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The Global Marshall Plan Initiative self-report as an integrative organizational platform for a "world in balance". Composed of a network of more than 5000 supporters from all levels of society, brought together from politics, economics and civil society, the Initiative is based on five core goals for fair globalization. Through its network-like character, it is organized through even hierarchies and without a center. Everyone is invited to actively participate and take action with their circles and the accompanying opportunities to implement a world in balance.

The goal of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative is to establish a framework compatible with sustainability for the global economy – a global Eco-Social Market Economy.

Origins

The idea of a Global Marshall Plan was first published in 1990 by U.S. politician, entrepreneur and environmentalist Al Gore in his book "Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit". The choice of name deliberately recalls the historical Marshall Plan after the Second World War (officially: European Recovery Program), a symbol for hope, solidarity and peace.

The idea of a Global Marshall Plan was not new but had already been endorsed in the 1990s by personalities from a variety of sectors: Kofi Annan, Al Gore, Hans Küng, Susan George, Mikhail Gorbachev, His Royal Highness Prince El Hassan bin Talal of Jordan, George Soros, Lutz Wicke, Georg Winter and many others (Global Contract). As early as the beginning of the 1990s an ecological Marshall Plan was established by prominent personalities such as journalist Franz Alt and German Green politician Joscka Fisher. Along with many others, they called for the establishment of an eco-social market economy, 100 billion DM put towards the environment every year and a kerosene tax.

As the world increasingly finds itself in a difficult, unsustainable situation as a result of rapid globalization, both in terms of environmental issues, poverty and unequal distribution, as well as the disproportionate cultural balance, on 16 May 2003 representatives from 16 civil society organizations revived the original idea for a global Marshall Plan as a movement for world peace, sustainability and justice, and at the Frankfurt airport, the Global Marshall Plan initiative was launched. Since the initiative should be organized as a network - i.e., locally and without hierarchies - the coordination of tasks and activities was assigned to different people and institutions: the coordination of content was taken up by Prof. Dr. Franz-Josef Radermacher as Head of FAW/n, politicians, and Josef Riegler, with particular importance on an EU level and the Eco-Social Forum Europe. The coordination, initiation and promotion of supporters' activities internationally were assigned the Global Contract Foundation and Frithjof Finkbeiner. Due to the enormous positive response and the wide range of activities, this commission was soon transferred to the Global Marshall Plan Foundation.

The long-term goal of the initiative is to establish a global eco-social market economy and alter the current failing global framework to lead to long-lasting peace and sustainability. From the beginning, the founders set themselves the goal of developing the initiative as openly as possible and also of winning over the support of the economy. All actors and parts of the global society should find that in the Global Marshall Plan one-sided organization can constructively be prevented. The initiative aims to provide the greatest possible support to the world to ensure that the plan is continually developed in its substance, quality, implementation and coverage.

In a series of lectures in 2003–4, the initiative was refined further. Eventually the first report on the Global Marshall Plan Initiative ("Global Marshall Plan – A Planetary Contract for a global Eco-Social Market Economy) was compiled. It was published in September 2004.

In the meantime, more and more members of the European Parliament and national parliaments began to back the initiative. Soon organizations from the civil society and the economy followed, as well as the first university. The initiative has been received very well internationally and has grown into a network made up of over 5000 individual supporters, organizations as well as numerous federal states and communities.

Believing that change will come from the center of society, supporters raise awareness of the issues surrounding globalization and motivate those around them for the implementation of fair globalization. Lectures are an essential part of spreading the word. By raising awareness and informing, alliances are formed, and pressure is created from "bottom-up". Those motivated are trained through multiplier training in Global Marshall Plan Academies.

Self-understanding
The material prosperity of mankind has never before experienced such an increase. Nevertheless poverty, deprivation and the resulting illnesses are still alarmingly widespread. The increasing overexploitation of nature, the waste of limited resources and the expected catastrophic climate consequences linked to pollution will in the next 30 years present mankind with its biggest challenge yet.

The unsustainable consumption of developing countries, poverty and population growth are among the key problems. Many hundreds of millions of people do not benefit from the positive effects of ongoing globalization. this has further increased the income gap between rich industrial nations and the poorest developing countries. The spread of AIDS and looming population growth also accelerate this gap.

Any effort to overcome this unsustainable development will be four times more difficult in the future, or even impossible, if a fundamental turnaround is not set in place soon.

The Global Marshall Plan Initiative wants to strengthen these turnarounds. With the self-understanding of a network-style movement for a World in Balance, positively aligned powers from politics, economics, science and civil society are brought together in a wide-ranging alliance based on the key requirements of fair globalization. This relies on the simultaneous pursuit of "bottom-up" and "top-down" approach, thus raising awareness and increasing lobbying.

Through lectures, information events and publications, more people and groups are continually informed about the absolute necessity and the possibility of a global Eco-Social framework, so that political change comes from the center of society. At the same time, support for the Global Marshall Plan and a global Eco-Social Market Economy is acquired from national, European and international decision makers through a direct approach.

Goals
The goal of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative is to make a substantial contribution to a global eco-social market economy. This eco-social Marshall Plan would include realistic perspectives:

 to overcome the degrading poverty of half of mankind, which long has been identified as chief cause of the existing world problems
 to successfully establish global ecological and social standards for a sustainable development
 to overcome the deep cultural frustration and humiliation experienced by the majority of the world's civilization and at the same time to eliminate the explosive environment that generates international terrorism and endangers global security
 for a new economic miracle which specifically boosts the human potential of more than three billion people (which until now has been laying absolutely idle). This would ultimately bring use to the whole human race
 to create fair globalization
 and to accomplish human rights and human dignity for everyone.

According to the initiative, a Global Marshall Plan could also allow attractive new perspectives for many other problems caused by an unbalanced globalization. Possible impacts for example could be:

 The wealth and therefore the wages would increase in developing countries, so that the wage pressure in the economies of traditional industrialized countries will drop. The increased demand on the world's market would also then contribute to a heightened job security in industrialized countries.
 An implementation of ecological goals would be far more realistic than is currently the case, since because poverty is, as the argument goes, one of the reasons for environmental damages in the poorest countries. Those who would fight for daily survival, will be hardly convinced of environmental protection. In most parts of the world the implementation of ecological goals can only be realistic when they are directly linked to active promotion of social and ecological development.
 The model of an open, peaceful, democratic, constitutional and educated civil society, which many see as best guarantee for a good and dynamic future perspective, would be brought forward by the eco-social Marshall Plan.

The goal of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative is to globally link appropriate order processes with competitive mechanisms to create value added systems by combining potential, resources and infrastructure with well planned, institutional solutions. A global eco-social market economy would therefore create the right balance between competitive economy, social solidarity and ecological sustainability.

The logic of the plan
Central to the logic of a plan is the following basic principle, as introduced by the Global Marshall Plan Initiative:

Investments, coordinated market openings and co-financing provide the harmonization that results in social and ecological standards. A form of targeted global overcoming of poverty should therefore emerge that will release especially strong new economic stimuli for the regions concerned, as well as for the whole global economy. By combining new growth with clear ecological standards at the same time a strong environmental approach to economic activities should be encouraged.

According to initiative, the new economic, ecological and social perspectives would have a strong impulse for a peaceful global community, which in turn is important for a lasting and sustained growth of economy.

It is also assumed that the positive effects of a Global Marshall Plan would also consequently increase the pull-on governments, who so far have been averse to the eco-social movement. It would reinforce the pressure on these governments to give space for these developments, to reduce corruption and boost Good Governance. Good Governance signifies a well- working guidance and control system of a political social unit as a state or a community. The principles often include terms such as transparency, efficiency, participation, responsibility, constitutional state, democracy and justice often belong to the principles.

Especially important is that the Global Marshall Plan overcomes old clashes of interests and that it achieves an unusually wide support.

One of the surprising intermediate results of the present process is that it is supported by commercial and industrial enterprises and their federations as well as severe critics of the previous form of globalization and representatives from the "North" and "South". Several well known representatives of all main political movements, all civil sectors and global acting networks of civil society argued vehemently for the initiative. The existing approaches and ideas of the initiative could open is a real prospect to bridge the wide social gap.

Key requirements for a world in balance
Elements of the Global Marshall Plan, including the five interrelated building blocks of the plan, have already been mentioned in previous UN summits, European policy and demands from various NGOs and institutions. The five building blocks, which are continually adapted to the current challenges, form the starting point and at the same time the foundation of the initiative.

Further development and implementation of the UN Millennium Development Goals
In September 2000 the United Nations (UN) came together at the General Assembly to discuss the most important challenges in the coming decade. In the final Millennium Declaration, globalization was highlighted as one of the most important current issues.

In this declaration, the 192 UN member states committed themselves to the concrete Millennium Development Goals, which should help to ensure everyone benefits from globalization.

The UN Millennium Development Goals represent the beliefs of the initiative – the first intermediate step towards fair world order and to sustainable development. It is unlikely that the goals will be achieved by 2015. Many problems have even worsened, highlighting a glaring failure of the international community. If anything, this should be all the more incentive to updates the goals and meet them promptly.

Achieving the 0.7% target and raising an additional necessary funds
A series of appropriate and necessary declarations and agreements (such as the above-mentioned Millennium Development Goals) have been only previously implemented to an extremely discouraging extent. If the apparent gap between declaration of intent and ability to act is not soon overcome, we are threatened with an escalation of global problems. Especially worrying is the looming crisis of confidence in decision-making processes on all levels and inability to enact policies in general.

The phase of understanding must therefore immediately be followed by a phase of decisive implementation. This involves not only the delivery mechanism (see 5.4) but also all questions of financing.

The financial means needed to achieve the Millennium Development Goals lies, after an analysis from the UNO, at around US$50 billion per year plus some $20 billion for the provision of public goods and humanitarian missions. Considering the current situation significantly more resources are needed for development aid and the implementation of the MDGs. By enforcing the 0.7% GNP target, which the United Nations has been aiming at for decades, the means to finance development aid would be available.

In comparison:

The percentage volume of the US Marshall Plan after the Second World War was 1.3% of gross domestic product (GDP) of the USA – over a time period of 4 years.

Global military spending in 2004 amounted to around $1000 billion excluding the cost for the Iraq War. The Iraq War has already cost an additional several hundred billion US dollars.

These numbers illustrate that the proposed Global Marshall Plan on the stated level is by all means financeable.

Fair taxation on the global value-added processes
As well as market openings and new delivery mechanisms, global development also requires the above-mentioned financial means for international cooperation. Despite the principal way of using national budgets to provide the necessary funds, it would be easier, from a fundamental and procedural point of view, to find another way to allocate these funds.

On the one hand, national budgets are not directly charged, but on the other hand, the generated funds could be better separated from the national interests of donating countries, and it is easier to move forward together when everyone moves at the same pace. Since in the past self-contained national interests have repeatedly affected the efficiency of measures for development cooperation and consequently the public reputation of such programs has significantly decreased. An improvement in finding new means of financing could prove critical both politically as well as for the public acceptance of a Global Marshall Plan.

Therefore, the initiative urges that for regulatory reasons, due to improved governance action, for increased transparency, and in particular for better controls on the world finance sectors, tax on global value-added processes and the use of Global Commons must be systematically established. Examples of these include a global financial transactions tax, the trade with  emissions allowances in context of climate justice and a kerosene tax. The following are some examples:

Financial transactions tax
Another proposal to finance a Global Marshall Plan, which also has support from numerous experts, is a tax on global financial transactions. The financial transaction tax (FTT) is currently on the verge of a breakthrough in the EU.

Critics of this idea are concerned that as a result of the tax, the "collective intelligence" in control of highly sensitive financial flows would be charged. On the contrary, in the recent excesses and "bubbles" of international capital, financial markets and the New Economy, this intelligence has proved to be not all that far reaching. However, it is in any case only a cautious use of these instruments and this suggested only on a global level.

A cautious start could be, for example, a global financial transaction tax of initially 0.01% If this proves to be positive, the value could be increased to 0.02%. With this, $30–40 billion could be raised each year.

However it must be acknowledged that such a global tax would require the establishment of new international structures that would possess the necessary authority as well as the effective sanctions.

Other considerations
In addition to the two presented financing options, the establishment of a Global Climate Certificate System (GCCS), a Future Bond, an International Finance Facility and a Kerosene Tax are also being discussed.

Other important considerations include the debt of development countries, closing offshore tax havens, which deprive national tax systems of some $50 billion every year, dismantling protectionist structures as well as discussions on an international cartel authority.

Fair, global partnerships and effective appropriation of funds
A fair partnership in development assistance on all levels and an adequate cash flow are the requirements for a sustainable future perspective for the entire world. Promoting Good Governance, subsidiaries, rationality, education, combating corruption, as well as an appropriation of funds, coordinated and directed at a grass-roots level, are considered crucial for self-regulated development (e.g. micro-financing).

To be able to develop the desired effect and gain broad and sustained support of global civil society but also to find the economy and politics, earlier mistakes in development cooperation must be avoided in the implementation of the Global Marshall Plan.

The overcoming of global market fundamentalism and the realization of a global eco-social market economy should be made possible by establishing a better framework for the global economy in a fair global agreement. The most appropriate way appears to primarily be the relationship between ethic, economic, ecological, social, cultural and democratic standards with such a program.

The standards and codes of practice are related to (co)financing programs. The allocation of funds must not be influenced through short-term economic interests of rich countries or through short-term power interests of elites in poor countries. This can best be achieved through a consistent focus on the mentioned standards, an associated accountability, an active and transparent involvement of industry and the organization of civil society.

The first phase of the Global Marshall Plan seeks for the application of the following standards which have already been agreed on by UN member states:

Basic economic, social and cultural human rights, which are largely congruent with the core standards of the International Labour Organization (ILO), such as organizational rights, gender equality, prohibition of child labour etc.

Standards of international environmental and conservation agreements such as the Convention on Bio-diversity, CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, or the Washington Convention) and the Kyoto Protocol.

Ignoring some of these standards represents, in many areas, the most important competitive economic advantages for less developed countries. The example of EU enlargement shows however that agreements on the application of common high standards and protection levels can be achieved, if accompanied by a co-financing of the development of weaker partners by developed countries is ensured. This coupling is profitable for all involved.

Previously the most effective ways of enforcing standards on a global level were held by the World Trade Organization (WTO). However the organization has received criticism like hardly any other. This is mainly because, in accordance with their mandate, they primarily promote the reduction of trade barriers and in doing so, discounts ecological, social and cultural aspects.

In the long-term, however, the WTO could still be reformed into a sustainable institution with trade regulations associated with the above-mentioned standards towards a fair, balanced and sustainability-oriented economic system. This should provide all elements of the prospective framework for non-compliance with the same legal action and sanction options. The equality of trade, environmental and social standards through a link with the WTO is one of the central concerns of the initiative.

Alternative considerations concerning the enforceability of ecological and social standards focus on strengthening a reformed UN and more efficient means of enforcing social standards within the ILO or human rights.

Every level, from the individual and local, to the national and global, has its own, essential function in a globalized world. One accomplishment of the tasks according to the principle of subsidiarity (principle that states matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized competent authority) is essential for an efficient implementation of a Global Marshall Plan and requires a lot of changes, since the political decision-making structures of today are still far from fulfilling the needs of the growing world society.

Knowledge transfers, empowerment, investments directed at education and health must be central to the effort. Important aspects to achieve a reasonable regulatory framework and a self-regulated development include:

 Fair cooperation based on partnerships on all levels
 Strengthening of decision-making and organization opportunities for partner countries
 Promoting Good Governance and fighting corruption
 Appropriation of funds, coordinated and directed at a grass-roots level, e.g. micro-credit
 and adequate funding

The ideology that the luck is on the side of the fittest, thus essentially stating that poverty is caused by itself, dismisses the many dimensions of poverty and neglects its causes which lie not finally in the unequal property and power structures that have maintained poverty and dependence for centuries.

A worldwide expansion of "Western" development and suppressing our unsustainable, undesirable development does not lead to worldwide wealth in any way, but to cultural impoverishment as well as the destruction of our natural resources.

From development aid to development cooperation
The arrogance of the Western civilization, which is perceived by people as humiliating, degrading and threatening, provokes anti-Western sentiment and provides the breeding ground for hate and violence. There are also unfairly distributed opportunities and a lack of balance of interests.

Combating the misery in the world is not just a handout, but humanitarian duty and peace policy is also in our best interests. These days widespread human security can not be achieved when we're against one another, only when we're with one another. In addition it is necessary to build mutual trust, to accept those in disadvantaged countries as equal partners and to allow contributions from international negotiation and decision-making processes.

Application of funds
Given the above considerations, the Global Marshall Plan Initiative sees the following principles and suggestions for the application of funds as particularly noteworthy:

 The specific development programs should be coordinated by the appropriated specialized organizations and programs of the United Nations. The role of the United Nations must be strengthened.
 The example of the already established financing organization "The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria" should be observed to see whether establishing such financing organization in the UN's own interaction with the economy and civil society is helpful to the key objectives of the Global Marshall Plan.
 Provided that funds are acquired from world trade tax, it would be worth considering investing this initially into development goals in every economic sector so that income accumulated in these sectors would increase agreement from the economy.
 An essential tool in the application of funds should be the public tender of proposed programs from NGOs to maintain the best cost-income ratio in healthier competition.
 Projects should have clear priority, which are based on entrepreneurial potential of local people – for example small credit banks and development schools where locals are trained by aid workers.
 In technology transfers, the choice of promoted projects should be orientated above all towards those that teach largest possible number of locals the skills, so they are able to cope on their own as quickly and efficiently as possible.

The search for particularly successful, socially efficient and ecological projects and those success criteria should be defined and promoted as new international research priority. In this way the efficiency of many current forms of development assistance could be substantially increased.

Framework compatible with sustainability for the global economy: a global Eco-Social Market Economy
With the gradual implementation of a global Eco-Social Market Economy, a framework compatible with sustainability for the global economy will be established and the global market fundamentalism will be overcome. Functioning Global Governance structures need to reform existing institutions and policies (e.g. United Nations, World Trade Organization and World Finance Sector), as well as their coherent linkup to create a functioning whole.

Next stages
Currently the initiative for a Global Marshall Plan is supported by more than 5000 individuals, 200 organizations, all Austrian federal states as well as some German states and prominent public figures. In many European and non-European countries the first national and regional structures have been established. From the 19–20 April 2008 representatives from numerous local and regional groups from Germany met in Erfurt to discuss establishing a national initiative with the purpose of a new governance structure of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative. As a result, an Erfurt Declaration was accepted, which expresses the will to establish an umbrella organization to house the local, regional and national groups. As to not contract initiative's own understanding of its network-like character and open design, the establishment of a national organization has recently been abandoned. People can belong to numerous organizations, get involved in local groups informally or organize a club. There should not be a national organization or governing body.

As an international initiative, the goals are strategic: implementing a Global Marshall Plan and developing a broad public awareness of globally responsible action. Only an increased awareness and an improved understanding can be a reliable basis to lead the initiative to become better known and to create fairer globalization.

The Global Marshall Plan Initiative addresses this with their ideas and suggestions aimed at different audiences:

 To all people in the world to contribute to the initiative with their knowledge, experiences and ideas
 To religious organizations as well as the media and artists to spread the ideas of the Global Marshall plan and create awareness
 To interested groups as well as in NGO organized civil societies. The goal is to join forces and fight for a fair, sustainable globalization together.
 To science. All disciplines are invited to help to develop the Global Marshall Plan with detailed and interdisciplinary established projects.
 To the economy to make the Global Marshall Plan one its own concerns to create a socially fair and ecologically responsible economic development
 To governments and parliaments of nation states to officially support the Global Marshall Plan and to develop it through discussion with other actors. This new quality of global action and problem-solving ability lies in the long-term interests of all countries.
 To the European Union as an important bearer of hope for the project and for many people in the entire world. The EU member states are faced with the historical opportunity to make the transition from former colonial powers to partners of efficient and comprehensively understood development policies. The EU can and should courageously develop an alternative to current forms of globalization and consistently advocate them in international negotiations.
 To the UN and its programs and specialized organizations that play a central role in the implementation of these projects. Initiatives to reform the UN in the direction of greater efficiency, competency and funding are supported by the initiative.
 To the G8 to place combating poverty not as short-term measures such as aid and debt relief in the foreground, but to fight structural poverty through a reform of global regulations and institution at their roots.

Shortly after establishing the Global Marshall Plan Initiative, Karolin and Frithjof Finkbeiner founded the Global Marshall Plan Foundation. From them on, the foundation took over from the duties originally assigned to the Global Contract Foundation of an international coordination office of the initiative. Since the foundation has acted as secretariat for the initiative, taking care of the proper application of logos, networking actors and promoting many innovative projects with the help of numerous supporters. Alongside the support of the children's initiative Plant-for-the-Planet, which is active in more than 193 countries, it is possible to organize more international conferences, as for example the Commons Forum, and train around 40 participants through the multiplier training of the Global Marshall Plan Academy that take places yearly.

Some of the more than 200 organizations that support the Global Marshall Plan Initiative, set up a coordination circle for the initiative in December 2010 in Munich and took over the political and content related duties that had until then been shared out between others. The coordination circle develops strategic and content positions of the Global Marshall Plan Initiative, decides which projects to support, works on further development of content and is responsible for the yearly initiative meeting. Since November 2011 members have busied themselves with the development of a list of demands for the financial crisis. The current paper can be downloaded from the initiative's website.

The current projects of the initiative are the University Days: Eco-Social Market Economy and Sustainability, a collaborative project between the initiative and 5 other organizations, as well as other multiplier training through the internationalization and offer of other formats within the Global Marshall Plan Academy. Both projects are supported by the Global Marshall Plan Foundation. The foundation of one of three project offices finances the University Days, for the Global Marshall Plan the organizational administration. The support and maintenance of local activities through the coordination office, the coordination and communication of speakers and lecturers are additional important component of the commitment of the initiative.

Supporters
Supporters of the initiative include Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Hubert Weinzierl (BUND), Rita Süssmuth, Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker, Franz Josef Radermacher, Jakob von Uexküll, Ulrich Martin Drescher, Renée Ernst, Sandra Maischberger (all from Germany), Josef Riegler, Franz Fischler (Austria), Prince El Hassan bin Talal (Jordan), Vandana Shiva (India), Jane Goodall (UK) and approximately 5000 supporters from Germany and Austria.

The supporting organizations include the Club of Rome, the Eco-Social Europe, the German Federal Association of Economic Development and Foreign Economic Affairs, AIESEC Germany and Austria, Cap Anamur/German Emergency Doctors, VENRO (umbrella organization of development non-governmental organizations), UN Millennium Campaign Germany as well as all the federal states of Austria.

In January 2007 the state parliament of Thuringia became the first national parliament in Germany to commit the goals of the Global Marshall Plan. The parliament paper (Parliament paper 4/2658) also requested the Thuringia state government to support the development of a concrete package of measures for the implementation of the Global Marshall Plan and to raise awareness with prominent example projects and information events in Thuringia as well reporting on progress every three years in state parliament. Since November 2007 the city of Munich has also supported the Global Marshall Plan.

An up-to-date list of supports can be found on the Global Marshall Plan website.

On a local level
Since Spring 2004, a year after the initiative was founded, the local and university groups were founded by supporters in numerous places. The members of these groups stand together for a World in Balance to support the goal of a fairer world. Again, and again new like-minded people are brought together by getting involved in their area.

The members of predominantly German-speaking areas (Germany, Austria and Switzerland) as well as international operating local groups and individual contact points operate projects for raising awareness. Through bottom-up activities, supporters clear up to those around them topics such as the climate crisis, global poverty and other inequalities to contribute actively towards the necessary changes. With the active announcement of the Global Marshall Plan the supporters understand as lobbying for the common goal – a World in Balance – and act from the center of society, pressurizing politics and the economy.

The Global Marshall Plan University Group was brought to life in 2004 as the first local group. They already organized series of lectures with personalities such as Nobel prize winner Muhammad Yunus and was an incentive and model for other local groups. Currently there are more than 33 contact points worldwide, 23 of which are in German speaking countries acting locally.

Literature
 Al Gore: Wege zum Gleichgewicht. Ein Marshallplan für die Erde. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1992.
 Möller, Radermacher, Riegler, Soekadar, Spiegel: GLOBAL MARSHALL PLAN, Statement der Global Marshall Plan Initiative. 64 pages. Foundation basis of the initiative, Horizonte Verlag, 2004, .
 Global Marshall Plan Initiative (Hrsg.): Hoffnung Europa. Strategie des Miteinanders, Hamburg. 2006.
 Global Marshall Plan Initiative (Hrsg.): Impulse für eine Welt in Balance. Hamburg, 2005.
 Global Marshall Plan Initiative (Hrsg.): Welt in Balance. Zukunftschance Ökosoziale Marktwirtschaft. Hamburg, 2004.
 Huber, Florian J.: Global Governance und der Global Marshall Plan - Strategien, Kritik und Analyse. Saarbrücken, 2007
 Franz Josef Radermacher: Global Marshall Plan. A Planetary Contract. Für eine weltweite Ökosoziale Marktwirtschaft. Hamburg, 2004. (published in both German and English)
 Huschmand Sabet: Globale Maßlosigkeit. Der (un)aufhaltsame Zusammenbruch des weltweiten Mittelstandes. Düsseldorf, 2005.
 Radermacher, F.J.: "Die neue Zukunftsformel" in: . 4, 2002a
 Franz Josef Radermacher, Bernd Beyers: Welt mit Zukunft - Überleben im 21. Jahrhundert. Der Global Marshall Plan als Zukunftsoption. Hamburg, Murmann-Verlag, 2007,

External links
 Global Marshall Plan Initiative (https://www.globalmarshallplan.org/english/)
 Stiftung Weltvertrag / Global Contract Foundation (http://www.weltvertrag.org/index_eng.html )
 Eco-Social Forum / Ökosoziales Forum Österreich (http://www.oekosozial.at/index.php?id=1&L=1)
 Plant for the Planet Initiative (http://www.plant-for-the-planet.org/)

References

International sustainable development
Global policy organizations


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What are the largest cities in the United States by area?
The largest city by area in the United States is Yakutat, Alaska at 9,459.28 square miles. The second and third largest cities are also in Alaska: Sitka at 2,874 square miles and Juneau at 2,717 square miles.
Which are the largest U.S. cities in square miles ...
www.reference.com/geography/largest-u-s-cities-square-miles-41108f103b6c502c
What cities in the US have the largest population?
New York,New York: Population 8,537,673.
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Houston,Texas: Population 2,303,482.
Phoenix,Arizona: 1,615,017.
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania: Population 1,567,872.
San Antonio,Texas: Population 1,492,510.
San Diego,California: Population 1,406,630.
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Jacksonville is the largest city in the continental United States by land mass at over 800 square miles. It's also the 14th largest city by in the US by population and the largest city in Florida.
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en.wikipedia.org › wiki › List_of_largest_cities_by_areaList of largest cities by area - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › List_of_largest_cities_by_area
This is a list of the largest cities and municipalities by area (including surface water) in square kilometres.. Urban areas. This table shows all cities or conurbations with a total urbanised area of at least 5,000 km 2, according to Demographia's annual World Urban Areas publication, that uses a consistent methodology between countries to provide comparable population and area figures.
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › List_of_United_StatesList of United States cities by area - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › List_of_United_States
t. e. This list ranks the top 150 U.S. cities (incorporated places) by land area. Total areas including water are also given, but when ranked by total area, a number of coastal cities appear disproportionately larger. San Francisco is an extreme example: water makes up nearly 80% of its total area of 232 square miles (601 km 2 ).
www.worldatlas.com › articles › largest-cities-inLargest Cities in the World By Land Area - WorldAtlas
www.worldatlas.com › articles › largest-cities-in
Jan 07, 2019 · Defining the world's largest city by land area is difficult as many cities are always growing. However, New York is often estimated to be the largest city in the world by land area, with a total of 8,683 square kilometers. Other big cities include Tokyo, Chicago, Atlanta and Philadelphia. Though some occupy a large geographical area, the ...
www.statista.com › chart › 13966Chart: The World's Largest Cities By Area | Statista
www.statista.com › chart › 13966
Feb 05, 2021 · While Tokyo-Yokohama comes first in the population stakes, it comes third in land area with 3,178 square miles. The New York-New Jersey-Connecticut metro region claims the title as the largest ...
www.thoughtco.com › largest-city-in-area-unitedLargest City in Area in the United States - ThoughtCo
www.thoughtco.com › largest-city-in-area-united
What Folks Do There
Displacing Other Cities
The Lower 48
The city lies on the Gulf of Alaska near the Hubbard Glacier and is surrounded by or is nearby the Tongass National Forests, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, and Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. Yakutat's skyline is dominated by Mount St. Elias, the United States' second tallest peak.
See full list on thoughtco.com
Yakutat has a population of 601 as of 2016, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Fishing (both commercial and sport) is its largest industry. Many types of salmon inhabit the rivers and streams: steelhead, king (Chinook), sockeye, pink (humpback), and coho (silver). Yakutat hosts a three-day annual tern festivalin late May or early June, as the area has one of the largest breeding grounds for Aleutian terns. The bird is uncommon and hasn't been studied extensively; its winter range wasn't even discovered until the 1980s. The festival features birding activities, Native cultural presentations, natural history field trips, art exhibits, and other events. The first Saturday in August is the annual Fairweather Day celebration, which is full of live music at Cannon Beach Pavilion. People also come to the city for hiking, hunting (bears, mountain goats, ducks, and geese), and wildlife and nature viewing (moose, eagles, and bears), as the area is along migration patterns for waterfowl, rap...
With its incorporation with the borough, Yakutat displaced Sitka, Alaska, as the largest city, which had displaced Juneau, Alaska. Sitka is 2,874 square miles (7,443.6 sq km) and Juneau is 2,717 square miles (7037 sq km). Sitka was the earliest large city, having been formed through the incorporation of the borough and city in 1970. Yakutat is a perfect example of an "overbounded" city, which refers to a city that has boundaries that extend far beyond its developed area (certainly the glaciers and ice fieldsin the city won't be developed soon).
Jacksonville, in northeast Florida, is the largest city in area in the contiguous 48 states at 840 square miles (2,175.6 sq km). Jacksonville includes all of Duval County, Florida, with the exception of the beach communities (Atlantic Beach, Neptune Beach, and Jacksonville Beach) and Baldwin. It had a population of 880,619 as of 2016 U.S. Census Bureau estimates. Visitors can enjoy golf, beaches, waterways, the NFL's Jacksonville Jaguars, and acres and acres of parks (80,000 acres), as it has the largest network of urban parks in the country—more than 300.
Author: Matt Rosenberg
Occupation: Geography Expert
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
HOME SALES IN SEPTEMBER SLIP
Posted on Oct 05, 2018 in K-W Market Stats
KITCHENER-WATERLOO, ON (October 5, 2018) ––REALTORS® sold 448 homes through the Multiple Listing System (MLS® System) of the Kitchener-Waterloo Association of REALTORS® (KWAR) in September, a decrease of 4.7 per cent compared to September of last year.
On a year-to-date basis 4,558 residential units have sold compared to 5,345 during the same period in 2017, a decrease of 14.7 per cent.
"The stress-test that came into force on all new mortgages at the beginning of the year has taken some of the steam out of home sales activity," said KWAR President Tony Schmidt. "Meanwhile home prices continue to rise as inventory levels remain rather low."
Residential sales in September included 270 detached (down 6.3 per cent compared to September 2017), and 110
condominium units (up 7.8 per cent) which includes any property regardless of style (i.e. semis, townhomes, apartment,
detached etc.). Sales also included 30 semi-detached homes (down 18.9 per cent) and 30 freehold townhouses (down
18.9 per cent).
The average sale price of all residential properties sold in September increased 10 per cent to $492,398 compared to the same month a year ago. Detached homes sold for an average price of $574,653 an increase of 11.4 per cent compared to September of last year. During this same period, the average sale price for an apartment style condominium was $325,378 an increase of 24.1 per cent. Townhomes and semis sold for an average of $377,442 (up 4.7 per cent) and $386,670 (up 4.1 per cent) respectively.
The median price of all residential properties sold last month was up 10.5 per cent compared to September of last year at $453,000, and the median price of a detached home during the same period increased 8.8 per cent to $520,000.
REALTORS® listed 824 residential properties in K-W and area in last month, a 10 per cent increase compared to
September of last year, and 9 per cent above the historical ten-year average of 755. The number of active residential
listings on the KWAR's MLS® System to the end of September totalled 1,005, which is 18.2 per cent higher than
September of last year but 522 units short of the previous ten-year average of 1,527 listings for September.
"While the mortgage stress was intended to prevent homebuyers in overheated markets like Vancouver and Toronto
from borrowing more than they could afford, it has had the unintended consequence of putting the goal of owning a
home further out of reach for buyers across all housing markets, including in Waterloo region. This is particularly
impactful for first time homebuyers where every penny counts."
Schmidt notes that earlier this week he was in Ottawa with over 300 REALTORS® from across Canada to ask all levels of government to take regional differences into consideration before implementing nation-wide measures that impact
homeownership.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
No One at the Wheel
Driverless Cars and the Road of the Future
by Samuel I. Schwartz
With Karen Kelly
The country's leading transport expert describes how the driverless vehicle revolution will transform highways, cities, workplaces and laws not just here, but across the globe.
Our time at the wheel is done. Driving will become illegal, as human drivers will be demonstrably more dangerous than cars that pilot themselves. Is this an impossible future, or a revolution just around the corner?
Sam Schwartz, America's most celebrated transportation guru, describes in this book the revolution in self-driving cars. The ramifications will be dramatic, and the transition will be far from seamless. It will overturn the job market for the one in seven Americans who work in the trucking industry. It will cause us to grapple with new ethical dilemmas-if a car will hit a person or a building, endangering the lives of its passengers, who will decide what it does? It will further erode our privacy, since the vehicle can relay our location at any moment. And, like every other computer-controlled device, it can be vulnerable to hacking.
Right now, every major car maker here and abroad is working on bringing autonomous vehicles to consumers. The fleets are getting ready to roll and nothing will ever be the same, and this book shows us what the future has in store.
Genre: Nonfiction / Transportation / Automotive
On Sale: November 20th 2018
Public Affairs Logo
Get recommended reads, deals, and more from PublicAffairs
""[Schwartz] knows everything about how cars and people don't get along, having been on the front lines. This book - written in an earnest, conversational style - is his attempt to grapple with a fresh threat that's appeared after decades of progress.... If we heed Gridlock Sam and this valuable, humane book as we move toward a future in which we largely surrender the wheel, we can avoid messing up again."—New York Times Book Review
"This is an essential treatise on a technology whose development and regulation will have an impact on 'the future health of people, economies, cities, and more."—Publishers Weekly, Starred Review
"It's safe to say that few people on the planet know more about guiding vehicles from place to place than Schwartz, an engineer who served as New York City's traffic commissioner for years...An invigorating bit of future-trend prognosticating, generally positive, if warning direly of global gridlock if trends continue. Urban planners, architects, and transportation activists will definitely want to take note."—Kirkus
"Sam Schwartz does a great job of seeing the systems implications to the introduction of autonomous vehicles. No One at the Wheel helps us imagine a world with augmented driving experiences, and how this technology will change transportation as we know it."—James P. Hackett, President and CEO of Ford Motor Company
"Cities need fewer futurists to marvel about transportation technology and more street sages like Sam Schwartz to keep sight of our urban fundamentals. No One at the Wheel tells us how to take cities off of autopilot and shape the driverless future we want to see on our streets."—Janette Sadik-Khan, author of Street Fight and former Commissioner of the New York City Department of Transportation
"This is an excellent book. Sam Schwartz is a giant who has spent a career doing all he can to deliver transportation services that improve the quality of lives. A must-read!"—Alain Kornhauser, host of Smart Driving Cars and professor at Princeton University
"No One At The Wheel gives a balanced primer on the good, the bad and the ugly potential for autonomous vehicles, but with a dose of critical history and great storytelling. Read this book if you want to shape the future vs. let it happen to you."—Gabe Klein, author of Start-Up City, co-founder of CityFi, and former Commissioner of the Chicago and Washington DC Departments of Transportation
"No One at the Wheel is a must read for anyone in business, public policy, education or planning to live in the future. Sam is simply brilliant!"
—Jim Simpson, transportation entrepreneur and former Transportation Administrator at the United States Department of Transportation
Imagining What Happens When the Robots Take the Wheel
If we heed Gridlock Sam and this valuable, humane book as we move toward a future in which we largely surrender the wheel, we can avoid messing up again. From his perspective, we don't have a choice.
WSJ features an excerpt of Sam Schwartz's NO ONE AT THE WHEEL
How Autonomous Cars Will Reshape Our World: Self-driving cars are just one piece of the puzzle. Former New York City traffic commissioner Samuel I. Schwartz (aka Gridlock Sam) explains.
PW gives a Starred Review to NO ONE AT WHEEL
This is an essential treatise on a technology whose development and regulation will have an impact on "the future health of people, economies, cities, and more."


text:
import React, { Component } from 'react'
import { BaseFilterItem, BaseFilterSlider } from 'components'
import { classNames, isEmpty } from 'helpers'
import s from './BaseFilterCategory.sass'

import houseIcon from 'icons/ui/house.svg'

const Item = ({children, className, onClick, getRef, index, isActive}) => (
  <span onClick={() => onClick(index)} ref={getRef}
        className={classNames(s.item, className, isActive && s.item_active)}>
    {children}
  </span>
);

export default class BaseFilterCategory extends Component {
  clickHandler = index => {
    if (!this.props.setCategory) return;

    this.props.setCategory(
      this.props.data[index]
    );
  };

  getDefaultSnapElement = () => {
    return document.querySelector(`.${s.item_active}`);
  };

  render() {
    const { props: { data, category }, block, getDefaultSnapElement } = this;

    if (!data) return null;

    const hasActive = !isEmpty(category);
    const wrapperClassName = classNames(s.wrapper, hasActive && s.wrapper_active);

    return (
      <BaseFilterItem className={s.container} title="Категория объекта" icon={houseIcon}>
        <BaseFilterSlider snap defaultSnapElement={getDefaultSnapElement} className={wrapperClassName}>
          {data.map((item, key) => {
            const className = !hasActive && key === 0 && s.item_active || null;
            return (
              <Item onClick={this.clickHandler} className={className}
                    isActive={hasActive && category.id === item.id}
                    key={key} index={key}>{item.name}</Item>
            )
          })}
        </BaseFilterSlider>
      </BaseFilterItem>
    )
  }
}


text:
Barbara Wilson starts as University of Iowa president
'I cannot envision a more remarkable university to lead'
Jul. 15, 2021 11:51 am, Updated: Jul. 15, 2021 6:28 pm
University of Iowa President-elect Barbara Wilson is introduced at an April 30 news conference at the Levitt Center for University Advancement in Iowa City. Thursday was her first day on the job. (Rebecca F. Miller/The Gazette)
IOWA CITY — Overnight Wednesday, the University of Iowa updated its Office of the President website to reflect its new leadership — presenting Barbara Wilson as its 22nd president.
On Thursday, she officially took the helm, promising to usher in a "new era of excellence" for the Hawkeyes.
"I cannot envision a more remarkable university to lead," Wilson wrote in a welcome message on the UI presidential homepage. "I am ready and eager to work with our incredibly talented university community to make life better for everyone who is touched by this institution."
Barbara Wilson is introduced as the University of Iowa's 22nd president at an April 30 news conference on the campus in Iowa City. Thursday was her first day on the job. (Rebecca F. Miller/The Gazette)
From her long academic and professional tenure in the Big Ten — earning undergraduate and graduate degrees from the University of Wisconsin and serving as faculty and administrator in the University of Illinois System for 21 years — Wilson said she's come to know the UI as a leader on many fronts.
She praised Iowa as an institution "that leads with imagination and innovation, educates with student success at its heart, serves the public with dedication and enthusiasm, and believes deeply in the centrality of diversity, equity and inclusion."
And she noted her arrival comes a year shy of the campus' 175th anniversary — with origins dating back to 1847, a handful of faculty, a few dozen students, and a single building.
Today, the UI boasts top-tier colleges, a world-renowned health care operation, more than 30,000 students, and cutting-edge research programs — and finds itself at "another crucial inflection point," Wilson said in her message.
"As we emerge from a historic global pandemic," she said, "much of my effort will be focused on making sure we keep our momentum moving forward at the same time we remain vigilant about the ongoing COVID-19 situation."
Acknowledging the UI has faced crises before, Wilson praised the campus' ability to "always come out stronger" and committed to ensuring that holds true.
In addition to a new first-year class, she shared excitement for the upcoming opening of the Stanley Museum of Art, scheduled in 2022; a new Iowa Center for School Mental Health; an expanded "experiential education" program; and new interdisciplinary space research.
"As I don the black and gold and join the Hawkeye family, I very much look forward to collaborating with our university community and meeting with alumni and friends, the citizens of Iowa, our state's leaders, and anyone who has an interest in this extraordinary institution," Wilson wrote. "I am here to help make the University of Iowa the best it can possibly be."
In campuswide communication Thursday, the university shared a video it took of an interview with Wilson — asking her get-to-know-you questions like, "What is the last great book you read," "What are you most looking forward to," and "What is the best advice you've ever been given?"
"Probably one of the things that I remember the most, and I use almost every day, is advice from my Ph.D. adviser back in graduate school," Wilson said in the video. "She used to say, 'Everything that comes out of this lab has to be the best it can be. We have to check, double-check, and triple-check everything for accuracy and for impact.' And I carry those words with me in every job I've had since."
To the question about a great book, Wilson said she reads a lot and shared the book she's reading now — "The Color of Water" by James McBride.
"It's full of little nuggets, treasures and lessons about how to live life in a multicultural world," Wilson said.
To a question about what she thinks one of the biggest misconceptions of the Midwest might be, Wilson suggested the coastal perception the heartland is a "sleepy" collection of "flyover states" is untrue and needs correcting.
"The energy here is endless," she said. "And so one of my goals would be to try to lift up what we do here so the national arena knows more about the University of Iowa and how it's changing the world."
In the video, Wilson said her first job was babysitter and then at the cash register of a discount store called Treasure Island.
As UI president, Wilson said she sees herself taking many roles — including listener, as she meets students and colleagues.
"I'm a communications scholar, so I focus a lot on listening, learning and understanding people's perspectives," she said. "I'm going to facilitate what people want to have happen, their goals, their dreams, their aspirations, and work really hard on collaboration."
Wilson, 63, was chosen April 30 to succeed former UI President Bruce Harreld following a national search that netted 79 applicants, 12 semifinalists, and four finalists who visited campus and participated in public forums.
She most recently was serving as second-in-command over the sprawling $6.74 billion three-campus University of Illinois System.
At the UI, Wilson will receive tenure and earn an annual base pay of $600,000 — plus a five-year deferred compensation package worth $2 million.
Vanessa Miller covers higher education for The Gazette.
University of Iowa, Bruce Harreld
UI seeks labor law advice for employees working outside state
K-12 Education 90m ago
On Iowa Politics 14m ago
Campaigns & Elections 3h ago
Business News 3h ago


Cinema has often struggled with subjectivity. Much of the current dogma states that the only way to show a character's inner-space is through clunky voiceover, something to be avoided at all costs. The handful of directors who successfully bridge that boundary, like David Lynch, often become objects of near-worship.
Lynch resides in Los Angeles, the world's most famous urban dreamscape, a city equal parts fantasy and reality, heaven and hell. In Sleepover LA, director Lily Baldwin expertly conjures both.
In this highly subjective film, which premiered at SXSW 2014, an innocent tourist travels to LA and unexpectedly conjures her sister's last night alive.
It's a truly unique aesthetic experience. Baldwin, initially trained as a dancer (she notably toured with David Byrne), makes expert use of the full range of cinematic power. Editing, cinematography and music merge with dance to create a fully realized universe, filled with equal doses of longing, unease and wonder. Like Lynch, she understands that all of these tools are necessary to portray our complex inner lives.
This is already Baldwin's second short to play SXSW. She'll soon put her considerable talent to work as part of Collective: Unconscious, a collective webseries where a group of indie film wunderkinder will adapt each other's dreams into short films.
She's also moving into the feature film space with Glass, a true crime thriller about "a schizophrenic stalker and an unguarded dancer in our privacy-gone world." The project, which has attracted attention from IFP and The Nantucket Screenwriter's Colony, feels like a perfect continuation of the ambitious work we've seen so far.


text:
Boy, 5, shoots 3-year-old girl
By ANDY FIES
A little girl is in intensive care after being shot with a rifle by her 5-year-old brother in an apparent accident.
The boy wounded the girl with a .22-caliber rifle owned by one of their parents, according to Lt. Keith Van Dyke of the Otter Tail County Sheriff's Department in western Minnesota.
The 3-year-old girl remains in stable condition, authorities said Tuesday.
The sheriff's office received a 911 call around 7:30 a.m. Sunday saying that a 5-year-old had shot the little girl.
"We believe it was an accident," Van Dyke told ABC News. "But the investigation of the incident continues alongside the county's Human Serices department."
Van Dyke added that criminal child endangerment or neglect charges are still possible. "You can infer that it wasn't hidden well enough. It was in an area that a child had access to."
Authorities said it will be some time before a decision is made about those potential charges.
abc newsnational
Copyright © 2020 ABC News Internet Ventures.


Discovering Pennsylvania Wall Calendar: This wall calendar features 12 different scenic views of the State of Pennsylvania, with informational text under each picture.
The gang from one of the funniest and most original sitcoms on television returns for more selfish antics, ridiculous mayhem, and senseless violence in the It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia 2013 Wall Calendar.
Up With Paper's collegiate offerings feature your favorite college team logo on the front and a pop-up mascot on the inside.
When you're a die-hard Nittany Lions fan, there is no off-season for any sport.
The 2013 Penn State Nittany Lions Desk Pad Calendar is perfect for the fan that needs to keep dates and appointments close at hand while at their home or office desk.
The 2013 Penn State Nittany Lions wall calendar is the perfect tribute to your favorite college team.
"Chartered in Pennsylvania in 1846, construction of the Pennsylvania Railroad began in 1847, and the first all-rail line reached Pittsburgh in 1852.
Philadelphia will take you back to the time of Americas beginning.
When you're a die-hard Eagles fan, there is no off-season! Now you can follow and celebrate the Philadelphia Eagles and the NFL year round.
The 2013 Philadelphia Eagles Desk Pad Calendar is perfect for the fan that needs to keep dates and appointments close at hand while at their home or office desk.
Specially designed for the die-hard Philadelphia Eagles fan, Turner Licensing presents the ultimate 2013 NFL mini wall calendar.
"Specially designed for the die-hard Philadelphia Eagles fan, Turner Licensing presents the ultimate 2013 NFL wall calendar.
When you're a die-hard Flyers fan, there is no off-season! Now you can follow and celebrate the Philadelphia Flyers and the NHL year round.
With the 2013 Philadelphia Flyers wall calendar, your favorite NHL team takes to the ice all year long.
When you're a die-hard Phillies fan, there is no off-season! Now you can follow and celebrate the Philadelphia Phillies and the MLB year round.
The 2013 Philadelphia Phillies Desk Pad Calendar is perfect for the fan that needs to keep dates and appointments close at hand while at their home or office desk.
Pittsburgh, a city whose wealth once surpassed almost all of other American cities, stands tall and proud along the banks of its three rivers.
When you're a die-hard Penguins fan, there is no off-season! Now you can follow and celebrate the Pittsburgh Penguins and the NHL year round.
The 2013 Pittsburgh Penguins Desk Pad Calendar is perfect for the fan that needs to keep dates and appointments close at hand while at their home or office desk.
With the 2013 Pittsburgh Penguins mini wall calendar, your favorite NHL team takes to the ice all year long.
With the 2013 Pittsburgh Penguins wall calendar, your favorite NHL team takes to the ice all year long.
When you're a die-hard Pirates fan, there is no off-season! Now you can follow and celebrate the Pittsburgh Pirates and the MLB year round.


This topic contains 0 replies, has 1 voice, and was last updated by eboev 9 years, 7 months ago.
Hello, All! I have some error in TDI filter driver.
🙂 We haven't many information so can delete problem. What can you say about it?


Mom of triplets plus one, believer in words as powerful resistance.
I was told by a fellow Girl Scout leader the other day that if I didn't want to do the work myself (regarding a certain aspect of our Service Unit duties performed by another volunteer) that I shouldn't criticize. And it pissed me off people.


text:
Q: Store POST in new variable or use $_POST Usually I call the POST method directly $_POST but if I assign the $_POST variable in new variable will the process speed faster? for example
method 1
/* $this->input->post('name') */
$this->db->where("name=".$this->input->post('name'));
$this->db->update(table, $this->input->post('name'));
$this->session->userdata(array("formdata", $this->input->post()));

method 2
$name = $this->input->post('name');
$this->db->where("name=".$name);
$this->db->update(table, $name);
$this->session->userdata(array("formdata", $this->input->post()));

Which method process faster?
Note: Sorry I don't understand how the process work in depth. I've around 30 input. Above query is just an example. There are multiple filter and processing section before sql insert/update. From what I know $_POST is a function and it take more resource than variable/array. I think using variable or array make the processing speed faster.a

A: The most efficient and better way is

Generates an update string and runs the query based on the data you
  supply. You can pass an array or an object to the function. Here is an
  example using an array:

$data = array(
        'title' => $this->input->post('title'),
        'name' => $this->input->post('name'),
        'date' => $this->input->post('date'),
      // ....... and soo ON.........
);

$this->db->where('id', $this->input->post('title'));
$this->db->update('mytable', $data);

Read updating-data

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Error : the receiver expression should be replaced with the type qualifier 'Animal' 1 error If I write ' a.m2(); ' I am getting error as  ''the receiver expression should be replaced with the type qualifier 'Animal' 1 error'' .  But if I write Animal.m2 I am getting proper op
interface Animal {

    void m();

    default void m1() {
        System.out.println("Hello");
    }

    static void m2() {
        System.out.println("World");
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Animal a = () -> System.out.println("Hello World");
        a.m();
        a.m1();
        //a.m2();
        Animal.m2();
    }
}

A: The m2() method is not an interface method, so it's not a method found on instances of Animal. It is a static method of the Animal class (which is an interface), so it needs to be qualified with the class in which it's defined, ie Animal.


text:
Candidates give views on immigration
Federal election candidates in Sault Ste. Marie share their views on immigration programs and what their party would do to meet the city's goals if elected Oct. 21.
Published on: October 11, 2019 | Last Updated: October 11, 2019 2:16 PM EDT
A Canada flag flaps in the wind. jpg
The city's top officials believe that if Sault Ste. Marie is able to develop and enhance the city's labour market, the community will grow.
Part of the city's plan includes attracting immigrants with specific job skills through a federal immigration pilot project.
Federal candidates seeking to represent Sault Ste. Marie in Ottawa all agree that the city has a welcoming community and organizations, volunteer groups and churches working to help immigrants settle comfortably in the Northern Ontario city.
Liberal incumbent Terry Sheehan, Conservative challenger Sonny Spina, New Democrat Sara McCleary, Green Party candidate Geo Mclean and Peoples' Party of Canada's Amy Zuccato agree immigration could help the city's demographic woes.
Sheehan said the Liberal government has worked closely with municipalities on the immigration issue.
"I have worked closely with the mayor and council and know that this is a priority for our community and I advocated for the pilot project and we have been successful," he said.
Sheehan says he'll continue to work with the municipality to ensure that the pilot project is implemented and that immigrants quickly experience the welcoming community.
Sheehan said he brought the immigration minister to Sault Ste. Marie where a round table was held to show him the services available here and how business, industry and community comes together to create a good environment. It was business that drove the call for the pilot project and the Liberal government responded.
"One direct job creates about 12 others so we know that this pilot project will strengthen our economy which in turn makes our community more vibrant and welcoming and makes for a stronger Canada," he said.
Spina, whose family immigrated to Canada in 1967, said he's done his own work to ensure that immigrants feel welcome in Sault Ste. Marie. He led a hockey day where new Canadians played Canada's sport with police and military personnel. The event showed immigrants that police and military in Canada differ from other countries and are approachable and helpful and immigrants got to learn the game of hockey. It also resulted in sharing and teaching each other, he said. "It's something I definitely want to continue."
"I love the response Sault Ste. Marie has had to immigrants. We're an opening and welcoming community," he said. "I will continue to support immigration to Sault Ste. Marie and Canada as a whole so that we can grow."
McCleary wants to see the pilot project made permanent. She also believes greater efforts need to be made to ensure that immigrants know there are jobs in Northern Ontario and that they don't have to stay in the larger cities.
"Communication and sharing the information and making sure they know they are welcome in the Sault is key," she said.
Mclean believes it is vital to ensure that there is good transportation flowing across Canada. Whether immigrants land on the east or west coast or in Toronto, they can easily get to other communities, including those in Northern Ontario.
The Green Party will also review licencing requirements for immigrants to ensure that professional licencing requirements are streamlined and immigrants can meet those qualifications.
It's also important, he said, to allocate more funding for English and French language training for immigrants.
Zuccato said the PPC wants to increase the number of economic immigrants to fill the gaps left in the workforce by retirees and have the skill set to fill the jobs that Canadians cannot fill.
She also believes it is important that workers learn by experience, not just through text books, especially in the manufacturing industries like steel and lumber.
"Apprenticeships and coop programs need to be expanded or else we will have 44 per cent of our workforce retiring and that knowledge will go with them," she said. "These retirees don't have book knowledge. They have specific on-the-job knowledge that needs to be transferred to young workers."
It's the role of the federal government to ensure that criteria are set to allow immigrants to work in Canada. That's a factor that's paramount to the success of the pilot project to be launched in Sault Ste. Marie.
Sheehan agrees it is necessary for immigrants have the necessary skill set needed to fill the jobs available here, including all skilled trades, doctors and health care professionals.
He said the immigration pilot project works well with the recent health care announcement that will ensure doctors and health care professionals come to communities like Sault Ste. Marie to fill the void.
Spina said Canada currently has a major process to transfer skill sets to use here and a Conservative government will simply that process but still ensure that Canadian standards are met to allow immigrants to transfer their skill sets here and find jobs they are qualified for.
It's also important, he said, to ensure that there is English and French language training across Canada to help immigrants and many programs are already occurring through church groups or local organizations. It's also important that the language skills be developed in order for immigrants to understand and communicate the terminology used with specific jobs and skills.
Spina said that in order to help businesses, the Conservatives also believe that it is important immigrants have necessary licencing before receiving jobs – like driver's licenses and safety training certificates – so it doesn't cost businesses money to get them ready for the job.
McCleary said streamlining credentials of immigrants to ensure they are working in their profession is important. She believes that too often, getting proper licencing and credentials for immigrants takes too long.
Mclean says there are already about 200,000 people across Canada who do not have official status here.
"We need to provide pathways so those people can get their permanent residency a little easier," he said.
The Green Party also wants to establish criteria for environmental refugees. With climate change and its effect on rising sea water or shifting lands, Mclean said there will be the surge of the environmental refugee in coming years.
"We need to advocate for their inclusion and establish criteria for them to immigrate here," he said.
Zuccato said her party believes that immigrants should only fill the holes within the economic system and that systems need to be put in place to ensure they can integrate in society and understand Canada's values.
She said encouraging immigrants to move to the North is one of the greatest challenges and better promotion of the services and lifestyle of smaller communities is important.
Immigrants can't come into Canada and be successful on their own. They need support networks to help them settle here.
All the candidates agree that support networks need to be developed at the municipal level and Sault Ste. Marie has many already in place to help immigrants settle comfortably.
"I support these programs and the guidance they give to immigrants and we would guide immigrants towards them so they can get the assistance they need to settle in our welcoming and caring community," Spina said.
Sheehan said the Liberal government has "created a grassroots approach by ensuring the services are readily available in the community to help immigrants settle," and that's why Sault Ste. Marie was one of the chosen communities to participate in the pilot project.
"We have some advanced programs here and we are very strong in that area," he said.
In order to help bridge the gap for immigrants, the Green Party wants to increase English and French language training funds.
It also wants to work with municipalities to help integrate new Canadians into communities.
Mclean said by increasing funding for multi-cultural associations and linking those associations to social services, immigrants will have an outlet for commodore and have easier access to the services or counselling they need to adapt to their new home.
McCleary said that while the city's newcomer settlement program in Sault Ste. Marie is good, it's important that those programs are properly funded and the federal government should support those programs.
Zuccato said the federal government's role is to promote integration and ensure that municipal programming exists to help immigrants settle in a community.
"We wouldn't put up any barriers to anything like that because we want to see them integrated into our community and we all get along," she said.
Most of the candidates agree that there is no magic number of immigrants that should be permitted into Canada annually. That number needs to fluctuate depending on a number of circumstances ranging for Canada's jobs needs to global issues.
Zuccato said the PPC's policy is that immigrant limits should be set between 100,000 and 150,000 annually, depending on Canada's economic situation.
"If the flood gates are open, then we risk having inflated numbers of immigrants and that will diminish the fabric of Canadian society and we don't want to lessen our values or put undue hardship on our social or health care systems," Zuccato said. "It's dangerous because we could do harm to Canadians."
Instead, Sheehan counters that it's the federal government's responsibility to ensure that immigration is happening in a responsible manner by offering a robust application process with proper screening procedures.
As chair of the Northern Ontario Liberal Caucus, Sheehan said he's pleased Sault Ste. Marie and other Northern Ontario communities have been selected to be part of the pilot project and it will help the growth of the economy.
"It's important for the economy, now that we've made strong investments in infrastructure and through FedNor announcements which total close to a quarter of a billion dollars. Now we need the skilled trades and other professionals to fill those jobs, those roles, to continue growing Canada," he said.
Spina said it's been well documented that Canada – and Sault Ste. Marie's – population is shrinking and immigration is needed to fill the jobs available and grow the Canadian economy.
But, the said, it's also recognized that government needs to put an end to illegal border crossings to ensure that Canada's system is fair and equitable.
"We need a system to prioritize the refugees that are suffering from true prosecution and at the same time restore fairness, order and compassion to our immigration system," he said.
The process has to be fluid and government needs to ensure immigration policies change as needed.
"Our diversity is our strength," Spina said. "We are faced with the retirement of our baby boomers and right now we need to invite the best and brightest from around the world to come to Canada to fill those positions."
McCleary said "we recognize Canada is stronger when we welcome immigrants and we need that population to fill jobs and sustain our population and grow it."
She believes that immigration should be a large part of any government's policy and should focus on what is right for Canada as a whole.
Mclean also expects that number to constantly shift, depending on the needs in Canada and the shifting needs of other countries.
The federal election is Oct. 21.
Local Sports Digest	 SkillsAdvance Ontario gives $1.5 M for steel sector training


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// �nderungen an dieser Datei gehen bei einer Neukompilierung des Quellschemas verloren.
// Generiert: 2014.02.04 um 12:22:03 PM CET
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package org.onvif.ver10.schema;

import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlEnum;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlEnumValue;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlType;

/**
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 * Java-Klasse f�r Dot11AuthAndMangementSuite.
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 * Das folgende Schemafragment gibt den erwarteten Content an, der in dieser Klasse enthalten ist.
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 * <simpleType name="Dot11AuthAndMangementSuite">
 *   <restriction base="{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}string">
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 *     <enumeration value="Extended"/>
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			if (c.value.equals(v)) {
				return c;
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		}
		throw new IllegalArgumentException(v);
	}

}


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text:
Q: Creating array of nested objects from array of non nested objects Suppose I have the following array:
[
   {
      'id':48,
      'parent':0,
      'order':1
   },
   {
      'id':49,
      'parent':48,
      'order':2
   },
   {
      'id':50,
      'parent':0,
      'order':3
   },
   {
      'id':51,
      'parent':48,
      'order':4
   },
   {
      'id':52,
      'parent':0,
      'order':5
   },
   {
      'id':53,
      'parent':50,
      'order':6
   },
   {
      'id':54,
      'parent':50,
      'order':7
   }
]

I need to write some javascript code either in an angular controller or using ng-repeat in the view that can produce the following output:
  [
   {
      'id':48,
      'parent':0,
      'order':1,
      'children':[
         {
            'id':49,
            'parent':48,
            'order':2
         },
         {
            'id':51,
            'parent':48,
            'order':4
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      'id':50,
      'parent':0,
      'order':3,
      'children':[
         {
            'id':53,
            'parent':50,
            'order':6
         },
         {
            'id':54,
            'parent':50,
            'order':7
         }
      ]
   },
   {
      'id':52,
      'parent':0,
      'order':5
   },

]

You can assume that the original array will be sorted by order already, however the output does have to maintain the order as well.
My current solution does work. I'm using ng-repeat with a conditional argument to check if the current object has a parent.
Essentially I'm using ng-repeat to output all the parents, then I loop through the entire array again for each parent checking for children. This has severe performance penalties and takes too long for any array over 40-50 objects long. Another downside is that for each depth, the performance penalties increase. I would like to include up to 5 nesting levels, but my looping system will not hold up.
Ideally, I would sort all this out in the controller, and then make ng-repeat do minimal work.
Did anyone actually read my current solution? Here it is, since I'm being accused of getting things for free eye roll

                        Reply

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                                Reply

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As I said, using ng-repeat.

A: You coud use an object for lookup and insert to the parent's children. adn to the node itself.
This proposal works only if the parent is inserted before the children.

var data = [{ 'id': 48, 'parent': 0, 'order': 1 }, { 'id': 49, 'parent': 48, 'order': 2 }, { 'id': 50, 'parent': 0, 'order': 3 }, { 'id': 51, 'parent': 48, 'order': 4 }, { 'id': 52, 'parent': 0, 'order': 5 }, { 'id': 53, 'parent': 50, 'order': 6 }, { 'id': 54, 'parent': 50, 'order': 7 }],
    tree = [];

data.forEach(function (a) {
    this[a.id] = { id: a.id, parent: a.parent, order: a.order };
    this[a.parent].children = this[a.parent].children || [];
    this[a.parent].children.push(this[a.id]);
}, { 0: { children: tree } });

console.log(tree);

Proposal for unsorted data witch maintains the sort order.

var data = [{ 'id': 54, 'parent': 50, 'order': 7 }, { 'id': 53, 'parent': 50, 'order': 6 }, { 'id': 49, 'parent': 48, 'order': 2 }, { 'id': 51, 'parent': 48, 'order': 4 }, { 'id': 52, 'parent': 0, 'order': 5 }, { 'id': 48, 'parent': 0, 'order': 1 }, { 'id': 50, 'parent': 0, 'order': 3 }, ],
    tree = function (data) {
        var r = [], o = { 0: { children: r } };
        data.forEach(function (a) {
            var p = 0,
                temp = { id: a.id, parent: a.parent, order: a.order };
            if (o[a.id] && o[a.id].children) {
                temp.children = o[a.id].children;
            }
            o[a.id] = temp;
            o[a.parent] = o[a.parent] || {};
            o[a.parent].children = o[a.parent].children || [];
            o[a.parent].children.some(function (a) {
                if (a.order > temp.order) {
                    return true;
                }
                p++;
            });
            o[a.parent].children.splice(p, 0, temp);
        });
        return r;
    }(data);

console.log(tree);


In South Africa, all legislation related to the contact you, as a divorced parent, enjoy with your child (previously known as 'access') is contained in the Children's Act of 2005. It outlines all your responsibilities in terms of caring for your child, having contact with them, maintenance and guardianship.
An outstanding feature of this act is that it has been carefully formulated to look at these issues from the child's point of view. In the past, a parent's rights vis a vis their children were paramount but the Act has changed the emphasis first to the responsibilities you as a parent have towards your child, and of secondary importance are your rights which can only be exercised by you in the "best interests" of your child or children.
But these responsibilities and rights become complex when the parent with whom the child lives choose to relocate, whether that means moving to another South African city or immigrating overseas. Of course, such a decision is never taken lightly; making a new life is difficult, but if better opportunities present themselves (from lucrative employment to better security), it's not easy to let them pass by.
For the other parent, though, a new home means less contact with their child. Your knee-jerk reaction may be to try and prevent the relocation – but is this legal?
In terms of the Act, no parent can move beyond the borders of South Africa without first obtaining the consent of their ex-spouse. Failure to do so will have severe consequences. That said, the remaining parent must be able to show that they have good reason for withholding consent.
If this becomes a sticking point, with both parents caught in a deadlock, either parent may institute an application in court.
The court will use the 'best interests of the child' standard to make a decision either way, taking into consideration a number of criteria. These range from the nature of the relationship between the child and her parents to the parents' attitude towards their child and how they exercise their responsibility, as well as their capacity to provide for her emotional and intellectual needs. The court will also weigh up the likely effect of separation from the child's parents, siblings or other caregivers, and the practical difficulties and expense of maintaining contact with the remaining parent, especially if these factors may impede the child's ability to maintain the relationship. Other deciding issues include the need for the child to remain in the care of her parents and to maintain a connection with her family, culture or tradition; her age, maturity and stage of development, gender, background and any other relevant statistics; and her physical and emotional security and intellectual, emotional, social and cultural development. The application will obviously be influenced by factors such as whether or not the child has any disabilities or chronic illnesses or has encountered any family violence. Finally, the court will bear in mind the need for a child to be raised within a stable family environment, free from physical and psychological harm – as well as the fact that any action taken must minimise further legal or administrative proceedings.
The motivations of the relocating parent will also come under the spotlight, and the court will seek to ensure that appropriate plans have been put in place.
Bearing in mind the Act's accent on the child, it makes room for the child to participate in decisions made about them. No court will grant an order without parents first consulting their child in an age appropriate fashion. All views expressed by children are assessed with an eye on their age, maturity and developmental stage.
Although courts generally find in favour of the primary caregiver, there is hope for the parent left behind: thanks to electronic communications like Skype, 'virtual visits' are fast becoming the norm. Courts worldwide, including South Africa, have embraced these – and while an online 'hello' may not be the same as a hug, it can go a long way when you're missing the one you love.
For more information, email Gillian on gillian@lowndes.co.za or call 011 292 5777. You can also follow Gillian's blog at divorceattorneyjoburg.co.za For media queries, please contact Renee Schonborn on renee@littleblackbookpr.co.za or 083 600 3121.