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Economic Prosperity or Human Well Being - What Takes Precedence?
'Only a Mother Will Know This Pain'
Bharati - People's Poet
Tragedy and Farce of Act Geneva
What If The Chinese Wall Shields Genocidal Sri Lanka At The UN?
Report of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
Mullai Periyar Dam Belongs to Tamil Nadu
Corporal Punishment and the need to change our attitude towards children
JAACT
Police Atrocities
Sathankulam Declaration
The collective conscience of our society was shocked and outraged by the police brutality that led to the loss of lives of Mr. Jayaraj and his son Mr.Bennicks on 22nd June 2020. Despite the laws of the land, police excesses, including custodial torture, have unfortunately become part of institutional culture and are enabled by practices of impunity. It is found that groups such as women, scheduled castes, adivasis, sexual minorities, including transgenders, are particularly vulnerable. Safeguarding the right to life, liberty, bodily integrity and dignity of every person, including those vulnerable communities stated above, is of paramount importance. It is imperative that the police sheds the vestiges of colonial practices and treats people with dignity as holders of constitutional and human rights. Towards this end, this Declaration setting out guidelines to be operationalised to avoid police torture and senseless loss of lives is adopted.
Whereas the UDHR has a major impact on subsequent universal human rights treaties as well as the Indian Constitution and domestic laws. As a consequence, there are a number of provisions that are considered customary law, e.g. the prohibition of torture and other forms of ill-treatment, the prohibition of racial discrimination etc while persons are taken into custody, formally arrested, investigated and until they are formally remanded to judicial custody or released on bail by our Courts.
Whereas the work of law enforcement officials is a public service of great importance and there is, therefore, a need to strictly adhere to established standards enshrined in our Constitution, UDHR and other international and national guidelines and code of conduct applicable for law enforcement officials that exist on the date;
Whereas law enforcement officials have a vital role in the protection of the right to life, liberty and security of the person, as guaranteed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and reaffirmed in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
Whereas the principles set forth below in the following Declaration, which have been formulated to assist the Government of Tamil Nadu in their task of ensuring and promoting the proper role of law enforcement officials from the time persons are taken into custody, formally arrested, investigated, and until they are formally remanded to judicial custody or released on bail by our Courts should be taken into account and respected by the Government within the framework of our national legislation and practice, and be brought to the attention of law enforcement officials as well as other officials such as judges, prosecutors, lawyers, members of the executive branch and the legislature, the public and civil society.
Reiterating that the obligations of the State encompass the duty to respect human rights; the duty to protect human rights; the duty to ensure and fulfil human rights; and the duty not to discriminate, it is ensured that this Declaration shall reiterate the same in all its articles. The law enforcement authorities are given specific powers to enable them to carry out their tasks. However, they must respect human rights when exercising those powers, which means, in particular, observing four fundamental principles that should govern all State actions which may potentially adversely impact human rights: Principle of legality (all actions to be based on provisions of the law); Principle of necessity (it should not affect or restrict human rights more than is necessary); Principle of proportionality (should not affect human rights in a way that is disproportionate to the aim); and the principle of accountability (those carrying out the action should be fully accountable to all relevant levels -the judiciary, the public, the government and the internal chain of command).
I. No detention without lawful arrest
Persons, particularly from vulnerable backgrounds, are taken into custody and detained by the police for extended periods of time in police vans moving on highways or the bypass roads and locations other than police stations, especially in cases which are allegedly being investigated by 'specially constituted teams' without following any due process of law. Recourse to this practice is taken to avoid CCTV cameras in police stations Such practice of taking persons into custody and detention without lawful arrest is illegal.
Ref: Command responsibility: The doctrine of command or superior responsibility stipulates that a superior - a military or civilian leader—can be held criminally responsible when his subordinates commit international crimes. The doctrine has become part of customary international law and has been incorporated into the statutes of the international criminal tribunals and into the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The superior incurs criminal responsibility for failing to have prevented (or repressed) criminal acts committed by his subordinates. Command responsibility thus implies a crime of omission. As the superior may be held criminally responsible, the doctrine has to observe the basic principles of criminal law, in particular the principle of individual guilt. The doctrine comprises three constituent elements, reflecting, respectively, power and agency ("effective command and control"), mens rea ("he knew or should have known"), and the omission that actually triggers criminal responsibility ("failure to take the reasonable and necessary steps"). Command Responsibility, in the context of law enforcement officials in the State, therefore refers to the accountability of every Police Commissioned Officer (PCO) to closely supervise, coordinate, control and monitor the discharge of duties of his subordinates as well as the responsibility to control and monitor the activities of others who are operating within his area of jurisdiction.
Art 1. Where persons are wanted for the purposes of enquiry or investigation, the investigating police should follow the procedure established by law and send appropriate notice/ summons/ warrant. The prevailing practice of calling persons or detaining them without following due process of law amounts to misuse of power and is a violation of human right. Police officials indulging in such practices should be held accountable, and higher officers at the level of SHOs, DSPs, SPs or their counterparts in cities shall be held responsible based on the principle of command responsibility.
II. Arrest and detention to be exercised judiciously
The Courts in India have consistently held that the liberty of a person cannot be curtailed unnecessarily, and therefore the power of arrest and detention should be exercised judiciously.
Ref: (i) Joginder Kumar v. State of UP:
"No arrest can be made because it is lawful for the police officer to do so. The existence of the power to arrest is one thing. The justification for the exercise of it is quite another. The police officer must be able to justify the arrest apart from his power to do so. Arrest and detention in police lock-up of a person can cause incalculable harm to the reputation and self-esteem of a person. No arrest can be made in a routine manner on a mere allegation of commission of an offence made against a person. It would be prudent for a police officer in the interest of protection of the constitutional rights of a citizen and perhaps in his own interest that no arrest should be made without a reasonable satisfaction reached after some investigation as to the genuineness and bona fides of a complaint and a reasonable belief both as to the person's complicity and even so as to the need to effect the arrest. Denying a person of his liberty is a serious matter….A person is not liable to arrest merely on the suspicion of complicity in an offence. There must be some reasonable justification in the opinion of the officer effecting the arrest that such arrest is necessary and justified. Except in heinous offences, an arrest must be avoided if a police officer issues notice to person to attend the Station House and not to leave the station without permission would do."
Ref: (ii) Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar, State of Tamil Nadu v. Nakeeran Gopal:
The power of arrest or threat of arrest is often used to intimidate persons. An unfair burden is placed on persons to obtain anticipatory bail from Courts to protect their liberty. Section 41-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure was enacted to avoid unnecessary arrest. Accordingly, the police can issue a 'notice of appearance' directing a person against whom a complaint is made or is suspected of having committed a crime to appear before them. The police should not arresta person who complies with the notice. The Supreme Court and the Madras High Court have held that Section 41-A should be strictly adhered to and that arrest and detention should be resorted to only if a person does not comply with the notice of appearance
Art 2. No arrest should be made without a reasonable satisfaction reached after some investigation as to the genuineness and bona fides of a complaint and a reasonable belief both as to the person's complicity and even so as to the need to effect arrest. A person is not liable to arrest merely on the suspicion of complicity in an offence. There must be some reasonable justification in the opinion of the officer effecting the arrest that such arrest is necessary and justified. This justification should be recorded in writing and produced at the time of remand for the Judicial Magistrate to peruse and apply his mind on the need for remand of the person arrested.
Art 3. Police should avoid unnecessary arrest or threat of arrest and issue notice of appearance where the personal appearance of a person is required for the purposes of investigation. Where a person cooperates with an investigation and willingly appears before the police, arrest should be avoided.
III. Rights of arrested persons
Ref: (i) Code of Criminal Procedure
(ii) DK Basu guidelines
Arrest should be carried out in accordance with the Code of Criminal Procedure and strictly adhering to the DK Basu guidelines of the Apex Court. Particularly:
Arresting police officer should wear accurate, visible and clear identification of his name; memorandum of arrest to be prepared and attested by a witness (family/ respectable member of the locality where the arrest is made) and countersigned by the arrestee; if not attested by a family member, arrestee should be informed that he has a right to inform a relative/friend of the arrest (Section 41-B, CrPC)
The arrested person is entitled to meet a lawyer during interrogation but not throughout the interrogation (Section 41-D, CrPC)
No unnecessary restraint – arrested person shall not be subjected to more restraint than is necessary to prevent his escape (Section 49, CrPC)
Arrested person to be informed of grounds of arrest and right to bail; arresting officer should inform the fact of arrest and where the person is detained to a nominated person. Entry of this compliance should be maintained; should be verified by the Magistrate (Sections 50 & 50-A, CrPC)
Duty of the person having custody to take reasonable care of health and safety of the accused (Section 55-A, CrPC)
No detention of arrested person without warrant beyond 24 hours – arrestee should be taken before the Magistrate without unnecessary delay (Section 56 & 57, CrPC)
No arrest to be made except in accordance with CrPC (Section 60-A, CrPC)
Art 4. The person detained in custody should be provided a copy of the DK Basu guidelines and his rights under the CrPC, both in hard copy and electronic copy by WhatsApp/text message/email where the person has a mobile phone with internet connection and such facilities. It shall be the duty of the Station House Officer to ensure that the arresting police officer has adhered to the rules of law and that the person is custody has been provided a copy of the guidelines as a hard copy and electronically.
IV. Medical examination:
The letter and spirit of Section 54 CrPC should be adhered to. Arrested persons should be subjected to medical examination soon after the arrest is made. The medical practitioner should check the arrested person for injuries and made a truthful record of marks and injuries on the body and when the injuries may have been inflicted. Copy of the medical report should be made available to the arrested person.
(I) Report of the Judicial Magistrate Mr.Bharathidasan u/s 176(1)(A) Cr.P.C. in the Sathankulam case
(ii) Section 50 of Kerala Police Act 2010
(iii) Recommendations of Justice Narayana Kurup Judicial Commission in the Rajkumar custodial case in Kerala (2021) that medical officers should check for internal injuries. The report observes "It is for the members of the medical community to detect hidden injuries, which will serve as a major deterrent against torture as the culprit will then be exposed to the likelihood of being proceeded against in accordance with law". Conducting medical tests that would help find traces of proteins which are released when a person sustains a muscular injury was recommended. Accordingly, tests including renal profile, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) test, a muscle enzyme, and CRP, an inflammatory marker estimated from blood samples; myoglobin, a muscle protein, that can be traced in urine samples should be conducted. High levels of muscle enzymes and proteins indicate injury to the skeletal muscles. The proteins thus released get accumulated in kidney and damage it, which can be identified through a renal function test.
Art 5. All medical officers before whom persons are produced from police custody for the medical examination should mandatorily subject them to a series of medical tests to determine instances of physical torture.
Art 6. The tests that be performed are the Renal profile, Creatine Phosphate Kinase (CPK), Urine Myoglobin, C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and ultrasound scan of abdomen to be carried out to rule out instances of internal injury.
Art 7. A copy of the report of the medical examination should be provided to the arrestee at the hospital itself immediately after the medical examination is completed. Art 8. If there are injuries or marks on the arrestee, the doctor has to further record not only the details of the injury but also the manner of its causation as per the statement of the arrestee. If the arrestee is injured and is in a condition to be moved, he should be produced before the Judicial Magistrate having jurisdiction in the matter. In case he is not in a condition to be moved, then the circumstances should be immediately brought to the notice of the Judicial Magistrate concerned with copies of such report being given to the doctor and to the injured person under acknowledgement.
Art 9. At the time of pre-remand medical examination of the arrestee, the medical officer shall ensure that the police officers accompanying the arrestee are standing at a distance so as to ensure that the person is free to respond to the medical officer's questions without fear of the escort police overhearing the conversation. Such places of medical examination have to be under CCTV camera coverage for any use later in any judicial proceeding.
V. Rights during remand
(i) Statement of Mr. Saravanan, Judicial Magistrate, Sathankulam recorded by the Judicial Magistrate, Mr. Bharathidasan under Sec 176(1)(A) Cr.P.C.
(ii) Arnesh Kumar v State of Bihar; State of TN v Nakeeran Gopal
. The Judicial Magistrate has to apply his/ her mind and not mechanically deal with the remand process. In keeping with the spirit of the Constitution, the Judicial Magistrate has to strictly observe the provisions of law set out in the CrPC and Criminal Rules of Practice 2019.
(iii) Code of Criminal Procedure
. Section 50-A(4): Magistrate to satisfy himself if requirements of Section 50A(2) and (3) are met
(iv) Criminal Rules of Practice 2019
Rule 6(1): "Remand.- (1) No accused shall be placed under remand for the first time, unless he is produced physically. At the time of remand, the Judge/Magistrate shall see if there is any injury on the person of the accused. Any such injury shall be recorded in the remand order and the remand warrant as well. It is permissible to make extensions of remand through the medium of electronic video linkage."
6(5): "When an accused is produced for remand on his arrest, the Court shall furnish to the accused, a copy of the memorandum of arrest recorded by the arresting officer and if the accused has no means to engage an advocate, he shall be informed by the Court that he is entitled to legal assistance."
6(6): "The Magistrate shall not grant remands to police custody, unless they are satisfied that there is good ground for doing so. A request for remand to police custody shall be accompanied by an affidavit setting out briefly, the prior history of the investigation and the likelihood of further clues which the police expect to derive by having accused in custody, sworn by the investigating or other police officer, not below the rank of a Sub-Inspector of Police. The Magistrate shall decide after perusal of the affidavit. He shall personally see and satisfy himself about the accused being sound in mind and body before entrusting him to police custody and also at the end of the period of custody by questioning him whether, he had, in any way, been interfered with during the period of custody. Where the object of a remand is verification of the statement of an accused, he shall, whenever possible, be remanded to the charge of a Magistrate; and the period of remand shall be as short as possible."
Art 10. The arrestee shall be provided a copy of the memorandum of arrest and other materials placed before the Judicial Magistrate. He shall be provided a printed copy and electronic copy of his rights under the Cr.P.C. and the Criminal Rules of Practice informing him of his rights during the remand process at the time of arrest. It will be the duty of the remanding Judicial Magistrate to make sure that the following were strictly adhered to.
VI. Transport
As seen in the instance of Sathankulam custodial torture, it is common practice for the police to demand that the arrested person or their family to engage private transport such as taxi for transport of the arrested person and the police officers. This places an unfair burden and expense on the detenu and his family.
Art 11. The police may use public transport such as bus or engage private vehicle at the cost of the police to transport arrested persons from the Judicial Magistrate to the police station or to the prison. The police cannot demand the arrested person or his family to arrange or bear the cost of private transport.
VII. Prohibition of the use of handcuffs or leading chains :
Ref: (i) Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration AIR 1978 SC 1675
(ii) Prem Shankar v. Delhi Administration AIR 1980 SC 1535
(iii) Citizens for Democracy v. State of Assam 1995(3) SCR 943 The Supreme Court observed thus:
"Handcuffing is prima facie inhuman, unreasonable, arbitrary and as such repugnant to Article 21 of the Constitution of India. To prevent escape of undertrial is in public interest but "to bind a man hand-and-foot, fetter his limbs with hoops of steel, shuffle him along the streets and stand him for hours in the courts it to torture him, defile his dignity, vulgarise society and foul the soul of our constitutional culture".
We declare, direct and lay down as a rule that handcuffs or other fetters shall not be forced on a prisoner – convicted or under-trial-while lodged in a jail anywhere in the country or while transporting or in transit from one jail to another or from jail to court and back.
The police and the jail authorities, on their own, shall have no authority to direct the hand-cuffing of any inmate of a jail in the country or during transport from one jail to another or from jail to court and back.
Where the police or the jail authorities have well-grounded basis for drawing a strong inference that a particular prisoner is likely to jump jail or break out of the custody then the said prisoner be produced before the magistrate concerned and a prayer for permission to handcuff the prisoner be made before the said magistrate.
Save in rare cases of concrete proof regarding proneness of the prisoner to violence, his tendency to escape, he being so dangerous/desperate and the finding that no other practical way of forbidding escape is available, the magistrate may grant permission to handcuff the prisoner.
In all the cases where a person arrested by police, is produced before the magistrate and remand – judicial or non-judicial – is given by the magistrate the person concerned shall not be handcuffed unless special orders in that respect are obtained from the magistrate at the time of the grant of the remand.
When the police arrests a person in execution of a warrant of arrest obtained from a magistrate, the person so arrested shall not be handcuffed unless the police has also obtained orders from the magistrate for the handcuffing of the person to be so arrested.
Where a person is arrested by the police without warrant the police officer concerned may if he is satisfied, on the basis of the guidelines given by us in para above, that it is necessary to handcuff such a person, he may do so till the time he is taken to the police station and thereafter his production before the magistrate."
(iv) Poovayi v. State of Tamil Nadu
(v) Nirmala v. Asra Kang
Art. 12. Fetters and handcuffs violate human dignity and cannot be forced on detainees. Police cannot handcuff a person ordinarily upon any stage of arrest, remand or transport unless prior approval is obtained from a Judicial Magistrate. In exceptional circumstances where the police officer has well-grounded basis and concrete proof that the detainee is prone to violence or likely to escape custody, and where a person is arrested without warrant, he can be handcuffed till the time he is taken to the police station and thereafter his production before the Magistrate. The directions of the Supreme Court should be enforced scrupulously.
VIII. Interrogation by the police
Ref: Minimum interrogation standards by the Advisory Council of Jurists of the Asia Pacific Forum of NHRIs (See: https://www.asiapacificforum.net/resources/acj-report-torture/)
Interrogation is any questioning by a public official of a person where there is a suspicion that that person is involved in an offence. It applies whether someone is under arrest or detention or is voluntarily subjecting themselves to an interview and includes a situation where someone is interviewed originally as a witness or as someone with relevant information but, during the course of the interview, becomes suspected of involvement in the offence. The State must ensure that torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are not employed before, during or after any interrogation. Further, these practices should not be employed to compel witnesses to give information about or evidence against another.
Art. 13. The Station House Officer and all his seniors officers must always ensure that torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are not employed before, during or after any interrogation. Nor must these practices be employed to compel witnesses to give information about evidence against another.
Art. 14. Interrogation should never take place at secret' interrogation centres'. If a person is detained for interrogation, relatives or a third person of the person's choice and, where applicable, consular authorities should be informed immediately of the fact and place of detention and/or that of interrogation.
Art. 15. Individuals should only be interrogated for a reasonable period, taking into account the individual characteristics of the interrogated person and, if extending for a lengthy period, regular breaks should be provided.
Art. 16. Persons subject to interrogation must be given adequate food, sleep, exercise, changes of clothing, washing facilities and, if needed, medical treatment taking into account any particular characteristics of the individual including age, gender, religion, ethnicity, medical needs, mental illness and any disabilities or other vulnerabilities.
Art. 17. There should never be a threat of the removal of basic necessities such as hygiene provisions, food, exercise, rest, sleep, in exchange for information or cooperation. Neither should there be a threat of any reprisals against a third person (and in particular a relative).
Art. 18. No method of interrogation should be employed that impairs the person's capacity of decision - making or judgement. Save in exceptional circumstances, no interrogation should take place at night. Art. 19. All interrogations should be conducted in an age and gender appropriate manner and take into account any other relevant characteristics of an interrogated person including, for example, religion, ethnicity, medical needs, intellectual disability, mental illness, personality disorder or any other vulnerability.
Art. 20. A person under the age of 18 who is suspected of involvement in any offence should not be questioned (even when provisions of the Juvenile Justice Act are followed) without an adult of their choice present.
Art. 21. At the time of any arrest or detention (and before any interrogation) a person should be given the right to undergo a medical examination (as stated supra) by a competent and impartial medical practitioner in order to provide a point of reference as to their condition before the commencement of any interrogation. The time and findings of the medical examination should be recorded.
Art. 22. An individual for whom the language of interrogation is not his or her first language or who is suffering from hearing impairment, should always (and before any interrogation) be informed of his or her right to have a competent and impartial interpreter for any interrogation.
Art. 23. If there are any issues about the person's understanding of his or her rights or of the interrogation process or of any questions asked, an interpreter should be provided, whether requested by the person being interrogated or not. Interpreters should also be available in such interrogation facilities so that a person's basic needs can be communicated.
Art. 24. Before any interrogation commences, the interrogated person should be informed (in a manner that is understandable to him or her) of the reason for the interrogation and any charges against him or her.
Art. 25. Every interrogated person should, before any interrogation begins, be told (in a manner that is understandable to him or her) of his or her right to consult a lawyer of his or her choice without delay and in private. In case the person does not have a lawyer of his or her choice, it shall be the duty of the interrogation officer to inform the person (before any interrogation begins) that a lawyer can be provided at no cost in such circumstances and then if he/she so desires approach the District Legal Services Authority (DLSA or the Taluk Legal Services Committee (TLSC) to appoint a lawyer.
Art. 26. The person should also be told of his or her right not to be compelled to testify against him or herself or to confess guilt. Where a person (or his or her lawyer) has indicated that the person intends to exercise the right to silence, no further questioning should take place.
Art. 27. Those who are arrested or detained should be told of their right to consult a lawyer at the time of arrest or detention. All detainees should also be given the right forthwith to challenge the lawfulness and conditions of their detention.
Art. 28. Where a person has indicated a wish to consult a lawyer, no further questioning should take place until that consultation has taken place.
Art. 29. The person's lawyer must be physically present and within earshot during any interrogation and have the right to intervene in the interview to ensure that the law is complied with (but not otherwise to interfere with the interrogation). The interrogated person should also have the right, if requested during the course of the interview, to consult with his or her lawyer in private.
Art. 30. Where a lawyer is not available, or the interrogated person does not want to have a lawyer present, the person should be given the opportunity to have present at any interrogation a representative from a relevant non-governmental organisation or a relative or friend of his or her choice. Except to ensure the law is complied with, those persons should not otherwise interfere with the interrogation.
Art. 31. The time of arrest or detention and/or the arrival at the place of interrogation should be recorded. The name of any arresting officer and all others who have any contact with the interrogated person should be recorded, as well as the nature and time of that contact.
Art. 32. Each interrogation should begin with the identification of all persons present and the recording of their names and any official position held as well as the place of interrogation. The time the interrogation began and finished and the timing of and reasons for any breaks should also be recorded. A video recording of these preliminaries alone should be made available and handed over to the accused, if required. This is to ensure that all these minimum standards are strictly adhered to.
Art. 33. All interrogation sessions should be recorded. This should be by way of video (or audio) recording unless, for reasons which should be recorded in writing, this is not possible or if the interrogated person does not wish to be recorded in that manner. In cases where there is no video or audio recording, a comprehensive contemporaneous written record should be kept.
Art. 34. Procedures should be instituted to ensure the integrity of interrogation records, including proper storage. Evidence from non-recorded interrogations should be excluded from court proceedings (ie no 'verballing').
Art. 35. The recording of the preliminaries prior to the interrogation should be made available to the interrogated person and his or her lawyer of choice.
Art. 36. After any interrogation, the interrogated person should have the right to request a medical examination by a competent and impartial medical practitioner.
IX: Interrogation of a child as a victim or a child in conflict with law:
Ref: Juvenile Justice Act 2015
Art. 37. No child shall be placed in a police lockup or lodged in jail. Where a child allegedly in conflict with law needs to be detained, they should be detained in Observational Homes or place of safety in accordance with the Juvenile Justice Act.
Art. 38. No child can be called for interrogation to the police station. Where interrogation or enquiry is necessary, the law enforcement officers shall conduct the same in a child-friendly manner at the place of residence of the child or at the Child Welfare Committee. No child shall be interviewed by police officers wearing uniforms. The child shall not be asked to explain, narrate or enact crime perpetrated against the child or suspected to be committed by the child unless the members of his /her family and CWC are present. If the child is unable to speak local language, the police shall have an interpreter before interrogational enquiry or questioning the child. If the child is specially/differently abled, then the interrogation, shall be done in the presence of special educator and a trusted blood relative adult of the child.
Art. 39. Principles governing dealing with child as a victim or in conflict with law:
Principle of presumption of innocence shall be followed
The child shall be treated with dignity as a subject of constitutional, fundamental and human rights
Principle of participation shall be ensured and the child shall be allowed to participate in every decision making process which is affecting the child.
Principle of safety shall be adhered to. All measures shall be taken to ensure the child is safe, not subjected to any harm, abuse or maltreatment while in contact with police and till the child is placed in the other institutional care.
Principle of non stigmatizing semantics should be strictly followed. There shall not be any adversarial or accusatory words be asked against the child.
Principle of privacy and confidentiality should be followed. Every child shall have a right to protection of his privacy, confidentiality by all means and thoughts of the judicial/legal process. Details of the identity of the child should not be leaked to public or to the media.
X. Interrogation of women:
(i) Ref: Code of Criminal Procedure.
Section 46: No woman shall be arrested after sunset and before sunrise except in unavoidable circumstances. Where such exceptional circumstances exist, prior permission of the Judicial Magistrate should be obtained. The police officer shall not touch a woman unless the circumstances require or arrest is carried out by a female officer.
Section 160: No woman shall be required to attend any place other than where she resides.
Art. 40. No woman can be called to the police station or any other place for questioning. Where personal attendance of a woman is found necessary for investigation into a case, the police shall question her at her place of residence in the presence of her friend/family and a woman police officer. No woman shall be arrested or taken into custody after sunset and before sunrise except in unavoidable circumstances and with prior permission of the Judicial Magistrate. No bodily search of a woman can be conducted except by a woman police officer. The right to privacy, bodily autonomy, integrity and dignity of a woman shall be respected and guidelines pertaining to custody of women should be followed scrupulously. The officer having custody of the woman has a duty to ensure health and safety of the detenu. The Station House Officer shall ensure that no woman is subjected to any harm, abuse, intimidation, maltreatment whilst in their custody.
XI. CCTV cameras:
Ref: Paramvir Saini v Baljit Singh (Supreme Court of India, dt 02.12.2020)
Directions of the Supreme Court pertaining to installation and maintenance of CCTV cameras in police stations and other authorities authorised to arrest include:
CCTV cameras with night vision with audio and video recording to be installed in all police stations and authorities authorised to arrest. CCTV cameras are to be installed at all entry and exit points, the main gate of the police station, all lock-ups, corridors, lobby and reception area, verandas and outhouses, the inspector's room, sub-inspector's room, areas outside the lock-up room, station hall, in front of the police station compound, outside (not inside) washrooms and toilets, duty officer's room, behind the police station etc.
CCTV cameras must then be installed with such recording systems so that the data that is stored thereon shall be preserved for a period of 18 months.
State level Oversight Committee (SLOC) should be constituted comprising the following:
(I) The Secretary/Additional Secretary, Home Department;
(ii) Secretary/Additional Secretary, Finance Department;
(iii) The Director General/Inspector General of Police; and
(iv) The Chairperson/member of the State Women's Commission;
District level Oversight Committee (DLOC) should be constituted comprising the following:
(I) The Divisional Commissioner/ Commissioner of Divisions/ Regional Commissioner/ Revenue Commissioner Division of the District (by whatever name called);
(ii) The District Magistrate of the District;
(iii) A Superintendent of Police of that District; and
(iv) A mayor of a municipality within the District/ a Head of the Zilla Panchayat in rural areas.)
The duties of the Local Oversight Committees include: review footage stored from CCTVs in the various Police Stations to check for any human rights violation that may have occurred but are not reported.
The SLOC shall give directions to all Police Stations, investigative / enforcement agencies to prominently display at the entrance and inside the police stations / offices of investigative / enforcement agencies about the coverage of the concerned premises by CCTV. This shall be done by large posters in Tamil, English and Hindi and the vernacular language in police stations along the states border. For example in Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam where required in border area police stations alone.
In addition to the above, it shall be clearly mentioned therein that a person has a right to complain about human rights violations to the National / State Human Rights Commission, State or District Police Complaints Authority, the Human Rights Court or the Superintendent of Police or any other authority empowered to take cognizance of an offence. It shall further mention that CCTV footage is preserved for a certain minimum time period, which shall not be less than six months, and the victim has a right to have the same secured in the event of violation of his human rights.
Art. 41. The directions of the Supreme Court in Paramvir Saini v. Baljit Singh regarding installation and maintenance of CCTV cameras in police stations and other agencies authorised to arrest should be meticulously enforced. CCTV cameras with night vision with audio and video recording should be installed at all entry and exit points, the main gate of the police station, all lock-ups, corridors, lobby and reception area, verandas and outhouses, the inspector's room, sub-inspector's room, areas outside the lock-up room, station hall, in front of the police station compound, outside (not inside) washrooms and toilets, duty officer's room, behind the police station etc. The recording should be stored and preserved for atleast a period of 18 months.
Art. 42. There shall be clear posters in Tamil, English (and other relevant vernacular languages in border towns/areas) notifying that a person has a right to complain abouthuman rights violations to the National/ State Human Rights Commission, State/ District Police Complaints Authority, Human Rights Court, Superintendent of Police or any other authority empowered to take cognizance of an offence. It shall further mention that CCTV footage is preserved for a certain minimum time period and that the victim has a right to have the same secured in the event of violation of his human rights.
Art. 43. In the event of any person alleging violation of human rights, such person or their next friend/ family member shall be allowed access to the CCTV recording to enable them to access remedies under law and ensure accountability.
Art. 44. State level and District level Oversight Committees shall be constituted in accordance with the Supreme Court directions. The relevant Oversight Committees shall periodically undertake review of footage of CCTV recordings to check for human rights violations that may have occurred but not reported.
Art. 45. Contact details of the Oversight Committees should be published at the police station/ arresting authority prominently to enable reports or grievances concerning CCTV recordings.
XII. Respecting fundamental right to dignity
Ref: (i) Constitution of India, Article 21
Every person has constitutionally guaranteed right to life, liberty and dignity. Verbal abuse, humiliation and insults such as making derogatory reference to a person's identity, community, occupation or other social-economic markers violate inherent human rights of a person. Laws such as SC/ST Atrocities Act, Indian Penal Code, TN Prohibition of Harassment of Woman Act 1998 prohibit verbal harassment of vulnerable communities.
Art. 46. The police shall respect the inherent human right to dignity of every person. In their interaction with any person, arrestee or otherwise, the police shall not insult, debase, humiliate or make any derogatory remark. In particular, casteist or sexist utterances or references that hurt the dignity of an individual should not be made.
XIII. Panel Advocate delegated by the Legal Services Authority
Ref: Section 12 of The Legal Services Authority Act, 1987
Every person in custody is entitled to legal services and aid of the Legal Services Authority.
Art. 47. The District / Taluk Legal Services Authority (Committee) shall periodically appoint a Police station duty counsel, one for at least three police stations in cities and smaller towns and one for a few or single police stations in rural areas whose duty it shall be to:
a) Visit the police stations that they have been assigned at periodic intervals in a day, but not less than twice in a day, in city limits towns and at least once surprise visit in rural areas ) to monitor and meet persons who are kept in custody – legally and illegally and ask them if they desire any free legal aid.
b) They will provide free legal services to persons in custody by formally representing their grievances to the SHO or the next senior police officer in the station at that point of time with a copy to the DLSA / TLSC .
c) The contact details of these Police station duty counsels ( with their names and mobile numbers ) shall be displayed prominently in the respective police stations by each police station – not only inside but outside and even on the compound wall of the police station for the family members of the persons in custody to know.
d) These police station duty counsels shall after every visit of the police station also be mandated to provide a written report to the DLSA / TLSC.
e) If in case they come to know of any instance of human rights violation was alleged by the persons in custody or their next friend/family or witnessed by them. These duty counsels shall advise the victim of human rights violations of their rights under law and assist in obtaining remedies available to them under law and bring it urgently to the attention of the DLSA / TLSA immediately and even before their daily report for them to in turn appoint a special counsel to attend to the complaint immediately and urgently.
XIV. Re-constitution of the State and District Police Complaints Authority:
Ref: (i) Prakash Singh v. Union of India
The Supreme Court directed that: "There shall be a Police Complaints Authority at the district level to look into complaints against police officers of and up to the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police. Similarly, there should be another Police Complaints Authority at the State level to look into complaints against officers of the rank of Superintendent of Police and above. The district level Authority may be headed by a retired District Judge while the State level Authority may be headed by a retired Judge of the High Court/Supreme Court. The head of the State level Complaints Authority shall be chosen by the State Government out of a panel of names proposed by the Chief Justice; the head of the district level Complaints Authority may also be chosen out of a panel of names proposed by the Chief Justice or a Judge of the High Court nominated by him. These Authorities may be assisted by three to five members depending upon the volume of complaints in different States/districts, and they shall be selected by the State Government from a panel prepared by the State Human Rights Commission/Lok Ayukta/State Public Service Commission. The panel may include members from amongst retired civil servants, police officers or officers from any other department, or from the civil society. They would work whole time for the Authority and would have to be suitably remunerated for the services rendered by them. The Authority may also need the services of regular staff to conduct field inquiries. For this purpose, they may utilize the services of retired investigators from the CID, Intelligence, Vigilance or any other organization. The State level Complaints Authority would take cognizance of only allegations of serious misconduct by the police personnel, which would include incidents involving death, grievous hurt or rape in police custody. The district level Complaints Authority would, apart from above cases, may also inquire into allegations of extortion, land/house grabbing or any incident involving serious abuse of authority."
(ii) G.O constituting Police Complaints Authority (G.O. (MS 0 No 643 Home (Pol VIII ) Department dated 14.11.2019
Art. 48. The State government shall expeditiously re-constitute the State and District Police Complaints Authorities as independent bodies headed by a retired judge of the High Court / Supreme Court and retired District judge respectively as directed by the Apex court in Prakash Singh v. Union of India. These Police Complaints Authorities should be provided adequate budgetary allocation, personnel and other resources to also conduct impartial investigation.
- Joint Action Against Custodial Torture (JAACT)


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One person killed in apartment fire in south side Milwaukee
By: Mark McPherson
Posted: Aug 15, 2018 8:46 PM CST
Updated: 5:14 a.m. on August 16, 2018
MILWAUKEE (CBS 58) -- Milwaukee Police say the victim is a 52-year-old man. An investigation into the fire is ongoing.
Posted: 8:46 p.m. on August 15, 2018
MILWAUKEE (CBS 58) - One person is dead after a fire on Milwaukee's south side.
It happened near 56th and Oklahoma Wednesday afternoon.
The fire was discovered on the second floor in this apartment building on 56th between Oklahoma and Morgan Avenue, just before 4 o'clock Wednesday.
Although there was one fatality, it could've been much worse if it wasn't for the quick actions of two residents.
Bradley Zimmerman and Justin Slinker were at the apartment whensaw something that didn't look right.
"We walked out on our patio, saw some smoke so we walked over by the, behind that building over there and there was a bunch of smoke coming out of the window, and there was a broken window," said Zimmerman.
Instead of calling 911, the two ran to the nearby fire station.
"The fire department is literally right behind that building so I just walked over there," said Zimmerman, "he was surprised cause he was about to leave for another call, so he went, got all of his guys, they got over here real quick."
"I saw light grey smoke on the second floor," said Abhieshek Kanojia.
Kanojia was just a few doors down from where the fire broke out, and grabbed almost nothing before making his escape.
"Just wallet, keys, and phone, that's it," said Kanojia, "I just escape right away and then thought maybe I'd come out and then dial 911."
By the time he made it outside, the fire trucks were there.
Firefighters were able to contain the fire to just one apartment, in part, because of the quick actions of Zimmerman and Slinker.
"I'm glad we got them before they left, they say we saved the building," said Slinker.
The fire department says the victim died as a result of the fire, but didn't release any other details.
Residents were allowed back inside the building a little after 6:30 p.m. Wednesday.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Bringing a child into the world is one of the most gratifying of life's experiences. But for parents of babies born premature or with medical complications, the time surrounding their children's first weeks of life can also be frightening and stressful. Bozeman Health plans to add a new superpower, a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), to help ease that burden and better serve the newest and tiniest members of our community. To give that effort a huge boost, funds raised at Bozeman Health Foundation's Hospitality 2019: We Can Be Super Heroes will benefit the new NICU, which is slated to open in 2020.
As construction on the facility continues, Family Birth Center staff will coordinate with a variety of hospital departments to build competencies. "We want to make sure everyone across the continuum is ready to treat these tiny patients," explains Kusak. "For example, imaging will require special, smaller x-ray plates and radiologists who can read the images, and the lab will need to able to run tests from a tiny amount of blood. We will also be working very closely with the neonatologist, lactation specialists, and the pharmacy to supply oral and IV nutrition to these patients. "The most common problems addressed in the NICU are those related to premature birth," according to Kusak. "Babies born before 32 weeks usually have underdeveloped lungs, which means that breathing is difficult. The NICU will provide specialized equipment and highly trained staff to address this most essential function," adds Kusak.


Social networking on the Internet is increasing rapidly and guess which population is responsible for the rise? Yup… it's us senior citizens. A new report by the Pew Research Center's Internet and American Life Project revealed between April 2009 and May 2010, social networking use among internet users ages 50-64 grew by 88%–from 25% to 47%. During the same period, use among those ages 65 and older grew 100%–from 13% to 26%.
Another digital measurement company, comScore, found 27.4 million people age 55 and over used a social networking service in the month of July; that's up from 16 million a year ago. Nineteen million of those people used Facebook in the month of July alone.


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The Vanishing Church
Home / Devotional / The Vanishing Church
Several years ago, there was a fascinating news story that made headlines around the world. In November of 2008, BBC news reported the story of a Russian Orthodox church being stolen by thieves. Last seen in July of that year, it was reported:
"…a 200 year old church building has disappeared from a village in central Russia. Orthodox officials had intended to re-open the abandoned building and begin services again."
But imagine their surprise when they came to the place where the church had stood and saw nothing. Now, it is certainly not uncommon in remote areas of Russia for vacant churches to have their gilded icons and other valuables stolen by thieves. But now an entire church building had been stolen. How? Well, sometime in early October thieves made off with it brick by brick. What I found interesting was this line—"The disappearance of the Church of the Resurrection was not immediately noticed."
When I read that, I could not help but be reminded that this is what happens whenever the church forfeits her birthright, when she forsakes her first love, and when she abandons her true mission. Our whole reason for existence can become lost in a maze of misplaced priorities. Before we know it, what began as a movement to make disciples can get sidetracked with building projects, programming, organizational details, and the list goes on. All of those things are important, but they are not what is most important. We can become so focused on maintenance that we overlook what is most important—the mission.
Jesus has sent us out into the world with the message of the gospel. The church is a kingdom outpost, and believers are ambassadors for Christ. We have been entrusted with the task of sharing the hope of salvation with lost sinners. If our local church suddenly disappeared from our community, would it be immediately noticed? Let's not be a 'vanishing' church, one that has become so comfortable that we neglect the mission and purpose for which we exist.
For more, read Matthew 16:18; Matthew 28:18-20
Brandon Ware
God's Living Word →← Freedom in Serving God
Brandon is the Senior Pastor of Green Street Baptist Church in High Point, NC, where he has served since 2013. He and his wife, Anita, have been married for 16 years and have two children, Allie (12) and Andrew (7). He has attended Fruitland Baptist Bible College, North Greenville University, and Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Wake Forest, NC.
About Pastor Brandon
About BrandonWare.org
Green Street Baptist Church
Around GSBC
Sermon Transcipts
COPYRIGHT © 2019 LIFEPATH. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
BUILT BY JIMMY SKINNER


text:
Status update: Mark Zuckerberg listed a company on NASDAQ
JVG	 May 18, 2012 6:48 AM
What were you doing at 9:30 a.m. Eastern? You certainly weren't ringing the NASDAQ's opening bell as Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg was doing. But what Zuck did simultaneously is perhaps even cooler.
Above: click to enlarge
To celebrate the once-in-a-lifetime, historic moment, Zuckerberg posted a status update like no other to Facebook.
"Mark Zuckerberg listed a company on NASDAQ. — with Chris Cox and 4 others," reads Zuckerberg's Friday morning update (see screenshot to the right).
The unusual status update went live right as Zuckerberg rang the opening bell, which can only mean that the social network configured the update especially for today's special occasion. To do so, engineers used Facebook's Open Graph API, which lets developers create custom actions, like "read a book," "listened to a song," or, in this case, "listed a company."
In fact, clever Facebook engineers actually "hacked" the NASDAQ button to post the update, goes the story told by David Garcia, a senior software engineer at Facebook, on TechCrunch.
"We hooked up our hack to run at exactly the same time as Mark pushed the button to turn on the light and ring the bell. Then we attached a wire that hooks to the hack and into the headset jack of a cell phone," Garcia said. "When the button was pressed, it sent a signal through the hack, and the phone got the signal that triggered the custom action through our Open Graph API, posting a story onto Mark's Timeline. It worked."
Facebook yesterday priced its shares at $38 apiece for a $104 billion valuation. The social network will raise $16 billion (up to $18.4 billion with its over-allotment option) in its long-awaited initial public offering on the NASDAQ later today. Shares are expected to begin trading around 11 a.m. Eastern today.
Read more about Facebook's IPO
Facebook sets $38 share price for largest tech IPO in U.S. history
Facebook's all-night hackathon kicks off with standing ovation for CEO
Facebook's world takeover by the numbers
Facebook is breaking these three records with its IPO
Watch Facebook's historic IPO live on the NASDAQ's website
Why Facebook's GM ad drama won't impact this IPO


From the mesmeric lighting with stark contrasting colours, to the instrumentation bolstering her art-rock discography, Anna Calvi performed a highly memorable set reeling off her latest album, Hunter.
Commencing the evening with the title track from Hunter, its bass lines and heavy-handed synth chords immediately set the tone, forming the backbone to the majority of the set.
Calvi struck the audience with the breadth of her operatic vocal range. From the whispers of "I want us in the air of paradise" on 'Indies or Paradise', to the wailing vocal solos of 'Don't Beat the Girl Out Of My Boy', Calvi's voice triumphed throughout this theatrical performance.
Calvi imparted such an aura from her onstage presence – wearing a vibrant leather jacket and slicked-back hair, she gave an otherworldly impression at this ancient venue. The somewhat androgynous nature to her visual set bled into much of her lyricism, predominantly in tracks such as 'Suzanne and I', 'As a Man', and 'I'll Be Your Man'. For the latter, Calvi constantly swapped and changed preconceived gender roles, exclaiming "I'll be your man" underneath nitty-gritty guitar riffs. The mystery behind these arbitrary aspects of Calvi's world culminated in a cryptic and engaging set.
As the evening progressed, many of the tracks began to overlap in their structural similarities: beginning with faint synth chords, groovy guitar riffs, and later inviting booming drum clashes to lace it all together. Unfortunately, Calvi's vocals bordered on trite at times – typified by her reversion to vocal 'wailing' when her guitar malfunctioned during its solo section.
The encore brought a series of surprises however. Calvi performed 'Eden', to reset the atmospheric tone, and covered the seminal protopunk band Suicide, with 'Ghost Rider' as the evening's finale. 'Eden' offered one final listen to Calvi's falsetto vocals while the cover gave a softer recital of the gnarling, bass-driven punk track. This unorthodox cover was a pertinent way to conclude the show. The track's backstory was evidently influential to the colourful world of the Marvel character which transcended into the resonating walls of The Roundhouse.
Anna Calvi proved to her contemporaries the impact of a show's visuals. From the hallucinogenic lightshow, to the elusive fashion design and the physical exertion of Calvi's on-stage character. This was a show to remember and one which hypnotised the audience, giving them a peek into her illusive yet illustrative world.


Yeah they are being transferred using plex.
I've made a support ticket (an ISD can confirm that I think) so hopefully ccp should transfer them all ASAP.
an ISD can confirm that I think) so hopefully ccp should transfer them all ASAP.
A GM has just transferred the characters to you.
I forgot to move 1000 PLEX from assets to the PLEX vault on one character (Hogs Legion19) but have done that and replied to the ticket so that should be with you today. Sorry about that!
Let me know if you need any more characters!
thank you. all are there except 19 as you said.
And bump! Still plenty of chars for sale!
Characters have confirmed they are for sale here.
Please send isk and a mail to each character and ill get them on their way to you!
The money was on an alt of mine named TempestofChaos FRAC.
An accident on my part. Will reply here to confirm.
Confirmed, screwed up the payment on other pilot.
Payment recieved, and support ticket made to transfer the chars to you.
Should be with you shortly! Enjoy!
Thank you. First time doing this, expect 1-3 days?
These would sell better if one of the skills you trained was Cybernetic 5.


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Buy nuLOOM Elijah 5-Foot x 8-Foot Area Rug in Beige from $81.99 at Bed Bath & Beyond. nuLOOM's Elijah Rug features a classic textured design that will match decors ranging from coastal to modern. These lightweight woven rugs are crafted of sea grass and are the perfect addition to any heavy-traffic area in your home.nuLOOM's Elijah Rug features a classic textured design that will match decors ranging from coastal to modern. These lightweight woven rugs are crafted of sea grass and are the perfect addition to any heavy-traffic area in your home.
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Bring a bold, contemporary style to your living space with the Kellee Rug from nuLOOM. Constructed out of 100% wool, this hand-tufted rug features a bold diamond pattern in neutral contrasting tones for a look that's totally chic.
Bring the lovely combination of modern styling and cozy comfort to any room in your home with the Armitra Rug from nuLOOM. Featuring a Moroccan style trellis pattern, its neutral coloration and luxurious texture will easily complement any type of decor.
The Noemie Area Rug brings a bold contemporary look in any home décor. Featuring a plush pile, this soft cotton blend rug has a simple geometric design, creating a focal point in the room.
The KAS Whisper Rug is the perfect blend of classic and contemporary styles. This hand-tufted rug features a blue, brown, and tan pattern resembling a rocky hillside, and comes in a wide variety of shapes and sizes to suit your home décor needs.
Enhance and beautify your patio, deck, or porch with this Courtyard Trellis Indoor/Outdoor Rug from Safavieh. Its quatrefoil trellis pattern has a matching border edge and is machine woven of polypropylene yarn in a sisal weave for added texture.
Add sophisticated, worldly style to your décor with the Jago Area Rug from Mohawk Home Studio. This gorgeous, luxurious rug has a thick pile and a tile-inspired pattern in a soft palette of garnet and steel blue on a chic sand ground.
Add natural beauty to your space with the charming Carrizozo Rug. Beautifully hand woven of durable jute, features a fun texture and it feels soft underfoot. This rug will lend a timeless look to any room.
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Enhance any room in your home with the vintage appeal of the Traces Lindsy Rug. Machine made, it features a gorgeous medallion design in distressed tones of blue and cream for a soft look that blends effortlessly with any interior décor.
The traditional wonder of the Capel Rugs Smyrna-Afghan Area Rug is a great addition to your home with its warm and distinct wool design. The hand-tufted creation makes for a pleasant touch, adding wonderful accents to your rooms.
Durable and soft with a decorative look, the KAS Impressions Timeless Rug brings style and flair into any space. This stylish rug is hand tufted from wool and viscose with a loop and cut texture that will enhance your floor with its trellis style design.
With a subtle Moroccan design, the Kaleen Casablanca Diamonds Rug features a soothing and natural color palette that blends simple, transitional style. This durable handcrafted 100% wool rug adds a stylish floor covering to any room of your home.
Inspired by mosaic styles from around the world, the Rosaic Symmetry Rug from Kaleen is sure to brighten up your space. The soft, wool rug is hand-tufted, bringing style and comfort to your room with a luxurious southwestern pattern.
The unique diamond motif of Mohawk Home's Laguna Tribal Diamond Area Rug adds an updated freshness to any room decor. Crafted from 100% EverStrand polyester, this attractive woven floor covering offers a thick, softness with superior stain resistance.
Create a warm and inviting setting in your home with the Heritage Horizon Rug from KAS. This durable polypropylene rug features a geometric and striped design in an earthy palette that will become the focal point of any room.


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Caratteristiche tecniche
Agile e dotato di buona tecnica, è un centrocampista offensivo ma nel tempo è stato impiegato anche come trequartista o esterno d'attacco.

A settembre 2017 si accasa all'USD Montalto in Promozione laziale.

Carriera
Nativo di Ostia, cresce nel settore della squadra locale dell'Ostia Mare.

Inizia la carriera da professionista nelle file del Südtirol-Alto Adige con cui partecipa a due campionati di Serie C2 con 20 presenze. Nel 2005-2006 passa al  sempre in Serie C2 e resta nella città pugliese per tre stagioni, collezionando 65 presenze, 10 gol, la promozione in Serie C1 e una finale playoff per la promozione in Serie B. Viene quindi acquistato dal , con cui disputa la Serie A, scendendo però in campo solo pochi minuti. L'anno seguente viene girato in prestito in Serie B nel  dove gioca costantemente, collezionando ben 38 presenze.

La stagione successiva gioca in Prima Divisione nel Verona, società che lo preleva in compartecipazione dal Siena e con cui, alla fine della stagione 2010-2011, dopo la disputa dei playoff promozione, conquista la Serie B. Il 26 giugno il Verona si aggiudica alle buste l'intero cartellino del giocatore.

Il 31 agosto 2012 viene ufficializzato il suo passaggio alla Salernitana, con cui vince il campionato di Seconda Divisione e la successiva Supercoppa. Rientrato a Verona, rescinde il contratto con gli scaligeri ed il 13 novembre 2013 torna nuovamente alla Salernitana, in Prima Divisione, con cui conquista la Coppa Italia Lega Pro.

L'anno seguente, trovatosi svincolato, firma un contratto biennale con L'Aquila, con cui disputa il girone d'andata in Lega Pro. Il 5 gennaio 2015 passa in prestito al Messina con cui termina la stagione. L'anno successivo torna a vestire nuovamente la casacca rossoblù dell'Aquila. Il 1º giugno 2016, dopo la retrocessione della squadra in Serie D, viene svincolato dal club.

Statistiche
Statistiche aggiornate al 28 maggio 2016.

Palmarès

Club

Competizioni nazionali
 Campionato italiano di Lega Pro Seconda Divisione: 1
Salernitana: 2012-2013
 Supercoppa italiana di Lega Pro Seconda Divisione: 1
Salernitana: 2013

Salernitana: 2013-2014

Note

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Paget Brewster  Celebrity desktop wallpaper, Paget Brewster wallpaper, Celebrity wallpaper - Celebrities no. 4352. Download this Paget Brewster  Paget Brewster desktop wallpaper in multiple resolutions for free.


Get ready for our quiz night on Friday 16th November. Details and booking form here.
Can i book a team for 16th please?
Yes you can but could you please let me email me your full details (as per booking form) to brentwoodfrench@gmail.com?


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Choose Tax Cuts Over Theatrics in Iowa
Bob Klaus: If you're tired of politicians who theatrically obscure their positions to win your support, vote for Congressman Rod Blum.
Healthcare is this Year's Political Football
Bob Klaus
Abby Finkenauer,
Iowa 1st Congressional District Race,
Rod Blum
Most actors live in Hollywood, but Abby Finkenauer made her acting debut when she announced her run for Iowa's 1st Congressional District.
If you've listened to Finkenauer's speeches or watched any of her campaign ads, you might think that she's on board with most of President Trump's agenda. Beneath Finkenauer's theatrical facade, however, her true political beliefs fall in line with the national Democrat Party bosses in Washington.
Voters might be surprised to learn that Finkenauer backs amnesty, a radical position that she tries her best to conceal with phrases like "bipartisan immigration reform." There is, however, nothing bipartisan or moderate about rewarding as many as 22 million illegal aliens with a "pathway to citizenship."
Finkenauer is also rabidly pro-abortion, earning a 100 percent voting record with Planned Parenthood for her votes as a state legislator. Likewise, she has made it clear that she will vote to repeal the President's middle class tax cuts if she wins a seat in Congress.
Such extreme partisanship will directly harm Iowans who have greatly benefited from the President's economic agenda and the ongoing economic boom it has produced. The average family in Iowa's 1st Congressional District, for instance, is saving more than $2,500 per year thanks to President Trump's historic tax cuts — a figure that Democrats deride as "crumbs" when they're not complaining about how much less money they have to lavish on their favorite special interests. As Finkenauer loves to tell her supporters, albeit with a very different intended meaning, "this is personal."
Finkenauer's most peculiar claim of all, though, is her insistence that the Democrats will solve partisan gridlock in Washington by "getting serious."
"Above all else, Washington politicians must step up to the plate and pass badly needed reform that will strengthen our economy and our communities, and make us safer, instead of falling victim to partisan politics and political gridlock yet again," she writes on her website.
Let's be clear about one thing — the only way that Congress will remain free from partisan gridlock is if the people refuse to vote for candidates like Finkenauer on Tuesday. The Democrats have already laid out a post-election agenda that consists entirely of obstruction, not cooperation.
Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer even admitted recently that impeaching President Trump will be one of his top priorities after the midterms. When asked about when the Democrats want to impeach the President, Schumer bluntly replied "the sooner the better." That's the sort of partisan gridlock and obstruction we can expect if we elect people like Finkenauer to represent us in Washington.
While Iowans can't trust Finkenauer with their prosperity, they can back Representative Rod Blum, a candidate who will proudly support President Trump's economic policies.
Congressman Blum has voted with President Trump 92 percent of the time, backing him on taxes, healthcare, and other major issues.
Abby Finkenauer wants you to think she'll be an independent voice capable of working with the President for the good of Iowa and the rest of the country, but actually she'll be just another foot soldier in the army of Nancy Pelosi and Chuck Schumer.
If you're tired of politicians who theatrically obscure their positions to win your support, you should vote for a candidate with a clear record of fighting for Iowa's future, Congressman Rod Blum.
Iowa Right to Life's Primary Election Recommendations
For over a dozen election cycles the Board of Directors of Iowa…
Less for More?
Don Racheter: We need to replace governmentally/monopolistically provided goods & services with capitalistically/ competitively provided goods & services.
Don Racheter
Iowa Senate Shake-up? Update: Special Election in Iowa Senate District 18 set for November 8th
Credible sources say there is a possibility that State Senator Swati Dandekar…
Nisi Dolor Etiam Eleifend Pretium Libero Quis Amet Nam Vel A Consequat Penatibus
Aenean eleifend ante maecenas pulvinar montes lorem et pede dis dolor pretium…
Bob Klaus is a retired executive of Lamar Outdoor Advertising from Cedar Rapids.


text:
The Honeycomb Edition
Fly. Funky. Fresh.
ashleabrandon
The Heat: Why the Summer Is Your Chance to Reset on Sunset
Quite some time has passed since I have been a student, yet the anticipation of summer still gives me excitement like it did when I was a kid. Summer was never just about having extra time to play for me (although this is important for children as well). The time away from the norm was my chance to explore more of my own interests and reflect on what I liked and disliked from the previous school year.
Now as an adult summer does not mean unlimited free time. Still, I do take the overall casualness of season as a chance to have an internal retreat. We can never forget the importance of exposing ourselves to new things and analyzing what we see without outside influence.
First, it is important we take a moment just to be thankful for where we are. No matter how frustrated you might be in the moment you are blessed just to have the capacity to try and march on another day. Having a sense of gratefulness keeps us from making decisions out of desperation. Settling will not take you where you want to be, but changing your strategy will.
From there, you need to be honest with yourself about what it is you really want. So many of people feel unfulfilled because they struggle to express where their true ambitions lie. Do not feel reserved or embarrassed about being your authentic self. And if you do not yet have the answers to get to where you want to be, that's fine too. If we had all of the answers, where would faith come in? If we had all of the answers, we could not grow during the journey. Learn to find joy in the process because destination-based happiness (graduating from college, owning a home, etc.) is fleeting. Learn to fall in love with the process of becoming who and what you want to be. Life is too precious to merely define it by moments that can be spaced out by months or even years.
Now that you have done some self-observation, strive to gain some outside knowledge. None of us should possess such hubris that we fail to understand how important it is to study the work and sacrifices of those that came before us. Often times, we will discover that the difficulties we have someone else has already struggled with and possibly provided a solution to. More times than not, learning how people persevere can be a source of encouragement as we face difficulties along the way.
Be sure to closely observe the current times around you as well. Information is readily available to us, but we must take the time to decide what we believe for ourselves. We have to have some sort of anchor of our own before we can be prepared for new opportunities. Do not let being a novice or newcomer in a field allow you to be taken advantage of because you have not taken the time to establish your own tenets. Humility is key, but never fall into the trap of thinking that your own voice is not relevant.
Summer is such a prime opportunity for self-development because it is a fun time of the year. We are supposed to enjoy growing. Sometimes change brings on the heat, but there is beauty in being exposed as our true selves. Take the summer to blossom and grow and return in a new form with childlike joy.
Photo Credit: Model Gail O'Neill in Elle's June 1987 issue; photographed by Marc Hispard
Forever, For Always, For Love: Examining the Lyrical Text of Luther Vandross
Few are synonomous with love songs to the extent Luther Vandross is. His music, more than decade after his demise, remains a penicillin for the lows and woes of love. Despite Luther's clear penchant for singing of love unrequited, his music remains homogenized in the "love making" category. He sang about "love" but he did not sing about "romance"nearly as much as his legacy is packaged.
A prolific songwriter, Luther revealed to us a man who struggled with isolation, rejection, and uncertainty. His attention to detail in his lyrics did not make listeners feel that they were listening to a novella. Instead, he helped people to find the words that they struggled to articulate from their innermost thoughts.
In his 1983 song "Make Me a Believer," he expresses his skepticism in such a tender way. He crooned,
"Superman can fly high way up in the sky/'Cause we believe he can/So what we choose to believe can always work out fine/It's all in the mind/So think of a place and imagine a time/And let's go be lovers."
Luther spoke of preparing the vessel for love. So often the idea and sensation of love deceive us. Luther explained in the song that the mind must be prepared to receive. Just the same, sometimes doubt can impede the ability to receive love, as seen in these lines:
"I know the way to persuade me over to your side/And I am sure you can/So if you get me to believe/It all will work out fine/'Cause you'll blow my mind." The song shows a constant battle we experience as lovers, which is trying to manage reasonable expectations and never fully letting go of our wildest dreams of love.
A change of perception can help us to realize just how much we can limit ourselves. In his 1985 song, "Other Side of the World," he sings of someone he had known for "quite some time" and the discovery that the person was actually tailor-made to the love he needed. Luther sang,
"There's so many stories of love/All with the wonders of love/And so very sad I would be/'Cause none belonged to me/Could be it's all for the voice/So I finally let it rest/Sad but I thought that maybe/Love wasn't meant for me…"
Often times as people, we become so engulfed in the love stories we have seen or heard that we forget to appreciate that our own love story will be unlike anyone else's. As Luther makes this revelation as the song progresses, you can sense the emotional relief he received from realizing the beauty in his own journey to love.
"So crazy how things can change your life/Now that love is you, everything is right/And loneliness is the other side/Of the world…"
Our minds limit us far more than our locale.
The willingness to remain still was often a topic in Luther's music. "Wait for Love," released in 1986, reflects someone who had dealt with enough bruises from love that he could recognize a healthy love when it actually came his way. He sang,
"When you take the chance on love you see/It's not a waste of time if you truly believe/The impossible can be/So hold on tight if you think you're right/'Cause nothing hurts as bad as when you see.You gave up too easily."
In the vast majority of Luther's songs, he offered some sort of resolution to the long suffering of love. While he might not have obtained the object of his affection, he at the very least gained a greater sense of self. In those tunes where his desires were matched, he had matured into a person who could enjoy the lushness of love.
The intention of this piece is not to put a veil of sadness over Luther's legacy. Instead, we as people should celebrate the ability to be our most vulnerable selves, knowing the importance examining ourselves, and not being comfortable with settling.
Luther left us with many more standards that would take years to encapsulate. In addition to the gift of being able to write his thoughts, he had an unparalleled ability to reinterpret the works of others. Below is a list of songs he sang that are worth a further observation:
"Better Love" (1983)–a call for his lover to weigh the risk-reward of running off with a new love
"Promise Me" (1983)–after reflecting about time away from his love, the distance has reignited his passion to make the relationship work. The piano chords are seductive and lure you in.
"Creepin'" (1985)–the joys and frustration of falling for someone who does not even realize how sprung you are. A great listen when battling insomnia because of its repetition.
"Any One Who Had a Heart" (1986)–a Dionne Warwick cover, Luther credited seeing her perform this tune live during his teenage years as the revelation that he should pursue a music career. It's a heart-wrenching portrayal of being exploited in love.
"I Can Make It Better" (1996)–by the late 1990s Luther had a period where he infused the blues into more of his work. This song is a battle cry to someone who has yet to discover self-worth.
"I'm Only Human" (1998)–Luther did a bit of reverse psychology in this jazz-blues collaboration with Cassandra Wilson. Rather than questioning himself about love, he was able to convince his subject to do the same.
Freshness: TLC's "Way Back" + Reflections on What TLC Did for Black Girls Who Have Fun
TLC released the first single from their long-awaited fifth studio album and it bops!
The song is true to the ATL sound they introduced to us in 1992, all while nodding to the sounds of today. The tune is just breezy. You can dance to it but just the same you will enjoy going down memory lane with your girls as it plays in the background.
As I listened to the song, I kept thinking about what TLC meant to me growing up. As thorough 90s baby, I remember the highs and lows they had of being the biggest girl group in the world to Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes' tragic passing. From "Ain't Too Proud 2 Beg" to "Way Back," what stands out to me most is how these ladies always seemed to have fun and were never embarrassed to show that side of themselves.
Now T-Boz, Left Eye, and Chilli had plenty of grown women talks. Whether is having a sidepiece ("Creep"), disloyalty ("What About Your Friends"), or putting a trifling man in his place ("No Scrubs"), their quick and clever delivery dismantled the bitter black woman narrative. Their frank talks showed that being carefree and light-hearted should priorities and not to feel guilty for dismissing people who rob us of those feelings.
Furthermore, their personalities shined. Sure, they had their rough patches as group members, but their synergy was unparalleled. We saw three women with three starkly different stories who seemed to thrive off what made them different rather than be intimidated by it. Their support of each other is what made them so confident to challenge gender norms like wearing sagging jeans or take beauty risks like rocking blue lipstick years before is became the norm.
Currently I am in the age range I so vividly remember TLC being in. Being a young black woman can quickly devolve into deadlines, stress, and just overall uncertainty. I look back at TLC in their 20s, even as they faced bankruptcy, health issues, and their share of mistakes, they still were unapologetic about having fun. They are proof of how healing a goofy moment with your girls can be. Their oft-mentioned press conference after the 1996 Grammys is a prime example.
Now in their forties with teenage children and having suffered the devastating loss of losing a friend, TLC is still having fun. That should lift us. Maybe this brand of fun they have given us for 25 years is called "carefree black girls" or "black girl joy" in 2017. I'm not sure and it really doesn't matter—"fun" has no box!
Thank you ladies.
Shed Tears, Shed Fear: An Appreciation for Isaiah Thomas
Isaiah Thomas openly wept as he faced the Chicago Bulls for the start of the 2017 NBA playoffs. Just the day before he lost his sister. Time will tell how the playoffs will end for the Celtics, but Thomas has done much more showing the emotional maturity of black men during his grief.
Black men have generationally been chastised for openly showing hurt. Signs of vulnerability have been unfairly manipulated to show weakness and instability. This line of thinking often misguides black men into grieving in detrimental ways. We need to be thankful that Thomas spared his pride and let us see him hurt while he worked. He has channeled his pain in a productive way, showing that we can build even as we try to emotionally rebuild.
Even beyond that, Thomas' openness with his grief has allowed us to see how beautiful it is to see men, particularly black men, emotionally support each other. He was quoted as saying, "Mentally and emotionally I'm not here. I just feed off what the guys give me. They give me a lot of confidence, so I can't do without those guys. They believe in me, and being here is what makes me, I guess, sane and makes me feel somewhat normal through this tough time."
The journey to healing is far from over for Thomas, but he is blessed to have an outlet and we are blessed to see him healthily take the journey.
The Pleasure Principle: Janet Jackson and Black Female Empowerment—An Overview
Black womanhood is the most nuanced of femininity. While historically many women were expected to be confined to their homes, black women were expected to physically labor alongside black men to build a country that was not theirs.
Our beauty has historically been dismissed, even dehumanized, yet commoditized and fetishized for the profit of others.
The obligation of appeasing family also largely shapes black womanhood. We sacrifice our dreams and beliefs to appease family, knowing we could be more.
One black woman has had the unique juncture of living this life from a pre-schooler to now middle age for the world to see. Her name is Janet Damita Jo Jackson.
Being the baby of such large and renowned family, the world placed her in a box before she could even reach the age of 18. THE will break down her evolution starting with her teenage years.
She emerged from the shadows with Control, an unabashed account of needing your own identity and unapologetically setting standards for yourself.
With Rhythm Nation 1814, she examined how detrimental societal structure cannot be eradicated from our personal space, even as we experience a great "Escapade."
As wonderful as it is to command the respect of others and share our philanthropy with the world, sometimes we have to reintroduce ourselves…to ourselves. With the janet. album, she showed how important it is we pursue to our desires for personal satisfaction. Not because my family said I shouldn't or society tells me I can't, but rather do what I love because there is only one me and I deserve to make her happy.
The Velvet Rope album tackled one of the most taboo subjects of the black community—family trauma. It explored how you can love the people closest to you but resent their ways and yearn not for their approval but instead their support.
Just to make all of this more exciting, Janet gave us all this potent content with dazzling aesthetics and visually simulating production values.
Can I Get a Witness?: "Inner City Blues (Makes Me Wanna Holler)"
Tax season springs up many jokes about refund checks, but the manner the funds from the citizenry is spent annually can be quite antagonizing. The way the government allocates taxes does not always seem to serve people. As a matter of fact, sometimes it feels harmful.
Marvin Gaye was plagued by tax issues much of his adult life. Though some of these problems were self-inflicted, his childhood in racially segregated Washington, D.C. made him skeptical at an early age as to how citizens are really benefited. The hypocrisy that the city expected to enforce national equity failed to do so for its own citizens remained apart of both his psyche and artistry.
He once said,
"The Washington schools were still segregated and so were the restaurants and movies. I don't remember ever having a white teacher. How's the average black kid supposed to buy the Bill of Rights when he sees on his own streets that his own rights aren't worth shit?"
Gaye knew that the conditions had to change, but he was not willing to conform to the standard federal regulations might prescribe to the public to bring about such change.
The quest for improvement and the subsequent government resistance towards it is the nucleus of his 1971 staple "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)." He co-wrote the song with James Nyx. Gaye notes the burdens of urban life and chastises the burden-givers. Concerning economic woes, Gaye wrote, "Rockets, moon shots/Spend it on the have-nots/Money, we make it/'Fore we see it, you'll take it…Natural fact is/Honey, that I can't pay my taxes." He is critical of the federal system channeling vast amounts of money into outer-space research that could be used to benefit people on Earth who have no resources. He expresses resentment for heavy taxation, a practice that he feels depletes the reward of a person's work before he or she can even have it.
Police brutality has also been problematic for urban life, escalating to new heights in the 1970s (Dempsey and Forst 229). Taxes are used to fund police departments and implement policies that many African-Americans feel are detrimental to black communities. We continue to face this paradigm in the 21st century. Law enforcement misconduct and the failure to address its repercussions were and continue to be most prevalently found in minority and economically suffering communities. Such a dynamic further breeds anxiety in an already tense area. Gaye sang, "Crime is increasing/Trigger happy policing/Panic is spreading/God knows where, where we're heading." Gaye's frustration with police corruption would help to solidify a refrain heard again generations later in black music.
Michael Campbell wrote in his book Rock and Roll: An Introduction:
In its depiction of the hard life of inner-city residents in both words and music, social issues, and even fewer that succeed in enhancing the message musically as well as Gaye does here….In an important way, Gaye's song is a bridge between blues and rap, the two black styles that have tackled social issues more frequently than any other. It updates the blues as social commentary and lays the groundwork for rap…such as Grandmaster Flash and Public Enemy. (297)
On a personal level, Gaye's tax problems became so problematic that he eventually went into a self-imposed tax exile in Europe (Ritz). His escape was bigger than owing a debt—it was symbolic of feeling excluded from his nation of birth because financial legalities did not serve him. Ranging from proper school funding to adequate police procedures, the money citizens owe the government each year can be perceived as working against us.
THE is not advocating a refusal to pay taxes, but we do acknowledge that many black Americans feel taxation puts us into our own exile because the funds are often use to marginalize our potential.
Campbell, Michael. Rock and Roll: An Introduction. Stamford, Connecticut: Cengage Learning, 2008. Print.
Dempsey, John S. and Linda S. Forst. An Introduction to Policing. Stamford, Connecticut: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print.
Ritz, David. Divided Soul: The Life of Marvin Gaye. New York, New York: Da Capo Press, 2002. Print.
Controlling Your Narrative
The holiday season can be the happiest of times but also the messiest. With so many festivities during the end of the year, people have the natural inclination to ask about your personal life.
Depending on your current events, you might have some matters you would rather not touch. After all, it is your life and your business. Still, some details of our lives cannot escape public consumption. Maybe a job everyone thought you had fell through, a relationship collapsed, or any other occurrence this generation of over-sharing might spring on you. When this happens, it is important to directly address it.
Once you enter adulthood, of course, you are not obligated to explain how you live your life; however, people will talk regardless. The key is not to become consumed by their discussion but rather shape the discussion.
The news that hits people's ears first tends to control the narrative. Whatever time of the year you find yourself becoming a hot topic, here are a few ways you can spin it all in your favor:
First, stop beating yourself up about the disappointment. Learn from it. Be accountable for your part in the situation. Still, not properly regulating your internal struggles will at some point stifle your overall productivity. If we live long enough, we will all have something we wished the world did not have to see play out. Forgive yourself and use this as an opportunity to grow.
If you know the topic has already began to circulate among other people or will eventually become known, be the first to say it. Being the first to address a topic allows you to set the standard. Anything said after your statement will be measured by your words. It is your life, so you should not give anyone the inadvertent privilege of speaking on your behalf.
People usually magnify a situation by based on how embarrassed they think you will be concerning the circumstances. Addressing the issue forthright lets people know that this issue will not have you walking on eggshells. No fact that you acknowledge can be used against you effectively. The allure of the gossip mill automatically fades when you do not try to sidestep a scandal or setback.
Many of the gossipers do not mean you well, but be considerate of those who are true friends, significant others, close family, and other valued relationships. One of the most hurtful things is to learn a major occurrence "in the streets" about someone you are close to. If you know that a "secret" is only a Facebook click or a group text away from revealed, please let your good friends, lovers, and relatives know. For one, people close to you will be find it painful that you did not have enough confidence in the bond that you could come to them about your difficulty. Additionally, anyone who is really down for you would rather help you pick up the pieces rather than kick you while you are down.
Whether it be the holidays or not, anytime is a good time to free yourself from the opinions of others. Rather than wonder what people are saying, you should say what needs to be said. Let the world know where you stand—the rest is irrelevant.
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If you inserting images in PNG format with transparancy will leave you with a white background when saw in Internet Explorer 5 or 6.
It makes your image looks not good and this is really the last thing any web designer would want on their website.
Don't worry about that, I'll give you a solution on how to solve this.
Create a container to store your image. In this case I use a <div>.
The CSS codes above displays your PNG image in a <div>. Works fine for Mozilla Firefok, but not for Internet Explorer. To get it working cross browser, create another set of css just for Internet Explorer right below your <style> </style>.
Your IE should now give you a perfect blend like the picture below.
Best you should change the blog subject Create PNG transparency work in IE 6 with css | Gusdwi dot Info to more generic for your webpage you write. I loved the post all the same.


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//
//  WCMessageCell.h
//  WeChatDemo
//
//  Created by 陈泽嘉 on 15/12/15.
//  Copyright (c) 2015年 dibadalu. All rights reserved.
//

#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
@class WCMessageModelFrame;

@interface WCMessageCell : UITableViewCell

/** frame数据模型 */
@property(nonatomic,strong) WCMessageModelFrame *messageModelFrame;

/** 工厂方法(类方法) */
+ (instancetype)messageCellWithTableView:(UITableView *)tableView;

@end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


From Fiumicino airport drive to the junction to Roma, continue on Highway A 91, take exit to Florence/Aurelia and continue to the ring road A90, take exit 1 to Roma/Centro/Aurelia/Porto Civitavecchia, continue to via Aurelia until your destination.
From Aurelia Station take via Aurelia SS/1 going northeast, after 900 meters make U-turn, take via Aurelia SS/1, turn on the right in via Bogliasco situated between Agip gas station and the Panorama supermarket.
From the subway station proceed towards southeast from via Ennio Bonifazi, take via Padre Anastasio Gutièrrez then via Gregorio XI, via Michele Pironti continue via Michele Pironti to strada statale 1, take Via Bogliasco located between the Agip gas station and the Panorama supermarket.
Rome is a city and special commune in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and also of the homonymous province and of the region of Lazio. With 2.7 million residents in 1,285.3 km2 (496.3 sq. mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated commune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The urban area of Rome extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 3.8 million. Between 3.2 and 4.2 million people live in Rome metropolitan area. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber within Lazio (Latium). Rome is the only city in the world to contain in its interior a whole state; the enclave of Vatican City. Rome has a status of theglobal city. Rome was the 11th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. The city is one of Europe's and the world's most successful city "brands", both in terms of reputation and assets.
Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the world's most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics. Although associated today only with Latin, ancient Rome was in fact multilingual. In highest antiquity Sabine tribes shared the area of what is today Rome with Latin tribes. The Sabine language was one of the Italic groups of ancient Italian languages, along with Etruscan, which would have been the main language of the last three kings who ruled the city till the founding of the Republic in 509 BC. Urganilla, or Plautia Urgulanilla, wife of Emperor Claudius, is thought to have been a speaker of Etruscan many centuries after this date, according to Suetonius' entry on Claudius. However Latin, in various evolving forms, was the main language of classical Rome, but as the city had immigrants, slaves, residents, ambassadors from many parts of the world it was also multilingual.


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I Want a New Drug. One that Won't Make Me Sick: Defendant Gets Stuck with Plaintiff's Bill Because of Improvident CAFA Removal in Pfizer II.
Lott v. Pfizer, No. 05-0230, 2006 WL 2224155 (S.D. Ill. Aug. 2, 2006).
If we were classic drama queens, we could call Pfizer the Hamlet of Bextra and Celebrex litigation, facing the "slings and arrows of outrageous fortune." Last August, the Seventh Circuit deep-sixed the company's effort to remove a class action under the Class Action Fairness Act, and this district court ruling rejects Pfizer's objections to the bill for plaintiffs' removal costs.
In the original state court suit (filed in Madison County, Ill., one of the official "Judicial Hellholes of the American Tort Reform Association) the plaintiffs complained that they were paying too much for their drugs because of their allegedly undisclosed health hazards. Pfizer removed under traditional diversity jurisdiction and under CAFA. Judge Reagan rejected CAFA jurisdiction and ordered briefing on whether the case met the $75,000 traditional diversity amount-in-controversy requirement, finding ultimately that it did not. Reagan remanded the case and declared Pfizer had to pay plaintiffs' costs and actual expenses of removal under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c).
Judge Posner of the Seventh Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals penned the opinion backing up Judge Reagan on the remand issue, noting that the defendants should expect last-minute filings like this case, which beat CAFA's effective date by one day. (You can read all about it here: See the CAFA Law Blog analysis of the appellate opinion in Pfizer v. Lott posted on September 20, 2005).
Battle ensued in the Southern District of Illinois over plaintiffs' tab. Judge Reagan had ruled earlier that the federal Magistrate Judge would handle any disputes on that score. The parties wrangled over the bill, with Pfizer pursuing separate motions to vacate and to reduce the award. Pfizer took a second trip to the Seventh Circuit, which rejected the appeal regarding the removal costs as premature because the Magistrate below had not ruled on Pfizer's motion to reduce the award. The magistrate knocked $2,000 off the award, and ordered Pfizer to pay $23,664.83.
Pfizer objected to the magistrate judge's ruling, and on August 2, 2006, Judge Reagan ultimately found that the reduced award was appropriate. Judge Reagan found that Pfizer had no objectively reasonable basis for removal. Along the way, Judge Reagan rebuffed Pfizer's reliance on the U.S. Supreme Court's recent ruling in Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 125 S.Ct. 1941 (2005), which provides that attorney's fees may be awarded generally only where the party pursuing removal had no objectively reasonable basis for doing so.


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