmit it, the uniqueness of the data being acquired, and the opportunity to use it to generate additional revenue. Marketplace metrics affect the value of the data, such as data quality, age of the data, and popularity of a data product.
Your data could also be valuable to others. For example, suppose a hospital collects patient datasets that can generate value for your data. In that case, that data could be of interest to disease researchers, drug manufacturers, insurance companies, and other potential buyers. Is there a mechanism in place to anonymize, aggregate, control, and identify potential users of your data?
Opportunity, balanced by the cost it takes to deliver on it, is one way to determine the potential value of your data.
2. Determine what makes data valuable
While it may be hard to put an actual dollar value on your data, it's easier to define the elements that contribute to data having a high degree of value. It can be reduced to a simple thought equation:
Completeness + Validity = Quality
Quality + Format = Usability
Usable Data + A Data Practitioner Who Uses it Well = VALUE
Your data project can't proceed without good data. Is the quality of your data high enough to be worthwhile? That will depend, in part, on how complete the sample is that you've collected. Are data fields missing? Quality also depends on how valid the information is. Was it collected from a reliable source? Is the data current, or has time degraded its validity? Do you collect and store your data in accordance with industry and sector ontologies and standards?
Your data has to be usable for it to be worthy of investment. Setting up systems for data practitioners to use and analyze the data well and connect it with business leaders who can leverage the insights closes the loop.
3. Establish where you are on your data journey
Positioning a business to take full advantage of cloud computing is a journey. The same thinking should apply to data.
The decisions companies make about their data strategies depend largely on where they happen to be on their data journeys. How far along are you on your data journey? Assessment tools and blueprints can help companies pinpoint their positions. Assessments should go beyond identifying which tools are in a company's technology stack. They should look at how data is treated across an organization in many ways, taking into account governance, lifecycle management, security, ingestion and processing, data architectures, consumption and distribution, data knowledge, and data monetization.
Consumption and distribution alone can be measured in terms of an organization's ability to apply services ranging from business intelligence to streaming data to self-service applications of data analytics. Has the company implemented support for data usage by individual personas? Is it supporting individual APIs? Looking at data knowledge as a category, how advanced are the company's data dictionaries, business glossaries, catalogs, and master data management plans?
Scoring each set of capabilities reveals a company's strengths and weaknesses in terms of data preparedness. Until the company takes a closer look, it may not realize how near or far it is from where it needs or want to be.
4. Learn to deal with data from various sources
Data is coming into organizations from all directions—from inside the company, IoT devices, and video surveillance systems at the edge, partners, customers, social media, and the web. The hundreds of zettabytes of worldwide data will have to be selectively managed, protected, and optimized for convenient, productive use.
This is a challenge for enterprises that haven't developed systems for data collection and data governance. Wherever the data comes from, there needs to be a mechanism for standardizing it so that the data will be usable for a greater benefit.
Different companies and different countries impose different rules on what and how information can be shared. Even individual departments within the same company can run afoul of corporate governance rules designating the paths certain datasets have to follow. That means enforcing data access and distribution policies. To seize these data opportunities, companies need to engineer pathways to discover new datasets and impose governance rules to manage them.
In manufacturing, companies on a supply chain line measure the quality of their parts and suppliers. Often, the machinery and the robotics they're using are owned by the suppliers. Suppliers may want to set up contracts to see who has the right to use data to protect their own business interests, and manufacturers should define their data sharing requirements with their partners and suppliers up front.
5. Get a strategic commitment from the C-suite
Data benefits many levels of an organization, and personas at each of the affected levels will lobby for a particular aspect of the data value process. Data scientists want more high-powered, easy-to-use technology. Line-of-business leaders push for better, faster insights. At the top of the pyramid is the C-suite, which prioritizes the channeling of data into business value.
It's critical to get C-level executives on board with a holistic data strategy. Doing it right, after all, can be disruptive. Extracting maximum value from data requires an organization to hire staff with new skill sets, realign its culture, reengineer old processes, and rearchitect the old data platform. It's a transformation project that can't be done without getting buy-in from the top levels of a company.
The C-suite is increasingly open to expanding organizations' use of data. Next to customer engagement, the second highest strategic area of interest at the board level is leveraging data and improving decision-making to remain competitive and exploit changing market conditions, according to the IDC report "Market Analysis Perspective: Worldwide Data Integration and Intelligence Software, 2021." In the same report, 83% of executives articulated the need to be more data driven than before the pandemic.
How should organizations ensure that the C-suite gets on board? If you're a stakeholder without a C-level title, your job is to work with your peers to find an executive sponsor to carry the message to leaders who control the decision-making process. Data is a strategic asset that will determine a company's success in the long run, but it won't happen without endorsements at the highest levels.
6. In data we trust: Ensure your data is beyond reproach
As AI expands into almost every aspect of modern life, the risks of corrupt or faulty AI practices increase exponentially. This comes down to the quality of the data being used to train the AI models. How was the data produced? Was it based on a faulty sensor? Was there a biased data origin generated into the dataset? Did the selection of data come from one location instead of a statistically valid set of data?
Trustworthy AI depends on having trustworthy data that can be used to build transparent, trustworthy, unbiased, and robust models. If you know how a model is trained and you suspect you're getting faulty results, you can stop the process and retrain the model. Or, if someone questions the model, you can go back and explain why a particular decision was made, but you need to have clean, validated data to reference.
Governments are often asked by policy watchdogs to support how they're using AI and to prove that their analyses are not built on biased data. The validity of the algorithms used has sparked debates about efforts to rely on machine learning to guide sentencing decisions and make decisions about welfare benefit claims or other government activities.
The training of the model takes place in steps. You build a model based on data. Then you test the model and gather additional data to retest it. If it passes, you turn it into a more robust production model. The journey continues by adding more data, massaging it, and establishing over time if your model stands up to scrutiny.
The lack of an end-to-end system for ensuring high-quality data and sharing it efficiently has indirectly delayed the adoption of AI. According to IDC, 52% of survey respondents believe that data quality, quantity, and access challenges are holding up AI deployments.
7. Seize upon the metadata opportunity
Metadata is defined elliptically as "data that provides information about other data." It's what gives data the context that users need to understand a piece of the information's characteristics, so they can determine what to do with it in the future.
Metadata standards are commonly used for niche purposes, specific industry applications like astronomical catalogs, or data types like XML files. But there's also a case to be made for a stronger metadata framework where we can not only define data in common ways but also tag useful data artifacts along its journey. Where did this piece of data originate? Who has viewed it? Who has used it? What has it been used for? Who has added what piece of the dataset? Has the data been verified? Is it prohibited from use in certain situations?
Developing this kind of metadata mechanism requires a technology layer that is open to contributions from those viewing and touching a particular piece of data. It also requires a commitment from broad sets of stakeholders who see the value of being able to share data strategically and transparently.
Creating an additional open metadata layer would be an important step toward allowing the democratization of access to the data by enabling the transparent sharing of key data attributes necessary for access, governance, trust, and lineage. Hewlett Packard Enterprise's approach to dataspaces is to open up a universal metadata standard that would remove the current complexities associated with sharing diverse datasets.
8. Embrace the importance of culture
Organizations want to make sure they're getting the most out of the resources they're nourishing—and to do that, they need to create cultures that promote best practices for information sharing.
Do you have silos? Are there cultural barriers inside your organization that get in the way of the proper dissemination of information to the right sources at the right times? Do different departments feel they own their data and don't have to share it with others in the organization? Are individuals hoarding valuable data? Have you set up channels and procedures that promote frictionless data sharing? Have you democratized access to data, giving business stakeholders the ability to not only request data but participate in querying and sharing practices?
If any of these factors are blocking the free flow of data exchange, your organization needs to undergo a change management assessment focusing on its needs across people, processes, and technology.
9. Open things up, but trust no one
In all aspects of business, organizations balance the often conflicting concepts of promoting free and open sharing of resources and tightly controlled security. Achieving this balance is particularly important when dealing with data.
Data needs to be shared, but many data producers are uncomfortable doing so because they fear the loss of control and how their data could be used against them, or how their data could be changed or used inappropriately.
Security needs to be a top priority. Data is coming from so many sources—some you control, some you don't—and being passed through so many hands. That means that security policies surrounding data need to be designed with a zero-trust model through every step of the process. Trust has to be established through the entire stack, from your infrastructure and operating systems to the workloads that sit on top of those systems, all the way down to the silicon level.
10. Create a fully functioning data services pipeline
Moving data among systems requires many steps, including moving data to the cloud, reformatting it, and joining it with other data sources. Each of these steps usually requires separate software.
Automating data pipelines is a critical best practice in the data journey. A fully automated data pipeline allows organizations to extract data at the source, transform it into a usable form, and integrate it with other sources.
The data pipeline is the sum of all these steps, and its job is to ensure that these steps happen reliably to all data. These processes should be automated, but most organizations need at least one or two engineers to maintain the systems, repair failures, and update according to the changing needs of the business.
Begin the data journey today
How well companies leverage their data—wherever it lives—will determine their success in the years to come. Constellation Research projects 90% of the current Fortune 500 will be merged, acquired, or bankrupt by 2050. If they don't start now, they'll be left behind. The clock is ticking.
Read the original article on Enterprise.nxt.
This content was produced by Hewlett Packard Enterprise. It was not written by MIT Technology Review's editorial staff.
by Janice Zdankus & Anthony Delli Colli
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Shining from the fire in your heart.
to be guided to the place of true existence.
From amongst the stars you were born.
and let your light shine inward.
to the realm of the infinite?
giggling like children (I guess we were, then).
I remember… I am reminded by the light in your eyes.


Writing is natural. You have heard stories of people who make some side income by writing articles online. They may write news stories, e-books, cover letters, the list goes on. You know that you can also write articles (maybe you were talented as a fictional writer, or maybe you know how to tell a real-life story) but you do not know where to start. Well, today I am planning to tell you all about how I got started. Hopefully, the experience that I have will help guide you at the start of your path.
So, you are new, and you have no portfolio to back you up and get you some clients. How can you fix that? My advice is that you start to look at some news stories and try to rewrite them. Start small, 300 words would be the best for a beginner, and slowly work your way up. Once you have gotten familiar with how most article writers word their articles, then you may want to start writing about some topics that interest you.
You may say "But I do not know what interests me enough to write about it." Well, write about something you enjoy. Write about your favorite game, a book character, a novel, a band, a vacation location, anything that you are passionate about. Try to research the topic before you start writing.
Say you want to write a review about your favorite game, to sharpen your article writing skills. Get more details about it: which studio created it, when did it come out, if rumors were surrounding some aspects of the release, did the team behind the game encounter some problems and so on. You can then talk about the primary setting of the game, what you loved or hated about it, which character was your favorite, the best and worst boss fight of the game and maybe even some of the best quests. This is all up to you.
What I am trying to say is that you should find something that you are familiar with and create an in-depth analysis of it, using and quoting different websites, adding pictures and maybe even links to some relevant topics. Try to be detached but observant at the same time. I know it sounds like I do not know what I am saying but an article writer has to be sharp and look at every side of the matter and detached enough not to make himself or herself look too invested in the topic to the point that it seems like a personal review. That is reserved for blog content, but we will get to that in a second.
Okay, you spent some time writing and rewriting articles. You are now familiar with how an article is written. Next step is trying to get some money out of it. Looking for real-life customers close to you who may want you to write for their website, their magazine or their blog may be a bit too hard. This is why I recommend that you create an account on one of these three websites: Freelancer, Fiverr, and Upwork.
This is a platform meant for freelancers around the globe. Creating an account is easy. Please take the time to feel out every detail of your profile, even adding some articles to your portfolio (I used to get 0 gigs before I had a portfolio since most clients ask for one after I had one I finally got some steady workflow). My advice is that you bid on projects that you know you can do well. You may write good tech-related articles, but you have 0 clues on how to write a medical related article. So bid for a project that wants tech content and not one that wants medical content. See what I mean? Also, stick with a Standard membership in the beginning since it does not cost you anything, make sure that you place your bids carefully (it takes 92 hours to get a new bid) and be careful.
I like to call this website the fun one out of the three. Here you can find people who offer so many services for the small price of 5 dollars. Some may ask for more, but it is an excellent and secure platform for a newbie article writer. Set up an account and create your first writing gig. Make sure to set the price (I suggest starting with 5 dollars since you are new to the game, raise your rates as time goes by), set the number of words that you want to write and any other things that you are willing to offer for your article.
I find this website to be the serious big brother of the family. What makes it stand out is that you can create an account, but you need to have it approved before you can bid on projects. This means that you have to put some time and dedication into what you are offering, your bio, your hourly rate, any qualifications that you may possess and then send it to be reviewed. Do not fret if your request is denied, you need to polish your profile a bit more, and with luck, you will be a member in no time.
Okay, you want to make some cash by writing, but you are not the type to stick to a close schedule. What do you do now? Well, you can dedicate some time and create a blog.
But how can you make money from a blog? With Google AdSense and Amazon Affiliates, programs that will allow you to turn a small profit based on the number of traffic that your blog gets, how many people look at the ads posted on there and how many click on them. Neat, am I right? This is the perfect form of passive but not so passive income for someone who is just starting out. By this, I mean that you have to continually update your blog and write on topics that you enjoy talking about, but you do not have to worry about maintaining deadlines or fitting the requirements of a client.
It is all up to you, in a way. But this means that you can't just create a blog, write a couple of posts and expect to turn millionaire overnight. It takes time, maybe even months of constant work but you will end up seeing that all your time was not wasted and you may steadily create a fan base of interested writers and turn a profit from it as well. It is all up to you and how much time you want to dedicate to perfecting your blog.
It's always good to get reminders of how to do this writing thing. I like how you broke down this sometimes-overwhelming process of crafting articles. Do you have any specific tools or techniques to help you stay creative and productive? I'm off to geek out over your hubs. Oh, and you got yourself a new follower for sure! Keep up the wonderful work.
Good suggestions. I have been writing for years and I love finding new possibilities. Thank you.


The wide application of liquids packaging line makes everyone more and more inseparable. Similarly, in addition to the important role of the individual, the filling and sealing machine is more in cooperation with other packaging equipment to complete the perfect packaging of the whole product.
In the traditional sense, the most widely used filling and sealing machine is a separate sealing work. For example, some small food bags should be sealed in the future. At this time, a separate filling and sealing machine is used for sealing. This situation is more used in the simple packaging work, and the small production work. With regard to the modern production and processing, the remarkable so-called sealing skills and methods can no longer meet the demand for production. Therefore, there has been a filling and sealing machine capable of cooperating with other packaging machinery, such as filling, packaging and sealing filling filling and sealing machine, which has been widely used in many liquids packaging line manufacturer such as dairy products and beverages. Collaboration, greater packaging strength and perfection, make the overall packaging more outstanding.


"We were so lucky to have found Cindy who has helped our little Georgie. He is a small beagle we adopted from Georgia. Having exhausted our training efforts, we were at a loss on our next step to assist with Georgie's changing behaviors with in his new environment. What a difference Cindy's healing sessions have made! Georgie seemed to know when the phone calls were going to be made and he reacted so well! Cindy's knowledge, advice and sessions with Georgie have lead us (and most importantly Georgie) into a new direction allowing us to better understand Georgie's behavior, reasons for his behavior and how to proceed with calming of his inner energy. Cindy's use of essential oils have made a difference with our little beagle. We continue to use them and he is a different dog!
Cindy, we cannot Thank You enough for what you have done for us! We continue to enjoy Georgie's new found personality and his ongoing progression towards happiness! Again, Thank You!!
"I wanted to let you know your session with Darla and the advanced treatment you used, as called for, is truly working! But then I know your sessions always do! Yesterday, she was still having trouble getting up and down and standing without her legs slipping out from under her, but this morning I could definitely see the effect of the session. I know 24-48 hours... Today she is standing without slipping, less trouble getting up and down! I have also been alternating the oils everyday….Thank you so very much!!!
"Putting my precious dog Maverick into the healing hands of Cindy was a no brainer—she is one of the loveliest animal healers on this planet! I knew my boy would be grateful to receive her work. As requested by Cindy, I told him the night before his treatment that she would be giving him an energy healing treatment at 2:30 pm the next day. Not surprisingly, five minutes before his treatment began Maverick came into the house from outside, walked into his kennel, and lay down as if he were waiting for his appointment with Cindy. It was uncanny, but really neat.
The results of the treatment have been wonderful! Even his posture has changed for the better. Usually quite klutzy, his gait was now balanced and strong. And his excitability about people walking outside our house has tempered a lot. He no longer is barking like a mad-man. And what melts my heart to no end is that he seems so much more comfortable, at ease and confident. He has a very "all-is-well" presence about him. The added benefit to Cindy's treatment is that I no longer feel anxious or worried about Maverick—so buyer beware, you too will experience a glorious energetic shift.
I highly recommend Cindy to anyone who loves their animals to the moon and back, and I am so grateful for the work she is doing on this planet!
"When I had met Cindy I was unfamiliar with energy work and to be honest I was a bit skeptical. After hearing her speak on multiple occasions through a networking event I knew I had to have her meet my cat. My cat is about a year old and she was given to me as a birthday gift from my boyfriend. At first, our 14 year old dog was skeptical of the new family member, but over time grew to accept her. The cat never seemed to like me, even though she was my gift! After just talking with Cindy for the first time I noticed a change in my cat's behavior. She was aggressive with me a lot less than normal and was even beginning to warm up to me. She even fell asleep on my chest one night, which was a huge change from the normal scratching/biting she usually did when in my presence. The cat is never friendly to visitors or much interested in them. However, when Cindy arrived at the house she warmed right up to her sniffing her hand and rubbing on her. I truly believe the energy session brought me and my cat together and I think she feels more accepted as a part of our family.
"We have 2 border collies and 2 cats- Our one border collie, Bessie is 14 years old and has been showing her age for months- losing her eye sight, needing to be carried from one room to the next and losing interest in eating.
When my husband and I made plans this winter to go away for 3 weeks, we were incredibly nervous leaving her. Cindy provided energy work to Bess before we left. We noticed right away that she began sleeping less and had a bit more energy. When we were away, our dog sitters told us that her appetite increased and she began eating more!
We came home to an old, but energetic girl who continues to eat a lot, come outside with us and once again has that spunky look in her eye! And, her chronic runny nose has stopped.
We are so grateful for Cindy's healing and intuitive work!


text:
Vapour phase dehydration of crude methanol to dimethyl ether over Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts
V. Vishwanathan, Ki Won Jun, Jae Woo Kim, Hyun Seog Roh
Division of Environmental Engineering
A series of Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts, with Na content varying from 0 to 80 mol%, were prepared by an impregnation method, characterized by TPD of ammonia and FT-IR pyridine methods, and tested for the dehydration of crude methanol (i.e. pure/anhydrous methanol containing 20 mol% of H2O) in a fixed-bed micro-reactor under normal atmospheric pressure. Though the unmodified H-ZSM-5 catalyst was more active and stable in the presence of water than the commercial γ -Al2O3, the Na modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts showed the optimum activity (CMeOII > 80%) and 100% selectivity for DME in a wide range of temperatures: 230-340 °C. The catalysts were tested for the time-on-stream (TOS) and remained least sensitive towards water for a total reaction period of 65 h. The superior performance of Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalyst is attributed mainly to the elimination of strong surface acid-sites by partial substitution of Na in H-ZSM-5, resulting in the prevention of coke and/or hydrocarbon formation.
Applied Catalysis A: General
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.011
This research was performed for the Carbon Dioxide Reduction & Sequestration Center, one of 21st Century Frontier R&D Programs funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea. The fellowship for V. Vishwanathan is supported by the Brain Pool Programme of Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF).
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Vapour phase dehydration of crude methanol to dimethyl ether over Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
dimethyl ether Chemical Compounds
Dehydration Chemical Compounds
Ethers Engineering & Materials Science
Methanol Chemical Compounds
Vapors Chemical Compounds
Catalysts Chemical Compounds
Pyridine Engineering & Materials Science
Temperature programmed desorption Chemical Compounds
Vishwanathan, V., Jun, K. W., Kim, J. W., & Roh, H. S. (2004). Vapour phase dehydration of crude methanol to dimethyl ether over Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 276(1-2), 251-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.011
Vishwanathan, V. ; Jun, Ki Won ; Kim, Jae Woo ; Roh, Hyun Seog. / Vapour phase dehydration of crude methanol to dimethyl ether over Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts. In: Applied Catalysis A: General. 2004 ; Vol. 276, No. 1-2. pp. 251-255.
@article{fe51b1b16b4c4602bfee18c8d142c0f6,
title = "Vapour phase dehydration of crude methanol to dimethyl ether over Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts",
abstract = "A series of Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts, with Na content varying from 0 to 80 mol%, were prepared by an impregnation method, characterized by TPD of ammonia and FT-IR pyridine methods, and tested for the dehydration of crude methanol (i.e. pure/anhydrous methanol containing 20 mol% of H2O) in a fixed-bed micro-reactor under normal atmospheric pressure. Though the unmodified H-ZSM-5 catalyst was more active and stable in the presence of water than the commercial γ -Al2O3, the Na modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts showed the optimum activity (CMeOII > 80%) and 100% selectivity for DME in a wide range of temperatures: 230-340 °C. The catalysts were tested for the time-on-stream (TOS) and remained least sensitive towards water for a total reaction period of 65 h. The superior performance of Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalyst is attributed mainly to the elimination of strong surface acid-sites by partial substitution of Na in H-ZSM-5, resulting in the prevention of coke and/or hydrocarbon formation.",
author = "V. Vishwanathan and Jun, {Ki Won} and Kim, {Jae Woo} and Roh, {Hyun Seog}",
note = "Funding Information: This research was performed for the Carbon Dioxide Reduction & Sequestration Center, one of 21st Century Frontier R&D Programs funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea. The fellowship for V. Vishwanathan is supported by the Brain Pool Programme of Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF).",
doi = "10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.011",
journal = "Applied Catalysis A: General",
Vishwanathan, V, Jun, KW, Kim, JW & Roh, HS 2004, 'Vapour phase dehydration of crude methanol to dimethyl ether over Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts', Applied Catalysis A: General, vol. 276, no. 1-2, pp. 251-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.011
Vapour phase dehydration of crude methanol to dimethyl ether over Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts. / Vishwanathan, V.; Jun, Ki Won; Kim, Jae Woo; Roh, Hyun Seog.
In: Applied Catalysis A: General, Vol. 276, No. 1-2, 25.11.2004, p. 251-255.
T1 - Vapour phase dehydration of crude methanol to dimethyl ether over Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts
AU - Vishwanathan, V.
AU - Jun, Ki Won
AU - Kim, Jae Woo
AU - Roh, Hyun Seog
N1 - Funding Information: This research was performed for the Carbon Dioxide Reduction & Sequestration Center, one of 21st Century Frontier R&D Programs funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea. The fellowship for V. Vishwanathan is supported by the Brain Pool Programme of Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF).
N2 - A series of Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts, with Na content varying from 0 to 80 mol%, were prepared by an impregnation method, characterized by TPD of ammonia and FT-IR pyridine methods, and tested for the dehydration of crude methanol (i.e. pure/anhydrous methanol containing 20 mol% of H2O) in a fixed-bed micro-reactor under normal atmospheric pressure. Though the unmodified H-ZSM-5 catalyst was more active and stable in the presence of water than the commercial γ -Al2O3, the Na modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts showed the optimum activity (CMeOII > 80%) and 100% selectivity for DME in a wide range of temperatures: 230-340 °C. The catalysts were tested for the time-on-stream (TOS) and remained least sensitive towards water for a total reaction period of 65 h. The superior performance of Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalyst is attributed mainly to the elimination of strong surface acid-sites by partial substitution of Na in H-ZSM-5, resulting in the prevention of coke and/or hydrocarbon formation.
AB - A series of Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts, with Na content varying from 0 to 80 mol%, were prepared by an impregnation method, characterized by TPD of ammonia and FT-IR pyridine methods, and tested for the dehydration of crude methanol (i.e. pure/anhydrous methanol containing 20 mol% of H2O) in a fixed-bed micro-reactor under normal atmospheric pressure. Though the unmodified H-ZSM-5 catalyst was more active and stable in the presence of water than the commercial γ -Al2O3, the Na modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts showed the optimum activity (CMeOII > 80%) and 100% selectivity for DME in a wide range of temperatures: 230-340 °C. The catalysts were tested for the time-on-stream (TOS) and remained least sensitive towards water for a total reaction period of 65 h. The superior performance of Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalyst is attributed mainly to the elimination of strong surface acid-sites by partial substitution of Na in H-ZSM-5, resulting in the prevention of coke and/or hydrocarbon formation.
U2 - 10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.011
DO - 10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.011
JO - Applied Catalysis A: General
JF - Applied Catalysis A: General
Vishwanathan V, Jun KW, Kim JW, Roh HS. Vapour phase dehydration of crude methanol to dimethyl ether over Na-modified H-ZSM-5 catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General. 2004 Nov 25;276(1-2):251-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.011


XRefer is the number one option when you need to find a high quality forklift rental at a great rate in Gretna, Nebraska. Whether you are looking for a short-term warehouse forklift rental in Gretna during the busy season, or you need to get a quote for a long-term Gretna forklift lease, XRefer's got you covered. With an unmatched selection of forklift rentals to choose from, XRefer makes it easy to get the perfect equipment for your needs. Here at XRefer we make it easy to rent popular 3,000 lb forklifts as well as more difficult to find 40,000 lbs. large capacity forklifts, while at the same time saving you money with the lowest rates around. Our goal at XRefer is to make renting forklifts in Gretna, hassle-free, affordable and fast which is why we offer quote comparison tools and only partner with the top forklift dealers in Gretna.
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text:
UN chief condemns attack on peacekeepers in southern Lebanon.
27 May 2011 – Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemned today's attack on United Nations peacekeepers in Lebanon, adding that it is all the more deplorable as it occurred on the day the Organization has set aside for honouring the men and women who work to advance peace in war-torn countries.
According to media reports, a roadside bomb ripped through a convoy of UN vehicles carrying Italian peacekeepers serving with the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), which is headquartered at Naqoura in southern Lebanon.
The UN said it is still receiving details about the attack, but it is clear that a number of peacekeepers have been wounded.
Speaking in Deauville, France, where he is attending the annual summit of the Group of Eight (G8) leading industrialized nations, Mr. Ban extended his sincere sympathies to the peacekeepers and their families as well as the people and Government of Italy.
"The United Nations will work closely together with the Lebanese authorities to have a full and swift investigation on the attack to bring the perpetrators to justice," said the Secretary-General.
The attack comes on the same day that the world body commemorates the International Day of UN Peacekeepers to honour colleagues who lost their lives in the line of duty and pay tribute to the 120,000 military, police and civilians who are working under the blue flag around the world for the cause of peace.
Originally created by the Security Council in March 1978 to confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, UNIFIL was reinforced after the July-August 2006 fighting, with the added mandate to monitor the cessation of hostilities; accompany and support the Lebanese armed forces as they deploy throughout the south of Lebanon; and extend its assistance to help ensure humanitarian access to civilian.
New Lebanese government should be formed as soon a...
Progress on key UN resolution impeded by Lebanon's...
UN coordinator for Lebanon stresses government for...
Ban calls on Lebanon and Israel to fulfil obligati...
Asarta chairs tripartite military meeting in Naqou...
LEBANON: PRIME MINISTER-DESIGNATE BRIEFS UN ENVOY ...
UN reaffirms support for Lebanon tribunal on 6th a...
Breaking Middle East peace deadlock is vital, Ban ...
Lebanon: Ban calls on new government to cooperate ...
BAN EXPECTS NEW LEBANESE GOVERNMENT TO COOPERATE I...


text:
Home > British Columbia's TCH >
Chase, British Columbia on TransCanadaHighway.com
Chase is a town of 2,000 on the west end of Shuswap Lake, where it empties into the South Thompson River. The town is named for Whitfield Chase, the areas' first resident, who lived from 1820 until 1896. He was a carpenter from New York and was a luckless Cariboo gold rush prospector who ended up a successful rancher, and married a Shuswap native.
Chase is the starting point for the 58 kilometre canoe and rafting trip down the Thompson River to Kamloops Shuswap Lake is famous for its many nooks and crannies and is most popular for houseboating vacations. There is a beach park, a boat launch ramp and the 9-hole Sunshore Golf Course.
Chase Business listings
Chase Image Gallery
Niskonlith Provincial Park
McGillivray Lake Rd, 12 km across the South Thompson on Pine Street
This 238 hectare park, just north of town has 30 campsites, five archaeological sites, and plenty of hiking, boating, birdwatching and swimming.
Squilax Bridge
10 km east of Chase
This bridge is in the middle of the 4 kilometre long Little River which joins Shuswap & Little Shuswap Lakes Squilax is the Shuswap word for black bear.
Adams River/ Roderick Haigh-Brown Provincial Park
This 988 hectare park is popular not only for its stunning scenery but its wildlife. 10 million salmon climb up this river every four falls (most recently in 1998) to spawn and lay their eggs. In other years the salmon run is less dramatic. By the time the salmon have completed the 485 kilometre swim from the sea, their silver bodies have turned a bright red.
British Columbia Provincial Info
British Columbia's Trans-Canada Highway
Speedtraps around British Columbia
British Columbia Accommodation Search
British Columbia Links


This preserve provides hikers and equestrians an historical passage to the scenic remoteness and extensive trail systems of the Crow Hill and Trout Brook Valley Preserves. Cut through dense forest perhaps 250 years ago, the abandoned dirt road now threads its bumpy way through recent residential developments as well as forest. The trail is three-quarters of a mile long, rutted, rocky, uphill much of the way, and much like Weston's earliest roads.
Historical Note: Weston was well-known in the late 1700s and early 1800s for large stands of Chestnut, Black Walnut, Oak, Basswood and Beech trees, often hundreds of years old. When would-be farmers found the land so unproductive, many turned to harvesting the forest, spurred on by the growing regional markets for railroad ties, bridge flooring, and charcoal.
North on Lyons Plain Road; at 3-way stop, bear right and continue up Kellogg Hill Road; left on old Redding Road. Preserve entrance is on Old Redding Road, north of Kellogg Hill, or enter the Freeborn Walk Trail at the Wells Hill Road parking area to Trout Brook Valley. Trail ends at the dead-end of Bradley Road where you can hike or mountain bike to the Bradley Road entrance to Trout Brook Valley.


The Green Camden Cigar Cutter has a great color design and has a rubberized coating making it very easy to handle. This cigar cutter will give you a precise cut for your cigar allowing a great smoke draw. Every cigar smoker should have a great accessory like this on hand at all times. It can cut up to a 50 ring gauge cigar.
3.6 x 1.6 x .25 in.
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St Bloggie de Riviere: Isn't that the trailer-tent?
This is the name of my mother's new blog. I'm not sure about the theme yet, it may go through several changes before I find one that suits, but it's off the ground, that's the main thing!
She isn't actually the one doing the creating or writing because regular readers of this blog will remember that her house is something of an internet-free zone. No, it's a project for my eldest, to get him to practice typing. They don't teach children to type in French schools, despite it being one of the most useful skills to have in the modern age. I think they expect kids to acquire typing as a skill by osmosis.
Anyway, my mother sent me, at my request, some of her travel diaries written during family holidays dating back to the 1960s. My eldest is supposed to be writing them up into the blog and at the same time practising using all his fingers to type.
So I've set it up and he has to write a day of diary per week to start with. The entries are quite long, and his typing is very slow, so one has to be reasonable. As it picks up, I hope he can up the rhythm.
The first one starts with a camping trip to Holland in 1968. I think my parents were boycotting France at that time because of an ungrateful de Gaulle being in charge. They didn't have the trailer tent at that time, but an ordinary blue one that took some strength and determination to put up and take down.
I remember my mother telling me that they bought it because they went to a camping fair and decided it would be the only way they could afford to travel abroad on holiday with us kids. My mother was the real instigator of all this, I think my dad would have been happy with annual trips to Blackpool to stay with his parents, or at most, a week in a b&b in Devon.
Once the idea was planted in his head though, he became all enthusiastic and bossy and took over. Taking over however, did not equate with organisation, so the diaries are full of his forgetfulness and my mother having to adapt to unforeseen situations.
I hope my eldest does a good job because these diaries are very entertaining. I've certainly enjoyed reading through my escapades in Holland, and my younger brother's penchant for wine (aged 1)!
It sounds great - I look forward to reading the entries. "Taking over didn't equate with organisation" brought a wry, tired smile to my face.
PG - yes, I had one like that too... It's one of the things I don't miss!
You'll know he's sophisticated about blogging when he puts up a 'donate' widget.
Haha! I'll see how long it takes him to discover that one!


Old map by D'ANVILLE - Carte Generale de la Chine Dressée sur les Cartes Particulieres Que l' Empereur Chang-Hi a fait lever sur les lieux. . . .
Title: Carte Generale de la Chine Dressée sur les Cartes Particulieres Que l' Empereur Chang-Hi a fait lever sur les lieux. . . .
Size: 18.7 x 27.6 inches.
Condition: Paper very slightly age toned and spotted, mainly in the margins. Good and dark impression.
With a quite elaborately pictorial cartouche, engraved by the master engraver Guillaume-Nicolas de la Haye (1727 -1802). Large map showing the traditional limits of China, including Hainan and Formosa in the South, and Quantong and parts of the Gobi Desert in the north, prepared by Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d' Anville (1697-1782).
This is the rare edition published and newly engraved plate by Dezauche and published in his "Atlas géographique des quatre parties du monde".
As the title notes, the map draws from surveys undertaken in the period 1708-1716 by Jesuit missionaries on the instructions of the Emperor Kangxi.
A copy of these surveys were sent back to Paris and the Royal cartographer D' Anville was commissioned to drawn this map, which was the first really reasonably accurate picture of that remote land.


text:
Cha-Ching! Shopify Merchants Break Black Friday Records with $3.36 Billion in Sales
As a global provider of essential internet infrastructure for commerce, Shopify announced a record-setting Black Friday with sales of $3.36* billion from the start of Black Friday in New Zealand through the end of Black Friday in California. This marks a 17% increase in sales over Black Friday in 2021 (19% on a constant currency basis).
At its peak, merchants on Shopify saw sales of $3.5 million per minute at 12:01 PM EST on Black Friday, collectively.
"Black Friday Cyber Monday has grown into a full-on shopping season. The weekend that started it all is still one of the biggest commerce events of the year, and our merchants have broken Black Friday sales records again," said Harley Finkelstein, President of Shopify. "Our merchants have built beloved brands with loyal communities that support them. This weekend, we're celebrating the incredible power of entrepreneurship on a global stage."
2022 Black Friday Global Highlights
Peak sales per minute: $3.5 million USD on Black Friday at 12:01 PM EST
Top selling countries and cities where shoppers made purchases from: United States, United Kingdom and Canada, with the top-selling cities on Black Friday including London, New York, and Los Angeles
Top product categories: Apparel & accessories, followed by health & beauty, and home & garden, with trending products including Snocks GmbH (Boxershorts), rhode (peptide glazing fluid), and Brooklinen (Luxe Core Sheet Set)**
Average cart price: $102.31 USD or $105.10 USD on a constant currency basis
15%: Cross-border orders worldwide on Black Friday as a percentage of total orders
27%: Growth in POS sales made by Shopify merchants globally over last year's Black Friday
Visit datastories.shopify.com to view Shopify's annual Black Friday Cyber Monday Live Globe, which captures the impact Shopify-powered stores have across the globe.
*Shopify's 2022 Black Friday data is based on sales by Shopify merchants around the world from November 24th 11:00 UTC to November 26th 8:00 UTC.
**Shopify's Black Friday/Cyber Monday Shopping Index is a proprietary index that provides a unique look at what's trending during this busy shopping season based on orders, products added-to-cart, and pageviews across Shopify's merchants.
All data presented here (including worldwide sales) is approximate and is based on various assumptions. All data is unaudited and is subject to adjustment. All financial figures are in USD. Data represents online and offline sales made by Shopify's global merchants.


text:
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Culture | News
'Game of Thrones' withdrawal? Attend the Winterfell Festival at Castle Ward
Be a Stark for the day
Text: Su Fen Tan
Image: National Trust
17/09/06 13:30 2017-09-06T13:30:47+08:00
Here's your chance to immerse into George R. R. Martin's mythical world of Westeros
An 18th-century mansion located on a rolling hillside near the village of Strangford in County Down, Northern Ireland, Castle Ward is the backdrop for Winterfell a.k.a. the Stark family's home in Game of Thrones. Now travelling to filming locations is one thing, but experiencing the set and atmosphere of your favourite TV show is definitely one for the books—and you can do just that at Castle Ward as it hosts the "Winterfell Festival" come 24 September.
The one-day festival is set to be an immersive experience, where you'll get to roam the grounds of Castleward, see first-hand theatrical re-enactments from TV series, and watch spectacular medieval-themed games unfold before you as you enjoy lively music and local food. The Stark family might not be there, but you'll be able to meet two of the original Direwolf dogs, as well as weapon smith and armourer Boyd Rankin, who played Mikken in the first season. Rankin was also the senior supervising armourer for the first and second season of GoT, and he'll be there to showcase a selection of weapons he forged for the show.
Be there as the festival gates open at 11am, so you can catch the King's procession at noon as he arrives at Winterfell for The King's Tournament Games. Activities for the day include the Games, tours of the castle, an interactive puppet show, and storytelling sessions drawn from George R. R. Martin's first A Song of Ice and Fire book.
For ticketing and more information, visit the website.
What it takes to get into a 'Game of Thrones' character
Ikea released a new instruction sheet—now we can DIY a Game of Thrones cape with a rug
Emilia Clarke of 'Game of Thrones' on the reality of fame
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text:
Even If You Don't Do It
Even If You Don't Do It
Even If You Don't Do It Average 4.2 / 5 out of 15
Anata ga shite kurenakute mo
Haru Haruno
HARUNO Haru
Drama, Manhua, Romance, Seinen
Yoshino Michi is 32 years old and married. Her relationship with her husband isn't bad. Just one thing is lacking: sex. One night, when she's having drinks with Niina Makoto, her 36-year-old senior from work, she finally opens her heart under the influence of alcohol and shares her worries about the lack of intimacy in her life. Niina reacts with a surprised face and says, while laughing somewhat lonelily, "I'm not having much luck with that either."
Even If You Don't Do It, Even If You Don't Do It manga, Even If You Don't Do It manga rock, Even If You Don't Do It online, Even If You Don't Do It read manga, manga, manga Even If You Don't Do It, Manga Even If You Don't Do It online, Manga online, Manga online Even If You Don't Do It, Manga Read, manga rock, manga rock team, Mangarockteam, mangazuki, Manhua online, Manhua Read, online, Read, Read Even If You Don't Do It, Read Manga, Read Manga Even If You Don't Do It, Read Manga online, rock, rock team, team


text:
<?php

namespace Proyecto\ExtensionBundle\Controller;

/**
 * This code has been auto-generated by the JMSDiExtraBundle.
 *
 * Manual changes to it will be lost.
 */
class AreaController__JMSInjector
{
    public static function inject($container) {
        $instance = new \Proyecto\ExtensionBundle\Controller\AreaController();
        return $instance;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package org.apache.sling.servlethelpers;

import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.UUID;

import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpSession;

import org.apache.commons.collections.IteratorUtils;

import aQute.bnd.annotation.ConsumerType;

/**
 * Mock {@link HttpSession} implementation.
 */
@ConsumerType
public class MockHttpSession implements HttpSession {

    private final ServletContext servletContext;
    private final Map<String, Object> attributeMap = new HashMap<String, Object>();
    private final String sessionID = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
    private final long creationTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
    private boolean invalidated = false;
    private boolean isNew = true;
    private int maxActiveInterval = 1800;

    public MockHttpSession() {
        this.servletContext = newMockServletContext();
    }

    protected MockServletContext newMockServletContext() {
        return new MockServletContext();
    }

    @Override
    public ServletContext getServletContext() {
        return this.servletContext;
    }

    @Override
    public Object getAttribute(final String name) {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        return this.attributeMap.get(name);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    @Override
    public Enumeration<String> getAttributeNames() {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        return IteratorUtils.asEnumeration(this.attributeMap.keySet().iterator());
    }

    @Override
    public String getId() {
        return this.sessionID;
    }

    @Override
    public long getCreationTime() {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        return this.creationTime;
    }

    @Override
    public Object getValue(final String name) {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        return getAttribute(name);
    }

    @Override
    public String[] getValueNames() {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        return this.attributeMap.keySet().toArray(new String[this.attributeMap.keySet().size()]);
    }

    @Override
    public void putValue(final String name, final Object value) {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        setAttribute(name, value);
    }

    @Override
    public void removeAttribute(final String name) {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        this.attributeMap.remove(name);
    }

    @Override
    public void removeValue(final String name) {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        this.attributeMap.remove(name);
    }

    @Override
    public void setAttribute(final String name, final Object value) {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        this.attributeMap.put(name, value);
    }

    @Override
    public void invalidate() {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        this.invalidated = true;
    }

    private void checkInvalidatedState() {
        if (invalidated) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Session is already invalidated.");
        }
    }

    public boolean isInvalidated() {
        return invalidated;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isNew() {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        return isNew;
    }

    public void setNew(boolean isNew) {
        this.isNew = isNew;
    }

    @Override
    public long getLastAccessedTime() {
        checkInvalidatedState();
        return creationTime;
    }

    @Override
    public int getMaxInactiveInterval() {
        return maxActiveInterval;
    }

    @Override
    public void setMaxInactiveInterval(final int interval) {
        this.maxActiveInterval = interval;
    }

    // --- unsupported operations ---
    @Override
    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
    public javax.servlet.http.HttpSessionContext getSessionContext() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }

}


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California targets highly paid corporate executives
Associated Press News
ADAM BEAM Associated Press SACRAMENTO (AP) — California is considering raising taxes on some of the country's largest companies, but the size of the tax increase would depend on how much its highest-paid executive make compared to its employees. The bigger the gap, the bigger the tax increase. The bill by Democratic state Sen. Nancy Skinner passed out of its first committee hearing on Wednesday, keeping it alive a head of a Jan. 31 deadline to pass the Senate. The proposal would only apply to companies that post at least $10 million of taxable income from business conducted in California. That would apply to about 2,000 companies nationwide, including the Walt Disney Co., headquartered in Burbank. Heiress Abigail Disney, granddaughter of Roy Disney — the brother of Walt Disney a
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Q: Derivative chainrule on khanacadamy ignoring some terms I watched the chain rule series on khanacademy.org and decided to do the "questions". One of the questions is:
Let $y = \sin(6x^2−4x−1+3x^{−1}−5x^{−2})$
$dy/dx=?$
The answer is $dy/dx=(\cos(6x^2−4x−1+3x^{−1}−5x^{−2}))(12x−4)$
Since
$dy/dx [f(g(x))] = {\rm D}f(g(x))*{\rm D}g(x)$
I figure that it should be
$dy/dx = \cos(6x^2−4x−1+3x^{−1}−5x^{−2})(12x-4-3x^{-2}+10x^{-3})$
Why aren't they deriving the negative exponent terms in the inner function "$g(x)$"?
Thank you in advance for your help!

A: It seems that there is some error in presenting the solution. That being said, the answer that you have provided is correct. The following is a step-by-step solution for future users.
$$f(x) = \sin(6x^2−4x−1+3x^{−1}−5x^{−2})$$
In order to find the derivative, we must use the chain rule. Therefore:
$$f'(g(x)) * g'(x)$$ Where $f(x)$ is $\sin(x)$ and $g(x)$ is $6x^2−4x−1+3x^{−1}−5x^{−2}$. Therefore, the solution would be:
$$\begin{align}
\cos (6x^2−4x−1+3x^{−1}−5x^{−2}) * 12x-4+3x^{-2}-5x^{-3}
\end{align}$$
because the derivative of  $\sin(x)$ is $\cos(x)$ and derivative of $g(x)$ can be found through the general forumla $\frac{dy}{dx} (x^n) = nx^{n-1}$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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HomeEconomy & BusinessSierra Leone's water minister Tengbe appeals for international help
Sierra Leone's water minister Tengbe appeals for international help
June 27, 2018 Abdul Rashid Thomas Economy & Business 3
Sierra Leone Telegraph: 27 June 2018:
Sierra Leone is one of the wettest countries in the world with more rainfall in just six months than many countries would experience in a decade. Yet, successive governments have found it difficult to harness the rainfall for the survival of its people, especially in the capital Freetown.
The country's waterways and rivers are facing some of the most challenging environmental threats caused by human activity and lack of government control, as forests and swathes of eco-systems are being destroyed to make way for human settlements.
The Guma Valley Dam in Freetown which is the main source of drinking water for over two million people, has not only exceeded its capacity to deliver clean water across the city, but needs massive investment for structural improvement.
Water distribution pipes traversing the length and breadth of the city are now corroded and in need of replacement, with underground and surface leaks accounting for over 60% loss of water.
Something must be done and fast, if the government is to address the perennial problem of water shortage across the country, where less than 40% of households have access to clean, safe drinking water.
The newly elected government of president Julius Maada Bio is facing serious financial difficulties, with huge foreign and domestic debt incurred by the former Koroma government as well as its mismanagement of the economy, crippling the current government's ability to raise funds for much needed services., including water and electricity.
In December 2017, the IMF cancelled its loan agreement it had signed with the Koroma government, because of corruption, mismanagement of public funds and inability to generate revenue.
As we go to press, most communities in the far eastern district of Freetown have had no water supply for over four days.
According to a statement issued today by the government, the new Minister of Water Resources – Hon Dr. Jonathan Bonopha Tengbe, has wasted no time knocking on the right doors in sourcing much-needed support for improving water supply in the country.
Barely six weeks into office, Minister Tengbe jetted out to the Republic of Tajikistan (Asia), where he participated in a three-day (20-22 June 2018) High-Level International Conference on: "International Decade for Action – Water for Sustainable Development, 2018-2028".
The conference, with over 1,000 participants from up to 150 countries, was organized jointly by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, the United Nations, and other partners.
In September 2015 the UN General Assembly proclaimed an overarching resolution: "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ".
As part of this resolution, the Assembly adopted Sustainable Goal No. 6 as: "Clean Water and Sanitation", dedicated solely to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
The Republic of Tajikistan has since been one of the leading countries in expanding international cooperation and capacity building to support developing countries, such as Sierra Leone, for the implementation of the above Sustainable Development goal.
Sierra Leone's Minister of Water Resources – Jonathan Tengbe was invited to represent the Republic of Sierra Leone at the conference, where he presented a paper entitled: "WATER IS LIFE: The State of Water Supply in Sierra Leone – Challenges and Opportunities".
Minister Tengbe highlighted three key areas: Brief background on the water situation; Key Challenges; and Key Opportunities.
On the background situation, Dr. Tengbe was very emphatic and unapologetic when he pointed out, among others, some disturbing aspects of water situation in Sierra Leone. He said that: "Currently less than half of the population have access to safe drinking water"; and that; "Population growth has led to demand side outweighing supply side, leading to immense pressure on the government to address the situation".
Addressing the key challenges currently facing the water situation in Sierra Leone, the Minster pointed out that: "Low central government allocations to fund major water infrastructure Projects would not increase access to potable water"; and, "a relatively new Ministry with lots of capacity gaps in terms of human resource, logistical, materials, and equipment".
On the issue of key opportunities, Dr. Tengbe highlighted "Plans to reform the sector through unbundling of water generated from water supply; the enactment into law of the National Water Resources Management Agency; Government Policy to encourage Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in the construction of major water supply projects especially in urban areas where market potential do exist; and enhancing capacities through setting up a National Training Centre, formulating curricular for water engineers and promoting graduate degree in Water Engineering at the University of Sierra Leone."
Minister Tengbe told the conference that with political leadership, international cooperation and support such as the conference under review, he was confident that the water-related Sustainable Development Goals are achievable and that the water-related challenges in Sierra Leone can also be addressed.
It is estimated that Sierra Leone needs at least $600 Million to rehabilitate Guma Valley, as well as develop sustainable water systems across the country to meet the needs of the current 7 million population.
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Eddie akpan says:
Desalination can be a solution towards alleviating this problem facing our beloved country. How best can we help save lives in places like BO town and our capital city Freetown.
Momodu Kamara says:
Water supply has been totally destroyed. And in last 10 years we have gone back by 70 years, as most people now depend on wells or borehole water. Guma Dam has not been dredged in last 10 years and has 40% water and 60% mud in the dam. Pipe borne water is just a dream for 85% of the population.
ibrahim bah says:
Water is the source of human nature, its is time Sierra Leone combat this problem. We need clean water not only in Freetown. Can you imagine how long time we have been drinking well water. I grew up drinking well water in the provinces; I only drank tap water when I arrived in Freetown.
No clean and safe water nor electricity outside of Freetown. It is time the people of Sierra Leone be aware and think about this poor nation. Let us give a better life to the youth of tomorrow: Good roads; electricity; clean safe water; good healthcare; good education. Most of us today never had these as youths.
I remember growing up without electricity neither pure water. We used to study during night with kerosine lamps or candles, and drink well water. Let us think about this proud nation.
Leave a Reply to Eddie akpan Cancel reply


On 02 March 2015, Pool Re announced that it had purchased reinsurance in the commercial market for the first time in its history.
Brokered by Guy Carpenter, which was instrumental in developing this landmark placement, this three year programme provides £1.8bn of cover, making it also the largest terrorism programme ever purchased by a national pool. The announcement, which marked the culmination of months of negotiations between Pool Re, Her Majesty's Treasury (HMT), Guy Carpenter and a panel of reinsurers from across the globe, further distances HMT and the UK Tax Payer from any potential liability while also protecting the scheme's assets. In keeping with one of Pool Re's founding goals, it has made available a route by which the commercial market can return in a broader, more sustainable manner to terrorism insurance in the UK. In doing so, it provides a template by which terrorism pools across the globe can engage and develop mutually beneficial partnerships with the commercial market.
The placement of the Pool Re reinsurance programme was made possible by the combined efforts, of the Pool Re Executive, led by Julian Enoizi, Chief Executive and the Guy Carpenter team managed by Nick Frankland, CEO of EMEA Operations. Before the programme could be brought to the market by Guy Carpenter, Julian and his team had to convince HMT of the merits of the purchasing of private retrocessional cover for Pool Re for the first time. This approach ran counter to the government's standard position on the purchase of reinsurance and represented one of the key concessions achieved as part of the renegotiation of Pool Re's 20 year old agreement with HMT. Once this concession had been won, Guy Carpenter was able to utilise its extensive experience of global terrorism pools, to, in collaboration with Pool Re, place the programme with carriers with a minimum A- rating and an average security of AA-. The single layer programme, led by Munich Re, mirrors the cover currently provided to Pool Re members, including Chemical, Biological, Radioactive and Nuclear Risks.
The ground breaking Pool Re reinsurance programme which attached with effect from 01 March, will reinforce the Pool Re Scheme protect and increase the resilience of the members' fund, diminishing the UK Government's exposure and distancing the UK taxpayers from any potential liability. It has brought new premium into the market and offers a mechanism for the re-engagement of the global market in UK terrorism and the possibility of a return to a normal market. Finally it forged a template by which pools throughout the globe can increase their resilience and promote an insurance industry led risk transfer solution to issues of systemic importance.


family pressures which alternately define, nourish, and sometimes suffocate them. Shakespeare www essays se takes you on a roller coaster of emotions as the action in the play pivots between romance, comedy and danger. In the play Romeo and Juliet, rude will versus grace illustrates the conflict between rational and irrational thinking and the importance of maintaining the balance. Either thou or I or both must go with him. The theme of light and darkness essay about pilot describes how their love, like light was opposed by the outside world of darkness. Even in the vault, Romeo exclaims that her presence had made the vault full of light. Juliet resists kissing Romeo argueing that touching palms is as satisfying as a kiss, and trying to convince Romeo that lips are for praying, not for kissing. The play begins with the servants of the two families squabbling. On analyzing the play, one can also come across many themes. At that supper Romeo saw Juliet and fell in love with her at ones. Shakespeares most popular tragedy to date is invariably, Romeo and Juliet. This isnt love at first sight or truly being in love. The love between Romeo and Juliet is classic. And then there is Romeo, violent, and brash. These sub-plots provide support to the main plot of the play. For example, before Mercutios death, the scene is largely comic. But in the midst of this hostility is the melancholy son of the Montagues, Romeo, pining for his unrequited love Rosaline. Also everyone was excited and having drinks, so they wouldnt notice his presence. During the start of the play, Juliet was obedient and well behaved, "madam, I am here, what is your will" (1.9.7). Shakespeare wrote almost no original plots. Romeo has a habit of falling in and out of love, he tends to have a lack of commitment to one person and exaggerate his feelings and impulses. Then Romeo kissed Juliet on the lips and drank his poison. Most important and obvious is that of love. The other reasons for its success are of course, because of Shakespeare and his amazing style. He takes poison, goes to her tomb where he finds Paris, whom he kills. At the ball though, young Romeo falls in instant love with the beautiful Juliet. For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night (1.5.59-61). Juliet's parents thought that she was dead and put her into the family tomb. The messenger who is to inform Romeo about the potion and Juliets transient death does not reach Romeo in time. Suddenly though, time starts moving quite fast, changing the course of events. The audience still enjoys the play because it has different ending to all of the usual love stories. In the beginning, time seems to be passing leisurely when young Romeo is pining for his supposed love Rosaline. Shakespeare is so clearly making fun of them. Romeo and Juliet: Family Matters. This depicts Romeo's habit and character of falling in and out of love and having little commitment to one person since his depression over Rosaline was quickly shattered when he saw Juliet. But the one dramatic plot that dominates the play is that of hostility and hate.
She would never put out for him. The feud between the two families appears to be well known. This indicates that Juliet is very polite and even though she was born to an upperclass family. In many different languages, romeo was played by Leonardo DiCaprio. You cant just look at someone and know everything about them and immediately fall in love with advanced them. But even with the plot in mind. The Best Film I Have Ever Seen Romeo and Juliet.
Romeo and, juliet is a famous Shakespeare's play.Romeo and, juliet, english.Romeo and, juliet is believed to have been.
The emotions described depict feelings of intensity and force. In fact, juliet had the same feelings, romeo and Juliet begins in the streets of fair Verona 1 where the servants of the Capulets and the Montagues are having a brawl. Tragically the feud causes their childrens death in the end. Implying predestination and fate, the backdrop formal essay about stress of the play is about the Capulets and the Montagues. Its a roller coaster of emotions throughout the play because of the sudden changes in mood. Most of the play though is in blank verse. Fate and destiny are cardinal themes of most Shakespearean plays. This ancient history essay is just two rich kids who have always gotten what they want and now they think they want each other.
When he saw Juliet he immediately liked her appearance so he approached her, trying to get over Rosaline.Juliet didn't know what.
There is Romeo and his poetry where he compares his love to the sun.In fact, had there been even a little more time, the play might have ended with the lovers uniting.
At this moment Juliet woke up and saw that the young man was dead.Romeo and Juliet, english, the play Romeo and Juliet appeals to a universal audience because it relates to many themes that cross cultures and centuries.Benvolio, Romeos cousin persuades him to go a ball at the Capulet home where he might get a chance to meet not only Rosaline, but also other beauties of Verona.


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Home>Sports>Super Bowl 2018 to Embrace Minnesota Winter
Super Bowl 2018 to Embrace Minnesota Winter
Washington Informer Send an email May 21, 2014
The Minneapolis skyline rises in the background as work continues at the site of the new Minnesota Vikings NFL football stadium,Tuesday, March 20, 2014, in Minneapolis. Minneapolis will host the 2018 Super Bowl after a vote by owners Tuesday rewarded the city for its new stadium deal. (AP Photo/Jim Mone)
The Minneapolis skyline rises in the background as work continues on the new Minnesota Vikings NFL football stadium,Tuesday, March 20, 2014, in Minneapolis. Minneapolis will host the 2018 Super Bowl after a vote by owners Tuesday rewarded the city for its new stadium deal. (AP Photo/Jim Mone)
STEVE KARNOWSKI, Associated Press
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) — Now that Minneapolis has the 2018 Super Bowl, organizers are determined to show the world that nobody does winter better than Minnesota.
Touting the theme "Built for the Bold," organizers persuaded NFL team owners on Tuesday to choose Minneapolis, largely on the appeal of the futuristic $1 billion stadium rising from the site of the former Metrodome, which hosted the Super Bowl in 1992. But the civic leaders turned Minnesota's legendary winters into a selling point, too.
"We didn't shy away from it. We embraced it," Vikings president and owner Mark Wilf said.
Details are still taking shape, but plans call for turning downtown's Nicollet Mall pedestrian area into a nearly mile-long Super Bowl Boulevard to showcase outdoor activities. There will also be links with the St. Paul Winter Carnival, which is usually held in late January.
"It's a chance for us to demonstrate how we celebrate winter," said Melvin Tennant, president and CEO of Meet Minneapolis, the city's convention and visitors bureau. "It's a community that never slows down, that enjoys the outdoors four seasons. And we're in a position to share what we already know with the rest of the world."
Minnesota's winters are indeed bitter — and last winter was the coldest in 35 years. But that doesn't stop residents from delighting in skiing, skating, snowmobiling and hockey. The St. Paul Winter Carnival has embraced the season for more than a century, featuring ice and snow sculpting, community sledding and parades. An extreme ice skating course has been a big hit in the capital city for the past two winters.
In keeping with the winter theme, Minneapolis' video pitch included Lindsey Vonn, the World Cup skiing champion who grew up suburban Burnsville.
Rewarding Minnesota for building the stadium was a major reason the NFL broke with its tradition of opting for warmer settings. Only five Super Bowls have been played in cold-weather cities, including this year's in East Rutherford, New Jersey. Detroit has hosted it twice. Indianapolis hosted it in 2012, but lost its bid for a repeat in Tuesday's vote.
The Super Bowl is expected to draw 100,000 visitors to the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, while over 100 million people across the U.S. watch it on TV from the warm comfort of their homes and sports bars. Civic boosters and business leaders see it as a huge opportunity to lure conventions, meetings and other business that goes elsewhere in the winter.
"Now that we're able to say we're hosting the Super Bowl, I think that will have many groups give us a second look," Tennant said. "And we're going to take full advantage of that with future sales efforts."
Minneapolis will surely take some cues from how Detroit and the New York area pulled it off.
The Motor City featured a 14-block festival called the Motown Winter Blast in 2006. The four-day party included dog sledding, ice sculptures, snowmobiling exhibitions, performances by Olympic figure skaters and a 200-foot long snow slide. A warmer-than-average January hampered some of the fun, though. Snow-making machines struggled with the slide and organizers had to put wheels on the dog sleds.
This year, organizers created a Super Bowl Boulevard that included Times Square, about 10 miles from the stadium in New Jersey. Partygoers could get their photo taken with the Vince Lombardi Trophy or zoom down a seven-story toboggan run, among other things. Some Broadway shows held a two-week, two-for-one ticket promotion.
"We plan to set the bar high for all northern destinations that host the Super Bowl," vowed Doug Baker, a Minneapolis bid committee co-chair and CEO of St. Paul-based Ecolab.
Associated Press writers Jon Krawczysnski, Brian Bakst and Mike Cronin contributed to this story.
NFL super bowl Super Bowl 2018 Super Bowl Minneapolis Super Bowl Minnesota
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