text:
\section{Introduction}

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been proposed as a novel multiple access scheme to overcome the relatively poor spectral-efficiency of   the   conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) schemes \cite{fnoma}, \cite{noma4}.  In the power-domain NOMA,      superposition coding (SC) is employed   to encode different signals   with  different power levels through power domain multiplexing \cite{noma4}. In particular,  the users with lower channel   gains are assigned with higher power levels compared to those with higher channel gains \cite{islam2018}. At the receiver end,
 stronger users exploit successive interference cancellation (SIC) to subtract
  the interference from weaker users  before detecting their own signals \cite{noma4}.  This multiple access technique, along with other  disruptive technologies, such as massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and mm Wave communication, has the potential to  further improve the performance of the  fifth generation (5G) and beyond wireless networks \cite{mimonoma} \cite{misonoma}.  Recently, different rate-aware beamforming designs   have been proposed for multiple-input single-output   (MISO) NOMA systems. For example, the sum rate maximization (SRM)-based design  maximizes the sum rate of all users in the cell, however,   without taking the  individual users rates  into account~\cite{hanif}. This approach significantly  degrades the rates of the users with weaker channel conditions. To overcome this issue, in  \cite{wsrmnoma},  a rate-fairness-based design has been developed through the weighted sum-rate maximization (WSRM). In WSRM, higher weights are assigned to weaker users' rates to maintain the fairness between users in terms of their achievable   rates.
However, none of  these conventional rate-aware-based designs   consider  either the instantaneous rate-requirements of the users, or the     variations of the users'  channel strengths due to the mobility of the users.  For example, SRM-based design is an appropriate beamforming design when the users have similar channel strengths. However, the SRM-based design is not capable of achieving a reasonable throughput for all users in a system where the channel strengths of the users vary significantly. Such cases, the weakest user will suffer from low quality of service.    In particular, both performance metrics, the sum rate and the fairness among users are crucial performance metrics that have to be considered in 5G and beyond wireless networks   \cite{cuma9} \cite{cuma11} \cite{cuma12}. Hence, the base station (BS) should have the flexibility to intelligently decide whether it needs to     maximize the sum rate   or  the fairness among users, or to strike a good balance between  them.
 The fairness index (FI) has been used to measure the  fairness  between users in terms of their achievable rates \cite{fairindex}. In particular, the FI of the system with $K$ users is defined as follows \cite{fairness}, \cite{cuma7}:
\begin{equation}\label{fairness index}
 \text{FI} =\frac{(\sum_{i=1}^{K} R_i)^2}{K \sum_{i=1}^{K} R_i ^2},
\end{equation}
where $R_{i}$ denotes the achieved rate of the $i^{th}$ user $(u_{i})$. The best fairness can be achieved  when  FI is one.   Note that the    FI and  sum rate are conflicting performance metrics, which means that maximizing the sum rate will degrade the FI, and vice versa, especially with users with significantly different channel strengths.\\
\indent Motivated by this discussion,  we propose a novel  beamforming design   that jointly considers the   conflicting performance metrics, i.e.,   the  sum rate and  fairness in a  MISO NOMA system. In this joint design, the  BS   decides the importance of each performance metric (i.e., sum rate and FI) through assigning  a weight factor  for each objective  based on   the service requirements and the channel conditions of the users. For instance, the BS will consider the fairness with higher weight  when the channel strengths of the users are significantly different and the users expect to achieve the same quality of service in terms of their achievable throughput.   On the other hand,   more weight will be assigned  for   the sum rate when the users have  similar channel conditions. Furthermore, this joint design has the capability to strike a balance between the sum rate and  fairness through assigning appropriate weights to each performance metric.
\indent In particular, we formulate this trade-off-based design as  a  multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem, which  is difficult to solve for an optimal solution. Therefore, we rewrite this MOO problem as a single objective optimization (SOO) problem  by employing a prior articulation method combined with the weighted sum approach\cite{MO3}-\!\cite{MO2}. In the prior articulation scheme,  the  BS  decides the  weight  of each objective in the MOO problem prior to designing
 the beamforming vectors.  A weighted sum single objective function is used to represent the multi-objective functions  \cite{MO3}. However,  the obtained SOO is non-convex and we employ sequential convex approximations (SCA) to solve it.\\
\indent The remainder of the paper is organized as follows.  Section \ref{sec2}  presents  the system model and   the problem formulation. Section \ref{sec3} demonstrates  the proposed technique to solve the developed optimization problem.  Section \ref{sec4}  provides simulation results to validate the effectiveness of the proposed beamforming design  by comparing its performance with different beamforming techniques available in the literature. Finally,   Section \ref{sec5}   concludes the paper.

\subsection*{Notations}
We use lower case boldface letters for vectors and upper case  boldface letters for matrices. $(\cdot )^H $   denotes complex conjugate transpose.    $\Re(\cdot)$ and $\Im(\cdot)$  stand for  real and imaginary parts of a complex number, respectively. The symbols $\mathbb{C}^{N}$ and $\mathbb{R}^{N}$ denote  $N$-dimensional  complex and real spaces, respectively.      $||\cdot||_2 $  and $| \cdot| $ represent  the Euclidean norm of  a vector and the absolute value of a complex number, respectively. $\mathbf{x} \succ0$ means that all the elements in the  vector  $\mathbf{x}$ are greater than zero.
\section{System Model And Problem Formulation}\label{sec2}
\subsection{System Model}

In this paper, we consider  the downlink transmission of a  MISO  NOMA system,  in which a  BS    equipped with  $N$  antennas simultaneously   transmits signals to $K$ single-antenna users. The  transmitted signal from the BS can be written as
\begin{equation}\label{super}
\mathbf{x}=\sum_{i=1}^{K}\mathbf{w}_is_i,
\end{equation}
where $s_{i}$ and $\mathbf{w}_i$ $ \in$ $\mathbb{C}^{N\times1}$ denote the signal intended for the $i^{th}$ user $u_{i}$ and the corresponding beamforming vector, respectively. The received signal at $u_i$   can be written as
\begin{equation}
y_i=  {\mathbf{h}_i}^H \mathbf{w}_i s_i + \sum_{j=1, j\neq i}^{K}{\mathbf{h}_i}^H \mathbf{w}_j s_j +n_i,
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf{h}_i$  $ \in$ $\mathbb{C}^{N\times1}, \forall i \in \mathcal{K}\overset{\bigtriangleup}{=}\{1,\cdots,K\}$ represents the channel coefficient vector between $u_i$   and the BS. These channel coefficients are modelled as   $ \mathbf{h}_i= \sqrt{d_i^{-\kappa}}\mathbf{g}_i$, where $ \kappa , d_{i}$ and $ g_{i} $  denote the path loss exponent, the distance between $u_i$  and the  BS in meters, and the small scale fading, respectively. In addition, $n_i\sim \mathcal{CN}(0,\sigma_i^2)$ represents the additive white Gaussian noise with zero-mean and variance  $\sigma_i^2$.  In  power-domain NOMA,  user  ordering plays a crucial role for the performance of  NOMA \cite{cuma8},   which  can only be determined through exhaustive search to achieve the optimal performance.  However, for the sake of simplicity, we order the users based on their channel strengths   as   follows:
\begin{equation}\label{order}
||\mathbf{h}_1||_2^2\leq ||\mathbf{h}_2||_2^2\leq\cdots\leq||\mathbf{h}_K||_2^2,
\end{equation}
  where $u_1$ and $u_{K}$ are refer to the weakest and strongest users in the system.
Based on this user ordering in (\ref{order}),  $u_i$ has the capability to perform    SIC   through   decoding and subtracting
 the signals intended for the $u_1,u_2,\cdots,u_{i-1}$   users     prior to decoding its own signal\cite{misonoma}. Therefore, the received signal at  $u_i$    after eliminating the first $i-1$ users' signals using  SIC  can be written as \cite{wcnc1}
\begin{equation}
\overset{\sim}{y_i}=  \underbrace{{\mathbf{h}_i}^H \mathbf{w}_i s_i}_{\text{intended signal }} +\underbrace{\sum_{j=i+1}^{K} \mathbf{h}_i^H \mathbf{w}_j s_j }_{ \text{ interference }  }+  \underbrace{n_i}_{\text{ noise }}, \forall i \in \mathcal{K}.
\end{equation}
In particular, the signal intended for $u_i $  will be decoded at $u_k$   (i.e., $k\geq i$ ) with the following  signal to interference plus  noise   ratio  ${SINR}_i^{(k)}$:
\begin{equation}
{SINR}_i^{(k)}=\frac{|\mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_i|^2}{\sum_{j=i+1}^{K}|\mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j|^2 +\sigma_k^2}, \quad \forall i \in \mathcal{K}, k\geq i.
\end{equation}
In order to decode  the $i^{th}$   user signal at different users, the $SINR$ of that signal should be more than a  certain threshold. This imposes a condition   ${SINR}_i^{(k)} (k \geq i)$ at all the strong users that they should satisfy the predefined SINR threshold to achieve a particular rate. Therefore, the  ${SINR}$ of the signal  intended for $u_i$ can be defined as \cite{hanif}
\begin{equation}\label{sinr}
 {SINR}_i=\text{min} \{ {SINR}_i^{(i)}, \cdots, {SINR}_i^{(K)}\},  \forall i \in \mathcal{K},
 \end{equation}
and  the rate of $u_i$  can be defined as
\begin{equation}\label{rate}
\ {R}_i=B_w\log(1+ {SINR}_i),\quad \forall i \in \mathcal{K},
\end{equation}
where $B_w$ is the available bandwidth for transmission,  which is      assumed to be one. Furthermore,  the sum rate of this MISO NOMA system  is given by
\begin{equation}\label{sumrate}
 {R} =\sum_{i=1}^{K} {R}_i.
\end{equation}
In order to ensure that SIC is successfully implemented at all  strong users, and to assign more power levels to the  weaker users  based on NOMA,   the following
SIC constraints should be included \cite{fayzeh}:
\begin{equation}\label{channels}
 \vert \mathbf{h}_i^H\mathbf{w}_1 \vert^2 \geq \cdots\geq\vert \mathbf{h}_i^H \mathbf{w}_{K}\vert^2,   \forall i \in \mathcal{K}.
\end{equation}
In addition, the  transmit power ($P_{tr}$)  should not exceed  the available power budget ($P_{ava}$) at the BS, which  can be mathematically  formulated as the following constraint:
\begin{equation}\label{power}
P_{tr}=\sum_{i=1}^{K}\vert \vert \mathbf{w}_i \vert \vert ^2_2 \leq P_{ava}.
\end{equation}

\subsection{Problem Formulation}
For the sake of notation simplicity, we denote the sum rate by $f_1(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K})$  (i.e.,  $f_1(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K})  = R$), whereas FI is represented by $f_2(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) $ (i.e., $f_2(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) $ = FI).   In this work, we aim to jointly maximize   the conflicting objectives  (i.e., maximize $f_1(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K})$ and $f_2(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K})$) subject to SIC  and total transmit power constraints. This could be mathematically formulated as the  following MOO problem:
\begin{subequations}\label{MOO}
\begin{align}
P_1:
 &\underset{\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K} }{\text{max }}\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!\!
& & \! \! \! \! \! \! \! \! \! \! \mathbf{f}(\{\mathbf{w}_i  \}_{i=1}^{K})  \\
& ~~\text{s.t.}
& & \! \! \! \! \! \! \! \! \! \!(\ref{channels}),(\ref{power}),
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where   $\mathbf{f}(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) $  denotes the vector which  consists of  the both objective functions  (i.e., $\mathbf{f}(\{\mathbf{w}_i  \}_{i=1}^{K}) = [f_1(\{\mathbf{w}_i  \}_{i=1}^{K}) ~  f_2(\{\mathbf{w}_i  \}_{i=1}^{K})]^T$). In fact, there exists
 no  single global optimal solution that simultaneously  maximizes $f_1(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K})$  and $f_2(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K})$ together. Therefore, to handle
  such a problem, the designers search for the best trade-off solutions according to the network conditions, which are named as the Pareto optimal solutions (non-dominated solutions) \cite{MO2}. In particular, a feasible solution ${\{\mathbf{w}_i^*\}_{i=1}^{K}}$ is called  a Pareto optimal solution if and only if  there exists
   no other feasible solution  ${\{\mathbf{w}_i^{'}  \}_{i=1}^{K}}$ such that $\mathbf{f}(\{\mathbf{w}_i^{'}\}_{i=1}^{K}) \succ \mathbf{f}({\{\mathbf{w}_i^*\}_{i=1}^{K}}) $. The set of all Pareto-optimal solutions is called the Pareto front\cite{MO2}.
Therefore, in the following section,  we develop an effective approach  to determine the Pareto-optimal solution of the MOO problem in (\ref{MOO}).
\section{Proposed Methodology }\label{sec3}
In this section, we provide an effective  approach to solve the challenging MOO problem  $ P_1$. In particular,  this approach is developed by   combining both the objective functions in
$ P_1$   as a weighted single objective function,  which we  solve by using the SCA technique.
\subsection{Single Objective Optimization}
In order to  reformulate the optimization problem in  (\ref{MOO}) into a tractable SOO problem,  we   employ  the prior articulation scheme combining with the weighted sum approach. First, a weight factor ($\alpha_i$) is assigned to  each objective function  such that $\alpha_1+\alpha_2=1$, where $\alpha_i$ for ($i=1,2$)  reflects the importance of $f_i(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K})$ in the overall MOO problem.
Next, both   objective functions in $\mathbf{f}(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K})$ are combined into a  single objective function (utility function)\cite{MO3}. A number of  utility functions have been considered in the literature of MOO, however,  we  employ the weighted sum  approach here as it achieves the Pareto-optimal solutions\cite{MO2}. It is worth mentioning that we have to normalize each objective function by its maximum value (i.e.,   \textit{utopia point}) prior to adding them in order to get  an unit-less objective function with a maximum value of one for each normalized objective function. Based on this weighted sum-approach, the original MOO problem in (\ref{MOO}) can be reformulated as a SOO as follows:
\begin{subequations}\label{MOO2}
\begin{align}
 \overset{\sim}{P_1}:
 & \underset{\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K} }{\text{max }}
& &   \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!   \alpha_1 f_1^*(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) + \alpha_2  f_2^*(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K})  \\
& \text{s.t.}
& &  \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\! (\ref{channels}), (\ref{power}),
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where $f_i^*(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) $ is the  normalized  objective function of $f_i(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) $, which can be written  as  \cite{funtr}
\begin{equation}
f_i^*(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) =\frac{f_i(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) }{f_i^{max}},
\end{equation}
   where  $f_i^{max}$ represents the maximum value of $f_i(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) $.  In particular,  the  maximum value of the FI is one (i.e., $f^{max}_2=1$). On the other hand, the sum rate function (i.e., $f_1(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) $) should be normalized by its maximum value prior to solving the SOO $\overset{\sim}{P_1}$,  which can be determined by solving the following   SRM problem:
\begin{subequations}\label{Max}
\begin{align}
P_2:
&\underset{\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K} }{\text{max }}
& & \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\!\! \sum_{i=1}^{K} {R}_i \\
& ~~\text{s.t.}
& & \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\!\!(\ref{power}), (\ref{channels}).
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
The SRM in (\ref{Max}) can be solved  by exploiting the  minorization maximization algorithm\cite{hanif}. In the following subsection, we develop an effective approach to solve the SOO in (\ref{MOO2}).
It is worth
 to make two important observations regarding    the SOO  optimization problem $\overset{\sim}{P_1}$. Firstly, the weighted sum approach that is utilized to replace the original multi-objective functions by a single one produces the  Pareto-optimal  solutions of the original optimization problem $P_1$ \cite{MO2}. Secondly, the original MOO $P_1$ turns out to be the conventional SRM problem when $\alpha_1=1$. However, when $\alpha_2=1$,  $\overset{\sim}{P_1}$ becomes the max-min rate (MMR)  optimization problem. In particular, the MMR solution achieves the same rate (i.e., a unity FI)  for all the users in the system \cite{cuma}. However,  the WSRM   and proportional fairness (PF) problems could be formulated from the original optimization problem $\overset{\sim}{P_1}$ through appropriately scaling the weight factor between zero and one.

\subsection{Sequential Convex Approximation}
In this  subsection, we   solve the $ \overset{\sim}{P_1}$   by approximating the non-convex functions in the objective and the constraints as convex ones through using the SCA approach \cite{sqa}. To apply this approach, we introduce multiple slack variables ($\xi_1,\xi_2,\xi$) to represent the single objective function as follows:
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
\alpha_1 f_1^*(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) \geq \xi_1,\\
 \alpha_2  f_2^*(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K}) \geq \xi_2,\\
 \xi_1+\xi_2 \geq \xi.
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
Based on these new slack variables, the optimization problem in (\ref{MOO2}) can be rewritten as
\begin{subequations}\label{MOO3}
\begin{align}
\overset{\approx}{P_1}:
& \underset{\xi_1,\xi_2,\xi,\{{\mathbf{w}_i}\}_{i=1}^K}{\text{max}}
& & \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!  \xi\\
& ~~~~~~~ \text{s.t.}
& &\!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\! \xi_1+\xi_2 \geq \xi,\label{cons1}\\
&& &\!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\! (1-\alpha) f_1^*(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K})\geq \xi_1, \label{con1}\\
& & & \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\! \alpha f_2^*(\{\mathbf{w}_i\}_{i=1}^{K})\geq \xi_2,\label{con2}\\
& && \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\!\!\!\!\! \!\! (\ref{channels}),  (\ref{power}),\label{lk}
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
 where $\alpha_2=\alpha$ and  $\alpha_1=1-\alpha$. It is obvious that $\overset{\approx}{P_1}$ cannot be solved directly through existing convex optimization software due to the non-convex constraints. Hence, we approximate those constraints with convex ones and iteratively  solve the SOO problem by updating the approximations in each iteration.
 Without loss of generality, the constraint in (\ref{con1}) can be   equivalently  written as
  \begin{equation}\label{kcons1}
  \sum_{i=1}^{K} {R}_i \geq \frac{f_1^{max}\xi_1}{(1-\alpha)}.
\end{equation}
  By introducing a new set of slack variables, the  constraint in (\ref{kcons1})   can be rewritten into the following set of constraints:
\begin{subnumcases}{(\ref{kcons1})  \Leftrightarrow  }
   \sum_{i=1}^{K}{r}_i\geq \frac{f_1^{max}\xi_1}{(1-\alpha)}, \label{part2}
   \\
    {R}_i  \geq  r_i,   \forall i \in \mathcal{K}. \label{saw}
\end{subnumcases}
Furthermore, the constraint in  (\ref{saw}) can be expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{rat1}
\log\left(1+\frac{\vert \mathbf{h}_k^H\mathbf{w}_i \vert^2}
{\sum_{j=i+1  }^{K}\vert \mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j \vert^2+\sigma_k^2}\right) \geq r_i,   \forall i \in \mathcal{K}, k\geq i.
\end{equation}
The non-convexity of (\ref{rat1}) can be handled by introducing new slack variables, namely  $z_i$ and $ \rho_i$,   such that the constraint in (\ref{rat1}) is written into the following two  constraints:
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
& 1+\frac{\vert \mathbf{h}_k^H\mathbf{w}_i \vert^2}
{\sum_{j=i+1  }^{K}\vert \mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j \vert^2+\sigma_k^2}  \geq z_i,\forall i \in \mathcal{K}, k\geq i, \label{parrt2}\\
&{z}_i  \geq  2^{r_i},\quad  \forall i \in \mathcal{K}. \label{saww}
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
In addition, the constraint in (\ref{parrt2}) is similarly written with a  new slack variable    $\eta_{i,k}$ as
\begin{subnumcases}{(\ref{parrt2})\\  \Leftrightarrow  }
    \vert \mathbf{h}_k^H\mathbf{w}_i \vert^2 \geq (z_i-1)\eta_{i,k}^2,     \label{parrtt2}
   \\
    {\sum_{j=i+1  }^{K}\vert \mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j \vert^2+\sigma_k^2} \leq \eta_{i,k}^2. \label{sawww}
\end{subnumcases}
To represent    (\ref{parrtt2})   in  a convex form,   the square root of each term in the inequality is considered.  Then, we approximate the right hand-side term of the inequality by  convex-concave approximation \cite{cc} through the first-order Taylor series approximation \cite{hanif}. Therefore, the constraint in  (\ref{parrtt2}) can be approximated by the following linear inequality constraint:
\begin{multline}\label{ta3ab}
{\Re (\mathbf{h}_k^H\mathbf{w}_i )}\geq \\ \sqrt{{( z_i^{(n-1)}-1)} }\eta_{i,k}^{(n-1)}+ \sqrt{ {({ z_i^{(n-1)}-1)}} }(\eta_{i,k}-\eta_{i,k}^{(n-1)})\\+0.5 \sqrt{\frac{ 1}{{( z_i^{(n-1)}-1)}}}( z_i- z_i^{(n-1)}),    \forall i \in \mathcal{K}, k\geq i,
\end{multline}
where $ z_i^{(n-1)}$ and $\eta_{i,k}^{(n-1)} $ represent the  approximations of $ z_i $ and $\eta_{i,k} $, at the $ (n-1)$ th iteration, respectively.
Furthermore, we can rewrite the constraint in (\ref{sawww}) as the following
 second order cone (SOC):
\begin{equation}\label{soc1}
\eta_{i,k} \geq ||[\mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_{i+1}~ \mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_{i+2}~\cdots~\mathbf{h}_k^H\mathbf{w}_{K}~\sigma_k ]^T||_2,      \forall i \in \mathcal{K}, k\geq i.
\end{equation}
With multiple slack variables, the non-convex constraint in (\ref{con1}) is now formulated as the following convex constraints:
\begin{equation}
(\ref{con1})  \Leftrightarrow  (\ref{part2}),(\ref{saww}),(\ref{ta3ab}),(\ref{soc1}).
\end{equation}
\indent Next,  we   rewrite the constraint in (\ref{con2}) in convex form by employing  the same approximation techniques that have been already implemented to handle (\ref{con1}). Firstly, we   equivalently rewrite the constraint in  (\ref{con2}) as
\begin{equation}\label{naraa}
\frac{(\sum_{i=1}^{K} r_i)^2}{K \sum_{i=1}^{K} r_i ^2}\geq \frac{\xi_2}{ \alpha},
\end{equation}
and this constraint is approximated by introducing the following new slack variables $ \gamma,\beta$ such that
\begin{subnumcases}{(\ref{naraa})  \Leftrightarrow  }
   (\sum_{i=1}^{K} r_i)^2 \geq \gamma \beta^2, \label{ar}
   \\
    {K \sum_{i=1}^{K} r_i ^2} \leq \beta^2, \label{arrd}
\\
\gamma \geq \frac{\xi_2}{ \alpha}. \label{arr}
\end{subnumcases}
To handle the non-convexity of the constraint in  (\ref{ar}), we use the same Taylor series approximation that was employed to derive the inequality in (\ref{ta3ab}),  as follows:
\begin{multline}\label{jara}
 \sum_{i=1}^{K} r_i \geq
 \sqrt{\gamma^{(n-1)}} \beta^{(n-1)}+\\ 0.5 \frac{1}{ \sqrt{\gamma^{(n-1)}}}\beta^{(n-1)}( \gamma-\gamma^{(n-1)})   +
 \sqrt{\gamma^{(n-1)}} (\beta-\beta  ^{(n-1)}).
\end{multline}
Similarly,  the constraint in (\ref{arrd}) can be written as the following SOC constraint:
\begin{equation}\label{con5}
\beta \geq \sqrt{K}  || [r_1~r_2~\cdots~r_K]^T||_2.
\end{equation}
Hence, the non-convex constraint in (\ref{con2})   can be now reformulated as the following convex constraints:
\begin{equation}
(\ref{con2})  \Leftrightarrow  (\ref{arr}),(\ref{jara}),(\ref{con5}).
\end{equation}
 Finally, we transform the non-convex SIC constraint in (\ref{channels}) by  replacing  each non-convex term of the inequality   with  a linear approximated term
 using the first-order Taylor series approximation, as shown below \cite{haitham}
\begin{multline}\label{anoora}
\vert \mathbf{h}_k^H\mathbf{w}_j  \vert^2 \cong  |\vert [ \Re{(\mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j^{(n-1)})}~ \Im{(\mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j^{(n-1)})}]^T||^2 +\\2 [ \Re{(\mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j^{(n-1)})} ~ \Im{(\mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j^ {(n-1)})}]\\ [(\Re{(\mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j)}-\Re{(\mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j^{(n-1)})})~\\ (\Im{(\mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j)}-\Im{(\mathbf{h}_k^H \mathbf{w}_j^{(n-1)})})]^T.
\end{multline}
\indent Through including these approximations,   the original optimization problem $\overset{\sim}{ P_1}$ can be reformulated as follows:
\begin{subequations}\label{MOO6}
\begin{align}
& \underset{\chi  }{\text{max}}
& &  \xi \\
& \text{s.t.}
& & (\ref{channels}),(\ref{saw}) (\ref{saww}), (\ref{ta3ab}),(\ref{soc1}),     \\
& && (\ref{cons1}),(\ref{lk}),(\ref{part2}), (\ref{con5}),(\ref{arr}),(\ref{jara}),
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
where  $\chi$  includes all the  optimization parameters  such that  $\chi\overset{\bigtriangleup}{=}\{\mathbf{w}_i,\xi,\xi_1,\xi_1,\beta,\gamma,r_i,\eta_{i,k},z_i  \}_{i=1}^{K}.$  It is obvious that solving the  optimization problem in (\ref{MOO6}) requires to initialize the parameters  $\chi^{(0)}$ and these parameters can be obtained by   choosing a feasible beamforming vectors $\{\mathbf{w}_i^{(0)}\}_{i=1}^{K}$. Furthermore, the other slack variables can be determined through substituting    $\{\mathbf{w}_i^{(0)}\}_{i=1}^{K}$ in the inequalities. The  optimization problem in (\ref{MOO6})
is  iteratively solved until the required accuracy is achieved such that $|\xi^{(n)}-\xi^{(n-1)} |$ is less than a pre-defined threshold $\varrho$.

\section{Simulation Results}\label{sec4}
In this section, we provide simulation results examining the effectiveness of the proposed sum rate-fairness  trade-off-based beamforming design. In particular, we consider a BS  equipped with four transmit antennas (i.e., $N=4$) which transmits information to five single-antenna users.   It is assumed that the users are located at  distances of 50, 4, 3, 2 and 1 meters. Furthermore, we assume that all the channels are Rayleigh  fading,   with the   path loss exponent and the noise variance of the channels are set to be two and one, respectively, whereas the available bandwidth for   transmission is assumed to be  $B_w=1$ MHz. The threshold to terminate the  iterative algorithm is chosen to be 0.001 (i.e., $\varrho=0.001$).  We define the  normalized  transmit power   (TX-SNR) in dB as   $\text{TX-SNR (dB)}=10\log_{10}\frac{P_{ava}}{\sigma^{2}}. $
\begin{figure}[htb]\label{fig:vara}
 \includegraphics[scale=0.23,center]{55_N.pdf}
 \caption{Achieved sum rate and FI against the weight factor $\alpha$, TX-SNR=30 dB. }
 \centering
 \label{fig:one}
 \end{figure}
Fig.  \ref{fig:one} demonstrates the achieved  sum rate and FI over the   weight factor   $\alpha$. As expected,  the problem $ \overset{\sim}{P_1}$ becomes SRM at $\alpha=0$, and   the maximum sum rate is  achieved   at the cost of    lower FI. Furthermore, the optimal fairness is achieved when the weight factor is set to be one (i.e., $\alpha=1$). In particular, the problem $ \overset{\sim}{P_1}$ turns out to be MMR with $\alpha=1$. However, the  BS  can appropriately choose a value for the weight factor $\alpha$ so that a good balance between the sum rate and FI can be achieved. A good trade-off between these performance metrics can be achieved by choosing  $\alpha=0.5$, as shown in Fig.  \ref{fig:one}.
\begin{figure}[htb!]\label{fig:vara2}
 \includegraphics[scale=0.23,center]{fig33_1_N.pdf}
 \caption{The weakest user's rate against the available transmit power for  different weight factors $\alpha$. }
 \centering
 \label{fig:two}
 \end{figure}
Fig.  \ref{fig:two} illustrates the rate variation of the weakest user for different values of  the weight factor $\alpha$.   For example,  at TX-SNR= 30 dB, the rate of the  weakest user  achieves around 0.2 Mbps with $\alpha=0$; however, this rate can be increased  five times by setting the weight factor $\alpha$ to   1. Hence, the BS has the flexibility to determine the  achievable rate of the weakest user by appropriately choosing the weight factor $\alpha$.
\begin{figure}[htb!]\label{fig:vara1}
 \includegraphics[scale=0.23,center]{pareto.pdf}
 \caption{Pareto-front for different TX-SNR thresholds. }
 \centering
 \label{fig:three}
 \end{figure}
Furthermore, we provide the Pareto-optimal solutions of the proposed joint sum rate-fairness-based beamforming  design for different TX-SNR thresholds in Fig.  \ref{fig:three}. In particular, the Pareto-front is the set that consists of  the best-trade off  (Pareto-optimal) solutions for $ \overset{\sim}{P_1}$. For instance, at TX-SNR=25 dB, each point on the curve represents the best (sum rate, FI) solution   that could be achieved with a particular weight of $\alpha$. It is worth  mentioning that for a given value of $\alpha$, one of the  performance metrics can be improved. However, this improvement is not without  degrading the performance of the other metric.

\begin{table*}
\centering
\caption { The impact of the weakest user distance (i.e., $d_1$) on the sum rate and FI with different weight factors, at TX-SNR=35 dB.} \label{tab:title}

 \centering
  \resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{
 \begin{tabular}{|c||c|c|c|c||c|c|c|c||c| c|c| c| c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c||c|c||c|c||c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c||c|c|}
  \hline
    &   \multicolumn{4}{c||}{Case 1, $d_1$=10 m } &\multicolumn{4}{c||}{Case 2, $d_1$=100 m }&\multicolumn{4}{c| }{Case 3 $d_1$=1000 m }\\
     \hline
   &R (Mbps)&$R_1$(Mbps)&$R_5$ (Mbps) &FI &R (Mbps)&$R_1$(Mbps)&$R_5$ (Mbps) &FI&R (Mbps)&$R_1$(Mbps)&$R_5$ (Mbps) &FI  \\
   \hline
    $\alpha=0$ & 13.598&0.5537 &8.9750 &0.4224 &13.4003 &0.2033 &9.2729 &0.3845&13.2006 & 0.0042&9.2421 &0.3750\\
 \hline
   $\alpha=0.25$ &13.1764  &2.0968 &3.6811  & 0.9571 &12.9283 & 0.3935  & 4.2581  &  0.7974 &12.9127 &  0.0057  &  5.1300  &0.6559    \\
   \hline
    $\alpha=0.5$&12.9801 &2.3456&3.0192 &0.992&12.6967 &0.4279 &3.4141 &0.8487&12.3254 &0.0081 &3.5196 &0.7930 \\
   \hline
    $\alpha=0.75$& 12.9111  & 2.3686   &2.8195  & 0.9966&10.9714    &0.9287  & 2.5853 &0.9229 &12.2129  &  0.0082   & 3.1948   & 0.8004   \\

   \hline
    $\alpha=1$& 12.7126&2.6919 &2.4219 &0.999& 7.6435&1.1216 &1.3380 &0.9484&0.1469 &0.0340 & 0.0374&0.9951 \\
    \hline
  \end{tabular}}

\end{table*}
Finally,    Table \ref{tab:title}   demonstrates the importance of the proposed sum rate-fairness trade-off-based design over the other  fixed beamforming design. In particular, the BS decides the weights of each of the conflicting performance metrics (i.e., sum rate and FI) based on the instantaneous channel state information of the users. To explain this in a detailed manner, we present  the  rates  of the weakest and  strongest users, the achieved sum rate, and the FI through increasing the distance of  the  weakest user $u_1$ ($d_1$)  from 10-1000 meters, while  the distances of the remaining  four users in the system remain fixed.
As seen in  Table \ref{tab:title}, the SRM beamforming design (i.e., $\alpha=0$) does not provide a better quality of service  in terms of fairness and achievable rate of the weakest user as the distance between users increases. For example, the weakest user achieves only a rate of  0.0042 Mbps while the strongest user enjoys a rate of  9.2421 Mbps, with   FI of 0.375. Hence, the BS can intelligently assign appropriate weights to maintain a good fairness among the users,   such that the weakest user rate is reasonably increased.
\section{Conclusions}\label{sec5}

In this paper, we have proposed a  sum rate-fairness trade-off-based beamforming design  for a MISO NOMA system. In this  design, the BS has the flexibility to appropriately choose the weights of each objective  according to the users' channel conditions. The beamforming   design is  formulated as a MOO problem which is hard to solve directly. To overcome this issue, a weighted sum approach combined with the prior articulation method is employed to reformulate  the original  problem as a SOO problem. Furthermore,  the SCA  technique is exploited to iteratively solve the weighted SOO problem. Simulation results indicate that the proposed approach is very effective when compared against  the conventional rate-aware beamforming design.

{  \section*{Acknowledgement}
 The work of K. Cumanan, A.  Burr and Z. Ding was supported by H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 under grant no: 690750. }
\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
'It's showtime:' Pitt Tonight premieres its eighth season with a new host
By Patrick Swain, Staff Writer • August 28, 2022
Nick Cassano recalls his first time on the set of Pitt Tonight, the campus late-night comedy show where he spent the past year as a writer, saying the thrilling showtime atmosphere drew him in. Now, he is taking the helm as Pitt Tonight's new host.
Live from Pitt Studios … it's UPTV
By Benjamin Nigrosh, Staff Writer • November 18, 2019
The station broadcasted a number of new clips from the station's other shows on the Petersen Events Center's jumbotron during the first ever UPTV Live event Sunday.
'Pitt Tonight' takes on 4th season
By Sarah Connor, Culture Editor • August 29, 2018
The staff and stars of the University of Pittsburgh's first -- and only -- late-night talk show recorded the show's season premiere on Aug. 26.
Fast Films: UPTV hosts 24-hour film festival
By Siddhi Shockey / For The Pitt News • October 2, 2017
The screen fades to black after the character of Meriwether Lewis gets impaled — by his future self. Lewis uses a power strip as a makeshift time machine and travels back to when he launched a knife...
UPTV returns with 24 hour film festival
By Brady Langmann / Staff Writer • November 23, 2015
At University of Pittsburgh Television's 24 Hour Film Festival last Friday night, Zack Williams' team had only three rules: The short had to be about a conspiracy, feature a pair of sunglasses and...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


[Community Input Needed] Gridcoin website redesign!
Rob Halförd has left Gridcoin!?
What is happening with Gridcoin?
Russians Call For 'Crypto Hour',what do you think?
What is the current released version of gridcoin installer?
Why is there a whitelist?


It is invaluable in tiny spaces. In case its too tight slowly utilize the channel hair to loosen the pipe. Vessel sinks with dining room table tops are actually typical in a lot of modern bathrooms. The following set up gives bathrooms an open feel because the percentage below the sink is generally not enclosed but still it is useful because of to counter leading parts on both sides of the sink. Furthermore, larger sinks tend to be accompanied by larger vanities, which permits increased storage space, a feature particularly important in rooms like toilets. If you love to get a far more personalized sink, you can buy the custom made sinks according to your needs, tastes, liking and budget.


How did they get all the way out there on those little legs?
Some baby ducks decided they wanted to quack everybody up by running onto the field.
They were headed for fowl territory, but our groundscrew scooped them up safely.
I always love seeing which new animals find a way to delay a baseball game. Usually they're bees or squirrels, but sometimes you'll see a rabbit or even a sheep.
Saturday night's game between the Norfolk Tides and Louisville Bats was briefly interrupted by a pair of baby ducks on the field. I don't know how they got all the way out to the third base line on those tiny little legs, but they got close enough to the action that a groundskeeper and a bat boy had to come out and scoop them up.
There were plenty of people who thought, after the expansion draft, that the Vegas Golden Knights would be easily the worst team in the NHL. No one thought they'd be one of the four best. And yet, here they are in the Western Conference final, four wins away from playing for the Stanley Cup.
Today is the anniversary of the most iconic sports press conference off all time. Some people might put Jim Mora's "PLAYOFFS?!" ahead of it, or Dennis Green's "They are who we thought they were!", or Mike Gundy's "I'm a man, I'm 40!", but my money is on Iverson. He doesn't blow his top like those other guys; he's just incredulous. I mean, you don't see those other guys getting referenced in Action Bronson songs, and that guy makes a ton of sports references.
You have to see this SNL skit mocking LeBron's teammates if you haven't already ... Charlie Day has worn the same shoes for all 14 seasons of It's Always Sunny ... A New Jersey ice cream maker has introduced a pork roll flavor ... A major shoutout to former NFL running back Isaiah Pead, who's not giving up on sports after losing his leg in a car crash ... A Wisconsin man has just eaten his 30,000th Big Mac ... A Colorado woman blew up a microwave at 7-Eleven when she tried to heat up urine.
9/7/1958: San Francisco CF Willie Mays makes a leaping grab at the wall of a fly ball by Chicago CF Bobby Thomson. LF Leon Wagner watches the wizardry.
First game of a double-header @ Wrigley Field, Chicago.


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You have probably heard that Grow Smarter uses a Collective Impact approach to create equitable economic growth. But what is Collective Impact?
Collective Impact was first introduced by a Stanford Social Innovation Review article in 2011 and has since been used to solve community challenges around equity, education, public health, and environmental issues. Collective Impacts use cross-sector collaboration to address complex social issues.
1. A Common Agenda: Although Collective Impacts are made up of organizations with their own goals and initiatives, when these organizations come together as a collective they establish a definition of the problem they are trying to solve and have a shared vision for how to solve it.
2. Shared Measures: Collective Impacts agree on a way to track progress as a group. This allows them to show success and continuously improve.
3. Mutually Reinforcing Activities: Organizations that are part of a Collective Impact have their own events and initiative, but these efforts are coordinated to reduce duplication of efforts and maximize the end result.
4. Continuous Communication: In order to build trust among all involved, Collective Impacts emphasize continuous communication at all levels.
5. A Strong Backbone: To get things done you need to have dedicated individuals who have the time to organize and execute the work of the collective. Collecting and analyzing data, facilitating workgroup meetings, and planning event logistics are all tasks of a strong backbone.
If you are interested in learning more about Collective Impact, a great resource to turn to is the Collective Impact Forum.
Check on this video titled "Practitioner Insights: Why Collective Impact" or this report that looks at the implementation and results of 25 different Collective Impacts.


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Home › Latest News › World News › 3-year-old in intensive care, purge victim parents in detention after boat tragedy
3-year-old in intensive care, purge victim parents in detention after boat tragedy
A three-year-old Turkish boy is fighting for his life and his parents are in police custody after their boat capsized in the Aegean Sea as they were trying to flee an ongoing government crackdown on followers of the Gülen movement in Turkey, according to a Turkish deputy.
The news about the tragedy was shared by Ömer Faruk Gergerlioğlu, a human rights activist and deputy from the pro-Kurdish Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) from his Twitter account on Sunday.
According to Gergerlioğlu, the family was trying to make their way to Greece's Lesbos Island from the Ayvalık coast in western Turkey.
"It is again the Aegean Sea, another boat sinking, another…" Gergerlioğlu tweeted while talking about the tragedy of the Karabulut family.
When their boat capsized, father Erol Karabulut and mother Gülistan, who is eight months pregnant, and their son Ekrem were rescued by a Turkish gendarmerie team. The mother was subsequently arrested on Sunday, while the father was taken into police custody in Ayvalık.
The boy, whose situation is critical, is being treated in the intensive care unit at Ege University Hospital without his parents beside him. Relatives of the family are calling on Turkish authorities on social media to allow the child's parents to be with their son at a time when he is fighting for his life.
Thousands of people have fled Turkey due to a massive post-coup witch-hunt carried out by the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government against sympathizers of the Gülen movement in the aftermath a failed coup attempt in July 2016.
The Turkish government accuses the Gülen movement of masterminding the failed coup attempt and labels it a "terrorist organization," although the movement strongly denies involvement in the coup attempt or any terrorist activity.
Many have tried to flee Turkey by illegal means as the government had cancelled the passports of thousands of people. Some families who took risky journeys in inflatable boats to reach Greece via the Maritsa River or the Aegean Sea perished when their boats capsized.
More than 400,000 people have been investigated in Turkey over Gülen links, according to Turkish Justice Ministry.
Turkish government bans years-long Saturday Mothers vigil
18,128 people in Turkey detained over Gülen links in last 8 months


Bear Back can be found just off of Border when heading out of the Market area of Kingdom Trails.
The trail features some ups and downs (mostly down) with a few split options. Eventually, it meets up with West Branch heading back up to Market. This is best ridden from Border, not West Branch.


posted by Steve Ognibene in Co-ed, softball, Kibbie Park, sports, adult softball league, news, steve ognibene's blog.
T.F. Brown's Blind Squirrels beat Wii Not Fit 12-11 last night to take the Co-Ed Softball Championship at Kibbe Park.
Eddie Davis' big game was not enough as Wii Not Fit loses in the bottom of the seventh inning by one, as Lee hits walk-off opposite field single.
Everybody contributed for the T.F. Brown's Blind Squirrels, that's for certain.
Fava gets his first ever title in any league anywhere, breaking his mush curse.
Jamil finally breaks his coed curse.
Wii Not Fit, though they always look like they're overmatched and the underdogs, keep that grit, which got them to a #2 seed regular season although preseason picked to be no higher than the #5 seed.
An evenly matched game throughout with a muckyish outfield -- left by the flood at Kibbe Park not even a week prior -- wasn't keeping these two teams filled with non-prima donnas off the field.
Over 10 hours of HAND rolling and almost 72 hours of sun made this night possible.
Couldn't believe the number of spectators tonight even.
Members of the winning team are Ronnie Sumeriski, Mike Jamil, Pat Fava, Jackie Janes, Jarad Lee, Heidi Dempsey, Mike Badami, Chester Harrington, Ariel Ford, Chelsey Ruzewski, Lacy Leto, as well as Kirsten Rowland and Jerry Dykstra, who were unable to participate in the title game but were vital cogs all season long for the T.F. Brown's Blind Squirrels.
For more pics go to: Visit Steve Ognibene's photography site.
posted by Arlana Pathammavong in sports, soccer, Co-ed, Recreational.
Open Soccer tonight @ 6:45. John Kennedy fields, look around because we might be behind the school again this week. We play rain or shine, until the sun goes down. If you have any questions call or text me -585.409.5228- Anyone and everyone welcome, all ages, shapes, sizes, co-ed. It is recreational, but slightly competitive, but you don't need to be an amazing player to play, we welcome anyone. Spread the word. We play EVERY Monday night at 6:45 at John Kennedy. Its a been a great turnout thus far, hope to see you there.


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The characters that may be used to create chat room names depends on the subscription level you have on that chat room.
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Criminal Minds Season 12 Thomas Gibson Aka Aaron Suspended For Hitting Producer
Tagged: Criminal Minds season 12 Spoilers & News, news, Thomas Gibson news
Criminal Minds season 12 Thomas Gibson Aka Aaron suspended for hitting producer. According to a new report from TV Line and their sources, Aaron Hotchner star, Thomas Gibson, has been suspended from the show after reportedly kicking one of the producers in the leg!
Thomas delivered a statement to TMZ about the altercation, stating: "There were creative differences on the set and a disagreement. I regret that it occurred. We all want to work together as a team to make the best show possible. We always have and always will."
As of right now, Thomas' future on the show, is under review, so that doesn't sound too good. The show is currently trying to film the 4th episode for season 12.
New Criminal Minds Season 12 Derek Replacement Character Revealed,New Details
Tagged: Criminal Minds season 12 Spoilers & News, news
New Criminal Minds season 12 Derek replacement character revealed,new details. As previously reported, actor, Shemar Moore, decided to quite his Derek Morgan role on the CBS's hit drama show, "Criminal Minds." So, now, CBS has come up with a replacement in actor for him, Adam Rodriguez (left).
According to TV Line, Adam will play a special agent with the FBI Fugitive Task Force that will join Rossi, Hotch et al at the Behavioral Analysis Unit.
Adam is no stranger to these intense CBS drama/crime roles as he formerly played Delko in CSI: Miami a few years back. In fact, the president of CBS Entertainment, Glenn Geller, had some very positive, welcoming back words for Adam during the announcement, stating: "We're all big fans of Adam's and are excited to welcome him back to the CBS family."
New Criminal Minds Season 12 Still In Question,CBS Currently Undecided
New Criminal Minds season 12 still in question,CBS currently undecided. Hey, "Criminal Minds" folks. Regrettably, we are unable to confirm with you, right now, if CBS is going to give your favorite show a new season 12. According to TV Guide and a couple of other sources, the show was missing from early renewals that CBS announced back in late March 2016.
It turns out that we could find out on May 10th, 2016 after some big licensing deal with ABC studios takes place. Also, this late renewal issue has happened a couple of times with this show in the past, but the renewal always came around shy of the Mid-May time frame. So, we're hoping that's what'll happen this time.


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If you're serious about committing to a new pet, you might consider visiting an animal shelter. "We don't encourage people buying dogs ... from pet stores (because) we want people to think adoption first," said Treasa Downey, director of the Scituate Animal Shelter.
Cats cost about $100 to adopt, while dogs can range from $90 to $250, Downey said. The adoption fee includes vaccination, flea treatment if needed, and neutering of the animal.
Pet adoption agencies work to make sure potential owners are suitable. They do phone screenings, check with vets if the owner has animals or has owned pets in the past, and check with landlords if the owner lives in an apartment to make sure animals will be allowed.
Milton's shelter offers a "seniors to seniors" program, where senior citizens who want companionship can adopt an older cat for a discounted price.
While kittens and puppies are the most popular and usually find homes quickly, an older animal can be just as rewarding, said Julia Fratalia, director of the Standish Humane Society in Duxbury.
The Standish Humane Society doesn't keep its animals in cages after they become comfortable with their surroundings. The animals are allowed to roam throughout the center.
The adoption process itself can take only a few days to a week, according to Downey, but it is a serious commitment for both the owner and the pet.
Keep the litter box clean. You may have to experiment with kitty litter to see what the cat likes. Groom your cat regularly to prevent hair balls and shedding.
Outfit your dog with an ID tag in case he gets lost. And you can consider having a microchip implanted under your dog's skin. with a microchip. Give your dog enough exercise to keep him physically fit. - this can help both the owner and the dog. Give them enough exercise to feel healthy.


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Class Dismissed Podcast
Home Best podcast for teachers World's best 'eclipse chaser' explains why you may not want to photograph...
Best podcast for teachers
World's best 'eclipse chaser' explains why you may not want to photograph the eclipse
Ortego Creative
Episode 134: One day, no instruction, just play
Ep. 133: Why this teacher taught a YA novel she never read
Episode 132: Why and how you should tie emotion to your history class
Episode 131: Best Education Podcasts Interviews of 2019
Episode 130: Should we continue to teach Shakespeare?
Astronomer Glenn Schneider has been chasing total eclipses since he was 14 years old. In all, he's witnessed 33, an accomplishment that only two other people in history can put on their resume.
Credit: Dr. Glenn Schneider
August 21, Schneider will be staked out in Madras, Oregon to watch a celestial phenomenon that has not been duplicated in the United States since 1918. A total solar eclipse will pass over 14 states, first touching the United states on the Pacific coast of Oregon and slowly stretching to the Atlantic coast of South Carolina.
The path of totality will be approximately 60 miles wide and Schneider says those within driving distance to the path should not squander the opportunity to witness it with their own eyes.
Total Solar Eclipse Path 8.21.17 Credits: NASA/Goddard/SVS/Ernie Wright
"There is no photograph, no video, no digital capture of a total solar eclipse that is like seeing it imaged on your own retinas." Schneider says.
"It is not just a visual event in seeing totality. It's a drop in temperature that's associated with it. The reactions of the animals that might be around. The reactions of the people that may be around."
Schneider says for some, a total eclipse is an individual spiritual event, and for others it's a community event to be shared.
For most Americans, this will be their first opportunity to view a total solar eclipse. The last one to pass over the U.S. mainland was 1979. The 1979 eclipse was only visible in totality in the Pacific Northwest.
The August 21, 2017 eclipse is being dubbed by many as the "Great American Eclipse" because of its unique accessibility to a large population. It's estimated that 200 million people are within a days drive to the path of totality.
Schneider says hundreds of thousands of people may converge on some smaller towns and community planners are having to prep for the temporary increase in population.
There have been estimates of how many people may travel into the path of totality, who don't actually live there.
"It's been up around 10 million or so, depending upon who's doing the estimation." says Schneider.
"That can get concentrated into local pockets, where the weather is good or where people think the infrastructure might support it. I don't think there's going to be as much of problem in larger cities in the path of totality, but the smaller areas may experience real problems with gasoline shortages and road congestion and cell phone systems that just can't handle those type of crowds."
Schneider says the good news is that community planners and mangers have caught wind of this quite early on and a lot of that was helped by professional outreach through the American Astronomical Society and other groups informing local communities that, 'Hey this is coming!'.
"Nobody is trying to be a doomsayer here, but the reality is you take a small town population of 6000 or so and you put a 100,000 people in it, it can stress the capability and infrastructure."
Schneider has two key pieces of advice for those wanting to view the eclipse.
Savior the event, don't fumble with cameras.
"If it's the first total eclipse you're seeing, I would say don't bother taking pictures."
Schneider says that it's real easy to pick up a cell phone and take a snapshot and that may be fine if you've got two minutes are so, depending on where you are.
"But don't get involved in a photographic or video program for your first total solar
eclipse." he says he made that mistake as a teen. "I prepared a bunch of cameras and such when I was 14 years old for this first eclipse. And when totality happened I was frozen like the proverbial deer in the headlights and lost months of practice of exactly what I was going to to do."
"I think the minds eye is much more important to capture."
Wear protective glasses
If you are viewing the partial eclipse, outside the path of totality or the partial phases of the total eclipse before or after it becomes total you need to have appropriate and safe viewing eclipse glasses during the partial coverage.
"They are available from a number of very reputable commercial services very inexpensively." says Schneider. "There's nothing special about looking at a partial eclipse that's different from looking at the sun at any other time. You never really consider looking at the sun directly."
Schneider says viewing the eclipse can trigger interest in science and technology amongst children and adults. Schneider says "If you've got a chance to see it. Don't quibble go see it!"
Hear the full interview with Glenn Schneider on Ep. 06. Or listen on iTunes.
Dr.Schneider is an Astronomer at Steward Observatory, and the Project Instrument Scientist for HST's Near Infra-red Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer. His research interests are centered on the formation, evolution, and characterization of extrasolar planetary systems and have focused on the direct detection of sub-stellar and planetary mass companions to young and near-by stars and the circumstellar environments from which such systems arise and interact.
Listen to the latest episode of the Class Dismissed on iTunes!
Glenn Schneider
photograph the eclipse
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Overland literary journal > Articles by: Fiona Capp
Fiona Capp
Fiona Capp is the author of three novels and three works of non-fiction, including That Oceanic Feeling, which won the Kibble Award for life writing.
Articles by Fiona Capp:
Salinger's Toilet
Six months after the death of JD Salinger in 2010, the toilet from his former home in Cornish, New Hampshire, went up for sale on eBay for one million American dollars. The advertisement claimed that the toilet was 'uncleaned and in its original condition'. It also speculated that Salinger might have dreamed up and even written some of his unpublished work while sitting on this 'throne'.
Best non-fiction reads 2011
My pick of non-fiction books is, as you would expect, mostly a reflection of my own particular obsessions and interests. However, one of the pleasures of being a regular reviewer of non-fiction books is the discovery of gems you would not otherwise have stumbled across or even thought were your thing. One such discovery was […]
Published in Overland Issue Print Issue 197 Summer 2009
The lost garden
And yet something wasn't quite right. There was no wind and an eerie stillness hung over the place. The rambling weatherboard homestead that Judith grew up in was long gone, replaced by a large 1970s-style brown brick house that lay unoccupied. It was owned by a family who visited only occasionally, leaving a manager to look after day-to-day affairs.


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Awdah bin Hamad Almarwani (Awdah bin Hamad   c. 1916 – 1994)
was the leader (shaikh) of a section of the Juhaynah or Aljehani tribe of Bedouin Arabs Bin Hamad was a significant tribal figure in the Hijaz and well respected by Ibn Saud

Banu Marwan
Banu Marwan  a clan of Juhaynah () "the people of manners". They are the leaders of Juhaynah tribe. Almarween are Sunni Tribe in the Arabian peninsula. There is no official tribe population count but it is estimated to be approximately one million in Saudi Arabia. The tribe Chief, Sheikh. Awdah bin Hamad ALMarwani ALJehani. The tribal lands extend from the Red Sea coast in Yanbu (Western Part of Saudi Arabia) to the heart of Najd in the central region of Saudi Arabia, and from North lands extend from Madinah (a holy city for Muslims) to Al Qunfudhah in the south.

References

1910s births
1994 deaths
Tribes of Saudi Arabia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The Veitchi Group have been collecting jackets, wellies, toys and clothes for our Winter Warmer appeal for the PEEK charity https://www.peekproject.org.uk/ which is based in Glasgow and who's mission is to improve the chances of children and young people through engaging with them in play, creative arts and personal development. The Group supported this last year and on top of collecting the gifts we have donated £500 in cash to the appeal. Jim Stewart and Jacqui Haggart visited the centre…
Charity Donations 2021
During 2021 the staff and company, although restricted in their fundraising efforts due to Covid, haven't stopped trying to raise money for worthy causes. We continue with our successful GAYE scheme, which celebrates it's 21st birthday this year. Contributions made by staff via their salaries, are matched pound for pound by the company. We have also continued with dressing down days at our Cambuslang office where staff pay to dress down on the last Friday of every month.…
Baby Boom at Veitchi
The Group are delighted to announce 3 new arrivals into our ranks. Craig Storier, Aberdeen Flooring QS and his wife Emma were delighted to see the arrival of baby girl Rorie on 5th October at 10.27 at a healthy 6lbs. Chris Lewis, Veitchi Interiors Business development Manager and his wife Kay saw the arrival of Baby Emily on the 17th September at 7.21 pm. Emily was 6lbs and 9 oz; and Peter Morton, Group IT manager and his partner Michelle…
Ruairudh and Emma tie the knot!
The Group are delighted to announce the marriage of Ruairudh Carson to his beautiful bride Emma which took place at Loch Tay on August 15th where they stayed for their honeymoon. Ruairudh is a trainee Surveyor with Richardson & Starling having joined us nearly a year ago. We wish them all the very best for the future
Jack Gray Apprentice of the year
The Veitchi Group are Proud to announce that Jack Gray of Veitchi Flooring won the Contract Flooring Association / Contract Flooring Journal Apprentice of the Year award 2021. This is a UK national award which Jack won in the face of very stiff competition this year. Jack was noted for his enthusiasm and energy as well as his technical ability. He also produced a short video to wow the judges and his award and prizes were presented to…
Veitchi Prostate and Breast Cancer Appeal
Following our appeal to support BREAST CANCER and PROSTATE CANCER by designing and selling branded polo tops the Group have raised an amazing £1780. Adopting, now illegal, pressure selling techniques our team of Mel Reid and Kiera Munro sold 89 shirts beating our target of 50 by a long way. We now hope to see the shirts in circulation within our branches on dress down Fridays. We would like to thank those who purchased the shirts and donated…
After a long hard winter for all charities Veitchi Group have made donations to our nominated charities for 2020. Heavily restricted by Covid Veitchi Group raised money through internal fundraising events and our Give as you Earn scheme and were delighted to post out cheques totalling £6297 to the charities as noted below: We wish them all well and commend the exceptional support they provide to many who are in need in our communities. To find out more…
Veitchi Value Long Service Roll of Honour – 2021
At Veitchi we pride ourselves on the quality of our staff and this manifests itself in long service and exceptional staff retention. This year's roll of honour to date is:
Graham Duncan MD of Richardson & Starling – "Stops the Rot!"
The Group are delighted to announce the retirement of Managing Director , Graham Duncan after 32 years of exceptional service. Graham is seen here at his socially distanced presentation receiving a crystal decanter and glasses from his successor Graham Bruce who will be taking up the role of MD from 1st May. Graham is retiring to relax with his grandchildren and enjoy time travelling and holidaying in his caravan in St Andrews. Graham's exceptional service started in 1989 when…
Richardson & Starling Legend put out to stud!
The Group are delighted to announce the retirement of Arthur Blower, Senior Branch Manager of our Dumfries and Carlisle branch on Friday 9th April. Arthur who has a passion for horses and motorbikes also became a grandfather last year and is looking forward to spending more time with his family. Arthur commenced first time round with us in 1983 as a driver in Dumfries. He was with us for 20 years before jumping over briefly to join Buccleuch Estates.…
Bill Beaton Retirement
Richardson & Starling Senior Surveyor Bill Beaton has decided to hang up his damp meter after two spells with the company spanning back to 1977 and covering nearly 20 years service. Bill took some time out to pursue a career as a technical teacher at Jordanhill college before returning to rot in 2013 to see out his career in preservation. Bill was an invaluable member of the team enhancing it with both his technical knowledge and wit. He…
Kilbryde Hospice Puzzle Solved
The final piece of the puzzle has been inserted into the the Kilbryde Hospice Jigsaw which now takes pride of place on the wall within the Kilbyde Kafe. The jigsaw was a means of providing financial support to the hospice in the form of sponsorship of each jigsaw piece at a cost of £250 per piece and Veitchi were delighted to be able to assist in purchasing a piece. The Group will also be sending a cheque for…
Veitchi complete the Hat Trick
The Group are delighted to announce the arrival of Ross McKenna, second son of Steven our Health and Safety Manager and his wife Elaine. Ross was born on Sunday 21st March at 11.11 a.m. and weighed in at a healthy 5lbs 7 OZ despite being 2 weeks early. Both Elaine and Ross are doing well. This completes a hat trick of Veitchi babies joining Leo Rae and Tessa Bartleman who's births spanned the Christmas period. Congratulations to Elaine, Steven and…
A Bright Future – Veitchi Value Apprentice Placements
The Veitchi Group are delighted to announce 24 new apprentice #apprentices placements within our three subsidiary companies of Veitchi Flooring, Veitchi Interiors and Richardson & Starling. Training will be both on site and within the Veitchi Value Trade School where they will be coached and mentored by our existing staff and turned into highly skilled young professionals. This adds to our existing apprentice team bringing the number actively participating to 43.
Danny Kidd Retirement
Veitchi Interior's long serving Senior Contracts Manager Danny Kidd is retiring after 26 years with the company. Danny has retired to a life of fishing, dog walking and golfing and has also threatened to take up caravanning if he can get insured! We wish Danny all the best and thank him for his exceptional service to the company over such a long period of time and send him on his way with the warm wishes of his colleagues…
Starting a New Year with New Qualifications
Richardson & Starling are proud to announce that the list of our PCA accredited surveyors has just expanded. After progressing through an extensive training and examination session, several of our Trainee Specialist Surveyors have become Certificated Surveyors of Timber & Dampness in Buildings (CSTDB) previously Certificated Surveyor of Remedial Treatments (CSRT). The Property Care Association (PCA) is the leading property preservation accreditation body in the UK. It continues to develop best practices and maintain high-quality standards for member…
Veitchi New Deliveries
The Group are delighted to announce the arrival of Tessa Bartleman and Leo Rae daughter and son of Veitchi Employees Katy and Laura respectively.


This statistic displays the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults in Great Britain from 1974 to 2015, by gender. The prevalence of smoking among men and women has substantially declined since 1974. In 2013, 22 percent of men and 17 percent of women smoked cigarettes, which is almost half the rate reported in 1974.
Since 2012 figures are from the Opinions & Lifestyle Survey. Earlier data is from the General Household/General Lifestyle Surveys.
Since 1998 the data has been weighed.
Indonesia: What brand of cigarettes do you smoke?


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The Imaging Center Laboratory provides a convenient location for repeat and outpatient laboratory testing. For more information on testing and patient instructions for lab tests visit the Laboratory page. The Imaging Center Lab is open 7 am to 5 pm, Monday through Friday.


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Home CoronaVirus 5 cases of COVID-19 linked to a long-term care facility near Campbellton
5 cases of COVID-19 linked to a long-term care facility near Campbellton
Four residents and one staff member from a long-term care facility are among the most recent cases of COVID-19 in northern New Brunswick related to a family doctor who contracted the virus outside of the province and is not self-isolated.
New Brunswick Public Health announced three new cases of COVID-19 in the Campbellton area, also known as Zone 5, at a press conference on Sunday. All new cases are individuals in their 80s.
This brings the total number of cases in the Campbellton area to 12, said the chief medical officer of health.
The new cases include three people in a long-term care facility near the northern community. Another case, a 70-year-old man who also lives in the health facility, tested positive for the virus on Saturday.
This brings the total number of cases in the care facility to five. Three of the institution's five cases are hospitalized, including one in intensive care.
An employee of Manoir de la Vallée in the nearby community of Atholville, New Brunswick, also tested positive for the virus earlier this week.
WATCH | New cases of COVID-19 detected in northern New Brunswick:
Four residents and one staff member from a long-term care facility in Campbellton tested positive for COVID-19. 1:26
A hundred people, including 57 residents, could have been exposed to the worker, who was contagious during three shifts in the establishment.
All active cases in the province are in the Campbellton area, also known as Zone 5.
"It is possible that the virus will spread beyond this region because the virus has an incubation period of 14 days," said Dr. Jennifer Russell, chief medical officer of health for New Brunswick.
The 12 cases are related to a family doctor who contracted the virus in Quebec and did not self-isolate when he returned to New Brunswick. The doctor, who has had contact with around 150 people since his return, has been suspended.
The government is urging people in the Campbellton area and those who have been there in the past two weeks to be tested.
"We have a two-week period ahead of us where we are going to look very carefully at what is going on in this region and also in the province because we know that people have left this region since the moment there was transmission of COVID -19, "said Dr. Russell.
Test sites in Campbellton, Dalhousie
Test sites are located at the Memorial Civic Center in Campbellton and the Dalhousie Inch Arran Ice Palace.
Sunday is the last day of the mass tests. No appointment is required and the tests are available to everyone, whether or not they have symptoms.
Those who get a negative test result should watch for symptoms for the next 14 days. It takes up to 48 hours for the test results to come back.
Until last week, New Brunswick had no active cases of respiratory disease. The 120 people infected since the start of the pandemic in March have recovered.
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HG Theatre Immersive/Interactive Theatre
Cirque du Sique: A Grave Affair (theatre review)
November 28, 2021 November 24, 2022 Steve Biodrowski, Administrator Reviews, The Count's Den
Intimate, interactive theatre is like providing therapy for a demented Cirque du Soleil
As if dining with vampires were not enough, there is even more fun at The Count's Den this holiday season. In addition to Bite: Season's Bleedings, there is also Cirque du Sique: A Grave Affair. Another immersive theatrical experience, this one has a distinctly different flavor: absent vampires, Cirque du Sique incorporates horror imagery (creepy undertaker, sinister spells, dark secrets), but it's more flamboyantly bizarre that outright frightening in its portrayal of a family of circus performers attending a funeral for their matriarch, whose influence over them may have been more than merely psychological. As the title suggest, Cirque du Sique feels a bit like a demented version of Cirque de Soleil, with you, the audience, rubbing shoulders with the performers.
The ninety-minute interactive play is divided into three sections. In the first plays a bit like an actors showcase, with the family members not only delivering eulogies but also displaying the skills (dancing, fire-eating, swordplay) they learned from their adoptive mother, a charismatic woman who made them what they are, psychologically if not literally, bestowing upon them archetypal names such as Filth and Desire. In the second, the ceremony breaks up, and guests are invited to interact up close and personal with the characters in private rooms, learning that the tragic circumstances that lead these orphans to join the circus may not have been entirely accidental. In the finale, a missing spell is rediscovered, which has the potential to right old wrongs, but the results are not exactly what was expected….
Thanks to the exaggerated theatricality of its characters, particularly the sinister funeral attendant, who is sometimes referred to as "Lurch," Cirque du Sique flirts with camp, but it is not a comedy. It's more like a domestic drama with flair, thanks to the eccentric showbiz characters (one converses with audience members while dangling overhead like a trapeze artist). During these one-on-one encounters, disturbing details emerge, which the characters dimly suspect, while sometimes refusing to acknowledge. Audience members become de facto therapists, guiding characters toward unpleasant truths they may prefer to deny.
This makes Cirque du Sique even more interactive than Bite: Season's Bleedings, enlisting the audience as an intimate part of the drama. The result is enjoyably engaging, but it does lead to some confusion about how active a role we are expected to play. Characters ask for help finding the spell that may reverse their problems, but it is not clear whether we are actually expected to physically locate the missing pages (the answer is no).
Ultimately, the pages are uncovered, leading to an over-the-top climax mixing horror and burlesque in a way that goes beyond flirting with camp. It's not quite The Rocky Horror Show, but it has a similar vibe, providing the perfect really big finish to this strange circus act. Haunt-seekers with a taste for macabre fun should have a very good time.
Cirque du Sique: A Grave Affair rating
Flamboyantly campy and creepy, Cirque du Sique: A Grave Affair offers an enjoyable opportunity for audiences to interact with a dysfunctional family of circus performers at the funeral of their family matriarch.
Cirque du Sique: A Grave Affair continues at the Count's Den on Sundays through December 19, with performances at 7pm and 9pm. The address is 1039 S Olive Street in Los Angeles. Get more information at thecountsden.com.
Bite: Season's Bleedings (review)
Cirque du Sique Review: Photo Gallery
Funeral trappings
The Matriach's Coffin
Refreshments for the funeral guests
The Undertaker, sometimes called "Lurch."
One of the mentally damaged family of circus performers
The funeral sometimes seems more like a burlesque show.
The cast of "Cirque du Sique" after opening night's performance
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Steve Biodrowski, Administrator
A graduate of USC film school, Steve Biodrowski has worked as a film critic, journalist, and editor at Movieline, Premiere, Le Cinephage, The Dark Side., Cinefantastique magazine, Fandom.com, and Cinescape Online. He is currently Managing Editor of Cinefantastique Online and owner-operator of Hollywood Gothique.
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Wayang Golek, Spectacle and Guidance Art
2017-07-30 17:40:00 | NEWS 715 VIEWS 0 COMMENTS | AUTHOR : REP-ERA-RILIS HUMAS PEMPROV.JABAR
BANDUNG – Wayang Golek Art is not just entertainment, but it fosters a deep love and fosters a sense of pride in the local arts. Moreover, Wayang Golek is an asset of regional cultural arts that must be preserved. Wayang Golek also one of the typical that makes West Java is known in all corners of the national, to international.
West Java Governor Ahmad Heryawan (Aher) said, puppet show also contains entertainment, or spectacle as well as guidance that devotes the virtues that need to be practiced, and the value of evil that must be resisted.
"In order for the culture to be preserved properly, the performance of art should be held, such as the puppet show performance," he said while attending the Wayang Golek show titled 'Lestari Budaya Nusantara Indonesia', in the Parking Area of UPI Bandung Campus, Saturday (29/07/2017) night.
Governor Aher also said that Wayang Golek is a unique kind of art-culture featuring many characters, long story, played with one puppeteer.
"Wayang Golek, the most popular, the more exciting the night, not to mention when the character Si Cepot appeared," he said.
3rd RI President H. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie stated that culture is a unifying nation. The process of culture, in an integrated productivity produces as well as sharpening creativity.
So with the background, Habibie explained that culture has an important role in building a superior human resources in building a character of Indonesia.
"Culture becomes a nation character that is not only seen from the understanding of science and technology, but also its character," said Habibie.
Not only to preserve, but art-culture is also a means of education, to pervasive every value and original character of the Indonesian nation
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Robert Morris grieves student's passing
Matt Merlino
Delaney Hassell, News Editor
The Robert Morris University campus community is in mourning as senior Television/Video Production student, Todd Krugle, has passed away.
Krugle was described as having a special talent in video production and design. He was also listed on the roster of the Bauerstown Volunteer Fire Department Station 259.
According to an email sent out by President Christopher Howard, "The loss that will be felt by Todd's family must surely be overwhelming. Their grief will be shared by his many friends and classmates, by the faculty who were his teachers, and by all of us at Robert Morris whose lives Todd touched."
Also in the email, President Howard said he plans to reach out to Krugle's family to express the sympathy of the RMU community.
If you would like to talk to someone, services are offered by the Counseling Center located in Patrick Henry on campus. Please call the counseling center at 412-397-5900 if you would like to speak to someone.
These websites were suggested by the Counseling Center to help students throughout the grieving process. Please visit Helpguide.org or sevenponds.com.
Delaney Hassell, Social Media Manager
A communication major with a concentration in journalism and a minor in psychology, Delaney is one of the Social Media Managers for RMU Sentry Media as...
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