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UVA Dean Alex Hernandez to Become President of Champlain College
School of Continuing and Professional Studies Dean Alex Hernandez will leave after the academic year to become president of Champlain College in Vermont. (Photo by Dan Addison, University Communications)
Rob Seal, rseal@virginia.edu
Alejandro "Alex" Hernandez, dean of the University of Virginia's School of Continuing and Professional Studies, will be the next president of Champlain College in Burlington, Vermont, the school announced today.
Hernandez, who is also UVA's vice provost of online learning, joins Champlain as the college's 10th president after the 2021-22 school year.
He joined UVA in fall 2018 and led the school through a period of profound transformation and growth. SCPS serves mostly adult, part-time students through a variety of online programs that combine UVA's strength in the liberal arts with practical, career-focused skills.
"I am humbled to serve as Champlain College's next leader," Hernandez said. "Champlain takes a career-driven approach to higher education that resonates with my own personal journey. However, I am truly sad to leave UVA and am forever grateful to our extraordinary team at the School of Continuing and Professional Studies and the many colleagues across Grounds who support our students."
During Hernandez's tenure, SCPS saw its largest-ever class of degree students in the Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies program, which allows students with some college to finish their undergraduate degrees online at UVA. Hernandez expanded access to UVA to diverse student populations who cannot attend school full-time due to other important life commitments.
Under Hernandez's leadership, the school also launched its first master's program – the Master of Public Safety – and entered into many new partnerships, including with companies such as Google and Univision. He also created new partnerships on Grounds, working with Dean Ian Baucom of the College of Arts & Sciences to create UVA Launchpad, a career-focused summer program, and UVA Edge, the University's first online program for adult learners with no previous college experience.
"Alex Hernandez has been a transformative leader for the School of Continuing and Professional Studies," UVA President Jim Ryan said. "He is a champion for educational opportunity and professional growth, and UVA has made tremendous strides in serving new populations under his leadership. His vision and energy will be sorely missed, but I am grateful for his contributions and heartened that he will continue to open the doors to higher education for many more students in his new role at Champlain College."
Hernandez has spent his career advocating for increased access to high-quality education. Before joining UVA, he was a leader at the Charter School Growth Fund, a national education foundation, where he built the nonprofit's Innovative Schools practice, one of the largest efforts in the country focused on personalized learning and career readiness.
Hernandez's career in education began when he left a job in finance to teach high school mathematics in Los Angeles. He later became an administrator for Portland Public Schools in Oregon and then an area superintendent for Aspire Public Schools in California. Prior to entering the field of education, he worked at Steamboat Ventures, Disney's venture capital arm, and at J.P. Morgan.
"Alex has been an exceptional and talented University leader," UVA Provost Liz Magill said. "As both dean and vice provost, he has brought an entrepreneurial, innovative and collaborative approach to all aspects of his work. These qualities will serve him well as president, and I look forward to following Alex's continued success as he leads Champlain College."
UVA will soon begin a national search for the next dean of the School of Continuing and Professional Studies.
"We will all miss Alex's entrepreneurial leadership and his commitment to building collaborative relationships within SCPS and across the entire University," said Allison Linney, a longtime SCPS advisory board member and advocate. "However, I am also confident that he has created a strong foundation in partnership with his incredible team of colleagues that will allow the next dean to both build on the school's recent successes and take it to even greater heights in the coming years."
Rob Seal
rseal@virginia.edu 434-982-5315
/content/uva-dean-alex-hernandez-become-president-champlain-college


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Hawke's Bay's sense of itself as a distinctive region has always been strong and a succession of institutions have been instrumental in supporting the regions desire to explore that distinctiveness. These include the Mechanics Institute (1859), the Athenaeum (1865), the Philosophical Society (1874), the Napier Society of Arts and Crafts (1924), Hawke's Bay Art Gallery and Museum (1936), Hawke's Bay Museum (1989, the Hawke's Bay Museum & Art Gallery (2006) and MTG Hawke's Bay (2013).
MTG Hawke's Bay History
Early Days, Early Roots
The Mechanics Institute and the Philosophical Institute were housed in the Athenaeum building, built in 1865; these groups had, as their core members, a number of individuals at the forefront of the colonial scientific movement including William Colenso, Henry Hill and Augustus Hamilton.
The leading minds of the Athenaeum are the ancestors of today's MTG Hawke's Bay the rich history of which is peppered with larger-than-life legends and heroic, colourful characters. Augustus Hamilton, employed as Honorary Curator of the Philosophical Institute in 1883, played a crucial role in the development and acquisition of its collections. Hamilton donated a significant private collection to the Institute that included New Zealand fauna; fossils; moa bones; Maori carvings from canoes and buildings; adzes; tattooing implements; needles and fish hooks. He later founded the Colonial Museum (now Te Papa) but had his first experience with museum collections in Hawke's Bay. William Colenso, printer of some of the most significant documents in New Zealand history, missionary, explorer and botanist, a freewheeling politician and controversialist, transcended his skills in botany and natural history to be recognised as a man of real intellectual distinction. He was a central figure in the Philosophical Society, an early incarnation of MTG Hawke's Bay.
The collection was largely assembled by Hawke's Bay Art Gallery & Museum Society, prior to the formation of the Hawke's Bay Museums Trust, Ruawharo Tā-ū-rangi (HBMT) who deposited them in the care of the Trust in 1989.
Objects are acquired for the collection through purchase and donation. Many people have given objects that they have owned, lived with, used and loved. Others have built up their own collections, enjoyed them through their lives before giving them to the Museum for future generations to enjoy and treasure. The result is a diverse collection of more than 100,000 objects and archival material. The nature of the items in the care of MTG Hawke's' Bay reflect the history of the institution, the individuals involved, and changes in collecting interests in New Zealand since the mid-nineteenth century.
The original members of the Athenaeum focused on collecting Maori and ethnographic objects along with natural history specimens. From 1936 the Museum pursued an open collection policy, accepting a broad range of objects offered to the collections. The 1940s saw the collection divest itself of its natural history collection and refocus on social history, fine and applied arts.
"We began with no income and experience but with plenty of ideas and ambitions." Leo Bestall
Leo Bestall, collection of Hawke's Bay Museums Trust, Ruawharo Ta-u-rangi, 15265
Out of the devastation of the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake came a heightened desire to create a fitting home for the region's artefacts and stories. Although the original Athenaeum building came through the earthquake unscathed, by 1936, the Hawke's Bay community had raised enough money to build the first section of a new Hawke's Bay Museum and Art Gallery.
Designed by prominent architect James Augustus Louis Hay (1881– 1948) the first rooms of this splendid Art Deco style building opened in 1936. Together with the new building, the gifting of three significant collections – the McLean collection, the Graecen Black collection, and the Williams family Waipare collection formed the basis of the new institution now under the directorship of Leo Bestall.
Leo Bestall had trained as an architect in Christchurch but had returned to Napier to join the family's drapery business. Throughout the 1920s he channeled his energies into becoming the driving force in the Napier Society of Arts and Crafts and by 1936 he was the obvious choice to head the new Hawke's Bay Art Gallery & Museum.
By the end of the Second World War Leo Bestall had focused the institution around New Zealand and British art and history promoting the need for an art gallery in the rapidly growing region. Bestall spoke of thinking of the organisation as 'a full museum in the miniature'. It was vital Hawke's Bay Art Gallery & Museum never acted like a 'small museum' and this attitude has driven subsequent institutions on the site.
Leo Bestall's reputation was recognised internationally as he became a frequent international traveller and active participant in the development of museum thinking. Soon the Art Gallery and Museums' position was further solidified by a series of generous bequests which enriched the collection. This included a significant bequest by the De Beere family that allowed the purchase of Renaissance by Roland Hipkins one of the leading lights of the fine art collection. Bestall travelled the world and brought back artworks and artefacts. Leo Bestall also spearheaded the construction of the McLean Gallery in 1937, the Gwen Malden Gallery in 1954, and the Holt Gallery in 1959. One month before the last of these opened, Leo Bestall died.
Leo Bestall's legacy is still apparent at the modern MTG Hawke's Bay. Bestall shaped the collections and defined the overall focus of the organisation. He introduced a fuller range of experiences for all visitors, including an active programme of music and the first children's museum. Under the stewardship of one of New Zealand's leading museum directors' professionalism, education and the collections themselves blossomed.
The original Hawke's Bay Museum & Art Gallery building still stands today and was extensively restored as part of the redevelopment project in 2013. Emilio Greco's sculpture Grand Baignante III (1957) affectionately known as 'the Bather' stands in the octagon foyer a memorial to Leo Bestall. The work was purchased in Europe in 1960s by art historian Peter Tomory with funds raised by the people of Napier as a memorial to their Director.
"Each museum has a personality and that personality should be pervasive." James Munro
Jim Munro, collection of Hawke's Bay Museums Trust, Ruawharo Ta-u-rangi, 2831a
As with many museums, the collections at MTG Hawke's Bay have been shaped by the personality of its directors. When Leo Bestall died in 1959, the Museum gained a new director in James Munro, and his personal passions began to add to the strengths of MTG Hawke's Bay.
Munro began his long association with MTG Hawke's Bay as a volunteer while Bestall was Director. He came from a background of engineering and administration rather than museology. It was his passion that led him to become an influential personality in the life of the Museum. His directorship was very different to that of Bestall's but they shared an unrelenting belief in the role of museums within communities.
His chief interest was in ceramics and although he concentrated his art-buying efforts on local works, his ceramic purchases gave the Museum an international collection of note. Munro was a great supporter of the emerging New Zealand crafts movement. Rather than relying on static collections, Munro introduced temporary exhibitions to MTG Hawke's Bay a legacy that continues to define the museum to this day.
James Munro's dedication to a broader role for Hawke's Bay Art Gallery & Museum led to the building of the Century Theatre in 1977 named for the centennial of the city of Napier. Designed by leading Hawke's Bay modernist Guy Natusch, of Natusch Shattkey & Co, the Theatre has played a key role in MTG Hawke's Bay and in the region, acting as both concert hall and cinema.
In 1980 James Munro was followed by Robert McGregor, who undertook the reshaping of gallery spaces, particularly at basement level, and the professionalisation of staff and policy. The collection grew significantly and staff began to see the potential in collecting Art Deco items to enhance the experience of the city itself. Under the influence of Curator David Butts the institution started to form closer relationships with local Iwi. In 1984 items from the collection were included in Te Maori which toured American institutions in the middle years of the decade.
However by the mid-1980s it was clear that the structures put in place to support the museum, which dated from the 1930s, were no longer coping and that something had to be done about the funding situation. In 1989 the Hawke's Bay Cultural Trust was formed to provide a single entity to run the Hawke's Museum and the Hastings Exhibition Centre under the leadership of Roger Smith. The governance structure had representation from Napier City Council and Hastings District Council and the Hawke's Bay Museum & Art Gallery (then reformed as the Friends of the Hawke's Bay Cultural Trust).
After ten years the Napier City and Hastings District Councils commissioned a review to investigate possible future directions of the two institutions. A consultation process followed and resulted in a new governance structure and constitution. However it became apparent that the renamed Hawke's Bay Museum could better benefit the community and the collection under new management, with the energy and direction that comes with a major change.
In 2006 the Napier City Council took over management of Hawke's Bay Museum. A new Director was appointed and the name of the institution changed to Hawke's Bay Museum & Art Gallery to reflect its integrated exhibition programme and its proud legacy within the city. The Hawke's Bay Museums Trust (Hawke's Bay Cultural Trust, 1989) was re-formed to become the organisation that holds the collections for the benefit of the community. At the same time the Hawke's Bay Exhibitions Centre (now known as the Hastings City Art Gallery) came under management of the Hastings District Council.
In July 2010 the Hawke's Bay Museum & Art Gallery closed as it embarked on a significant redevelopment project that would repackage the exterior to match the wealth within.
MTG Hawke's Bay is more than a museum, theatre and art gallery; it is realising its ambition of becoming a centre of thought-leadership through symposiums, conferences, film programmes, talks and debate. Today MTG Hawke's Bay embodies much of what its forefathers wanted it to be. Its William Colenso's home of ideas, Leo Bestall's full museum in the miniature, Augustus Hamilton's keeper of local taonga, James Munro's collector of New Zealand applied arts and crafts. And alongside this rich history, MTG Hawke's Bay is a trend-spotter, adroit at reinvention: responsive, smart-thinking and worldly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
import os
import subprocess as sp
from tempfile import mkstemp

def skip(g, *ks):
    for k, x in enumerate(g):
        if k not in ks:
            yield x

if __name__ == '__main__':
    tmp_req_f, tmp_req_path = mkstemp()
    os.close(tmp_req_f)

    sp.check_call(['pip-compile', '--output-file', 'dev-requirements.txt', 'dev-requirements.in'])
    sp.check_call(['pip-compile', '--output-file', tmp_req_path, 'requirements.in'])

    with open(tmp_req_path) as tmp_req_f:
        with open('requirements.txt', 'w') as req_f:
            for line in skip(tmp_req_f, 6):
                print(line.rstrip(), file=req_f)

    os.remove(tmp_req_path)

    sp.check_call(['pip-sync', 'dev-requirements.txt', 'requirements.txt'])

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Bullet In The Head
Bullet in the Head: Three best friends get caught up in the Vietnam war trying to make a quick buck. When a film starts off this camp and choppy, you know you're in for a rough ride. There's lots of slow motion (it's John Woo), namely people jumping away from massive explosions and/or leaping to the ground after being shot. There's also a ton of blood and violence, with continual bloodbath shootouts between, the CIA, Vientamese, Viet Cong, Chinese, Mercenaries and anyone else with a gun. What's most memorable about this film is that there's absolutely no glorification of war, and what normal people are capable of when pushed into a corner (except the slow-mo!). Some scenes will stick with you for a long time after. Contracting the brutality of war is the films overall feel and style; almost every element is overpoetic, oversentimental, and has dangerous levels of overtheatrical – laugh-out-loud – overacting. It should also be tried for crimes against editing, music and scripts. Another pet hate crops up: relaxed bonding in the middle of a hostage situation / shootout?!?! All the minus points are schoolboy, which is the biggest tragedy as the centre of the film was a memorable, powerful and moving story.
bitchslap
Bomb Disposal Fail
bottled!
box o' gold
Chestshot!
infinite bodycount
infinite bullets!
Jacky Cheung
Simon Yam
Tony Leung
Waise Lee
women falling over
喋血街頭
喋血街头


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Pompey and crassus relationship help
Plutarch • Life of Crassus
In 59, Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey concluded the First Triumvirate. The deal was confirmed by marriage; Pompey married to Caesar's. Marcus Licinius Crassus was a Roman general and politician who played a key role in the While Caesar and Crassus were lifelong allies, Crassus and Pompey disliked each other and . Some time later, when the Roman armies led by Pompey and Varro Lucullus were recalled to Italy in support of Crassus, Spartacus. B.C. - Caesar, Crassus and Pompey and The First Triumvirate another pair allied themselves only tenuously through marriage. but it was to help all three that the triumvirate was formed right around the year 60 B.C.
Bibulus retired to his home and did not appear in public for the rest of his consulship, instead sending notices declaring that it was a sacred period and that this made votes invalid each time Caesar passed a law. The plebeian tribunes who sided with the optimates also stopped performing any public duty.
The people took the customary oath of obedience to the law. However, on the day when they were to incur the established penalties they took the oath. In Appian's account it is at this point that the Vettius affair occurred.
He was arrested and questioned at the senate house. He said that he had been sent by Calpurnius Bibulus, Cicero, and Cato, and that the dagger was given to him by one of the bodyguards of Calpurnius Bibulus.
Caesar took advantage of this to arouse the crowd and postponed further interrogation to the next day. However, Vettius was killed in prison during the night. Caesar claimed that he was killed by the optimates who did not want to be exposed. The crowd gave Caesar a bodyguard. According to Appian, it is at this point that Bibulus withdrew from public business and did not go out of his house for the rest of his term of office.
Caesar, who ran public affairs on his own, did not make any further investigations into this affair. He did not say when this happened and did not give any details about the actual event. He wrote that Vettius accused these two men and Calpurnius Bibulus. However, Bibulus had revealed the plan to Pompey, which undermined Vettius' credibility.
There were suspicions that he was lying about Cicero and Lucullus as well and that this was a ploy by Caesar and Pompey to discredit the optimates. There were various theories, but nothing was proven. After naming the mentioned men in public, Vettius was sent to prison and was murdered a little later. Caesar and Pompey suspected Cicero and their suspicions were confirmed by his defence of Gaius Antonius Hybrida in a trial. Plutarch did not indicate when the incident happened either.
In his version it was a ploy by the supporters of Pompey, who claimed that Vettius was plotting to kill Pompey. When questioned in the senate he accused several people, but when he spoke in front of the people, he said that Licinius Lucullus was the one who arranged the plot. No one believed him and it was clear that the supporters of Pompey got him to make false accusations.
The deceit became even more obvious when he was battered to death a few days later. The opinion was that he was killed by those who had hired him. Vettius, an informer, claimed that he had told Curio Junior that he had decided to use his slaves to assassinate Pompey.
Curio told his father Gaius Scribonius Curiowho in turn told Pompey. When questioned in the senate he said that there was a group of conspiratorial young men led by Curio. The secretary of Calpurnius Bibulus gave him a dagger from Bibulus.
He was to attack Pompey at the forum at some gladiatorial games and the ringleader for this was Aemilius Paullus. However, Aemilius Paullus was in Greece at the time. He also said that he had warned Pompey about the danger of plots.
Vettius was arrested for confessing to possession of a dagger. The next day Caesar brought him to the rosta a platform for public speecheswhere Vettius did not mention Curio, implicating other men instead.
Cicero thought that Vettius had been briefed on what to say during the night, given that the men he mentioned had not previously been under suspicion. Cicero noted that it was thought that this was a setup and that the plan had been to catch Vettius in the forum with a dagger and his slaves with weapons, and that he was then to give information.
He also thought that this had been masterminded by Caesar, who got Vettius to get close to Curio. Fearing that Pompey might take charge in Rome while Caesar was away for his governorships see belowCaesar tied Pompey to himself by marrying him to his daughter Julia even though she was betrothed to another man.
He also married the daughter of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninusone for the consuls elected for the next year 58 BC. Appian wrote that Cato said that Rome had become a mere matrimonial agency. These marriages were also mentioned by Plutarch and Suetonius. The first was designed to relieve the publicani from a third of their debt to the treasury see previous section for details about the publicani.
Cassius Dio noted that the equites often had asked for a relief measure to no avail because of opposition by the senate and, in particular, by Cato. Caesar's influence eclipsed that of Calpurnius Bibulus, with some people suppressing the latter's name in speaking or writing and stating that the consuls were Gaius Caesar and Julius Caesar. The plebeian council granted him the governorship of Illyricum and Cisalpine Gaul with three legions for five years. The senate granted him the governorship of Transalpine Gaul and another legion when the governor of that province died because it feared that if it refused this the people would also grant this to Caesar.
Caesar believed that Clodius owed him a favour in return for not testifying against him when he was tried for sacrilege three years earlier see above.
Marcus Licinius Crassus - Wikipedia
In another passage Cassius Dio wrote that after the trial Clodius hated the optimates. As mentioned in the previous section, Plutarch wrote that Pompey had already allied with Clodius when his attempt to have the acts for his settlements in the east failed before the creation of the triumvirate. However, Clodius was a patrician and the plebeian tribunate was exclusively for plebeians. Therefore, he needed to be transferred to the plebeian order transitio ad plebem by being adopted into a plebeian family.
In some letters written in 62 BC, the year after Clodius's trial, Cicero wrote that Herrenius, a plebeian tribune, made frequent proposals to the plebeian council to transfer Clodius to the plebs, but he was vetoed by many of his colleagues.
He also proposed a law to the plebeian council to authorise the comitia centuriata the assembly of the soldiers to vote on the matter. The consul Quintus Metellus Celer proposed an identical bill to the comitia centuriata.
The whole senate rejected it. However, he was not elected due to the opposition of Metellus Celer, who argued that his transitio ad plebem was not done according to the lex curiata, which provided that adrogatio should be performed in the comitia curiata. Cassius Dio wrote that this ended the episode. During his consulship Caesar effected this transitio ad plebem and had him elected as plebeian tribune with the cooperation of Pompey.
Clodius silenced Calpurnius Bibulus when he wanted to make a speech on the last day of his consulship in 59 BC and also attacked Cicero. One re-established the legitimacy of the collegia ; one made the state-funded grain dole for the poor completely free for the first time previously it was at subsidised prices ; one limited the remit of bans on the gatherings of the popular assemblies; and one limited the power of the censors to censor citizens who had not been previously tried and convicted.
Cassius Dio thought that the aim of these laws was to gain the favour of the people, the equites and the senate before moving to crush the influential Cicero. Then he proposed a law that banned officials from performing augury the divination of the omens of the gods on the day of the vote by the popular assemblies, with the aim of preventing votes from being delayed. Officials often announced that they would perform augury on the day of the vote because during this voting was not allowed and this forced its postponement.
In Cassius Dio's opinion, Clodius wanted to bring Cicero to trial and did not want the voting for the verdict delayed. The latter, fearing that this could result in disturbances and delays, outwitted them by deceit, agreeing with Cicero not to bring an indictment against him.
However, when these two men lowered their guard, Clodius proposed a bill to outlaw those who would or had executed any citizen without trial. This brought within its scope the whole of the senate, which had decreed the executions during the Catilinarian conspiracy of 63 BC see above. Of course, the actual target was Cicero, who had received most of the blame because he had proposed the motion and had ordered the executions.
Cicero strenuously opposed the bill. He also sought the support of Pompey and Caesar, who were secretly supporting Clodius, a fact they went to some pains to conceal from Cicero.
Caesar advised Cicero to leave Rome because his life was in danger and offered him a post as one of his lieutenants in Gaul so that his departure would not be dishonourable. Pompey advised him that to leave would be an act of desertion and that he should remain in Rome, defend himself and challenge Clodius, who would be rendered ineffective in the face of Pompey and Cicero's combined opposition.
He also said that Caesar was giving him bad advice out of enmity. Pompey and Caesar presented opposite views on purpose to deceive Cicero and allay any suspicions. Cicero attached himself to Pompey, and also thought that he could count on the consuls. They assembled on the Capitol and sent envoys to the consuls and the senate on his behalf. Lucius Ninnius tried to rally popular support, but Clodius prevented him from taking any action.
Aulus Gabinius barred the equites from accessing the senate, drove one of the more persistent out of the city, and rebuked Quintus Hortensius and Gaius Curio. Calpurnius Piso advised Cicero that leaving Rome was the only way for him to be safe, at which Cicero took offence. Caesar condemned the illegality of the action taken in 63 BC, but did not approve the punishment proposed by the law because it was not fitting for any law to deal with past events.
Crassus had shown some support through his son, but he sided with the people. Pompey promised help, but he kept making excuses and taking trips out of Rome.
Cicero, unnerved by the situation, considered resorting to arms and slighted Pompey openly. However, he was stopped by Cato and Hortensius, who feared a civil war. Cicero then left for Sicilywhere he had been a governor, hoping to find sympathy there. On that day the law was passed without opposition, being supported even by people who had actively helped Cicero. His property was confiscated and his house was demolished. Then Clodius carried a law that banned Cicero from a radius of miles from Rome and provided that both he and those who harboured him could be killed with impunity.
As a result of this, he went to Greece. When Pompey and Aulus Gabinius remonstrated, he insulted them and came into conflict with their followers. Pompey was annoyed because the authority of the plebeian tribunes, which he had restored in 70 BC see above was now being used against him by Clodius. Pompey left and did not return to the forum while Clodius was a tribune Plutarch must have meant except for public business as Pompey did attend sessions of the senate and the plebeian council, which were held in the northern area of the forum.
He stayed at home and conferred about how to appease the senate and the nobility. He was urged to divorce Julia and switch allegiance from Caesar to the senate. He rejected this proposal, but agreed with ending Cicero's exile. So, he escorted Cicero's brother to the forum with a large escort to lodge the recall petition. There was another violent clash with casualties, but Pompey got the better of it. Titus Annius Miloanother plebeian tribune, presented the measure to the plebeian council and Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spintherone of the consuls for 57 BC, provided support in the senate partly as a favour to Pompey and partly because of his enmity towards Clodius.
Clodius was supported by his brother Appius Claudius, who was a praetor, and the other consul, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos who had opposed Cicero six years earlier see above. Pro-Cicero and pro-Clodius factions developed, leading to violence between the two. On the day of the vote, Clodius attacked the assembled people with gladiators, resulting in casualties, and the bill was not passed.
Milo indicted the fearsome Clodius for the violence, but Metellus Nepos prevented this. Milo started using gladiators, too, and there was bloodshed around the city. Metellus Nepos, under pressure from Pompey and Lentulus Spinther, changed his mind.
The senate decreed Spinther's motion for the recall of Cicero and both consuls proposed it to the plebeian council, which passed it. He hoped that Cicero would then no longer speak against the triumvirate. When the people began to make death threats, Cicero persuaded them pass a law to elect Pompey as praefectus annonae prefect of the provisions in Italy and beyond for five years.
This post was instituted at times of severe grain shortage to supervise the grain supply. Clodius alleged that the scarcity of rain had been engineered to propose a law that boosted Pompey's power, which had been decreasing.
Plutarch noted that others said that it was a device by Lentulus Spinther to confine Pompey to an office so that Spinther would be sent instead to Egypt to help Ptolemy XII of Egypt put down a rebellion.
A plebeian tribune had proposed a law to send Pompey to Egypt as a mediator without an army, but the senate rejected it, citing safety concerns. As praefectus annonae Pompey sent agents and friends to various places and sailed to SardiniaSicily and the Roman province of Africa the breadbaskets of the Roman empire to collect grain. So successful was this venture that the markets were filled and there was also enough to supply foreign peoples.
Appian wrote that this success gave Pompey great reputation and power. Cassius Dio also wrote that Pompey faced some delays in the distribution of grain because many slaves had been freed prior to the distribution and Pompey wanted to take a census to ensure they received it in an orderly way.
He then started proceedings against Milo for inciting violence, the same charge Milo had brought against him. He did not expect a conviction, as Milo had many powerful allies, including Cicero and Pompey.
Marcus Licinius Crassus
He used this to attack both his followers and Pompey, inciting his supporters to taunt Pompey in the assemblies, which the latter was powerless to stop. He also continued his attacks on Cicero. The latter claimed that his transitio ad plebem was illegal and so were the laws he had passed, including the one that sanctioned his exile.
And so clashes between the two factions continued. In the Life of Crassus, Plutarch wrote that a big crowd wanted to see him and men of senatorial rank and various high officials turned up.
He met Pompey and Crassus and agreed that the two of them would stand for the consulship and that he would support them by sending soldiers to Rome to vote for them.
They were then to secure the command of provinces and armies for themselves and confirm his provinces for a further five years. Therefore, he worked on putting the officials of the year under his obligation. In the Life of Pompey, Plutarch added that Caesar also wrote letters to his friends and that the three men were aiming at making themselves the masters of the state.
This was because Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, one of the praetors, called for an inquiry into his conduct in the previous year. Caesar went to Rome and put the matter before the senate, but this was not taken up and he returned to Gaul. He was also a target for prosecution by a plebeian tribune, but he was not brought to trial because he pleaded with the other tribunes not to prosecute him on the grounds of his absence from Rome. Lucius Domitius was now a candidate for the consulship and openly threatened to take up arms against him.
Caesar prevailed on Pompey and Crassus to stand for the consulship against Lucius Domitius. He succeeded through their influence to have his term as governor of Gaul extended for five years. They thanked him for gifts they received or asked for money or favours. Caesar, Pompey and Crassus agreed on the consulship of the latter two and the extension of Caesar's governorship.
In this version Lucius Domitius presented his candidacy for the consulship after Luca and did so against Pompey. In his version, instead, Pompey and Crassus agreed to stand for the consulship between themselves as a counterpoise to Caesar.
Pompey was annoyed about the increasing admiration of Caesar due to his success in the Gallic Wars, feeling that this was overshadowing his own exploits. He tried to persuade the consuls not to read Caesar's reports from Gaul and to send someone to relieve his command.
He was unable to achieve anything through the consuls and felt that Caesar no longer needed him. Believing himself to be in a precarious situation and thus unable to challenge Caesar on his own, Pompey began to arm himself and got closer to Crassus.
The two men decided to stand for the consulship to tip the balance of power in their favor. So, they gave up their pretence that they did not want to take the office and begun canvassing, although outside the legally specified period. The consuls said that there would not be any elections that year and that they would appoint an interrex to preside over the elections in the next year so that they would have to seek election in accordance with the law.
There was a lot of wrangling in the senate and the senators left the session. Cato, who in that year was a plebeian tribune, called people from the forum into the senate house because voting was not allowed in the presence of non-senators.
However, other plebeian tribunes prevented the outsiders from getting in. The decree was passed. Another decree was opposed by Cato. The senators left and went to the forum and one of them, Marcellinus, presented their complaints to the people. Clodius took Pompey's side again to get his support for his aims, addressed the people, inveighing against Marcellinus, and then went to the senate house. The senators prevented him from entering and he was nearly lynched.
He called out for the people to help him and some people threatened to torch the senate house. Later Pompey and Crassus were elected consuls without any opposing candidates apart from Lucius Domitius. One of the slaves who was accompanying him in the forum was killed. Fearing for his own safety, Clodius withdrew his candidacy.
Publius Crassus, a son of Crassus who was one of Caesar's lieutenants, brought soldiers to Rome for intimidation.
Pompey and Crassus were asked if they were going to be candidates for the consulship. Pompey replied that perhaps he was, and perhaps he was not. Crassus replied that he would if it was in the interest of the city, but otherwise he would desist. When they announced their candidacies everyone withdrew theirs, but Cato encouraged Lucius Domitius to proceed with his. He withdrew it when his slave was killed. Plutarch mentioned Cato's encouragement and the murder of the slave in The Life of Pompey as well.
Gaius Trebonius, a plebeian tribune, proposed a measure that gave the province of Syria and the nearby lands to one of the consuls and the provinces of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior to the other. They would hold the command there for five years. According to Cassius Dio, who held that Crassus and Pompey wanted to counter Caesar's power, many people were angry about this, especially Caesar's supporters, who felt that Pompey and Crassus wanted to restrict Caesar's power and remove him from his governorship.
Therefore, Crassus and Pompey extended Caesar's command in Gaul for three years. Cassius Dio stated that this was the actual fact, which implies that he disagreed with the notion that his command was extended for five years.
With Caesar's supporters appeased, Pompey and Crassus made this public only when their own arrangements were confirmed. They gave Caesar's command a second five-year term, assigned the province of Syria and an expedition against Parthia to Crassus and gave Pompey the two provinces in Hispania where there had recently been disturbances []the whole of Africa presumably Plutarch meant Cyrenaica as well as the province of Africa and four legions.
Pompey lent two of these legions to Caesar for his wars in Gaul at his request. However, they did not get far, due to popular support for the measures. Favonius was given little time to speak before the plebeian council, and Cato applied obstructionist tactics that did not work.
He was led away from the assembly, but he kept returning and he was eventually arrested. Gallus, a senator, slept in the senate house intending to join the proceedings in the morning.
Trebonius locked the doors and kept him there for most of the day.
Pompey and Julia - Livius
The comitia the meeting place of the assembly was blocked by a cordon of men. An attempt to pass through was repulsed violently and there were casualties. When people were leaving after the vote, Gallus, who had been let out of the senate house, was hit when he tried to pass through the cordon.
He was presented covered with blood to the crowd, which caused general upset. The consuls stepped in with a large and intimidating bodyguard, called a meeting and passed the measure in favour of Caesar. Some of the plebeian tribunes instituted a suit nominally against Pompey's and Crassus' lieutenants that was actually aimed at them personally.
The tribunes then tried to annul levies and rescind the vote for the proposed campaigns. Pompey was not perturbed because had already sent his lieutenants to Hispania. He had intended to let them deal with Hispania while he would gladly stay in Rome with the pretext that he had to stay there because he was the praefectus annonae.
Crassus, on the other hand, needed his levy for his campaign against Parthiaand so he considered using force against the tribunes. The unarmed plebeian tribunes avoided a violent confrontation, but they did criticise him. While Crassus was offering the prayers, which were customary before war, they claimed bad omens. One of the tribunes tried to have Crassus arrested.
However, the others objected and while they were arguing, Crassus left the city. He then headed for Syria and invaded Parthia. Plutarch also wrote that Caesar wrote to Crassus from Gaul, approving of his intentions and spurring him to war.
Because Cicero, grateful for his recall, no longer opposed Pompey, Cato became the triumvirate's main opponent. With bribery and corruption rampant throughout the Republic, Cato, who was elected praetor for 54 BC, got the senate to decree that elected officials submit their accounts to a court for scrutiny of their expenditures for electoral canvassing.
The latter's brother Gaius Licinius Crassus consul BC produced the third line of Licinii Crassi of the period, the most famous of whom was Lucius Licinius Crassusthe greatest Roman orator before Cicero and the latter's childhood hero and model. Marcus Crassus was also a talented orator and one of the most energetic and active advocates of his time. History[ edit ] Youth and the First Civil War[ edit ] After the Marian purges and the subsequent sudden death of Gaius Mariusthe surviving consul Lucius Cornelius Cinna father-in-law of Julius Caesar imposed proscriptions on those surviving Roman senators and equestrians who had supported Lucius Cornelius Sulla in his 88 BC march on Rome and overthrow of the traditional Roman political arrangements.
Cinna's proscription forced Crassus to flee to Hispania [9]. He stayed in Spain from BC. Here he recruited 2, men an understrength legion from his father's clients settled in the area.
Crassus used his army to extort money from the local cities to pay for his campaigns. He is even accused of sacking Malaca. He did not stay there long because of disagreements with Metellus. He sailed his army to Greece and joined Sulla "with whom he stood in a position of special honour". After almost a day of fighting the battle was not going very well for Sulla, his own centre was being pushed back and was on the verge of collapse when he got word from Crassus that he had comprehensively crushed the enemy before him.
Now, Crassus wanted to know if Sulla needed a hand, or could his men retire. Sulla told him to advance on the enemy's centre.
Sulla also used the news to stiffen the resolve of his own troops. The battle still lasted till the next morning, but in the end the Sullan army emerged victorious. And so Sulla became master of Rome. Sulla's victory and Crassus contribution in achieving it put Crassus in a key position. Sulla was as loyal to his allies as he was cruel towards his enemies and Crassus had been a very loyal ally. Rise to power and wealth[ edit ] Roman bust of Crassus in the Ny Carlsberg GlyptotekCopenhagen Marcus Licinius Crassus' next concern was to rebuild the fortunes of his family, which had been confiscated during the Marian-Cinnan proscriptions.
Sulla's proscriptionsin which the property of his victims was cheaply auctioned off, found one of the greatest acquirers of this type of property in Crassus: Sulla's proscriptions ensured that his survivors would recoup their lost fortunes from the fortunes of wealthy adherents to Gaius Marius or Lucius Cornelius Cinna.
Proscriptions meant that their political enemies lost their fortunes and their lives; that their female relatives notably, widows and widowed daughters were forbidden to remarry; and that in some cases, their families' hopes of rebuilding their fortunes and political significance were destroyed.
Crassus is said to have made part of his money from proscriptions, notably the proscription of one man whose name was not initially on the list of those proscribed but was added by Crassus who coveted the man's fortune.
Plutarch, in his "Life of Crassus," says the wealth of Crassus increased from less than talents at first to 7, talents.
Pompey and Julia
Some of Crassus' wealth was acquired conventionally, through traffic in slaves, production from silver mines, and speculative real estate purchases. Crassus bought property which was confiscated in proscriptions. He notoriously purchased burnt and collapsed buildings. Plutarch wrote that observing how frequent such occurrences were, he bought slaves 'who were architects and builders. Crassus assiduously befriended Licinia, a Vestal Virginwhose valuable property he coveted.
Now Licinia was the owner of a pleasant villa in the suburbs which Crassus wished to get at a low price, and it was for this reason that he was forever hovering about the woman and paying his court to her, until he fell under the abominable suspicion. And in a way it was his avarice that absolved him from the charge of corrupting the vestal, and he was acquitted by the judges.
But he did not let Licinia go until he had acquired her property. As a wealthy man in Rome, an adherent of Sulla, and a man who hailed from a line of consuls and praetors, Crassus' political future was apparently assured. His problem was that despite his military successes, he was eclipsed by his contemporary Pompey the Great who blackmailed the dictator Sulla into granting him a triumph for victory in Africa over a rag-tag group of dissident Romans; a first in Roman history on a couple of counts.
First, Pompey was not even a praetor, on which grounds a triumph had been denied in BC to the great Scipio Africanuswho had just defeated Hannibal 's brother Hasdrubal in Spain and brought Rome the entire province of Hispania. Second, Pompey had defeated fellow Romans, rather than a foreign enemy; however, a quasi-precedent had been set when the consul Lucius Julius Caesar a relative of Gaius Julius Caesar had been granted a triumph for a small victory over Italian non-Roman peoples in the Social War.
Pompey's triumph was the first granted to any Roman for defeating another Roman army. Crassus' rivalry with Pompey and his envy of Pompey's triumph would influence his subsequent career. Crassus and Spartacus[ edit ] Crassus was rising steadily up the cursus honorumthe sequence of offices held by Roman citizens seeking political power, when ordinary Roman politics were interrupted by two events, the Third Mithridatic Warand later, the Third Servile Warwhich was the two-year rebellion of slaves under the leadership of Spartacus from the summer of 73 BC to the spring of 71 BC.
Meanwhile, Pompey was fighting in Hispania against Quintus Sertoriusthe last effective Marian general, without notable advantage. Pompey succeeded only when Sertorius was assassinated by one of his own commanders. The only source to mention Crassus holding the office of praetor is Appian, and the date appears to be in 73 or possibly 72 BC.
Crassus offered to equip, train, and lead new troops, at his own expense, after several legions had been defeated and their commanders killed in battle or taken prisoner. Eventually, Crassus was sent into battle against Spartacus by the Senate.
At first he had trouble both in anticipating Spartacus' moves and in inspiring his army and strengthening their morale.
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Public Health Interventions Could Cut Global Burden of Hepatitis C
Package of prevention, screening, treatments could avert 15.1 million new infections versus 2015
TUESDAY, Jan. 29, 2019 (HealthDay News) -- Public health interventions can go a long way toward meeting World Health Organization hepatitis C virus (HCV) targets, according to a study published online Jan. 28 in The Lancet.
Alastair Heffernan, from Imperial College London, and colleagues developed a dynamic transmission model of the global HCV epidemic calibrated to 190 countries to estimate the impact of scaling up public health interventions.
The researchers found that 14.1 million new infections could be averted by 2030 using interventions that reduce the risk for transmission in people who do not inject drugs by 80 percent and that increase the coverage of harm reduction services to 40 percent of people who inject drugs. A total of 640,000 deaths from cirrhosis and liver cancer could be prevented if direct-acting antivirals are offered at the time of diagnosis in all countries. Compared with the 2015 baseline, 15.1 million new infections and 1.5 million cirrhosis and liver cancer deaths could be averted with a comprehensive package of prevention, screening, and treatment interventions, corresponding to an 81 percent reduction in incidence and a 61 percent reduction in mortality. These numbers would reach the WHO HCV incidence reduction target of 80 percent but would fall short of the 65 percent reduction target for mortality.
"This modeling work has shown that substantial progress towards global elimination can be made while greatly reducing the burden of new infections and premature deaths," the authors write.
Two authors disclosed ties to the pharmaceutical industry.


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Maryland researcher named to National Academy of Inventors: BTN LiveBIG
By Eli Kaberon, 3 years ago
In 2001, renowned biology researcher Rita Colwell chaired an advisory committee to the FBI and CIA to investigate the anthrax outbreak around the U.S.
Long before that investigation, Colwell – a Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies – was a pioneer in creating technology for use in scientific research; she was the first scientist to write a computer program to identify specific bacteria in a given sample. But it was during her time studying anthrax that it dawned on her that advancements in scientific technology could have a widespread appeal. She went about writing a computer algorithm that would read a DNA sequence of bacteria, viruses or fungi and identify them by name, helping her rapidly spot dangerous particles.
For those and her many other innovations in the world of science – identifying the aquatic bacteria responsible for cholera, for instance – Colwell was recently named a Fellow by National Academy of Inventors. She recently spoke with BTN about this honor and her current research: studying the impact changes to the environment can have on diseases.
BTN LiveBIG: You have received many honors and awards as a scientist throughout your career. How does it feel to be honored as a fellow by the National Academy of Inventors?
Rita Colwell: To be classified as an inventor is new, it's very enjoyable. I've always been cognizant of what we can do to apply what we can learn through science. So I think it's especially rewarding to be recognized for something that one does and has been doing, because the objective of actually helping people is so important.
BTN LiveBIG: When did you begin to realize you could invent tools to improve your own research? How did that change the work being done?
RC: I think it was more always an understanding that science could be applied to technology and what I was doing in the laboratory would have real-world applications. I'm a microbiologist, and the classic example of this kind of translated science to application is discovery of penicillin, which was an accidental observation of bacteria in a petri dish being contaminated by a fungus. So I think, for a microbiologist, it's not a terribly novel perspective to have that there are very good applications to what we do.
BTN LiveBIG: Where did the inspiration to write a computer program to study bacteria in drinking water come from? What type of impact are you seeing the research have?
RC: I think that it's the fact that I am trained and educated as a microbial ecologist. I'm fascinated by the role of bacteria and viruses and fungus and parasites in the environment. From there, it was an obvious step to work on understanding disease agents. I'm very pleased that I've been able to contribute a much better understanding, because it's become very clear to me that most infections are caused not by a single infectious agent, but by a mixture. And I think that's become both relevant and able to be studied only because we have the new tools.
BTN LiveBIG: You've seen an impact of climate change on the rate of cholera and other diseases. What steps should be taken to reduce its effects? What could happen if we don't?
RC: I think the important issue is how can we monitor this, and that's what led me to use satellite sensors to determine conditions that are conducive to disease. I also look at the impact it has on animals and, for that matter, agricultural crops as well. And we did that work right here the University of Maryland and I'm very proud of that. We worked in Chesapeake Bay and we were able to supplement our work with studies in Bangladesh, where cholera occurs every year, twice a year. And putting all this together, we found that the bacterium really exists through the environment, that's its natural habitat. It's a pathogen only because we ingest it. And then it occurred to me that if we had this evidence that the environment that played such a major role, we could measure the parameters of temperature and the relationship to planktons. So from there we developed models to use our sensors and satellites to predict conditions that were conducive or could lead to cholera breakouts.
BTN LiveBIG: How has the University of Maryland Institute of Advanced Computer Studies played a role in your research?
RC: It's been wonderful working here. My colleagues are wonderful people to work with. Plenty of freedom to rfollow my ideas, great support to students and working in the laboratory has been absolutely the best. I've been very lucky.
LiveBIG: Maryland
National Academy of Inventors


A lovely filigree cross is the centerpiece of this memorial Christmas ornament for that deceased loved one who's still a big part of your heart. This cross ornament is circular in shape and measures 3 inches in diameter. Made of glass, it includes a ribbon for hanging and the customization includes the name and dates of the deceased. Its lovely beveled edges provide an extra sparkle.


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deadfrog.net » Blog Archive » Elliot is 2 months old!
Elliot is 2 months old!
We visited a new doctor (family practice this time) for Elliot's 2 month checkup. He was a few days older than 2 months, but not quite 9 weeks old, and he is a whopper.
He weighed in at 15 lbs and 2 oz, and just about 25″ long. By manipulating data from WHO and the growth charts, he will likely be over 25 lbs before he turns 1. Even better than that, he's going to be at least 6'2″ as an adult. We'll see how accurate those charts are in about 18 yrs.
This entry was posted on Thursday, April 19th, 2007 at 7:08 am	and is filed under The Kids. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


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By Michael Rand
October 25, 2010 — 9:06am
Where. To. Start?
Well, might as well start at the top. Many of you might not remember this, but the Vikings season-preview special section in the Star Tribune for 2009 included two separate artist renderings of Brett Favre. One was a drawing of Favre the conquering hero. It had him in Minnesota, with sunshine in the background. He looked fresh, and he had restored glory to the franchise. That, as it turns out, was 2009. The other illustration was Bad Brett. He was beaten, bandaged, limping, with dark clouds over him. And he was getting run out of town. That, as it is starting to seem more and more, is 2010.
It seems crazy to say this after last season, but the Vikings' single biggest deficiency so far has been the play of their QB. The parallel between 1998-99 and 2009-10 is startling. Randall Cunningham, brilliant in 1998, was awful in 1999. He was benched in favor of Jeff George, who rallied the squad after a 2-4 start to make the playoffs, where they were subsequently steamrolled by the Rams.
The good news-bad news from where the parallel ends. First, the bad: There is no veteran with a big arm waiting in the wings to save this 2-4 season (unless it's Good Favre, but we'll get back to him). The good: There is no juggernaut-in-waiting in the NFC this year like the 1999 Rams. We will never count this Vikings team out until their eighth loss of the season. Just slipping into the playoffs some way, any way, would give them a very good chance to run the table.
That, of course, depends on Favre. Because as truly awful as he has been in many stretches – 10 interceptions in six games, a bunch of them just terrible decisions – and as much as he might wish right now that he'd never come back given the beating he's taken, the losses that are mounting, the (correct) scolding he's taking from his head coach and the off-field embarrassment he's enduring … even given all that, we can't imagine the Vikings turning to anyone else unless Favre is too hurt or somehow suspended. It's his mess. His ego and pride are legendary, for better or worse. You can question whether he's been fully invested so far. Now we'll find out how he wants to finish this thing.
*Percy Harvin coming down with one foot out of bounds is example No. 700 of how this year just isn't last year. It was so much like the Greg Lewis-San Francisco miracle that it's frightening. Desperation play, down by four, closing minute. Only this time, instead of both feet being improbably in bounds on the replay, the call is overturned and the Vikings lose a game that could have been a season springboard. Aaaarrrggggghhh.
*Brad Childress, please don't whine so much about the officiating. Calling it the "worst officiated" game he's ever seen is petty. It speaks to a coach losing his grip on a season that hasn't gone as planned. Yeah, the Visanthe Shiancoe overturned TD was terrible. And yes, those four points were important (though you can't just say the game would have been tied at the end of regulation had it been ruled a TD because that one play would have influenced every subsequent play. That's one of our biggest pet peeves in sports). Childress could have saved those four points himself, by the way, had he challenged Andrew Quarless' TD catch that made it 14-7 Packers. Quarless clearly didn't have control of the ball when he landed, and he looked to be out of bounds as well. It was a third down play. In any event, this game wasn't on the refs. It was on Favre. And …
*The front four. Favre is a glaring difference from this year to last year. Only slightly less blinding is the major step back the front four has taken in terms of a pass rush (and really run defense as well). The Vikings had 14 sacks of Aaron Rodgers in two victories last year. They barely touched him Sunday night. Overall, the pass rush has been non-existent this season. The reasons why remain a mystery – aside from opponents not trailing the Vikings so often, thus not being in obvious passing situations – but it's gone from a major strength to a major weakness.
*Bright spots: John Sullivan makes a huge difference at center, as was pointed out last night on the broadcast by Cris Collinsworth and has been harped upon constantly in e-mail exchanges by Drew Magary. … Adrian Peterson continues to be brilliant, and he and his fellow backs even picked up a few blitzes last night. … Percy Harvin produces momentum-changing kickoff returns, he runs the ball, he's tough in traffic – he's just flat-out a very valuable player, and he's playing at a very high level.
*Bottom line: We had a lot more angry things to say, but we're spent. The neighbors are probably wondering what terrible things happened last night, why we were saying unspeakable things about the "old man" and we'll just have to tell them it was a Vikings game, as usual. This thing is far from over, but we really believed that if the Vikings won last night they would have had a great chance to walk home with the division title. Instead, Wisconsin is celebrating a glorious sports weekend and the Packers are in command.
Perhaps our greatest flaw as a viewer is constantly believing in "if." As the RandBall Better Half said last night, "Every time there is under a minute left, and the Vikings are losing, and you still have hope, I worry so much that they are going to break your heart."
She's not wrong.
A Las Vegas professional gambler, real estate mogul and philanthropist who was convicted in an insider trading case said Wednesday he's grateful his prison sentence was commuted by former President Donald Trump.
Tomas Hertl's goal in a shootout lifted the San Jose Sharks to a 2-1 comeback victory over the St. Louis Blues on Wednesday night.
Lampley carries Sam Houston St. over Abilene Christian 64-57
Demarkus Lampley had a career-high 30 points as Sam Houston won its ninth consecutive game, topping Abilene Christian 64-57 on Wednesday night.
Derrick Alston Jr. had 21 points as Boise State won its 13th consecutive game, easily defeating Fresno State 73-51 on Wednesday night.
Wisconsin coach Greg Gard said his team was better defensively in the second half. That was a bit of an understatement.


The Virginia Indian Archive is a project of the Virginia Indian Heritage Program at the Virginia Humanities, which helps to redress centuries of historical omission, exclusion, and misrepresentation. The Program creates opportunities for Virginians of all ages, as well as visitors to the state, to learn about the history and cultures of Virginia Indian people and communities, past and present. It interprets Virginia Indian history and cultures in ways that are accurate, culturally sensitive and broadly accessible. Its benefits touch every citizen of Virginia, especially teachers, students and the tribes themselves through research initiatives, summer teacher institutes, grants, conferences, publications and partnerships.
Funded by Dominion Resources, Inc. and the Mary Morton Parsons Foundation, the project began in 2011 as an attempt to gather and record the many historic photographs in the possession of Native families, tribal archives, and museum facilities, so that the images could be preserved and digitally accessed. In addition to photographs, the archive includes maps, letters, treaties and other texts, as well as audio interviews and video programs collected from sources throughout the U.S. and beyond. Through this two-year project, researchers visit tribal communities to scan historic photographs and documents and collect oral histories from tribal elders and others. Staff collects historic images housed in archives and other facilities; gathers relevant documents such as treaties, court records, and letters; and builds audio and video programs such as the narrated slideshow, "A Place to Be Ourselves".
Every effort has been made to ascertain correct identification of both primary and secondary sources from which images have been obtained. Dates may refer to the date an image was published, at other times to when a photographer visited an area; in other cases, we could only assign a general time period. Despite our efforts, errors remain, and we welcome any comments, suggestions, or corrections.
Copyright 2018, Virginia Humanities and University of Virginia. All rights reserved.
Designed for use as an educational resource. Many images in this archive are protected by copyright. They are not to be used, duplicated or republished for personal or organizational profit.


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News Sports Obituaries Legals Nation / World
Lifesaving fire sprinklers left out of building codes
Shannon McNaught * Delaware
shannon.marvel@doverpost.com
Fires in residential structures with sprinkler systems do so little damage, the Delaware State Fire Marshal's Office doesn't keep statistics on them.
"Because if a sprinkler system goes off, a large, multi-alarm fire becomes a trash can fire and we're usually not called on that," said Delaware Assistant Fire Marshal Michael Chionchio. "Most times, with large, multi-alarm fires, there is a lack of sprinklers."
A study by the National Fire Protection Association found some type of sprinkler system was present in only about 10% of reported U.S. structure fires between 2010 and 2014. The same study found that fire deaths were 87% lower and property damage costs 30% less if there was a sprinkler system.
"Home fire sprinklers are like having the fire department sitting in your living room, waiting for a fire to occur," said Chionchio. "You just can't beat that, if you ask me. The number one thing to save your life, and firefighters', I would say, is fire sprinklers."
Despite the fact that international standards call for fire sprinklers in all newly-built homes, Delaware has not adopted the safety measure.
The International Residential Code is used by 49 states and made home fire sprinklers a standard in 2009. However, all but California, Maryland and the District of Columbia have removed the requirement. The one place here where fire sprinklers are required in new homes is in Newark.
The farthest Delaware legislation has gone is requiring builders to give homebuyers cost estimates for sprinklers, and requiring the fire marshal's office to send homebuyers information on sprinkler benefits. Gov. Jack Markell signed that into law in 2015.
Despite this hesitation to mandate sprinklers, some places are finding other ways to encourage them. Seaford recently began offering discounts on building permits for properties including sprinkler systems.
The advocates
The Delaware Fire Sprinkler Coalition promotes including residential fire sprinkler systems in new-construction single-family homes. The coalition has about 30 active members and is chaired by Paul Eichler, a volunteer for the Dover Fire Department and a fire battalion chief for the Anne Arundel County Fire Department in Maryland.
"From the perspective of the fire service, one of our biggest goals with the outbreak of a fire is getting water on it," Eichler said. "A residential sprinkler system is designed to activate … very early on in the growth stages of a fire."
According to the nonprofit Home Fire Sprinkler Coalition, temperatures of between 135 °and 165 degrees cause the sprinkler to turn on. This early suppression means far less property damage, human injuries and fatalities.
"At those temperatures, a sprinkler head will activate in under a minute when a fire breaks out. Compare that to the arrival of a fire company, that can be, at best, several minutes," Eichler said.
Sher Grogg can confirm that. The 62-year-old recently moved to Selbyville from New York, which is where she was Jan. 19, 2015. That day, around 3:30 a.m., a fire started in her brother's 16,000 square-foot Annapolis, Maryland home. Her brother, sister-in-law and their four grandchildren all died in the fire.
"They were still hosing it down at three in afternoon when I got there. It burned down to nothing," Grogg said. "It smoldered for two days afterward. They couldn't even enter to find the bodies. It took them a week to find them all. It was a horrendous experience."
The fire was caused by a corroded electrical outlet that sparked the skirt of a Christmas tree. Because her brother's home was built just before Maryland's residential fire sprinkler requirement was enacted, it was not equipped.
Since that devastating day, Grogg has been a big advocate for home fire sprinkler systems. She speaks publicly on behalf of Common Voices. The nonprofit is made up of people directly affected by fires. They work to educate others on the benefits of fire sprinklers.
"I honestly had no idea fires are as fast as they are now," Grogg said. "In the 50s and 60s you had 17 minutes to get out. Now you have under three minutes to get out safely, without it going into flashover."
People inside homes when flashover occurs seldom survive. According to the National Fire Protection Agency, a flashover occurs in an enclosed area when all surfaces reach ignition temperature, causing fire to spread through the entire area simultaneously.
Widely-cited research done by Underwriters Laboratories in 2014 showed that newer homes burn up to eight times faster than older homes, largely due to the increase in the use of synthetic materials.
Installation obstacles
Cost causes most people to opt out of fire sprinklers in a new home.
However, the National Fire Prevention Association found that homes equipped with them average 7% savings on homeowners' insurance.
A 2013 study by the association found that the national average to install a home fire sprinkler system was $1.35 per square foot.
"When you finance that out over 30 years on today's interest rate, it boils down to pennies per day in order to protect your family," Eichler said.
But the builders of Grogg's new Selbyville home charged her about $10,000 for a sprinkler system.
"My home is about 3,600 square feet. I was quoted in the area of $4,000 by another fire sprinkler company, so they're marking it up," she said. "But I'd rather have than sprinkler than, say, a granite counter top."
Grogg was disappointed by her builder's failure to present fire sprinklers as an important option.
"I went through the whole sales pitch, chose the carpet, the counter tops," she said. "I was at the end of the menu and ready to sign dotted line when I said, 'Wait a minute, I want fire sprinklers in my home.' And they said usually people just sign this waiver, nobody wants them, you don't have to have them. I said 'No no no, I do want this. You need to present this in a totally different light.'"
There are more than 170 homes in Grogg's development and they start at prices around $400,000. According to Grogg, hers is the only sprinkler-equipped dwelling.
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