WASHINGTON, D.C. – America's 102 most outstanding youth volunteers – two from each state and the District of Columbia – were named State Honorees today by The Prudential Spirit of Community Awards, a nationwide program honoring young people for exemplary acts of volunteerism. The awards program, now in its 17th year, is conducted by Prudential Financial, Inc. in partnership with the National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP).
Each of the 102 State Honorees will receive $1,000, an engraved silver medallion and an all-expense-paid trip to Washington, D.C., May 5-8 for several days of national recognition events. Ten of them will be named America's top youth volunteers for 2012 at that time.
In addition to the State Honorees, the program's judges recognized 234 students nationwide as Distinguished Finalists for their impressive community service activities. Each will receive an engraved bronze medallion. More than 500 other applicants were awarded Certificates of Excellence for their volunteer work.
A large number of State Honorees and Distinguished Finalists this year – 20 percent – conducted volunteer activities to address needs overseas, especially in Africa, Latin America and Japan. Honorees traveled to volunteer in orphanages, build homes, and teach impoverished children. In their own communities, they collected food, medical supplies, clothing, books, school supplies, eyeglasses, teddy bears and soccer cleats to send overseas. And they raised money to finance school tuitions, refugee relief, AIDS medications, clean-water projects and other critical needs in desperate communities around the world.
Scott Fetz, 16, of Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, a sophomore at Hawaii Preparatory Academy in Kamuela, is a passionate community advocate and volunteer whose service began when he opened and managed a school store that raised more than $12,000 to purchase school supplies. Since then, he has become an active member of numerous service groups, including SADD, American Red Cross, and the Service Learning Advisory Council, and has created a number of school service projects including a beautification project and a unity program.
The Prudential Spirit of Community Awards represents the United States' largest youth recognition program based solely on volunteer service. All public and private middle level and high schools in the country, as well as all Girl Scout councils, county 4-H organizations, American Red Cross chapters, YMCAs and affiliates of HandsOn Network, were eligible to select a student or member for a local Prudential Spirit of Community Award. More than 5,000 Local Honorees were then reviewed by an independent judging panel, which selected State Honorees and Distinguished Finalists based on criteria including personal initiative, creativity, effort, impact and personal growth.
While in Washington, D.C., the 102 State Honorees – one middle level and one high school student from each state and the District of Columbia – will tour the capital's landmarks, attend a gala awards ceremony at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, and visit their congressional representatives on Capitol Hill. In addition, 10 of them – five middle level and five high school students – will be named National Honorees on May 7. These honorees will receive additional $5,000 awards, gold medallions, crystal trophies and $5,000 grants from The Prudential Foundation for nonprofit charitable organizations of their choice.
Since the program began in 1995, more than 100,000 young volunteers nationwide have been honored by The Prudential Spirit of Community Awards at the local, state or national level. The program also is conducted by Prudential subsidiaries in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Ireland and India. In addition to granting its own awards, The Prudential Spirit of Community Awards program also distributes President's Volunteer Service Awards to qualifying Local Honorees on behalf of President Barack Obama.


Most smart locks are installed on mechanical locks such as deadbolts. They typically upgrade the ordinary lock. Recently, there have been a number of smart locks that have appeared on the market that provide the convenience of being able to lock and unlock your door from anywhere, or passing on to people you trust a passcode to open the door.
Smart locks, like the traditional locks, need two main parts to work: the lock and the key. In the case of these electronic locks, the key is a smartphone or a special key fob configured explicitly for this purpose which wirelessly performs the authentication needed to automatically unlock the door. With some smart locks, the physical key may still be used in case the batteries of the lock have run too low. Generally, the smart door locks operate with 4 AA batteries, so no hard wiring is required.
Most smart locks will feature access by entering a code, instead of fumbling for keys. It is easy to share access with trusted friends/family. They are battery-operated and so should still accept access codes on the touchscreen during home power outages. They all claim to be easy to install with just a screwdriver (providing holes for the lock are already installed in the door).
Smart Lock manufacturers generally have their own app to set up and control the door locks but can often be controlled by other smartphone apps such as Samsung Smartthings or will work with Apple HomeKit, which is software on Apple iOS devices that lets users configure and control smart-home appliances.
Some locks you can use hands-free voice control with Amazon Alexa-enabled devices or Google Assistant-enabled devices. This includes verbally locking or checking the status of the front door. This may require the addition of a wifi adaptor for the lock.
Smart locks can be used with a smart doorbell to allow the user to see or communicate with someone at a door before unlocking. These are now mainstream products, available in computer and online stores. These types of products can help support independent living for people with disabilities.
Below is a range of the newer smart door locks.
With Yale known for their locks and Nest known for their connected home, they have come together to make a key‑free deadbolt that connects to the Nest app. As with many smart locks you can lock and unlock your door from anywhere or give people you trust a passcode, instead of a key.
When the Nest/Yale Lock is connected to the Nest app, you can unlock your door from your phone or create passcodes for family and guests. Even set times when passcodes expire. You can get alerts whenever someone unlocks and locks the door. And when Nest knows you're away, your door can lock automatically.
The absence of the cylinder provides a "clean" appearance and means that lock picking will be difficult. It eliminates the need to manage keys for your door.
In the event the batteries die – a 9V battery provides enough power to enter the code and gain access to the lock.
The touchscreen keypad illuminates for night time access.
What makes it different from the other smart locks is that it features a built-in alarm to sense potential door attacks.
It works with Apple HomeKit. With the Schlage Sense Wi-Fi Adapter plugged into an outlet within the home and connected to the home Wi-Fi, you can lock/unlock from anywhere using an iPhone or Android smartphone.
You can use your lock hands-free, through voice control with Amazon Alexa-enabled devices like Amazon Echo and Dot if you pair your Schlage Sense WiFi Adapter with your Schlage Sense lock. Learn more about Alexa features here and similar to Alexa, you'll be able to use hands-free voice control with Google Assistant-enabled devices like Google Home.
This electronic lock features a battery-operated keypad or touchscreen, eliminating the need for keys. Enter your home with a unique access code or lock your door with the touch of a button.
Kwikset's SmartCode electronic locks offer a touchscreen and touchpad for a keyless entry that fits on any standard door. Z-wave and ZigBee options available. The touchpad with buttons may have the advantage that it consists of raised buttons for someone with a visual impairment. The back-lit keypad provides increased visibility.
The SmartCode touchpad smart lock with Home Connect technology enables the lock to wirelessly communicate with other devices in the home. The lock allows the user (through a third-party smart home controller) to remotely check the door lock status, lock or unlock the door and receive notifications via email or text. Kwikset say SmartCode is easy to install, program and use. It operates on 4 AA batteries. It also features SmartKey Security as the back-up keyway.
Want to follow by email?


Our pediatric hospitalists provide the highest quality care for infants, children and adolescents who are hospitalized. This team has received extensive training in pediatric medicine. They have earned their MD or DO degrees, completed specialty residency training in pediatrics, and are Board Certified (or Board Eligible) by the American Board of Pediatrics.
Learn more about amenities and services provided to patients at Dayton Children's.
04/06/15 | news article welcoming a new hospitalist Dayton Children's is pleased to welcome Amy Jeffers, MD, as our newest hospitalist.


text:
The Cooperative Medical Dictionary
Specialties A-Z
Improve articles
My Flexicon
About Flexikon
Ask - Discuss medical cases
News - Medical news
Blogs - User blogs
Flexikon - Medical encyclopedia
TV - Films and videos
Pictures - Medical images
Publish - Documents
Jobs - Job offers
InSite - Info channels
Shop - Medical supplies
Medicipate!
Conserve your knowledge
Please log in to edit this article.
Latin: tendo
German: Sehne
2 Anatomy
2.1 Types
3 Histology
4 Physiology
6 Clinical relevance
Tendons are bundles of connective tissue fibers that connect either muscles with bones or two separate bellies of one muscle (intermediate tendons, e.g. between the two bellies of the omohyoid muscle).
Tendons can be located at the origin or the insertion point of a muscle. Every muscle is associated with tendons, even if it seems to insert directly with its fleshy part. There are also tendons without any contact to bones that connect different parts of a muscle, so-called intermediate tendons.
Flat tendon plates are called aponeuroses. An example is the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle.
Tendon fibers either connect to the periosteum (bone skin) or are directly rooted in the bone. Tendons that run over multiple joints are surrounded by tendon sheaths as a way of reducing friction with surrounding tissues.
Tendons can be divided into those that run alongside the muscle's direction of action and tendons that do not. Those that do run alongside the muscle are only exposed to tensile stresses, whereas the others also experience stresses perpendicular to the tendon's direction. An example for this is the tendon of the biceps brachii's long head which runs across the elbow joint. A tissue layer of fibrous cartilage can be found in the location where the tendon experiences the most intense pressure loads.
Histological slides show fibrous connective tissue with few cells and occasional elongated fibrocytes which are also called tendon cells. The fibers are made up mostly of collagen, and elastin to a lesser extent. The most important fiber protein is type I collagen which constitutes 98% of the proteins. Other types of collagen (type II, III, IV, V, IX and X) only make up a small proportion. The intercellular substance contains high amounts of proteoglycans like decorin and aggrecan.
On the exterior, tendons are covered with a thin "tendinous skin", the peritendineum.
Tendons are a bradytrophic kind of tissue which only contains few nerves and blood vessels. This causes tendons to regenerate very slowly.
The tendon relays the force exerted by muscle contraction to parts of the skeletal system. This is why tendons are made up of strong collagenous connective tissue fibers that have excellent tear resistance.
Besides transmitting forces, tendons also work as springs due to their elasticity. It allows them to temporarily conserve kinetic energy and then release it again, which makes many movements more energetically efficient. An example is the achilles tendon which is passively stretched as a result of dorsiflexion when the foot hits the ground. It releases this energy in the subsequent phase of plantar flexion, alleviating the amount of effort exerted by the calf muscles.
Achilles tendon (calcaneal tendon)
Because of high mechanical stress, tendons are prone to degenerative changes that are referred to as "tendinopathies".
The tearing off of tendons that are firmly attached to bones often leads to so-called avulsion fractures.
Tags: Histology,	Insertio,	Insertion,	Muscle,	Tendon
Specialties: Anatomy
To comment on this article, please login..
Origin of muscle
Flexor hallucis longus muscle
Flexor digitorum longus muscle
Extensor digitorum muscle
Ossified Achilles tendon (Georg Graf von Westphalen)
Ruptured achilles tendon (Georg Graf von Westphalen)
Biceps tendon rupture 1 (Claus-Henning Bley)
Ankle with muscles and tendons, longitudinal (Frank Geisler)
Click here for creating a new article in the DocCheck Flexikon.
Initial author:
Konstantin Weil
Student of human medicine
Last authors:
DocCheck Team
0 rating(s)	(0 ø)
Article in other languages
About DocCheck |
DocCheck for companies |
Press |
Copyright ©2021 DocCheck Medical Services GmbH | Switch to mobile version
Follow DocCheck:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
AWS Storage Outage Wreaking Havoc On Web Services Providers
February 28, 2017, 03:10 PM EST
A storage outage that hit Amazon Web Services Tuesday afternoon is disrupting websites and Internet services around the world.
Problems with the S3 storage service in the Eastern U.S. region of the provider that owns roughly one-third of global cloud business affected a range of consumer and business services, including Slack, Quora, Trello and several media sites, according to reports on Twitter.
Based on AWS customer tweets, the problems started around 12:40 p.m. EST.
[Related: The 10 Biggest Cloud Outages of 2016]
The AWS status page reports "increased error rates" among S3 in the U.S. Eastern region. Applications dependent on S3 will continue experiencing problems, the cloud provider said, adding it's working to remediate the outage.
Beyond the message at the top of the AWS status page, however, the current status for all AWS services and regions is reported as normal. We'll update the story as more information becomes available.
Learn More: AWS | S3 | Amazon outage | Eastern Region | Cloud Infrastructure | Cloud Platforms


What's with the majority over here having only one email?!
Makes things easier just to check the one Though it turns out I was being a tard and had an address assigned to this account that was actually a secondary one a long, long time ago and had totally forgotten about because I hadn't used it in years (and now seems to have been shut down to inactivity anyway).
Though it turns out I was being a tard and had an address assigned to this account that was actually a secondary one a long, long time ago and had totally forgotten about because I hadn't used it in years (and now seems to have been shut down to inactivity anyway).
It doesn't let me change my account email in the User CP. Nothing happens when I click "Save changes"
Neither I can.Maybe because I'm trying to put the same e-mail of my new Xtratime account? Anyway, I'm done with this password change and other technical stuff.
Alrigt, so you reset my password, and I didn't get any email about it.
Then after trying to login for days I noticed the announcement and tried to use the "forgot password"-form but then I get told you don't recognize my email although I have been using the exact same email for 17 years.
I tried the contact form at the bottom of the page. No answer. What the actual ****?
Thanks. Can you delete Biancoceleste2 so I can update my email?
If only you had accepted the position of Technical Consultant, then none of this would have happened!
You don't need a Tech Consultant to tell you that this was about the worst idea ever.
can I get Ajala back please?
How do we know you're really you?


An estimated 1,600 fearless Floridians signed on for a month-long reptile eradication program dubbed the Python Challenge (Jan. 12-Feb. 10), sponsored by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Commission to raise awareness about the invasive species that has come to dominate much of the Everglades' ecosystem. Out of the estimated 150,000 Burmese pythons in the state — some are pets set free by their owners — contestants caught 68, including one that measured 14 feet, 3 inches and one that was 10 feet, 6.8 inches, according to the Associated Press; both won the $1,000 First Place Prize for longest ones caught. The $1,500 prize for the most pythons nabbed went to a man who caught six and a man who caught eight.
Next What Would Jesus Do?


We all have heard about the Nokia 3310. It's remake of their old 3310 devices. Well, Nokia doesn't want to keep this device older. Nokia is planning to launch the updated version — Nokia 3310 4G.
Few days ago Nokia 3310 4G design was revealed by the TENNA. However, at that time features were not revealed. Launching of the updated variant of an older device is the nice step. Within this year Nokia is planning to launch their Nokia 3310 with the 4G network supported.
As we said the few design pics were available a week ago but now full specifications are available at the TENNA database. New Nokia 3310 4G variant got the TA-1077 as a model number. Taking look at the specifications it looks like that Nokia has only added the 4G network support in this new 3310 other specifications are same as their older device. 2.4" 240 x 320 display, 1200mAh battery, and 2MP rear camera. Dimensions are around 117 x 52.4 x 13.35 mm and the weight of p the one is 73.5g. Nokia will provide 512MB of storage and if you will need more you can make it large via a microSD up to 128GB.
This new Nokia 3310 4G will run YunOS 5.2.0 and it is going to support LTE bands and VoLTE. It is powered by 1.5GHz dual-core processor paired with 256MB of RAM. Still there are only two colors revealed by the TENNA. The Dark Blue and Black.


Please fill the form below for a chance to the following gifts worth $55.00 CAD from Demeter Fragrance Library : Demeter Gingerbread Pick-Me-Up Cologne Spray (30mL) Demeter Egg Nog Pick-Me-Up Cologne Spray (30mL) Demeter Home Atmosphere Diffuser Oil in Daisy (120mL) Only one entry per person is allowed. Last date of entering is December 31st 2012. For your entry to be eligible, you must like our Facebook Page.


So I had a small question. I want to get started on flips (specifically front flips) but I have no idea on which one to start with. I heard the Webster is a bit easier than a normal showbox.bio/ tutuapp.uno/ vidmate.vet/ frontflip and you keep more momentum/you don't have to punch into it.
123 writing essay pte example100 college essay format pdf news, 100 college essay format examples mla result. how to write a strong college application essay quora 200 word essay about family alcohol, english 100 essay example personality test apa format research paper example 2012.
zoo essay 200 words raksha bandhan in hindi 500 words2 page paper on scientific method historydiwali essay 100 words in english versionessay bahasa inggris 100 kata benda beserta contoh kalimatnya. contoh karangan 100 kata inggris 200 kata great essay opening sentences how to write a great literature essay for scholarships.
how to write a tv news report example. writing my essay in spanish grandmother, how to write the essay in hindi college level persuasive speech100 good research paper topics for history 2 year 201814th amendment essay and corporations questions and answers. 2000 word count essay common application 100 college essays karate test!
example of a work cited page in apa format correct my essay, short essay on harmful effects of junk food class 12100 college essay heading example example email10 page essay quaid e azam for class 8th downloadwriting a college essay about yourself examples technical writing? 150 words essay on dussehra in hindi medium, 14th amendment essay in constitution of pakistan essay100 word essay in french child labour.
write a descriptive essay on my role model kalam in hindiessay writing service outline for expository. 2 page essay ideas thematic analysis 100 words essay on rani lakshmi bai in hindi for class 6 to 8. 2 page essay question lit, english 100 essay example personality test 100 words essay about myself kalpana chawla.
100 college essay format mla level 2sample essay in ielts writing task 2 topicsessay about fast and furious 7 song get low remix download. 200 word essay on behavior examples essay writer 100 funny persuasive speech topics sports10 page argumentative essay icsehow to write a perfect college admissions essay pdf.
100 college essay forgiveness english 1 page essay on ethics years, how to write great essay pdf topic in english for examswrite an essay about your birthday party last yearben 10 essay in hindi episode 70 part 2. write an essay on my hobby reading with quotes, 10 page essay points on diwali in hindi.
good 2000 word essay example pdf answers - write my research paper me. english 100 essay example personality test and 14th amendment essay native american citizenship uk, one page essay format example apa first year.


1960's Groovy Peace Bowler Party Favour Hats. Design features 1960's Groovy Peace Bowler print.
Inspire your Party with their favourite 1960's Groovy Peace Bowler Hats! More matching 1960's Groovy Peace Bowler Themed Party items are available in our shop.


text:
Top Rank Colleges of Engineering in Delhi
21/01/2022 28/12/2021 by Sonika Rashi
Engineering Colleges in Delhi is the most Updated Education website in India, Here we are going to introduce an Updated List of Engineering Colleges in Delhi 2020-21. Delhi is the centre of Engineering Education in North India. Every year, thousands of students get admission to various courses of engineering here.
Jan 20, 2022 Uttar Pradesh NEET Counselling 2021: Registration Begins Know more
Jan 19, 2022 NEET UG 2021 Counselling: Registration begins today Know more
Jan 19, 2022 NEET PG 2021: The seat allotment list will be released on 22nd Jan Know more
MBBS in Russia Kursk State Medical University Russia 2022 Admission Open Know more
MBBS in Kyrgyzstan LN Medical College Kyrgyzstan 2022 Admission Open Know more
MBBS in Georgia Caucasus International University 2022 Admission Open Know more
MBBS in Ukraine Zaporizhzhia State Medical University 2022 Admission Open Know more
List of Govt Engineering Colleges in Delhi
Here in this section, we are providing detailed information about Government Engineering Colleges in Delhi. You can check the complete list mentioned below:
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi) was established in the year 1961. IIT Delhi was declared to be Institute of National Importance by the Government of India under the Institutes of Technology Act. The College is popularly known as IIT Delhi. It was approved by the All India Council Of Technical Education (AICTE). The campus is situated at Hauz Khas in Delhi. The campus is spread over 325 acres of land.
- Select Course -BAB.ScB.TECHM.TECHMBBSAbroad MBBSB.ArchBDSBBABCAB.ComHotel ManagementFashin DesigningMBAPGDMMCALawBA LLBBBA LLBMD-MSBachelor of Physical EducationMaster of Physical EducationAyushAyush PG CoursesMDSB.Sc AgriculturePhysiotherapyPolytechnicPolytechnic LEB. PharmaD. PharmaNursingParamedicalVeterinaryOthers
- Select State-Andhra PradeshArunachal PradeshAssamAndaman and Nicobar IslandsBiharChhattisgarhChandigarhDadra & Nagar HaveliDelhiGoaGujaratHaryanaHimachal PradeshJharkhandJammu and KashmirKarnatakaKeralaLakshadweepLadakhMadhya PradeshMaharashtraManipurMeghalayaMizoramNagalandOdishaPunjabPuducherryRajasthanSikkimTamil NaduTelanganaTripuraUttar PradeshUttarakhandWest Bengal
Want to study in this College Apply Now
Delhi Technological University, Delhi
Delhi Technological University (DTU), Previously known as Delhi College of Engineering, was the first engineering college in Delhi. It was established by the Government of India as a Delhi Polytechnic in 1941. The college was run by the government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi since 1963. It was affiliated with Delhi University from 1952-2009.
National Institute of Technology, Delhi
National Institute of Technology Delhi (NIT Delhi) is a publicly funded premier institute of higher learning for engineering, science, and technology and was established in 2010. National Institute of Technology Delhi is popularly known as NIT Delhi. This college provides graduate and postgraduate courses like B.Tech / M. Tech. It is situated at A-7, Institutional Area, Near Satyawadi Raja Harish Chandra Hospital, Narela.
Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Delhi
Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology (NSIT), formerly known as Delhi Institute of Technology. Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology (NSIT Delhi) was established in 1983 by the University of Delhi. The Institute was formally inaugurated by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former Prime Minister of India, on 23 January 1997. The Institute was renamed as "Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology" in 1997, situated in sector 3, Dwarka, Delhi.
Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi
Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi (IIIT Delhi) was established in 2008 by the Government of NCT of Delhi. The College is popularly known as IIIT Delhi. It was affiliated with the Autonomous University in Delhi and Approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).
University School of Information, Communication and Technology, GGSIPU Delhi
University School of Information Communication and Technology (USICT Delhi) was established in 1999, and it is the premier constituent institute of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University. University School of Information, Communication, and Technology (USICT Delhi) were established by the Government of Delhi as one of the 12 University Schools of Studies under the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University.
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology, Delhi
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology (MAIT Delhi) is one of the best and reputed colleges in Delhi. It was established in 1999 as a private Engineering College by Maharaja Agrasen Technical Education Society. The college is one of the Best Private Engineering Colleges in Delhi.
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Faculty of Engineering Jamia Millia Islamia Delhi (JMIFET Delhi) was established in 1985 as a Central University of India. Jamia Millia Islamia Engineering College is one of the best Engineering colleges in North India. Jamia University Delhi is located at Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, Delhi 110025.
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technological University for Women Delhi (IGDTUW Delhi) was established in 1998 by the Government of NCT of Delhi. It was formerly known as Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology Delhi in short IGIT Delhi. IGIT Delhi was affiliated with GGSIPU Delhi, while in the year 2013, it gained autonomy and became the first women's technical university in India.
Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies and Research
Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies and Research Delhi is one of the best Govt reputed colleges in Delhi, and it's popularly known as AIACTR Delhi. It was established in the year 2001 by the Government of NCT of Delhi.
Amity University, Delhi
Amity University Delhi was established in the year 1994. Amity University is a multi-campus private research university in India established by the Uttar Pradesh legislature. The University is amongst the top private universities in India. Amity's set up under the aegis of Ritnand Balved Educational Foundation, a non-profit educational trust. The Campus is recognised as a fully Government University by UGC. Amity University, Noida is situated at sector-125 in Noida, the district of UP.
Govind Ballabh Pant Govt. Engineering College
GB Pant Engineering College New Delhi (GBPEC New Delhi) is one of the best colleges in Delhi/NCR. It was established in 2007 by the Directorate of Training and Technical Education of the Delhi Government. The college is one of the newly established government engineering colleges in Delhi.
Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology
Maharaja Surajmal Institute of Technology is one of the best private Colleges in Delhi. It is popularly known as MSIT Delhi, and it was established in 1999 by the Surajmal Memorial Educational Society (SMES).
MSIT Delhi is affiliated with Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU New Delhi) and recognized by the All India Institute of Technical Education (AICTE New Delhi). The college campus is spread over 8 acres (3.2 ha) of
Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Technology
Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Technology Delhi (GTBIT Delhi) is one of the best and reputed colleges in Delhi, and it was established in the year of 1999 by the Delhi Sikh Gurudwara Management Committee (DSGMC). The college is one of the low budget private engineering colleges in Delhi.
Delhi Institute of Tool Engineering
Delhi Institute of Tool Engineering Delhi (DITE Delhi) is one of the best private reputed colleges in Delhi, and it was established on 28th Nov 2007 by the Government of NCT of Delhi. The institute is considered one of the very few Government Tool & Die Engineering Colleges in India.
Bhagwan Parshuram Institute of Technology
Bhagwan Parshuram Institute of Technology Delhi is one of the best private colleges in Delhi. It was established in the year of 2007 by "Bhartiya Brahmin Charitable Trust (BBCT)". The college is considered one of the finest low-budget private engineering colleges in Delhi/NCR. It is popularly known as BPIT Delhi.
Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering
Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering (BVCE Delhi), popularly known as Bharti Vidyapeeth Delhi, was Established in 1999 by Bharati Vidyapeeth University (a Deemed University) in Pune, Maharashtra. The college is considered one of the best private engineering colleges in Delhi.
Ch. Brahm Prakash Govt. Engineering College
Ch. Brahm Prakash Government Engineering College Delhi (CBPGEC Delhi)is one of the best Govt colleges in Delhi. It was established in the year of 2007 by the Government of NCT of Delhi. CH BP Government Engineering College is one of the newly established government engineering colleges in Delhi.
HMR Institute of Technology & Management
HMR Institute of Technology & Management Delhi (HMRITM Delhi) is one of the best private colleges in Delhi. It was established in the year 2002 by Hira Lal Mohan Devi Rita Gupta Memorial Trust. HMM, Delhi is a private engineering college in Delhi.
National Power Training Institute
National Power Training Institute Delhi (NPTI Delhi) is one of the best Government colleges in Delhi. It was established in the year of 1974 by the Ministry of Power, Government of India. National Power Training Institute New Delhi is one of the 9 centres of NPTI in the country.
University School of Chemical Technology (USCT)
University School of Chemical Technology Delhi (USCT Delhi) was established in 1999, and it is the premier constituent institute of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University. University School of Chemical Technology Delhi (USCT Delhi) was established by the Government of Delhi as one of the 12 University Schools of Studies under the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University.
Northern India College of Engineering
Dr Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology and Management (ADGITM Delhi), formerly known as Northern India Engineering College. It was established in the year of 2003 by "Babu Banarasi Das Educational Society". It's Formerly known as Northern India Engineering College (NIEC). The College is one of the low budget private engineering colleges in Delhi.
University School of Biotechnology
University School of Biotechnology Delhi (USBT Delhi) was established in 1999, and it is the premier constituent institute of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University. University School of Chemical Technology Delhi (USCT Delhi) was established by the Government of Delhi as one of the 12 University Schools of Studies under the Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University.
Jamia Hamdard Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) was established in the year of 1989 government of India. It is a Muslim Minority university. Jamia university has been awarded an 'A' grade deemed university status by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council of India.
RM Group of Education mission is "To create a platform where students get recognition for their hard work." We have an elite team of 50+ expert Domestic & Overseas Consultants, partnered with 30+ Educational Institutes, 100+ MOU Signed Colleges, 15+ Distance Centers, and currently dealing with 120+ courses making us one of the Best Admission Consultancies. Since our inception, we have counselled 5100+ students and fulfilled 2500+ clients dreams. Our Student Counsellors are confident to help each student's queries, from finding the Right college, admission assistance, document verification, and foreign admission. Book a meeting by applying on our website and filling out the form.
Your Journey to a leading future start here.
MBBS Abroad 2021-22 Admission Support
Particulars Description
Paid NEET 2021 Counselling Support Enquire Now
Talk to MBBS Abroad Counsellor Call Now +91-9999709233
Low Budget MBBS Abroad Colleges Apply Now
Below mention, STEPS TO FILL FORM
STEP 1- Click on the link https://rmgoe.org/
STEP 2- Read the instruction shown on the web page carefully. The form cost Rs1200/-. After reading the instruction, click on the button "I ACCEPT".
STEP 3- By clicking the "I ACCEPT" button, it takes you to the personal details page. Fill in your personal details. Text your name, select gender, add a birth date, choose the graduation course you are applying for, and then select the course you are interested in; after filling the form, click NEXT.
STEP 4- After clicking "NEXT", you come to the Academic History page. Here you have to fill in your academic details. You have to mention 10th class marks and year of passing. For the 12th class, you have to answer whether you appear for exams this academic year; if yes or no, mention your 12th passing year, marks, PCM/PCB Percentage and name of the school. People applying for postgraduation have to fill in their graduation details, that is, their graduation marks, passing year and name of the school, and those applying for under graduation courses have to mention N/A. Submit the form by clicking on NEXT.
STEP 5- After clicking the NEXT button. You come to the payment page. Choose an online payment option. After payment, you come to complete the application, and here you can check your full application details.
RM Group of Education feels proud in solving the candidate's dilemma to identify the best college for MBBS. We understand not all can afford MBBS. With our top in class expert admission consultants, we help in domestic and overseas admission in top colleges around the globe. Our ISO Certified centre, dealing with 120+ courses, helped many students to achieve their dream of becoming a doctor. With a success rate of 96 per cent, we are one of the best consultancies in India.
50+ Expert career guidance & suggestions.
Complete Interest-based counselling and career assistance support.
24×7*365 Days Notification panel access of major entrance exams in India.
1000+ Hand Written Notes & study materials support to boost Test preparation.
Career Counseling assistance (Seat locking, Freezing & Documentation).
Assured admission in 50+ MOU signed colleges across the country.
Personalized counselling videos and live updates of major entrance exams in India.
Q- When does the RM Group of Education establish?
A- RM Group of Education was established in 2008.
Q- What does RM Group of Education do?
A- RM Group of Education provides career counselling, foreign admission assistance, and admission assurance in some top colleges.
Q- How many courses does RM Group of Education deal with?
A- RM Group of Education engages in 120+ courses, including top courses like engineering, law, medical, Ayush, pharma, dentistry etc.
Q- Why choose RM Group of Education?
A- RM Group of Education is an ISO 9001:2018 certified centre; it has satisfied more than 5000 students since its establishment.
Q- Does RM Group of Education has an accredited with trustworthy authority?
A- RM Group of Education is ISO 9001:2018 certified; it collaborates with National Skill Development Corporation and National Career Service.
Categories Top College Tags Delhi, Engineering, engineering college in delhi
Subscribe to get College wise Cutoff, Seat Matrix, Vacant Seat Update etc.
- Select Course -MBBSAbroad MBBSMD-MSAyushAyush PG CoursesBDSMDSOthers
Do you have any queries? Talk to our Abroad Counsellor.
- Select Course -Abroad MBBSAbroad BDSAbroad PGOther Abroad Courses
We never spam you.
Fill out the form correctly, Our Counsellor will Contact You Soon...


text:
Wines & Terroirs
Meursault Santenots Premier Cru
Vintage 2011,very early ripening!
After an early 2011 winter that was rather mild and dry, spring arrived by the end of March. Summer-like temperatures gave way to an extremely fast leaf growth.
Bud burst occurred within a few days by the beginning of April, which is three weeks earlier than the average of the 1994-2010 period.
Starting from the end of March, a hot, dry weather settles for three following months. This stimulates explosive and very quick flowering from the third week of May, more than two weeks earlier than usual.
Weather conditions change drastically after the 14th of July bringing autumn rain and cool air.
Veraison starts during the second half of July, but the maturation drags! The vineyards though remain in a healthy condition.
Despite the fact that the exceptional spring advance in growing season was lost, the harvest starts in the end of August and lasts until mid-September, thanks to the return of a beautiful, dry, sunny and very mild weather.
This sunny weather during harvesting, allowed us to optimize picking date of each plot and to wait patiently until the grapes mature perfectly.
At Domaine Jacques Prieur, harvesting began on the 30th of August.
Grape Variety & Plot size
Grape variety: 100% Chardonnay on a 0.25 hectare plot
This vineyard, located in the commune of Meursault, is unusual in that it is entitled to produce Meursault-Santenots Premier Cru white wine if planted with Chardonnay and Volnay-Santenots Premier Cru red wine if planted with Pinot Noir. Facing east, this vineyard has deep soil with alternating friable limestone aggregate associated with marl and silt.
Situated at the foot of the slope, this Meursault-Santenots has a perfect balance between soil and stone that encourages ripening.
Vinification & Ageing
Whole bunches of grapes were handpicked into small crates and the pressed in a pneumatic winepress. The juice was cold settled after pressing for 12-14 hours under temperature-controlled conditions. Alcoholic fermentation and ageing entirely in oak barrels.
100% malolactic fermentation
Duration of ageing: 20 months
Tasted in June 2013
COLOUR: Brilliant greenish-gold with silver highlights.
BOUQUET: Well-focused, expressive and very complex with hints of flowers (acacia blossom), fresh herbs (ferns, mint), and underlying aniseed nuances.
PALATE: Tasty, crunchy, tangy and a real treat, with hints of sugared almonds and brioche. Beautiful minerality and salinity on the aftertaste for this digestible wine.
Recommend this Wine
Your pdf has been send with success.
Objet Meursault Santenots Premier Cru
Press & Trade
creation Vinium
This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this site you agree to the use of cookies. Read more


The temperate wild grass Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) serves as model system for studying turf and forage grasses. Brachypodium collections show diverse responses to drought stress, but little is known about the genetic mechanisms of drought tolerance of this species. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with drought tolerance traits in Brachypodium. We assessed leaf fresh weight (LFW), leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf water content (LWC), leaf wilting (WT), and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) under well-watered and drought conditions on a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from two parents (Bd3-1 and Bd1-1) known to differ in their drought adaptation. A linkage map of the RIL population was constructed using 467 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers obtained from genotyping-by-sequencing. The Bd3-1/Bd1-1 map spanned 1,618 cM and had an average distance of 3.5 cM between adjacent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Twenty-six QTLs were identified in chromosome 1, 2, and 3 in two experiments, with 14 of the QTLs under well-watered conditions and 12 QTLs under drought stress. In Experiment 1, a QTL located on chromosome 2 with a peak at 182 cM appeared to simultaneously control WT, LWC, and Fv/Fm under drought stress, accounting for 11–18.7% of the phenotypic variation. Allelic diversity of candidate genes DREB2B, MYB, and SPK, which reside in one multi-QTL region, may play a role in the natural variation in whole plant drought tolerance in Brachypodium. Co-localization of QTLs for multiple drought-related traits suggest that the gene(s) involved are important regulators of drought tolerance in Brachypodium.
Numerous morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses are altered in plants exposed to drought stress (Farooq et al., 2009). The adaptive mechanisms of drought tolerance at whole-plant and cellular levels increase plant survival from water deficit conditions. Drought tolerance traits are complex, controlled by multiple genes, thus posing a challenge to fully revealing genetic control of functional physiological traits for drought tolerance across variable environments (El-Soda et al., 2014; Gupta et al., 2017). Nevertheless, detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for controlling whole-plant physiological responses to drought stress provides an important basis for identifying the genetic mechanisms of drought tolerance.
Drought stress often causes stomata closure and leaf wilting due to cell dehydration and loss of turgor, negatively influencing photosynthetic capacity (Xu et al., 2010). The perturbation of photosynthesis can be associated with changes to the biochemical reaction of photosystem II, which can be assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence. Alterations in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters have been used to evaluate plant drought tolerance (Maury et al., 1996; Li et al., 2006; O'Neill et al., 2006; Luo et al., 2011; Roostaei et al., 2011). Several QTLs for chlorophyll fluorescence have been identified in different plant species under drought stress (Yang et al., 2007; Kiani et al., 2008; De Miguel et al., 2014; Sukumaran et al., 2016). For example, a large number of QTLs for chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were detected in Pinus pinaster under drought stress, which cumulatively explained up to 44% of the observed phenotypic variance (De Miguel et al., 2014). In wheat, 14 additive QTLs and 25 pairs of epistatic QTLs for chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics were identified on under well-watered and drought stress conditions, and explained 8.4–72.7% of the phenotype variation (Yang et al., 2007). These QTLs, located on different chromosomal regions, suggest that genetic control of the expression of chlorophyll fluorescence differed under different water conditions (Yang et al., 2007).
Maintenance of adequate plant water status is critical for plant drought tolerance. Genetic variation in whole-plant water use and cellular water retention allows QTLs to be identified under drought conditions (Viger et al., 2013; De Miguel et al., 2014; Kapanigowda et al., 2014; Merewitz et al., 2014; Iglesias-García et al., 2015). When sorghum was grown under 40 and 80% of field capacity, 3 QTLs associated with the ratio of CO2 assimilation to transpiration co-localized with agronomic traits such as leaf area and biomass, and accounted for 17–21% of the phenotypic variation in them (Kapanigowda et al., 2014). Several QTLs for leaf relative water content were also detected in pea (Iglesias-García et al., 2015) and one in barley (Fan et al., 2015). In creeping bentgrass, the detected QTLs were closely associated with drought tolerance traits related to water use and water maintenance, including water use efficiency, canopy temperature depression, and relative water content (Merewitz et al., 2014). The results indicate that genetic control of plant water relations plays an important role in conferring drought tolerance both in annual and perennial grass species.
Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) is a temperate, wild grass species. This species has a small genome size, a fully sequenced genome, small stature, a short-life cycle for many genotypes, and a high recombination rate (Draper et al., 2001; Garvin et al., 2008; Vogel et al., 2010; Huo et al., 2011). Since it is phylogenetically closer to many economically important turf, forage, and bioenergy grasses than is rice (Draper et al., 2001), it can be employed as a research surrogate for grass species without genome sequence information. In addition, due to the presence of distinct winter and spring habit genotypes that may differ in adaptation to adverse environments, Brachypodium is an attractive model plant for examining plant responses to abiotic stresses such as drought tolerance. Brachypodium accessions were found to vary significantly in whole-plant responses to drought stress as assessed by leaf water content and chlorophyll fluorescence (Luo et al., 2011). To date, only one published report identified QTLs associated with water use efficiency in Brachypodium under dry environments (Des Marais et al., 2016). In this study, we identified QTLs associated with drought tolerance using a RIL population created from a cross between genotype Bd3-1 (drought-sensitive) and genotype Bd1-1 (drought tolerant) (Luo et al., 2011, 2016). Identifying QTLs for drought tolerance will provide insights into genetic control of drought tolerance in Brachypodium.
A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of Brachypodium was generated from a cross between inbred genotypes Bd3-1 (female) and Bd1-1 (male), two lines contrasting drought tolerance (Luo et al., 2011, 2016). The population was F5:6 generation, and contained 95 RILs. Two experiments were conducted for phenotypic evaluation and QTL identification using this mapping population in a greenhouse at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
Seeds of RILs were sown in tubes (4 cm diameter and 21 cm deep) containing a sandy-loam soil with a pH of 6.9. Each tube had the same volume of soil and one uniformed plant. Seeding was performed on 2 May 2014 for Experiment 1 (Exp 1) and 15 October 2016 for experiment 2 (Exp 2). Plants were watered every 2 days and fertilized once a week with a soluble fertilizer (N- P2O5-K2O, 24-8-16; Scotts Inc., Marysville, OH, USA) and micronutrients at the rate of approximately 0.25 g nitrogen per liter. During the growing and treatment periods, the average temperatures were 23/20°C for Exp 1 and 20/17°C (day/night) for Exp 2, while photosynthetically active radiation was approximately 550 μmol m−2 s−1 for Exp 1 and 350 μmol m−2 s−1 for Exp 2, with a 10 h light period of natural and artificial light.
Drought stress treatment began on 2 June 2014 and lasted for 7 days for Exp 1, while for Exp 2, drought stress started on 24 November 2016 and lasted for 8 days. Drought stress was imposed by withholding water from the grasses and ended when permanent wilting (the leaves were no longer rehydrated at night and in the morning) occurred to the most of the plants. The control plants were watered during the treatment.
At the end of drought stress treatment, leaf wilting (WT) was visually rated on a scale of 0 (no observable wilting) to 3 (severely wilted; Luo et al., 2011). Plant height (HT) was measured from the soil surface to the top of the uppermost leaf blade. Leaf tissues were harvested for determining leaf fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW). Leaf water content (LWC) was determined according to the equation: WC = (FW-DW)/FW × 100, where FW is fresh weight and DW is dry weight. Leaf photochemical efficiency was determined by measuring leaf chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) using a fluorescence meter (OS-30P, OPTI-Sciences, Hudson, NH, USA). The measurement was performed at night after the plants were dark-adapted for at least an hour. Each tube was measured one time by randomly clamping three to four leaves.
The experiment was a split-plot design for Exp 1 and Exp 2 with three replicates. The main plot was drought treatment and the subplot was RIL. The individual of RILs was arranged randomly within a treatment. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was calculated using SAS PROC MIX with replication as random effects. Correlation analysis between parameters was performed using the PROC CORR procedure in Statistical Analysis System (version 9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
Genomic DNA of the RILs and their parents was extracted using a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Genotyping was conducted using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) (Elshire et al., 2011) at the Institute for Genomic Diversity at Cornell University. The GBS library was constructed as previously described (Elshire et al., 2011). In brief, DNA samples were digested with enzyme ApeKI and then ligated to adapters with barcodes using T4 ligase (New England Biolabs, Ipswitch, MA). Primers complementary to the adaptor sequences were used for PCR. The PCR product was sequenced on a Genome Analyzer II (Illumina, San Diego, CA). The resulting reads were filtered and aligned to the Brachypodium reference genome (Brachypodium distachyon v. 3.1) for SNP calling, conducted by a TASSELGBS pipeline as previously described (Elshire et al., 2011; Glaubitz et al., 2013).
After filtering GBS data (heterozygote >2 and missing data >5%), 1935 SNPs were obtained for the RIL population. Redundant SNP markers that did not provide additional recombination information were removed before constructing the linkage map. Ultimately, 467 SNPs was used to construct linkage map and for QTL identification, using QTL ICIMapping (Meng et al., 2015). Inclusive composite interval mapping for additive (ICM-ADD) mapping was used to identify QTLs using a LOD threshold of 3.0.
QTL "hotspots" were defined where at least one QTL explained >5% of the phenotypic variation of a trait, and where multiple trait QTLs were present in the same region of the genome (Viger et al., 2013). Candidate genes within a QTL region were identified using adjacent markers on the genetic and physical maps and searched against Brachypodium genome. The selection of candidate genes for examining allelic variations was based on putative function for drought tolerance, PCR amplification results, and whether a single long exon exits for a gene that can be sequenced directly using DNA. Finally, 5 candidate genes were chosen for gene sequencing and obtained SNPs (Supplementary Table S1), and these genes are known to play a key role in drought tolerance in plant species (Mao et al., 2010; Baldoni et al., 2015; Saha et al., 2015; Singh and Laxmi, 2015; He et al., 2016).
Genomic DNA was extracted from 56 additional accessions of Brachypodium varying in drought tolerance (Luo et al., 2016), and was used as PCR amplification template for synthesis and sequencing of selected genes. Primers were designed based on a single long exon for a gene and introns were excluded for sequencing (Supplementary Table S1). Sequencing and SNP calling procedures were described previously in Bracchypodium (Luo et al., 2016) and in perennial grass species (Yu et al., 2013). SNP markers with minor allele frequency <5% were filtered. Allelic variations of candidate genes and phenotypic differences of individuals carrying different alleles of these genes were compared under drought stress using PROC GLM in the Statistical Analysis System (version 9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Phenotypic data of Fv/Fm and LWC under drought stress were adopted from our previous study by Luo et al. (2011).
The mean values of all traits significantly decreased under drought stress, compared to their respective controls in both experiments except for HT and DW in Exp 2. Genotype effects were observed for all traits in both experiments. Significant treatment by genotype interactions were also found in all traits except for HT in Exp 1 and DW in Exp 2. Across the population, leaf wilting (WT) ranged from 0 to 2.3 for Exp 1 and 0 to 2.4 for Exp 2 under drought stress (DS), while all lines varied largely in HT, FW, Fv/Fm, and LWC under well-watered (NS) and DS in both experiments (Table 1). Specifically under DS, values of HT, FW, DW, LWC, and Fv/Fm ranged from 9.5 to 15.0 cm, 0.12 to 0.25 g, 0.04 to 0.13 g, 35.0 to 74.7%, and 0.65 to 0.83 for Exp 1, and ranged from 8.0 to 16.0 cm, 0.18 to 0.44 g, 0.06 to 0.19 g, 34.5 to 78.8%, and 0.63 to 0.81 for Exp 2, respectively. Drought stress reduces water availability, causes loss of turgor, and impairs mitosis, leading to reduced cell elongation, limited cell division, and diminished plant growth (Farooq et al., 2009). Drought tolerant perennial ryegrass showed delayed reductions in plant height and leaf width under drought stress, compared to the sensitive accession, while leaf DW did not alter between the well-watered control and deficit irrigation treatment in the tolerant accession but decreased in sensitive accession under drought stress (Jiang et al., 2016). The results suggested a relationship between plant growth and drought tolerance in perennial grass species.
Table 1. Effects of drought stress on plant height (HT), leaf fresh weight (FW), leaf dry weight (LDW), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and leaf wilting (WT) of Brachypodium distachyon recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from Bd3-1 × Bd1-1 grown under non-drought stress and drought stress conditions in experiment 1 (Exp 1) and experiment 2 (Exp 2).
Transgressive segregation was observed for all traits under normal and stressed environments (Figures 1, 2). All measurements were quantitative traits as shown by normal distributions of their response to both NS and DS. The generally normal distribution of various measurements indicates polygenic segregation for genes controlling growth and physiological traits. The parent Bd 1-1 exhibited less WT than parent Bd3-1, while maintaining higher LWC and Fv/Fm under DS for both experiments (Figures 1, 2). Meanwhile, lower values for HT and DW were found in Bd1-1 than Bd3-1 under NS and DS for both experiments (Figure 2). Reductions in all traits were much more pronounced in Bd3-1 than Bd1-1 under drought stress. Specifically, relative to their controls, percentage reductions of HT, FW, DW, LWC, and Fv/Fm were 20.1, 66.5, 30.3, 14.5, and 0.7% for Bd1-1, and were 30.3, 72.2, 40.6, 28.1, and 6.4% for Bd3-1, respectively. Bd1-1 has a winter annual habit, and Bd3-1 has a spring habit. Our previous research demonstrated that Bd1-1 was more drought tolerant than Bd3-1 by showing less leaf wilting and relatively higher DW, LWC, and Fv/Fm (Luo et al., 2011, 2016). Thus, the results from the present study support the previous observations. A difference in drought tolerance between the two parental lines provides a foundation for a range of drought tolerance traits in segregating population to be characterized and for QTL identification.
Figure 1. Distribution of leaf wilting (DT) of Brachypodium distachyon recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from Bd3-1 × Bd1-1 grown under drought stress (D) in experiment 1 (Exp 1) and experiment 2 (Exp 2). Arrows indicate Bd1-1 and Bd3-1.
Figure 2. Distribution of plant height (HT), leaf fresh weight (FW), leaf dry weight (DW), leaf water content (LWC), and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of Brachypodium distachyon recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from Bd3-1 × Bd1-1 grown under well-watered (C) and drought stress (D) in Experiment 1 (Exp 1) and Experiment 2 (Exp 2). Arrows indicate Bd1-1 and Bd3-1.
Plant height was positively corrected with FW and DW under both NS and DS (Table 1). Leaf wilting is an indicator of plant morphological changes because of cell dehydration and loss of turgor. Negative correlations were found between WT and Fv/Fm (r = −0.71) and between WT and LWC (r = −0.85), while positive correlation was observed between WT and DW (r = 0.71) under DS (Table 2). The results suggest that LWC and Fv/Fm are good parameters for assessing drought tolerance in the RIL population.
Table 2. Pearson correlation coefficients among leaf wilting (WT), plant height (HT), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), leaf fresh weight (FW), leaf dry weight (DW), and leaf water content (LWC) across Brachypodium distachyon recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from Bd3–1 × Bd1-1 under the non-drought control (upper diagonal) and drought condition (bold, lower diagonal).
GBS produced 62,737 SNP markers for this RIL population. After filtering markers with heterozygote >2 and missing data >5%, 1,935 SNP markers were used for initial constructing the linkage map. After removing clustered and redundant markers that did not contribute additional recombination information, a total of 467 SNPs was selected for constructing the linkage map and for QTL identification. The Bd3-1/Bd1-1 map spanned 1,618 cM and had an average distance of 3.5 cM between adjacent SNPs (Table 3, Supplementary Figure S1). Chromosome 5 was the shortest in length at 162.4 cM, while chromosome 1 was the longest at 442.4 cM (Table 3). The average distance between markers ranged from 2.79 cM on chromosome 4 to 4.51 cM on chromosome 5. The number of markers were 113, 107, 102, 109, and 36 for chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The physical distance was 74.0, 58.6, 58.2, 48.5, and 26.6 Mb and distance (Kb) per marker was 654.9, 547.7, 570.6, 445.0, and 738.9 for chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively (Table 3). The recombination rate was similar around 6.0–6.3 across five chromosomes (Table 3). A plot of genetic distance vs. physical distance suggested that SNPs had good coverage for chromosomes 1–4 (Supplementary Figure S2). It appeared that the centromere region had lower recombination rates than the chromosome arms, as indicated by the slower increase of genetic distance over this part of the chromosome (Supplementary Figure S2).
Table 3. Linkage groups of the developed linkage map and marker distribution in 95 Brachypodium distachyon recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from Bd3-1 × Bd1-1 genotyped by genotyping by sequencing.
Compared our linkage map to the map of Bd3-1 × Bd21 F6:7 RIL population created by 570 SNP markers in Brachypodium (Cui et al., 2012), chromosome 4 had very a similar genetic distance (304.4 vs. 304.7 cM) between the two maps, while the differences in genetic distance were between 33.5 and 66.1 cM for other chromosomes. The physical distance and the recombination rate were similar between the two maps, despite that the two mapping populations differed in one parent. The two maps also had similar patterns of recombination rate except for chromosome 5, whereas more markers were observed in Bd3-1 × Bd21 map (Supplementary Figure S2).
Using the Bd3-1 × Bd1-1 RIL population, 26 QTLs were detected on chromosome 1, 2, and 3 in two experiments, with 14 QTLs under NS and 12 QTLs under DS (Table 4). Two QTLs of C-HT2.1 and C-HT2.2 were detected on chromosome 2 under NS in Exp 1 with a peak position at 343 and 344 cM, while one QTL of D-HT2.3 was identified under DS condition in Exp 2 with a peak position at 76 cM (Table 4). LOD scores of these QTLs ranged from 3.6 to 3.7, accounting for 13–16% of the phenotypic variation (PVE).
Table 4. Location and description of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in Brachypodium distachyon recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from Bd1-1 × Bd3-1 grown under well-watered control (C) and drought stress (D) conditions in experiment I (Exp 1) and experiment 2 (Exp 2).
Six QTLs for FW were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, and 3 with LOD scores >3.0 and PVE-values from 9.1 to 19.7%, including C-FW1.1, C-FW1.2, C-FW2.1, C-FW3.1, C-FW2.2 under NS, and D-FW1.3 under DS (Table 4). For DW, C-DW1.1, C-DW1.2, C-DW2.1, and C-FW3.1 under NS and D-DW3.2 under DS were located on chromosomes 1, 2, and 3, with LOD scores ranging from 3.0 to 4.9 and PVE-values from 9.7 to 27.3% in Exp 1 or Exp 2 (Table 4). Among QTLs for FW and DW, C-FW2.1 and C-DW1.2 were co-localized on chromosome 2 with a peak position at 189 cM for Exp 1, while C-FW2.2 and C-DW2.1 were co-localized on chromosome 2 with a peak position at 185 cM for Exp 2. Combined, these QTLs accounted for 25–27% (Exp 1) and 18–19% (Exp 2) of phenotypic variation.
Three QTLs named C-LWC2.1, D-LWC2.2, and D-LWC3.1 were located on chromosomes 2 and 3 for Exp 1 and one QTL named D-LWC3.2 on chromosomes 3 for Exp 2 (Table 4). These QTLs explained between 11.0 and 16.1% of the phenotypic variation. Particularly, D-LWC2.2 peaked at 182 cM was near to C-FW2.1 and C-DW1.2 at 189 cM. In Brachypodium, Des Marais et al. (2016) identified four QTLs for Δ13C, an indicator of water use efficiency, on chromosome 2, 3, and 5 in a RIL population derived from Bd3-1 × Bd21, which explained 9.3–19.4% of the phenotypic variation. The RIL population used in the study mentioned above was developed from the parents that are both drought sensitive (Luo et al., 2011). We did not detect any QTLs on chromosome 4 and 5 in this study.
For Fv/Fm under NS, C-Fv/Fm3.1 was detected on chromosome 3 for Exp 1 and C-Fv/Fm2.2 on chromosome 2 for Exp 2. Under DS, D-Fv/Fm2.1 was mapped to chromosome 2 at 182 cM with LOD score of 4.1 and PVE-value of 18.7% for Exp 1, while D-Fv/Fm3.2 was detected on chromosome 3 at 112 cM with LOD score of 3.8 and PVE-value of 17.2% for Exp 2. Three QTLs was associated with WT. One D-WT2.1 was located on chromosome 2 at 182 cM for Exp 1 and explained 16.6% of WT. For Exp 2, D-WT2.2 was located on chromosome 2 at 199 cM and explained 11.4% of WT, while D-WT3.1 was located on chromosome 3 at cM 181, explained 11.9% of WT.
Several cases of clustering of QTLs were found under NS and/or DS in both experiments. Within a region of 12.4 cM (177.7–190.1 cM), a QTL located on chromosome 2 for C-FW, C-DW, D-LWC, D-Fv/Fm, and D-WT was found in both experiments (Table 4, Figure 3). In Exp 1, 3 QTLs of D-WT2.1, D-LWC2.2, and D-Fv/Fm2.1 co-localized on chromosome 2 at peak of 182 cM, spanning the approximate regions of 5 cM (Table 4; Figure 3). Since WT, Fv/Fm and LWC are associated with drought tolerance of Brachypodium (Luo et al., 2011, 2016), the results suggest that there may be genes that simultaneously influence these traits. Similarly, in a region of 12.7 cM, a QTL for D-LWC and WT was identified on chromosome 3 in both experiments. Together with D-WT2.1 on chromosome 2, the results indicate that visual rating is appropriate for QTL identification for drought tolerance. The same QTLs for visual plant wilting and for relative water content under drought stress was also identified in barley and accounted for 14–45% of phenotypic variation (Fan et al., 2015), supporting the observation in this study.
Figure 3. QTLs detected between 182 to 199 cM on chromosome 2 for leaf wilting (WT), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), leaf water content (LWC), leaf fresh weight (LFW), and leaf dry weight (LDW) under well-watered (C) and drought stress (D) for Experiment 1 (D-Fv/Fm2.1, D-LWC2.2, D-WT2.1, C-FW2.1, and C-DW1.2) and Experiment 2 (D-WT2.2, C-FW2.2, and C-DW2.1) in Brachypodium distachyon recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from Bd3-1 × Bd1-1.
Co-localization of QTLs for physiological traits and/or with agronomic traits have been reported in plants exposed to drought stress, suggesting a link between individual QTLs and multiple traits (Viger et al., 2013; Borrell et al., 2014; Kapanigowda et al., 2014; Merewitz et al., 2014; Khan et al., 2015). Overlapping QTLs for the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and plant water status traits were identified in sunflower under drought stress (Kiani et al., 2008). QTLs for transpiration ratio were also associated with leaf area and biomass (Kapanigowda et al., 2014) and QTLs for chlorophyll content co-localized with flowering time in sorghum (Mace et al., 2012; Sukumaran et al., 2016). QTLs for relative water content, normalized difference vegetation index, and chlorophyll content were co-localized in creeping bentgrass (Merewitz et al., 2014). In our study, in addition to co-localization of QTLs, most of the QTLs were specific for one water treatment condition (well-watered or drought), demonstrating that QTLs exhibited different patterns for genetic control of physiological traits such as LWC and Fv/Fm under variable water regimes.
Since D-LWC2.2, D-Fv/Fm2.1, and D-WT2.1 were all located on chromosome 2 at peak position 182 cM in Exp 1, searching for candidate genes for drought tolerance was conducted in the region spanning 177.7–182.7 cM. A total of 164 annotated genes were found in this region, including WRKY, MYB, NAC, MADS, ethylene-responsive transcription factors (ERF), dehydration-responsive element-binding protein 2B-like (DREB2B), late embryogenesis abundant protein (LEA), protein dehydration-induced 19-related (DI19), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK), receptor-like protein kinase (RPK), receptor-like serine/threonine protein kinases (SPK), cysteine-rich TM module stress tolerance (CYSTM), histone H2B, and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione s-transferase (GST) and iron/manganese superoxide dismutases (Fe/Mn SOD). These candidate genes are known to play a key role in drought tolerance in many plant species (Mao et al., 2010, 2015; Licausi et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2013; Baldoni et al., 2015; Singh and Laxmi, 2015; Xu et al., 2015; He et al., 2016; Hettenhausen et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2016).
We selected WRKY, MYB, MADS, DREB2B, and SPK for gene sequencing and obtained SNPs. The selection of these genes was described previously. Of these genes, allelic variations in DREB2B, MYB, and SPK showed a relationship with LWC and Fv/Fm in 56 accessions under drought stress. Specifically, genotype carrying A:A in DREB2B had a higher mean of D-Fv/Fm (0.45) and D-LWC (22.5%) than genotypes carrying G:G (0.37 for D-Fv/Fm and 16.4% for D-LWC) under drought stress (Figure 4). For MYB, the mean D-Fv/Fm and D-LWC were 0.61 and 36.0% for genotype A:A and 0.38 and 17.3% for genotype G:G, respectively. For SPK, genotype G:G had a mean D-Fv/Fm of 0.44 and D-LWC of 23.9%, while genotype A:A had a mean Fv/Fm of 0.36 and D-LWC of 16.5% under drought stress.
Figure 4. Allelic variation of candidate genes in relation to values of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and leaf water content (LWC) in Brachypodium distachyon natural accessions under drought stress (D). MYB transcription factor (MYB); dehydration-responsive element-binding protein 2B-like (DREB2B); receptor-like serine threonine kinases (RLK). Columns with the same letter were not significantly different at P < 0.05. Bars indicate standard deviation. Data of Fv/Fm and LWC under drought stress were adopted from our previous study by Luo et al. (2011).
Transcription factors (TFs) generally act as key regulators of gene expression. Dehydration-responsive element binding protein (DREB)/CBF (C-repeat binding factor) regulons function in abscisic acid (ABA)-independent regulation of gene expression under drought stress (Nakashima et al., 2009). Overexpression of DREB2 induced up-regulation of stress-inducible genes and improved drought tolerance of Arabidopsis and soybean (Sakuma et al., 2006; Engels et al., 2013). At population level, natural variations in the promoter region of ZmDREB2.7 contributed to drought tolerance in maize (Liu et al., 2013). The majority of the MYB proteins in the plants belong to the R2R3-MYB subfamily (Baldoni et al., 2015; Roy, 2016). In Arabidopsis, AtMYB96 regulated lateral root meristem activation under drought stress through an ABA-auxin signaling crosstalk pathway (Seo et al., 2009). Overexpression of a MYB conferred drought tolerance by increasing sugar, proline, and abscisic acid contents, decreasing lipid peroxidation, and regulating expression of ABA biosynthesis genes and other signaling and drought responsive genes (Zhang et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2014; Xiong et al., 2014; Baldoni et al., 2015). The SnRK2 family members are plant-specific serine/threonine kinases involved in plant response to abiotic stresses and ABA-dependent plant development (Kulik et al., 2011). SnRK2 and SnRK3 play a role in plant responses to environmental stresses (Hrabak et al., 2003). The transgenic Arabidopsis carrying TaSnRK2.4 decreased rate of water loss, maintained higher cell membrane stability and photosynthesis potential, and increased osmotic potential (Mao et al., 2010). In this study, the higher values of Fv/Fm and LWC in some genotypes under drought stress than the other genotypes demonstrated that allelic variations of these genes could contribute to natural variation of physiological traits associated with drought tolerance in Brachypodium. Collectively, the results suggest a positive role of these genes in improving general fitness of the plants under water deficit conditions.
A linkage map of the RIL Brachypodium population Bd3-1 × Bd1-1 spanning 1,618 cM was constructed using 467 SNP markers. This genetic map was used to identify QTLs for traits of interest associated with drought tolerance. Twenty-six QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 2 and 3, with 14 QTLs under well-watered condition and 12 QTLs under drought stress. QTLs for WT, LWC, and Fv/Fm under drought stress were associated with drought tolerance. Allelic diversity of DREM2B, MYB, and SPK may play a role in explaining natural variation of whole plant drought tolerance in Brachypodium. The QTLs detected in this study provide an important first step in identifying the molecular basis of drought tolerance and further elucidating genetic control of drought tolerance in this model grass species.
YJ designed the experiments and led writing of the manuscript; XW and XZ collected phenotypic data; XW, XZ, XY, NL, ZP, and HL analyzed sequence data and performed QTL analysis; DG developed the mapping population and participated in interpreting results and writing the manuscript. All authors approved the manuscript.
Jiang, Y., Cui, Y., Pri, Z., Liu, H., and Sun, S. (2016). Growth response and gene expression to deficit irrigation and recovery of two perennial ryegrass accessions contrasting in drought tolerance. HortScience 51, 921–926.
Copyright © 2017 Jiang, Wang, Yu, Zhao, Luo, Pei, Liu and Garvin. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


text:
I rode the secret TrawsCymru bus route
BusAndTrainUser	Bus journeys	 February 11, 2019 February 12, 2019 7 Minutes
I'm a great fan of the TrawsCymru high profile long distance bus routes crisscrossing the Welsh nation. They compliment the rail network and provide some great connections between distant communities at impressive frequencies.
I've travelled multiple times on all the routes numbered T1 to T6, and always enjoy the truly amazing and contrasting scenery each has to offer.
The idea has come a long way since the National Bus Company and Welsh Office initiated a single north-south TrawsCambria branded route 700 between Cardiff and Bangor in 1979 running only on Fridays to Mondays with National Welsh and Crosville each providing a vehicle.
Fast forward through three decades with many route introductions, withdrawals and changes to find the TrawsCambria brand being used on a growing network of individual routes of a strategic nature until 2012/13 when the Welsh Government, by then well and truly behind the initiative, introduced a renaming to the snappier TrawsCymru and importantly provided funding for new vehicles to use on the services with a bright exterior livery and excellent standards of comfort inside.
Since deregulation it's been tricky for the Welsh Government to subsidise and control routes which bus companies see as a commercial proposition in whole or in part across the network. For a time Arriva had a go at developing a small network under the CymruExpress brand. After that idea was abandoned the TrawsCymru network has stabilised and become well established.
An off the wall idea in 2017 to promote the benefits of the network and raise its profile was the introduction of free weekend travel for every passenger, much to the consternation of bus companies running parallel commercial bus routes over common sections of route. The Welsh Government are underwriting this 'trial' (which continues well into its second year) including compensating operators who can show loss of commercial revenue.
My eye was caught last summer by some online controversy concerning further plans for new east-west TrawsCymru routes across mid and north Wales. This included allegations of political bias that the new routes served favoured constituencies, a lack of transparency and procedures not being followed. All of which were denied.
In the event just one of the three proposed routes, the T12 between Machynlleth and Wrexham via Newtown, Welshpool and Oswestry reportedly began at short notice last September.
In a completely separate development last September, Stagecoach regained the tender for route 39 in the Brecon, Hay-on-Wye, Hereford corridor and agreed with the Welsh Government to link the route to the Cardiff to Brecon timetable on the T4 with an improved frequency bringing Hereford and Hay-on-Wye into the TrawsCymru network and renumber the extended 39 as T14. This route duly appeared on an updated TrawsCymru network map.
Mysteriously the new map omitted any reference to the T12. Indeed you'd be forgiven for thinking the T12 doesn't exist with no mention of it on the TrawsCymru website at all, even now over five months since its introduction. It's as if the route has done something wrong and must be kept a secret.
I decided to head over to Machynlleth and take a ride on it to check out whether it really does exist.
The timetable can be found on the Lloyds Coaches website as well as Traveline. Intriguingly there's no mention on the Tanet Valley Coaches website (checking their journey planner with two of the destinations served by the T12 returns a "no service exists" response) yet there are indeed 6-8 journeys on Mondays to Saturdays with Lloyds providing two buses (plus a peak school run along part of the route) and Tanet Valley three buses. The timetable states the route is funded by Powys County Council and TrawsCymru. The small print also confirms free travel is provided on Saturdays (there's no Sunday T12 service) which together with the 'T' prefix route letter confirms it really is part of the TrawsCymru family.
I can understand why TrawsCymru branding has yet to be applied to the buses (costly to revinyl or repaint for what might be regarded as a trial route perhaps) but almost six months since introduction you'd have thought the network map could have been updated (especially as it was amended to include the T14), details could be included on the TrawsCymru website and branding could be applied at bus stops and shelters along the route as impressively applies elsewhere throughout the network.
In Newtown there's a nicely branded poster for the T4 but no mention of the secret T12.
Instead I found bus stops and shelters to be in a very poor condition and at Oswestry, for example, there was no mention at all of the T12 in the bus station information panel. Mind you, anomalously this section of the route is passing through England so perhaps Shropshire County Council prefer to keep this secret Welsh initiative an English secret too.
There was also a distinct lack of printed timetable leaflets ….. anywhere. I'm really puzzled how potential passengers are expected to find out about such a useful bus service let alone be enticed to use it.
I planned to catch the 0857 departure this morning from Machynlleth station where Lloyds Coaches occupy the nearby former Crosville (and subsequently Arriva Wales) bus garage.
My heart skipped a beat when I consulted the Powys County Council departure listings at the bus stop stating the first departure on the T12 was two hours later at 1057 which would have thrown my onward travel plans into disarray. Fortunately I then spotted this was a separate listing for Tanet Valley Coaches' operated journeys on the T12. I needed to look at the separate entry above it for the Lloyds Coaches' operated journeys (you really have to be streetwise in bus schedules in Powys) and was relieved to see an 0857 departure duly listed.
The bus was reassuringly sitting on the garage forecourt after completing a school journey (handy contribution to the vehicle/driver costs) and pulled over to the bus stop spot on time.
I paid my £14 single fare to Wrexham, conveniently by contactless bank card, and asked the driver whether there was any provision for a toilet stop on the three hour thirty-eight minute journey that lay ahead. I wasn't particularly relieved by the reply that "we have a nine minute break in Oswestry" as that wouldn't be until after two and a half hours travelling but in the event there's also a ten minute break in Newtown's small bus station after an hour's ride which proved timely and convenient! I'd like to add the driver drove superbly throughout the journey and is a credit to Lloyds.
My journey to Machynlleth on Sunday afternoon by train had entailed a rail replacement coach west of Newtown and I thoroughly enjoyed the wonderful scenery along the A470 so it was a pleasure to travel in the opposite direction on the T12 and enjoy the sights again from a different angle.
The T12 pretty much follows the rail line all the way through Newtown to Welshpool where the former heads northeastwards towards Oswestry and Wrexham and the latter eastwards to Shrewsbury. The T12 also takes in the lovely town of Montgomery after Newtown.
We took two passengers out of Machynlleth to nearby villages and after some miles of just me and the driver travelling together we picked up seven passengers at various stops on our way into Newtown.
Another spell of solo riding followed from Newtown to Montgomery where one passenger boarded (travelling all the way to Oswestry) and that was it until Welshpool where five got on, two of whom soon alighted while three went to Oswestry as did six more boarding at various points either side of the Welsh/English border. Having emptied out in Oswestry again and enjoyed our little break one passenger boarded for Wrexham and another for just a short ride to the nearby town hospital.
Through Chirk there was some confusion among waiting passengers whether to board us or the following Arriva bus on route 2 behind. We take a more direct route into Wrexham which was favoured by two of the six passengers the other four opting for the all stops Arriva route 2, and finally as we entered Wrexham we picked up seven passengers at the hospital for the short ride to the town centre bus station so ended the ride with a respectable load.
Interestingly of the 32 passengers who travelled 27 were concessionary pass holders and five paid or had a prepaid ticket; 19 were female and 13 were male. Fairly typical of off peak travel characteristics most places these days. I wasn't sure how the concessionary pass rules apply for the English boarders travelling across into Wales and vice-versa in these border areas – especially as we passed into England and back out again, but guess there's some sensible knock for knock arrangement.
It looks to me as though the T12 has subsumed routes which previously connected some of the communities along the way, albiet possibly with an improved frequency. The free travel deal on a Saturday will be particularly attractive to younger people but that's assuming they firstly know about the improved service, and secondly about the free fares. Neither of which are well publicised.
The T12 is a great addition to the TrawsCymru network of routes. With some proper promotion together with complimentary publicity for the Welsh rail network (one integrated map would be good – after all both are under the control of the Welsh Government); and some decent price offers – for example why not accept the Senior Railcard for a discounted fare on TrawsCymru for those English and Scottish visitors not in possession of a Welsh concessionary pass; and a proper makeover of the bus stops and shelters along the route – as has commendably been done elsewhere on the T1-T6 routes; and finally a nice attractive printed timetable leaflet with online information and an updated map ….. then who knows, the route could be the success it deserves to be!
TrawsCymru
Published February 11, 2019 February 12, 2019
Previous Post Rosso ride round round up
Next Post Three month Meridian countdown
9 thoughts on "I rode the secret TrawsCymru bus route"
Greenline 727 says:
Quite right . . . . . the T12 is effectively three (maybe four) previous routes: Machynlleth-Newtown; Newtown-Welshpool; Welshpool-Oswestry (although the Newtown-Welshpool section might have been split at Montgomery).
I simply cannot understand the TrawsCymru desire for secrecy . . . . . with inspired promotion and publicity (step forward Best Impressions?) the network could be so much more. There is, I believe, another segment to come involving the Llangollen-Corwyn-Denbigh-Rhyl corridor, but this is stalled, I suspect pending negotiations over the partially commercial services thereon.
T12 is on my wish list as well . . . . . one day!!
National Rail, not "Network Rail" obviously!
Very interesting – thanks.
Jonatyhan Radley says:
Interesting read about your trip on the secrete route T12. As you are aware this June the original TrawsCambria service will be celebrating it's 40th anniversary. To mark this occasion in the development of Welsh public transport a number of owners of preserved coaches from the period will be re-creating parts of two ex-TrawsCambria routes (700 Bangor-Cardiff and 702 Liverpool-Cardiff), with a road run on Saturday 22 June 2019 from Chester to Merthyr Tydfil/Cardiff. Our route will go via Wrexham, Oswestry, Welshpool, Newtown, Llandrindod Wells, Builth Wells and Brecon. For details visit: http://www.redandwhitebus.uk/rallies
You're welcome to join us, for the ride if you're available!
Jonathan Radley
Fantastic news Jonathan.
One way to improve the integration of the Traws Cymru bus services with the rail network would be for TfW to bring back integrated ticketing. Up until 2016 the "Explore Wales" flexi pass (and its separate North and South Wales versions) were valid on all Welsh trains and the vast majority of Welsh buses, including Lloyds Coaches. Then Arriva Trains Wales arbitrarily restricted bus participation to just four operators: Arriva, First, Stagecoach and Cardiff Bus, cutting out at a stroke almost all the Traws Cymru network! Given that TfW now has responsibility for both rail and Traws Cymru buses restoration of this facility should be an easy first step on the road to integration.
But if you want to check the details of the Explore Wales tickets on line please bear in mind that details of them are well hidden on the TfW site, whilst the Network Rail site doesn't mention bus validity at all!
Very good point. I used an Explore Wales ticket a couple of years ago and found most staff had no idea of validity so just bluffed my way on a number of bus routes! But it shouldn't be like that as you rightly say.
A great read thank you. I see deregulation once again placing obstacles in the way of developing a sensible, stable public transport network but hopefully as the Welsh government matures and grows in confidence it will gradually throw off the craziest of the central government policies. I spent a lot of time in the area around Aberystwyth, Machynlleth, Dolgellau and Aberdyfi in the 1980's and have very fond memories. It was possible to get about without a car but not without planning. Nothing on a Sunday until later in the decade. And no drinking in Aber either as Ceredigion was a dry county. TrawsCymru is a great idea but the routes are long. I can sort of accept the lack of an on board toilet as long as there are breaks but what about luggage. Long routes are by definition inter city or at least inter town and provide the sort of trips you could make on a train if one were available. I like the SETRA's used by Swiss Post Bus which are very comfortable for long trips and have luggage holds underneath. Thanks again.
Michael Preston says:
As a 60 year bus enthusiast and photographer, your fantastic article shows a must do on my next visit from my home in Spain. As a non UK resident these days I am not sure what the best option is for a week long trip. Have recently posted lots of pictures from Bangor in my Flickr and will put up the Cardiff stuff at the weekend. Also @mbuses with link on Twitter. Bus information and conversation almost exclusively.
Leave a Reply to BusAndTrainUser Cancel reply


text:
Gujarat assembly election dates are announced by the EC, check out
Gujarat Assembly Election 2022: The Election Commission has made the Gujarat Assembly Election schedule public. View the schedule here.
By Aryan Jakhar On November 3, 2022 12:48 IST
Image Credits: Twitter
The date for the next Gujrat assembly elections was declared by the Election Commission of India (ECI) on Thursday. The state will vote in two rounds on December 1 and December 5 to choose its new government.
Along with Himachal Pradesh, the results will be announced on December 8.
There are 182 assembly districts in Gujrat, with 92 constituencies constituting the majority. For Gujarat's next assembly elections, the BJP, which has been in power there for more than 20 years, will face off against the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and the Congress.
The Gujarat Assembly's current term ends on February 18 of the following year.
The ECI previously made the Himachal Pradesh election dates known to the public. The chief election commissioner for the state, Rajiv Kumar, declared that voting will occur on November 12 and that results will be tallied on December 8. In the 68-member Assembly elections with more than 55 lakh eligible voters, the BJP will try to stop the three-decade tradition of no ruling party regaining control by beating the main opposition Congress in the hill state.
The Gujarat Assembly election schedule, however, hadn't yet been announced by the poll commission.
"The Election Commission goes by convention in announcing poll schedules. It has decided to go by the convention which was last followed," Kumar had told reporters when asked why Gujarat polls were not announced.
As there is "a gap of 40 days" between the qualifying dates of the state assemblies of Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh, Kumar claimed that elections in one state would not have an impact on elections in the other. The Himachal Pradesh assembly's current term expires on January 8, 2023.
There are rumours that the Gujarat elections will still take place in the months of November and December so that the results can be announced on the same day as in 2017. Elections for Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh were announced by the commission for October 12 and 25, respectively, in 2017. Vote tallying took place on December 18.
Some opposition leaders, however, suggested that delaying the announcement of the Gujarat polls might enable the current administration to implement further social programmes before the model code of conduct takes effect.
Election CommissionElection Commission of IndiaGujarat Election
BJP releases list of 59 candidates for Tripura Assembly polls
Cong releases list of candidates for Tripura polls
MeT predicts heavy snow on the last day of Chillai kalan
To ban documentary on PM Modi an assault on democracy-Sharad Pawar
Amazon layoffs to impact more than 17k employees: Reports
Bigg Boss 16 Promo: Legendary actor Dharmendra makes a…
Snowfall Season 6: Check out release date, cast and plot
Brighton rejects Tottenham €12 million bid for Trossard
IND vs SL 1st ODI: Shreyas Iyer fails to score as Sri Lanka…
What is an official "contender"? – Nikhil Chinapa…
Is Mayans MC Season 5 coming in January 2023?
Manchester United win seventh consecutive game at Old…


According to statistics of the Canada Job Market, it is revealed that the Canadian job industry largely thrives on immigrants input. The figures reveal a sharp increase of immigrants with jobs over Canadians.
Ten years ago, immigrants only hold about 20 percent of the jobs in Canada. This figure has drastically increased by 5 percent. For the second time in recent times, Canada has recorded increase in the number of immigrants getting jobs whereas Canadians jobs shrank. This however doesn't mean immigrants are taking away the jobs from Canadians, it only means that immigrants are helping to fill up the vacant positions left by the retiring workforce.
Canada doesn't have enough workforce and as such skilled migrants are needed to fill in gaps that are left by the retirees. About 102,000 positions were left vacant last year and Canadians alone could not fill up that space, hence, the need for skilled migrants.
Alberta experienced recession along with all other oil producing countries and states in the world because of the falling oil prices and as such, witnessed lower entry of immigrants. Provinces like Vancouver and Toronto are witnessing the higher influx because job concentration is more there than in other cities of Canada.
Canada is still inviting skilled migrants to come join its workforce. For the year 2016, there are plans made for up to 300,000 immigrants and this number includes skilled migrants, professionals, family class and refugees as well.
The Canadian immigration directorate uses the Express Entry program to select and welcome all who are skilled or qualified to work in Canada.
Are you in Dubai and are planning immigration to Canada? Permits and Visas in Dubai are at your service. With many years of experience as Immigration consultants in Dubai, we have all it takes to guide and put your through in the migration process. Canada immigration in Dubai can be easy with the Canada immigration consultants in Dubai representing your interest. This is why it is mostly advised that applicants should not do it alone. There are laws and procedures you may not understand and documents that may be hard to lay hands on. With our vast network and expertise, we can easily help you in these areas.
You are welcome to fill up our free visa assessment form and one of our agents will get back to you soon.


text:
The Closing Bell: A 2014 biz news retrospective
End of an era: GE Appliances sold to Electrolux for $3.3 billion; news conference this morning
IL described it as the end of a 65-year-old era, the selling of General Electric's Appliance Park location in Louisville to Euro-appliance maker Electrolux. Though the deal isn't slated to close until 2015, officially, everyone pretty much had the sense that things wouldn't be the same at the appliance compound.
"Appliances and lighting accounted for only about 6 percent of the company's $146 billion in 2013 revenue," IL wrote. "In a Wall Street Journal post April 17, GE CEO Jeff Immelt foreshadowed the sale by stating GE executives are planning to sell off under-performing businesses at the hugely diversified conglomerate to boost sagging profits and share value."
Brown-Forman will build $30 million Old Forester distillery on Whiskey Row
Whiskey Row. Photo by Bill Badzo.
We don't know everything, but we do know that Kentucky likes its bourbon. So we took it as big news when Gov. Steve Beshear and Louisville Mayor Greg Fischer announced Brown-Forman Corp. was going to build an Old Forester distillery and visitor experience on Main Street downtown.
Brown-Forman plans to open the facility for its founding brand, Old Forester, in two historic buildings at 117 and 119 W. Main St.. The building at 117 W. Main once was home to the Mercury Paw music venue and before that City Lights, among others.
The combined buildings have approximately 55,000 square feet with 52 linear feet facing Main Street. The investment will include renovating the buildings and purchasing equipment. The distillery is expected to create up to 20 new jobs and cost approximately $30 million to develop.
Also, whiskey.
Kindred Healthcare acquires Gentiva for $1.8 billion; will be No. 4 health care employer in U.S.
It was the deal Kindred Healthcare wouldn't let die. The Louisville-based health care firm purchased senior health care provider Gentiva Health Services for $1.8 billion, way beyond its initial offering price of $533 million. And for all that what did Kindred get? A company that bled red ink.
Yet that wasn't how Kindred execs saw it the day the deal was iced. Instead they emphasized how the combined companies will have annual revenue of about $7.1 billion, and operating income of about $1 billion. "Kindred expects the acquisition of Gentiva 'will be immediately and significantly accretive to earnings and operating cash flows.'"
By Staff|2019-12-31T14:00:26-05:00December 26th, 2014|


I haven't followed the Troy Davis story until yesterday, when I saw the coverage online and the tweets trending on Twitter.
And despite not knowing much about the crime Troy Davis was convicted of, or of the legal process that ultimately concluded in his death, I know I do not support his execution. I am against the death penalty.
Yesterday's execution of Troy Davis reminds me why I am. Here is a man, executed, who might have been innocent. Here is a man, executed, who by just about all accounts did not have adequate legal counsel. Here is a man, executed, who is black convicted of killing a man who is white - a combination that makes it more than three times more likely he would be given a death penalty conviction.
To be honest, after reading more about the crime, I think Troy Davis is probably guilty. But that's the problem - I think he's probably guilty. And today, there is no probably left for Troy Davis.
And that is definitely wrong.
"I'd like to address the MacPhail family. Let you know, despite the situation you are in, I'm not the one who personally killed your son, your father, your brother. I am innocent. The incident that happened that night is not my fault. I did not have a gun. All I can ask ... is that you look deeper into this case so that you really can finally see the truth. I ask my family and friends to continue to fight this fight. For those about to take my life, God have mercy on your souls. And may God bless your souls."
Rest in Peace, Troy Davis.
Click here to sign Amnesty International's petition "Not In My Name" to abolish the death penalty.
I picked up on this late too. I think it's time to revisit reasonable doubt in general.
This story escaped me for some reason, but I am not a supporter of the death penalty at all. I just don't think it's right to take a life, proof or no proof.
I should clarify that I mean I don't like people making decisions for other people about whether life should be allowed to continue. Does that make sense?
yes, that does make sense. and the troy davis situation seemed even more complicated by the belief of many that he might be an innocent man who was put to death.
just read, thanks for passing along. thought that the comments on the article were also very compelling.
You're right: it's the "probably" that's the kicker here. And people like to say we live in a civilized country...hmm. At the risk of adding a whole nother layer of cynicism here, what do you suppose would've been the outcome if Troy Davis had been white and middle-class instead of black and unemployed?
I don't have a lot of words for this. I am very mixed. I don't support it...but part of me thinks that if a heinous crime were to happen to my family, I might support the idea of it.


text:
Q: return form result laravel don't show I've tried tons of hours now. Bu still cannot figure it out.
So, I want to return the form input on same page after submit, via the controller.
But it don't give me anything. If I only using return Input::get('email'); then it at least show the result in a white page.
Any idea how to proceed?
My codes looks like:
Controller:
class SuperController extends BaseController   {
    public function quote() {
       if (Input::get('email') == "") {
        return array('empty' => true);
       } else {
        return View::make('users',array(Input::get()));
       }
    }
}

Routes:
Route::post('users', 'SuperController@quote');

Users file:
@extends('layout')

@section('form')
    {{ Form::open(array('action' => 'SuperController@quote')) }}
        <!-- Email -->
        {{ Form::token() }}
        {{ Form::text('email'); }}
        {{ Form::submit('LCLCL'); }}
    {{ Form::close() }}
@stop

A: Use isset and with()
class SuperController extends BaseController   {
    public function quote() {
       if (isset(Input::get('email'))) {
        return array('empty' => true);
       } else {
        return View::make('users')->with('input', Input::get());
       }
    }
}

And a HTTP GET route
Route::get('users', 'SuperController@quote');

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange