text:
Q: Nginx 302 redirect loop debugging I have more than 50+ location match directives in my web application nginx file. after making some changes, i am stuck with a 302 redirect loop on one location directive called /login. it keep redirecting to 302 /login and never gets out. is there any way in nginx directives that i can setup a breakpoint, a log, that from which location directives the request passes? so i get an idea that which is the faulty redirect or location source?
i dont think the debug log gives this information.
In short, what is the best way to Trace the request precisely and in very detailed way among whole configuration

A: Within each of your location blocks, add a header that's unique to that block. Using those headers you can work out which block is selected by Nginx, that can help you debug.
# Recommended
location / {
  add_header Z_LOCATION "home";
}

location /admin/ {
  add_header Z_LOCATION "admin";
}

You can use a single header name if you want to, but I wonder if rewrites or forwarding or such could obscure the path through the system so I don't do it.
# NOT recommended
location / {
  add_header Z_LOCATION "home";
}

location /admin/ {
  add_header Z_LOCATION "admin";
}

View the URL / page using Firefox with the Live HTTP Headers plugin, or "curl -i". The header you added will tell you which block(s) it hits. The advantage of Live HTTP Headers over curl is you don't need to keep issuing commands, Firefox will follow the redirects and show you the headers for each request / response.
You need the headers_more module in Nginx for add_header to work. You can check if you have it included with "nginx -V". If you don't it's relatively easy to build Nginx from source.
I found this technique incredibly helpful when I was learning Nginx, and getting my websites set up.

A: Why do you have 50+ location match directives?  The correct solution might be to use the map directive instead.
The correct way to debug the changes having unintended consequences is to do revision control of your changes:

*

*If a whole bunch of changes were made, and never tested in-between, then you can use something like git-bisect to find out the offending directive.

*If you already know the offending change, then carefully examining each part should reveal the issue.
However, based on the hostname from your screenshot, and examining the response of your server:
curl -v -k https://www.groupsitedev.com/login | & sed -E "s#^#`printf \\t`#g"
…
< HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily
< Server: nginx/1.13.3
< Date: Sun, 27 Aug 2017 02:21:44 GMT
< Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
< Transfer-Encoding: chunked
< Connection: keep-alive
< X-Runtime: 2
< Location: https://www.groupsitedev.com/login
< Cache-Control: no-cache
< Set-Cookie: _session_id=882afb51754b1cd5deef94cb65457625; domain=.groupsitedev.com; path=/
<
You are being redirected.

…, reveals that this issue is likely not related to nginx, and is likely performed upstream:

*

*it's very unlikely that you've modified the default nginx 302 handler to provide text like You are being redirected., which is not the default; and a redirect from an inefficient upstream is much more likely (nginx wouldn't provide such custom text (with a hyperlink) because it's inefficient to copy the URL multiple times like that, into a web-page that no modern browser will ever show up anyway)

*it's very unlikely that you've configured nginx to issue session cookies, all by itself; a cookie from your upstream is much more likely.
Thus, in summary, there is nothing to debug in nginx — the redirect is clearly coming from your upstream, which you've revealed to us nothing about.


text:
Home News UN Secretary General urged to stop treating nature as a toilet
UN Secretary General urged to stop treating nature as a toilet
GLASGO, Nov 1 – UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres urged to stop treating nature as a toilet, according to him, humanity itself "is digging its own grave."
The 26th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP26), organized by the UK in partnership with Italy, is being held from 31 October to 12 November in Glasgow. The session is attended by representatives of about 200 countries, including world leaders, experts and activists. The meeting of world leaders takes place on November 1-2. During the summit, it is planned to adopt a number of documents on reducing greenhouse emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.
"The six years since the signing of the Paris Climate Agreement have been the six hottest years on record. Our dependence on fossil fuels is pushing humanity to the brink of an abyss. We face a serious choice: either we stop it, or it stops us." Guterres said addressing COP26 participants.
"Stop killing yourself with carbon. Stop treating nature like a toilet. Stop burning, drilling and digging deeper. We are digging our own graves," he said.
As Guterres pointed out, the planet is changing before our eyes – from ocean depths to mountain peaks, from melting glaciers to incessant extreme weather events. The sea level is rising twice as fast as 30 years ago, the oceans are warmer than ever, and their heating is accelerating, he said.
The UN Secretary General stressed that humanity must adhere to the goal – not to allow global warming to exceed the level of 1.5 degrees Celsius.
"This requires more active mitigation measures (climate change – ed.) And immediate concrete actions to reduce global emissions (greenhouse gases – ed.) By 45% by 2030," he said.
The G20 countries have a special responsibility as they account for about 80% of emissions, Guterres said.
In his opinion, developed countries should make major efforts in this regard.
"However, emerging economies also need to put in more effort as their contribution is essential to effectively reduce emissions," he added.
The Secretary General called on developed countries and countries with developing economies to unite in coalitions capable of creating financial and technological conditions to accelerate the decarbonization of the economy and phase out the use of coal.
"Let us be under no illusion: if commitments are not met by the end of this COP, countries should rethink their national climate plans and policies," Guterres said.
"There is a lack of confidence and too much confusion about emission reductions and net zero targets with different values and different indicators. That is why – in addition to the mechanisms already established in the Paris Agreement – I announce today that I will create an Expert Group to propose clear standards for measuring and analyzing commitments on zero emissions ", – concluded the UN Secretary General.
big twenty
glasgow (city)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Cyso is the oldest independent managed hosting provider in The Netherlands, where quality, service and technical expertise are top priority. We have our own network and cloud platforms, based on VMware and OpenStack.
Cyso helps organizations achieve success, by keeping their websites, business critical platforms and applications online 24×7. We deliver reliable and secure custom hosting solutions and management thereof since 1997.
Cyso has a number of core values that form the bridge between the organization, her customers and her employees. These core values are embedded in our organization and represent what we stand for. They are reflected in everything we do and it is what our customers can expect from us.
Cyso stands for quality. We continually invest in the best (new) technologies and we use high-quality products to ensure the quality we desire for our services. We constantly trigger our employees to further develop themselves, so we can increase our knowledge and deliver the highest possible quality.
For us it's important to be involved with our clients and their development, so we can continuously anticipate changes that might occur in their situation. This enables us to service our customers with perfectly fitting solutions. We express the same commitment to our employees, because we invest in a great deal in personal development and teambuilding. We believe that motivated employees deliver better work and, therefore, better results to our clients.
At Cyso, security and protection of your data and online platforms are highly valued. We are independent and do what we promise, because we believe that the relationship with our customers should be based on trust and honesty. Clients can rest assured that their online business will be safe with us.
Cyso was founded in 1997 by Paul Bankert, Sven Visser and Tjebbe de Winter. Would you like more information about the men at the helm?
We're currently working with a staff of 40 passionate men and women to deliver the best hosting solutions to our customers each and every day.
Cyso has an open and informal working environment where employees can continue to develop themselves both personally and professionally.


With his Balmain army, the social media savvy designer has overseen global growth and a digital revolution at the historic house.
Appointed to the helm of Balmain in 2011 at the age of 24, Olivier Rousteing was the youngest creative director in Paris since Yves Saint Laurent . Known for his engagement with social media, the designer has over four and a half million followers on Instagram, making him the most followed French designer on the platform.
The French-born designer grew up in Bordeaux, moving to Paris to study at Ecole Supérieure des Arts et Techniques de la Mode. Graduating in 2003, he began his career as a designer at Roberto Cavalli , quickly climbing the ranks to become head of the brand's womenswear division. Rousteing was hired by Balmain in 2009 as a women's ready-to-wear designer, and worked very closely with the house's then creative director Christophe Decarnin who became something of a mentor to him. When Decarnin stepped down from the helm in April 2011, Rousteing was appointed his successor, becoming the second-youngest designer to head up an established French fashion house.
Rousteing uses Instagram to interact with his "Balmain Army" – a force of strong, internationally famous women including Kendall Jenner , Gigi Hadid , Kim Kardashian West and Rosie Huntington Whiteley. Whilst these women have all appeared in Balmain campaigns, Rousteing's personal relationships with them, partially broadcast on social media, have become just as – if not more – integral to the international growth of the company, and the emergence of a contemporary Balmain.
The French designer is consistently inspired by the strength of women, and aims to empower them with his bold designs. "A woman who is going to wear Balmain is a warrior," he told British Vogue. "The women I dress are powerful, they are strong, they are women who are going to change the world." Rousteing is also a strong advocate for diversity within the fashion industry, a mantra that chimes well with his international customer base. Rousteing is himself an inspiration to a number of aspiring designers, who, until recently, lacked a successful mixed-race role model.


4K 60 FPS recording or Super slow motion? Which of these camera features is more important to you?
With smartphones getting pretty even in power and screen quality nowadays, everyone is looking for ways to make their product stand out. We have the good old custom user interfaces doing a complete Android reskin, we've also got the ones that rock a pure Android experience and touting it as an advantage. Some are going well out of their way to add AI features where their usefulness is often questioned, and others will look into incorporating a ton of ways to securely lock your phone.
But the good old camera race is still ongoing. Nowadays, since everyone makes cameras that are more or less on par, and certainly above average, the rules of the game has changed — every extra feature counts as a plus over the closest competitor. The latest and hottest features we've got are 4K recording at 60 FPS — which is currently offered only on the iPhone 8, iPhone X, and Samsung Galaxy S9 (limited to 5 minutes) — and Super-slow-motion, which is found on the Galaxy S9 and Sony Xperia XZ2 / XZ1, capable of recording a short burst of 960 FPS for 0.2 seconds.
It's obvious that major competitors will work to quickly catch up to these industry leaders. What do you think they should focus on, though? 4K 60 FPS camcorders or making better versions of that Super-slow-motion?
Which camera feature is more important to you?
Samsung 4K 5min cap is crap. What is that about? I am assuming the cpu can't maintained its power for longer than that. iPhones 8/X have no such limitation, what gives? I shoot all my videos in 4k these days.
4k isn't encoded on CPUs. Those phones would crap out if it actually was. There are proper encode blocks on the SoC for doing this stuff, which uses fixed function logic actually etched on the die to carry it out, much much more efficiently than a CPU ever could. No, the restriction is due to Samsung being Samsung and restricting for no real reason. You can start recording just after the 5 min is over and keep doing that for an hour or more, and the phone will just do fine.
It's not the CPU per say. As a matter of fact most mobile SoCs have ISP (image signal processors) which grab and process each image. The S7 and S8's have no problem grabbing 4k video. But let's get real 4k 60 fps video is great, but is it that much better than 4k 30 fps? I will tell you this 4k 60 fps eats much more storage, and 4k 60 fps looks really good if you slow it down. But playing both 4k 60fps, and 4k 30 fps at regular speeds, I have a hard time telling you which is which. To me slowmo is better than 4k 60 fps video.
iPhones just limit storage. It's ridiculous to imply that's not more limiting.
I use none of them.
If the super slo-mo that Samsung used was higher than 720p, it might be just as important as 4K 60 FPS. I like to use camera functions that actually produce high quality results. Hopefully the super slo-mo will get better in future generations.
The Ability to Record MORE than 5 Minutes as well as the Ability to Record from Both Front & Rear Cameras Simultaneously for More than 5 Minutes.
With the 5 minute cap is the recording still continuous or do you have to actually have to hit the record button after each 5 minute clip?
Neither is important in the slightest. But slow-mo is at least something I might screw around with to amuse myself.
Would you rather have slow motion in post at 4k resolution or a short clip at 720p resolution. Give me the 4k @60fps all day. I don't care about the 5 minhte cap. I don't need to record a full length movie.
4K 60FPS! But I don't think Samsung has hardware limitations, considering how traumatic was it for them to deal with the whole Note 7 fiasco, they're seriously playing safe in every way possible, so much so that they didn't change the battery size at all for the S9 duo. I only chose Samsung even when if it has a 5 minute limit is because I just can't stand the iPhone's mono audio recording. Otherwise I would've gotten myself an 8 Plus for the limitless 4K 60FPS alone. And now the wait continues. 5 Days More!
I like the idea of super slo mo, but S9 quality what i've seen from YouTube is very bad. Haven't yet seen the Sony 1080p quality.
Xperia XZ premium Actullay better quality, but 1080P @960fps for 1 second only!.
It should have been 4k 60fps vs 4k HDR.
But you can shoot 4k@ 60fps without limit.
One the galaxy too, just not continuously. On the iPhone you run outta storage, on the galaxy, you do too, but just pop in another SD card. Both have pluses and minuses.
Exactly you can do the same with iPhone through iCloud, google photo or OTG.
That's an option, but in my case, it rather have it stored locally. Options are always welcomed though.
I don't determine which mobile to get by select camera features...the flagships today are all fine to use for mobile and all have their pluses and minuses.


A new ecourse is added every month, so please visit regularly, to collect them all.
These ecourses are in Software iPack format (.sip files). If you don't already have the Software iPack Player on your PC, you can download it here.
Simply activate the player and then select an ecourse in order to view it.


If you've been looking for a mental game of golf school then, Congratulations! Your search has ended. The 3 day Golf In The Moment class can transform your whole approach to golf (and to life).
offers you three days of hands-on personalised instruction.
You will learn the techniques of the Ishayas' Ascension meditation. This easy and powerful system will enable you to let go of the chaos in your mind and experience clarity, inner peace, and improved health.
Unlike most meditation techniques these can be used with eyes-open, which makes it perfect for golf. You will learn how to incorporate this into your golf game.
Many studies have shown that meditation practice reduces stress and increases happiness and positivity, so this has benefits beyond the golf course.
Practicing the Ishayas' Ascension requires no belief and it can be used by anyone regardless of personal philosophy.
You will be taught an effective yoga stretching routine. No previous experience is required.
You don't even have to remember the routine as you will leave with your own audio CD so you can play and stretch anytime you wish when you return home.
Many top golfers practice yoga as it offers an effective low-impact way to stay flexible, prevent injury and keep the body loose on the course. A tight body = less yards, a supple body = more yards.
I will also be sharing with you powerful yoga breathing exercises that will help you stay calm, alert and energised on the course.
You don't need to take part in the stretching part of the class, but it is there for you if you wish.
This class isn't just about theory, we take it onto the course.
On Days 1 and 2 we play 9 holes, and on Day 3 we play a full round of golf.
The courses we play will be dependent upon your ability, so there's no need to stress – we will discuss it before you arrive.
Cost: £695 (you can bring along a friend or two for only £395 extra per person). Maximum class size is 3 people to ensure quality instruction.
Fee includes all instruction, green and range fees, yoga CD, lunches, nutritious food and drinks for our golf time together.
Telephone Mahadeva on 0(44)7940-205625 to arrange your mental game golf school now.
If you can't make it to Scotland then contact me. I'm happy to travel.
© 2005 - 2015 Golf In The Moment. All Rights Reserved.


NCIS: New Orleans is an American 60 minute scripted crime television series, which kicked off on September 23, 2014, on CBS and is broadcast every Tuesday at 22:00. The show is currently in its 5th season.
CBS is yet to announce the renewal of NCIS: New Orleans for Season 6 as well as its cancelation. Sign up to track down the show's status and its release date.


text:
Cropel
monitoring software for all occasions.
Choose Cropel Hard Drive Diagnostic
Prediction of a device failure,
Clear presentation of S.M.A.R.T. data in charts,
Simultaneous monitoring of several storage devices.
Cropel works with
Windows XP, Vista, and Windows 7,
Regular hard drives,
Solid State Drives (SSD).
Download Cropel now
Cropel is designed to
Monitor hard drive health and predict a device failure based on the S.M.A.R.T. data collected.
Warn that the value of an attribute exceeds its threshold by displaying a message.
Read and display raw and normalized values of S.M.A.R.T. attributes for various data storage devices.
Display a history of normalized values for a S.M.A.R.T. attribute.
Give a frequency of values of some S.M.A.R.T. attributes either for a particular storage device or for all the devices of the same model and revision, depending on the attribute.
How S.M.A.R.T. monitoring works
S.M.A.R.T. stands for Self Monitoring Analysis, and Reporting Technology. It is a standard method used by regular hard drives (HDD) and solid state drives (SSD) to measure certain internal diagnostic parameters and report these parameters to the PC.
The notable parameters, referred to as S.M.A.R.T. attributes include
the number of defective or weak sectors on the disk surface,
number of worn-out flash memory cells on SSD,
the rate at which errors occur at the read heads, or during the transmission between a drive and a PC,
temperatures and G-forces.
The full list of known attributes is available here.
On the PC, Cropel Hard Drive Diagnostic software monitors hard drive health by reading, analyzing, and classifying these diagnostic reports, referring to centralized database to compare your drive with other drives of the same make and model. The reports are then filed in three categories: no problem, probable future failure, and imminent hard drive failure. The predictions become more accurate the longer you use Cropel.
Copyright © 2009 - 2021 www.ReclaiMe.com


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Fumbles, penalties, a missed field goal and two interceptions for Robert Griffin III in the quarterback's long-awaited return from injury.
It was an uncharacteristic performance by the Washington Redskins, one that could not be masked by a meaningless burst in the fourth quarter that made the final score respectable.
Washington couldn't have played much worse during the opening 30 minutes in a 33-27 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles on Monday night. The Redskins made only three first downs in the first half, Alfred Morris fumbled twice, and Griffin appeared to be shedding layers of rust every time he dropped back to throw.
The Houston Texans stormed back from 28-7 down to beat the San Diego Chargers 31-28 in the other game of the Monday Night Football double bill. Click HERE for the report.
The second-year star had been sidelined for eight months following knee surgery, but he wasn't about to blame the inactivity for a first half in which he went 5 for 11 for 53 yards and an interception to help Washington sink into a 26-7 hole.
After the deficit reached 33-7 in the third quarter, Griffin threw his second interception -- the first time he tossed more than one in a game -- and Kai Forbath botched a 40-yard field goal, matching his total of misfires all last season.
Although the Redskins made it interesting in the second half, the events before halftime spelled doom for the defending NFC East champions.
Griffin finished 30 for 49 for 329 yards -- decent numbers, but misleading because so much of those completions and yardage came after the Eagles had built a huge lead. Washington finished with three straight touchdowns -- the last coming with 1:14 to play.
In the first half, however, this is how Washington's drives ended: fumble, interception, safety, punt, punt, punt.
Shanahan wouldn't heap the blame on Griffin, and rightfully so. There were plenty of culprits, most notably Morris, who fumbled on Washington's first offensive play of the season and later mishandled a pitchout in the end zone that turned into a safety for Philadelphia.
On the positive side, Griffin's right knee took a pounding and he walked off the field without a limp.
'I think everyone wants to see me get hit and get up, and that's what they got to see,' Griffin said.
It's too bad, because the night started out with so much promise. With chants of 'RG3!' ringing around the stadium, Griffin carried a Redskins flag out the tunnel for introductions and took a knee in the far end zone.


Cook rice per package instructions, substituting 2/3 cup of water with coconut milk.
Separately marinate the mahi-mahi and vegetables in teriyaki sauce.
Grill fish and pineapple to your liking.
Sauté remaining vegetables in teriyaki sauce on high until tender.
Serve fish and vegetables on top of rice and garnish with green onions.


Unison has launched a campaign offensive against the British National Party (BNP) in the run-up to European, local and London Assembly elections.
The campaign, launched by general secretary Dave Prentis, who addressed the union's national black members' conference in Cardiff last week, will capitalise on its position as the biggest public sector union.
The 1.3 million-member union has sent members, elected branch reps and senior regional officials to visit community groups to listen to their concerns and discourage them from adopting a 'them and us' mentality.
The campaign is concentrating on Yorkshire, the West Midlands, London and the South West. The BNP has 17 council seats, mostly in the North West. Prentis will also write to all union members warning them against voting for the BNP.
The union's magazine Colour will feature articles on why the BNP is a threat to democracy, public services and tolerance. 'We cannot sit back and watch the spectacle of the BNP cynically claiming to be the party of the public services,' Prentis said.


text:
Thomasena Farrar July 5, 2020 July 5, 2020 Scattered Thoughts
Happy Sunday MMT Fam! I pray everyone is enjoying a safe holiday weekend. Here is week fourteen's virtual list featuring TV, online and streaming suggestions that you and/or the family can enjoy from home. Don't forget that events are also shared on Instagram and/or the MMT Facebook page throughout the week, so hit those hyperlinks and give me a follow!
Our friends at the Philadelphia Film Society are continuing virtual streaming offerings of newly released and recommended films, including titles like "John Lewis: Good Trouble" (trailer below), "Miss Juneteenth," and "Denise Ho – Becoming The Song." PFS is also highly recommending a podcast for all you Denzel Washington fans called Denzel Washington is the Greatest Actor of All Time Period, featuring W. Kamau Bell and Kevin Avery. Get additional information about all these events and more at the official website here.
The African American Museum in Philadelphia is offering two programs you can participate in virtually this week. The first is the exhibition "Through His Eyes: Youth Activism in the Civil Rights Era in Philadelphia," described as "an online exhibition that pulls from the Jack T. Franklin photographic collection at AAMP to explore." The exhibit is guest curated by AAMP's summer 2019 graduate intern, Rachel Nelson." Next up, is a Zoom-hosted program taking place this Thursday, July 9 entitled "The Way We Mourn: Discussing Black Grief & Memorials in Uncertain Times." Towson University social epidemiologist Sharon Jones-Eversley, University of Missouri grief specialist Tashel Bordere and Terry Funeral Home owner Gregory Burrell will compose a panel discussing community loss and recovery – that will be moderated by Inquirer reporter Cassie Owens. A memorial will immediately follow for Black lives lost, welcoming attendees to share the names of loved ones who have transitioned for a public remembrance. Both events are FREE and open to the public. Registration is required for Thursday's event, and a link subsequently will be emailed to registrants. Click the hyperlinks above or get additional information at the official website here.
World Cafe Live has a couple of free streaming events that you can participate in as well. The first is a Zoom-hosted Quizzo event – Virtual West Wing Quizzo – hosted by Chris Fish this Wednesday,July 8. West Wing-related costumes, Zoom backgrounds, and creative name names are encouraged. But space is limited, and tickets are more than halfway sold out, so don't wait to register. Tickets are $10 and all ages are welcomed. If you have any younger family members interested in writing, this next event is for them! World Cafe Live partnered Mighty Writers when the pandemic hit to offer young people a new way to be heard. Participants can hear snapshots from the unprecedented Spring project and chat with the artists about their work, inspiration, and lives at an event scheduled next Tuesday, July 14 at 5:30 p.m. ET. Mighty Songs for the Moment, A Poetry and Music Virtual Release Celebration will feature poetry and songs from 8 student writers plus World Cafe Live teaching artist Ami Yares. This virtual event is FREE to attend, but you must RSVP for the Zoom link. Additional information is available for both at worldcafelive.com.
Lastly, our friends at the Wizard World Virtual Experience have released additional schedule info as follows: On Monday, July 6 Georgia Hurst and Lucy Martin from the cast of "Vikings" will appear at 1 p.m. ET/ 10 a.m PT. Thursday, July 9, it's two memorable characters from Mel Brooks' "Blazing Saddles," Burton Gilliam and Rodney Allen Rippy, beginning at 1 p.m. ET / 10 a.m. PT. And on Sunday, July 18, four stars of "Sons of Anarchy," Dayton Callie, Michael Ornstein, Rusty Coones and Timothy V. Murphy, take the virtual stage at 1 p.m. ET / 10 a.m. PT. The live Q&A panels are FREE for fans to view (on Twitch, Facebook, YouTube) and submit questions in text chat. Separately fans may purchase live video chat sessions, recorded videos and autographs. During each session, the celebrities will participate in a free live moderated video Q&A, followed by one-on-one video chats, recorded videos and autographs that are available to purchase. Fans can interact with Wizard Entertainment, obtain info and purchase tickets at wizardworld.com/comiccon.
That's it for now family. If you come across any events you'd like to see shared, send me a note at info@musicmoviesthoughts.com and I'll review it for upcoming lists!
African American Museum in Philadelphia, Denise Ho - Becoming the Song, John Lewis: Good Trouble, Miss Juneteenth, Philadelphia Film Society, The Way We Mourn: Discussing Black Grief & Memorials in Uncertain Times, Through His Eyes: Youth Activism in the Civil Rights Era in Philadelphia, Virtual West Wing Quizzo, Wizard World, Wizard World Virtual Experiences, World Cafe Live
Previous MMT Recommends: 'What To The Slave Is The Fourth Of July?': Descendants Read Frederick Douglass' Speech
Next MMT Giveaway, Twitter Watch Party and AAFCA roundtable for THE HIGH NOTE


text:
\section*{Introduction}

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{./Fig1_v2.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:jetheory} a,b) Theoretical evolution of the fundamental and second harmonic envelopes, $|A_\omega|^2$ and $|A_{2\omega}|^2$. Dashed white lines: conversion half-periods during propagation, dashed black lines: in-coupled fundamental pulse, solid black lines: the resulting pulse at the output of the waveguide for each harmonic. c,d ) The phase of the fundamental and second harmonic. The fundamental forms plateaus of constant phase, and the second harmonic exhibits a phase that is independent of time. Spectral broadening is predominantly due to the femtosecond-scale amplitude modulations on each pulse envelope, which can generate coherent octaves of bandwidth.
}
\end{figure}

The generation of coherent supercontinua from mode-locked lasers is an increasingly important nonlinear process found in many modern optical systems\cite{Ye2005,Diddams2010,Picque2019}. Traditional approaches to supercontinuum generation (SCG) rely on self-phase modulation (SPM) due to $\chi^{(3)}$ interactions in highly nonlinear fibers or in nanophotonic waveguides, and typically require pulse energies on the order of 100 - 1000 pJ\cite{Dudley2006}. When used for carrier-envelope-offset (CEO) detection, these devices are followed by a discrete second-harmonic generation (SHG) stage, which frequency doubles the long-wavelength portion of the supercontinuum to overlap with shorter wavelengths and generate an $f$-$2f$ beatnote. Recent work has focused on simplifying the operation of these systems, both by reducing the energy required to achieve octave-spanning SCG and by integrating the SHG stage into the same nonlinear waveguide. Energy reductions are typically achieved by fabricating long waveguides that utilize the $P\propto L^{-1}$ scaling of the necessary power associated with $\chi^{(3)}$ devices, where $L$ is the length of the nonlinear waveguide; the current state-of-the-art devices operate with 10's of pJ\cite{Mayer2015,Krger2020}. Devices with integrated SHG stages typically use parasitic $\chi^{(2)}$ processes to achieve frequency doubling during spectral broadening\cite{Carlson2017,Okawachi2018,Hickstein2019,Yu2019,Okawachi2020}. This allows for $f$-$2f$ beatnotes to be detected from the output of a single nonlinear photonic device. All of these approaches to $f$-$2f$ detection typically produce a narrowband second harmonic, which requires the $f$-$2f$ beatnotes to be filtered down to a $\sim$10-nm-wide spectral window, thereby limiting the amount of detected photocurrent since only a small fraction of the available power spectrum is used. Recent work based on SHG in thin-film periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) nanophotonic waveguides suggested that these limitations can be overcome by forgoing $\chi^{(3)}$ processes entirely, and demonstrated the generation of several octaves of bandwidth using 10-pJ of pulse energy\cite{Jankowski2020}. However, to date, the mechanisms responsible for spectral broadening in this system have been poorly understood. We address these questions in this article.

We describe here a new approach to SCG and CEO detection based on saturated second-harmonic generation in a dispersion-engineered thin-film PPLN waveguide. In contrast to traditional approaches based on SPM, this process generates coherent octaves of bandwidth simultaneously for both the fundamental and second harmonic by introducing rapid amplitude modulations onto the pulse envelopes associated with each harmonic. Saturated SHG enables the generation of coherent octaves of bandwidth with substantially lower energy requirements than processes based on $\chi^{(3)}$ nonlinearities due to both the relative strength and the $P\propto L^{-2}$ power scaling of $\chi^{(2)}$ processes. Furthermore, devices based on this process can generate $f$-$2f$ beatnotes in the region where the spectra associated with each harmonic overlap. Remarkably, these beatnotes can remain in phase across 100's of nanometers of bandwidth, which enables efficient CEO detection without the need for narrowband filters. The physical processes studied here clarify the behavior of the devices studied in \cite{Jankowski2020}, and provide a set of design rules for SCG devices based on saturated $\chi^{(2)}$ nonlinearities.

This paper proceeds in four sections: \ref{sec:time},\ref{sec:freq}) We develop an analytic model of SCG by saturated SHG in the time and frequency domain, respectively, and verify this model using split-step Fourier methods. We then calculate the $f$-$2f$ beatnotes in the region of spectral overlap between the two harmonics and show that these beatnotes can remain in phase across broad bandwidths. \ref{sec:expt}) We summarize the design of the nonlinear waveguides under study and present experimental results, which exhibit good agreement with the theoretical approach established in Sec. \ref{sec:time}-\ref{sec:freq}. When driven with 50-fs-long pulses from a 2-$\mu$m optical parametric oscillator (OPO), these waveguides generate coherent octaves of bandwidth with as little as 4 pJ of pulse energy coupled into the waveguide. \ref{sec:scaling}) We discuss the scalability of this approach, both to lower pulse energies and to longer pulses. This approach to SCG exhibits favorable scaling laws compared to devices based on SPM, and may potentially realize SCG with 100's of femtojoules in cm-scale devices. However, the energy requirements to achieve an octave of bandwidth scale with the cube of the input pulse duration. Therefore, SCG and $f$-$2f$ detection using saturated SHG in nanophotonic PPLN waveguides is only practical when the input pulse duration is below 100 fs.

\section{Time-Domain Theory}\label{sec:time}
We consider the evolution of phase-mismatched fundamental and second-harmonic pulses in a dispersion-engineered nanophotonic PPLN waveguide in the limit where the field is sufficiently intense to deplete the fundamental and dispersion is negligible over the bandwidth of the pulses. This quasi-static model is motivated by several observations\cite{Jankowski2020}: i) previous experimental demonstrations have shown that the generated supercontinua maintain coherence for soliton numbers far in excess of $\chi^{(3)}$ devices, which suggests that the spectral broadening mechanisms may be different than an effective $\chi^{(3)}$ due to cascaded $\chi^{(2)}$ interactions \cite{BacheThesis,Desalvo1992,Conti2002}, ii) the observed relative intensity of the second harmonic violates the assumption of an undepleted fundamental associated with the cascade regime, and iii) the amount of group-velocity dispersion, $k_\omega''$, at the fundamental is too small to cause significant self-compression.

The coupled-wave equations for the complex field envelopes $A_\omega(z,t)$ and $A_{2\omega}(z,t)$ are given by
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\partial_z A_\omega &= \hat{D}_\omega A_{\omega}-i\kappa A_{2\omega}A_\omega^* \exp(-i\Delta k z),\label{eqn:CWE1}\\
\partial_z A_{2\omega} &= -\Delta k' A_{2\omega} + \hat{D}_{2\omega} A_{2\omega}-i\kappa A_\omega^2 \exp(i\Delta k z),\label{eqn:CWE2}
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where $A_\omega$ is normalized such that $|A_\omega|^2$ is the instantaneous power of the fundamental wave. The temporal walk-off $\Delta k' = k'_{2\omega}-k'_\omega$ and dispersion operators $\hat{D}_\omega = \sum_{j=2}^{\infty}\left[(-i)^{j+1}k_\omega^{(j)}/j!\right]\partial^j_t$, where $k_\omega^{(j)}$ represents the $j^\mathrm{th}$ derivative of propagation constant $k$ at angular frequency $\omega$, are both assumed to be negligible in the quasi-static limit treated here. $\Delta k = k_{2\omega}-2k_\omega-2\pi/\Lambda_G$ is the phase mismatch between the carrier frequencies of the interacting harmonics in the presence of a PPLN grating with period $\Lambda_G$, and $\kappa=\sqrt{2\omega^2 d_\mathrm{eff}^2/\left(n^2_\omega n_{2\omega}\epsilon_0 c^3 \mathrm{A}_\mathrm{eff}\right)}=\sqrt{\eta_0}$ is the nonlinear coupling, where $\eta_0$ is the conventional normalized SHG efficiency. In this quasi-static limit, Eqns.\ref{eqn:CWE1}-\ref{eqn:CWE2} may be solved for the instantaneous field intensity at each point in time using the Jacobi-Elliptic functions associated with continuous-wave SHG in the limit of a depleted pump\cite{Armstrong1962}. The local instantaneous power of the fundamental and second harmonic are given by
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
|A_\omega(z,t)|^2 = &(1-\eta^2(z,t))|A_\omega(0,t)|^2,\label{eqn:je1}\\
|A_{2\omega}(z,t)|^2 &= \eta^2(z,t)|A_\omega(0,t)|^2\label{eqn:je2},
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where the instantaneous field conversion efficiency is given by $\eta(z,t)=\nu(t) \mathrm{sn}\left(\kappa A_\omega(0,t) z/\nu(t) | \nu^4(t)\right)$. Here $\mathrm{sn}$ is the Jacobi elliptic sine and $\nu(t)=-|\Delta k/(4 \kappa A_\omega(0,t))|+\sqrt{1+|\Delta k/(4 \kappa A_\omega(0,t))|^2}$. $\nu^2(t)$ represents the maximum pump depletion attainable as a function of the local field amplitude $A_\omega(0,t)$.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{./Fig2_v1.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:jecomparison}Comparison of quasi-static theory with a full split-step Fourier simulation. a,b) Theoretical fundamental and second harmonic, c,d) simulated fundamental and second harmonic. The structure of the amplitude-modulated harmonics is largely preserved in the presence of moderate amounts of waveguide dispersion.}
\end{figure}

The Jacobi elliptic solutions found here bear many similarities to the sine-wave evolution that occurs during undepleted phase-mismatched SHG, namely, periodic oscillations of the fundamental and second harmonic power in $z$, and a maximum conversion efficiency that increases with increasing pump power. However, the Jacobi-elliptic functions saturate at high power, and the spatial period at which power oscillates between the fundamental and second harmonic, hereafter referred to as the conversion period, decreases as the local field intensity becomes larger. The conversion period varies across the field envelopes as
\begin{equation}
L_\mathrm{conv}(t)=2K(\nu(t)^4) \nu(t)/(\kappa A_\omega(0,t)),
\end{equation}
where $K$ is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. $K(\nu(t)^4)$ varies slowly for most physically encountered values of $\nu(t)$, e.g. $K(0)=\pi/2$ and $K(\nu^4)\approx 2.3$ for a pump depletion of $\nu^2 = 0.9$, and therefore the variation of $L_\mathrm{conv}(t)$ is dominated by $\nu(t)/(\kappa A_\omega(0,t))$. Fig. \ref{fig:jetheory}(a-b) shows the theoretical evolution of a 50-fs-wide sech$^2$ pulse in a 6-mm-long waveguide. Here, we have assumed a pulse energy of 4 pJ, $\eta_0 = 1000~\%$/W-cm$^2$, and $\Delta k = -3\pi/L$, where $L$ is the length of the waveguide. The dotted white lines correspond to the $m^\mathrm{th}$ half-period, $L_m= mL_\mathrm{conv}/2$, where even $m$ coincide with the local maxima and minima of the fundamental and second harmonic, respectively. Near the peak of the pulse the conversion period is the shortest and both harmonics undergo $\sim 5$ conversion periods as the field propagates through the waveguide. The oscillations of the power in the tails of the pulse asymptotically approach to the conversion period associated with undepleted SHG (equal to twice the conventional coherence length in this limit), $L_\mathrm{conv}(\infty) = 2\pi/|\Delta k|$. Remarkably, the power at the peak oscillates three times faster than in the tails of the pulse, which gives rise to a pulse shape with rapid temporal amplitude oscillations as each portion of the pulse cycles through a different number of conversion periods (Fig. \ref{fig:jetheory}, solid lines).

Using the same quasi-static heuristic, the Jacobi elliptic solutions can be shown to predict phase envelopes for the fundamental and second harmonic,
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\phi_\omega(z,t) =& \phi_\omega(0,t) + \frac{\Delta k}{2}\int_0^z \frac{\eta^2(z',t)}{1-\eta^2(z',t)}dz',\label{eqn:phase1}\\
\phi_{2\omega}(z,&t) = 2\phi_\omega(0,t) - \pi/2 + \frac{\Delta k}{2}z,\label{eqn:phase2}
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
respectively, and are plotted in Fig. \ref{fig:jetheory}(c,d) for $\phi_\omega(0,t)=0$. The rate of phase accumulation by the fundamental depends strongly on the degree of pump depletion, with large phase shifts accumulated at values of $z$ and $t$ that correspond to local maxima of $\eta(z,t)$. This behavior results in a saturable effective SPM for the fundamental, with the total accumulated phase plateauing across large time bins (Fig. 1(c)). The phase of the second harmonic is independent of time, and therefore can be neglected in the context of spectral broadening (Fig. 1(d)). These two behaviors suggest that the predominant broadening mechanism for saturated SHG is not effective SPM. Instead, the observed spectral broadening of the harmonics is dominated by the rapid amplitude modulations in time accumulated by each pulse.

We now verify this analytic model against a full split-step Fourier model, assuming a temporal walk-off of $\Delta k'=$5 fs/mm, and group velocity dispersion for the fundamental and second harmonic of $k_\omega''=$-15 fs$^2$/mm and $k_{2\omega}''=$100 fs$^2$/mm, respectively. These values were chosen to correspond to the temporal walk-off and group-velocity dispersion of the TE$_{00}$ waveguide modes of the waveguides studied in Sec. III. The time-domain instantaneous power, $|A_\omega|^2$ and $|A_{2\omega}|^2$, is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:jecomparison}. While the simulated pulse envelopes exhibit some distortion due to second and third-order dispersion, the key aspects of our Jacobi-elliptic approach such as the rapid amplitude modulations of the resulting pulses are largely preserved. Given this strong agreement, we now consider the spectral broadening of the harmonics.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{./Fig3_v5.pdf}
\caption{\label{fig:jepsd}a) Theoretical power spectral density associated with the field envelopes shown in Fig. \ref{fig:jetheory}. b) Beatnote photocurrent as a function of frequency and propagation length. The beatnotes periodically fall in- and out-of-phase with propagation length, with some lengths producing beatnotes that remain in-phase across 100's of nm of bandwidth. c) The resulting detected photocurrent oscillates for increasing propagation length due to the periodic re-phasing shown in (b)
}
\end{figure}

\section{Frequency-Domain Theory}\label{sec:freq}

Having calculated both the amplitude and phase of each envelope, we may now Fourier transform these envelopes to study the evolution of the power spectral density. While we cannot Fourier transform the fields obtained using Eqns. 2 and 4 analytically, we may gain several insights from the time-domain model that qualitatively capture the behavior of the generated spectrum. First, as noted previously, the phase of the two harmonics has a negligible contribution to spectral broadening, with $\phi_\omega$ forming plateaus of nearly constant phase and $\phi_{2\omega}(z,t)=\phi_{2\omega}(z,0)$ experiencing no time-dependent phase modulation. Second, we note that for $z>L_\mathrm{conv}(0)$ the number of local maxima contained in the instantaneous power of each envelope grows linearly with the number of half-periods around $t=0$ and loses two local maxima for every conversion period in the tails of the pulse ($t\rightarrow \pm\infty$). Therefore, the number of local maxima for each harmonic is given by $N_\omega(z)\approx 2z\left[ L_\mathrm{conv}^{-1}(0)-L_\mathrm{conv}^{-1}(\infty)\right]$ and $N_{2\omega}(z)=N_\omega(z) + 1$ for $z > L_\mathrm{conv}(0)$; both harmonics have one local maximum for $z < L_\mathrm{conv}(0)$. Since the instantaneous power $|A_{\omega}(z,t)|^2+|A_{2\omega}(z,t)|^2$ is conserved, each field envelope  effectively bifurcates into $N$ pulses with a duration $\sim \tau/N$, where $\tau$ is the pulse duration input to the waveguide (e.g. $\tau_\mathrm{FWHM}=1.76\tau$ for a sech pulse). Based on these observations we expect three behaviors in the frequency domain: i) a bandwidth $\Delta f$ that grows linearly for $z$ that satisfy $N_\omega(z)>2$ (or $z\gg L_\mathrm{conv}(0)$), ii) a constant bandwidth for $z$ that satisfy $N_\omega(z)<2$, and iii) the appearance of fringes in the frequency domain that become more finely patterned with increasing $z$, due to the interference of $N$ pulses in the time-domain.

The combined power spectral density associated with each harmonic, $|\hat{A}_\omega(z,\Omega)|^2+|\hat{A}_{2\omega}(z,\Omega)|^2$ is plotted in Fig. \ref{fig:jepsd}(a), for the parameters used in Fig. \ref{fig:jetheory}. The white dotted lines correspond to a semi-empirical formula for the spectral half-width based on the arguments made above,
\begin{equation}
\Delta f_\omega(z) = \Delta f(0)\sqrt{1 + (\bar{N}_\omega(z)/2)^2},\label{eqn:je_bandwidth}
\end{equation}
where $\bar{N}_\omega = 2z\left[z_\mathrm{NL}^{-1}-L_\mathrm{conv}^{-1}(\infty)\right]$, $\bar{N}_{2\omega} = \bar{N}_\omega + 1$, and $z_\mathrm{NL}=\pi\nu(0)/\kappa A_\omega(0,0)$. Here $\Delta f(0)$ was chosen to correspond to the $- 50$ dB level. Eqn. \ref{eqn:je_bandwidth} is a reasonable estimate of the spectral broadening due to quasi-static $\chi^{(2)}$ interactions; we numerically verified that the accuracy of this equation holds as we varied the pulse energy and phase-mismatch over several orders of magnitude. As the field envelopes evolve in the waveguide, the bandwidth associated with each harmonic is observed to be constant for $z\ll z_\mathrm{NL}$, and to grow linearly for $z\gg z_\mathrm{NL}$. Furthermore, the power spectral density associated with each harmonic exhibits interference fringes that become more finely patterned with increasing $z$, as expected from the qualitative picture discussed previously. We note here that the harmonics merge for $z>3.5$ mm, which enables $f$-$2f$ interferometry in the region of spectral overlap.

The beatnote power contained in each spectral bin is calculated using $2\mathrm{Re}\left(\hat{A}_\omega(z,\Omega)\hat{A}_{2\omega}^*(z,\Omega)\right)$. Fig. \ref{fig:jepsd}(b) shows the calculated $f_\mathrm{CEO}$ beatnote current as a function of frequency for the overlapping spectra. The beatnotes fall in- and out- of phase during propagation, and, remarkably, for a suitable choice of power or device length the $f_\mathrm{CEO}$ beatnotes can remain in-phase across nearly a micron of bandwidth. As shown in Fig. \ref{fig:jepsd}(c), this process causes the beatnote current obtained by integrating over the full bandwidth to oscillate depending on the length of the waveguide. In practice, the pulse energy used to drive the waveguide can be chosen to align a local maximum of the beatnote current with the length of the device. This process simplifies CEO detection by allowing the output of the waveguide to be focused on a photoreceiver with minimal filtering, while also improving the detected beatnote current by integrating the photocurrent over many comb lines.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Fig4_v3.pdf}
    \caption{a) Experimental Setup. (OPO) Optical parametric oscillator, (OBJ) metallic cassegrain objective, (OSA) optical spectrum analyzer. b) The experimentally measured and, c) theoretically calculated power spectral density as a function of input pulse energy.
    }
    \label{fig:Fig4}
\end{figure}

\section{Experimental Results}\label{sec:expt}

Having established the physical processes responsible for spectral broadening during saturated SHG, we now experimentally characterize SCG in nanophotonic PPLN devices. The design and fabrication of the devices studied here were reported previously in \cite{Zhang2017,Wang2018,Jankowski2020}, and we summarize the relevant aspects here. First, we periodically poled a 700-nm-thin film of MgO-doped lithium niobate with with 15 poling periods ranging from 5.01 $\mu$m to 5.15 $\mu$m by applying high voltage pulses to electrodes patterned on the top surface. This shift of 10 nm between consecutive poling periods corresponds to a shift of the phase mismatch of $4 \pi$. Fine tuning of the phase-mismatch may be achieved by changing the temperature of the waveguide. Second, waveguides are patterned using electron-beam lithography, and etched into the thin film using Ar$^+$ ion-based reactive ion etching. The fabricated waveguides have a top width of $\sim 1850$ nm and an etch depth of $\sim$ 340 nm, which achieve phasematched SHG of pulses centered around 2060-nm with a poling period of $\sim 5.11$ $\mu$m.

The experimental setup is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:Fig4}(a). The waveguides are driven using 50-fs-long pulses produced with a repetition rate of 100 MHz from a synchronously pumped degenerate optical parametric oscillator. These pulses are coupled into the PPLN waveguides using a reflective inverse-cassegrain objective (Thorlabs LMM-40X-P01). This choice ensures that the incoupled pulses are chirp-free and that the collected harmonics are free of chromatic aberrations. The strongest spectral broadening is observed for a poling period of 5.10 $\mu$m, such that $\Delta k L \sim 3\pi$. We record the output spectrum from the waveguide using two spectrometers: the near- to mid-infrared (600-1600 nm) is captured with a Yokogawa AQ6370C, and the mid-infrared (1600-2400 nm) is captured using a Yokogawa AQ6375. The results are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:Fig4}(b). The fundamental and second harmonic are observed to broaden for input pulse energies in excess of 100 fJ, with the two harmonic merging at the -40 dB level for pulse energies as low as 4-pJ. This observed broadening with increasing pulse energy is consistent with the quasi-static theory shown in Fig. \ref{fig:Fig4}(c). Furthermore, we observe a number of qualitative similarities between the spectra observed in theory and experiment. In particular, for pulse energies between one to five picojoules, the power spectrum of the fundamental exhibits a local minimum around the carrier frequency of the fundamental, 2090 nm. For pulse energies greater than five picojoules, this local minimum splits into two minima centered symmetrically around the carrier frequency, with a local maximum at 2090 nm. Similar patterns occur in the tails of the spectra; the spectrum of the fundamental forms successive local minima and maxima in the band between 1600 - 1800 nm with increasing pulse energy, and the second harmonic exhibits oscillatory tails between 1200 - 1400 nm. However, the experimentally observed second harmonic is much brighter than the theoretical predictions made here.

\begin{figure}[t!]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Fig5_v2.pdf}
    \caption{a) Experimental Setup. (APD) Avalance photodiode, (RF) Radiofrequency spectrum analyzer. b) Theoretical beatnote contrast as a function of wavelength and pulse energy. Based on this calculation, we detect the range from 1250 nm - 1800 nm (dashed grey lines) using a long-pass filter and an InGaAs avalanche photodiode. c) Measured beatnote power as a function of pulse energy. Orange circles correspond to experiment, and the dashed black line corresponds to theory. d) Measured $f$-$2f$ beatnotes, for a pulse energy of $\sim 10$ pJ.}
    \label{fig:Fig5}
\end{figure}

For energies $>$5 pJ, $f$-$2f$ beatnotes may be detected in the region of spectral overlap by filtering the light output from the waveguide and focusing it onto a photodiode (Fig. \ref{fig:Fig5}(a)). Fig. \ref{fig:Fig5}(b) shows the theoretical beatnote contrast output from the waveguide, $2\mathrm{Re}\left(\hat{A}_\omega(L,\lambda)\hat{A}_{2\omega}^*(L,\lambda)\right)/\left(|\hat{A}_\omega(L,\lambda)|^2+|\hat{A}_{2\omega}(L,\lambda)|^2\right)$, as a function of wavelength and pulse energy. The contrast is highest in the spectral region from 1200 - 1800 nm. Therefore, we detect $f$-$2f$ beatnotes by filtering the light output from the waveguide using a Thorlabs FELH1250 longpass filter, and focus this light on a MenloSystems APD310 avalanche photodiode. We record the RF beatnotes using a Rigol DSA815 RF spectrum analyzer with the resolution bandwidth set to 10 kHz. The RF beatnote power in dBm is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:Fig5}(c) as a function of input pulse energy. We observe oscillations of the beatnote power with increasing pulse energy, which is consistent with periodic re-phasing of the beatnotes predicted by theory (Fig. \ref{fig:Fig5}(c), dashed line). The beatnote current achieves a local maximum around an input pulse energy of 9.75 pJ, and we obtain an RF beatnote power of -65 dBm. Fig. \ref{fig:Fig5}(d) compares the relative intensity of the measured $f_\mathrm{CEO}$ beatnote with the $f_R$ beatnote corresponding to the repetition rate of the pulses for a pulse energy of 9.75 pJ. The detected $f_\mathrm{CEO}$ beatenote power is only 25 dB below the $f_R$ beatnote, even when the detected optical bandwidth spans $\sim$550 nm.

\section{Scalability of this approach}\label{sec:scaling}

In practice, there are two main considerations that determine how well this technique performs relative to conventional approaches, namely, i) the power requirements and ii) the pulse duration requirements necessary to achieve octaves of bandwidth. We first consider the energy requirements of SCG by saturated $\chi^{(2)}$ nonlinearities using Eqn. 1, and compare the resulting scaling laws against traditional approaches to SCG based on soliton fission in waveguides with $\chi^{(3)}$ nonlinearities. Eqns. 1 are scale invariant when $z\rightarrow s_1 z$, $\Delta k\rightarrow\Delta k/s_1$, $\Delta k'\rightarrow\Delta k'/s_1$, $\hat{D}_\omega\rightarrow\hat{D}_\omega/s_1$, $\hat{D}_{2\omega}\rightarrow\hat{D}_{2\omega}/s_1$, and $P_\mathrm{in}(t)=|A_\omega(0,t)|^2+|A_{2\omega}(0,t)|^2 \rightarrow P_\mathrm{in}(t)/s_1^2$. Therefore, an increase of device length by a factor $s_1$ correspondingly results in a quadratic reduction of the pulse energy necessary to achieve the same degree of spectral broadening at the output, $U_\mathrm{in}\rightarrow U_\mathrm{in}/s_1^2$, provided that the dispersion of the waveguide remains sufficiently negligible over the length of the device. In contrast, the nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation used to describe SCG in waveguides with $\chi^{(3)}$ nonlinearities is scale invariant when $z\rightarrow s z$, $\hat{D}\rightarrow\hat{D}/s$, and $P_\mathrm{in}(t)=\rightarrow P_\mathrm{in}(t)/s$, which exhibits a linear reduction of the energy required to produce a supercontinuum as the length of the waveguide is increased. While state-of-the-art devices based on $\chi^{(3)}$ nonlinearities have been able to achieve SCG with 10's of pJ using long waveguides, the quadratic scaling of the energy requirements associated with a $\chi^{(2)}$ process may enable octave-spanning SCG with 100's of femtojoules of pulse energy by rescaling the waveguide designs shown here to centimeters.

\begin{figure}[t]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{Fig6_v1.pdf}
    \caption{Theoretical broadening of a) a 50-fs-long, 4-pJ pulse, and b) a 500-fs-long, 4-nJ pulse. Dashed white lines correspond to Eqn. \ref{eqn:je_bandwidth}. For $z>>L_\mathrm{conv}(0)$ the spectra grow linearly with $z$, and achieve a similar output bandwidth. This cubic scaling of necessary pulse energy with input pulse duration limits this technique to pulses with a duration $\leq 100$ fs.}
    \label{fig:Fig6}
\end{figure}

We now consider the role of pulse duration by using Eqn. \ref{eqn:je_bandwidth}. In the limit of large nonlinear coupling ($\kappa A_\omega(0,0)\gg \Delta k$), or large $z$, the bandwidth grows as $\Delta f(z) = \Delta f(0)\kappa A_\omega(0,0)z/\pi$. Rescaling the input pulse duration by a factor $s_2$ reduces both the input bandwidth and intensity, $\Delta f(0)\rightarrow \Delta f(0)/s_2$ and $A_\omega(0,0)\rightarrow A_\omega(0,0)/\sqrt{s_2}$, such that power required to achieve a desired $\Delta f$ increases as $U_\mathrm{in}\rightarrow U_\mathrm{in}s_2^3$. The cubic scaling derived here is shown in Fig. \ref{fig:Fig6}, where the spectral broadening of a 4-pJ, 50-fs pulse is compared against a 4-nJ, 500-fs pulse, with each achieving a similar amount of bandwidth at the output. This cubic scaling restricts us to pulse durations on the order of $\leq 100$ fs simply because the energy requirements of longer pulses are impractical. Even a 200-fs-long pulse would require 100's of picojoules of pulse energy to achieve the output bandwidths demonstrated here, whereas similar pulse energies have already been used to produce $\chi^{(3)}$ supercontinua in LN nanowaveguides \cite{Yu2019,Lu2019}. While these limitations can be overcome by using longer waveguides or more tightly confining (and therefore more nonlinear) geometries, care must be taken to ensure that the nonlinear coupling is sufficient to produce octaves of bandwidth when using pulses with a longer duration.

\section{Conclusion}
We have established a theoretical model of supercontinuum generation based on saturated quasi-static $\chi^{(2)}$ interactions, and have experimentally verified this model by studying spectral broadening in PPLN nanowaveguides. In contrast with the effective self-phase modulation that occurs with cascaded $\chi^{(2)}$ interactions, here spectral broadening occurs due to rapid amplitude modulations across the pulse envelope of the fundamental and second harmonic. This process generates coherent octaves of bandwidth with picojoules of pulse energy, and produces $f$-$2f$ beatnotes that can remain in-phase across 100's of nanometers of bandwidth. This behavior simplifies $f$-$2f$ detection and improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the detected $f_\mathrm{CEO}$ beatnote since the detected photocurrent can be integrated over many comb lines. Finally, we use our model to derive a set of scaling laws that provide simple design rules for devices based on saturated $\chi^{(2)}$ interactions.

\begin{backmatter}
\bmsection{Funding Information}
National Science Foundation (NSF) (ECCS-1609549, ECCS-1609688, EFMA-1741651); AFOSR MURI (FA9550-14-1-0389); Army Research Laboratory (ARL) (W911NF-15-2-0060, W911NF-18-1-0285).

\bmsection{Acknowledgments}
The authors wish to thank NTT Research for their financial and technical support. Electrode patterning and poling was performed at the Stanford Nanofabrication Facility, the Stanford Nano Shared Facilities (NSF award ECCS-2026822), and the Cell Sciences Imaging Facility (NCRR award S10RR02557401). Patterning and dry etching was performed at the Harvard University Center for Nanoscale Systems (CNS), a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI) supported by the National Science Foundation. The authors thank Jingshi Chi at DISCO HI-TEC America for her expertise with laser dicing lithium niobate.

\bmsection{Disclosures}
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

\bmsection{Data availability} Data underlying the results presented in this paper may be obtained from the authors upon request.

\end{backmatter}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
ULIP Radio's Guide To: Electro Swing
Hello everyone and welcome to the first installment of a brand new guide to music, brought to you by ULIP Radio. The idea of this new blog feature is to impart upon you our diverse knowledge of music. Each guide will feature videos and lots of downloadable content for your perusal. The first guide that we have decided to share with you is for electro swing, a fairly new genre that is becoming increasingly popular, especially in Paris. Its as simple as it sounds really. Swing music mixed with modern house/hip hop/electronic production. First here is a brief history of how and when the electric swing genre originated.
Electro swing first arrived on the music scene in the mid 1990s. Although there were a few one-off hits, on the whole, at this point, the genre remained distinctly underground. Our favourite track that helped kickstart this new style of music is by an American two-man swing-hop group called Jimmy Luxury & The Tommy Rome Orchestra. The song we have chosen is called Cha Cha. The video is great and the song is so very catchy. We think it even featured in Oceans 11. A gold star for anyone who can spot Bernie Mac in this video. We double dare you not to like this song:
Just a few years later, this exciting new genre had trickled across the pond to sunny Macclesfield, where Andy Carthy, better known as Mr. Scruff, released his popular dance track, "Get A Move On". A faster paced take on swing music - with more of a house influence that Jimmy Luxury. Have a listen:
By the mid 2000s, electro swing was fast gaining in popularity. And in 2010, electro swing music charted properly for the first time in the UK. Gramophonedzie, a Serbian producer, shot to stardom with his irresistibly catchy song "Why Don't You". We're sure, here at ULIP Radio, that you've heard the song before. But in case you haven't. Here it is:
Electro swing has now become hugely popular across Europe and the rest of the world. The Electro Swing Club franchise that began in Berlin, draws in huge crowds. Their home in Paris is La Java, in Belleville. They host regular club nights dedicated to electro swing music, with burlesque shows, dancers and live music performances.
Now here's the bit you've all been waiting for. The links to all the free stuff. Our favourite electro swing DJ of the moment is Odjbox, an English producer. Have a look at his SoundCloud page. He has quite a few tracks that you can download for free.
Finally, here is a free song for you all to download. Its by Parov Stelar, an Austrian DJ who has really shaped electro swing into what it is today. It was his Etage Noir label that since 2005 has been releasing electro swing tunes. Stelar is often considered one of the founding fathers of electro swing. Anyway, enough musing for now. We hoped you enjoyed our very first musical guide. This song is called Baska Brothers. We hope you enjoy it.
Lots of love from Joe and Emma
Baska Brothers
Season of Hope
ULIP student Sam F O'Doherty (BA2) has an online repository for all of his published work, with regularly updated news on his most recent publication "Season of Hope" which is available to ULIP students at a discounted price. Contact him through the form on the webpage for more details
James Newton Chadwick @ Le Petit Augustin
Attention ULIP Students. This Friday at Le Petit Augustin (Metro: St Augustin/St Lazare) James Chadwick (BA2) will be playing a selection of his wonderful music from which, he hopes, you will derive aural pleasure. In essence, it would be fantastic to see as many ULIP students there as possible to support a comrade. For those of you who have heard James perform before, you will know what to expect. For those who haven't, James is an incredibly talented musician, singer and songwriter and this show on Friday is not one to be missed. Plus its free entry. What could be better!
Poyz and Pirlz
Parisian music, party and fashion house, Poyz and Pirlz are hosting a "Dre Day" on Saturday 18th Feb at the Bellevilloise, to celebrate the life and work of Dr Dre.
There's a very appealing line up including, Drixxxe, a prominent French hip-hop producer. But if the idea of a night of hip hop doesn't interest you, don't worry, because Poyz and Pirlz also have a fresh clothing line. Check out their online store.
New ULIP Radio Podcast!
Its bleedin' freezing. You're probably all at home. Give this a listen, it'll warm you up...
ULIP Radio Podcast - 04/02/12 by Ulip Radio on Mixcloud
New Music - Jungle VIP
Just thought I'd point you all in the direction of an up-and-coming UK Hip Hop artist, Jungle VIP, a.k.a. Louis Butler. I actually got the chance to interview Louis last summer for Roundhouse Radio in London. Here's a clip from the interview, where you can get to know a little more about him...
As you can see, Jungle VIP is making serious headway and quickly gaining recognition. You gotta listen to a man who's main inspiration is Nas. Anyway, here are a couple more videos for you. The first is his title track, "Jungle VIP", that uses a sample that you all should recognise. The second is a freestyle from a couple of weeks ago that really showcases Louis' talent. So keep your eyes peeled for the Jungle VIP in 2012!
Theme Park, Friends and Marques Toliver at La Fleche D'Or
So this was the gig that I advertised a couple of weeks ago. And it was an absolute corker. There was a great turnout from ULIP - 16 people came overall.
Marques Toliver kicked off proceedings with a lovely little set and even got down from the stage and went to perform in and amongst the crowd. Very soulful voice, talented violinist - good act. I caught up with him after the show and asked if he fancied performing for the ULIP Radio Live Lounge, sadly his schedule does not permit it. Another time!
Next up was Theme Park - the London based group. They were absolutely great. It takes a lot for me to speak highly of indie bands: just not really my kind of music. But Theme Park have converted me. Their songs are catchy and their live performance was spot on - even the normally subdued French crowd seemed to be enjoying themselves. I had a chat after the gig with Miles, the lead singer who tells me that they are recording their album - big news for all Theme Park fans. So watch this space. In the meantime, here's the music video to their best known track, Milk.
Theme Park were followed by 'Friends' a cheeky little pop band from Brooklyn. By this point, the ULIP contingent had put away a few beers and were fairly merry. This lead to some rowdy behaviour, heckling and removal of clothing. Anyway, mixed reviews for Friends, I felt that they would have been a better support act and Theme Park should have played last. However, it we came to a unanimous decision that the lead singer is sexy. That said, they were good fun to watch, and as Emma Goulden (BA3) pointed out - their songs weren't too long - which meant we didn't get bored. Anyway, Friends have been championed by Fearne Cotton on Radio 1, and her opinion is most definitely a valid one. So I will leave you with my favourite Friends track, its called Friend Crush. Here's to many more ULIP gig nights!


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Alexander Andrejew ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Alexander Andrejew (Pianist) (* 1983), russischer Pianist
 Alexander Fjodorowitsch Andrejew (1939–2023), russischer Physiker
 Alexander Ignatjewitsch Andrejew (1887–1959), sowjetischer Geographiehistoriker

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Let's be clear on something: Regardless of the content, those Democratic National Committee officials whose email accounts were hacked and made public are victims of a crime.
If federal investigators are correct and the Russians are to blame, it's an act of international cyberterrorism. So, before we dig too deeply into the emails, remember that this is potentially a foreign power taking action to affect the outcome of our nation's highest elected office.
That's not something that should be brushed aside because the emails contain scandalous material. Then again, maybe this is how nearly every Middle Eastern country feels about U.S. foreign policy for the last 50 years. But those are paragraphs for another day.
The immediate national media narrative questioned whether this showed the DNC was biased in favor of Hillary Clinton. That would be a problem, because, if the system works right, the DNC is the referee in the caucus and primary system, not an active player.
DNC defenders have argued that, while this loose talk was embarrassing, there is no evidence DNC officials took any specific action to use Sanders' religion (or supposed lack of it) against him.
This doesn't interest me as much as the idea that some high-ranking Democrats would consider using a whisper of atheism in an attempt to knock down a candidate.
Democrats claim to be the party of inclusion, tolerance and acceptance. Yet if their strategists are considering atheism as negative political leverage, I wonder just how welcome an atheist would feel in that party.
"There's definitely a cultural discrimination bias against atheists," said Russ Fulton, president of the Iowa Atheists and Freethinkers. "I don't know how many times I've heard somebody say, 'You can't be an atheist. You're a good person.'"
As pure political strategy, tossing atheists overboard makes some sense, at least in the short term.
Just 3.1 percent of Americans identify as atheists, compared with nearly 71 percent who identify as Christian, according to the Pew Research Center.
Certainly, the Republican Party considers those of deep faith, particularly evangelical protestants, to be a core part of its base, perhaps more important than financial conservatives.
Yet, if the atheists can find no refuge with Democrats, are they left to the void in major party politics?
That may change over time. A closer look at the Pew research shows evangelicals make up the largest slice of the faith pie, with more than a quarter represented. But the second largest group is those who consider themselves unaffiliated to any particular religion (23 percent).
Dennis Goldford, Drake University professor of political science, cautions that the so-called "nones" don't translate to voters who identify with atheists and agnostics.
However, pollster J. Ann Selzer, whose Selzer & Co. conducts the Iowa Poll, noted after the 2012 election that the reason Iowa swung to incumbent President Barack Obama was nonreligious voters.
Selzer's data, which she presented in a 2013 TEDx talk in Des Moines, showed Catholics went for challenger Mitt Romney by 14 points and protestants by 6 points. That comprised 88 percent of Iowa's electorate at the time.
What troubles me most about the leaked email is the gross discrimination inherent in its text.
I am not an atheist. Nor am I a Democrat or Republican, though at times in my life I have been registered as both.
What I am is a human being, just like atheists. They are also citizens of this country and deserve representation in their government and say in electoral politics.
I'm not evangelizing for atheism, if such a thing is possible. Nor am I saying America should banish religion or turn its back on its Christian roots.
I am saying that if you take the leaked email and sub in any other minority group for atheists, the Democrats would be taking a deserved pounding.
"Atheists are the last group of people in America that it is OK to hate," Ready said.
What a shameful statement it is for high-ranking party officials to act as if some group of people — no matter how small a demographic slice they might represent — can be used to incite fear and loathing against a candidate.
For these leaked emails, the news narrative has been that the Democratic power brokers rigged the primaries and caucuses for Clinton.
I argue that my colleagues have missed the real story: Democrats, the purported party of inclusion, practice the repugnance they claim to abhor in their opponents with an amoral win-at-all-costs mentality.


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Review: Google Nik Analog Efex Pro
When Google acquired Nik Software in late 2012, I was among those photographers who wondered what this would mean for the future of the software suite of plug-ins. Silver Efex Pro II, Color Efex Pro, Sharpener and the other plugins had become an integral part of my workflow. So, I not only wondered whether the plugins would continue to be updated but also would there be any new plug-ins in the future?
Well, it seems that both questions have been answered with the latest addition of Analog Efex Pro to the Google Nik Collection which gathers together 7 plugins for$149.00.
The new plugin that simulates a variety of cameras, films and lenses is not a revolutionary introduction. There are other plugins on the market that have covered similar territory. However, Analog Efex Pro provides a unique editing experience that complements the other apps found in the collection.
Uses similar interface and controls to other Nik plugins
Allows the application of multiple effects
Provides powerful global and local filter effects
Allows users to create and download custom presets
Frame effects cannot be rotated
Gear Used
27-inch iMac using OS Mavericks,
(from Google Nik Collection website)
Mac® OS X 10.6.8 through 10.8
Adobe Photoshop CS4 (CS5 for HDR Efex Pro 2) through CS6
Adobe Photoshop Elements 9 through 11 (apart from HDR Efex Pro 2, which is not compatible with Photoshop Elements)
Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 3 through 5
Apple® Aperture® 3.1 or later
Windows Vista®, Windows 7, Windows 8
Adobe Photoshop CS4 through CS6
GPU Compatibility:
NVIDIA GeForce 8 Series, GeForce 9 Series, GeForce 100 Series, GeForce 200 Series, GeForce 300 Series, GeForce 400 Series, GeForce 500 Series, ATI Radeon HD2000 Series, Radeon HD3000 Series, Radeon HD4000 Series, Radeon HD5000 Series, Radeon HD6000 Series, Intel HD Graphics 3000
If no compatible card is available, GPU acceleration will be disabled and the CPU will be used.
The user interface is very intuitive and will be very familiar to users of Nik plug-ins. The presets now called Cameras are located in the far left column. They include Classic Camera, Wet Plate, Toy Camera, Vintage Camera and Camera Kit.
Each camera effect consists of several different visual effects, each of which can be enabled, disabled or customized using the control panels on the far right column. The slider controls make it easy to increase/decrease the effect of each enhancement on the photograph.
The large preview window allows user to see the impact of the effect as well as before/after comparison windows.
Some filters such as the bokeh filter allow users to isolate the the sharpness/bur within the image simulating the effect of a tilt/shift lens or camera.
Real Life Applications
Though there have been several film-inspired plugins, I have not fully embraced them as part of my workflow. I didn't favor those applications where you were locked into a preset or where it was difficult to customize it to my own personal taste. Analog Efex Pro doesn't suffer from that problem for the most part.
The power of the camera presets lies in the ability to control the multiple effect that make up that particular look. The effects found on the right column are configured in a layer-like effect. So, you can not completely disable an effect but also customize it. This is especially important because a canned preset it not going to work with every image.
The Camera Kit control allows you to not only add an effect to a Camera preset, but it also allows you to create a unique look entirely from scratch, which can be easily saved as a user preset.
Extra Image Samples
For owners of the Google Nik Collection, the new plug-in will be automatically uploaded with their next update and we believe that many users will enjoy this latest addition to the suite. For users who haven't invested in the collection, Analog Efex Pro may not be reason enough to invest in the software, but there is little doubt that it's a fun and impressive addition.
It was fascinating to discover how much more I could do with images that I'd processed in a more straight-forward way. Largely because I was able to customize the look, the final results felt as if they truly enhanced the image, rather than simply slapping on an effect for effect's sake.
If there is one thing that I hope is fixed in a future update, it's the inability to flip or rotate the frames effect. It helps to increase the diversity of the look of images and would call less attention to the same frame being used repeatedly.
Analog Efex Pro is a welcome addition to the Nik Collection and many users will enjoy discovering how the plugin will allow them to explore what more is possible with their digital photographs when interpreted in an analog way.
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Low Profile and Standard Dip Plug Connector Assembly Machine - Adapt Automation Inc.
This machine automatically assembles the contact pins in Standard or Low Profile Dip Plug Connectors. The contacts are automatically advanced, cut-off from the carrier strip and inserted into the plastic housing, which is automatically fed from a feeder bowl into an escapement and transferred into the machine. This gang loading type of operation has a very high hourly output while it is a relatively slow speed machine compared to a "stitching" insertion machine.
FEEDER BOWL – 18 inch cast aluminum bowl, custom tooled.
SCRAP CUTTERS – are included with carrier strip, scrap pieces collected in a bin for ease of handling.
CYCLE RATE – Ten (10) parts per minute with contacts spaced on double the cavity spacing and twenty (20) per minute for contacts spaced on insulator cavity spacing.
MACHINE CONTROL – Separate main circuit breaker, panel with power on/off switch, 14 or 16 pin selector switch, single cycle/automatic/jog selector switch, start/jog button, stop button, emergency stop, separate feeder bowl controls.
MAGAZINE – Automatic loading of assembled unit into storage and/or handling tube for protection against damage, optional. This system includes a dual magazine holding slide with automatic shuttle on full command. Magazines can be replaced while equipment is running.


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Mio Technology — тайваньский  производитель потребительской электроники, принадлежащий корпорации MiTAC International Corporation. Под международной торговой маркой Mio выпускается техника для автомобилей: видеорегистраторы, радар-детекторы, навигационные устройства GPS.

Штаб-квартира компании расположения в г. Тайбэй. Устройства Mio продаются в 56 странах мира, в том числе России, странах Европы и Северной Америки, Австралии, Японии и Южной Корее. Общая численность сотрудников во всем мире превышает 1700 человек.

История

2002 год – основание компании.

2004 год – выпуск первого карманного ПК с GPS Mitac Mio 168. Компания выходит на третье место по доле мирового рынка мобильных устройств с GPS  после Hewlett-Packard и PalmOne.

2005 год – выпуск Mio DigiWalker 269, первого в мире КПК с GPS и встроенным жестким диском.

2006 год – выпуск Mitaс Mio A700/A701, один из первых GSM-коммуникаторов на базе Windows Mobile.

2006 год – выход компании на Российский рынок.

2007 год – поглощение компанией MiTAC австралийского GPS-бренда Navman.

2008 год – глобальная смена имиджа и стратегии марки. Появление линейки навигаторов Mio Moov с предустановленными локальными сервисами GPS-поиска.

2009 год – поглощение компанией MiTAC американского GPS-бренда Magellan.

2011 год – выпуск первого видеорегистратора серии Mio MiVue.

2013 год – открытие «горячей линии» в рамках сервисного обслуживания российских потребителей.

2014 год – выпуск первой линейки радар-детекторов Mio MiRaD.

2015 год – открытие сети сервисных центров в Центральном, Приволжском, Дальневосточном, Сибирском и Южном федеральных округах России.

Продукция

Автомобильные видеорегистраторы:

 Серия MiVue 6xx – компактные видеорегистраторы с дисплеями 2,7 дюйма и модулем GPS.

 Серия MiVue 5xx – линейка в «квадратном» дизайне.

 Водонепроницаемый экшн-видеорегистратор Mio MiVue M300.

 Видеорегистратор в форме зеркала заднего вида Mio MiVue R25.

Радар-детекторы Mio MiRaD:

 Серия MiRaD 13xx – радар-детекторы, распознающие большинство камер контроля скорости и работающие в 4 режимах (3 городских и 1 для трассы).

 Серия MiRaD 8xx – первая линейка радар-детекторов производителя.

Награды и достижения

Примечания

Ссылки
 Международный сайт компании

 Русскоязычный сайт компании

Компании Тайбэя


One of the biggest blockbusters in recent times, 'Thalapathy' Vijay's Sarkar released last year went on to garner over 250 crores in worldwide box office collections. An A. R. Murugadoss directorial, the action political drama was produced under the Sun Pictures banner and featured chartbuster music by Academy Award-winning composer with Keerthy Suresh as the female lead followed by Varalaxmi Sarathkumar, Radha Ravi and Pala. Karuppiah as the antagonists and Yogi Babu in a supporting role.
Meanwhile, the teaser for Sarkar that came out last year was one of the most viewed in recent times with over 36 million views and is still going strong. That said, it has now achieved a new milestone crossing over 1.5 million Likes on YouTube and is now the first Tamil teaser/trailer to set this benchmark in India.
Sarkar continues to be one of the most discusses films even after a couple of months and is officially the sixth film in Vijay's career to enter in the 100 crore club.


Ask what folks are up to this time of year and you may hear about a day at the beach, a weekend getaway, or a week "upta camp". But what are we farmers doing? Everything's growing, right? Isn't this is a time for farmers to sit back?
With warm temperatures, lots of sun, and weekly rain, everything is growing like crazy, including the weeds. So what are we up to at Pietree? Now that most of the major planting is completed, tractors are mowing. We're trellising tomatoes to support the swelling fruit and hilling potatoes. We are pulling strawberry blossoms from new plants, just as we remove blossoms from young apple trees in the spring, so that the whole plant puts its energy into healthy roots. Every field benefits from weeding.
Whole crops or significant parts of crops can be lost to weeds. We try and maintain our fields with as little spraying as possible. Yet in two of the fields we underestimated just how critical that first year of establishment was for the strawberry plants (we didn't weed like we should have), and have lost those two fields to weeds. Having learned our lesson, we are diligently weeding and tending the newly planted fields!
The lessons we glean from farming each season keep us humble. We keep growing, just as our fields do! With perseverance and a dose of good humor, we grow better each and every season!
Lesson Learned! This is What We Want Our Strawberry Fields to Look Like!


Mindfulness creates an intimate awareness of the union between body, mind, and spirit. Training exercises such as meditation, deep breathing, and yoga allow an individual to gain consciousness and cultivate the connections between body, mind and spirit.
The practice of meditation is an effective way to calm the mind and reduce anxiety. The best way to realize these benefits is to follow a few simple guidelines when practicing meditation.
A key technique is vicara – focus on a single object or point, thus freeing the mind from distraction. Many alternate techniques incorporate the same principle as vicara.
A classic technique is to imagine a black dot on a white surface and concentrate on that. Another method is to gaze at a candle flame or a Buddha statue. Yet another way is called Japa; Japa meditation uses japa beads and a mantra to focus the mind. The mantra can be selected based on the aims the individual is trying to achieve.
Various tools can be used by beginners to aid their meditative practice. A cushion to support the back is advised if one has trouble sitting erect. For practitioners of Japa yoga, a set of mala beads is used to count mantras.
One should not rely on tools to meditate well, but beginners can make use of meditation aids. Things like music, Japa beads, and incense can be effective.
Your environment is an important consideration and should be selected with care. The main requirement for a good environment for meditation is that it should be peaceful and free of distractions. Places that cause anxiety and other undesirable feelings should be avoided by beginners. Although it is common for monks who have practiced meditation throughout their lifetime to deliberately seek out such places in order to challenge their mental and spiritual capacity.
The meditative posture is also a key factor. An upright and erect posture while sitting is a good start for beginners. This posture is most conducive to various energy and other circulatory flows with the body.
Mindfulness is a form of meditation that allows your mind to focus on the present. The goal is to achieve a mind that is calm, stable and through this practice, you can develop the mind's strength and harmony. Mindfulness produces a mind that is intelligent even in deep meditation. Studies suggest that mindfulness mediation decreases stress, and improves mood and immune function.
Choosing the right place to practice mindfulness is the first step in achieving a strong, harmonious mind. You should find a quiet space, even if it is small, that makes you feel uplifted. It should be free of noise and disturbances, and situations that are likely to trigger feelings of anger, jealousy or other negative emotions. These distractions will compromise your practice.
Your posture affects your mind so good posture while practicing mindfulness meditation is vital to your success. When you sit down either cross-legged on the floor or upright in a chair with your feet touching the floor, spend some time getting your posture just right.
You should feel like your spine is being pulled up from the top of your head and then settle in. Your shoulders and hips should be level, your spine strong and stacked. If you feel hazy or drowsy, make sure your posture is correct. You also should hold a soft gaze in a downward direction, a couple of inches in front of your nose to minimize distractions.
When you start practicing mindfulness meditation, you will have a heightened sense of awareness of your body and of where you are. You will then notice the whole feeling of your breathing going in and out. Your breathing should be natural, not forced and with each breath, you will become relaxed.
Meditation should not be a time to let your mind wander. Rather, it should be a time to train and work your mind. Reminding yourself of this before each time you meditate is helpful. Don't be afraid to say it out loud for inspiration.
When thoughts come up while you are practicing mindfulness meditation, observe them and return to focusing on your breathing. If you find that your mind begins to wander, simply take note of where it went, let it go and don't judge yourself harshly.
Mindfulness meditation is a simple practice that teaches you to do a lot while you are doing nothing at all. When your meditation time comes to an end, sit for a couple of minutes to increase your awareness further, then slowly get up and go about your day.
Want to try a meditation app?
Universal Meditation contains meditation for beginners and seasoned meditators. Learn more here.


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