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In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It postulates that, holding all else equal, in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good, or other traded item such as labor or liquid financial assets, will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded (at the current price) will equal the quantity supplied (at the current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium for price and quantity transacted. The concept of supply and demand forms the theoretical basis of modern economics.

In macroeconomics, as well, the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model has been used to depict how the quantity of total output and the aggregate price level may be determined in equilibrium.

Graphical representations

Supply schedule
A supply schedule, depicted graphically as a supply curve, is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied by producers. Under the assumption of perfect competition, supply is determined by marginal cost: firms will produce additional output as long as the cost of producing an extra unit is less than the market price they receive.

A rise in the cost of raw materials would decrease supply, shifting the supply curve to the left because at each possible price a smaller quantity would be supplied. One may also think of this as a shift up in the supply curve, because the price must rise for producers to supply a given quantity.  A fall in production costs would increase supply, shifting the supply curve to the right and down.

Mathematically, a supply curve is represented by a  supply function, giving the quantity supplied as a function of its price and as many other variables as desired to better explain quantity supplied. The two most common specifications are:

1) linear supply function, e.g.,  the slanted line
, and

2) the constant-elasticity supply function (also called isoelastic or log-log or loglinear supply function), e.g., the smooth curve

which can be rewritten as

By its very nature, the concept of a supply curve assumes that firms are perfect competitors, having no influence over the market price. This is because each point on the supply curve answers the question, "If this firm is faced with this potential price, how much output will it sell?" If a firm has market power—in violation of the perfect competitor model—its decision on how much output to bring to market influences the market price. Thus the firm is not "faced with" any given price,  and a more complicated model, e.g., a monopoly or oligopoly or differentiated-product model, should be used.

Economists distinguish between the supply curve of an individual firm and the market supply curve.  The market supply curve shows the total quantity supplied by all firms, so it is the sum of the quantities supplied by all suppliers at each potential price  (that is, the individual firms' supply curves are added horizontally).

Economists  distinguish between  short-run and   long-run  supply curve.  Short run  refers to a time period during which one or more inputs are fixed (typically physical capital), and the number of firms in the industry is also fixed (if it is a market supply curve).  Long run refers to a time period during which new firms enter or existing firms exit  and all inputs can be adjusted fully to any price change.   Long-run supply curves are flatter than short-run counterparts (with quantity more sensitive to price, more elastic supply).

Common determinants of supply are:

 Prices of inputs, including wages
 The technology used, productivity
 Firms' expectations about future prices
 Number of suppliers (for a market supply curve)

Demand schedule
A demand schedule, depicted graphically as a demand curve, represents the amount of a certain good that buyers are willing and able to purchase at various prices, assuming all other determinants of demand are held constant, such as income, tastes and preferences, and the prices of substitute and complementary goods.   Generally, consumers will buy an additional unit as long as the marginal value of the extra unit is more than the market price they pay.  According to the law of demand, the demand curve is always downward-sloping, meaning that as the price decreases, consumers will buy more of the good.

Mathematically, a demand curve is represented by a demand function, giving the quantity demanded as a function of its price and as many other variables as desired to better explain  quantity demanded. The two most common specifications are linear demand, e.g.,  the slanted line

and the constant-elasticity demand function (also called isoelastic or log-log or loglinear demand function), e.g., the smooth curve

which can be rewritten as

Note that really a demand curve should be drawn with price on the horizontal x-axis, since it is the independent variable. Instead, price is put on the vertical, f(x) y-axis as a matter of unfortunate historical convention.

Just as the supply curve parallels the marginal cost curve,  the demand curve parallels marginal utility, measured in dollars. Consumers will be willing to buy a given quantity of a good, at a given price, if the marginal utility of additional consumption is equal to the opportunity cost determined by the price, that is, the marginal utility of alternative consumption choices. The demand schedule is defined as the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a given product at a certain time.

The demand curve is generally downward-sloping, but for some goods it is upward-sloping. Two such types of goods have been given definitions and names that are in common use: Veblen goods, goods which because of fashion or  signalling  are  more attractive at higher prices, and Giffen goods, which, by virtue of being inferior goods that absorb a large part of a consumer's income (e.g., staples such as the classic example of potatoes in Ireland), may see an increase in quantity demanded when the price rises. The reason the law of demand is violated for Giffen goods is that the rise in the price of the good has a strong income effect, sharply reducing the purchasing power of the consumer so that he switches away from luxury goods to the Giffen good, e.g., when the price of potatoes rises, the Irish peasant can no longer afford meat and eats more potatoes to cover for the lost calories.

As with the supply curve, by its very nature  the concept of a demand curve requires that the purchaser be a perfect competitor—that is, that the purchaser have no influence over the market price.  This is true because each point on the demand curve answers the question, "If buyers are faced with this potential price, how much of the product will they purchase?" But, if  a buyer has market power (that is, the amount  he buys influences the price),  he is not "faced with" any given price, and  we must use a more complicated model, of monopsony.

As with supply curves, economists distinguish between the demand curve for an individual and the demand curve for a market.  The market demand curve is obtained by adding the  quantities from the individual demand curves at each price.

Common determinants of demand are:
 Income
 Tastes and preferences
 Prices of related goods and services
 Consumers' expectations about future prices and incomes
 Number of potential consumers
 Advertising

History of the curves

Since supply and demand can be considered as functions of price they have a natural graphical representation. Demand curves were first drawn by Augustin Cournot in his Recherches sur les Principes Mathématiques de la Théorie des Richesses (1838) – see Cournot competition. Supply curves were added by Fleeming Jenkin in The Graphical Representation of the Laws of Supply and Demand... of 1870. Both sorts of curve were popularised by Alfred Marshall who, in his Principles of Economics (1890), chose to represent price – normally the independent variable – by the vertical axis; a practice which remains common.

If supply or demand is a function of other variables besides price, it may be represented by a family of curves (with a change in the other variables constituting a shift between curves) or by a surface in a higher dimensional space.

Microeconomics

Equilibrium
Generally speaking,  an equilibrium is defined to be the price-quantity pair where the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. It is represented by the intersection of the demand and supply curves. The analysis of various equilibria is a fundamental aspect of microeconomics:

Market equilibrium: A situation in a market when the price is such that the quantity demanded by consumers is correctly balanced by the quantity that firms wish to supply. In this situation, the market clears.

Changes in market equilibrium:
Practical uses of supply and demand analysis often center on the different variables that change equilibrium price and quantity, represented as shifts in the respective curves. Comparative statics of such a shift traces the effects from the initial equilibrium to the new equilibrium.

Demand curve shifts:

When consumers increase the quantity demanded at a given price, it is referred to as an increase in demand. Increased demand can be represented on the graph as the curve being shifted to the right. At each price point, a greater quantity is demanded, as from the initial curve  to the new curve . In the diagram, this raises the equilibrium price from  to the higher . This raises the equilibrium quantity from  to the higher .  (A movement along the curve is described as a "change in the quantity demanded" to distinguish it from a "change in demand," that is, a shift of the curve.) The increase in demand has caused an increase in (equilibrium) quantity.  The increase in demand could come from changing tastes and fashions, incomes, price changes in complementary and substitute goods, market expectations, and number of buyers. This would cause the entire demand curve to shift changing the equilibrium price and quantity.  Note in the diagram that the shift of the demand curve, by causing a new equilibrium price to emerge, resulted in movement along the supply curve from the point  to the point .

If the demand decreases, then the opposite happens: a shift of the curve to the left. If the demand starts at , and decreases to , the equilibrium price will decrease, and the equilibrium quantity will also decrease. The quantity supplied at each price is the same as before the demand shift, reflecting the fact that the supply curve has not shifted; but the equilibrium quantity and price are different as a result of the change (shift) in demand.

Supply curve shifts:

When technological progress occurs, the supply curve shifts.  For example, assume that someone invents a better way of growing wheat so that the cost of growing a given quantity of wheat decreases.   Otherwise stated, producers will be willing to supply more wheat at every price and this shifts the supply curve  outward, to —an increase in supply. This increase in supply causes the equilibrium price to decrease from  to . The equilibrium quantity increases from  to  as consumers move along the demand curve to the new lower price. As a result of a supply curve shift, the price and the quantity move in opposite directions.  If the quantity supplied decreases, the opposite happens. If the supply curve starts at , and shifts leftward to , the equilibrium price will increase and the equilibrium quantity will decrease as consumers move along the demand curve to the new higher price and associated lower quantity demanded. The quantity demanded at each price is the same as before the supply shift, reflecting the fact that the demand curve has not shifted. But due to the change (shift) in supply, the equilibrium quantity and price have changed.

The movement of the supply curve in response to a change in a non-price determinant of supply is caused by a change in the y-intercept, the constant term of the supply equation. The supply curve shifts up and down the y axis as non-price determinants of demand change.

Partial equilibrium

Partial equilibrium, as the name suggests, takes into consideration only a part of the market to attain equilibrium.

Jain proposes (attributed to George Stigler): "A partial equilibrium is one which is based on only a restricted range of data, a standard example is price of a single product, the prices of all other products being held fixed during the analysis."

The supply-and-demand model is a partial equilibrium model of economic equilibrium, where the clearance on the market of some specific goods is obtained independently from prices and quantities in other markets. In other words, the prices of all substitutes and complements, as well as income levels of consumers are constant. This makes analysis much simpler than in a general equilibrium model which includes an entire economy.

Here the dynamic process is that prices adjust until supply equals demand. It is a powerfully simple technique that allows one to study equilibrium, efficiency and comparative statics.  The stringency of the simplifying assumptions inherent in this approach makes the model considerably more tractable, but may produce results which, while seemingly precise, do not effectively model real world economic
phenomena.

Partial equilibrium analysis examines the effects of policy action in creating equilibrium only in that particular sector or market which is directly affected, ignoring its effect in any other market or industry assuming that they being small will have little impact if any.

Hence this analysis is considered to be useful in constricted markets.

Léon Walras first formalized the idea of a one-period economic equilibrium of the general economic system, but it was French economist Antoine Augustin Cournot and English political economist Alfred Marshall who developed tractable models to analyze an economic system.

Other markets
The model of supply and demand also applies to various specialty markets.

The model is commonly applied to wages, in the market for labor. The typical roles of supplier and demander are reversed. The suppliers are individuals, who try to sell their labor for the highest price. The demanders of labor are businesses, which try to buy the type of labor they need at the lowest price. The equilibrium price for a certain type of labor is the wage rate. However, economist Steve Fleetwood revisited the empirical reality of supply and demand curves in labor markets and concluded that the evidence is "at best inconclusive and at worst casts doubt on their existence." For instance, he cites Kaufman and Hotchkiss (2006): "For adult men, nearly all studies find the labour supply curve to be negatively sloped or backward bending."

In both classical and Keynesian economics, the money market is analyzed as a supply-and-demand system with interest rates being the price. The money supply may be a vertical supply curve, if the central bank of a country chooses to use monetary policy to fix its value regardless of the interest rate; in this case the money supply is totally inelastic. On the other hand, the money supply curve is a horizontal line if the central bank is targeting a fixed interest rate and ignoring the value of the money supply; in this case the money supply curve is perfectly elastic. The demand for money intersects with the money supply to determine the interest rate.

According to some studies, the laws of supply and demand are applicable not only to the business relationships of people, but to the behaviour of social animals and to all living things that interact on the biological markets in scarce resource environments.

The model of supply and demand accurately describes the characteristic of metabolic systems: specifically, it explains how feedback inhibition allows metabolic pathways to respond to the demand for a metabolic intermediates while minimizing effects due to variation in the supply.

Empirical estimation
Demand and supply relations in a market can be statistically estimated from price, quantity, and other data with sufficient information in the model.  This can be done with simultaneous-equation methods of estimation in econometrics.  Such methods allow solving for the model-relevant "structural coefficients," the estimated algebraic counterparts of the theory. The Parameter identification problem is a common issue in "structural estimation." Typically, data on exogenous variables (that is, variables other than price and quantity, both of which are endogenous variables) are needed to perform such an estimation.  An alternative to "structural estimation" is reduced-form estimation, which regresses each of the endogenous variables on the respective exogenous variables.

Macroeconomic uses
Demand and supply have also been generalized to explain macroeconomic variables in a market economy, including the quantity of total output and the aggregate price level.  The aggregate demand-aggregate supply model may be the most direct application of supply and demand to macroeconomics, but other macroeconomic models also use supply and demand. Compared to microeconomic uses of demand and supply, different (and more controversial) theoretical considerations apply to such macroeconomic counterparts as aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Demand and supply are also used in macroeconomic theory to relate money supply and money demand to interest rates, and to relate labor supply and labor demand to wage rates.

History
The 256th couplet of Tirukkural, which was composed at least 2000 years ago, says that "if people do not consume a product or service, then there will not be anybody to supply that product or service for the sake of price".

According to Hamid S. Hosseini, the power of supply and demand was understood to some extent by several early Muslim scholars, such as fourteenth-century Syrian scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, who wrote: "If desire for goods increases while its availability decreases, its price rises. On the other hand, if availability of the good increases and the desire for it decreases, the price comes down."

Shifting focus to the English etymology of the expression, it has been confirmed that the phrase 'supply and demand' was not used by English economics writers until after the end of the 17th century.
In John Locke's 1691 work Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money, Locke alluded to the idea of supply and demand, however, he failed to accurately label it as such and thus, he fell short in coining the phrase and conveying its true significance.  Locke wrote: "The price of any commodity rises or falls by the proportion of the number of buyer and sellers" and "that which regulates the price... [of goods] is nothing else but their quantity in proportion to [the] Vent."  Locke's terminology drew criticism from John Law. Law argued that,"The Prices of Goods are not according to the quantity in proportion to the Vent, but in proportion to the Demand." From Law the demand part of the phrase was given its proper title and it began to circulate among "prominent authorities" in the 1730s. In 1755, Francis Hutcheson, in his A System of Moral Philosophy, furthered development toward the phrase by stipulating that, "the prices of goods depend on these two jointly, the Demand... and the Difficulty of acquiring."

It was not until 1767 that the phrase "supply and demand" was first used by Scottish writer James Denham-Steuart in his Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy. He originated the use of this phrase by effectively combining "supply" and "demand" together in a number of different occasions such as price determination and competitive analysis. In Steuart's chapter entitled "Of Demand", he argues that "The nature of Demand is to encourage industry; and when it is regularly made, the effect of it is, that the supply for the most part is found to be in proportion to it, and then the demand is simple". It is presumably from this chapter that the idea spread to other authors and economic thinkers. Adam Smith used the phrase after Steuart in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations. In The Wealth of Nations, Smith asserted that the supply price was fixed but that its "merit" (value) would decrease as its "scarcity" increased, this idea by Smith was later named the law of demand. In 1803, Thomas Robert Malthus used the phrase "supply and demand" twenty times in the second edition of the Essay on Population.
And David Ricardo in his 1817 work, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, titled one chapter, "On the Influence of Demand and Supply on Price". In Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Ricardo more rigorously laid down the idea of the assumptions that were used to build his ideas of supply and demand. In 1838, Antoine Augustin Cournot developed a mathematical model of supply and demand in his Researches into the Mathematical Principles of Wealth, it included diagrams. It is important to note  that the use of the phrase was still rare and only a few examples of more than 20 uses in a single work have been identified by the end of the second decade of the 19th century.

During the late 19th century the marginalist school of thought emerged. The main innovators of this approach were Stanley Jevons, Carl Menger, and Léon Walras. The key idea was that the price was set by the subjective value of a good at the margin. This was a substantial change from Adam Smith's thoughts on determining the supply price.

In his 1870 essay "On the Graphical Representation of Supply and Demand", Fleeming Jenkin in the course of "introduc[ing] the diagrammatic method into the English economic literature"  published the first drawing of supply and demand curves in English, including comparative statics from a shift of supply or demand and application to the labor market. The model was further developed and popularized by Alfred Marshall in the 1890 textbook Principles of Economics.

Criticism
The philosopher Hans Albert has argued that the ceteris paribus conditions of the marginalist theory rendered the theory itself an empty tautology and completely closed to experimental testing. In essence, he argues, the supply and demand curves (theoretical functions which express the quantity of a product which would be offered or requested for a given price) are purely ontological.

Piero Sraffa's critique focused on the inconsistency (except in implausible circumstances) of partial equilibrium analysis and the rationale for the upward slope of the supply curve in a market for a produced consumption good. The notability of Sraffa's critique is also demonstrated by Paul Samuelson's comments and engagements with it over many years, for example:
What a cleaned-up version of Sraffa (1926) establishes is how nearly empty are all of Marshall's partial equilibrium boxes. To a logical purist of Wittgenstein and Sraffa class, the Marshallian partial equilibrium box of constant cost is even more empty than the box of increasing cost.

Modern Post-Keynesians criticize the supply and demand model for failing to explain the prevalence of administered prices, in which retail prices are set by firms, primarily based on a mark-up over normal average unit costs, and aren't responsive to changes in demand up to capacity.

Some economists criticize the conventional supply and demand theory for failing to explain or anticipate asset bubbles that can arise from a positive feedback loop. Conventional supply and demand theory assumes that expectations of consumers do not change as a consequence of price changes. In scenarios such as the United States housing bubble, an initial price change of an asset can increase the expectations of investors, making the asset more lucrative and contributing to further price increases until market sentiment changes, which creates a positive feedback loop and an asset bubble. Asset bubbles cannot be understood in the conventional supply and demand framework because the conventional system assumes a price change will be self-correcting and the system will snap back to equilibrium.

Paul Cockshott's critique focuses on the unfalsifiability of the neoclassical model.
In the linear examples given above we have four unknowns: the slope and intercept of both the supply curve and the demand curve.
But because we only have two knowns, price and quantity, any set of supply and demand curves that crosses the point  could explain the data. Hence unfalsifiability.
Cockshott also points out that prices are negatively correlated with quantity due to economies of scale, not positively correlated as the theory suggests.
Finally, Cockshott argues that the theory is needlessly complicated when compared to the labour theory of value, and that having to introduce a notion of the curves shifting amounts to adding epicycles.

See also

 Capacity utilization
 Consumer theory
 Deadweight loss
 Economic surplus
 Effective demand
 Effect of taxes and subsidies on price
 Elasticity
 Excess demand function
 Externality
 Guanzi (text)
 History of economic thought
 Inverse demand function
 Law of supply
 Neoclassical economics
 Price discovery
 Rationing
 Social cost
 Supply chain
 Supply shock
 Yield management

References

Further reading
 Foundations of Economic Analysis by Paul A. Samuelson
 Price Theory and Applications by Steven E. Landsburg
 An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith, 1776
 Supply and Demand book by Hubert D. Henderson at Project Gutenberg.

External links

 Nobel Prize Winner Prof. William Vickrey: 15 fatal fallacies of financial fundamentalism – A Disquisition on Demand Side Economics (William Vickrey)
 Marshallian Cross Diagrams and Their Uses before Alfred Marshall: The Origins of Supply and Demand Geometry by Thomas M. Humphrey
 By what is the price of a commodity determined?, a brief statement of Karl Marx's rival account
 Supply and Demand by Fiona Maclachlan and Basic Supply and Demand by Mark Gillis, Wolfram Demonstrations Project.

Economics laws
Economics curves
Market (economics)
Demand
Supply


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Emergency board meeting at Everton amid 'growing concern' over club direction
by Robbie Walls 04/12/2021, 12:34
Everton are set for an emergency board meeting amid 'growing concern' over the club's direction, following their recent dismal run of results.
The Toffees are currently just five points above the drop zone after enduring an eight-game winless run in the top-flight, losing six of their last seven to heap the pressure on manager Rafa Benitez.
The Spaniard had initially enjoyed a positive start to the season after taking the job in the summer – following the departure of Carlo Ancelotti – although the situation has begun to turn sour following the stark decline in form in recent weeks.
The 61-year-old was already an unpopular appointment from the outset due to his previous connections to bitter rivals, Liverpool, with it perhaps unsurprising that the Goodison faithful have begun to turn so quickly, particularly following the shambolic 4-1 Merseyside derby defeat in midweek – their heaviest loss in the fixture on home soil in 39 years.
That result only served to illustrate the widening chasm between the two rivals, with Everton still struggling to compete at the top end of the table, despite hefty, albeit questionable, investment in the playing squad in recent years.
As per the Mirror, the club are now set for an emergency board meeting to try and address their current slump, the future of Benitez believed to be 'high on the agenda'.
The report suggests that director of football Marcel Brands has returned to the UK to take part in the discussions, with owner Farhad Moshiri also expected to travel back from the United States in the next few days, when he will then talk to Benitez before the clash with Arsenal on Monday night.
Moshiri has already defended his manager by insisting that the downturn in performances is largely due to injuries, in a text sent to talkSport presenter Jim White, although it is seemingly difficult to shy away from the mounting discontent among the club's supporters.
The club are also seemingly paying the price for their scattergun transfer approach in recent years as well as the lack of consistency with managerial appointments, a situation that has left Benitez with an unbalanced and depleted squad that has been made even more threadbare due to injury.
Read – The longest waits for a win at the start of a Premier League season
Read Also – Remembering every Premier League player to finish on the Ballon d'Or podium
Gerrard expecting Everton 'reaction' following Big Dunc appointment
Ferguson unsurprised by Benitez sacking as he plays down his own chances of getting Everton job
Rafael Benitez's Everton: A red past with an optimistic future
Benitez 'positive about the future' as he's set to get more control at Everton following Brands departure
Newcastle keen on reappointing Benitez once takeover is completed with Bruce to be replaced
Gerrard says managing Everton is 'never a possibility' as he discusses Benitez challenge
EvertonLiverpoolRafael Benitez

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Community Ecology of Understorey Tropical Rainforest Birds in Western Sarawak
Hanis Damia Elyna, Lit (2021) Community Ecology of Understorey Tropical Rainforest Birds in Western Sarawak. PhD thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
Hanis Damia Elyna - 24 pgs.pdf
Hanis Damia Elyna.pdf
Habitat changes have influenced the community structure of understorey birds and their sensitivity towards habitat alteration and landscape modification may influence habitat selection and foraging efficiency. This study mainly focused on understorey bird community structural assemblages as a function of habitat preference and the predictive factors that influence their spatial distribution. The objectives of this study is (1) to determine the species diversity, species richness and abundance of understorey birds, (2) to determine the composition of insect in the diet birds and to relate the abundance of insect to breeding and moulting patterns of insectivorous and frugivorous-insectivorous, (3) to investigate habitat characterictics that influence understorey birds assemblages, and (4) to elucidate the morphological variation of families Timaliidae, Pycnonotidae, Nectariniidae, and Muscicapidae. The community ecology of understorey tropical rainforest birds at eight sites in western Sarawak was investigated between March 2015 and April 2017 by using a total of 20 mist-nets with three shelves (2.5 m x 9 m, 36 mm mesh) at every occasion and were deployed at 20 of 20 x 20 m plots in census site. A total of 1779 individuals representing 131 species from 35 families were recorded across all study sites. Findings generated from Principal Component Analysis and Generalized Linear Model indicated that high species richness and diversity in mixed dipterocarp, mangrove and kerangas forests are determined by canopy cover, density of flowering plant and density of woody plant with more than 3 m height respectively. Thus, this thesis makes an important contribution to our understanding of relative effects of habitat characterictics in bird assemblages at multiple spatial scales and provides important ecological information for the management authority of protected areas.
Thesis (PhD)
Thesis (PhD.) - Universiti Malaysia Sarawak , 2021.
Community ecology, diversity, elevation, heterogeneity, interaction.
Q Science > QK Botany
Q Science > QL Zoology
S Agriculture > SD Forestry
HANIS DAMIA ELYNA BINTI LIT


I remember my analog slr and shooting with it. The sheer sound of the shutter and the film moving ahead was a very delightful feeling. You felt like you are doing something great. With the digital cameras coming in, we hard hear that mechanical sound, and if we do, it comes through the wave file that's stored in the camera that creates the effect. No matter how well the wave file is sample, it cannot give that feeling of the shutter of an analog camera mainly because with the sound we could feel the camera roar to the next film by our hands too. There was fun in developing prints, and the precision with which we clicked due to the limitations of the films we carried for shoots.
With the digital world many things changed. The best thing that happened was photography cost. Photography no longer remained an expensive hobby because no matter what camera you bought, the storage and flexibility played a huge role. Earlier we had to think twice before clicking a picture, we would take quite much time and making the right shutter and aperture settings and then click. With a digital camera we play more, we experiment more. The sad part is that with the technology at hand we don't stop this experimentation though we reach a formula for good shots. Even the best professional photographer in the town will take multiple frames of his subject in different settings just as not to take a chance. This in someway is ruining the hard effort and the real thinking behind the process of taking a picture.
In todays world we are getting too much than we deserve. Though there is a saturation in every career and everything we might do, we get things too easily and hence we don't have the importance of what we take for granted. We utilize time and resources as if they would last forever. Digital revolution has surely made our life easier but it has also made us more lazy and dependent on machines. What used to be an art earlier is not a layman's job. Any person with no technical knowledge of photography can shoot beautiful pictures because the camera does all the job. Though we are taking benefit of this I think we should also give sometime on research work and perfection of our art.


The phenomenon of centralization was discovered by Robin McKenzie. It is the phenomenon in which pain radiating from spine is sequentially abolished from distal to proximally in response to therapeutic movement or position and includes abolition of spinal pain. This model as a part of patient education helps in understanding centralization.
I would like to share my experience to the people who are suffering from Low Back Pain and Hip related problems.
I approached Devang Dharek after my mother was diagnosed for Motor Neuron Disease and this was causing immense problem while walking.
- Dr. Hitesh Shah, Homeopathy Kandivali.


This concert was inspired by the huge scale of the Albert Hall. The three works all evoke spacious vistas, through their expansive textures, echo effects and horn calls. Mozart, Haas and Strauss made for a diverse programme though, the three works all written in different centuries, and each on a grander scale than the last.
The Mozart Notturno in D Major is one of his many serenades written for the Salzburg aristocracy. The twist is that the ensemble is divided into four groups, each a string orchestra with a pair of horns added, and the four groups are set at a distance, the musical ideas echoing from one to the next. For this well-choreographed performance, Ilan Volkov conducted the first group on the stage, the second was positioned at the back of the Arena, the third in a rear box, and the fourth high up in the Gallery.
Musically, the work is straightforward, with simple tunes cascaded around the groups, the echo effect achieved through brief overlaps from one to the next. Having the ensembles at a progressively greater distance gave the impression of the music receding into the distance, especially with the horns of the fourth group swallowed up in the reverberance of the Gallery. Volkov (pictured below by James Mollison) knows that Mozart is labouring the joke, so he played it straight to highlight the effect. That was balanced by brisk and lively playing from the strings and horns of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, all maintaining high dynamics for audibility and balance. At three protracted movements, this was long for a novelty opener, but it was never less than fun. Georg Friedrich Haas continued the horn theme with his Concerto Grosso No. 1, for four alphorns and orchestra. Haas's style continues on from Ligeti's orchestral scores of the 1960s, all webs of sound gradually evolving through extended performing techniques and long string glissandos. But his textures are more open than Ligeti's, and the direction of his musical progression is always clear. Alphorns are a curious addition to this mix. Haas himself is from the Western region of the Austrian Alps, so there is a personal connection. Yet there is little painting here, even if Alpine panoramas are sometimes evoked by the breadth and scale of the music – an unbroken half-hour span.
The work begins with long drones from the alphorns, played here by the original soloists, the Hornroh Modern Alphorn Quartet, against repeated-note textures in the strings. Gradually, the orchestral focus moves back into the woodwind and brass, then percussion, while the alphorns explore their higher partials, the untempered harmonic series clashing against the orchestral sonorities a recurring feature. This is music on a grand scale, and Haas makes excellent use of both his large orchestra and his eccentric solo instruments. But, while his musical processes are always clear, his expressive aims remain opaque: Given the highly associative nature of the instruments, the whole work retains an impenetrable aura of abstraction.
Not so with the Alpine Symphony. Strauss's last and largest tone poem has an explicit narrative set out in the score – sunrise, an alpine ascent, a storm on the way down, and then sunset. Ilan Volkov took a suitably narrative approach, eliciting different textures and moods for each of the sections, but weaving them together seamlessly. He pushed the tempos in the first half, giving the ascent a more symphonic profile, and then held back for the mystical sections towards the end. The much-enlarged BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra sometimes struggled with the faster tempos early on, but from the climax at the summit onwards, the playing was excellent. The final few minutes were beautifully paced, with fine contributions from the solo horn, Alberto Menédez Escribano, organist Richard Pearce, and the trombone section, all bronze-hued, warm sonorities over a rich bed of strings as the sun slowly set behind the mountain. Glorious.


text:
Home>Community News>Cancer support group ends service just months after opening
Cancer support group ends service just months after opening
From The Irish Examiner.
A cancer support organisation is withdrawing from an east Cork town just months after its centre was officially opened by cancer survivor Majella O'Donnell.
Cork Arc cancer support house in Youghal had been providing treatments and supports to upwards of 90 patients from east Cork and West Waterford.
Although officially opened last August, it had been providing a once-weekly service since May 2017.
The facility's team of trained volunteers provided counselling, advice, therapeutic massage, reflexology, yoga, and other treatments to patients.
However, in a statement yesterday, city-based Cork Arc said it was withdrawing from Youghal as it was "not possible to agree to a working arrangement in relation to the property".
Local volunteers in Youghal have indicated they intend to continue the service but the city-based charity said it was severing its role at the end of November.
Trustees of Cork Arc initiated the city-based project in 2001 and had a service up and running by 2003. It also operates out of Bantry in west Cork. The charity said it had "invested heavily" in developing its Youghal branch, including "capital sums in the property" at Friar St.
A statement said that, despite "going to every possible length to ensure that the service was a success", the working arrangement was deemed unsatisfactory.
The property, a former B&B, had been purchased by the Youghal Cancer Support group on foot of a five-year fundraising drive initiated by a local cancer survivor. The building was reportedly leased by local charity Cuan House to Cork Arc for a nominal €1 fee.
Cork Arc said it had hoped to deliver services up to the end of 2018 but was "asked to leave by the end of this month as Cuan House advised that they intend to operate a service from the premises from December".
A Cuan House spokesperson confirmed that the local body, also registered as a charity, intended to continue providing support services. The estimated running costs are €55,000.
Yesterday, its spokesman said the local trustees would issue, in due course, a full clarification following consultation with all of its members.
Widely supported across a huge catchment area, the group raised over €200,000 through community fundraising efforts, including a celebrity livestock auction at Dungarvan mart in 2013.
CRY 104FM
Mount Uniacke Vintage Club Keeps on Giving
4th April 2019 CRY 104FM
From The East Cork Journal. Following tremendous success with the sale of their Tractor and Vintage Run Calendar, the Mount
Gallery 126 Relocates To The Enterprise Centre
30th November 2015 21st February 2019 CRY 104FM
Gallery 126 has relocated to the Coach House, Enterprise Centre, Emmet Place, Youghal. The Enterprise Centre is in the building
Criticism of Youghal road repairs budget are dismissed by County Hall officials
19th February 2019 19th February 2019 CRY 104FM
From EchoLive. CRITICISM of the road repairs budget ahead of an international Ironman event in Youghal has been dismissed as
Community Radio Youghal contracted for a further 10 years
Youghal man Quill part of the 'Irish mafia' helping US rugby to new heights


This week Israeli police have opened a large investigation regarding the recent operation of 65 online casino sites inside the country. The officer that is stated on this investigation is Yohanan Danino. He and his staff are working closely with the attorney's office. The investigation is on the illegality of those 65 online casino facilities. Online casinos of any kind are illegal in Israel. It so happens that the owners of some of the largest global online casinos are Israeli businessmen.
The illegality is a major issue concerning online casino sites. The US took a now much discussed side on the issue of legalization of online casinos, namely banning them. The regulation process in Britain, Costa Rica and Canada is the other pole. The Israeli online casino industry is somewhat in between as there is no proper law that deals with the subject. The law that is enforced in Israel only refers to brick and mortar casinos and traditional gambling. Online casino sites are not mentioned, so Israeli authorities and police do nothing about it – for better or worse.
The Israeli businessmen that rule the top three online casino companies in the US have lost quite a lot of money due to the law. They want to reverse the effect in the Israeli industry. They are operating a large lobby in the Israeli parliament for the online casino industry, but it is not yet to know where the wind will blow.


Established by Karen Pugh, Heatherdown Dog Grooming offers a variety of services for a range of domestic animals.
We offer a wide range of packages for dog and cat grooming, as well as smaller domestic pets such as rabbits.
Heatherdown Dog Grooming Salon, located in and serving the people of Ferndown and Ringwood, give a premium customer service within a relaxing atmosphere. Please ring us for any support.
All breeds need daily grooming, how much grooming depends on the breed, age and health of the dog. Dogs that shed should be groomed more often and have professional grooming regularly every 3 months.
Decreases the chances of health problems such as skin irritations, thrush and scratches.
Checking the pet for cuts, swelling and other symptoms of illness.
Reducing infestation of external parasites (fleas and ticks – if found, the dogs should use specially designed products for a few months to help keep the dog parasite free).
Improving the hygiene of the pet.
Breeds with double coats are not suitable for clipping (e.g. Border Collies, Newfoundlands and Siberian Huskies).
The most commonly missed place when brushing is the dogs' tail. Other parts of dog grooming include the ears, eyes and teeth.
When attending a grooming session, the owner should present their current vaccination certificate. Unvaccinated dogs can be put at risk when groomed and put the groomer at risk.
Dogs should always be bathed twice, as one bath will not clean the coat thoroughly. However, a dog should not be bathed too often as it can damage the skin and natural oils, causing the fur to dry out.
Grooming takes anywhere between 30 minutes and 5 hours depending on the depth of the grooming and the thickness of the fur coat. Dogs should be groomed by the same person each time, as having many handlers can upset the dog. Thorough grooming will include; removing the dead hair (stripping), brushing or combing hair, a paw and pad trim, nail clip including dew claws, ear cleanse, 1 bath with 2 shampoos and a rinse, a warm blow dry and a cut, this can be custom to suit the owner.
Dogs that are introduced to a salon as a puppy tend to be more relaxed and obedient when grooming at home. Dogs should have similar grooming patterns each time they visit a professional groomer. This pattern depends on the breed of the dog and the season, as some dogs keep their full coat throughout the whole year.
The dogs in my care are able to stretch there legs in between grooming for toilet breaks in a tranquil 3 acre woodland setting. From the window and door of the grooming room they can see up the tree lined drive, where the chickens often wonder past which is of most interest to the dogs in my care, I do find that even the most stressed dogs seem to become relaxed in this atmosphere.


The International Journal of Advanced Steel Construction provides a platform for the publication and rapid dissemination of original and up-to-date research and technological developments in steel construction, design and analysis. Scope of research papers published in this journal includes but is not limited to theoretical and experimental research on elements, assemblages, systems, material, design philosophy and codification, standards, fabrication, projects of innovative nature and computer techniques. The journal is specifically tailored to channel the exchange of technological know-how between researchers and practitioners. Contributions from all aspects related to the recent developments of advanced steel construction are welcome.


text:
r"""Tests for the core.profiling.py module"""

import logging

# import pytest

from corelib.core.profiling import timeit

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO,
                    format='%(asctime)s :: %(levelname)6s ::'
                           '%(module)20s :: %(lineno)3d :: %(message)s')

@timeit
def dummy():
    r"""Just a dummy function to profile"""
    for x in range(500000):
        x**2

def test_timeit():
    r"""Just call the function"""
    dummy()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
La Ettan 2022 è stata la 16ª edizione del terzo livello del campionato di calcio svedese nel suo formato attuale, il terzo con la denominazione Ettan. La stagione è iniziata il 2 aprile e si è conclusa il 6 novembre 2022.

Formula
Le 32 squadre partecipanti sono divise in due gironi da 16 squadre: il girone Norra (nord) e il girone Södra (sud). Le 16 squadre si affrontano in un girone di andata e ritorno, per un totale di 30 giornate.
Le prime classificate dei due gironi sono promosse in Superettan, mentre le due seconde classificate giocano uno spareggio promozione/retrocessione contro la terzultima e la quartultima classificata della Superettan.
Le due quartultime giocano uno spareggio promozione/retrocessione contro due tra le seconde classificate dei sei gironi di Division 2 qualificatesi a loro volta dopo un'apposita fase. Le ultime tre classificate di ciascun girone sono retrocesse direttamente in Division 2.

L'Akropolis, retrocesso dalla Superettan 2021, è stato escluso per motivi economici e sostituito dal ripescato Forward.

Norra

Squadre partecipanti

Classifica

Legenda:
      Promossa in Superettan
 Ammessa agli spareggi
      Retrocesse in Division 2

Note:
Tre punti a vittoria, uno a pareggio, zero a sconfitta.

Södra

Squadre partecipanti

Classifica

Legenda:
      Promossa in Superettan
 Ammessa agli spareggi
      Retrocesse in Division 2

Note:
Tre punti a vittoria, uno a pareggio, zero a sconfitta.

Spareggi

Spareggi per la Superettan

Spareggi per la Ettan

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Calcio nel 2022
Campionato svedese di calcio

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
This LSU team the greatest ever? Paul Finebaum shares his thoughts
Keith Farner | 8 days ago
Even before LSU knocked off Clemson to win the national championship on Monday night, the Tigers were being discussed as one of the best teams ever. Now it may be confirmed, at least in one man's mind.
SEC Network host Paul Finebaum has reached this conclusion: "It's 5:30 am in New Orleans and one thing seems clear: this LSU football team isn't one of the best in history. It is the best! Case closed."
The game itself was already billed as one of the most anticipated in at least 20 years, and the only other game in the argument was Southern Cal-Texas in 2005.
In a season full of record-breaking feats, QB Joe Burrow added to the list. Burrow became the first major college quarterback to throw 60 touchdown passes in a season. And LSU did it against a team on the cusp of a dynasty as a Clemson win would have meant three national championships in four seasons. But the LSU win snapped Clemson's 29-game winning streak.
The ACC Tigers' defense was also at the top of the statistical charts in the country. But LSU put up 628 yards and six touchdowns on that defense that entered the game allowing an average of 264 yards and 11.5 points per game.
Keith Farner
A former newspaper veteran, Keith Farner is a freelance reporter for Saturday Down South.
LSUSMC 1 week ago
I'm surprised Paul would say that, but LSU certainly can make a strong case.
LSU…National Championship ! SEC…National Championship !


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At an altitude of 530 metres, Agriturismo La Sorgente is in the historic village of Brenzio overlooking the surrounding hills and Lake Como. It has a range of farm animals and bees for homemade honey.
La Sorgente is less than 10 minutes' drive from the lakeside town of Gravedona. It is ideal for excursions on foot or by bike in the valley or across the Monti Lariani mountains.
Each apartment features a balcony with a view of the lake. They all have free Wi-Fi, satellite TV and full cooking facilities. Bed linen and bath towels are included, as is a welcome breakfast basket of homemade honey, jams and cakes.
The farmhouse also features a wellness centre with gym, hot tub and sauna. You can relax out in the garden and leave your car at the free car park.


General: Copper Scrap Suppliers from United Kingdom!
Find suppliers for copper scrap from United Kingdom. copper scrap suppliers from United Kingdom who are verified by RIM will have a "RIM Verified" Icon. The Trust Mark for scrap suppliers is an indication of the authenticity of the copper scrap supplier. Higher the Trust Mark, better the trust. You can sort the copper scrap suppliers from United Kingdom by Trust Marks, RIM Verified, Posted date etc. by selecting the appropriate field in the drop down menu.


Well the 2008 show difficulties were not really the bands fault. There was a disagreement with the venue, band and fire marshal over their use of fog onstage. So the band cranked out their 5 or 6 big hits and left after about a 30 maybe 45min show.
If memory serves, at one of the shows the fire alarm was set off twice & you even hear the fire truck arrive on the recording.
TBH though, they weren't that much better on the European leg. You could hardly hear Eldritch & could talk louder than the band itself.
It wasn't really until the last few dates that they got the sound sorted out & boy it was worth it.
Rock City here I come!!
The 3 other shows I've attended were all well worth it. Everyone band has a bad night, technical difficulties, or a bad tour in general. I hope they make it over to this side of the pond late this yesr or next year!
It's a damn fine recording too.
No worries. DCRVault is a great site, thank them!
And here is some nice words about the "First and last and always" album by Mr Hussey. (I hope its okay to quote here (from facebook page)).
From Wayne: I received an email a few days ago from an iconic band-leader/singer/guitarist/songwriter, someone who I've never met before but one of the very few American musicians that I admire (not generally being a big fan of American rock music), who made positive comment on my guitar playing which gave me cause to go back and listen to some music that I'd been involved with through the years. Firstly, I listened to The Sisters Of Mercy's First & Last & Always all the way through for the first time in almost 30 years and I must say, despite my reticence, I thoroughly enjoyed it. It still sounds pretty fresh to me and although there have since been a million imitators no one has ever really captured the true essence of that music, I feel, in the same way. It still sounds unique. There is an atmosphere, a space, a chime to it that I don't hear with very many other records. And a lot of it has aged very well to my ears, like a good Bordeaux……..Maybe time and distance has given me an objectivity regarding FALAA that I've never really enjoyed before.
I also watched on YouTube our performance on the Old Grey Whistle Test which, again, was pretty unique, certainly for the time. I remember that it was being broadcast live and literally 30 seconds before the show started Gary Marx's guitar cut out, stopped working, and it was he that was supposed to start the first song, First & Last & Always. With no time to stop and fix it as opening credits were rolling Craig and I improvised by me starting the song playing Gary's guitar part, Craig coming in and playing mine and then reverting to the bass line when the song kicked in by which time Jez, our roadie, had managed to change Gary's guitar lead and get him working again. A hairy scary moment but a mixture of youthful bravado and a few hefty lines of speed beforehand saw us through.
Another thing I watched again was this clip. Knocking On Heaven's Door from The Royal Albert Hall.
I'd been out the evening before the show in London with Ian Astbury and Lemmy. Craig and Andrew had stayed in the hotel and gone to bed early…apparently. Anyway, Ian, Lemmy, and I had gone to see Killing Joke at the Hammersmith Palais (sadly now long demolished and replaced by a shopping mall) and Lemmy had introduced me to Jimmy Page, one of MY guitar heroes and my first encounter with a Zeppelin. It's fair to say that Jimmy was in an even worse state than I was, he being held up by the bar whilst I danced the stagger in front of him. Still, I shook the very hand that had come up with such great godly guitar riffs as Stairway To Heaven and Kashmir. I asked him if he'd produce our next album; he told me to 'fudge off'. I liked him.
So, the day of the Sisters Royal Albert Hall show and I was so hungover. I couldn't stand up without wanting to fall over and vomit. I remember Andrew being pissed off with me, nothing new there then, him thinking that I would let the side down come show time. He should've known better. A couple of white lines and a stiff drink saw me right and I was ready if not quite right as rain.
I am a huge Dylan fan (another of the very few Americans whose music I love) and I love his version of his own song but I have to say that of all the very many others that have covered this song I think this Sisters version is maybe the best version I have heard. From the monotony of the very simple drum machine, to the neanderthal quality of the bass, to the brooding malevolence of Andrew's vocal, and to quite possibly my finest ever guitar solo - one of the very few times I actually played it well and thankfully the cameras were there to capture it. It's such a simple song and so many bands play this and it becomes just hoary old pub rock. We've even played it with The Mission a few times and never even come close to the magnificence of the Sisters version. The problem being, in my opinion, too many musicians playing too much. Bad musicians are afraid to leave silence and space, good ones keep it simple. This version is stripped right out and all the better for it. I'd like to think that Dylan himself has heard this version and given his nod of approval and I'm also pretty damn sure that Guns & Roses used our version as the starting point for theirs which ended up being pretty horrible, it has to be said. We were the antithesis of the pop pablum of the time just as we would be also today. Just as The Mission has also been throughout our existence. Of that I am proud.
It's been a good, therapeutic exercise listening to this stuff again. It's been too easy for me to forget the music and just remember the dysfunctional inter-personal relationships that were a feature of my time in the Sisters. I know both Andrew and myself have bad mouthed each other many times through the years, nary a good word either of us has had to say about the other or even the music we made together. I know Andrew has dissed the First & Last & Always album probably even more than I have and most probably because of my involvement in the record but, hand on heart, it's a good album and I believe one of the crucial factors in the making of the record that did make it so good was the tension between Andrew and myself.
I'm sure we both prefer to live without it and maybe our lives are easier because of it but, in all honesty, have either of us ever made a record as good since?
That is an excellent piece.
I read it on Heartland yesterday & it's great that he can revisit the work he did like this. Even if he & Andrew don't get along anymore.


text:
Freedom without Permission: Bodies and Space in the Arab Revolutions
Frances S. Hasso;
Frances S. Hasso
Frances S. Hasso is Associate Professor of Women's Studies and Sociology at Duke University and the author of Resistance, Repression, and Gender Politics in Occupied Palestine and Jordan and Consuming Desires: Family Crisis and the State in the Middle East.
Zakia Salime is Associate Professor of Sociology and Women's and Gender Studies at Rutgers University and the author of Between Feminism and Islam: Human Rights and Sharia Law in Morocco.
Zakia Salime
"The Women Are Coming": Gender, Space, and the Politics of Inauguration
Zakia Salime, 2016. ""The Women Are Coming": Gender, Space, and the Politics of Inauguration", Freedom without Permission: Bodies and Space in the Arab Revolutions, Frances S. Hasso, Zakia Salime
Chapter 5 explores the 20 February Movement in Morocco. It argues that this movement represents an inaugurative moment that set into motion new political, cultural, and gendered sensibilities and modalities of mobilization. By forging new modes of political engagement and discursive spaces, Feb20 liberated multiple possibilities for the co-imbrication of sex, gender, culture, and politics. The chapter examines these inaugurations by studying embodied discursive, performative, and artistic spaces initiated or expanded by Feb20 as forms of aesthetic citizenship. At the peak of the Arab uprisings, feminist sensibilities took a sexual turn on the protest scene and in multiple artistic and performative spaces, paving the way for new types of publics and claims.
February 20 Movement
language performance
aesthetic citizenship
sexual turn
Anticolonial Colonialism: Aurora Bertrana's El Marroc Sensual i Fanàtic and the Shortcomings of "Anticolonial" Spanish Republican Feminism in the 1930s
"Disengaging from the Muslim Spirit": The Alliance Israélite Universelle and Moroccan Jews
Aspirational Maternalism and the "Reconstitution" of Single Mothers in Morocco
Articulating the National and Transnational: Exhibition Histories of the Casablanca School
Human Development in the Arab Spring: Morocco's Efforts to Shape Its Global Future


Track 12 of "Greatest Australian Songs Volume 1"
DVD available at stringybark.com - order at sales@stringybark.com 12. To complete the journey around our wonderful continent, we conclude with the song that has become like a second national anthem "I Am Australian". A warm duet between Ross and Emma tells the story of Australia's growth from Aboriginal settlement through to the present day and we combine flashed images of historical Australia with a quick whip-around from coast to coast of modern-day Australia.


text:
Chapter 10 Popular Itineraries The Americas & the Caribbean
Chapter 10 - Argentina/Brazil: Iguassu Falls (online only)
Chapter 10 - Jamaica (online only)
Guatemala and Belize (online only)
Ava W. Navin, Emily S. Jentes
Guatemala and Belize are located in Central America, with Mexico to the north and Honduras and El Salvador to the south and east. Guatemala, known as the Land of Eternal Spring for the temperate climate and lush foliage of its highlands, offers a wide variety of topography, from active volcanoes to black sand beaches and the cloud forest reserve of the Biotopo del Quetzal. The visitor to the bustling market town of Chichicastenango in the highlands (6,447 ft; 1,965 m) will need preparation different from that for the visitor to the Mayan temples of Tikal in the hot lowlands of the Petén (500 ft; 150 m). Belize, an equally beautiful tropical paradise, is roughly the size of the state of Massachusetts. Northern Belize is characterized by coastal plains with pockets of dense forest, whereas the west and south are predominantly coastal plains or savannas and low mountains, respectively. To the east, Belize's coastline with the Caribbean Sea boasts sandy white beaches, numerous islands, and the second-longest barrier reef in the world.
Tourists interested in the Ruta Maya often visit sites in both Guatemala and Belize. Temples and ball courts, the remnants of the Mayan civilization that flourished in the Yucatán peninsula 1,000 years ago, have been reclaimed from the jungle. In Belize, the Mayan ruins of Xunantunich (Cayo District), Caracol (Cayo District), and Lamanai (Orange Walk District), among others, provide impressive excavated examples of the cities and leave the visitors wondering what else might be hidden underneath the trees and hills.
The colonial capital of Antigua, Guatemala, (5,029 ft; 1,533 m), a UNESCO World Heritage site, was founded in 1543 by Spanish conquistadors and destroyed by an earthquake in 1773. The ruins of the cathedral, government buildings, and monasteries provide a hint of colonial grandeur. Holy Week, the week in the Christian calendar that precedes Easter, is an especially popular time to visit Antigua, when the images from the churches are carried through the streets in colorful processions.
Travelers visiting Belize's inland regions will enjoy a variety of adventure activities, including climbing the ruins, zip-lining through jungle canopies, cave tubing, hiking, and canoeing. However, most visitors to Belize are drawn to the sandy white beaches and to the barrier reefs off the coast, which boast some of the best scuba diving in the Caribbean. Near Ambergris Caye, the Hol Chan Marine Reserve and the Great Blue Hole (a UNESCO World Heritage site) are popular sites for both scuba divers and snorkelers, who will be delighted by the variety of fish, eels, and coral living in the clear blue-green water.
Guatemala's tremendous geographic variety extends to its linguistic richness: in addition to Spanish, 21 distinct Mayan languages and many more dialects are spoken. In rural areas, Spanish is more often a second language, and Mayan customs and rituals are still observed. Guatemala, especially Antigua, is noted for immersion language schools; students can live with a family while they attend classes. Belize is similarly linguistically diverse. Although the official language of Belize is English, Belizean Creole, Spanish, Mayan languages, and Plautdietsch (a variety of German spoken by Mennonite settlers) are also spoken.
Map 10-18. Guatemala and Belize Destination Map
PDF Version (printable)
All travelers should always be up-to-date on routine vaccinations. Hepatitis A and B vaccines are recommended for visitors to both countries. Typhoid vaccination is also recommended for all travelers. Countries in Central America have been the source of many cases of typhoid fever that continue to be imported into the United States.
Rabies vaccination should be considered for travelers who will be involved in outdoor activities, such as bicycling, camping, or hiking, especially in rural areas, or who will have occupational exposure to animals. It is particularly recommended for long-term travelers such as missionaries and their children. Although yellow fever is not a disease risk in Guatemala or Belize, the governments of both countries require travelers arriving from countries where there is yellow fever virus transmission to present proof of yellow fever vaccination.
Malaria is found throughout Belize, except for Belize City and islands frequented by tourists. In Guatemala, malaria is found only in rural areas at altitudes <4,921 ft (1,500 m); therefore, the specific destination is important to know. Travelers who plan to visit only the capital and highlands in Guatemala do not need malaria chemoprophylaxis. Travelers who mention plans to scuba dive or visit Mayan ruins, though, will be at risk for malaria. For areas with risk of malaria, recommended prophylactic drugs include atovaquone-proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine, or primaquine.
Other Vectorborne Diseases
Mosquito and insect precautions are important for travelers to Central America to protect themselves from vectorborne diseases (see Chapter 3, Mosquitoes, Ticks, & Other Arthropods). Dengue is endemic in all of Central America. GeoSentinel Surveillance Network data show that dengue is the most common diagnosed cause of febrile illness in travelers returning from this area. Local transmission of chikungunya has also been reported in Guatemala and Belize, having first been reported in Central America in June of 2014. The illness presents with fever and joint pain and the typical course is about 1 week, though joint symptoms may be persistent. Cutaneous leishmaniasis has been reported in travelers to these countries as well. Cutaneous larva migrans, caused by skin infection with dog or cat hookworm larva, can occur on any part of the body but is frequently related to walking barefoot on contaminated beaches, so footwear may be protective. American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) is another disease carried by insects that has occurred in these areas, mostly in rural areas and mostly in the indigenous populations. Although Guatemala has not yet been certified as free of onchocerciasis (river blindness), transmission has not been reported since 2011.
Travelers' Diarrhea
Diarrhea in travelers is common throughout both Guatemala and Belize and is the most common complaint in returning travelers who seek medical attention at GeoSentinel clinics. Travelers should be reminded of precautions for safe food and water and carry an antibiotic for self-treatment (see the Food & Water Precautions and Travelers' Diarrhea sections in Chapter 2).
Other Health and Safety Risks
For much of the last 30 years, Guatemala's geologic instability was paralleled by its political unrest. Since a peace accord was signed in 1996, safety concerns are more likely to stem from economic conditions and drug-related violence. Although petty crime such as burglary and pickpocketing can be a problem in Belize, safety concerns more often involve road, boating, and diving accidents. Visitors to both countries are advised to travel in groups and stay on the main roads.
International Adoptions
Guatemala at one time was second only to China as a source country for international adoptions; 4,726 children were adopted by US families in 2007. In early 2008, after allegations of fraud and exploitation, adoptions were suspended until the country's procedures could be made compliant with the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption. Until the system is reformed, the US Department of State does not approve adoptions from Guatemala, and the adoption numbers have declined to as low as 12 in 2012, representing conclusions of adoptions already in progress. The US Embassy in Guatemala has posted the following statement: Neither Guatemala nor the United States is approving or processing new international adoptions to the United States at this time. Concerns about child trafficking have led to suspicion and occasional hostility toward foreigners seen with Guatemalan children. The Department of State advises visitors to avoid close contact with children, especially in rural areas.
Travel to obtain medical care has increased in popularity in recent years, and Guatemala, with specialists trained in the United States, has benefited from this trend. Popular procedures sought by medical tourists to this region include cosmetic and bariatric surgery, fertility treatments, and dental procedures. The Internet abounds with sites that promote medical tourism and offer help with transportation, accommodations, and language issues. For guidelines for travelers seeking care abroad, see Chapter 9, Medical Tourism.
Carter Center, Fighting Disease: Guatemala. Eliminating Onchocerciasis from the Americas. Available from: http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/guatemala-health.html Cited April 2, 2014.
Central Intelligence Agency. World Factbook: Guatemala. Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency; 2012 [updated Sep 12; cited 2012 Sep 25]. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html.
Lynch MF, Blanton EM, Bulens S, Polyak C, Vojdani J, Stevenson J, et al. Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999–2006. JAMA. 2009 Aug 26;302(8):859–65.
Miller L, Chan W, Comfort K, Tirella L. Health of children adopted from Guatemala: comparison of orphanage and foster care. Pediatrics. 2005 Jun;115(6):e710–7.
Pan American Health Organization. Country profile, Guatemala. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization; 2012 [cited 2012 Sep 25]. Available from: http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3223&Itemid=2408.
UNICEF. At a glance: Guatemala. Geneva: UNICEF; 2012 [cited 2012 Sep 25]. Available from: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/guatemala.html.
US Department of State. Guatemala. Washington, DC: US Department of State [cited 2012 Sep 25]. Available from: http://www.state.gov/p/wha/ci/gt/.
US Embassy, Guatemala. Adoptions. Available from: http://guatemala.usembassy.gov/adoptions.html Cited April 1, 2014.
Page last reviewed: July 17, 2019
Peru: Cusco, Machu Picchu & Other Regions
Argentina/Brazil: Iguassu Falls (online only)
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Q: SwiftUI EaseIn Transition Cycling Through Multiple Colors I'm currently trying to create an animation using SwiftUI to transition between multiple colors, however, I'm stuck on a particular issue. The code works, however, it only changes across maybe 2-3 different colors then resets back to the original color.I am also using a library called 'DynamicColor' through GitHub as a way of easily converting a hex code to a SwiftUI Color variable.
Below is the @State variable I've defined which holds the current color. It also shows the array of UInt64 numbers that hold all the colors I'd like to cycle through.
//Initialize the Color variable to the first color on the DesignMatters transition

@State private var bgColor = Color(hex: 0x67C7C7)

//Array of colors that I'd like to cycle through

let colorArray:[UInt64] = [0x65CCC2, 0x6EC6B2, 0x75AA89, 0x83B88A, 0x8BB37E, 0x9EA77E, 0xB0987A, 0xC18F77, 0xD28274, 0xE27771, 0xEC6E72, 0xE17180, 0xD5758E, 0xC9769D, 0xBD79AC, 0xB07BBD, 0xA280CD, 0x9687D5, 0x8E93D2, 0x849FD0, 0x7BADCD, 0x71B9CB, 0x66C8C7, 0x65CCBE, 0x6BC8B3, 0x75C1A4, 0x7CBC96, 0x83B98B, 0x8BB37E, 0x9EA67B, 0xAF9979, 0xC28D77, 0xD28275, 0xE47872, 0xEB6E75, 0xDD7284, 0xCE7696, 0xC078A5, 0xB47BB7, 0xA67FC8, 0x9B80D6, 0x908DD3, 0x879CD1, 0x7DA7CD, 0x73B6CC]

The animation function that I've created looks like this:
//Function to transition between colors in the background
func backgroundColorAnimation () {

    var count = 0
    withAnimation(.easeIn(duration: 1).repeatForever(autoreverses: false)) {

    //increment the counter
    count += 1

    //check if counter is within bounds of the array
    if (count < colorArray.count) {

        self.bgColor = Color(hex: colorArray[count])

     }
  }
}

And finally, here is the body of the view that actually shows the animation:
var body: some View {

    ZStack {

        Rectangle()
            .opacity(0)

        Text("Hello World!")

     }
     .background(bgColor)
     .frame(width:500, height: 350)
     .onAppear {

         backgroundColorAnimation()

     }
}

I have tried to simply just re-assign the "self.bgColor" variable one after the other with the same result. I have also messed with the duration of the animation but, again, no luck. Anyways, if anyone happens to have any idea what I may be doing wrong, I'd really appreciate the help. Thank you so much and hope you all have a great rest of your day!
(UPDATE) In looking at the code I posted, for whatever reason the count of the array of UInt64 variables is returning 1. Just for clarification of the other way I've approached the issue, I've included the body of the view where I just change the variable one after the other:
ZStack {

  Rectangle()
     .opacity(0)

  Text("Hello World!")

}
.background(bgColor)
.frame(width:500, height: 350)
.onAppear {

    withAnimation(.easeIn(duration: 1).repeatForever(autoreverses: true)) {

                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x67C7C7)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x65CCC2)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x6EC6B2)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x75AA89)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x83B88A)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x8BB37E)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x9EA77E)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xB0987A)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xC18F77)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xD28274)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xE27771)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xEC6E72)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xE17180)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xD5758E)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xC9769D)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xBD79AC)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xB07BBD)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xA280CD)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x9687D5)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x8E93D2)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x849FD0)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x7BADCD)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x71B9CB)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x66C8C7)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x65CCBE)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x6BC8B3)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x75C1A4)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x7CBC96)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x83B98B)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x8BB37E)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x9EA67B)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xAF9979)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xC28D77)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xD28275)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xE47872)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xEB6E75)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xDD7284)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xCE7696)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xC078A5)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xB47BB7)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0xA67FC8)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x9B80D6)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x908DD3)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x879CD1)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x7DA7CD)
                self.bgColor = Color(hex: 0x73B6CC)

            }

        }

A: This solution doesn't use one animation but rather a timer that sends an update every second.
I'm farely new to SwiftUI, so I'm not quite sure if this is the best solution.
However, I was able to find a work-around using a timer. Here is my code:
struct ColorChangeAnimation: View {

    @State private var bgColor = Color(hex: 0x67C7C7)
    @State private var bgColorIndex = 0
    @State var colorArray:[UInt64] = [0x65CCC2, 0x6EC6B2, 0x75AA89, 0x83B88A, 0x8BB37E, 0x9EA77E, 0xB0987A, 0xC18F77, 0xD28274, 0xE27771, 0xEC6E72, 0xE17180, 0xD5758E, 0xC9769D, 0xBD79AC, 0xB07BBD, 0xA280CD, 0x9687D5, 0x8E93D2, 0x849FD0, 0x7BADCD, 0x71B9CB, 0x66C8C7, 0x65CCBE, 0x6BC8B3, 0x75C1A4, 0x7CBC96, 0x83B98B, 0x8BB37E, 0x9EA67B, 0xAF9979, 0xC28D77, 0xD28275, 0xE47872, 0xEB6E75, 0xDD7284, 0xCE7696, 0xC078A5, 0xB47BB7, 0xA67FC8, 0x9B80D6, 0x908DD3, 0x879CD1, 0x7DA7CD, 0x73B6CC]

    @State private var timer = Timer.publish(every: 1, on: .main, in: .common).autoconnect()

    var body: some View {

        Rectangle()
            .ignoresSafeArea()
            .foregroundColor(Color(hex:  UInt(colorArray[bgColorIndex])))
            .onReceive(timer) { _ in

                if bgColorIndex == colorArray.count - 1 {
                    timer.upstream.connect().cancel()

                    DispatchQueue.main.asyncAfter(deadline: .now() + 1) {
                        withAnimation(.easeIn(duration: 1)) { self.bgColorIndex = 0 }
                        timer = Timer.publish(every: 1, on: .main, in: .common).autoconnect()
                    }

                } else {
                    withAnimation(.easeIn(duration: 1)) { self.bgColorIndex += 1 }
                }
            }
    }
}

Explaination
At the beginning I declare a new @State variable which tracks the current index of the colorArray. I then use the .onAppear(perform: //code) modifier to add 1 to the index every second.
I added some code which disconnects the timer when it reaches the top of the array. I then add a 1 second delay in which I then set the array back to 0. This is to ensure that the index always stays within range and that every color gets 1 second of showtime.
Again, not quite sure if this is the best solution, but it works!
GIF of working project:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI) has announced that one of Australia's leading visual artists, Bidjara man Dr Christian Thompson is set to make his virtual reality debut as winner of the inaugural $80,000 Mordant Family VR Commission. Click here.
A good report has been released and it breaks down the stats around public support for the arts – but..
Tate Liverpool: Sander sees the humanity in everyone, Dix nothing but horror, in this superb show exploring Germany between the wars.
At the Portrait Gallery in Canberra – with accompanying great scholarship – Thurs 29 June until Sun 22 October 2017 – yet another reason to visit Canberra during winter this year.
A survey of early photography at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam (New Realities: Photography in the 19th Century, 17 June-17 September) will focus on "the noisy century" of the medium, says the show's curator, Mattie Boom. Around 300 pictures from the museum's collection of more than 150,000 photographs will be included.
a video of images that attempt to reinterpret the now icon Australian image by Max Dupain.
click here to see Gael Newton's report on these significant photography auctions by Mossgreen.
For Americans who love art by the likes of Hans Holbein, Édouard Manet, Georges Braque and Paul Klee, dark times lie ahead.
There was an earlier comment by Arts Hub on issues around the National Gallery of Australia's exhibition of Filipino art.
This tour is meant to whet your appetite for this NGA exhibition – The Third National Indigenous Art Triennial.
I plan to offer some comments on this book very soon – meanwhile there's a post online by Judith that is worth reading. Click here.
This NGA exhibition is an exhibition of contemporary art that should not be missed. It's very good.


We can control our driving, but we can't control the driving of others. Driving defensively, rather than aggressively, helps maintain focus and control allowing you to anticipate things before they happen and react appropriately when they do. It is less about what you're doing and more about giving yourself enough time and space to respond to what other drivers are doing.
It's as much an exercise in caution as it is a disciplined practice. Here are 10 tips to help you become a more defensive driver, which will ultimately help to keep you safe, your driving record clean and your car insurance rates low.
Assume the worst – Right off the bat, set the expectation that other drivers won't follow the rules so you can give yourself enough space and time to adjust your driving appropriately.
Don't fight with nature – Drive for the conditions you have, not the conditions you want. Slow down in rain, snow and severe weather, put your hazards on when visibility is jeopardized and use your high beams when driving at night in dark areas.
Remain focused – Distracted driving is an increasingly fatal problem on our roads. Avoid distractions to optimize your focus and prevent potential disaster. This includes anything from leaving your phone alone (texting and using a device while driving is illegal in Ontario) to avoiding driving with your dog on your lap.
Know the rules – Pull over when an emergency vehicle is trying to pass, slow down in construction zones and when passing accident scenes, be mindful of school zones and speed limit changes, give cyclists enough space and so on. Refusal to do so is not only dangerous, but can result in serious fines.
Signal – Your signals are your way of communicating with drivers in other vehicles. Take advantage of your signals when changing lanes or directions and be mindful of the signals of others. Slow down when you see others put their blinkers on and give other drivers enough time to do the same for you.
Respect speed limits – This sounds obvious, but many drivers are guilty of speeding from time to time. Slow down to avoid penalties, tickets and collisions. Speeding tickets can have a big impact on your car insurance rates, not to mention being a dangerous practice in general.
Look ahead – Pay attention not just to what is happening directly in front of you, but also what potential hazards lay ahead. Allow yourself the time to get familiar with what's going on in the distance so that you have the opportunity to make changes accordingly.
Locate your nearest exit – When you get on a plane, it is customary to be asked to locate your nearest exit, and the same is true for the road. Have an escape plan so you can get out of or avoid a situation if needed. This includes things like not allowing yourself to get boxed in by other, larger vehicles on the road and driving in any lane but the fast lane (which is actually the passing lane, and typically located furthest from the exit). Mentally figure out your exits when driving.
Give enough space – A good driver gives other drivers enough space, to give you enough time to react if they make a mistake. Giving enough space is a safe driving practice in general, but it is also crucial to preventing things like rear-ending another driver and similar collisions.
Pay attention – Your eyes should be focused on the road, but they should also look around to ensure you're aware of your surroundings. Be mindful of drivers that are behaving aggressively and try to get away from them by slowing down or switching lanes when you can. Look for pedestrians, cyclists, animals and children that may also be on the road and give them enough space. Paying attention is truly your best defense.
There are a number of refresher courses out there to help experienced drivers become more defensive drivers, some of which may make you eligible for insurance discounts.
To find out more, contact your OTIP Broker today at 1-866-523-4111.


The Wooster Collective posted photos of Docteur Gecko's culture jamming, including his tattooing the pristine bodies hawking cars and goods. They write: "Three years ago, Docteur Gecko found a new way for 'hacking' advertising that you find in bus shelters around the world. What's unique about what Gecko does is that his modifications can only be seen during the night when the city lights the shelters. However, during daytime the ad modified seems to be untouched." Personally I like the models after the retouch!