text:
Justice Society Presents – The New Golden Age
THE NEW GOLDEN AGE
In this episode of JUSTICE SOCIETY PRESENTS, Shag and Rob discuss the recently released THE NEW GOLDEN AGE one-shot! We cover the lead feature with lots of JSA-related teases, plus the brand-new Who's Who entries featuring the Golden Age Aquaman, Harlequin's Son, The Boom, Ladybug, Red Lantern, Quiz Kid, Salem the Witch Girl, and more!
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Tags: DC Comics, Geoff Johns, Jerry Ordway, JSA, Justice Society of America, Todd Nauck, Who's Who, Who's Who in the DC Universe
24 responses to "Justice Society Presents – The New Golden Age"
Brian Ciufo says:
I also realized some of the Who's Who entries were probably completely made up when I got to Cherry Bomb.
But for the Harlequin's Son, I still wondered if it was from an early issue that I had missed. Infinity Inc never made it to the local grocery store where I found new comics. All my copies came from a mail subscription and I had missed the first few.
His costume is a crazy mashup of so many different characters which probably will have some great story describing each.
Is he wearing Obsidian's belt?
And where did he find Quazar's Quantum Bands!?
rob mccarthy says:
i've never read Kickers inc but people were super into it at the time.
ps Adam watermen makes a hell of a lot more sense than ARTHUR curry
I agree with rob on AQUAMAN. OR I sorta remember them saying Aquaman WAS Neptune Perkins
You're gonna punch me but in my brain anytime aquaman deals with JSA that's Namor!
Ted Kilvington says:
Great episode fellas! The Justice Society first appeared in All-Star Comics #3, published November 22, 1940. That's probably why that day kept recurring throughout the issue.
Mark Baker-Wright says:
Thanks for this. While (as Rob noted) November 22nd as the day of JFK's assassination is hard not to assume, the first appearance of the JSA makes a lot more sense in this context.
Michael Bailey says:
What a fun episode that mixed the feel of a classic Who's Who episode and the new JSA show. My favorite part was how committed Shag was to eliminating the idea of the "yellow gloves = golden age Aquaman" argument. After hearing Shag's argument I felt that Oliver Stone should jump on this and produce a movie called CURRY about how the mob, the CIA, Paul Levitz, and the Cubans all assembled to remove the Golden Age version of Aquaman from continuity.
This book sounded like a lot of fun. I just picked it up digitally along with the Stargirl book and will be getting to it soon. Like Rob, I haven't really bought new comics in quite some time, so it's a bit weird to be doing so again. But I loved how this special sounded so I wanted to experience it for myself.
And thank you for playing the argument that divivded the Who's Who listnership for years. It was funny to hear again, especially Rob saying that I knew when to shut up, which is both funny and accurate.
Now I want to relisten to the Who's Who podcast from the beginning.
Nice comment re: Oliver Stone. I've seldom heard the word "logic" so thoroughly misused as during Shag's use of the word in the context of his commitment to Golden Age Aquaman's non-existence.
I think that both Shag and Rob agree, GA Aquaman didn't exist *until he did.* The only real point of contention seems to be whether that existence, once established, should be retroactive. I agree with Rob that it should. If GA Batman, GA Superman, and GA Wonder Woman can be said to have "always existed on Earth 2" once it was established that they did, then the same should apply to GA Aquaman, *even though* that establishment was only really solidified "13 minutes before" he and his Earth were eliminated by the Crisis.
DC Dave says:
"Technically" speaking, GA Batman, Superman, WW, etc, are truly different characters than the Earth-2 versions of each. Reality is, the Earth-2 versions of these characters were created when they were created – and to me, it doesn't matter if that was in the 60s or the 80s.
I agree with Mark Waid, and will take it a step further – we *see* an Earth-2 Aquaman (not a fever dream!). And although DC Editorial / Paul Levitz may have said just after that, "there is no Earth-2 Aquaman and he never existed," that's never been put *into a story.* But who has been put into a story? That Earth-2 Aquaman.
I really should have said "Earth 2" Superman, Batman, etc. throughout. That's my fault.
Indeed, even Shag consistently acknowledged the Golden Age Aquaman. He just puts him on Earth 1, rather than Earth 2. The argument was always "There's no Earth 2 Aquaman," not "There's no GA Aquaman." My apologies for the inconsistency.
Captain Entropy, Barracks Lawyer says:
Since DC Comics presented positive evidence for both assertions, neither explanation fits all the evidence. The real argument is about which evidence to dismiss. Shag places greater weight on Levitz's testimony and the explanations of parallel Earths. These are both out-of-story messages from DC on high. Rob places greater weight on the diegetic evidence. The different origins and Aquaman's fighting against the Third Reich mean this isn't the same guy. Shag dismisses those stories from continuity just as he would if Bob Haney had written them. But for Rob, these are seminal Aquaman stories that cannot be ignored.
In the end, since our head canon is as valid as whatever somebody at DC says, I think we each get to decide for ourselves.
Agreed that we must each decide for ourselves, but you've missed an aspect of Rob's reasoning that I think is particularly important. Roy Thomas is an authority (arguably THE authority) on Earth-2, and *he* says that there was an Earth-2 Aquaman. Dismissing "zany Haney," or even Levitz, is rather a different thing than dismissing Roy Thomas, specifically on matters related to Earth-2.
Captain Entropy says:
Hmm. Good point. That might be game, set, and match.
Chris Lister says:
Hi, Mike. You're doesn't even come up anymore. Is everything okay?
Your website*
Edo Bosnar says:
Hm, the idea that 'Ladybug' isn't a threatening name is interesting, given that actual lady-bugs are pretty fearsome hunters in the insect world…
Otherwise, it was interesting to listen to that argument from about 10 years ago. I'm glad you guys went to couples therapy and managed to patch things up.
Martin Gray says:
A joint episode, is that a first? Anyway, I loved it. When I first noticed the non-yellow Benday dot pattern on the Who's Who entries I pulled a face, but I've No-Prized it away… that's DC acknowledging that these aren't 'real' and shouldn't be mentally inserted into the original comics. Well, except for Golden Age Aquaman, who definitely existed.
Rob: 'All of a sudden the Superman who appears in the JLA/JSA team-ups has grey on his temples and his ass is bigger.' HOW RUDE.
The Red Lantern entry is good, but that retro logo is upsetting, with the inconsistency in length between the 'Red' side and the 'Lantern' side. Still, Darran Robinson did a great job overall in designing the new logos.
The Crimson Flame is from Golden Age Wonder Woman stories – remember Zara, Priestess of the Crimson Flame from the much-reprinted Villainy Inc story?
Never mind the Aquaman argument, if there's any doubt that here we have the classic Shag, note the many instances of 'Thay-Deus Brown'. Oh dearie me.
Siskoid says:
A joint episode has been done a couple times, most recently between JLI and Let's Roll.
Regarding the story itself – obviously intended to be completely confusing. I haven't read Flashpoint Beyond, but now I will. I was a bit lost during the Time Masters part of the story.
As for "who is Helena Wayne" – and I could be completely wrong about this – but I think this is the Earth-0 version of Bruce and Selina's child. By this point in Batman's life, Damien would be out of the house, so I could see her being the only kid. And Damien wouldn't be the one to spill the beans about his identity.
Again – I could be completely wrong, but I wonder if everything happening prior to the Helena Wayne "stuff" is taking place on the original Earth-2, and that the stuff with Helena is taking place on Earth-0.
I really should go back and reread this, and see if I can wrap my head around it better.
Erich says:
Regarding the discussion of Per Degaton's name: "Per" is a fairly common Swedish name (such as the actor Per Oscarsson and the author Per Wahloo); I once met a man named Per (a Swedish improv performer who visited my local theatre as part of an international improv show), and I learned that it's pronounced "pehr" (almost like "pair," but not quite such a long-A sound).
While I don't know whether Gardner Fox intended for Per Degaton to be Swedish, I imagine he chose the name to be uncommon enough to be memorably "exotic," but not so rare as to be implausible. I wonder if he might have actually named the character after a real person he knew?
D) Odd that Rob referred to "Cherry Bomb" as a phrase, like it was a term coined by The Runaways or John Cougar Mellencamp, instead of a firework dating back to at least the 1920s (we've lived long enough to have to specify which "the twenties.") My mom once held a lit cherry bomb too long and injured her hand enough to have to go to the hospital, which was probably in the late '50s (still good on that one for most/all of our remaining lives.) Glad that DC has retconned some women of color into their Golden Age heroes, and that I've mostly given up on Elon Musk's Twitter to avoid any dudebros explaining how there couldn't have been any African-American chemists in the 1940s.
E) I've gone through both comment threads for this episode, and I'm sincerely disappointed to find that I seem to be the first Whoosier to note that Harlequin's Son dates back to the development of Infinity Incorporated in 1982. As revealed by Rob's buddies TwoMorrows Publishing in 1999's Alter Ego Vol. 3 #1, "The Secret Origins of Infinity, Inc." available both in the magazine and Collection Volume One, was an image (presumably by co-creator Mike Machlan) of the prospective new Harlequin. "Northwind is shown–but at his side (see P. 33) is a new, young, male Harlequin, who Jerry's notes suggest might become 'comics' first 'gay' character. Or we could just assume it.' Not a bad idea, and maybe we should have played it that way; but we were already going to have two Green Lantern-derived heroes in Infinity, Inc." A further note alongside the illustration, "a new Harlequin had to wait for the 'Manhunter' super-crossover a few years later." The drawing itself offers, "I think this guy'd be fun… He'd probably be a care-free fun loving valley-boy who'd be gagging everyone with- spoons". Man, they sure loved their hyphens and questionable conjunctions back then. See for yourself on the publisher's blog. Too bad we didn't get this in the '80s (I'll definitely be dead by 2080,) and again, not sorry to miss ComicsGaters bleating on about the SJWs gay agenda in my social media.
I believe Darwin Cook intended the boy who appeared in one panel of New Frontier #6 to be the John Henry Irons we already knew, a.k.a. Steel. So does a retcon count as a legit first appearance?
Doug Adamson says:
Well it took over a week to listen to this show – first I couldn't find the time – then I got covid so I couldn't follow the arguments. But since I'm now finished I can safely say that Earth 2 Aquaman was re-introduced in the same series as Amazing Man appeared in. So if it's in All Star Squadron it's Aquaman from Earth 2 – the Golden Age Aquaman who is NOT King of Atlantis, and is possibly related to Nemo.
That Paul Levitz said it wasn't so for a while to differentiate the two earths is just one retcon that doesn't make sense as both Fate and Aquaman were published at the same time in the same book and if golden age Green Arrow met Aquaman that's Golden Age / Earth 2 Aquaman.
At least I think that's the argument I mean really does it mater? The whole whiney whine whine about "They are just making this up" IT IS COMICS FOLKS. Not only is it comics it's DC Wibbly Rebootily Hyper Timey – it's all made up. Except for the bits that are real and projected from another universe using Grant Morrison's Brain as focus lens.
But in all of this I loved this episode. I scoff at the idea that Shag thinks JLI might actually finish in 1 or 2 years time… But sure lets just pretend it does and we can at least get more JSA Presents. Who knows if Who's Who will return – but I have to admit I'm only on the letter "I" podcast so far so there's plenty to go to catch up.
I'm hopefully the new JSA book will be good, it should look good at least. But will it lose steam? Will Johns have time to keep it monthly now Stargirl is finished? Who knows?
Matthew Davis says:
Man, you two were really going at it years ago, weren't you? Heck, I don't think Paul Levitz and Roy Thomas would argue about the Earth-2 Aquaman this hard and they wrote the stories in question!
My two cents, I think it comes down to in-story references versus out-of-story narration. I believe Roy Thomas had the title of Earth-2 editor during his run on All-Star Squadron and Infinity Inc. He has a lot of knowledge of the Golden Age characters and histories. His inclusion of a in-story reference to an Earth-2 Aquaman during the JLA/JSA/All-Star team-up combined with said character's appearance shortly before the effects of Crisis I think takes precedence. The prologue to the "death of the Earth-2 Batman" reference can be chalked up to an "unreliable narrator".
On the less argumentative side, I'd read about the new JSA and Stargirl series. What crap timing, coming out as the Stargirl TV show is ending. I finally decided to stop by a nearby comic store and picked up the one-shot and the Stargirl first issue (the JSA #1 was sold out). First new issues I've bought in years. I followed along with the one-shot fairly well, but then the whole alternate Earths thing pre-Crisis never confused me as a kid. It's great to see the JSA characters again.


text:
\section{Introduction}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

There is still much debate  on whether the cosmological redshift
can be interpreted as a Doppler effect (in the sense of Special
Relativity) due to the recessional motion of galaxies, as
originally envisaged by Hubble, or whether this interpretation is
incorrect \cite{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Many current discussions are
based
on particular choices of coordinates or observers. We emphasize
that coordinate-based statements are meaningless in a
covariant theory such as General Relativity. Families of
observers, on the contrary, are defined in a
coordinate-independent way by their four-velocity
fields (often,
coordinates and observers are confused because
geometrically-defined  observers identify certain coordinate
systems, those in
which they are at rest, but the distinction should be kept in
mind). Each observer will have its own  {\em
interpretation} of  a certain physical phenomenon, which is
perfectly legitimate {\em for that observer}. A different
observer will have  a different interpretation, which is
legitimate as well. It
is pointless to debate which interpretation is ``the correct
one'': they are all correct. However, it may happen that strong
physical reasons select a preferred  family of observers which,
in turn, selects a preferred interpretation.

The standard textbook  derivation of the cosmological
redshift for an observer and a light source at rest in comoving
coordinates in a Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW)
universe does not require the discussion of the
(four-)velocities  of the source and observer.  However, in
principle, it does  not prevent one from looking for an
interpretation in more
familiar terms, either. The Doppler effect is obtained in
Special Relativity by a Lorentz transformation from
a source to an observer in Minkowski space, in which it is
legitimate to speak of the relative motion and relative velocity
of a light source and an observer located at different spatial
points. In a FLRW (or in any curved) space instead one cannot
compare directly the four-velocities of a source and an observer
located at different spatial points. It seems,
therefore, that the interpretation of the cosmological redshift
in terms of Doppler effect is ill-conceived from the start and
that this redshift should be  attributed entirely to the
gravitational field
of the universe. This interpretation is consistent: it is
well known that even a  static gravitational field causes
frequency shifts in null rays propagating through it. The
classic example of this phenomenon is the shift
experienced by a photon propagating between a  source and
an observer both at rest at different radii in the
Schwarzschild spacetime.
However, even in this case, one could still give a formal
representation in
terms of an ``effective Doppler effect'' by thinking
of the shift as being equivalent to the Doppler shift that
would occur if the source (observer) were falling freely to the
position  of the observer (source), reaching it with non-zero
velocity.  Narlikar \cite{6} has given a precise meaning
to this idea; since in a
curved spacetime one cannot compare
four-velocities at different points, the best one can
do is to parallel-transport the four-velocity of the source
to the observer's  location along the photon worldline,  and then
construct an {\em effective} Doppler formula at
that point. This formula contains, as special cases, the Doppler
effect of Special Relativity, the shift in Schwarzschild space,
and the cosmological redshift.  It is clear, however, that this
procedure entails a  fictitious, not a real ``relative motion'',
especially when this method is applied to the case of
Schwarzschild space. It seems more convenient to distinguish between
``purely special-relativistic'' Doppler shift caused by
local  motion in Minkowski space and ``purely gravitational''
shift of  the kind experienced by a photon propagating between a
source and
an observer at rest in the Schwarzschild space. It is safe to
say that, for the latter,  the frequency shift
is caused by the  fact that the metric tensor $g_{\mu\nu}$
assumes different
values at the different spacetime points where  the source and
the observer are located. Where does this place cosmological
redshift then?
It is easy to see why a naive interpretation of the resdshift in
terms of Doppler effect tends to linger.  If a source and an
observer at a fixed comoving distance $d_{comoving}$ are
locally at rest with respect to the cosmic substratum, they still
experience what advocates of the Doppler interpretation could
call a ``relative motion'' in the sense that their physical
(proper) separation $d_{physical}=a(t) d_{comoving}$
(where $a(t)$ is the scale factor) changes with
time. The derivative of this physical separation with respect to
the comoving time is
\begin{equation}
\dot{d}_{physical}=\dot{a} \, d_{comoving}=H d_{physical} \;,
\end{equation}
{\em i.e.}, Hubble's law, where $H\equiv \dot{a}/a$ is the
Hubble parameter. It is tempting to interpret $
\dot{d}_{physical} $  as a ``velocity
of recession'' $v$, especially for nearby galaxies, producing a
redshift factor $v/c$. However, this
``relative velocity'' is not obtained by comparing directly
four-velocities at distinct spacetime points: such an operation
is not defined and giving  a meaning to it requires
Narlikar's \cite{6} non-local procedure of
parallel transport. Then, the redshift is unambiguously
ascribed to the spacetime curvature  and, while Narlikar writes
down an effective Doppler formula, it is conceptually
different from the relative motion between source and
observer in a static Minkowski spacetime. The identification
of the cosmological reshift factor $z$ with $v/c$, thinking
of $v$ as a relative velocity in Minkowski space, would be
arbitrary.

The purpose of this work is to discuss the limits of the
interpretations of the cosmological redshift in order to gain a
better understanding  of this
phenomenon.  To this end we develop,
exaggerate, and discuss an example
proposed by Harrison \cite{7}, who considered a light
source and an  observer at rest in Minkowski space.  The source
emits a light ray  and, while this propagates to the observer,
space
suddenly  expands for a short time and then stops expanding
before
the observer receives the signal (with the spacetime becoming
Minkowskian again). Harrison argues that there is cosmological
redshift given  by the usual formula
\begin{equation} \label{redshift}
z+1=\frac{a_O}{a_S}
\end{equation}
 (where $a(t)$
is the scale
factor of the FLRW metric and subscripts~O and~S denote
observer  and source, respectively) and that, because both
source and observer are at rest during emission  and detection,
this  redshift cannot be interpreted as a Doppler effect.
This situation is a special case of the general situation
contemplated in the derivation of the cosmological redshift. In
the general situation, consider source and observer widely
separated in space and time; then, it can be said without risking
any  interpretation that the redshift is a {\em non-local} effect
due
to the different values  of the scale factor at emission and
absorption. If, following Narlikar \cite{6}, one wants to
parallel-transport the four-velocity of the source at the
observer and construct an effective Doppler formula, one is still
sampling the curvature of  a wide region of spacetime and
non-local effects.
This rules out arguments advocating {\em local} motions based
on the statement that any curved manifold can be locally
approximated by its tangent space and, therefore, curvature
effects can only be seen as Doppler effects because curvature is
not sampled on such small regions. This would be akin to saying
that the Riemann tensor $R_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}$  vanishes at one
point $p$ because space is locally flat while, in fact,
$R_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta} (p) \neq 0$ but its effects are of higher
order and are only felt when larger regions of spacetime are
sampled.  Spacetime is locally flat, but the cosmological
redshift is a non-local effect due to the curvature of the large
region of spacetime sampled by the ray between emission and
detection. A Doppler interpretation based on local arguments is
meaningless, while one based on Narlikar's parallel transport is
technically correct, although its convenience is debatable.

We stress that eq.~(\ref{redshift}), together with its
derivation, is not under discussion here; it
is a standard and established prediction of the theory, and
textbook material. What is under
discussion is its {\em interpretation}.  An interpretation is
usually part
of the baggage of a physical theory; the
interpretation of the cosmological redshift depends on a chosen
set of observers. {\em A priori}, therefore, different
interpretations based on different observers are possible and
they would seem to be equally
valid.  However, in a spatially homogeneous and isotropic
universe there  is a physically  preferred set of
observers--those
that see the  cosmic microwave background as homogeneous
and isotropic--they select a preferred interpretation.

Harrison's example has been taken and adapted by
Saulson to illustrate an analogous situation in a  different
context \cite{8}. A gravitational wave impinges on a laser
interferometer and causes a phase shift between the laser beams
propagating in the two arms. Saulson's purpose is to
answer a common objection and to demonstrate
that, although the wavelength of the laser light and the
interferometer's arm in which it propagates are stretched by
the same amount, the gravitational wave is observable through
the non-vanishing phase shift (different approaches to this
problem can be found in Refs.~\cite{9,10}. Saulson \cite{8}
correctly notes the
analogy with Harrison's argument in cosmology and makes his case
by considering a gravitational wave amplitude described by a
step function.

On this line, it  seems fit to revisit Harrison's argument
and exaggerate it for clarity by assuming that the
cosmic expansion  takes place suddenly at a single instant of
time. For  simplicity,  the spacetime metric is given by the
spatially flat FLRW line element
\begin{equation}\label{metric}
ds^2=-dt^2+a^2 (t)\left( dx^2 +dy^2 +dz^2 \right)
\end{equation}
in comoving coordinates $\left( t, x,y,z \right)$ and with scale
factor $a(t)=1+\theta(t)$, where
\begin{equation}
\theta(t)= \left\{
\begin{array}{c}
0 \;\;\;\;\;\;\;{\mbox if} \;\;\;\; t<0 \\
  \\
1 \;\;\;\;\;\;\;{\mbox if} \;\;\;\; t \geq0 \\
\end{array} \right.
\end{equation}
is the Heaviside step function. This describes a universe
doubling its size abruptly at time $t=0$.

There are risks in adopting discontinuous metrics: the
gravitational accelerations (Christoffel symbols) are
impulsive, while the
curvature tensor and its contractions the Ricci tensor and
Ricci scalar may be ill-defined because, in general, they
contain products of distributions. At best, the corresponding
stress-energy tensors will also be distributional. In spite of
these formal difficulties, discontinuous and even delta-like
metrics have been considered long ago by Penrose \cite{11}.
Such exact solutions of the Einstein  equations can be obtained
by cut-and-paste procedures in which different regions of
spacetime (perhaps Minkowski spaces, as in our present example)
are joined together with a suitable warp along an
hypersurface \cite{11}.
Similar metrics have been studied extensively in the  literature
on  exact plane gravitational waves \cite{12} and it has also
been discussed how to make sense of the product of distributions
in  General Relativity \cite{13}.  It is not too surprising,
therefore,
to  see a discontinuous metric in Saulson's example
which deals with gravitational waves \cite{8}.
Abstracting from the technical difficulties with the Riemann
tensor,  in the
following we  study the propagation of a null ray between a
source and an
observer which are at rest initially (when light is emitted) and
after the expansion of the universe has stopped (when light is
received by
the observer)--we derive and discuss the corresponding
redshift formula.   The calculation does not require
the  consideration of the curvature.

\section{Harrison's model revisited}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

The metric tensor and its inverse are
\begin{equation}
\left( g_{\mu\nu} \right)=\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
-1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
& & &\\
0 & 1+3\theta & 0 & 0 \\
& & &\\
0 & 0 & 1+3\theta & 0 \\
& & &\\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1+3\theta
\end{array} \right) \;, \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;
\left( g^{\mu\nu} \right)=\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
-1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
& & &\\
0 & \frac{1}{1+3\theta} & 0 & 0 \\
& & &\\
0 & 0 & \frac{1}{1+3\theta} & 0 \\
& & &\\
0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{1+3\theta}
\end{array} \right) \;,
\end{equation}
respectively. The  only
non-vanishing Christoffels symbols are
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \Gamma^0_{11}=\Gamma^0_{22}=\Gamma^0_{33}=\frac{3 \,
\delta(t)}{2}  \;, \nonumber \\
&& \nonumber \\
&&
\Gamma^1_{01}=\Gamma^1_{10}=\Gamma^2_{02}=\Gamma^2_{20}=
\Gamma^3_{03}=\Gamma^3_{30}=\frac{3 \, \delta(t)}{2\left[
1+3\theta(t) \right]} \;,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\delta (t)$ denotes the Dirac delta.

Consider now a light source located at $x=L$ and an observer at
$x=0$, both on the $x$-axis. The source emits a signal at time
$t_S$, which  is received at time $t_O$ by the observer, with
$t_S <0< t_O$. The null ray propagates along the
$x$-axis in the direction of decreasing $x$ and has four-tangent
\begin{equation}
u^{\mu}=\frac{dx^{\mu}}{d\lambda}=\left( u^0, u^1, 0, 0 \right)
\;,
\end{equation}
where $\lambda $ is a parameter along the null geodesic. The
normalization $g_{\mu\nu}u^{\mu}u^{\nu}=0$ yields
\begin{equation} \label{normaliz}
u^1=-\, \frac{u^0}{\sqrt{ 1+3\theta(t)}} \;.
\end{equation}
The negative sign is chosen because $u^0=dt/d\lambda >0$
corresponding to the parameter $\lambda$  increasing along the
null geodesic, and the ray propagates in the direction of
decreasing $x$. The zero component of the null geodesic
equation
\begin{equation}
\frac{ du^{\mu} }{ d\lambda }
+\Gamma^{\mu}_{\alpha\beta} u^{\alpha} u^{\beta} =0
\end{equation}
then yields
\begin{equation}
\frac{du^0}{d\lambda}=- \Gamma^{0}_{11}\left( u^0 \right)^2 =
-\, \frac{3\delta(t) ( u^0 )^2}{2\left[ 1+3\theta(t) \right] }
\;.
\end{equation}
By using the definition of $u^0$, it is seen that
$d\lambda=dt/u^0$ and
\begin{equation}
\frac{du^0}{dt}=- \, \frac{3 u^0  \delta(t)}{2\left[
1+3\theta(t) \right] }
\;.
\end{equation}
The integration of this equation along the null geodesic between
the
source~S and the observer~O yields\footnote{Note that one cannot
simply use the property
$\int_{t_S}^{t_O} f(t) \delta (t) dt= f(0)$ because $f(t)=\left[
1+3\theta (t) \right]^{-1}$ is not  a test function continuous
with all its derivatives; the integration is nevertheless
straightforward.}
\begin{equation}
\ln \left[ \frac{u^0_{(O)}}{ u^0_{(S)} } \right] =-\frac{3}{2}
\int_{t_S}^{t_O}dt\, \frac{\delta(t)}{1+3\theta(t)}=-\ln 2 \;,
\end{equation}
therefore,
\begin{equation}
u^0_{(O)}= \frac{ u^0_{(S)} }{2} \;.
\end{equation}
Light is emitted in flat spacetime and the four-tangent to the
null ray at~S is $u^{\mu}_{(S)}=\left( 1, -1, 0, 0 \right)$,
hence
\begin{equation}
u^0_{(O)}=\frac{1}{2} \;.
\end{equation}
The propagating photon has four-wavevector $k^{\mu} =\omega
u^{\mu} =\left( \omega, \vec{k} \right)$ in flat spacetime. For
a photon emitted at the source with unit angular frequency, it
is $k^{\mu}=u^{\mu}$ and the angular frequency measured by the
observer is $k^0_{(O)}=u^0_{(O)}=1/2$. In fact, the angular
frequency measured by any observer with four-velocity
$v^{\mu}$ is $-k^{\mu}v_{\mu}$, and both source and
observer have four-velocity $v^{\mu}=\delta^{0\mu}$ in comoving
coordinates.  A photon emitted at~S
with angular frequency $\omega_S$ will have an angular frequency
as measured by~O
\begin{equation}
\omega_O=\frac{\omega_S}{2} \;,
\end{equation}
{\em i.e.}, light is  redshifted by the sudden cosmic
expansion  at $t=0$. The redshift factor defined in
terms of the wavelenghts $\lambda^{e.m.}_{S,O}$ of the
electromagnetic signal at the source and
observer is
\begin{equation}
z\equiv \frac{\lambda^{em}_O-\lambda^{em}_S}{\lambda^{em}_S}=\frac{
\lambda^{em}_O}{\lambda^{em}_S}-1=\frac{\omega_S}{\omega_O}-1=1 \;.
\end{equation}
Note that $z+1=2$ and that the universe has doubled its size at
$t=0$, so the usual formula for the cosmological
redshift~(\ref{redshift})  is satisfied. As a check of this
little calculation, one can integrate also the
$x$-component of the null geodesic equation
\begin{equation}
\frac{du^1}{d\lambda}=-2\Gamma^1_{01}u^0 u^1 = \frac{
3\delta(t) (u^1)^2}{\sqrt{ 1+3\theta(t)}} \;.
\end{equation}
The integration between~S and~O as above yields
\begin{equation}
u^1_{(O)}=\frac{ u^1_{(S)}}{4}
\end{equation}
and, using $u^{\mu}_{(S)}=\left( 1, -1, 0, 0 \right)$, it is
$u^1_{(O)}=-1/4$. This value of $u^1_{(O)}$ coincides with the
one  obtained from eq.~(\ref{normaliz}) evaluated at~O, {\em
i.e.}, $ u^1_{(O)}=-u^0_{(O)}/2=-1/4$.

\section{Discussion}
\setcounter{equation}{0}

The cosmological redshift factor~(\ref{redshift}) is
a straightforward prediction of standard cosmology, but its {\em
interpretation} seems to be still controversial, judging from
the number of articles debating it. Our implementation of
Harrison's example should shed some light here.
According to Harrison \cite{7} the cosmological redshift
cannot be interpreted as a Doppler shift because both source and
observer are at rest when the signal is emitted or received.
This redshift is due to the fact that the scale factor (the
only degree of freedom of the metric $g_{\mu\nu}$) assumes
different values at the spacetime
points~S and~O. Narlikar's procedure of
parallel-transporting the source four-velocity along the null
geodesic from~S to~O and constructing an effective
non-local Doppler
formula there \cite{6}  can be applied, but it is not
particularly
useful for understanding the physics involved: here we do
have a source and an observer at rest in comoving
coordinates. One could  object that, after all,  these source and
observer
are not truly at rest all the time: the comoving
distance between S and~O is $L$, while their physical (proper)
separation
\begin{equation}
d_{physical}(t)=a(t) L= \left\{ \begin{array}{c}
L \;\;\;\;\; {\mbox if } \;\;\;\; t<0\\
 \\
2L \;\;\;\;\; {\mbox if } \;\;\;\; t \geq 0
\end{array} \right.
\end{equation}
doubles suddenly at $t=0$ with infinite ``velocity'' $ \frac{d
d_p}{dt}=L \delta(t)$. Here
we {\em assumed} that source and observer return to rest after
the universe has expanded, without worrying about whether this
happens spontaneously or some entity forces them to do so. It is
shown in the Appendix that they actually remain spontaneously
at rest.

In some sense, therefore, there has been some ``relative motion''
of~S and O, but this is not a local motion in the sense of
Special Relativity. The space in which~S and~O live has
expanded, changing their proper separation, and this sudden
``non-local motion'' has redshifted the light.

It has been  argued \cite{1, 4}  that the
interpretation  depends on  the
coordinate or gauge adopted; it is more correct to say that it
depends on the {\em set of observers} adopted (the latter are
defined in a coordinate-independent way by their
four-velocities).   It is certainly
true that different observers, which define different coordinate
systems (those in which they are at rest with their
four-velocity components given by $v^{\mu}=\delta^{0\mu}$), will
have
different  interpretations of the same physics. Each one of this
is a legitimate interpretation {\em for that observer.}
While the redshift factor is an observer-invariant quantity,
its {\em interpretation} is not. There are other examples in
which, by
choosing different observers, coordinate systems, or gauges,
different interpretations of the same physics arise. In
a laser-interferometric detector of gravitational waves one
can choose a gauge in which the end mirrors move, and attribute
the phase shift to the relative motions of the mirrors, which
differ  in the two arms; or one can choose the
transverse-traceless (TT) gauge in which the mirrors are at rest
in TT coordinates (but their  proper separation changes) and
attribute the phase shift to the  different rates
at which time elapses (a frequency shift effect again) and
caused by the
passing gravitational wave. Of course, the physics is
gauge-invariant: the phase shift (a scalar, therefore
gauge-invariant,
quantity) is ultimately a tidal effect caused by the curvature
tensor, which is also a gauge-invariant quantity. Another
example is quantum mechanics, in which the Schr\"odinger,
Heisenberg, and interaction pictures all provide different
interpretations of the same physics, and the use of these
different formalisms is a matter of convenience.

The cosmological redshift in  a FLRW space is a geometric,
non-local,
coordinate-invariant effect. It seems that there is little point
arguing in favour of one of  its interpretations based on
a set of observers versus
another. However, in a FLRW space, there  definitely is a set of
physically preferred  observers: they are the comoving observers
who see the cosmic  microwave background homogeneous
and isotropic around them (apart from small temperature
fluctuations). It is arguable  whether an interpretation of
the redshift  formula~(\ref{redshift}) derived in such a clear
way  in  textbooks is really necessary but, if one opts for
choosing
an interpretation, this should be tied to the physically
preferred comoving observers. For the latter,  the
redshift is  definitely gravitational and  not due to an
ill-defined recessional motion of galaxies.

There is still a difficulty to be dealt with. In Ref.~\cite{1}
discussing the interpretation of the cosmological redshift, the
Milne universe is considered as an example: this
is a region of Minkowski space written in accelerated
coordinates, which yields the line element of an open universe
with linear scale factor $a(t)=t$,
\begin{equation}
ds^2=-dt^2+t^2 \left[ d\chi^2 +\sinh^2 \chi \left( d\theta^2
+d\varphi^2 \right) \right] \;.
\end{equation}
Of course, a calculation of the Riemann tensor shows that it
vanishes everywhere and that this is (a portion of) flat
spacetime foliated  using hyperbolic 3-surfaces.\footnote{The
spatial curvature is negative, but the spacetime
curvature is zero.}  There  is
redshift, which is certainly not due to gravity (which is absent
here); it is definitely a Doppler shift due to the fact
that the observers at rest in $\left( t, \chi, \theta, \varphi
\right)$  coordinates (``Milne observers'') are moving away from
each other when seen from observers at rest in Minkowski space.
The latter are comoving observers, but perhaps one could say
that also the Milne observers can be called ``comoving''; this
ambiguity in the term ``comoving'' arises because spacetime is
empty and {\em any} observer can be said to be ``comoving'' with
no matter. However, this is really a pathological example and
its choice to discuss the interpretation of the cosmological
redshift is an unhappy one. A set of geometrically preferred
observers consists of those with four-velocity $v^{\nu}$
parallel to the timelike Killing field of this metric,
which is defined in an invariant way.

If the energy density $\rho$ of a
FLRW universe is non-zero, there will be precisely one set of
physically preferred observers that see zero spatial gradients
of $\rho$ (comoving  observers) and the ambiguity in the
interpretation of the  cosmological redshift (gravitational
versus Doppler) disappears.

\section*{Acknowledgments}

This work is supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada.

\clearpage
\section*{Appendix}

Here we address the question of whether two objects initially at
rest remain at rest or are set in relative motion after the
expansion of the universe has stopped. Consider an observer
with timelike four-velocity $v^{\mu}$ satisfying the initial
condition $v^{\mu}_{initial} =\left( 1, 0,0,0 \right)$ at
$t<0$ and the normalization  $g_{\mu\nu} v^{\mu}
v^{\nu}=-1$  (this could be the source~S or the observer~O). The
geodesic equation yields
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \frac{dv^0}{d\lambda}=-\left[ \Gamma^0_{11} ( v^1)^2 +
\Gamma^0_{22} ( v^2)^2 + \Gamma^0_{33} ( v^3)^2 \right]= -\,
\frac{ 3 (\vec{v} )^2 \delta(t)}{2} \;, \\
&& \nonumber \\
&& \frac{dv^i}{d\lambda}= -\,
\frac{ 3 \delta(t) v^0 v^i}{1+3\theta(t) } \;,
\end{eqnarray}
where $(\vec{v})^2=(v^1)^2 +(v^2)^2 + (v^3)^2 $.  The
normalization of $v^{\mu}$ yields
\begin{equation}\label{questa}
(\vec{v})^2=\frac{ (v^0)^2-1}{1+3\theta(t)} \;.
\end{equation}
Using eq.~(\ref{questa}) and $d\lambda=dt/v^0$ along the
timelike geodesic with tangent $v^{\mu}$, and integrating
 between times  $t_{initial}$ and $t_{final}$, one obtains
\begin{equation}
v^i_{final}=\frac{ v^i_{initial}}{1+3\theta(t)}=\left\{
\begin{array}{c}
v^i_{initial} \;\;\;\;\;\;\; {\mbox if} \;\;\; t<0 \\
\\
\frac{ v^i_{initial}}{4}  \;\;\;\;\;\;\; {\mbox if} \;\;\; t
\geq 0
\end{array} \right.
\end{equation}
The initial condition $v^i_{initial}=0$ then guarantees that
$v^i=0$ at all times.  Indeed, due to spatial isotropy, an object
initially at rest cannot pick up a spatial velocity as a
consequence of  the sudden
cosmic expansion because this would select a preferred direction
in 3-space.

\clearpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


My interests in personal development go back to when I was quite young.
As a teenager I was hugely interested in radio and imagined myself growing up and working as a local radio DJ or at least making jingles somewhere.
So to get some experience in doing this when I was 16 I joined a local Hospital Radio station. Now, the first thing Hospital Radio do with new volunteers is put them on the wards to talk to the patients.
Hospitals are not the most pleasant of environments and if you were able to stick it out for a few hours then they knew you had enough commitment to be allowed into the studio.
I found that although I enjoyed making the radio programmes I was spending more and more time on the wards talking to the patients instead, and would be there often until the nurses threw me out.
The reason for this was because whilst I was chatting to a patient and listening to them rattle on about Jim Reeves or their Grandchildren they were ignoring the pain in their foot / eye / wenis.
Interestingly what I also found is that when the nurses came round to dish out the night time medication, to determine how much pain relief they needed the nurses always asked "How much pain are you in Mr Smith?" to which Mr Smith would spend a moment or 2 looking for pain, and when he found it he would often say "The same as last night." And then proceed to complain about the pain in his foot / eye or wenis. Despite not having mentioned it to me in all the time we were talking about Jim Reeves.
So when I suggested that the nurses ask people how comfortable they were instead, we found that patients needed less pain relief, as they were looking for comfort instead of pain.
This is what began my interest in hypnosis, as I was getting a good understanding about how language can influence the way that we think and feel.
So I spent some time learning about hypnosis and relaxation exercises, not really thinking of turning into a career as I was going to a radio DJ wasn't I?
That was until the radio industry in the UK began to get more and more awful. Presenters were not allowed personalities and everyone had to sound the same and say the same things. Which not only didn't sit right with me, it was also dull and boring and nowhere near as much fun as my childhood dreams told me it was going to be.
Well, the next step was to train as a Clinical Hypnotherapist. But, as a young man in my early 20's, it seemed strange to think of myself making a career as a Therapist as a majority of people who would want help would be twice my age.
Fortunately, I was always one of the lucky few that was never asked for ID in a pub and even on my 18th Birthday a colleague in his late 20's did say to me "My God, you've had a hard life, I thought you were older than me."
And so, receding hairline and greying eyebrows in tow, I trained in Hypnosis And Psychotherapy, added 10 years onto my age if anyone asked, and took the plunge to start my new career.
Since then I have been working as a Hypnotherapist in Hinckley at Meridian Healthcare and in Tamworth at The Cottage Healing Centre.
I have great enthusiasm for personal development and love showing people that just because that's the way they've always been it doesn't mean it's the way they always will be.


Scott resigned as CEO in July 1997, less than four months after the inquiry became public. Company executives said had Scott remained CEO, the entire chain could have been in jeopardy.
During his 2010 race, the Miami Herald reported that Scott had said he would have immediately stopped his company from committing fraud -- if only "somebody told me something was wrong." But there were such warnings in the company's annual public reports to stockholders -- which Scott had to sign as president and CEO.
Scott wanted to fight the accusations, but the corporate board of the publicly traded company wanted to settle.
On Scott's 2010 campaign website, he admitted to the $1.7 billion fine, though the link is no longer on the site.
Reporter: "Have you had time to reflect on the Trump Administration's decision last week not to defend the Affordable Care Act and some of the (???)?"
Scott: "Well, I believe that if you have a pre-existing condition you need to still be able to have healthcare. It's very important to me, I think everyone oughta be able to get healthcare insurance, I do believe that (???) are working to fix the law...I mean that law caused our premiums to skyrocket, but I don't believe in grand bargains, I believe we've been incrementally trying to make change, we've got to allow more competition, to let people buy the insurance that fits for their family, and we've got to reward people who take care of themselves, we've got to..."
Reporter: "What does that mean, like, rewarding people for taking care of themselves...does that mean eliminating community rating and charging more for people who are obese, or..."
Scott: "I think, you know, it's no different from what companies have done in the past...they have smoking cessation programs, and things like that."
Hmmmm...technically speaking, Scott seems to be saying he's opposed to community rating here, not guaranteed issue itself, but most people won't make that distinction, and again, it doesn't really make much difference anyway--saying "you have to sell your policy to everyone even if they have cancer, but you can charge them 100x as much as someone without cancer" amounts to the same thing as "you don't have to sell your policy to them at all" for the vast majority of the public. Either way you're still talking about medical underwriting, asking a bunch of nosy personal questions about their medical history, demanding old medical records and so forth.
In any event, I find it especially noteworthy that a candidate for governor of Florida is saying this, because the potential for guaranteed issue and community rating regulations being threatened by the #TexasFoldEm case would primarily impact people on the individual healthcare market (as opposed to Medicare, Medicaid or Employer-Sponsored insurance).
The thing is, while the ACA-compliant individual market is around 15-16 million people at the moment (around 6% or so of non-elderly Americans), in Florida specifically it's around double that...roughly 13% of the non-elderly population.
In fact, if you limit it to South Florida, it's actually triple that of the rest of the country: Around 19% of the non-elderly population.
In short, that's around 2 million Floridians who would be in immediate danger if the guaranteed issue and/or community rating provisions of the ACA were to be stripped away starting on January 1, 2019. Governor Scott might think about clarifying his position on this issue.
...All 50 states are now completed, and I can state definitively that Florida's individual insurance market is unique across the country. Out of 435 Congressional Districts, only 32 are higher than 10%...19 of which are in Florida. Only 8 are higher than 15%...all of which are in Florida. In fact, the 11 highest-percentage districts are all in Florida.


More than half of the stores previously occupied by Phones 4U remain empty despite the business plunging into administration a year ago.
Phones 4U has been trying to secure new occupiers for its 500-strong store estate since it went into administration on September 15, 2014.
But figures from the Local Data Company revealed that 286 of the mobile phone retailer's stores – or 52% of its estate – remained empty at the end of September 2015, while 268 (48%) had been reoccupied and were trading.
The data showed that the Southeast had been lumbered with the most empty units, with 40 shops remaining unoccupied since Phones 4U's collapse.
There were 24 empty stores in Greater London – the same number as there were the whole of Scotland – but 71% of stores in the region had found new occupiers.
That was the joint highest rate of re-occupancy across the UK alongside Northern Ireland, where just two stores remain empty.
The Northwest had 31 unoccupied former Phones 4U stores, while the East of England and Yorkshire and The Humber both had 27. Just 29% of former Phones 4U stores in the latter region had been reopened and were trading under new tenants.
All four of the former Phones 4U stores in Derby remained vacant. There was also a 100% vacancy rate in Norwich, Hull and Doncaster, all of which have three stores that remain shuttered.
Local Data Company said "the majority" of new occupiers were mobile phone retailers Vodafone and EE. Vodafone has taken over 138 stores, while EE has secured leases on 56 of the units. Between them, the two businesses account for 68% of the reoccupancies.
Overall, 94.3% of the former Phones 4U stores had been taken on by retailers, with Card Factory and Holland & Barrett among the other new tenants.
Food and beverage operators had secured leases on just 0.7% of the stores. Local Data Company said this was because of the "extra process of needing to change planning permission" on the units.
Local Data Company director Matthew Hopkinson added: "The Phones 4U administration was dramatic for a number of reasons and not least for the number of vacant shops it brought to the market.
"The fact that more than half still lie empty should not be a surprise when you look at the locations, many of which have above average vacancy rates and have done for some time.


Print Page - Any such thing as a healthy Newf? Uugg, can't take much more!!!
Title: Any such thing as a healthy Newf? Uugg, can't take much more!!!
First of all, I love my bubs more than anything, but seriously, would we have gotten these babies if we knew what we were in for.
Let's see: First Sophie with chronic staff infections and hot spots which we are still fighting.
Then Syrus diagnosed with Elbow dysplasia of which nothing can be done except life-long medication.
Next Sophie again with not one, but two blown ACL's.
And now back to Syrus who looks like he may have Hypothyroidsim . If not treated can lead to some severe problems.
All this at the ripe old age of 18 months old.
We keep thinking, once we find the right dog food, it will clear up Sophie's skin problems. Just need to watch Syrus to make sure his ED meds are working. Just finish Sophie's second surgery and she'll be good as new. THEN..... we can get down to life with two of the most wonderful bubs we've ever had and go hiking and camping and swimming and just enjoy them. Is there any such thing as 'finally'?
Sorry, I needed to vent a little. This is all happening at the same time Chili is starting to show signs of his age and heart related problems. But you'd expect some problems with a 14yr old Chi. I feel like I'm running a nursing home for for dogs. I keep all these meds on my kitchen counter just for the bubs. If Syrus does have Thyroid disease, there'll be more.
I love them, but goodness gracious!
Title: Re: Any such thing as a healthy Newf? Uugg, can't take much more!!!
So sorry for all of your problems. What is going on with Syrus that you think he has thyroid problems?
Oh Elizabeth - I feel your pain!
Even though we knew how high maintenance Newfs could be, we're still amazed at just how easy our mixed breeds were by comparison!
I totally get you and have spent many tearful nights wishing the same thing. He has elbow dysplasia & is on meds forever too. I guess with big dogs cone bigproblems. Love them, cry & vent here, and know that you are not alone. Hang in there! And hopefully once they get a bit older with solidified joints the problems will fewer and farther between.
The latest factor that got my vet putting things together is his weight gain. He now weighs 146.6 at 18months but only eats 3cups of dry food mixed with 1/2 can once a day. Sometimes he doesn't even eat all of that. Now you add his duller, oilier coat. And lately he smells really bad particularly in his chest mane. We thought he was slobbering too much combined with food and outside wetness and were afraid he was never getting dry to the skin and the skin was getting irritated, but never found any problems there. The smell would go away for about a day after a bath, but always came back. And finally he has become extremely lethargic lately.
Now all of these can describe a Newf in and of itself, but put them all together and suspicions arise. We're going to test him in 3 weeks. We just got them vaccinated and need to take him off Duramax for awhile before we do.
Seriously, Elizabeth, I can relate. Sierra has had her skin problems since 9 months and it has only disappeared recently. I know it's not the same sverity as the issues with your babies, but I know the frustration and feeling of helplessness that you can't do anything to help them get better. It was to the point where I was sobbing on Jeff's shoulder because I really believed she'd be tearing at herself scratching for the rest of her life. I wish I could tell you what stopped her itching, but I honestly don't know. Two vets and a couple thousand dollars later, we still don't know what it was, but I am not changing anything just in case I did something to help her without realizing it. The breeder I am getting the puppy from said she may have just grown out of whatever it was.
I hope this is the case for Sophie and her skin clears up soon. As for poor Syrus, well, it sounds as if he has his own set of problems. Just try to stay positive and know that they love you and know you are trying to help them.
I'm sorry to hear you are having a hard time of it lately. You know what they say, when it rains, it pours.
Thanks guys. In a twisted kind of way I find comfort in the fact others are having similar issues with their bubs. Not wishing problems on anyone, but knowing it's not just us.
I totally hear you. Bear is our first dog as adults & the learning curve has been steep. We'll definitely be more informed for the next dog.
My sympathies... been there with our first Newf. She had her own double-size pill organizer and the thickest file at the vet's office. Actually, she had a pretty big file at the vet hospital, too (including cruciate ligament TPLO surgery - more of my sympathies for your poor Sophie!).
But they are stoic creatures, aren't they? So good-natured, even when most humans in the same condition would be pretty snippy.
Mayhem the pup is so far pretty healthy (knock on wood), except that dog food (Precise brand - supposed to be relatively good quality, no?) gives her the runny p00s. She gets rice, chicken, veggies, cottage cheese, etc. Seems to work, and she loves it!!
Our first newf was purchased from a unscrupulous breeder. She falsified the vets records and gave us a newf that had an incurable enlarged heart. This is going to sound funny, but we were so blessed to have had him. We spared no exspense to give him the best quality of life for 6 months. We were honored to give him that, otherwise he would have been Euthanized way to early. We would do it again in a heart beat. We would sell all earthly belongings for our dogs, thats just who we are. We now have 3 newfs, 2 are 9 months old, and a 9 year old who has led a very healthy life so far! Just some food for thought. Good luck and hang in there.
It is very hard for you to have to deal with all those problems. As said before hypothyroidism is relatively easy to deal with.
I have had newfs since 1980. I think I have been lucky insofar i have not had to many joint problems...... ........But when i got my Rescue newf Annabelle, we had a lot of skin issues. We have finally decided she has a wheat allergy.And seems to have a processed food issue. We have now gone completely RAW with her and it has made such an incredible improvement. She had hairloss, weight loss, smelly ears and hot spots. She is now a happy shiny good weight newf. We have had her since May 08. So she eats lots of different meats, fruit, veggies and gets some rice and oats. On top of that lots of large bones.


Annapolis-based pollster Patrick Gonzales recently revealed the findings about the political scene in Maryland, which cast some concern regarding the reelection bid of Gov. Larry Hogan. The data is as follows.
• Among Maryland voters, 71% approve of the job Larry Hogan is doing as governor (41% "strongly" approve and 30% "somewhat" approve), while 21% disapprove (13% "strongly" disapprove and 8% "somewhat" disapprove), and 8% offered no opinion.
• Eighty-six percent of Republicans, 78% of independents, and 61% of Democrats approve of the job Larry Hogan is doing as governor.
• When matched against the top three Democratic contenders, Hogan enjoys a double-digit lead but does not crack the 50% mark against any: In a match-up with Rushern Baker, Hogan leads 47% to 37%, with 16% undecided; against Kevin Kamenetz, Hogan leads 48% to 34%, with 18% undecided; and against Ben Jealous, Hogan leads 49% to 36%, with 15% undecided.
• Hogan captures nearly 90% of Republicans, a quarter of Democrats and mid-50s support with unaffiliated voters against the challengers. His geographic base is composed of Western Maryland and the Eastern Shore (70%-range support) and the Baltimore suburbs (mid-to-upper 50s-range support). He trails badly in the Washington suburbs.
For more information, visit http://marylandreporter.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Gonzales-Maryland-Poll-1-11-2018-HOGAN.pdf.


After graduating from the Law School at Adelaide University with Honours in July 2005, Alicia secured a spot for herself as a clerk at a well known Adelaide based commercial law firm, but already knew that the discipline she wanted to specialise in was Family Law. By way of a baptism by fire, Alicia was introduced to the many aspects of a busy commercial Family Law practice and has continued to practise solely in the jurisdiction ever since.
Alicia has in her career amassed substantial experience in difficult matters involving both property settlement and children's issues. She has been involved in complex and protracted litigation of property settlement matters involving commercial areas of law such as bankruptcy, corporate/company and trust law. The exposure Alicia gained from working in a commercial law firm has meant that she has a commercial nous not always found in Family Lawyers.
Whilst she enjoys the challenge of complex property settlements which forms most of her practice these days, Alicia also has considerable experience in running children's matters from straightforward live-with/spend-time-with issues to international and domestic relocation matters. No matter how complex the matter, Alicia works vigorously to ensure that the case put forward for her client is well presented, leading to the best possible outcome for her clients.
Alicia also has significant experience dealing with defacto relationships and domestic partnerships. She has run and settled a number of defacto matters and is well versed in drawing Financial Agreements and Consent Orders for clients for whom she has been able to secure an agreed settlement without litigation.
Alicia has built strong relationships with many of Adelaide's well known Family Law Barristers and she is experienced in briefing Counsel in a wide range of Family Law matters.
For many years Alicia was the Deputy Chair of the Family Law Committee of the Law Society of South Australia.
Alicia prides herself on her diligent approach to all matters and her personable manner with her clients. She is an empathetic and sensible practitioner, but also a strong and effective advocate for her clients. She is highly skilled and works hard to achieve the best possible result for her clients.
Alicia, having completed the Law Society of South Australia course for Specialist Accreditation in 2011, is the second member of our Firm who is now a designated Accredited Specialist in Family Law and one of only a small number in South Australia.
Doyles Guide recognised Alicia's work in Parenting matters in 2018, recommending her as a lawyer in this field.
Shopping, dining out, reading good books and Pilates….the latter out of pure necessity only!


As you might know some of the Dutch still believe in fairy tales.
This evening most of us Dutchies celebrate the name day of Sinterklaas, we exchange gifts that are dropped through our chimney (if we're lucky!).
As you can understand, the Dutch Prolyte team needs to be at home to watch for the gifts to arrive ;-).
The downside for this is that we close our office in Leek at 16:00 hours.
We apologize for the inconvience caused, we'll be back in office tomorrow morning.


Luxor recently achieved 4 out of 5 keys in the Green Key Eco-Rating Program, a program that certifies hotels based on green practices.
MGM Resorts International properties are the first to achieve this certification in Nevada and Michigan.
Luxor reduces the construction and renovation impacts on land consumption and ecosystems.
To minimize the amount of construction debris sent to landfills, Luxor partners with local recyclers to recover steel, concrete, and drywall during building remodels.
Luxor established a comprehensive program to minimize waste through improved planning and awareness and a robust recycling effort.
To increase recycling and minimize the need for virgin resources, Luxor maintains a robust recycling program for handling cardboard, metals, plastics, glass, paper, and kitchen grease. The result of these efforts in 2009 prevented nearly 1,000 tons of materials from entering the landfill. This is the equivalent of filling 50 tractor-trailer rigs with waste material.
Luxor supports sustainable procurement practices by considering the materials, logistics, and performance of all purchases.
To reduce emissions pollution from transporting goods, Luxor requires grocery vendors to deliver 90% of all purchased items through a maximum of two distributors, resulting in fewer trips to and from distribution centers.
To decrease the amount of disposable products, Luxor eliminated foam cups and other foam products from the Employee Dining Restaurant and replaced it with reusable dishware.
Luxor manages the use of natural resources effectively and efficiently.
To conserve energy, Luxor replaced existing light bulbs with energy efficient compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) and light emitting diode bulbs (LEDs). The resort also upgraded its heating and cooling equipment with efficient control systems and installed sensors and timers on exterior lights. The result of these efforts save more than 6.3 million kilo-Watt-hours (kWh) of energy. This is the equivalent of powering 525 American houses each year.
To conserve water, Luxor replaced more than 21,000 square feet of grass with artificial turf and native desert landscaping throughout the exterior of the property.
Luxor increases the understanding of sustainability by educating and communicating with employees and the local community.
To teach employees how to conserve in their personal lives, Luxor launched "Conservation Begins at Home," a unique program specifically designed to appeal to employees in a way that will energize, educate and motivate; creating a culture that values conserving today to protect tomorrow.
To further promote resource conservation and efficient living at home, Luxor invites local electricity, natural gas, and water utility companies to employee Green Fairs.


In the Land of My Birth recounts the coming of age of a blind Palestinian boy of modest milieu during the turbulent years leading up to the fall of Palestine in 1948. Above all, it is the boy's life—his struggles to make his way in the sighted world, his upbringing, schooling, friendships, and adventures. It is a compelling human story with a mine of information on popular culture and customs, the educational system, and Palestinian life. While the looming conflict forms the essential backdrop, it comes to the fore only when it impinges directly on the boy's world. The fact that the memoir unfolds largely in "real time," with events, conversations, and situations recounted not retrospectively but as they are experienced, provides a rare window on the political attitudes, social views, legends, prejudices, perceptions and misperceptions of ordinary Palestinians at the time, unmediated and unvarnished. Essential reading for anyone interested in the cultural, social, and political history of Palestine, the condition of blindness, and the education of the blind.
Born in Jerusalem in 1929, Reja-e Busailah completed his secondary education in Palestine before earning a BA in English literature from Cairo University and a PhD in the same field from New York University. He taught that subject for thirty years at Indiana University (Kokomo), with visiting professorships at Birzeit University (West Bank) and Muhammad V University (Morocco). Earlier, with an MA in special education from Hunter College, he taught at a school for the blind in Kuwait which he helped establish. In 1967 he founded Project Loving Care, dedicated to helping Palestinian children, which he directed until 1991. Dr. Busailah's passion is poetry, and a number of his poems have been published in various literary journals.


Kevin Jaye was born in Long Island but spent most of his childhood in Smithsburg, Maryland. He is a 2005 graduate of Washington County Technical High School. Kevin worked a places such as First Data, Office Max, and Mythic Entertainment before he decided to join the Army.
Kevin was injured on June 24, 2012 when he stepped on an IED during his deployment in Afghanistan. As a result he suffered multiple injuries. His right leg was amputated below the knee, his wrist was crushed, his right arm was broken, he lost his right pinky finger, his ear drum ruptured leaving him deaf in his right ear, and his left leg is in the process of limb salvage. He has had close to 30 known surgeries since the accident. Kevin continues to recover at Walter Reed in Bethesda. He has Physical Therapy every day and multiple doctors' appointments every week. Kevin recently had his left ankle fused in an attempt to save the leg. He is continuing to fight to keep his leg. It is still unclear if the surgery will be successful. He is not a great case for amputation of the left leg because of the amount of skin grafts on the remaining part of the leg.
June 24, 2012 not only changed his life, it changed his family's too. His Mom, Karen Barnett, moved down to Walter Reed to help care for Kevin. She moved back home in January. This has been a huge step towards Kevin gaining Independence! For over a year and a half his family had to live an hour apart. His Step-Father, David Barnett, visits every weekend and during the week whenever possible. His sister, Megan Jaye, comes to visit when she is able to get a day off from college and work! Their family has experienced things that most of could never imagine! Life as they knew it is completely different but they stick together. Kevin and his family keep a positive attitude which has helped him recover from these serious injuries. Their strength as a family is absolutely amazing and commendable.
Kevin is now in the process of med-boarding out of the Army. It looks like he will have about a year left at Walter Reed as long as everything goes well with the left leg. He is currently taking college classes to prepare for life outside of the Army. To learn more about Kevin and to follow his story click the blue button below.


text:
Q: SDL_SetRenderTarget (SDL2) I have two examples which should work equally in my opinion.
But it works in one case and it does not in second case.
I need to use second case in my code. I need to refer a texture adress
to another function for allocate texture and make some changes on the texture and copy it to renderer.
But it does not work. Can anybody help with this. I am a beginner so I think it must be some elementary mistake. Thanks everybody who read this.
Here there is my simplified code in two cases:
First case works:
/*---------------------------------in main.c----------------------------*/

#include "global.h"

int main(/*...*/)
{
    create_txt_texture();
    to_screen(); /*Here there is red color on a screen*/

    return 0;
}

    /*-------------------------------in program.c-------------------------*/

#include "global.h"

int create_txt_texture()
{
    texture = SDL_CreateTexture(renderer, /*...*/);

    txt_to_bitmap();

    return 0;
}

void txt_to_bitmap()
{
    SDL_SetRenderTarget(renderer, texture);

    SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer,255,0,0,255);
    SDL_RenderClear(renderer);  /*filling target with red color*/

    SDL_SetRenderTarget(renderer, NULL);
}

void to_screen()
{
    SDL_RenderCopy(renderer, texture, NULL, NULL);
    SDL_RenderPresent(renderer); /*Here there is red color on a screen*/
}

    /*-------------------------------in global.h-------------------------*/

#ifndef __GLOBAL_H__
#define __GLOBAL_H__

SDL_Renderer *renderer;
SDL_Texture *texture;

void to_screen();
void txt_to_bitmap();
int create_txt_texture();

#endif

Second case does not work:
/*-------------------------------in main.c-------------------------------*/

#include "global.h"

int main(/*...*/)
{
    create_txt_texture(texture);
    to_screen(); /*Here there is not red color on a screen*/

    return 0;
}

    /*-------------------------------in program.c-------------------------*/

#include "global.h"

int create_txt_texture(SDL_Texture *final_texture)
{
    final_texture = SDL_CreateTexture(renderer, /*...*/);

    txt_to_bitmap(final_texture);

    return 0;
}

void txt_to_bitmap(SDL_Texture *final_texture)
{
    SDL_SetRenderTarget(renderer, final_texture);

    SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer,255,0,0,255);
    SDL_RenderClear(renderer);  /*filling target with red color*/

    SDL_SetRenderTarget(renderer, NULL);
}

void to_screen()
{
    SDL_RenderCopy(renderer, texture, NULL, NULL);
    SDL_RenderPresent(renderer); /*Here there is not red color on a screen*/
}

    /*-------------------------------in global.h---------------------------*/

#ifndef __GLOBAL_H__
#define __GLOBAL_H__

SDL_Renderer *renderer;
SDL_Texture *texture;

void to_screen();
void txt_to_bitmap(SDL_Texture *final_texture);
int create_txt_texture(SDL_Texture *final_texture);

#endif

A: Try this
    /*-------------------------------in main.c-------------------------------*/

#include "global.h"

int main(/*...*/)
{
    create_txt_texture(texture);
    to_screen(); /*Here there is not red color on a screen*/

    return 0;
}

    /*-------------------------------in program.c-------------------------*/

#include "global.h"

int create_txt_texture(SDL_Texture*& final_texture)
{
    final_texture = SDL_CreateTexture(renderer, /*...*/);

    txt_to_bitmap(final_texture);

    return 0;
}

void txt_to_bitmap(SDL_Texture *final_texture)
{
    SDL_SetRenderTarget(renderer, final_texture);

    SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer,255,0,0,255);
    SDL_RenderClear(renderer);  /*filling target with red color*/

    SDL_SetRenderTarget(renderer, NULL);
}

void to_screen()
{
    SDL_RenderCopy(renderer, texture, NULL, NULL);
    SDL_RenderPresent(renderer); /*Here there is not red color on a screen*/
}

    /*-------------------------------in global.h---------------------------*/

#ifndef __GLOBAL_H__
#define __GLOBAL_H__

SDL_Renderer *renderer;
SDL_Texture *texture;

void to_screen();
void txt_to_bitmap(SDL_Texture*& final_texture);
int create_txt_texture(SDL_Texture *final_texture);

#endif

Explanation: You are passing Texture pointer by value not by reference which is causing this issue.
When you pass any thing by value another copy of that thing gets created, So in your case after passing pointer by value you have two pointers (texture and final_texture) pointed to the same location, but after the step
final_texture = SDL_CreateTexture(renderer, /*...*/);

your final_texture pointed to the newly allocated texture while your texture pointer remain unchanged. So to make texture pointer to also point to the newly created texture location you have to pass it as by reference.

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IRS Letter 3572 and Catalog Number 34402C tells our member his or her 1040 tax return was selected for examination. Primarily this audit will focus on: (1) Schedule Cl - Car & Truck Expenses/Travel, (2) Schedule C2 - Other Expenses - Vendor Fees, and (3) Schedule A - Contributions/Unreimbursed Employee. This IRS notice also includes Form 4564 (Information Document Request).


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text:
Jade Cuttle holds a first-class honours degree in Modern & Medieval Languages & Literature from the University of Cambridge and an MA in Creative Writing (Poetry) from the University of East Anglia. She has been commissioned to write poetry for BBC Radio 3's 'Words and Music', BBC's Contains Strong Language performance festival, and for the BBC Proms' Official Guide. Jade is an editor at Ambit and judging the Costa Book Awards 2019 (Poetry). Selected as a Ledbury Poetry Festival Emerging Poetry Critic and winning Best Reviewer (Editor's Choice) in the Saboteur Awards 2018, Jade reviews widely. Her criticism regularly appears in publications such as the Guardian, Times Literary Supplement and The Telegrap. Fusing metaphor with melody, Jade released her debut eco-themed album of poem-songs 'Algal Bloom' with funding and support from the PRS foundation and Make Noise in January 2020. She currently works full-time at The Poetry Society and is a tutor at The Poetry School.
Extended bio
Jade Cuttle read Modern & Medieval Language & Literature (French & Russian) at the University of Cambridge (Homerton College), graduating with first-class honours. Now Deputy Poetry Editor at Ambit Magazine, she has recently completed an MA in Creative Writing (Poetry) at the University of East Anglia. She is one of three judges in the Costa Book Awards 2019 (Poetry).
A poet and plant-whisperer, Jade has performed her poetry on BBC Radio 3 ('The Miracle of Mould') and in association with BBC Proms ('The Art of Splinters'). She has been commissioned to write for other BBC podcasts such as celebrating Shakespeare's 400th anniversary through song ('I can't fall in love with the night') and spoken word specials on BBC Introducing ('Contains Strong Language').
A double recipient of the Foyle Young Poet Award, Jade also won 1st place in the 2014 BBC Proms' Poetry Competition and the National Seafaring Limerick Competition 2014 judged by Ian McMillan.
She won 2nd place in the Ledbury Poetry Festival Competition 2011 (Young Category) and 3rd place in the Poetry Book Society's National Student Poetry Competition 2013, judged by Daljit Nagra.
She is a winner in the 2018 Creative Future Literary Awards for her short story 'Hearts for Sale', selected by Lemn Sissay, and will receive her prize at the Southbank Centre in London as part of the London Literature Festival.
Jade is also a singer-songwriter, translating metaphor into melody. Her debut eco-themed album of poem-songs 'Algal Bloom', inspired by the humble-hearted wisdom and resilience of nature, was released to BBC Introducing acclaim through Warren Records in January 2020 with funding and support from PRS Foundation and Make Noise.
Jade has performed at a range of festivals including Ledbury Poetry Festival, Ilkley Literature Festival, Sheffield's Off The Shelf, Beverley's Lit Up, Saboteur Awards, and York Literature Festival.
She was Poet-in-Residence for Ilkley Literature Festival 2017, closely mentored by Daljit Nagra, where she enjoyed devising and delivering nature-focussed workshops with the public and in schools, including her Poetry of Trees workshop.
Selected as a Ledbury Poetry Festival Emerging Poetry Critic of 2018 and named Best Reviewer (Editor's Choice) in the Saboteur Awards 2018, Jade reviews widely.
Her reviews are published or forthcoming in The Times Literary Supplement, The Poetry Review, the Guardian, Magma, Mslexia, Poetry School, Poetry Wales, Modern Poetry in Translation, The Brixton Review of Books, and Poetry Book Society. Other articles appear in Culture Trip, The Sunday Times, Wasafiri and The Observer,

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text:
Bold predictions for Chargers Week 7 game agaist the Titans
By Faustino Felix
LONDON, ENGLAND - OCTOBER 21: Jonnu Smith of Tennessee Titans is tackled by Jatavis Brown of Los Angeles Chargers during the NFL International Series match between Tennessee Titans and Los Angeles Chargers at Wembley Stadium on October 21, 2018 in London, England. (Photo by Clive Rose/Getty Images)
LONDON, ENGLAND – OCTOBER 21: Corey Davis #84 of the Tennessee Titans fends off Desmond King #20 of the Los Angeles Chargers during the NFL International Series game between Tennessee Titans and Los Angeles Chargers at Wembley Stadium on October 21, 2018, in London, England. (Photo by Jack Thomas/Getty Images)
The Los Angeles Chargers are in a prime spot to bounce back after a rough start to the season, facing a Tennessee Titans team that was shut out in its last outing.
The Chargers have struggled and lost games they shouldn't have, and they will get yet another opportunity to get right. The Titans have just benched their starting quarterback and former second-overall draft pick Marcus Mariota in favor of offseason acquisition Ryan Tannehill and sit 2-4, just as the Chargers.
Last week was not only rough for the Chargers, as the three bold predictions featured in last week's article were wrong:
Melvin Gordon returns to form: Wrong.
Ty Long downs all of his punts inside the 20: Wrong.
Four different players catch touchdowns: Wrong.
Gordon struggled to get going in his second game back from his holdout, as the Steelers defense, predictable playcalling and his rustiness combined to make this a quiet game for the Pro Bowl running back.
Long was one of the few bright spots in an ugly loss for the Chargers, but only one out of three of his punts ended up inside the 20-yard line. Another punt inside 20 yards was called back for a penalty.
It was also a rough game for Philip Rivers, who started the game awfully but settled down in time to throw two touchdown passes in garbage time. Both of the scoring passes were caught by Hunter Henry, however, so it was nowhere near close to four different players catching touchdown passes.
Up next are the bold predictions for the game against the Titans.


GiTECH Education Pvt. Ltd. is a premier Computer Training Institute which has been registered under Companies Act.1956 with a status of Private Limited and running successfully for the last 10 Years in Gujarat by professional expertise in the subject like Software , Hardware , Networking , E-Governance, E-Commerce, Indian Language Software , Financial Accounts & Inventory Management Training and Website Development Course.
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Training the faculties to handle Theory and lab sessions for Basic and Advanced courses.
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Collective database of GiTECH students will be stored at the HEAD. Office for placing our students at various software firms across the country. The company has tie-ups with leading software firms.
Examinations and Certification will be controlled by the GiTECH HEAD. OFFICE.


At HMKW Berlin the M.A. Business Psychology program is taught in English. The same master program can be studied at HMKW Cologne (Köln) in German language (M.A. Wirtschaftspsychologie). The start of the master program at HMKW Frankfurt is planned for October 2017.


How I miss the open trails and winding paths! Rehab has finally started and hopefully it won't be long now. It's hard, doing things like leg lifts and calf raises again, getting the stiffened joint to move.
Today they added the seated bike to the mix. This has to be the most evil contraption know to man. Once the feet are strapped in, the bad knee HAS to bend as the good one straightens. Each rotation brings a new agony. During the work I often think of my running buddy Lilyan… Her hard work, all the therapy she endures. I owe it to her to push with the same resolve.


So you would like to discover more about the current state of your IDM installation, but don't want to bring up your SQL client and run through all of your queries. What if you could just run a quick job and get the results in a HTML file? Good, let me tell you about a solution I have come up with.
A couple of years ago, I was working with some of the IDM developers on just such a thing, but then we all got side tracked and the project got put on the shelf. Then there was the thread from Fedya Toslev which got me thinking about it again and I brought it off the shelf and cleaned it out a bit. Following what I did in my last configuration contribution, I have posted it on Sourceforge as SAPIDMstat.
There's a lot of ways that this information could be arranged and presented. Frankly, I think doing it as an HTML report might be the least of them. Certainly, this calls out for being created as a report, or maybe leveraging the extension interface. I think it's fairly easy to understand what we've done and how it can be extended, but leave me a post here (or there) and we can work through it.
I may not know much about IdM (yet; it's in the plan), but any post that starts with a Douglas Adams quote needs to be taken seriously. Mostly.
Always happy to help in learning (formally or informally) The IDM forum is a great place to ask and learn!
Thank you Marco. I will make that change at some point, or if you would like to work on this as well, I'd be happy to give you access via SourceForge.
Ok, on site this week, but I will add you ASAP!


text:
Dubai Stopover: Highlights of Dubai (8hrs)
Dubai Stopovers
UAE Stopovers
A Dubai International stopover doesn't need to be about laborious hours waiting in the departure lounge for an onward connection. Most nationalities can enter the UAE without a pre-arranged visa, making it easy to escape the airport and spend the day exploring the icons of Dubai. An eight-hour stopover is long enough to absorb what the city is about, especially when the sightseeing is done from the air. This seamless stopover package includes chauffeured transfers from and to the airport, so there's no anxiety about returning in time for your onward flight.
Travel first to Dubai Creek, where a seaplane whisks you into the desert sky and offers 25 minutes of stunning sightseeing. It's the indelible introduction to the city, swooping past all the world-famous architecture. See the Burj Khalifa, the Burj Al Arab, the surreal artificial islands like the Palm Jumeirah and soar across the futuristic city in the desert. Every seat has its own viewing window and the 1500-foot cruising altitude ensures you can explore the city's detail while also appreciating its scale. It's not just the fabled landmarks. A seaplane adventure offers sublime views of scorched desert dunes and the Arabian Gulf, along with the charm of landing on the water.
Whether you visit Dubai for eight days or just eight hours, there's always one building that's absolutely unmissable: the Burj Khalifa. It's the world's highest and a journey to At the Top is always a highlight of the city. Following the seaplane flight you'll be transferred to Burj Khalifa, where you'll be ascending in the world's fastest elevator to the world's highest viewing platform, ticking off another two items from the Guinness Book of Records . Take it all in from the 124th floor, a panorama that's far more inspiring than an airport waiting lounge. Prearranged transfers then bring you back to Dubai International Airport for your onward flight.
This unique Dubai tour requires a minimum stopover of eight hours at Dubai International Airport. The package includes:
Chauffeured transport from, and back to Dubai International Airport.
A unique 25-minute seaplane flight that takes in the iconic attractions of the city.
The unique thrill of taking off and landing on the water in a seaplane.
Chauffeured transport to Burj Khalifa, the world's highest building.
Tickets to At the Top at Burj Khalifa, the world's highest viewing platform.


text:
The Program in Jewish Culture & Society
Why Study Jewish Studies?
Graduate Student Certificates
The Initiative in Holocaust, Genocide, and Memory Studies
Hebrew Literature Anthology Project
Endowed Lectures
Lectures/Performances
Israel Studies Project
CU Jewish Community Organizations
Faculty/Executive Committee
Holocaust, Genocide, and Memory Studies Faculty
Yiddish Studies Certificate
Before World War 2, most of the world's Jews spoke Yiddish, and there were vibrant print and popular cultures in Yiddish across Western and Eastern Europe. Interwar Berlin hosted 19 different Yiddish language journals. Although the Holocaust led to the drastic decline of the number of Yiddish speakers in the world, there remain communities of Jews for whom Yiddish is the language of daily life. Furthermore, the study of Yiddish has experienced significant growth since 2000, and a number of research universities both in the US, Western and Eastern Europe, and Israel offer Yiddish language and literature courses. New online Yiddish journals have emerged and there has been a proliferation of organized Yiddish-language activity including music and culture camps. Illinois has played a leading role in this new trend, both in terms of faculty research, engagement, and teaching. Illinois faculty have convened research workshops on Yiddish studies (both for junior scholars and senior researchers), published major new work on Yiddish literature and culture, and given keynote addresses at national and international conferences on Yiddish and related topics.
The certificate will allow students to take advantage of this vibrant area of expertise and become an integral part of this growing trend. It is an excellent opportunity to get some basic foundations for further study or work in a number of fields, especially for those who may want to go on to advanced studies in Jewish European history and culture or work in a Jewish educational field, Jewish community, medical and social work, and/or work in archives, museums, and libraries. For anyone who wants to develop a greater understanding of Jewish cultural history more broadly, the certificate program provides a structured approach, affording a cohesive set of tools and significant insight into a key area of Jewish Studies
two semesters of Yiddish language courses (YDSH 101 and YDSH 102)*
two semesters of German OR Hebrew language courses*
one related content course from the following list:
CWL 421 Jewish Life-Writing
HIST 269 Jewish History Since 1700
HIST 355 Soviet Jewish History
RUSS 261 Introduction to Russian Jewish Culture
RUSS 465 Russian-Jewish Culture
YDSH 220 Jewish Storytelling
additional courses may be submitted for approval to the Jewish Studies academic advisor
Courses taken in study abroad and Yiddish language summer courses hosted elsewhere in the US and abroad would also count towards the certificate.
* 1st and 2nd semester language course count toward the certificate; more advanced level courses may be used with the consent of the Jewish Studies academic advisor
Total Credit Hours: 19-21 credit hours (19 if German is taken; up to 21 if Hebrew is taken)
Jewish Studies Major
Jewish Studies Minor
Room 109 English Building, MC-718
608 South Wright Street
Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
Email: jewishculture@illinois.edu