Copyright: © 2014 Lutambi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Funding support was from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation provided through Swiss TPH. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have the following interests: Thomas A Smith is an Academic Editor for PLOS ONE. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Efforts to reduce malaria transmission have lead to the development of efficient vector control interventions, particularly insecticide treated nets (ITNs)(which includes conventional nets treated with a WHO recommended insecticide and long-lasting insecticidal nets). , indoor residual spraying (IRS), and larviciding –. These interventions are currently widely used in malaria endemic countries especially those in sub-Saharan Africa  and have lead to a substantial reduction in malaria morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, malaria continues to claim hundreds of thousands of lives every year , thus necessitating a continued control effort to fight the disease. While over $2 billion is invested each year in procuring and distributing vector control interventions  for malaria control, this funding is insufficient to achieve universal coverage  and it is not clear if this will be sustained given current economic constraints.
Mosquito flight from one place to another – is affected by several factors including wind, odour, blood and nectar sources, availability of breeding sites, mating, and other ecological and environmental factors , . The probability that a mosquito will encounter areas that are in receipt of a particular vector control intervention while flying is dependent on the spatial arrangement of the intervention. This probability is also dependent on the complexity of how this interacts with patterns of mosquito movement. This means that it is not obvious how this dependence affects the effectiveness of interventions in controlling malaria. An understanding of how spatial clustering of interventions modifies effectiveness is particularly relevant when financial resources are insufficient, or when logistic constraints make it difficult to achieve universal coverage. It has been unclear how to prioritise the spatial allocation of interventions in such situations.
While the World Health Organization (WHO) strategy on vector management provides information on improving the efficacy, cost-effectiveness, ecological soundness and sustainability of vector control , there is limited relevant information on the influence of spatial distribution of these interventions on effectiveness. Approaches coupling both theory and empirical evidence are needed to evaluate and measure effectiveness of interventions at different degrees of spatial distribution for each level of intervention coverage. Despite the importance of these approaches, their development and integration in vector control programmes has been receiving inadequate attention.
Mathematical models play an important role in assessing interventions . Many studies evaluate intervention effectiveness –, depending on intervention coverage , – and the significance of distribution of hosts and breeding sites for malaria transmission , . Some studies consider spatial and network models , , ,  while others consider spatial distributions of mosquito populations , . These models allow the evaluation of interventions by coverage or by any combination of intervention packages .
In contrast to these studies, this paper focuses on the spatial distribution of interventions rather than on heterogeneity in distribution of hosts and breeding sites. Using insights from a recent study on mosquito movements , a spatial model of vector population dynamics and interventions is used to assess the impact of spatial distribution of vector control interventions on reducing the population of biting mosquitoes. The effects are explored at different coverage levels to provide theoretical evidence on the existence of variability in intervention effectiveness, depending on their spatial distribution in small areas like villages.
A discrete-space continuous-time mathematical model of mosquito population dynamics and dispersal  was extended to incorporate ITN, IRS, and larviciding interventions. The model includes six stages of the mosquito life and feeding cycle: three juvenile stages (egg ( ), larval ( ), pupal ( )) and three adult stages (host seeking ( ), resting ( ), and oviposition site searching ( )). The population dynamics of mosquitoes in each stage are described by ordinary differential equations. The discrete space used in the model is a grid made up of hexagons called patches that allows any representation of spatial distribution of hosts and breeding sites and mosquito movement (dispersal) between patches. Dispersal of adult mosquitoes searching for hosts or breeding sites is restricted to the nearest six neighbouring patches.
The terms and are additional mortality terms due to ITNs and IRS respectively. The term represents the reduced number of larvae developing to pupae from untreated breeding sites, where represents the proportion of breeding sites in a given patch covered by larvaciding. Parameters and represent dispersal out and into patch for host seeking adults respectively, and is a set of six nearest neighbours to patch and . Similarly, and represent dispersal out and into patch for oviposition site searching adults. Details of calculation of are provided in . and represent hosts and breeding sites respectively. The remaining parameter definitions and their corresponding values are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Parameter definitions and values used in model simulations .
ITNs kill and prevent access to people for host seeking malaria vectors, thus providing personal protection against malaria to the individuals using them , . ITNs also provide community protection to non-users  due to their killing effects which reduce mosquito longevity. Here, ITNs deployed in a patch are assumed to kill mosquitoes directly, hence affecting the density of host seeking adults in that patch. The killing effect of ITNs in the host seeking stage is modelled as additional mortality to normal mortality associated with host seeking process in the absence of ITNs.
IRS is the application of insecticides on the indoor walls and roofs of houses primarily to kill resting adult mosquitoes. IRS reduces malaria transmission by reducing the vector's life span and population density of vectors , but provides little direct personal protection against bites. Although some ingredients used in IRS may repel mosquitoes, this study considers only those without repellency. Therefore, only the direct killing effect to resting adult mosquitoes is considered.
Using the stage specific parameter values for , and , with , the relationship between and is shown in Figure 1. As would be expected model intervention parameters increase with increasing efficacy of ITNs or IRS, with IRS showing higher values of compared to ITNs.
Figure 1. Relationship between ITN and IRS intervention parameters to efficacy (Equation 5 of main text).
Larviciding is the application of insecticides to mosquito breeding sites targeting the larval stages of the mosquitoes. Studies show that larviciding kills all larvae in treated breeding sites – and has proved to be important in suppressing the number of malaria transmitting mosquitoes in certain areas , –. However, where breeding sites are scattered, field studies show that it is difficult to find and treat the majority of productive breeding sites . The effect of larviciding in the model is to reduce the development of larvae into pupae and thus include a parameter representing the proportion of breeding sites identified and treated within patch , as . The proportion represents the untreated breeding sites, where larvae develop into pupae.
If the patch does not have ITNs ( ), then .
Since the repellent effect of ITNs affects host seeking mosquitoes, their dispersal rate into patches containing ITNs is affected. This effect is included by assuming that ITN repellency reduces hosts availability to mosquitoes in a given patch so that attractiveness of the patch to hosts seeking mosquitoes is reduced. Hosts covered by ITNs are therefore protected as some mosquitoes are repelled during the host seeking process. The dispersal rate, , detailed in  was modified by replacing the number of hosts present in a patch by those who are not protected by ITNs in the particular patch as: (7)where is the proportion of unprotected hosts available in patch contained in given by , and is the total number of unprotected hosts in . Here, is a set of seven patches sharing boundaries (patch and its 6 neighbours). Simulations of the repellent effect are performed by considering that only unprotected hosts are attracting mosquitoes in each of the patches in the neighbourhood.
Ecological models have been developed and used to study effects of landscape spatial heterogeneity on population dynamics – with increasing interest in the field of epidemiology . Some models have been used to investigate spatial clustering effects in ecology –. To our knowledge, such methods have not been used by the malaria community to investigate clustering of vector control interventions. The degree of clustering (in the context of this study) is defined as a measure of the degree to which patches/hexagons on the hexagonal grid tend to spatially cluster together. In the context of vector control interventions, we define spatial clustering as a measure of the extent to which areas under interventions on a landscape are aggregated together. This degree varies from (if the spatial distribution of interventions is random) to (if the spatial distribution of interventions is highly concentrated on a certain portion of the landscape, or highly grouped together).
To evaluate the effect of spatial clustering of interventions using the model, we distributed interventions on the spatial grid . The spatial distribution of interventions was varied according to the degree of spatial clustering chosen. These spatial clusters used for distributing interventions were created using the pair approximation method , . Two pair states were used: intervention and non-intervention states. These two states were assigned after defining a coverage area (that is proportion of patches assumed to be under interventions). Following Hiebeler , the degree of clustering, was defined as the probability that a randomly chosen neighbour to a patch with intervention also contains the intervention. Spatial clusters of varying degrees on the model grid were created in Matlab using the steps detailed by Hiebeler . Several configurations of spatial clusters were created from different initial random distributions of the intervention states to account for stochasticity of the method. Figure 2 illustrates one such cluster configuration produced at different degrees of clustering, , when intervention coverage is over the entire grid.
Figure 2. An example of spatial clusters generated at different degrees of clustering ( ).
An example of spatial clusters generated at different degrees of clustering ( ) with a coverage of for the covered states (white) for intervention deployment and uncovered states (black). Clustering increases with increasing .
For the vector control investigations, cluster configurations were created at , and coverage levels, with the degree of spatial clustering, ranging from to at an interval of . However, it is only possible to create spatial clusters when  (where represent intervention coverage). This was due to the fact that when an intervention coverage is high, it is likely that neighbours of patches under intervention, are also under intervention. This implies a lower bound on for high coverage. For example, at , the lower bound for is . This means that, it is not possible to create clusters at a degree of spatial clustering less than .
Parameter values on stage specific mortality, and development rates used to simulate the model are given in Table 1. Various experimental studies show that ITN killing efficacy is variable ,  as it depends on local entomological and epidemiological conditions . For the parameter values of interventions, we make the assumption that ITNs and IRS are efficacious so that and were fixed at .
When a larvicide is applied to a breeding site, all larvae experience an increased mortality. Field studies show that larviciding is likely to kill all larvae when applied to a breeding site –. However, not all breeding sites can be identified for larvicidal treatment. Here, of the breeding sites inside a patch are assumed to be identified and treated with larvicide. Thus, leaving of breeding sites within a patch without larvicide, allowing larvae develop into pupae. We also make the assumption that larvae are distributed uniformly across breeding sites.
Field studies on mark release recapture experiments of Anopheles gambiae also show that daily flight range from to m  or m a day . Others show that about of mosquitoes reach a distance of km. These experimental results indicate that mosquito flight distance is variable. Due to these variations,the total area modelled in this study was limited to one square kilometre. The patch size, with patch centroids m apart and used in this work, was based on flight distances of mosquitoes chosen and numerical ease.
A by hexagonal grid was used as a hypothetical representation of a landscape. At the edges of the grid, periodic boundary conditions were used. This assumes the area being modelled is comparable to its neighbourhood. For simplicity, simulations were performed with all hexagons (patches) on the grid containing breeding sites and hosts. The dispersal related parameters for host seeking ( ) and oviposition site searching ( ) mosquitoes depend on the availability of hosts and breeding sites respectively and the diffusion rate, per time was used in all simulations. The diffusion coefficient of dispersal ( , where is the area of each patch contained in the hexagonal grid) scales with patch size and as a result, the equilibrium results presented in this study scale with increasing patch size or increasing number of patches (and total area modelled).
We define intervention effectiveness as the reduction in the total equilibrium population of host seeking mosquitoes, over all patches on the grid. In malaria transmission control, the number of potentially infective mosquitoes should be reduced. Thus, only host seeking adults, which transmit malaria, are considered. From the model, the equilibrium total number of host seeking mosquitoes is calculated over the entire grid as (8)where is the equilibrium number of adult host seeking mosquitoes in patch and is the set of all patches on the entire grid. In this context, we calculate intervention effectiveness, , as the proportionate reduction of an equilibrium population of host seeking mosquitoes, namely (9)where is the equilibrium population of host seeking mosquitoes in the absence of interventions, and is the equilibrium population of host seeking mosquitoes in the presence of an intervention.
Simulations were carried out in Matlab 7.10.0 (R2010a). The adaptive step size Runge-Kutta method of fourth and fifth order (ode45) was used to solve the system of ordinary differential equations (Eqn. (1)). Simulations were performed at intervention coverage levels of coverage (no intervention), , and . The level scenario was included to compute intervention effectiveness (Equation 9).
Several simulations were performed in this study. The first set of simulations involved creations of cluster configurations at each value of as described in the spatial clustering subsection. A total of four cluster configurations were generated for each . After clusters were generated, each cluster (a matrix of zeros and ones) for each at each coverage level was used as an input matrix for placing interventions. Interventions were placed in entries with ones and entries with zeros represented non-intervention areas. One simulation was performed for each cluster configuration for each intervention package. Simulations were run until the system (1) was at equilibrium. The resulting equilibrium values were recorded and used to evaluate intervention effectiveness. For each cluster configuration at each coverage, one simulation was performed to obtain the equilibrium value which was used as a baseline for computing effectiveness as described above.
For each scenario a representative total population of eggs, larvae, pupae, host seeking mosquitoes, resting, and oviposition site searching mosquitoes were initially distributed across the grid. Parameter values used to simulate the model are given in Table 1. We numerically tested that there exists only one equilibrium point given different initial conditions for both the non-intervention and intervention scenarios.
Simulation results for each coverage level were further analysed using statistical methods. The aim was to quantify the relationships between effectiveness and the degree of spatial clustering of an intervention. Since the effectiveness is measured as the proportionate reduction in host seeking mosquitoes, its range lies within and . Thus, robust generalized linear models with a logit link  were used. The outcome variable in each model was the simulation results of effectiveness of an intervention package with the explanatory variable being the degree of spatial clustering at a given coverage level of that particular intervention package.
The effectiveness of ITNs, IRS, and larviciding is related to the degree of spatial clustering of interventions and coverage levels (Figure 3). When the coverage of larviciding and IRS is (Figure 3A), simulation results indicate that these interventions tend to be more effective when highly clustered compared to low clustering. However, the benefits of highly clustering IRS are not statistically significant (Table 2). At coverage, high clustering of IRS appears to be no longer more effective than low clustering. For larviciding, at spatial coverage level, larviciding is more effective when highly clustered compared to when lowly clustered. For ITNs distributed at low coverages of to (Figure 3A–B), the intervention is more effective with a low degree of spatial clustering compared to with a high degree of spatial clustering (ITN effectiveness is negatively correlated to the degree of spatial clustering).
Figure 3. Intervention effectiveness by degree of spatial clustering of ITNs, IRS, and larviciding at different coverage levels.
The symbols (scatter plots) represent simulated intervention effectiveness data from different configurations of intervention distribution to account for stochastic variations and the lines are the result of a linear fit on a logarithmic scale ( ). Effectiveness is measured as the proportionate reduction of the equilibrium population of host seeking mosquitoes. Hosts and breeding sites were homogeneously distributed across the grid. Coverage levels A: , B: , C: , and D: .
Table 2. Association between intervention effectiveness and the degree of spatial clustering of interventions by coverage level.
At a moderate intervention coverage level of (Figure 3C), effectiveness of IRS and larviciding decreases with increasing clustering and distributing ITNs randomly in a non-clustered way is more beneficial than in a clustered way. At an intervention coverage level of (Figure 3D), distributing interventions widely and randomly in a non-clustered manner is more effective than clustering for any of the interventions.
When interventions are combined (Figure 4), effectiveness decreases with increasing degree of spatial clustering, implying more benefits when widely distributed in space. However, the combination of IRS and larviciding was not associated with the degree of spatial clustering when coverage was less then .
Figure 4. Effect of spatial clustering of interventions by coverage level for combined interventions.
The symbols (scatter plots) represent simulated intervention effectiveness from different realizations depicting initial distribution of interventions before the process of clustering was undertaken to account for stochastic variations and the lines are the result of a linear fit on a logarithmic scale ( ). Hosts and breeding sites were homogeneously distributed over the grid. Coverage levels A: , B: , C: , and D: .
Effectiveness of an intervention at zero clustering is highest for ITNs and lowest for larviciding (given our parameter values) when interventions are singly deployed (Table 2). Effectiveness at zero clustering is highest when all interventions are combined together, but the additional effect over ITNs alone is small. The combination of IRS and larviciding had the lowest effectiveness at zero clustering, irrespective of the coverage level.
At lower spatial coverage levels of single interventions, the difference in effectiveness between one intervention and another decreases with increasing value of the degree of spatial clustering. This gap (difference) remains almost constant at high coverage levels (Figure 3). For combined interventions and at all coverage levels, there is almost no difference in effectiveness for all combinations of interventions that included ITNs (Figure 4). The effectiveness of a combination of IRS and larviciding is consistently lower across all coverage levels. In addition, the difference in effectiveness between a combination of IRS and larviciding and other combinations is always high. However, at lower coverage levels, this difference decreased with increasing degree of spatial clustering (Figure 4A and B).
The scatter plots also show that there is variability in effectiveness. These variations increase with increasing clustering (Figures 3 and 4), especially at low to moderate coverage levels.
In this study, an existing mathematical model of mosquito dispersal  was extended to include vector control interventions. In order to distribute interventions heterogeneously across the landscape, according to the degree of clustering chosen, this model was combined with an approach for modelling spatially heterogeneous landscapes  to assess the effects of spatial clustering of vector control interventions on their effectiveness, at various levels of spatial coverage and intervention combinations. As in another study , the reduction in the overall vector population density was used as an indicator of the population-wide effect of interventions. The results have important implications for deployment strategies in situations where universal coverage is not achievable.
Our model indicates that, with a single intervention of either IRS or larviciding in an environment where breeding sites and hosts are homogeneously distributed and spatial coverage of the intervention is low (i.e. few patches are covered), there is a small increase in effectiveness when deployment is highly spatially clustered compared to widely distributed in space. However, with high spatial coverage, it is more effective to distribute these interventions randomly in an unclustered manner. ITNs were less effective at a higher degree of clustering than at a lower degree of clustering for any spatial coverage level.
At a spatial coverage of less than , if larviciding is highly clustered, then treated areas become almost mosquito free. However, if larviciding is not clustered, mosquitoes that breed in neighbouring patches can still feed in areas that have been larvicided. If coverage is moderate to high ( or larger), larviciding is more effective when randomly distributed and unclustered, because a greater proportion of the remaining adult mosquitoes is likely to encounter the intervention when ovipositing. When larviciding is clustered, most of the ovipositing occurs in non-larvicided areas because adult mosquitoes are rare in larvicided areas. When larviciding is widespread and unclustered, a proportion of adult mosquitoes emerging in non-larvicided patches will migrate to, feed and oviposit in larvicided breeding sites.
With adulticidal interventions, especially ITNs, the benefits of distributing the intervention widely and unclustered are greater, because the mosquitoes need to avoid intervention patches each gonotrophic cycle if they are to survive. Where adulticidal interventions are clustered, mosquitoes emerging in locations remote from the intervention area are unlikely to be killed, whereas when interventions are non-clustered, a mosquito will encounter them sooner or later. Consequently, at any spatial coverage level, average biting densities are reduced more by deploying ITNs in an unclustered manner than by clustering them. It also follows that widespread distribution of adulticidal interventions will reduce the number of old (potentially disease-transmitting) mosquitoes even more than it will reduce average densities. This finding, that the overall effect in the reduction of mosquito numbers is much greater if the intervention is spatially non-clustered and widely distributed, especially when coverage is moderate and insufficient to achieve universal coverage, contradicts the notion that a locally high coverage is needed to achieve a mass effect of ITNs or IRS for reduction in disease.
Highly clustered scenarios had lower ITN effectiveness. This is likely due to the fact that when intervention coverage is high, then the likelihood that any patch and its six neighbours are under intervention is high. In this aspect, patch attractiveness to biting mosquitoes is reduced. When this occurs, then all neighbouring patches produce the same repellency effect which results into fewer mosquitoes leaving the centre patch (because they are also repelled for each of their neighbours). In so doing, the repellency effect decreases and the killing effect becomes the main factor, rather than the combination of both repellency and killing.
While non-clustered deployment of most intervention packages is generally most effective, this may be expensive to achieve since it requires delivery even to remote locations. Interventions are often delivered preferentially to more accessible areas, and such clustered (and sometimes inequitable) distributions are likely to be the cheapest. To investigate how delivery costs affect cost-effectiveness, there is a need for modelling of different distribution schemes (for example for ITNs or IRS) of interventions given a fixed budget in various settings with different degrees of clustering, coverage levels and accessibility.
Efficacy, defined as the effect on the target stage of the vector as a proportion of the theoretical maximum effect, translates differently into effectiveness defined on some common metric of levels of transmission, disease control, or, in this paper, densities of host seeking mosquitoes. We have assumed efficacious interventions throughout, and our results are consistent with other modelling work suggesting that at constant efficacy, ITNs have the highest impact on biting densities of mosquitoes ,  and in our simulations any combination of interventions which includes ITNs is also highly effective at all levels of coverage and across all spatial clustering. This may be accounted by the repellency effect of ITNs included in the model. The assumed efficacy of ITNs in this work is representative of both the killing and repellency action of ITNs and of indoor biting coverage of individuals within a patch. Even with small patch sizes assuming an efficacy for ITNs is likely too high. A further extension of the models would be to vary the level of intervention within each patch, and thus efficacy.
Comparing of Figures 3 and 4 indicates that although ITNs provide better protection alone compared to other interventions, results show that there are additional benefits if ITNs are combined with other interventions. Our study also shows that although larviciding is less effective compared to ITNs and IRS, treating a similar or higher level of coverage would result in a higher reduction of biting mosquitoes.
The current results are indicative of the effect of applying interventions within a small village, with a small number of dwellings or breeding sites per patch, but should also be broadly applicable to smaller patches corresponding to single individuals or breeding sites. We would not necessarily expect the same results to hold with very large patches, e.g. corresponding to whole villages where patch size might be comparable to the flight range of the mosquitoes and where other factors such as spatial variation within patches might be relevant.
Modelling and simulation provides a much easier approach to investigate these issues than field studies do, but inevitably require making simplifying assumptions. To assess the effect of clustering, we simulated a homogeneous distributions of both human hosts and breeding sites. The cues that these human hosts and breeding sites provide that influence movement of mosquitoes cancel each other out, therefore movement was not influenced by the availability of these hosts or breeding sites . Further investigations need to incorporate scenarios in which breeding sites and hosts are heterogeneously distributed. In such scenarios, knowledge about hotspots will allow targeted (and therefore likely spatially clustered) deployment of interventions and this may well be more cost-effective than non-clustered deployment. In other words, in scenarios with spatially heterogeneous hosts and/or breeding sites, the cost of knowledge about where these are may well compensate for potential gains in effectiveness. However, in the absence of knowledge about spatial location of hosts and breeding sites for mosquitoes (even for scenarios when they are heterogeneously distributed) non-clustered distribution may be most cost-effective.
Results from this study provide evidence that the effectiveness of an intervention can be highly dependent on its spatial distribution. Given logistical and financial constraints, vector control plans should consider the spatial arrangement of any intervention package to ensure effectiveness is maximized. In the case of high achievable coverage, and in the absence of information that allows targeting, it is of great help to ensure that the distribution is as equitable and as evenly spatially spread as possible for maximizing benefits.
We thank our colleagues in the malaria modelling group at the Swiss TPH for their contributions and critical comments they provided. We also thank the reviewers for their critical review of this manuscript. The author thank the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and the Ifakara Health Institute for their support.
Conceived and designed the experiments: AML. Performed the experiments: AML. Analyzed the data: AML. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AML MAP TAS NC OB. Wrote the paper: AML. Provided critical input on designing the experiments: MAP TAS NC OB. Provided critical input on the experiments: MAP. Provided critical input on data analysis: MAP TAS NC OB. Provided critical input on writing the manuscript: TAS MAP NC OB.
1. WHO (2007) Insecticide treated mosquito nets: a WHO position statement. Technical report, World Health Organization.
2. Bayoh MN, Mathias DK, Odiere MR, Mutuku FM, Kamau L, et al.. (2010) Anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in western Nyanza province, Kenya. Malaria Journal 9.
3. Kroeger A, Horstick O, Riedl C, Kaiser A, Becker N (1995) The potential for malaria control with the biological larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) in Peru and Ecuador. Acta Tropica 60.
4. Lengeler C (2004) Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
5. Muturi EJ, Burgess P, Novak RJ (2008) Malaria vector management: where have we come from and where are we headed? The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 78.
6. WHO (2004) Global strategic framework for integrated vector management. Technical report, World Health Organization, Geneva.
7. WHO (2011) World Malaria Report. Technical report, World Health Organization, Geneva.
8. RBM (2013) Minutes of roll back malaria vector control working group 8th annual meeting. Technical report, Roll Back Malaria. Available: http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/mechanisms/vcwg.html.
9. Gillies MT (1961) Studies on the dispersion and survival of Anopheles Gambiae Giles in East Africa, by means of marking and release experiments. Bulletin of Entomological Research 52: 99–127.
10. Gillies MT, Wilkes TJ (1978) The effect of high fences on the dispersal of some West African mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 68: 401–408.
11. Gillies MT, Wilkes TJ (1981) Field experiments with a wind tunnel on the flight speed of some West African mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 71: 65–70.
12. Service MW (1997) Mosquito dispersal - The long and the short of it. Journal of medical entomology 34.
13. Edman J, Scott T, Costero A, Morrison A, Harrington L, et al. (1998) Aedes aegypti (diptera culicidae) movement influenced by availability of oviposition sites. Journal of Medical Entomology 35: 578–583.
14. Cummins B, Cortez R, Foppa IM, Walbeck J, Hyman JM (2012) A Spatial Model of Mosquito Host-Seeking Behavior. PLoS Computational Biology 8.
15. McKenzie FE, Samba EM (2004) The role of mathematical modeling in evidence-based malaria control. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71: 94–96.
16. Chitnis N, Schapira A, Smith T, Steketee R (2010) Comparing the effectiveness of malaria vectorcontrol interventions through a mathematical model. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 83.
17. Eckhoff PA (2011) A malaria transmission-directed model of mosquito life cycle and ecology. Malaria Journal 303: 10.
18. Griffin JT, Hollingsworth TD, Okell LC, Churcher TS, White M, et al.. (2010) Reducing Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission in Africa: A model-based evaluation of intervention strategies. PLoS Medicine 7.
19. Gu W, Novak RJ (2009) Agent-based modelling of mosquito foraging behaviour for malaria control. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103: 1105–1112.
20. Gu W, Regens JL, Beier JC, Novak RJ (2006) Source reduction of mosquito larval habitats has unexpected consequences on malaria transmission. PNAS 103.
21. Menach LA, Takala S, McKenzie FE, Andre P (2007) An elaborated feeding cycle model for reductions in vectorial capacity of night-biting mosquitoes by insecticide-treated nets. Malaria Journal 6: 10.
22. White MT, Griffin JT, Churcher TS, Ferguson NM, Basanez MG, et al.. (2011) Modelling the impact of vector control interventions on Anopheles gambiae population dynamics. Parasites and Vectors 4.
23. Worrall E, Connor SJ, Thomson MC (2007) A model to simulate the impact of timing, coverage and transmission intensity on the effectiveness of indoor residual spraying (IRS) for malaria control. Tropical Medicine and International Health 12.
24. Yakob L, Yan G (2009) Modeling the effects of integrating larval habitat source reduction and insecticide treated nets for malaria control. PLoS ONE 4.
25. Yakob L, Yan G (2010) A network population model of the dynamics and control of African malaria vectors. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104: 669–675.
26. Gu W, Novak RJ (2009) Predicting the impact of insecticide-treated bed nets on malaria transmission: the devil is in the detail. Malaria Journal 256: 8.
27. Nourridine S, Teboh-Ewungkem MI, Ngwa GA (2011) A mathematical model of the population dynamics of disease - transmitting vectors with spatial consideration. Journal of Biological dynamics 5: 335–365.
28. Otero M, Schweigmann N, Solari HG (2008) A Stochastic Spatial Dynamical Model for Aedes Aegypti. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 70: 1297–325.
29. Lutambi AM, Penny MA, Smith T, Chitnis N (2013) Mathematical modelling of mosquito dispersal in a heterogeneous environment. Mathematical Biosciences 241: 198–216.
30. Takken W (2002) Do insecticide-treated bednets have an effect on malaria vectors? Tropical Medicine and International Health 7.
31. Hawley WA, Phillips-Howard PA, Ter Kuile FO, Terlouw DJ, Vulule JM, et al. (2003) Communitywide effects of permethrin-treated bed nets on child mortality and malaria morbidity in western Kenya. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68: 121–7.
32. WHO (2006) Indoor residual spraying: Use of indoor residual spraying for scaling up global malaria control and elimination. Technical report, World Health Organization.
33. Fillinger U, Lindsay SW (2006) Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in rural Kenya. Tropical Medicine and International Health 11.
34. Majambere S, Lindsay SW, Green C, Kandeh B, Fillinger U (2007) Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia. Malaria Journal 6: 76.
35. Mwangangi JM, Kahindi SC, Kibe LW, Nzovu JG, Luethy P, et al. (2011) Wide-scale application of Bti/Bs biolarvicide in different aquatic habitat types in urban and peri-urban Malindi, Kenya. Parasitology Research 108: 1355–1363.
36. Majambere S, Pinder M, Fillinger U, Ameh D, Conway DJ, et al.. (2010) Is mosquito larval source management appropriate for reducing malaria in areas of extensive flooding in The Gambia? A cross-over intervention trial. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82.
37. Killeen GF, Tanner M, Mukabana WR, Kalongolela MS, Kannady K, et al.. (2006) Habitat targeting for controlling aquatic stages of malaria vectors in Africa. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 74.
38. Hiebeler D (1997) Stochastic spatial models: From simulations to mean field and local structure approximations. Journal of Theoretical Biology 187.
39. Hiebeler D (2000) Populations on fragmented landscapes with spatially structured heterogeneities: Landscape generation and local dispersal. Ecology 81.
40. Okuyama T (2008) Intraguild predation with spatially structured interactions. Basic and Applied Ecology 9: 135–144.
41. Hiebeler D (2005) A cellular automaton SIS epidemiological model with spatially clustered recoveries. In: Sunderam VS, van Albada GD, Sloot PMA, Dongarra J, editors, International Conference on Computational Science (2). Springer, number 3515 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 360–367.
42. Lee SH, Su NY, Bardunias P (2007) Exploring landscape structure effect on termite territory size using a model approach. BioSystems 90.
43. Su M, Li W, Li Z, Zhang F, Hui C (2009) The effect of landscape heterogeneity on host-parasite dynamics. Ecological Research 24: 889–896.
44. Thomson NA, Ellner SP (2003) Pair-edge approximation for heterogeneous lattice population models. Theoretical Population Biology 64: 271–280.
45. Tsonis AA, Swanson KL, Wang G (2008) Estimating the clustering coefficient in scale-free networks on lattices with local spatial correlation structure. Physica A 387.
46. Westerberg L, Ostman O, Wennergren U (2005) Movement effects on equilibrium distributions of habitat generalists in heterogeneous landscapes. Ecological Modelling 188: 432–447.
47. Chouaibou M, Simard F, Chandre F, Etang J, Darriet F, et al. (2006) Efficacy of bifenthrinimpregnated bednets against Anopheles funestus and pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae in North Cameroon. Malaria Journal 5: 77.
48. Oxborough RM, Mosha FW, Matowo J, Mndeme R, Feston E, et al.. (2008) Mosquitoes and bednets: testing the spatial positioning of insecticide on nets and the rationale behind combination insecticide treatments. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 102.
49. Smith DL, Hay SI, Noor AM, Snow RW (2009) Predicting changing malaria risk after expanded insecticide-treated net coverage in Africa. Trends in Parasitology 25.
50. Midega JT, Mbogo CM, Mwambi H, Wilson MD, Ojwang G, et al. (2007) Estimating dispersal and survival of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus along the kenyan coast by using markrelease-recapture methods. Journal of Medical Entomology 44: 923–929.
51. Papke LE, Wooldridge MJ (1996) Econometric methods for fractional response variables with an application to 401(K) plan participation rates. Journal of applied econometrics 11: 619–632.
52. Killeen GF, McKenzie FE, Foy BD, Bogh C, Beier JC (2001) The availability of potential hosts as a determinant of feeding behaviours and malaria transmission by African mosquito populations. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95.
53. Service MW (2004) Medical Entomology for Students. Cambridge University Press, Third edition.
54. Holsetein MH (1954) Biology of Anopheles Gambiae: research in French West Africa. Monograph series number 9, World Health Organization, Palais des Nations, Geneva.
55. Yaro AS, Dao A, Adamou A, Crawford JE, Ribeiro JMC, et al. (2006) The distribution of hatching time in Anopheles gambiae. Malaria Journal 5: 19.
56. Bayoh MN, Lindsay SW (2003) Effect of Temperature on the development of the aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 93: 375–381.
57. Kirby MJ, Lindsay SW (2009) Effect of temperature and inter-specific competition on the development and survival of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensis larvae. Acta Tropica 109: 118–123.
58. Gething PW, Van Boeckel TP, Smith DL, Guerra CA, Patil AP, et al. (2011) Modelling the global constraints of temperature on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Parasites and Vectors 92: 2.
59. Okogun G (2005) Life-table analysis of Anopheles malaria vectors: generational mortality as tool in mosquito vector abundance and control studies. Journal of Vector borne Diseases 42: 45–53.
60. Chitnis N, Smith T, Steketee R (2008) A mathematical model for the dynamics of malaria in mosquitoes feeding on a heterogeneous host population. Journal of Biological Dynamics 2: 259–285.


Non-competitive section "Unfiltered Cinema" implies discussing and impersonal communicating with the audience and other artists. The Short Movie Club tries to avoid "best of the best" way but we don't ignore it completely, sure. The festival is based on another discourse than "selected" or "not selected", "competitive" or "non-competitive". We have to use these words to be understandable in the world of success, leaders, and high gross sales.
← CAN WE MEASURE HAPPINESS* OF FILMMAKING?


text:
Israel FC: Genesis was a mixed martial arts event held by the Israel FC promotion on November 9, 2010  at the Nokia Arena in Tel Aviv, Israel. This was Israel FC's first event and featured multiple UFC veterans.  It was also announced that this would be the last fight for Shonie Carter.

The event was aired on PPV via gofightlive.tv for $9.99. Lenne Hardt was the announcer for the event.

Haim Gozali was the owner of this event

Official fight card

Undercard

Lightweight bout:  Roy Peretz vs.  Fabrice Riconneau

Roy Peretz defeated Fabric Riconneau via submission (triangle choke) at 3:00 of round 1.

Lightweight bout:  Ido Pariente vs.  Joshua Hewlett

Ido Pariente defeated Jousa Hewlett via submission (armbar) at 2:54 of round 1.

Lightweight bout:  Vitali Krbrsky vs.  Serob Minasyan

Vitali Krbrsky defeated Serob Minasyan via Unanimous Decision.

Lightweight bout:  Thiago Meller vs.  Ariel Abergel

Thiago Meller defeated Ariel Abergel via submission (armbar) at 0:35 of round 1.

Light Heavyweight bout:  Alexandro Ceconi vs.  Vitaly Shemetov

Alexandro Ceconi defeated Vitaly Shemetov via submission (triangle choke) at 4:48 of round 1.

Catchweight (176 lb) bout:  Shonie Carter vs.  Jeremy Knafo

Jeremy Knafo defeated Shonie Carter via Unanimous Decision. Shonie Carter announced his retirement after this fight.

Light Heavyweight bout:  Daniel Gracie vs.  Martin Wojcik

Daniel Gracie defeated Martin Wojcik via submission (rear naked choke)t 2:17 of round 1.

Main card

Light Heavyweight bout:  Rameau Thierry Sokoudjou vs.  Valdas Pocevicius

Rameau Thierry Sokoudjou defeated Valdas Pocevicius via Unanimous Decision.

Lightweight bout:  Hermes Franca vs.  Moshe Kaitz

Moshe Kaitz defeated Hermes Franca via Unanimous Decision (30-27, 30-27, 30-27)

Catchweight (181 lb) bout:  Frank Trigg vs.  Roy Neeman

Frank Trigg defeated Roy Neeman via TKO (punches) at 2:36 of round 1.

Heavyweight bout:  Jeff Monson vs.  Sergey Shemetov

Jeff Monson defeated Sergey Shemetov via submission (kimura) at 4:09 of round 1.

Catchweight (215 lb) bout:  Ricco Rodriguez vs.  Daniel Tabera

Ricco Rodriguez defeated Daniel Tabera via Unanimous Decision.

References

Mixed martial arts events
2010 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Israel
Sport in Tel Aviv
2010 in Israeli sport

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
New culinary experience opens in Tucson – KGUN 9 Tucson News
TUCSON, Ariz. — A new culinary experience comes to Tucson where they are making the cooking process a step-by-step experience and allowing customers taste buds to travel around the world.
They have recipe cards displayed that you can pick from and walk around their store to find what ingredients it takes to make the meal.
Seared Living has everything from olive oil, wine, spices, pasta sauce and cheeses that are ready to bring a new style of grocery shopping to the community.
But, this business didn't magically just appear, it has been a labor of love for seven years.
After visiting Arizona for over a decade, the Erickson's moved from Montana to Tucson to start this destination market.
The couple used to create business plans for others and finally decided it was time to do it for themselves. But, there was one challenge that they used to their advantage.
"I would say the planning part of it, everybody has a lot of really good ideas of how you are going to implement those ideas and since we come from an engineering background I think that helped a lot because we've put a lot of business plans together for big companies— so it was fun seeing a business plan come together for ourselves," said Casey Erickson.
They say the small town feel in a big community is what inspired them to bring business to the desert.
"Tucson is very business friendly, we have had so much support from people that are walking by in the area to people who we talk to throughout town. Everybody is excited about it and they want to be a part of it so Tucson is very much business friendly from our experience," said Tawyna Erickson.
But it wasn't always an easy thought process, opening a business right now is expensive and getting inventory on time can be uncertain.
The Ericksons say that freight shipping has been the biggest expense costing them well into $10,000. They shared with me that international shipping has been quicker than domestic.
But the unknown hasn't stopped the couple. They built their business themselves from the ground up in hopes of bringing food and community together.
Seared Living is located at 2870 East Skyline Drive, Suite 170 Tucson, Arizona 85718. Visit their website for more information.
Brooke Chau is a reporter for KGUN 9. She was a part of Fresno State's newscast, Fresno State Focus and interned at KFSN-ABC30 in Fresno, CA before coming to KGUN 9. Share your story ideas and important issues with Brooke by emailing brooke.chau@kgun9.com or by connecting on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.
Previous: The Evergreen State College Launches Exciting New Certificates in Business, Entrepreneurship and Management Areas to Support Working Professionals – GraysHarborTalk – GraysHarborTalk
Next: BioNJ Hosts Its Inaugural Health Equity in Clinical Trials MBA Business Plan Case Competition – Yahoo Finance

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A number of NGOs applied to the the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) to have HIV included in the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) – the Kirby Institute co-ordinated applications from the National Association of People with HIV Australia (NAPWHA), the Australasian Society for HIV medicine (ASHM) and the Australian Federation of Aids Organisations (AFAO).
The regulation, as it stood, prevented patients accessing HIV treatment to patients until their CD4 count dropped below 400, the average person has a CD4 count of around 900. This meant that patients were expected to pay the full cost of the drugs, up to the the sum of $15,000 a year.
"CD4 is the immune cell that oversees and coordinates our immune system. It's like the conductor of a wonderful orchestra", "It's the target cell that HIV affects and kills. Over several years the immune system can drop down to about 200 with HIV if you don't treat it." said president of the ASHM, Associate Professor Edwina Wright.
Bill Whittaker, speaking for NAPWHA said the current regulations "no sense in the modern era" and that "Today, leading guidelines and many expert clinicians recommend people with HIV consider starting treatment earlier to benefit their health and wellbeing".
Treatment is also being seen more and more as an essential tool in reducing new HIV infections. Someone who is on treatment, with an undetectable viral load is upto 96% less likely to transmit the virus to their partner(s), so starting treatment early has benefits both to the patient and public health.


text:
Home/INVESTING/Want to buy a used car? Rental car companies are offering up some good deals
New York (CNN) With travelers staying close to home and airports turned into virtual ghost towns, rental car companies have taken a huge hit during the coronavirus pandemic. On Friday Hertz, which also operates the Dollar and Thrifty agencies, declared bankruptcy. Industry experts expect the company to sell off a large portion of its fleet.
And that should bring about some deals car shoppers might very well want to consider, experts say.
Even when we were not in an economic crisis, shoppers could often find a good deal on a used car at one of the major car rental agencies, including Hertz, Avis or Enterprise.
Rental car companies routinely sell off cars, usually after a year or two of service. For instance, Enterprise, which also operates the Alamo and National brands, sells a million used cars a year globally, according to a spokeswoman.
And they often sell these cars online with no-haggle pricing and at a significant discount to other used car sellers.
When Ivan Drury, an auto industry analyst with Edmunds.com, sought to buy a used car last year he purchased a 2018 Ford Fusion Hybrid from Avis.
He had previously done an analysis of used car prices in 2017 for his job and found, to his surprise, that rental car companies were selling their own used cars at much lower prices than other used car dealers. Depending on the specific model, buying directly from a rental company rather than a used car dealer could save anywhere from 5% to 15%, he found.
"In some instances," he said, "the discounts are just so good, I was kind of floored."
Take advantage of tryout periods
All of the major car rental companies — Hertz, Enterprise, Alamo Avis, Budget and others — list their used rental cars for sale on their web sites. Shoppers can search inventories and test drives are usually much more generous than you'll find at typical used car dealers. Drury said he was able to take his car out for hours before deciding to buy it.
Hertz will even bring the car to you for a test drive if you live within 75 miles of one of their rental locations.
Shoppers can also "rent to own" a car. Hertz's Rent2Buy program offers three-day rentals for prospective buyers who can then buy the car if they like it. Enterprise offers a seven-day buy back period on its used cars. During that week, the car can be returned for the purchase price, minus a $200 restocking fee, according to the company's website.
But is the car in good shape?
The idea of buying a used rental car makes some people uneasy. The car may have had a brutal life. Renters have little incentive to treat a car gently, the thinking goes. Rental cars also often drive more miles in a year than cars owned or leased by an individual.
On the other hand, rental car companies have an incentive to maintain the cars well to preserve as much value in them as possible and to make sure their customers don't have issues with them.
Potential buyers should take advantage of the long try-out periods to get the car inspected by a mechanic and make sure it has no hidden issues, said Jon Linkov, an editor with Consumer Reports. Rental companies do offer "certified" used car programs and promise thorough inspections. But it's still always better to get an independent inspection, Linkov said.
Shoppers should also research vehicles just as they would before buying any used car, said Linkov. Some used cars are just better and more reliable than others no matter where they're purchased.
He also recommends buying from one of the major rental car companies rather than a smaller operation. That's because smaller rental car companies may be selling cars that were already used when they bought them.
Check out your financing options
Shoppers should also research their financing options before buying, Linkov said.
Again, that's always a good practice regardless of where you're buying the car. The rental companies often have good financing options for customers with excellent credit — Avis, for instance, is offering 0% down and no payments for 45 days — but you might do even better on your own working with a bank or credit union.
Hertz and Avis Budget Group did not return requests seeking answers to specific questions about their operations.
Amazon posts higher 1Q sales on coronavirus-driven spending, sees $4B in 2Q costs
Shell Announces First Dividend Cut Since WWII
Coronavirus: A visual guide to the economic impact
Europe Feels Jobs Shockwave With Shutdown Damage Spreading


text:
Shadow citizens
An introduction to the past
For an Idea – Against the Status Quo
Freedom or Cartoons
35 mm, color - unfinished
Country of Production
Photographs from the film
Photographs from shooting
A successful private tradesman from Vojvodina sells his goods all over Yugoslavia – in Zagreb, Belgrade, Ljubljana and Skopje he has children out of wedlock, who are now ready to go to university and he gathers them every year during the summer holidays. While his children are together, his firm is being checked and then closed down by financial inspectors because a political action against all successful private entrepreneurs has been initiated. Svetozar is arrested and the children go back to their mothers. The film recounts turbulent political events during the summer of 1971 in all the five cities, with Svetozar's children as participants. In Zagreb it is a wave of a national awakening and the arrival of young politicians like Cicak and Budisa as the leaders of the students' organisation. In Ljubljana, it is the pro-Mao student demonstrations; in Belgrade the flammable debates for and against the changes in the Yugoslav Constitution. … The children, upset with the political instability go to Western Europe to work. After a couple of months of hit-or-miss they go to the Yugoslav Embassy in Stockholm to fetch their passports so they could return to their homeland and find themselves in the middle of a terrorist attack on the embassy and its diplomatic representatives. The children join the fight against the terrorist and they all die.
Directed by: Želimir Žilnik
Written by: Želimir Žilnik, Branko Vučićević
Camera: Karpo Aćimović Godina
Edited by: Eva Vekaš
Cast: Alenka Zdešar, Milja Vujanović, Dragana Đurić, Ilija Bašić, Čedomir Radović
Production: Neoplanta film, Novi Sad
Press clipping_Sloboda ili strip_1972.zip
Želimir Žilnik (born in Niš in 1942; currently living and working in Novi Sad) has written and directed numerous feature and documentary films which have reaped many awards at domestic and international film festivals. Žilnik is renowned as an initiator of the "docudrama" genre.
This web site gives an overview and is an attempt to create an educational research platform dedicated to the contextualization and problematization of the relationship between Žilnik's artistic engagement and the political and social environment of his work, from the beginning of 1967 to the present. Through a collection of three research projects, the diverse material that is before you is a corpus for further analysis, valorisation and systematization of Žilnik's cinematographic work.
This web site contains research essays, information about complete filmography and material (press clips, photographs and inserts from films) from the personal archive of Želimir Žilnik, who is the rights holder of published photographs and clips. We would like to thank Bora Ćosić for the permission to digitalize and publish within this project special issue No 3 of magazine ROK, dedicated to the Žilnik's movie Early Works, as well to all authors of published newspaper articles and authors of essays who are copyright holders of the given material. We would like to thank RTV for permissions to show films of Želimir Žilnik First Trimester of Pavle Hromiš, The Comedy and Tragedy of Bora Joksimović, Vera and Eržika during the online screening programs, and RTS on the permission to show films Brooklyn-Gusinje, Dragoljub and Bogdan: Electricity, Good morning Belgrade.
Thank you RTV for the show to show during the screening of the next television film Želimir Žilnik
Publishing of this material has exclusively educational purpose and it is dedicated to future use in personal, research and and non-commercial intent. For any further use of the material, it is advisable to contact authors.
The web site is conceived as an initial platform and is the result of work on projects "For an Idea – Against the Status Quo" (vol.1 / vol.2) 2009-2011 which was realized in the co-production of Center_kuda.org and Playground production from Novi Sad, "An Introduction to the Past" 2009-2013 Center_kuda.org, and "Shadow Citizens" 2017-2018 realized in co-production of a curatorial collective What, how and for whom / WHW from Zagreb and Edith-Russ-Haus für Medienkunst from Oldenburg.
Želimir Žilnik, Shadow Citizens: Screening 5


Class wise foot ball matches were conducted at NCERC from 22nd October to 14th November 2018. Around 20 matches were conducted, in final match first year ECE and EEE & final year ME students played. Final year ME students won the match. Prizes distributed to the winners. Students were enthusiastic and the event was conducted in a sportsman spirit manner.


There are two distinct parts of the site. Firstly, there is an existing building on a site which is a two storey end-terrace house comprising three bedrooms, conventionally built we understand in the 1950's or 1960's by the local authority and conventionally constructed around cavity brick walls under double pitched tile roof. The windows have been replaced by uPVC aluminium framed double glazed type. The ground is of solid concrete and the first floor is suspended over timber joists. There is a gas-fired boiler in the ground floor lobby serving a low pressure radiator system throughout. The property was recently let but is now vacant and is in need of modernisation and improvements. There is a front and rear garden to the property which is unkempt and requires landscaping.
To the north of the site is a plot which has recently obtained planning consent for the development of a two bedroom detached house. At the present date this particular plot remains undeveloped. At the time of the valuation date the plot is held on one title and it is proposed that this will be split upon the development of the new house. We are informed by the applicant that the existing house will be refurbished and under permitted building regulations extended.


text:
Changing the Game Part 1
It's time for Texas A&M to change the game. Time to share our Aggie spirit with our new family, as we grow together. It's time for Texas A&M. This television spot will air in selected Southeastern Conference markets starting in October.
appecon7_part1
appecon7_part1 Professor Leo Feler
Nicholas L. Tilney Francis D. Moore Distinguished Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School
Introduction to the American Civil Rights Movement
Educational photo essay created for a university assessment task based on the Civil Rights Movement in the USA in the 1950s and 1960s. This four minute video does not have narration, bus is a series of images and graphics that are used to tell the history of this time period and its struggles. Some images show violence.
A million minutes of genuine news hits YouTube
Remember the days when TV networks only scheduled an hour of
Author(s): Kevin Cummins
Episode 164: Secularism, applied religiously: Harmonizing a hyper-diverse India
Senior journalist and political commentator Dr Swapan Dasgupta explains how secularism is defined and applied in ethnically, linguistically and religiously diverse India. And how a sense of harmony -- and occasional lack thereof -- is wrapped up in India's unique take on being secular. With host Jennifer Cook.
Resource #7822
2011 International Forum on R&D: Session 11 - Mo Elbestawi
Session 11 Concluding Remarks Speaker: Mo Elbestawi
Commonly Confused Words - Free English Video by Brightstorm
In grammar, there are sets of words that are commonly confused with one another. This video provides examples of these sets of words, such as literal versus figurative, allusion versus illusion, fewer versus less than, imminent versus eminent, inferred versus implied, and elicit versus implicit. (3:52)
Libya's Sirte faces heavy shelling
Oct. 15 - NTC forces bombard Sirte, one of the last pro-Gaddafi strongholds, in a bid to root out Gaddafi loyalists. (No reporter narration.)
Polychaete worm
Polychaetes are considered to be annelids because they are segmented but do not have legs. The protrusions on each segment of the worm are called parapodia. Parapodia are not actual legs.
Dangerous animals on the loose in Ohio
Oct. 19 - Dozens of exotic animals including tigers, lions and bears were let loose on Ohio farmland by their owner before he committed suicide, sparking a shoot-to-kill hunt for the wild beasts and forcing panicked residents to stay inside. Sarah Irwin reports.
What's the chance?: concepts of probability
Probability offers one of those rare intersections where classroom mathematics crosses middle school experience. The problem scenarios investigated at this level often start with a game—as did theoretical probability itself. Students find that many of the phenomena they encounter in game playing have predictable outcomes. To reach that conclusion, they need opportunities to consider data they generate, noting patterns that emerge and comparing their results with those predicted by theory.
"Jerusalem" by Rocky Dawuni
Reggae rock star, Rocky Dawuni, pays musical tribute to Jerusalem, a holy place cherished by three world religions. The video shows the artist walking through the streets of Jerusalem. (4:50)
Aesop's Fable: The Boy Who Cried Wolf
Nobody believes a liar, even when he is telling the truth. Written by Matt Barry. Illustrated by Andy Barry. (04:02)
Apple's unusual earnings miss
Oct. 18 - Summary of business headlines: Apple misses revenue and profit forecasts; Intel, Yahoo, Coca-Cola top expectations; Goldman posts worse-than-expected quarterly loss, Bank of America swings to profit; Stocks rally despite conflicting signs out of Europe. Conway Gittens reports.
Nestle raises sales goal
Oct. 20 - Nestle raises full year sales growth outlook but says tough environment makes their margin target more challenging. Penny Tweedie reports.
2.4 Summary of Section 2
The water cycle involves the movement of water, in all its forms, over, on and through the rocks near the surface of the Earth in a cycle. This cycle is driven by the Sun's energy and the Earth's gravity. The total volume of water in the cycle is virtually constant. M
Anti-government protests turn violent in Ecuador
Police and demonstrators clash in Quito, Ecuador overnight during protests against the government of President Rafael Correa. Rough Cut (No reporter narration) Subscribe: http://smarturl.it/reuterssubscribe More updates and breaking news: http://smarturl.it/BreakingNews Reuters tells the world's stories like no one else. As the largest international multimedia news provider, Reuters provides coverage around the globe and across topics including business, financial, national, and international
UK inflation hits 3-year high
Oct. 18 - Inflation in Britain hit a three-year high of 5.2% in September, pushed higher soaring by gas and electricity bills and increasing the squeeze on Britons' living standards as wages fail to increase in line with prices. Joanna Partridge reports.


How can i find out the exact version rahter than 'uname -a'?
Uname -a is the right thing to try, 4.14.34 is the kernel version and 34 does not have the fix, so this here is a problem with the updating.
Just to confirm, you say you don't have wireless, but this is a 3b+?
When was the last time you rebooted your Pi?
Same file, same result: Network-Error with a 100 MByte-File over Samba.
I have an old PI 1 from 2011, but it looks like an software-issue not hardware.
A copy via xcopy results in "File creation error - Unexpected network error"
2. Selected a 4GB video file ( a single file! not a directory of smaller files)from my video collection in the NAS.
I wanted to test higher file size (10GB and up) but dont have any in my collection.
For those reading this thread it should be emphasized that the problem you are describing occurs with a Pi 1 rather than a Pi 3. While discussing similar problems with the Pi 1 in this thread may seem logical, the root cause of the problem may be different as the hardware has changed quite a bit over the years.
2. It might help to plug the USB stick into a different socket on the Pi. Try unplugging the keyboard and mouse, then plugging the stick into each of the 4 (or 2 if it's really old) available sockets and testing if that makes a difference.
report back and check whether the problem persists.
Thanks for the ideas to solve the issue.
First of all: I've been using the PI for several years and my 'usb-server' worked for a longer time (~3..4 Months) perfectly with the larger files of 100 MByte. Now not anymore.
The "Stick" is a Garmin Device witch is plugged on a USB-Hub to avoid power-consumption issues.
I have no keyboard or mouse connected.
The tx-tcp-segmentation was already off.
This thread is specifically for the 3B+. Please start another thread for any non-3B+ related issues. Once a new thread is started I will delete the non-3B+ information in this one to avoid confusion.
Reason - The 3B+ has a completely different ethernet chip on it, with a completely different driver, so its almost certain that the issues are not the same.
Last edited by LTolledo on Mon Jul 23, 2018 1:34 pm, edited 1 time in total.
If your results are for the 3b+ then simply post them here, if for anything else, start a new thread.
First of all: I've been using the PI for several years and my 'usb-server' worked for a longer time (~3..4 Months) perfectly with the larger files of 100 MByte.
Everything in the output looks reasonable to me. That and the fact that it was working fine before makes one think this is a 4.14.x kernel regression.
I've taken the liberty to start a new thread to further discuss this problem.


In March 2004, I took a risk and in a blog titled "Predictions about the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election" stated that "I expect the U.S. presidential election in 2004 will be a Bush blow-out, reminiscent of 1984."
He is the first far-leftist possibly to become the Democratic candidate for U.S. president since George McGovern succeeded at this in 1972. Should Obama be nominated, I expect he will do less badly than McGovern (who won just 17 out of 537 electoral college votes), but he will also do very badly.
Barack Obama - will he fare as badly as George McGovern?
George McGovern generated excitement in his day, 1972.
it appears that, in a year when the Democrats were supposed to make their triumphant re-entry into Presidential politics, we may be witnessing the final demise of the New Deal. The Pennsylvania primary was a clincher. Obama has two constituencies -- African Americans and college-educated liberals. They're both passionate bloc voters and will turn out in droves. But their numbers are limited. They'll give Obama Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Mississippi, Illinois, and maybe California and Oregon, but that will be about it.
Nov. 5, 2008 update: Well, this prediction was badly wrong. To explain it away, I could point to the fall's financial problems, the media's bias, or to the McCain campaign's many errors, but there's a deeper issue here. I had confidence that the American people would reject Obama when they learned about his extremist political views, dubious associations, and biographical mysteries. I am astonished that these problems hardly registered, I feel bewildered by my own country, and apprehensive by what comes next.
(1) This unexplained reference, in a speech on July 2, 2008: "We cannot continue to rely only on our military in order to achieve the national security objectives that we've set. We've got to have a civilian national security force that's just as powerful, just as strong, just as well funded." What does this mean? According to Lee Cary at American Thinker, "Obama aims to tap into the already active volunteerism of millions of Americans and recruit them to become cogs in a gigantic government machine grinding out his social re-engineering agenda. It's Orwellian-like, with a novice social activist's mentality at the helm."
(2) The massive crowds attending Obama; in the Associated Press description, "In Chicago, Obama's hometown, an estimated 125,000 people gathered in unusually warm weather to greet the senator at a delirious victory rally at Grant Park." Fouad Ajami notes the novelty of this phenomenon in American politics: "Hitherto, crowds have not been a prominent feature of American politics. We associate them with the temper of Third World societies." Ajami, a Lebanese immigrant, ominously concludes that "those vast Obama crowds, though, have recalled for me the politics of charisma that wrecked Arab and Muslim societies."
Then, to round out this decidedly unusual electoral season, there is the matter of what I call history's largest stink-bomb – the question of Obama's birth in Hawaii and his eligibility to serve as president of the United States. Although the mainstream media has almost unanimously ignored the Philip Berg lawsuit wending its way through the legal system, Obama's reluctance to settle this issue simply by providing the proper documentation makes one wonder if really he can do so. Should he not, the implications are breathtaking.


Furthermore Feige explained that the objective of the team suits is to make sure people know Endgame is more than just a sequel. That recent trailer even had her wearing the same white uniform as the Phase 1 Avengers, suggesting that she's now officially one of the gang.
Talking about the film, all the Marvel fans would know that after the devastating events of Avengers: Infinity War (2018), the universe is in ruins due to the efforts of the Mad Titan, Thanos. "No mistakes, no do-overs. This is the fight of our lives". There's not much in the way of new footage here, but the new Endgame teaser gives us a further peek into the Avengers' plan to defeat Thanos, with a voice-over provided by Captain America (Chris Evans). However, we know that Okoye (Danai Gurira), Valkyrie (Tessa Thompson), and Wong (Benedict Wong) are alive in Endgame and they sure as hell aren't going to sit on the sidelines while the rest of the heroes try to take down their greatest enemy.
Check out the newly released Avengers: Endgame clip, which shows Brie Larson's Captain Marvel for the first time... The player could transform into Thanos by grabbing the Infinity Gauntlet when it dropped into the map, and then wreak havoc on other players. "Endgame" sold more advance ticket sales in the first week than "Star Wars: The Force Awakens", as I wrote for the Deseret News earlier this month.
'Avengers: Endgame'one of the most awaited films of the year is all set to hit the theatres.


Danik's three certificate courses meet state requirements for earning accreditations that allow graduates to further their careers, branch out into new practice areas, and satisfy prerequisites for earning more advanced professional credentials. These are short-term courses that are generally scheduled around the weekend to accommodate working professionals. The state-mandated coursework is covered via lectures and hands-on workshops.
Save your time by using one of ready-made skins, which can be easily customized.
Danik Beauty Academy Now is F.A.M.A.


text:
New portrait of Her Majesty The Queen by Nicola Jane (Nicky) Philipps, commissioned by The Queen's Body Guard, Royal Company of Archers.
The Queen's Body Guard for Scotland, Royal Company of Archers has commissioned a portrait of Her Majesty The Queen to mark The Queen's 90th Birthday, which has been painted by the artist Nicky Philipps. The Queen is wearing the robes of The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle and is depicted standing at the top of the staircase in Archers' Hall. The picture includes a bust of Sir Walter Scott who was instrumental in establishing a ceremonial role for the Royal Company for the visit to Scotland by King George IV in 1822. Also included in the picture are the Colours of the Royal Company which were presented by The Queen in 1966. The portrait is full length and will hang in the dining room in Archers' Hall.
Photo copyright: Nicky Philipps.
Artist: Nicky Philipps.
Photo Credit: ©Nicky Philipps and The Royal Company of Archers
The Royal Company was established in 1676 to participate in, and promote, archery. With the approval of King Charles II, it was authorised to bear the name The King's Company of Archers. In 1704 Queen Ann granted a Royal Charter which entitled the name to be changed to The Royal Company of Archers. Following the royal visit of King George IV in 1822, the name changed once more to The King's Body Guard for Scotland, Royal Company of Archers.
The Royal Company continues to participate in longbow archery and one of the most important competitions is for The Queen's Prize which is presented by Her Majesty at the Palace of Holyroodhouse to the winner each year. A 30 yard indoor archery range was recently constructed at Archers' Hall which is used not only by members of the Royal Company but also by university students, disabled veterans and other archery clubs.
Lieutenant Colonel Richard Callander, Secretary of the Royal Company said "There has been a long association with each Monarch since the formation of the Royal Company and it is a great honour to have a portrait of Her Majesty to mark her 90th year."
Picture by: Andrew Milligan/PA Wire/Press Association Images
The portrait of HM The Queen was painted by Nicola Jane (Nicky) Philipps from a sitting with Her Majesty at Windsor Castle on March 18th 2016.
On meeting Lieutenant Colonel Callander, Secretary of the Royal Company of Archers at Archers' Hall to discuss the preferred composition of the painting, Nicky was delighted to discover a portrait of her great, great grandfather on permanent display in the Dining Room.
Nicky is perhaps best known for her portrait of Their Royal Highnesses Princes William and Harry, commissioned by The National Portrait Gallery, London and her portrait of Her Majesty The Queen for the Diamond Jubilee commemorative first class stamp, now on permanent display in the Throne Room at Buckingham Palace.
Nicky Philipps: "It was an enormous privilege to paint this portrait for The Royal Company and I very much hope the Archers feel it is a worthy representation of our Monarch"
Notes for Editors
For further details contact Lt Col Richard Callander on 0131 667 7860 or email [email protected]
The image may be used free of charge for a month from release, until 7 August 2016.
For use or reproduction in any format on any platform after this date, please refer to Royal Communications for approval and Sara Stewart of Fine Art Commissions ([email protected]).


God's first words in the Bible were, "let there be light." It is always his intention to illumine the darkness of our hearts, homes and worlds. At Christ's birth, the light of a heavenly choir surrounded some simple shepherds, and a shining star guided eastern sages. And then there are the words of Simeon, someone who had waited for the Messiah's coming. As he cradled the new born Jesus, the old man exclaimed that this child would be "a light for revelation to the Gentiles, and for the glory to your people Israel" (Luke 2:32, ESV). The God who first spoke light into the world, has spoken to our hearts with the light of Christ.


text:
A distinct cyclin A is expressed in germ cells in the mouse
Claire Sweeney, Martin Murphy, Michal Kubelka, Stuart E. Ravnik, Chris F. Hawkins, Debra J. Wolgemuth, Mark Carrington
Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
In this paper, the existence of two A-type cyclins in the mouse is demonstrated. In the adult mouse, the expression of cyclin A1, which has greatest sequence identity with Xenopus cyclin A1, is restricted to germ cells. In contrast cyclin A2, which has greatest sequence identity with human cyclin A and Xenopus cyclin A2, is expressed in all tissues analysed. In order to explore the function of cyclin A1 in germ cells, its expression during the meiotic cell cycle and its associated kinase subunits have been characterised in the testis. The levels of cyclin A1 mRNA rise dramatically in late pachytene spermatocytes and become undetectable soon after completion of the meiotic divisions; thus its expression is cell cycle regulated. In lysates of germ cells from adult testes, cyclin A1 is present in p13(suc1) precipitates, and cyclin A1 immunoprecipitates possess histone H1 kinase activity. Three kinase partners of cyclin A1 were identified: p34(cdc2), a polypeptide of 39 x 103 M(r) that is related to p33(cdk2) and, in lesser quantities, p33(cdk2). Cyclin A1 was also detected in oocytes; in metaphase I and metaphase II oocytes, a proportion of the cyclin A1 co-localises with the spindle, possibly suggestive of a functional interaction. These data indicate that mammalian germ cells contain cyclin A1-dependent kinases that either act as a substitute for, or in addition to, the cyclin A2-dependent kinases characterised in somatic tissues.
Cyclin A1
Cyclin A
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
Oocytes
Testis
Spermatocytes
Oocyte
Spermatogenesis
Sweeney, C., Murphy, M., Kubelka, M., Ravnik, S. E., Hawkins, C. F., Wolgemuth, D. J., & Carrington, M. (1996). A distinct cyclin A is expressed in germ cells in the mouse. Development, 122(1), 53-64.
A distinct cyclin A is expressed in germ cells in the mouse. / Sweeney, Claire; Murphy, Martin; Kubelka, Michal; Ravnik, Stuart E.; Hawkins, Chris F.; Wolgemuth, Debra J.; Carrington, Mark.
In: Development, Vol. 122, No. 1, 01.1996, p. 53-64.
Sweeney, C, Murphy, M, Kubelka, M, Ravnik, SE, Hawkins, CF, Wolgemuth, DJ & Carrington, M 1996, 'A distinct cyclin A is expressed in germ cells in the mouse', Development, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 53-64.
Sweeney C, Murphy M, Kubelka M, Ravnik SE, Hawkins CF, Wolgemuth DJ et al. A distinct cyclin A is expressed in germ cells in the mouse. Development. 1996 Jan;122(1):53-64.
Sweeney, Claire ; Murphy, Martin ; Kubelka, Michal ; Ravnik, Stuart E. ; Hawkins, Chris F. ; Wolgemuth, Debra J. ; Carrington, Mark. / A distinct cyclin A is expressed in germ cells in the mouse. In: Development. 1996 ; Vol. 122, No. 1. pp. 53-64.
@article{a475c2f9d93e4e739ed799b4c6bf78ff,
title = "A distinct cyclin A is expressed in germ cells in the mouse",
abstract = "In this paper, the existence of two A-type cyclins in the mouse is demonstrated. In the adult mouse, the expression of cyclin A1, which has greatest sequence identity with Xenopus cyclin A1, is restricted to germ cells. In contrast cyclin A2, which has greatest sequence identity with human cyclin A and Xenopus cyclin A2, is expressed in all tissues analysed. In order to explore the function of cyclin A1 in germ cells, its expression during the meiotic cell cycle and its associated kinase subunits have been characterised in the testis. The levels of cyclin A1 mRNA rise dramatically in late pachytene spermatocytes and become undetectable soon after completion of the meiotic divisions; thus its expression is cell cycle regulated. In lysates of germ cells from adult testes, cyclin A1 is present in p13(suc1) precipitates, and cyclin A1 immunoprecipitates possess histone H1 kinase activity. Three kinase partners of cyclin A1 were identified: p34(cdc2), a polypeptide of 39 x 103 M(r) that is related to p33(cdk2) and, in lesser quantities, p33(cdk2). Cyclin A1 was also detected in oocytes; in metaphase I and metaphase II oocytes, a proportion of the cyclin A1 co-localises with the spindle, possibly suggestive of a functional interaction. These data indicate that mammalian germ cells contain cyclin A1-dependent kinases that either act as a substitute for, or in addition to, the cyclin A2-dependent kinases characterised in somatic tissues.",
keywords = "Cyclin A, Germline, Mouse, Oocyte, Spermatogenesis",
author = "Claire Sweeney and Martin Murphy and Michal Kubelka and Ravnik, {Stuart E.} and Hawkins, {Chris F.} and Wolgemuth, {Debra J.} and Mark Carrington",
journal = "Development (Cambridge)",
publisher = "Company of Biologists Ltd",
T1 - A distinct cyclin A is expressed in germ cells in the mouse
AU - Sweeney, Claire
AU - Murphy, Martin
AU - Kubelka, Michal
AU - Ravnik, Stuart E.
AU - Hawkins, Chris F.
AU - Wolgemuth, Debra J.
AU - Carrington, Mark
N2 - In this paper, the existence of two A-type cyclins in the mouse is demonstrated. In the adult mouse, the expression of cyclin A1, which has greatest sequence identity with Xenopus cyclin A1, is restricted to germ cells. In contrast cyclin A2, which has greatest sequence identity with human cyclin A and Xenopus cyclin A2, is expressed in all tissues analysed. In order to explore the function of cyclin A1 in germ cells, its expression during the meiotic cell cycle and its associated kinase subunits have been characterised in the testis. The levels of cyclin A1 mRNA rise dramatically in late pachytene spermatocytes and become undetectable soon after completion of the meiotic divisions; thus its expression is cell cycle regulated. In lysates of germ cells from adult testes, cyclin A1 is present in p13(suc1) precipitates, and cyclin A1 immunoprecipitates possess histone H1 kinase activity. Three kinase partners of cyclin A1 were identified: p34(cdc2), a polypeptide of 39 x 103 M(r) that is related to p33(cdk2) and, in lesser quantities, p33(cdk2). Cyclin A1 was also detected in oocytes; in metaphase I and metaphase II oocytes, a proportion of the cyclin A1 co-localises with the spindle, possibly suggestive of a functional interaction. These data indicate that mammalian germ cells contain cyclin A1-dependent kinases that either act as a substitute for, or in addition to, the cyclin A2-dependent kinases characterised in somatic tissues.
AB - In this paper, the existence of two A-type cyclins in the mouse is demonstrated. In the adult mouse, the expression of cyclin A1, which has greatest sequence identity with Xenopus cyclin A1, is restricted to germ cells. In contrast cyclin A2, which has greatest sequence identity with human cyclin A and Xenopus cyclin A2, is expressed in all tissues analysed. In order to explore the function of cyclin A1 in germ cells, its expression during the meiotic cell cycle and its associated kinase subunits have been characterised in the testis. The levels of cyclin A1 mRNA rise dramatically in late pachytene spermatocytes and become undetectable soon after completion of the meiotic divisions; thus its expression is cell cycle regulated. In lysates of germ cells from adult testes, cyclin A1 is present in p13(suc1) precipitates, and cyclin A1 immunoprecipitates possess histone H1 kinase activity. Three kinase partners of cyclin A1 were identified: p34(cdc2), a polypeptide of 39 x 103 M(r) that is related to p33(cdk2) and, in lesser quantities, p33(cdk2). Cyclin A1 was also detected in oocytes; in metaphase I and metaphase II oocytes, a proportion of the cyclin A1 co-localises with the spindle, possibly suggestive of a functional interaction. These data indicate that mammalian germ cells contain cyclin A1-dependent kinases that either act as a substitute for, or in addition to, the cyclin A2-dependent kinases characterised in somatic tissues.
KW - Cyclin A
KW - Germline
KW - Mouse
KW - Oocyte
KW - Spermatogenesis
JO - Development (Cambridge)
JF - Development (Cambridge)


Battery life on smartphones is getting better than it used to be from just a few years ago, and even when battery life could be a little better thanks to the advancements in charging technology like Quick Charge 2.0, it only takes around 15 minutes or so to get more than a few hours of battery life. Your phone will have to support Quick Charge 2.0 of course, and the charger you plug it into will also need to support the standard. These types of chargers can range from $30 - $50 but right now you can pick up two different Quick Charge 2.0 chargers on sale right now for just $8.99 and $17.99, and on top of that you can save a little more money by entering in promo codes.
The Quick Charge 2.0 dual-USB port wall charger from Omaker comes with one Quick Charge 2.0 port and one A port that charges at 5V/2.4A. Both ports will charge devices that don't support QC 2.0 and thanks to the intelligent detection technology inside, the ports will charge your device as fast as possible based on how quick of a charge your device can handle. If you enter promo code 8DHVRYA6 at checkout you can pick this up for $7 instead of $8.99. The other charger on offer is the Tronsmart Quick Charge 2.0 3-port USB car charger, which carries one QC 2.0 charging port and two 5V/2.4A ports with Volt IQ that can intelligently detect how fast of a charge your device can handle. If you enter promo code 3USBCHAR atcheckout you can pick this up for $8 instead of the $17.99 price. Both chargers come with their own micro USB cable.


text:
Dominick Tavella (1938 — Cidade do Panamá, 16 de outubro de 2008) é um sonoplasta estadunidense. Venceu o Oscar de melhor mixagem de som na edição de 2003 por Chicago, ao lado de Michael Minkler e David Lee.

Ligações externas

Premiados com o Oscar de melhor som


text:
Baguette under UNESCO intangible cultural heritage list
Post category:Daily Current Affairs for UPSC / Indian History, Culture and Diversity / Mains Current Affairs for UPSC
Baguette — the staple French bread — was inscribed into the UN's list of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) on November 30. UNESCO, the international body which aims at promoting peace and cooperation among nations through education, arts, sciences and culture, recognized the "Artisanal know-how and culture of baguette bread" as a world cultural heritage.
What is a baguette?
The baguette is a long and thin loaf made of flour, water, salt and yeast, and is consumed as a staple in France. Some believe that it was invented by August Zang, a baker and an entrepreneur from Vienna in 1839, who introduced the world to the taste of crusty bread with softer insides, using a steam oven. It gained its official name in 1920.
Photo Credit: Indian Express
The history of the bread is uncertain, some also believe that Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader, ordered thin sticks of bread for consumption by his soldiers as they could be carried from one place to another more conveniently.
What is intangible cultural heritage according to UNESCO?
UNESCO defines "intangible" as "expressions that have been passed from one generation to another, have evolved in response to their environments and contribute to giving us a sense of identity and continuity…"
According to an official document by UNESCO, 'intangible cultural heritage' includes "oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts."
It ascribes importance to "the wealth of knowledge and skills that is transmitted through it from one generation to the next," which necessitates their preservation.
The document states that the safeguarding of an ICH means ensuring that it "remains an active part of life for today's generations that they can hand on to tomorrow."
The adoption of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the ICH by the General Conference of UNESCO in 2003 was a crucial step towards preserving intangible heritage from across the globe.
UNESCO's list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity was established in the year 2008.
What are the criteria for the selection?
There are three criteria for an intangible cultural heritage to be inscribed in the United Nations list.
The entity must
be recognized by communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals as part of their cultural heritage,
be transmitted from generation to generation and be constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history and
provide them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity," according to UNESCO report.
What are India's intangible cultural symbols on the UNESCO list?
This year, India nominated Garba, a traditional dance form that originated in the state of Gujarat, for inscription on UNESCO's ICH list.
The elements which have been on the representative list of intangible cultural heritage from India in the past decade include Kolkata's Durga Puja (2021), Kumbh Mela (2017), Navroz (2016), Yoga (2016), traditional brass and copper craft of utensil-making among coppersmiths of Punjab (2014), Sankirtana, a ritual musical performance of Manipur (2013), and the Buddhist chanting of Ladakh (2012).
Before 2011, the list included Chhau dance, Kalbelia folk songs and dance of Rajasthan, and Mudiyettu, a dance drama from Kerala (2010), Ramman, a religious festival and theatre performance of Garhwal in the Himalayas (2009), and Kutiyattam or Sanskrit theatre, and Vedic chanting (2008).
Ramlila, a traditional performance of Ramayana, was also included in 2008.
Who manages nominations to the UNESCO list in India?
According to a press release by PIB, several autonomous bodies within the Ministry of Culture actively function towards promoting and preserving intangible cultural heritage within the country.
Sangeet Natak Akademi is the nodal organisation which looks after this function, and files nominations of intangible cultural entities from India, for evaluation by the international body.
The Ministry of Culture also launches regular schemes, in an attempt to preserve, protect and promote intangible cultural heritage in the country. Among them, the "Scheme for Safeguarding the Intangible Cultural Heritage and Diverse Cultural Traditions of India" aims to "professionally" enhance "awareness and interest" in the safeguarding, promotion and propagation of ICH.
Source: IE
MoU between India and Hungary
What is genome editing?
Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill 2018


text:
Pakenham South is a suburb and rural locality in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,  south-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the Shire of Cardinia local government area. Pakenham South recorded a population of 229 at the 2021 census.

History

Pakenham South is situated in the Kulin nation traditional Aboriginal country. The Boon Wurrung people are local custodians within the Kulin nation. The origin of the suburb name is from Sir Edward Pakenham and the geographic position south of the Pakenham main settlement.

See also
 Shire of Pakenham – Pakenham South was previously within this former local government area.

References

Suburbs of the Shire of Cardinia


text:
package com.attila.wakerupper.ContentObservers;

import android.content.Context;
import android.database.ContentObserver;
import android.database.Cursor;
import android.net.Uri;
import android.os.Handler;

import com.attila.wakerupper.Factories.ReceiverFactory;

public class SMSSentObserver extends ContentObserver {

    private Context context;

    private final int MESSAGE_SENT_TYPE = 2;

    public SMSSentObserver( Handler handler, Context context ) {
        super(handler);

        this.context = context;
    }

    public void onChange( boolean selfChange ) {
        //reading the sms db-table is undocumented and might change, but google has yet to introduce
        //another way to get sent sms's
        Cursor cursor = context.getContentResolver().query(
                Uri.parse("content://sms"), null, null, null, null);

        if (cursor.moveToNext()) {
            String protocol = cursor.getString( cursor.getColumnIndex("protocol") );
            int type = cursor.getInt(cursor.getColumnIndex("type"));
            long id = cursor.getLong(cursor.getColumnIndex("_id"));

            if ( protocol != null || type != MESSAGE_SENT_TYPE ) {
                cursor.close();
                return;
            }

            ReceiverFactory.resetTextsReceived(context, id);
        }

        cursor.close();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


 What type of maps do you like?
View Poll Results: What type of maps do you like?
I would like to see new maps and I am very curious about other maps.
Thread: What type of maps do you like?
Ive been getting some hate on my maps i was just curious on what you noobs like and want to see in a new map. so heres a poll. i organized them like MLSG so reply if you want to put more detail about your selection.
It's difficult to say exactly what type I like best. Blackriver, Butchered, UnrealPark (although can be improved with better core protection), Thorns V2, Braveheart, Schwartzly and Bluevember are some of my faves. All of these maps have elements of strategy, openness, need of plenty of nukes to win, and don't easily fall into just one of the categories that you've listed above. If I'm in the right mood, even Niven can be fun for me.
tele maps are the most exciting by far.


After setting a custom class based error handler, then using DomDocument, then setting the same error handler again, without resetting it first, PHP segfaults during shutdown. A function based error handler doesn't cause the problem. Executed the three commands in any other order doesn't cause the problem.
(200912181330). anyway, the problem persists.
Dmitry, I don't know what you fixed but the example script still causes a segfault, with same backtrace I posted before..
Log: - Fixed bug #50519 (segfault in garbage collection when using set_error_handler an..


Research group (C-1) Deixis and Frames of Reference. Perspectivation in Language, Text, and Image of the Excellence Cluster Topoi (Berlin) organizes a workshop that will bring together the doctoral students and PostDoc researchers of the group and associated researchers with distinguished scholars from different fields, who have a special expertise in topics of crucial relevance for our projects. Core topic is the phenomenon of perspectivation in language. The workshop will be organized in two sections, each of which will consist of both guest lectures and presentations by Topoi members and associate researchers.
The first section will focus on alternative means by which a speaker adopts a certain perspective in a given situation. More precisely, emphasis will be given to deictic motion, to the distinction between deictic and non-deictic concepts and to the variety of patterns languages employ with respect to spatial frames of reference.
The second section will focus in particular on the asymmetry between Goal and Source in motion events. The topic will be addressed from various angles, viz. typological, diachronic, psycholinguistic, etc.


text:
Tuesday, August 2, 2016 Staff
DiGennaro Chosen to Head Western Reserve Council
BOARDMAN, Ohio — Rocky DiGennaro, Tony DiTommaso and Carlton Ingram took office Monday as the new leaders of the Western Reserve Building & Construction Trades Council, which represents nearly 8,000 skilled tradesmen in Trumbull, Mahoning and Columbiana counties.
DiGennaro, business agent for Local 125 of the Laborers International union, succeeds Don Crane of the millwrights and piledrivers union as president.
DiTomasso, president of Local 171 of the Carpenters & Joiners union, succeeds Jim Burgham of the IBEW as secretary-treasurer. And Carlton Ingram, business agent for Local 66 of the Operating Engineers union, succeeds Butch Taylor of the Plumber & Pipefitters union as vice president.
The Western Reserve council is a collection of 21 locals who represent men and women with skills such as sheetmetal working, structural iron working, plumbing, pipefitting and boilermaking, laying brick, carpentry, pile driving and painting. Other members are Teamsters, operating engineers, electricians, laborers, glaziers, plasters and cement masons, roofers, heat and frost insulators and elevators constructors.
Growth Report 1: National Packard Museum Exceeds Attendance Goals
WARREN, Ohio – Crowds returned to the National Packard Museum in 2022 and the visitors were younger and more diverse than ever. Guests to the Warren museum, which showcases the Packard automobile, arrived from 41 states and 14 countries, according…
Youngstown Blue Coats Seeks Funds For Bigger Building
YOUNGSTOWN, Ohio – Youngstown Blue Coats has outgrown its current location and plans a capital campaign in 2023 to raise funds for a new site, says Patty Summers, president and CEO. She says the organization needs at least 6,400 square…
JA Celebrates 70 Years With Record Fundraising
GIRARD, Ohio – Junior Achievement celebrated 70 years in the Mahoning Valley in 2022, a year that saw the organization change its name, raise record funds and deliver programming in career readiness, financial literacy and entrepreneurship. During the 2021-2022 school…