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How To See The Longest Lunar Eclipse In 580 Years
When And How To Watch The Beaver Moon Lunar Eclipse, The Longest Of The Century
It's also the longest eclipse in nearly 600 years.
By Jake Smith Published: Nov 17, 2021
The next lunar eclipse will also be the longest of the century—and the longest in 580 years; it will be visible across North America.
On the morning of Friday, November 19, the full Beaver Moon will experience a near-total lunar eclipse lasting for three and a half hours.
At its peak, which will occur just after 4 a.m. EST, November's Beaver Moon will glow red as it passes through the Earth's shadow.
Some cosmic events are, well, once in a blue moon. Others, like the return of Halle's Comet, are possible to catch maybe twice. But this Friday's near-total lunar eclipse—the longest of the century and the first of this length in 580 years—is truly once-in-a-lifetime (or, more accurately, many lifetimes).
On the morning of Friday, November 19, the full Beaver Moon will take place in a 97%-total lunar eclipse, according to NASA, meaning that nearly all of the moon's surface will be shrouded in the Earth's shadow. November 2021's eclipse will be about three and a half hours long, stretching from 2:18 to 5:47 a.m. EST. The Beaver Moon eclipse will peak at 4:02 a.m. EST, NASA reports, and will be visible across North America.
This history-making, near-total lunar eclipse coincides with the full Beaver Moon, which will reach peak illumination at nearly the same moment as the eclipse's height, per The Old Farmer's Almanac. But don't worry—the moon will appear full from Thursday evening through Saturday morning, meaning you can catch an unencumbered glimpse of the full moon, too.
The Beaver Moon gets its name from beaver hunting season, which used to peak this time of year, the Almanac says. Plus, beavers start retiring to their lodges for the winter around now, too. Other names for November's full moon include the Digging Moon (from the Tlingit), the Whitefish Moon (from the Algonquin), and the Frost Moon (from the Cree and Assiniboine).
Lunar eclipses can only occur during full moons when the moon is at its brightest. Because the Earth has an atmosphere, its shadow is not black; the same phenomenon that causes sunrises and sunsets will also cause November's full moon to glow a dull red. That's why lunar eclipses are sometimes called "blood moons."
The eclipse will peak at 4:02 a.m. EST on Nov. 19.
Unlike solar eclipses, lunar eclipses are safe to view with the naked eye. To catch a glimpse of it, look low in the western sky at any point during the eclipse, Space.com recommends; the farther west you are, the better your view will be. Because of its incredible length, this will be the longest lunar eclipse of the century, the site notes—and it's also the longest lunar eclipse in nearly 600 years, according to Butler University's Holcomb Observatory.
So while sleeping in (or going to bed early) is great, you might want to spend Friday morning doing something else: catching an ultra-rare cosmic treat passing right over your head and in front of your eyes.
From: Prevention US
Jake Smith
Jake Smith, an editorial fellow at Prevention, recently graduated from Syracuse University with a degree in magazine journalism and just started going to the gym. Let's be honest—he's probably scrolling through Twitter right now.
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No, the Irish Were Not Slaves Too
Historian Liam Hogan has spent the last six years debunking the Irish slave myth.
David M. Perry
A scene from an Irish wake, circa 1750.
(Photo: Hulton Archive/Getty Images)
Call it "fake history." Whenever people on social media start talking slavery, reparations, and race, some Internet troll will jump up and demand, "What about the Irish?" Over the past few years, the myth of Irish slavery has found fertile ground in Internet memes as a way to derail any conversation about historical complicity for white folks in the slave trade or the need for affirmative action today. If the Irish escaped from slavery to general inclusion and prosperity, the false and racist argument goes, then African Americans can do likewise. Fortunately, whenever this claim starts to get traction, a librarian from Limerick steps forward to debunk it.
Liam Hogan works at the Limerick City Library, in Ireland. He's well known to his 30,000-plus Twitter followers and readers as a passionate and informed voice working against the myths of Irish slavery, while never erasing the complexities and nuance of the history of Irish forced labor. With St. Patrick's Day nearly here, Pacific Standard caught up with Hogan over a series of emails to discuss his work, the pernicious nature of the Irish slave myth, and what we can do to counter this false narrative.
How did you get started debunking the Irish slave myth online?
Around 2012, I read Nini Rodgers' ground-breaking book Ireland, Slavery and Anti-Slavery, which looked at Ireland in the context of the Black Atlantic world and racial slavery in Colonial America. She concluded that these European slavocracies had a major impact on Ireland. On a local level I was stunned to discover such details that Frederick Douglass spoke in Limerick or that Limerick merchants attempted to set up a slave trading company in 1784. It was a surreal feeling to discover that the 18th-century building that I worked in was built by Philip Roche, the most successful provisioner of the British West Indies in Limerick.
I then set out to explore Limerick's historical relationship with racial slavery and began to publish articles from an Irish perspective. I noticed that the most popular comment below one article was a piece of propaganda full of basic errors and false equivalences that suggested, "We were slaves too," I soon realized that this was a copy-and-paste text which had proliferated all over the social Web. It needed to be challenged.
So what is the reality about the history of Irish unfree colonial labor?
While the majority of Irish people who became indentured servants in the colonies did so willingly (why they felt they had to so is, of course, another question), a not insignificant number were forcibly deported and sold into indentured servitude. This peaked just after the brutal Cromwellian conquest of Ireland when there were orders given in multiple counties to round up and deport those who, it was claimed, could not support themselves.
Indentured servitude was more insidious than simply a case of labor exploitation. A four- to seven-year indenture to serve out, bond servants lives' and movements were subject to control and dominance by their masters' even outside of work hours, with punitive restrictions placed on marriage, locomotion, and pregnancy.
So there were both voluntary and involuntary servants. What's the difference?
The laws were the same. Both were treated as servants and had a predetermined length of time to serve before they were freed. In Barbados the customary length of time to serve in the 1650s was between five or seven years, but in 1661 a new law was introduced that reduced this to between four to two years. This "custom" was altered by colonial administrators to attract servants to migrate to their colonies and it was also used to single out the Irish when they were not wanted. In 1655 harsh laws were passed in Virginia that targeted Irish servants who arrived in the colony without indentures. These terms for adults were two years longer than those that applied to other "Christian servants," and three years longer for those under 16 years of age. But by 1660 (the Restoration) the law was repealed.
Meanwhile, you're telling me that some Irish people profited directly and indirectly from the Caribbean slave trade?
Yes, absolutely. In Ireland it was mainly indirect via the provisions trade. It primarily benefited the Protestant Ascendancy, the Catholic elites, and the Catholic middle class who dominated trade in the cities. Many of our merchants (whether Catholic, Protestant, Huguenot, or Quaker) made fortunes trading with all of the slavocracies in the Caribbean. Shoes for enslaved people were manufactured in Belfast; and as mainly poor Irish Catholic tenants were forced off the land to make way for livestock, butter, beef, and pork were salted and exported to the colonies in enormous quantities via Cork, Dublin, Waterford, and Limerick.
These provisions, especially cheap in Ireland, were essential for the operation of the slave labor camps as their constant supply meant that all the majority of the land could be used solely for cash crops (sugar cane, etc.)
So Irish peasants lost their land to make way for cattle, which was then exported by Irish landlords to feed enslaved peoples, who didn't grow food of their own because the land was too valuable for making sugar. And then presumably Irish people bought sugar and rum?
Yes, the provisions exported from Ireland fed slaves, servants, overseers, and planters. Herring, pork, beef, and butter and so on. One cut of beef exported out of Cork was known as "Planters Beef." And in the other direction a flood of slave-produced goods were sold in Ireland (sugar, tobacco, etc.). Every newspaper in Ireland in the 18th century carries adverts for sugar from Barbados or Jamaica being sold by a local grocer. By 1770 the Irish market absorbed nearly 90 percent of Antigua's total rum exports and in 1774 Dublin imported 108,821 gallons of rum from Antigua. Many merchants in the colonies paid for their Irish provisions in slave produce.
Were there Irish people more directly involved in the slave trade? Were there Irish slavers?
Navigation laws ensured a monopoly for English and Scottish slavers. Some Irish sailors migrated to slave hubs like Liverpool, Bristol, and Nantes and became slave traders. An example of this is David Tuohy, from Tralee, County Kerry. He settled in Liverpool in the 1750s and captained at least four slave trading voyages from 1766 to 1771. By 1772 he had made enough money to become a slave ship owner and he was the part-owner of 10 Liverpool slave ships from 1772 to 1786.
For many of the Irish diaspora the profiteering was direct through slave ownership or employment as overseers. My survey of the slave schedules suggests that slave owners with recognizably Irish surnames owned over 110,000 slaves in the United States in 1860.
Given all this, why has the myth of the Irish slaves lasted so long?
Firstly, I think we need to be precise about what it is we are labeling a myth and not throw the baby out with the bathwater. The "Irish slaves" myth that we contend with today is a relatively new manifestation (approximately two decades old) and refers to the drawing of a false equivalence with racialized perpetual hereditary chattel slavery and/or the refusal to delineate servitude and slavery. All the exaggerations and fabrications are secondary to the core mythos that "slavery was slavery" in the 17th-century Anglo-Caribbean.
But the concept of Irish people being enslaved in the Caribbean by Cromwellian forces is contemporary with the events themselves and is based on historical truth. This is why I have always referred to it in quotes, as a way of separating the present day propaganda from its use by Irish people who described it as slavery in the general sense at the time. The challenge in this discourse is identifying what [slavery] means in the past and the present.
Can we blame the English?
Cromwell's "Irish slaves" are canon in Irish nationalist historiography. It is rarely explained that this "slavery" was in the form of involuntary indentured servitude for a fixed period of time. You see it referred to all down the line from James Connolly's Re-Conquest of Ireland (1915) which claimed that "over 100,000 men, women and children were transported to the West Indies, there to be sold into slavery" to Daniel O'Connell's speech in Mallow in 1843 when he asserted that "80,000 Irishmen [were] sent to [the West Indies] to work as slaves." But these were rhetorical claims, based on truth, but greatly exaggerated for effect and are not to be confused with historical accuracy.
This certificate of freedom, dated June 5th, 1838, demonstrates that an Irish convict, Francis Neill, has completed his seven years of obligatory labor in the penal colony of New South Wales, Australia.
As an Irish pub musician, I think a lot about the sense of belligerent victimhood in 20th-century Irish culture. Is that part of what's going on here?
[There's] a selective memory about who we identify with [in] the colonization of the New World. There exists this sense that this complicity with imperial projects was individualist rather than connected to any the notion of Irish identity. Post-independence, a line was drawn by nationalists that everything that happened prior to this was to be laid at the door of British Empire. It's of course a bit more complicated than that and as one might expect in a post-colonial state, our national story is presented as a linear history, a journey from bondage to liberation.
This explains why some Irish people express shock when informed that many of our kin were say, slave owners in America or involved and benefited from the dispossession of indigenous peoples lands across multiple continents. The cognitive dissonance that follows often leads to the knee-jerk response: "Were they really Irish though?"
The deeper problem here is that if we don't admit to complexity in our past, how were we going to confront it in the present? I'm thinking of the Magdalene Laundries, the Mother and Baby Homes, or our vivid memory of anti-Irish discrimination existing alongside a collective amnesia of the fact that anti-Semitism was once an official part of our immigration policy.
Is your relentless online debunking having an impact?
I think at this point I can say, after three years of labor, that it is working. This is measurable to the extent that my fact-checking has caused mainstream publications to retract articles based on bogus sources I've targeted and it will hopefully caution and encourage carefulness about this topic in others going forward.
I hear from people all the time about how useful it has been. It seems to be especially appreciated by those who use it as a go-to resource to help people who may be sharing propaganda without realizing how ahistorical, damaging, or insensitive it is.
This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
Irish Slave MythSaint Patrick's DayHistoryIrelandInvoluntary ServitudeSlavery
David M. Perry is a former professor of history and a contributing writer at Pacific Standard's Ideas section on the topic of health-care access. He's currently senior academic adviser to the Department of History at the University of Minnesota.
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Sindh PA Passes Payment of Wages Bill amid Opposition's Protest
ISLAMABAD, January 30, 2017: The Provincial Assembly of Sindh passed the Sindh Payment of Wages Bill, 2015 amid protest by opposition parties on Monday, observes Free and Fair Election Network (FAFEN). Following are key observations of the proceedings during ninth sitting of 29th session: Members' Participation The Sindh Assembly met for two hours and 46 minutes. The…
Sindh Lawmakers Discuss 1991 Water Accord in Assembly
ISLAMABAD, January 27, 2017: The lawmakers of Provincial Assembly of Sindh held discussion on the Water Accord, 1991 in the absence of Chief Minister that consumed four hours and 23 minutes (81%) of the sitting's time, observes Free and Fair Election Network (FAFEN) on Friday. Following are key observations of the proceedings during eighth sitting of…
Lawmakers to Collaborate for Legislative Reforms in Punjab Assembly
LAHORE, January 27, 2017: Members of the Legislative Support Group (LSG), comprising lawmakers of the Punjab Assembly, vowed to collaborate with each other on proposed reforms in the Rules of Procedure. They further resolved to support the proposed amendments to the Rules in the concerned Committee as well as in the House when brought for…
KP Assembly Adjourned to Meet Again on Feb. 20, 2017
ISLAMABAD, January 27, 2017: The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Assembly adopted three resolutions before being adjourned to meet again after more than three weeks, observed Free and Fair Election Network (FAFEN) in its Daily Factsheet on Friday. Following are some key observations of the proceedings during 3rd sitting of 22nd session: Members' Participation The KP Assembly…
NA Adjourns Without Transacting Any Business
ISLAMABAD, January 27, 2017: The National Assembly was adjourned on Friday without taking up any agenda, observes Free and Fair Election Network (FAFEN) in Daily Factsheet. Following are key observations of the proceedings during second sitting of the 39th session: Members' Participation The National Assembly met for an hour and 17 minutes; however the proceedings remained…
Punjab Assembly Adjourns due to Lack of Quorum
ISLAMABAD, January 27, 2017: The Punjab Assembly could not held discussion on five statutory reports due to lack of quorum on Friday, observes Free and Fair Election Network (FAFEN). Following are key observations of the House proceedings during fifth sitting of 26th session: Members' Participation The Punjab Assembly met for an hour and 33 minutes.…
PTI, PML-N Lawmakers Exchange Brawl in National Assembly
ISLAMABAD, January 26, 2017: The exchange of barbs and fists between treasury and opposition lawmakers marred proceedings of the first sitting of 39th session of National Assembly on Thursday, says Free and Fair Election Network (FAFEN) in its Daily Factsheet. PTI lawmakers chanted slogans against the ruling party that made the latter angry and resulted into…
Lack of Quorum, Opposition's Walkout Mark Sitting of KP Assembly
ISLAMABAD, January 26, 2017: Starting 22 minutes behind the scheduled time, the second sitting of 22nd session of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly was adjourned due to lack of quorum on Thursday, says Free and Fair Election Network. Thirty-five (28%) legislators were present at the start and 22 (18%) at the adjournment of sitting while none of…
Punjab Assembly Concludes Discussion on Health Amid Protests Against CM
ISLAMABAD, January 26, 2017: The Punjab Assembly concluded the general discussion on the issue of health while the Opposition lawmakers staged protest and walkout against the Chief Minister, observes Free and Fair Election Network (FAFEN) on Thursday. Following are key observations of the House proceedings during fourth sitting of 26th session: Members' Participation The Punjab Assembly…
Sindh Assembly Leaves Most Agenda Unaddressed
ISLAMABAD, January 26, 2017: The Provincial Assembly of Sindh on Thursday left five Call Attention Notices (CAN) unaddressed due to the absence of movers while the House deferred consideration of the Sindh Payment of Wages Bill, 2015 until next sitting, observes Free and Fair Election Network (FAFEN). Following are key observations of proceedings during seventh sitting of…
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20The Presbyterian Church
The largest of the three churches on this walk, the Campbell Street church was designed by the Balmain architect James McDonald in the Early English Gothic Revival style. In spite of the plainness of the Early English style, with its simple lancet windows, minimal buttresses and unadorned pinnacles, the church has a relatively complex structure, in contrast to the barnlike…
The Presbyterian Church
9 Campbell Street, 1868. Organ built by Charles Richardson, 1893.
The largest of the three churches on this walk, the Campbell Street church was designed by the Balmain architect James McDonald in the Early English Gothic Revival style. In spite of the plainness of the Early English style, with its simple lancet windows, minimal buttresses and unadorned pinnacles, the church has a relatively complex structure, in contrast to the barnlike simplicity of St Mary's (Stop 8). From the street you can observe the complex roofline, clearly defining the nave and two side aisles. The octagonal spire springs from a rectangular base above the main entrance, which is buttressed by two porches entered by smaller doors.
The size of the church and the adjacent church hall and manse (number 11 Campbell Street) suggest the importance of colonial Balmain to the Presbyterian Church. Inside, the organ takes pride of place at the East end, its charmingly decorated pipes displayed in a fine cedar case.


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Hollywoodland Sep 15 2017
Clothes encounters of the Hollywood kind.
We've been gathering rare wardrobe and hairdresser test shots from the golden era of Hollywood, and today seems like a good day to share some of what we've found. It was standard procedure for all the main performers in a movie to pose for such photos, but the negatives that survive tend to belong to the most popular stars, such as Cary Grant, who you see at right. You'll see Marilyn Monroe more than amply represented below. What can we do? She's possibly the most photographed Hollywood figure ever, and she was beautiful in every exposure. But we've also found shots of a few lesser known stars, such as Giorgia Moll and France Nuyen.
Some of the shots are worth special note. You'll see Doris Day as a mermaid for The Glass Bottom Boat, Liz Taylor as a kid for National Velvet and an adult for Cat On a Hot Tin Roof, Farrah Fawcett in lingerie, Sheree North in both front and rear poses, and Yul Brynner looking like an actual man by sporting a body that had to that point seemingly known neither razor nor wax (he ditched the fur for his actual onscreen appearances). Usually the photos feature a chalkboard or card with pertinent information about the production and star, but not always, as in the case of Brynner's photo, and in Audrey Hepburn's and Joan Collins' cases as well. If the names of the subjects don't appear on the chalkboards you can refer to the keywords at bottom, which are listed in order. We may put together another group of these wardrobe shots later.
Myra BreckinridgeThe Glass Bottom BoatNational VelvetCary GrantAudrey HepburnIngrid BergmanElizabeth TaylorYul BrynnerJoan CollinsMarilyn MonroeGrace KellyDorothy MaloneHumphrey BogartFarrah FawcettFrance NuyenGiorgia MollLinda HarrisonNatalie WoodDoris DayAnne FrancisSheree NorthJames DeanRaquel WelchMarlon Brandocinema
Vintage Pulp Dec 29 2010
Live by the gun, die by the gun.
The sci-fi thriller Westworld—for which you see a rare Japanese poster above—was sourced from a novel by Michael Crichton and uses the same idea he would later update for his novel Jurassic Park—i.e. the attractions at a high-tech amusement park go awry and start slaughtering the guests. One of those robotic amusements is played by Yul Brynner, who is programmed to start fights then, inevitably, be shot down by Westworld guests after croaking, "Draw!" It's all fun and games at first, but when a computer virus attacks the park's robots Brynner returns from the repair shop pissed-off and harboring a notion to ventilate the customer who killed him twice. As compelling as this set-up seems, Westworld isn't flawless. While Brynner is excellent as the villain and James Brolin is adequate in a supporting role, lead actor Richard Benjamin seems to be sedated, and Crichton, who directed, somehow manages to give the whole project the feel of a television movie. The stuntwork is partly to blame for this. Crichton makes ample usage of hoary gags like the candied glass bottle shattered over the head and the balsa wood chair smashed across the back, even though more sophisticated approaches were being utilized at the time in other, better films. But we recommend Westworld anyway, and we absolutely love the poster—it's appearing here for the first time on any website, and it's definitely in our top ten, even if the movie isn't. Westworld premiered in Japan today in 1973.
JapanWestworldMichael CrichtonYul BrynnerRichard BenjaminJames Brolinposter artcinemamovie review


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Taylor Dayne: The Best of Taylor Dayne CD Track Listing
Taylor Dayne The Best of Taylor Dayne
This country cd contains 18 tracks and runs 75min 3sec.
Freedb: 0b119512
: music songs tracks country
Taylor Dayne - Tell it to My Heart (03:43)
Taylor Dayne - Prove Your Love (03:27)
Taylor Dayne - Don't Rush Me (03:49)
Taylor Dayne - In the Darkness (03:17)
Taylor Dayne - I Could Be Good for You (04:25)
Taylor Dayne - I'll Always Love You (04:31)
Taylor Dayne - Upon the Journey's End (04:06)
Taylor Dayne - Dance With a Stranger (04:29)
Taylor Dayne - I'll Be Your Shelter (04:45)
Taylor Dayne - You Can't Fight Fate (04:43)
Taylor Dayne - With Every Beat of My Heart (04:23)
Taylor Dayne - Wait for Me (03:41)
Taylor Dayne - Want Ads (03:00)
Taylor Dayne - Can't Get Enough of Your Love (04:27)
Taylor Dayne - Heart of Stone (04:18)
Taylor Dayne - Memories (04:44)
Taylor Dayne - Send Me a Lover (04:28)
Taylor Dayne - Love Will Lead You Back (04:37)


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Granger Smith Honors Late Son River With 'Heaven Bound Balloons' Performance [WATCH]
Angela Stefano Published: June 25, 2019
Granger Smith's Sunday (June 23) performance at the 2019 Country LakeShake Festival in Chicago, Ill., was one of his first since the death of his 3-year-old son River, and the country singer marked the occasion with a stirring tribute to his late boy. Smith's set at the festival included a stirring version of his recently released song "Heaven Bound Balloons," which readers can watch above.
Smith released "Heaven Bound Balloons" as a one-off new song in April; the lyrics, which Smith connects to his late father, talks about sending messages to Heaven via balloons, and receiving signs from deceased loved ones. He was visibly emotional as he sang and, after pulling one of River's beloved Lightning McQueen toy cars out of his pocket, walked offstage to compose himself before returning for the rest of his set.
Smith was also sporting a new tattoo at the Country LakeShake Festival, in River's memory. The word "River" is now inked on Smith's right forearm in a flowing script.
River Kelly Smith, who turned three in May, drowned at the Smiths' home on June 6. The singer's wife Amber and their two older children, London and Lincoln, have joined him on the road in the wake of the tragedy.
"We are gonna search for every bit of good that we can find in this situation, the worst situation that we've been through, hopefully ever," Smith says. "We are going to constantly search for the meaning behind all of this ... We're not going to get caught up in the reasons ... but we'll find the meaning, and the good, in this."
When they first shared the news of River's death, the Smiths asked that, in lieu of flowers or gifts, those wishing to express their sympathy make donations to the Dell Children's Medical Center in River's name. A T-shirt in memory of River, the proceeds from which are also going to Dell Children's Medical Center, raised $218,791 for the hospital. Smith and his family will visit the hospital on Tuesday (June 25) to present the check.
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Source: Granger Smith Honors Late Son River With 'Heaven Bound Balloons' Performance [WATCH]
Filed Under: Granger Smith
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The Dream Concert is Korea's biggest K-Pop Concert in history!
Attracting the top K-Pop groups, Artists, MCs, DJs to thrill teeming Hallyu fans. This year's episode is going to take place at PyeongChang Olympic Plaza to celebrate the 100-Days countdown till the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Games. Hence, this tour has been exclusively designed to shuttle FOREIGNERS who want to experience the best festival and party of the year. You will enjoy hassle-free transportation from Seoul-PyeongChang-Seoul and also have the opportunity to meet your favorite K-Pop stars. This tour has two packages; Day 1 which comes with a concert ticket and 2D1N which also comes with a concert ticket and also allows you to stay overnight at either Alpensia Resort or Yongpyong Resort. Join this historic celebration of Korea's first Winter Games and it's success with this festival and concert. Book your seat today and enjoy this promotional discount.
The Dream Concert has been organized annually since 1995. It is Korea's biggest K-Pop Concerts that brings together A-List K-Pop Artistes, MCs, and DJs on one stage to thrill fans and celebrate the season. This year's event is special in so many ways. 2017 Dream Concert in PyeongChang will be held on Saturday, November 4 at the Olympic Plaza, to mark exactly 100-Days-To-Go to the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic and Paralympic Games. This is absolutely something you don't want to miss. This year's edition will feature K-Pop groups like Red Velvet, WannaOne, EXID, LABOUM and much more.
KoreaTravelEasy is offering Priority seats to Foreigners living in Korea and Korea to conveniently travel to PyeongChang to enjoy the epic concert. You have an option to choose 1-Day return package or 2D1N package which includes a tour of the PyeongChang 2018 Games venues and attractions.
**For 2Days 1 Night option, the basic price is for a minimum of 2 or 3 persons in a shared Room. However, an additional charge of $65 will be required if you want to stay alone in a single Room. Please indicate this when you book in the form.
Every participant MUST BRING PASSPORT/Alien Registration Card on the tour. You will be asked to show a passport to join this Dream Concert Tour our, No refund will be given if you are rejected admission without a passport.
Please write your Name, Nationality, and Telephone Number.
The audience is required to occupy their designated seats only.
The itinerary is subject to change depending on traffic and weather conditions on the tour date. Traveling time may take as much as twice the time on weekends and holidays due to heavy traffic.
If there's an unannounced military training or official event, the tour may be canceled on the day of the tour with short notice. Tour may also be canceled due to heavy rain or snow.
Please plan to wear comfortable clothing as there will some walking. The Tour partner does not take responsibility for any injuries or losses incurred while on tour.
If you have young children and will bring a baby stroller, please note it in "SPECIAL REQUESTS"
Overall, I think the trip was worth it. Unfortunately, the organization on the first day wasn't very good. When I arrived to the meeting place, I was told to get on any bus, but later after asking about my ticket I was asked to get off the bus without a clear direction of where to go. After talking to 5 different staff members, I finally found out where the 2 day bus was. Everything was pretty smooth up until lunch. All of the other buses arrived before ours so there was no chance to eat. Hana, the guide, was great though. She was very helpful and always in high spirits. The concert itself was way too cold, but they did give us hot packs to try and stay warm. Someone said that there was a Kakao message about bringing warm jackets and blankets, but a lot of people weren't added to that group. The hotel room was beyond expectations. It was super nice, and the breakfast in the morning was wonderful. Day 2 was much smoother than day 1. There was more free time to explore, and while there were still sombre moments where we had to rush back, altogether it was more relaxed and I felt most of the others enjoyed it more. A lot of people were concerned about missing trains and buses on the way back to seoul, but we actually arrived earlier than expected which was great. There are definitely some areas that could use improvements, but all that aside the trip was wonderful and I would definitely go again.
We are glad that hotel accommodation was great, we hope you enjoyed your weekend in Pyeongchang. We hope to see you again Taryn. Take care!
I have to say overall the money was really worth the trip. I got a lot for that relatively small amount. Our tour guide was lovely. If I could I'd like to travel with her again. What I didn't like was the time management of the first day of the trip. We met early in the morning at 9 am and came back to the hotel around 11/11:30 pm. During this whole day there was pretty much no time to eat. We had an hour break when we arrived in Pyeongchang at the hotel but since everyone else arrived at the same time there was almost no chance to get food. All you could do was stand in line and hope to get something. Most of us didn't. I personally don't really care about it but it would have been nice to know if we don't have time to eat so we could have a good breakfast at home and bring something with us. Another thing I didn't like was that I booked this trip for two but the tickets for the seats we got weren't together. We had to switch seats three or four times because we tried to sit together but the actual "owners" of the seat came and we had to leave. So that was pretty annoying. But no matter what you do it can never be perfect for everyone. I tried to get the most out of the weekend and I enjoyed it a lot.


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Meet The Money Kids | Real Money on AXS TV
MEET THE MONEY KIDS | REAL MONEY PREMIERES APRIL 8 ON AXS TV
Music isn't just something that Dad does for a living, it's a family business! Eddie and Laurie's five children each have a hand in the music industry. The Moneys' daughter, Jesse, and sons' Dez and Julian, each join their father onstage as members of his band. Son Joe opts for a different music genre as a dubstep producer, and the eldest Money child, Zach, helps to run the family business.
Dez Money
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Jesse Money
Jesse Money is Eddie and Laurie Money's only daughter. She's a singer who performs beside her rock star father, as well as in her brother Dez's band. As she says, "I was born and raised as a rock star's daughter and continuing the legacy by doing it myself."
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Classic rock isn't the only music played around the Money household. Joe Money keeps the family dancing as a dubstep producer. Oh, and did we mention he does a killer impression of his father?
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Meet the man who keeps the beat going in the family… Julian Money is the drummer in both his father's and brother's band. He credits his rock star father for his impressive musicianship, calling him a "huge inspiration."
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text:
Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains (1996)
Chapter: 1 African Rice
« Previous: Introduction
Suggested Citation:"1 African Rice." National Research Council. 1996. Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2305.
African Rice
To most of the world, rice connotes Asia and the vast agriculture of Far Eastern river deltas. Indeed, humanity's second major crop is from Asia, and 90 percent of it—the main source of calories for 2.7 billion people—is grown there.
But rice is also African. A different species has been cultivated in West Africa for at least 1,500 years. Some West African countries have, since ancient times, been just as rice-oriented as any Asian one. For all that, however, almost no one else has ever heard of their species.1
Asia's rice is so advanced, so productive, and so well known that its rustic relative has been relegated to obscurity even in Africa itself. Today, most of the rice cultivated in Africa is of the Asian species. In fact, the "great red rice of the hook of the Niger" is declining so rapidly in importance and area that in most locations it lingers only as a weed in fields of its foreign relative. Soon it may be gone.
This should not be allowed to happen. The rice of Africa (Oryza glaberrima ) has a long and noteworthy history. It was selected and established in West Africa centuries before any organized expeditions could have introduced its Asian cousin (Oryza sativa). It probably arose in the flood basin of the central Niger and prehistoric Africans carried it westward to Senegal, southward to the Guinea coast, and eastward as far as Lake Chad. In these new homes, diligent people developed it further.
Like their counterparts in the Far East, Africa's ancient rice farmers selected a remarkable range of cultivars suited to many types of habitats. They produced "floating" varieties (for growing in deep
There are rice relatives in other parts of the world, too. The genus Oryza is among the most ancient grasses and was able to spread to every continent before they drifted too far apart. The result is that different Oryza species are strung out over the tropical regions of the globe, including South America and Australia. Only one species in Asia and one in Africa were domesticated, however.
Rice growers in Sierra Leone harvesting their crop. For millennia. farmers in this area have grown African rice. Possibly it was slaves from here who introduced rice growing to the United States. For a century or more. the colony and state of South Carolina was a main rice grower. Whether African rice reached there along with the Asian species is not known. However, given the West African attachment to it, it seems likely. (M. Steber)
This page in the original is blank.
For hundreds, if not thousands, of years, "floating" versions of African rice have been cultivated beside the Niger River, especially here between Timbuktu and Gao. Farmers along this 600-km stretch count on the Niger to overflow its banks and flood the lowlands where they've sowed their seeds. The rice plants can survive in rising floodwater up to several meters deep. When drought reduced the Niger's flow in the 1970s, the full crop could not be planted and a million lives were put at risk. (J. Gallais. courtesy Flammarion et cie, Paris)
water), weakly and strongly photoperiod-sensitive types (for growing in different latitudes and seasons), swamp and upland cultivars (for growing under irrigated and rainfed conditions, respectively), and early and late-maturing types. And, for all of these, they selected forms with various seed characteristics.
Although modern efforts to expand rice production in Africa have largely ignored this indigenous heritage, African rice is still cultivated in West Africa—especially in remote districts. There, until recently, much of it was reserved as a special luxury food for chiefs and religious rituals. Today, however, farms that grow substantial stands of African rice are few. The area of most intense cultivation is the "floating fields" on the Sokoto fadamas (floodplains) of Nigeria and the Niger River's inland delta in Mali. However, the crop is also widely, if thinly, spread in Sierra Leone (see box, page 28) and neighboring areas, as well as in the hills that straddle the Ghana-Togo border.
From one point of view, there seem to be good reasons for abandoning this food of the forebears. In most locations farmers prefer the foreign rice because it yields better and scatters less of its seed on the ground. Millers prefer it because its grain is less brittle and therefore easier to mill. Shippers prefer it as well. For them, African rice is hardly worth a minute's consideration because it is not a trade commodity and most types are red-skinned and therefore unsuitable for mixing with conventional rice in bulk handling.
But these are concerns almost entirely of commercial farming. The situation is quite different where rice is grown strictly for localized, subsistence, or specialty use. There, yield, brittleness, color, or international interest can be unimportant. Indeed, small-scale farmers often prefer African rice. They like the grain's taste and aroma, and even its reddish appearance. They find the plant easy to produce: its rambunctious growth and spreading canopy help suppress weeds and it generally resists local diseases and pests by itself. Also, to some people traditional rituals are meaningless unless the ancient grain is employed.
Moreover, these are not the only advantages. Compared to its Asian cousin, African rice is better at tolerating fluctuating water depths, excessive iron, low levels of management, infertile soils, harsh climates, and late planting (a valued feature because in West Africa's erratic
climate the rains are often tardy). Also, there are some types that mature much more quickly than common rice. Planted out in emergencies when food stocks are getting low, these can save lives.
What actually happens in the future to this interesting African crop will depend on individual initiatives, most of them within Africa itself. Part of the problem is its lack of prestige. Everywhere, consumers have fallen in love with processed Asian rice. If someone now makes a processed (that is, parboiled) product out of African rice, that alone may return it to high favor. Indeed, it may rise to become a gourmet food of particular interest because of its ancient and historic heritage.
Part of the problem, also, is lack of supply. Thus, if such specialty markets develop, it seems likely that African rice will survive as a commercial crop. Then, with selection and breeding, its various cultivars can almost certainly be made to compete with Asian rice in most African locations. There is evidence, for example, that certain types already match the productivity of Asian rice, and in the yield figures there is considerable overlap between the best African and the poorer Asian ones. This is remarkable considering the 5,000 years of intense effort that has been invested in improving Asian rice.
Even if the local rice never thrives as a commercial crop, it will likely continue as a subsistence crop in West Africa. However, whether this is a lingering decline for a few more decades or a robust return to massive use depends on the responses of scientists, administrators, and others. Even in its current neglected form the plant has something to offer, but just a small amount of support, promotion, and practical research seems likely to bring dramatic improvements.
The problems of shattering and brittle grain can undoubtedly be overcome by careful scrutiny of the types already spread across West Africa. A small cash prize might well produce appropriate genotypes almost overnight. The same could happen for white-skin types, which many people would find more appealing than the main type of today. Even now, not all the varieties are red-skinned. In Guinea, Senegal, and the Gambia, for example, white types are said to be already available.
Although no one can be certain of what will happen with this crop in the coming decades, the prospects for doubling its production and overcoming its various technical limitations are good. Technical
Rice was cultivated in Africa long before any navigator from Java or Arabia could have introduced their kind of rice to Madagascar or the East African coast. The native rice was grown first in the central Niger delta, and later in the Gambia, Casamance, and Sokoto basins. African rice is now utilized particularly in the central Niger floodplain, the coastal zone between Senegal and Sierra Leone, and the mountainous areas of Guinea and the Ghana/Togo border.
The primary center (small map) shows the distribution of the wild form. The secondary centers are where notable arrays of cultivated types occur. The main rice belt is the zone where African rice is cultivated the most.
improvements, such as those just mentioned, could give it a solid future. It is now known only in West Africa, but eventually it might also find a place elsewhere. Although only a few African countries grow even Asian rice in a major way, it is the continent's fourth biggest cereal (after maize, pearl millet, and sorghum) in terms of area planted. And demand is ever rising as population, standards of living, urbanization, international travel (with its exposure to new cuisines), and the search for easy-to-prepare foods increase. At present, West Africa absorbs a quarter of the world's rice exports.
Humid Areas
On the face of it, African rice is at its biggest disadvantage in the humid lowlands. This is prime country for growing Asian paddy rice, whose current competitive edge makes it clearly the crop of choice. In addition, in this zone farmers and governments often invest in irrigation facilities, and to recoup their vast expenditures they must grow the highest yielding, highest selling crop. As a result, it is in this zone that African rice has suffered its most precipitous decline.
On the other hand, even here there seems to be a small but vital place for African rice. A recent survey in southern Sierra Leone, for example, found that even where Asian rice predominates farmers still retain one or two ultra-quick traditional types as ''hunger-breakers." And, faced with a worsening hungry season caused by economic recession or other factors, many farmers say they would revert to the short-duration African-rice varieties, if only they could find sources of seed.2
For the truly arid zones African rice is not a suitable crop, but on moderately watered sites (for example, where annual rainfall is at least 760 mm) or seasonally flooded sites its prospects seem good. The fact that some varieties mature 10-20 days before their principal Asian-rice rivals is significant in drylands where precipitation is often erratic. In northern Sierra Leone, for example, the rainy season in recent decades has been terminating early and with unusual abruptness. For this reason alone, farmers are cultivating African rice on at least some portion of their land.3 With it, they are assured of a harvest.
Upland Areas
In West Africa's highlands4 where this type of rice is still an important grain producer, it will continue to be important as
Information from P. Richards. For additional details, see box, page 28. Two Sierra Leone varieties, pende and mala, ripen within 90-110 days: pende is a strongly tillering variety valued also for its ability to smother weeds.
Information from P. Richards.
By most standards, these lands are not very high—only about 1,000 m above sea level.
a subsistence crop. The upland varieties are notably useful in shifting agriculture. They also have a place in crop rotations because their root systems and susceptibility to soilborne diseases differ from those of the major crops. Planting them for a season or so tends to "sanitize" the site.
For lands beyond Africa, prospects are slight. There, African rice offers few benefits over the Asian species and may not adapt well.5 Although it might have a future as a small specialty crop, more likely it will become an accursed weed, especially in rice fields.
African rice can be used for all the same purposes as Asian rice. It is thus extremely versatile. There are, however, some specialized local uses. West Africa's Mandingo and Susu people, for instance, use rice flour and honey to make a sweet-tasting bread, so special that it is the centerpiece of ceremonial rituals. Rice beer is popular throughout West Africa, and in Nigeria a special beer (called betso or buza) is made from rice and honey. Also, in Ivory Coast there is a project to use African rice as a component of baby foods.
Both rices are principally carbohydrate sources. However, in practice African rice's nutritional quality is greater than that of Asian rice.6 This seems to be not because of any inherent difference but because it is more difficult to polish. Asian rice is invariably polished to a greater degree, and therefore more of its nutrients (especially the important vitamin, thiamine) are lost.
As with Asian rice, African rice is grown in three major ways: dryland (or upland), paddy, and "floating."
For instance, one reason why African rice is not better known internationally is that it grows poorly in the Philippines, where the world's major rice-research facility is located. This is not a measure of inferiority—just a lack of adaptation to the local conditions, especially to viral diseases.
Information from the Food and Nutrition Board, Food Research Institute, Ghana.
About 40 percent of the rice production in Africa's 15 major rice-producing countries relies on rain as the only source of water. Almost all of that area employs the Asian species, but West Africa still grows a small but significant amount of dryland African rice. Indeed, in certain parts of Ghana and Togo it is the chief staple.
The dryland form thrives in light soils wherever there is a rainy season of at least 4 months and minimum rainfall of 760 mm. It is often interplanted with millets, maize, sorghum, beniseed, roselle, cowpea, cassava, or cotton. Today's varieties mature in 90-170 days. Yields average 450-900 kg per hectare, but can go as high as 1,680 kg per hectare.
Only about one-sixth of Africa's rice is produced using irrigation and 60 percent of that is in just one country—Madagascar. Swamp rice, however, is being increasingly cultivated in former mangrove areas of the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and Sierra Leone. Essentially all of it at present is the Asian species.
African rice can also be grown in the same way. It can be seeded into damp soil or transplanted to fields under water. These types mature in 140-220 days. The yield ranges from 1,000 to 3,000 kg per hectare.7
In the River Niger's inland delta in Mali, farmers grow various forms of floating African rice. These plants lengthen prodigiously to keep their heads at the surface of the floodwaters, where they flower and set seed. One type (songhai tomo) can grow in water more than 3 m deep.
Floating varieties can utilize deeply inundated basins where nothing else can be raised. They are often harvested from canoes. They ripen in 180-250 days. Yields range from 1,000 to 3,000 kg per hectare, depending on the amount of rainfall early in the growing season and on the eventual depth of the subsequent floods.
HARVESTING AND HANDLING
African rice is handled like its more famous Asian cousin, but (as noted) its grains tend to split, and so greater care must be taken. Also, it is more difficult to hull.
As is to be expected with such a neglected crop, yields are variable and uncertain. However, there are hints that they are not as low as
In the region of Timbuktu a very promising, nonfloating, dwarf type called riz kobé is grown on runoff water in the rainy season. (Information from W. Schreurs.)
NUTRITIONAL PROMISE
Moisture (g)
Food energy (Kc)
Fiber (g)
Ash (g)
Thiamin (mg)
Niacin (mg)
Calcium (mg)
Iron (mg)
Phosphorus (mg)
COMPARATIVE QUALITY
A glance at this chart shows that whole-grain African rice is at least as rich as white (i.e., Asian) rice in most nutrients. In some vitamins and minerals it is far superior.
Rice in Sierra Leone
Recently, researchers surveyed the distribution and use of rice in Sierra Leone. Following is their account of their findings. It is probably indicative of the situation throughout much of West Africa.
In visits to just over 500 farmers in all parts of Sierra Leone, we found that 245 types ("varieties") of rice were in use. Of these, 24 were African rice.
Although it generally yields less than Asian rice, African rice survives—and may even be making a modest comeback in some areas, especially in the drier northwest. There are a number of reasons for this. Compared with Asian rice, African rice:
Seems to manage better on extremely impoverished soils.
Competes better with weeds. Indeed, farmers pressed by labor shortages leave the crop to fend for itself. African rice will yield something even where Asian rice is choked out of existence by weeds. This is important because for small-scale rice farmers labor shortage is the most pressing constraint.
Matures quicker. Nearly all the samples we collected matured in 100-125 days and are therefore among the quickest ripening rice cultivars in the country. (The average for dryland Asian rice in our sample was 130-140 days, and for wetland, 160-170 days.)
Is preferred by many of the people. Several informants believed that African rice is nutritionally superior. They say that it is "heavy in the stomach" and keeps hunger at bay far longer
commonly claimed. For example, five years of experiments at two sites in Ivory Coast found that 16 populations of African rice (selected for their productivity) compared favorably with three top varieties of Asian rice. Despite their natural lodging and spontaneous shattering, the best African rice varieties (BG 141 and BG 187) gave average and remarkably stable yields of 1,500-1,800 kg per hectare (depending on the site) as did their Asian counterpart (Moroberekan), the traditional upland variety promoted in Ivory Coast.8
Clement and Goli, 1987. In most cases, African-rice varieties from Guinea-Bissau proved higher yielding than those of other origin.
than the average Asian rice. Also, they often told us that it tastes "sweeter." And they said it keeps well after cooking. This is particularly important because many people prepare food only once a day, but members of the family drop by to eat at any time.
In northwestern Sierra Leone, however, Asian rice is preferred. People in this area complained that African rice is difficult to husk and that cleaning off its tough red bran takes a lot of work. Women in particular complained of the extra workload it imposes.
On the other hand, in other parts of the country redness was an important advantage. For example, Mende people in the south and east look on the red tinge (found on incompletely milled grains) as a guarantee that the sample is not a foreign rice. Rice soaked in palm oil plays a major part in their rituals, and it is unthinkable for them to use an Asian wetland variety.
In their fields, Sierra Leone farmers draw no distinction between Asian and African rices. Both species go by the same name: mba (Mende) or pa (Temne). The fields are very mixed from a genetic point of view. The farmers prefer it that way and, seemingly, they deliberately foster diversity because most of them know how to rogue out undesirable types and would do so if they wanted to.
We noticed that the African and Asian species appear to have hybridized in many places. A number of the most popular Temne rices, for example, are in fact intermediate types (judged by ligule form, grain shape, and panicle type). Certain named landraces seemed to be neither Asian nor African rice and may be assigned to either or both species.
Paul Richards, Serrie Kamara,
Osman Bah, Joseph Amara, Malcolm Jusu
In its present state, African rice certainly has limitations, including those listed below:
Lodging. The plants tend to have weak stalks, and late-season windstorms can sometimes topple them.
Shattering. Today's plants tend to drop the seed as it matures.
Splitting. The seed tends to break in half if handled roughly.
Color. Although the grain itself is always white, most types have red husks.
Processing. To remove the husk is laborious.
Weediness. In West Africa, extensive genetic interaction occurs between African rice's wild and cultivated races. The mixed populations that build up can be extremely complex. The weedy results infest the rice fields and can be serious pests.9
Diseases. Compared to Asian rice, it can be more susceptible to numerous fungi as well as to the parasitic plant striga and to a brown spot of unknown cause.
Although these limitations collectively add up to a fearsome combination, they mainly reflect the neglect this crop suffers from. All are now circumvented by people who grow and use African rice; research can undoubtedly reduce their severity if not overcome them entirely. Moreover, several of these limitations are also characteristic of competing grains.
African rice must be kept from dying out as a crop. It deserves research, development, greater promotion, and support. At the very least it has genes of potential value to its near relation, the world's second biggest food crop. Actions to be taken include the following:
Friends of African Rice
A good start could be made by an organization of volunteers—both professionals and amateurs—who join together in a cooperative spirit to explore, protect, promote, and provide samples of this millennia-old resource. They might also collect the legends that come with the various types before they, too, die.
Researchers are now working on rice in Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and other countries. An international center, the West African Rice Development Association, specializes in the crop. And two French institutes, Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM) and Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrières-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (IRAT-CIRAD), also have rice programs in Africa. All but one of these organizations work almost exclusively on Asian rice, but the presence of their expertise means that there are good opportunities to advance the development of its African relative.10 One way to stimulate
Such a gene flow between wild and cultivated species is also of long-term benefit to the crop. It maintains a broad genetic base and enhances its ability to resist drought, pests, diseases, and other hazards. But to a farmer faced with the need for high yields of uniform grain, it can be a curse.
Research contacts for these and other programs are listed in Appendix G.
interest within the international scientific community is to collect all available research data and publish a detailed monograph on African rice.
As noted earlier, the availability of precooked products made from African rice might do much to halt its decline and, indeed, to turn it around. Innovation, ingenuity, and marketing skill could be employed to return this food to prominence. It might well start out as a specialty product, selling at a premium to hotels for tourists and to those people dedicated to African traditions.
Seed Supply
In many areas the amount of seed in circulation is so low as to render the species nonviable. It is important to keep up a supply of seed. Then, at least, the farmers who want to keep growing African rice won't be excluded as is now apparently happening in Sierra Leone.
Samples of African rice have been gathered by various organizations, notably the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), ORSTOM, and IRAT-CIRAD. This has been stored for purposes of conservation and possible plant breeding.11
For all that, however, many interesting types undoubtedly remain to be collected across the vastness of West Africa.
Agronomic Studies
Since little hard data on this crop exists, it would be useful for students of agronomy to take up the many challenges of "filling in the map." Examples include the following:
Selecting nonshattering genotypes or developing techniques to overcome shattering.
Testing strains for salt tolerance.
Locating types for drought avoidance.
Measuring cell sap osmotic adjustment.
Testing the plant's storage capacity and dormancy requirements.
Reducing broken grains. Certain strains of Asian rice also suffer this problem and recent research has shown that providing adequate nitrogen fertilizer largely overcomes it.12
Research in deep-water rice is vital and long overdue. The resources available—climate, water, and growing area—along with
A collection of about 4,000 samples of seeds of wild and cultivated African rice, as well as Asian rice landraces that have been cultivated in Africa for a long time, is held at ORSTOM and IRAT-CIRAD. It results from 14 collecting missions in 12 African countries. Eighty-five percent are cultivated landraces (both African and Asian); 15 percent are wild African species.
This research was done by Robert H. Dilday, USDA-ARS Rice Production and Weed Control Research Unit, P.O. Box 287, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160, USA.
proper research could perhaps triple production of deep-water rice in the Niger's inland delta. This is one area of research that can do something toward reducing hunger in one of the regions of Africa most in need of help.
Genetic Improvement
Although the current African types shed grain more readily than the Asian ones, some improvements have been bred into dryland varieties. Additional research emphasizing seed shattering could make a big difference. Because the gene for nonshattering is recessive, the selection of nonshattering types should be rapid, and true breeding should be immediate. Other improvements might include selection for resistance to disease. This resistance exists in the various genotypes, and the major problem is not to lose these local types as Asian rice spreads even further. For the uplands, any form of rice must resist blast and sheath blight. All types must also resist rice yellow-mottle virus; some local cultivars already do.
For areas dependent on seasonal flooding, varieties must resist lodging and respond to fertilizer; the transplant types must tolerate widely varying periods of growth in the nursery (while farmers await the onset of the unpredictable natural flooding).
Researchers are at present "mapping" the chromosomes of both African and Asian rice, identifying the portions that control various features of the plant.13 This powerful modern technique will "jumpstart" the genetic improvement of African rice (see box, page 34). Perhaps it could also facilitate the transfer of useful genetic material between the two.
Oryza glaberrima Steudel
Oryza barthii ssp. glaberrima
English: African rice, glaberrima rice
French: riz pluvial africain, vieux riz, riz africain, riz flottant
Cameroon: erisi (Banyong)
Guinea: Baga-malé, malé, riz des Baga
Mali: Issa-mo (river rice), mou-bér (great rice)
Sierra Leone: kebelei, mba, mbei (Mende), mala (Kissi), Kono, pa (Temne)
Information from G. Second.
African rice is an annual grass that grows generally between 66 and 120 cm tall. It is highly variable. The dryland types have smooth, simple culms that can form roots at the lower nodes and are simply branched up to the panicle (flower cluster). The floating types can form branches and even roots at the upper nodes. The panicles are stiff, smooth, and compact. The flowers are self-fertilizing; however, some inter- and intraspecific cross-pollination occurs.
From a distance, Asian rice and African rice are similar in appearance. However, African rice has diminutive ligules (small, thin membranes found at the base of the leaf where it joins the stem). Its compact panicles have less branching. Its spikelets lack lawns. It is completely annual and dies after setting seed. Asian rice, on the other hand, continues growing so that late in the season the two can look strikingly different.
African rice is important mainly throughout the southwestern region of West Africa, but it can be found as far east as Lake Chad, especially in the lands of the Sahel that are seasonally flooded by the Niger, Volta, and other rivers.
It has apparently been introduced to India. Also, it may have been taken to Brazil by seventeenth-century Portuguese explorers. Somehow it has also reached El Salvador and Costa Rica.14
Cultivated Varieties
Many cultivars of African rice have been obtained by natural crossings and inbreeding, giving forms with compact panicles and heavy grains. In particular, there are numerous swamp varieties suited to different soil and drainage conditions.15 In northern Mali alone are found about 30 cultivars of the floating type.16 Examples of upland varieties of African rice are ITA 208, IRAT 112, Mutant 18, IRAT 104, and ISA 6.17
In Upper Gambia, Guinea, and Senegal (Casamance) can be found a special group of African-rice genotypes with enhanced recessive
It was collected there in the 1950s by Roland Porteres, a French botanist who specialized in studying West African grasses and was a pioneer in bringing the promise of African rice to world attention.
One researcher collected about 180 varieties in the inland Niger delta. P. Martin. 1976. Amélioration des conditions de production du riz flottant au Mali (période 19631-973). L'Agronomie Tropicale 31(2):194-201.
Information from W. Schreurs.
Information from J. Ayuk-Taken.
Could African Rice Go High-Tech?
The world's rice research is overwhelmingly focused on Asian rice, but the remarkable developments now emerging from laboratories may bring big advances to African rice, on the side. Following are examples.
Gene Mapping. Molecular biologists have recently ''marked" the locations on rice chromosomes where genes for certain genetic attributes are carried. These markers can be used to track the genes for those traits. The ability to determine whether a desired gene is present or absent in any sample bestows enormous power. It can, for instance, help find a desired gene in wild as well as cultivated species, it can find a "hidden" gene in a given plant where the gene's outward effects are masked, and it vastly simplifies the sorting of thousands of crossbred specimens—something that formerly could take a lifetime of tedious effort.
Gene markers based on restriction-fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are being developed for both Asian and African rices. For instance, in 1988 a team at Cornell University found markers for various traits on the set of 12 chromosomes that (in both species) carries all the genetic characteristics. That first map had 135 genetic landmarks; later versions have more than 300.
A particular strength of this new work is that breeders can now work with very young seedlings. In other words, they can tell whether a certain gene is present without waiting months for the plant to mature. This can cut the time needed to breed a new variety—usually 10-12 seasons—in half.
Although the genomes (chromosome sets) of both African and Asian rice have been mapped, the rest of the effort has so far been solely on Asian rice. Nonetheless, most results from Asian rice are likely to be easily transferable. The genome is relatively small, containing only a tenth as much DNA as maize.
Test-Tube Reproduction. Although until recently no grass had been cloned using tissue culture, today Asian rice, maize, sorghum, and vetiver have succumbed. African rice has so far not been cultured in the test tube but, given the new insights, it seems a likely candidate for this powerful procedure.
Several teams have managed to regenerate fertile rice plants from protoplasts—cells from which the wall has been removed. This makes it even easier to fiddle with rice genes. Already, DNA from bacteria has been transferred into rice protoplasts. Mature plants, grown from these protoplasts, have transmitted the implanted DNA to their offspring.
High-Lysine Forms. In the early 1990s, U.S. Department of Agriculture researchers discovered Asian rice plants with both high protein quality and high protein levels. This has raised hopes that extremely nutritious varieties can be bred for the first time.
To find these new forms, Gideon W. Schaeffer, Francis T. Sharpe, Jr., and John Dudley gave small clumps of rice cells a lethal dose of lysine (an amino acid vital for good health) in a laboratory dish. Only a tiny fraction survived the treatment. Those few cells, however, could allow more lysine than normal to be made. The scientists grew them into whole rice plants and found that the resulting high-lysine plants are true genetic mutants and therefore suitable for breeding new commercial varieties. Some of the crossbreeds have succeeded in producing seed of near-normal weights and good fertility but with greatly enhanced nutritional quality.
The high-lysine trait is apparently controlled by a single recessive gene. The scientists have begun isolating this gene so as to provide it to genetic engineers for incorporation into the world's Asian-rice crop. The work would likely be easily transferable to create high-lysine forms of its African cousin.
Hybrids. Both the male and female parts on rice flowers are normally fertile, but researcher J. Neil Rutger of the U.S. Department of Agriculture has found that growing certain rice plants in 15-hour daylight makes them essentially female. The plants never develop fertile pollen. This may provide a cheap and easy way to boost rice yields to a much higher level than at present. Because the modified plants cannot pollinate themselves, they are ready-made for pollination by other plants. Any pollination, therefore, produces hybrids, which are often known to produce robust and high-yielding plants. This process has not yet been tested on African rice, but Rutger believes that it might well work.
Asaf Hybrids. Recent decades have seen several dozen research papers on the genetic and morphological results of crossing Asian rice with African rice. Most have emerged from laboratories in Japan, Taiwan, and China. The driving force behind them appears to be the attempt to raise the yield of Asian rice by forming hybrids.
At least in principle, crosses between African rice and Asian rice might improve the yield of either or both. Although the botanical literature stresses their incompatibility, the two are genetically close. Both are self-pollinating diploids (2n = 24) and possess the same genome, which rice geneticists call AA.
characters such as white husks, spikelets persisting to maturity, and vegetative and floral organs without anthocyanins. These seem to indicate a secondary region of diversity and may be particularly valuable genetic resources.
Varies from neutral to strongly sensitive, depending on variety. However, most dryland types now in use are sensitive to photoperiod. They flower with the advent of the dry season. On the other hand, most floating types (at least in northern Mali) show little sensitivity to daylength.
Some upland varieties can produce adequately with precipitation as low as about 700 mm.
From sea level to 1,700 m.
Average temperatures below about 25°C retard growth and reduce yields. Below about 20°C these effects are pronounced.
African rice does well at temperatures above 30°C. Above about 35°C, however, spikelet fertility drops off noticeably.
Some cultivars apparently can outperform Asian rice on alkaline sites as well as on phosphorus-deficient sites. Not unexpectedly, however, the crop performs best on alluvial soils.
At least two of African rice's close relatives are regularly gathered for food, often in sufficient abundance to appear in the markets.
Orza barthii (Oryza breviligulata)18 is an annual that commonly occurs in seasonally flooded areas from Mauritania to Tanzania and from the Sudan to Botswana. It is the wild progenitor of cultivated
The nomenclature of wild rices in Africa has been very confused. The names Oryza stapfii, Oryza breviligulata, and Oryza barthii often occur with uncertain usage. Much of the older literature is rendered useless by this. It is now considered that Oryza barthii is the direct ancestor of Oryza glaberrima. The name Oryza breviligulata is now considered invalid, as is Oryza stapfii the name formerly given to the weedy races of African rice.
African rice. It can form meadows in inundated areas. Its grain falls off so easily that it must be carefully collected by hand. (People use a basket or calabash, and sometimes they tie the stalks in knots to make harvesting easier.) It tastes good and is sometimes sold in markets. However, wherever rice is cultivated, this plant is regarded mostly as a weed to be eradicated. Certain strains of this species are immune to bacterial blight of rice (Xanthomonas), which could give them a valuable future as genetic resources.19
Oryza longistaminata is a common wild rice found throughout tropical Africa as far south as Namibia and Transvaal, as well as Madagascar. Unlike the other species, it is a perennial with rhizomes. It is tall and outcrossing. It usually grows in creeks and drainage canals and reproduces by suckers, often setting few seeds. Nonetheless, these meager grains are sought in times of shortage.
S. Devadath. 1983. A strain of Oryza barthii an African wild rice immune to bacterial blight of rice. Current Science (Bangalore) 52(1): 27-28.
Next: 2 Finger Millet »
Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains Get This Book
Scenes of starvation have drawn the world's attention to Africa's agricultural and environmental crisis. Some observers question whether this continent can ever hope to feed its growing population. Yet there is an overlooked food resource in sub-Saharan Africa that has vast potential: native food plants.
When experts were asked to nominate African food plants for inclusion in a new book, a list of 30 species grew quickly to hundreds. All in all, Africa has more than 2,000 native grains and fruits--"lost" species due for rediscovery and exploitation.
This volume focuses on native cereals, including
African rice, reserved until recently as a luxury food for religious rituals.
Finger millet, neglected internationally although it is a staple for millions.
Fonio (acha), probably the oldest African cereal and sometimes called "hungry rice."
Pearl millet, a widely used grain that still holds great untapped potential.
Sorghum, with prospects for making the twenty-first century the "century of sorghum."
Tef, in many ways ideal but only now enjoying budding commercial production.
Other cultivated and wild grains.
This readable and engaging book dispels myths, often based on Western bias, about the nutritional value, flavor, and yield of these African grains.
Designed as a tool for economic development, the volume is organized with increasing levels of detail to meet the needs of both lay and professional readers. The authors present the available information on where and how each grain is grown, harvested, and processed, and they list its benefits and limitations as a food source.
The authors describe "next steps" for increasing the use of each grain, outline research needs, and address issues in building commercial production.
Sidebars cover such interesting points as the potential use of gene mapping and other "high-tech" agricultural techniques on these grains.
This fact-filled volume will be of great interest to agricultural experts, entrepreneurs, researchers, and individuals concerned about restoring food production, environmental health, and economic opportunity in sub-Saharan Africa.
Selection, Newbridge Garden Book Club
Front Matter i–xxii
Foreword 1–2
1 African Rice 17–38
2 Finger Millet 39–58
3 Fonio (Acha) 59–76
4 Pearl Millet 77–92
5 Pearl Millet: Subsistence Types 93–110
6 Pearl Millet: Commercial Types 111–126
7 Sorghum 127–144
8 Sorghum: Subsistence Types 145–158
9 Sorghum: Commercial Types 159–176
10 Sorghum: Specialty Types 177–194
11 Sorghum: Fuel and Utility Types 195–214
12 Tef 215–236
13 Other Cultivated Grains 237–250
Wild Grains 251–272
Appendix A: Potential Breakthroughs for Grain Farmers 273–284
Appendix B: Potential Breakthroughs in Grain Handling 285–296
Appendix C: Potential Breakthroughs in Convenience Foods 297–311
Appendix D: Potential Breakthroughs in Child Nutrition 312–317
Appendix E: After Words 318–328
Appendix F: References and Selected Readings 329–341
Appendix G: Research Contacts 342–359
Appendix H: Notes on Nutritional Charts 360–362
Appendix I: Lost Crops of Africa Series 363–366
Index of Foods 367–368
Index of Plants 369–372
BOSTID Innovation Program 373–375
Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) 376
BOSTID Publications 377–386


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text:
Counterview
True Lies
Gujarat passport office "adds" to woes of abandoned children, doesn't know birth certificate isn't mandatory
By Our Representative
Does the passport office in Gujarat, widely proclaimed as a "model" state, not know that orphan/abandoned children are exempted from the mandatory requirement of submission of a birth certificate along with passport application form? It would seem so if what happened on Friday is any indication.
A senior activist of Ahmedabad-based non-government organization (NGO), who has adopted a girl child, has told Counterview that she approached the Gujarat passport office for finding out the procedure for getting a passport for her, but was "shocked" to find later that the officials do not know about it.
"Today, I went to passport office and they said they will not proceed without a birth certificate – I was about to file a writ and came across a government notification, about which the passport officials not aware", the activist said.
"Now I want other parents to know so that they are not harassed", the activist said, adding, "Those of us who adopt such children struggle hard for getting passports of our kids, for which they insist on birth certificates which is not available – so people end up bribing, finding various means for getting one."
Saying that all this is clearly "psychologically damaging for the mother as well as the child", the activist quoted from the Ministry of External Affairs notification, dated May 26, 2015, which says that the birth certificate is no longer necessary if the child is an orphan or has been abandoned, provided she or he is born on or after January 26, 1989.
The notification (click HERE) says that, the ministry in its circular dated February 14, 1989, had decided that all the applicants born or after January 26, 1989, would "mandatorily require to provide a birth certificate issued by the Municipal Authority or the Registrar of Births & Deaths as proof of date of birth along with the passport application form."
The May 2015 notification says, "In the recent past, a number of references have been received from various orphanages/childcare homes and legal experts highlighting the plight of those orphan/abandoned children born on or after January 26, 1989, who could not get the passport facilities in the absence of mandatory birth certificate in support of their date of birth proof."
"Such children are unable to obtain the birth certificates as the names of biological parents are not known to them and the precise date of birth cannot be ascertained", the notification says, adding, "Various representations have been received in the Ministry for relaxing the statutory condition of production of birth certificate for passport in respect of such orphan/abandoned children."
On considering such requests/representations, the notification says, "It has been decided that the Passport Issuing Authorities (PIAs) while processing the case of orphan/abandoned children born on or after January 26, 1989", may consider providing any of the optional certificates along with their passport application.
Copy of the birth certificate, or
Date of birth recorded in the matriculation certificate issued by duly recognized/affiliated educational institution along with the bonafide certificate duly sworn by the Head of the orphanage/childcare home (in case of minor) or by applicant himself (in case of major) before the First Class Judicial Magistrate/Executive Magistrate categorically stating his/her date of birth/place of birth; or
Declaratory Court order issued by the court of competent jurisdiction recording the date of birth/place of birth of such an applicant in the order.
Insisting that "all PIAs In India and abroad are requested to comply with the above instructions", the notification has been signed by India's Chief Passport Officer.
Culture Education Gender Justice Law Politics
Labels: Culture Education Gender Justice Law Politics
Mystery around Gujarat PSU 'transfer' of Rs 250 crore to Canadian firm Karnalyte
By AK Luke, IAS (Retd)*
While returning from a Board meeting of the Oil India Limited (OIL) in Ahmedabad some time in 2012, two officers of the Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals Ltd (GSFC), Nanavaty and Patel, saw me off at the airport. They said they were proceeding to Canada in connection with a project GSFC had entered into with a company there. As we were running late, I hastily wished them the best.
Savarkar in Ahmedabad 'declared' two-nation theory in 1937, Jinnah followed 3 years later
One of the top freedom fighters whom BJP and Prime Minister Narendra Modi revere the most, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, was also a great supporter of the two nation theory for India, one for Hindus another for Muslims, claims a new expose on the man who is also known to be the original proponent of the concept of Hindutva.
J&K continues to be haunted, as parts of India 'degenerate' into quasi-Kashmir situation
By Rajendran Narayanan*, Sandeep Pandey**
"Jab har saans mein bandook dikhe toh baccha kaise bekhauf rahe?" (How can a child be fearless when she sees a gun in every breath?) remarked Anwar, a gardener from Srinagar, when asked about the situation in Kashmir. On November 30, 2019, a walk through an iron gate in a quiet neighbourhood of Srinagar took us inside a public school. It was 11 am when typically every school is abuzz with activity. Not here though.
Indians have made 119 nations their 'karma bhumi': US-based Hindu NGO tells Rupani
Counterview Desk
In a stinging letter to Gujarat chief minister Vijay Rupani, the US-based Hindus for Human Rights (HfHR), referring to the report citing his justification for the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) – that "while Muslims can choose any one of the 150 Islamic countries in the world (for residence), India is the only country for Hindus" – has said, he should remember, Hindus have made several countries, including USA, their home.
Tata Mundra's possible closure? Power ministry's 'pressure tactic' on consumer states
By Bharat Patel*
Tata power has announced to the Union Ministry of Power that Tata Power may be forced to stop operating its imported coal-based Mundra Ultra-Mega Power Project (UMPP) after February, 2020. It is not only unfortunate but also criminal that irreversible damage has been caused to the fragile ecosystem of Mundra coast for a project that will have a running life of only seven years.
Population control? 10% Indian couples want to delay next pregnancy, but fail
Shireen Jejeebhoy, director at Aksha Centre for Equity and Wellbeing, previously senior associate at the Population Council, India, argues that the debate on the country's population was fuelled by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Independence Day address to the nation, where he drew attention to "concern" about the challenges posed by this 'exploding' population growth, needs to centre around the promotion of rights and education, instead of the language of explosion and the threat of coercion that this term implies.
Upendra Baxi on foolish excellence, Indian judges and Consitutional cockroaches
By Rajiv Shah
In a controversial assertion, top legal expert Upendra Baxi has sought to question India's Constitution makers for neglecting human rights and social justice. Addressing an elite audience in Ahmedabad, Prof Baxi said, the constitutional idea of India enunciated by the Constituent Assembly tried to resolve four key conflicting concepts: governance, development, rights and justice.
Savarkar 'opposed' Bhagat Singh's, Netaji's dream of India, supported British war efforts
By Shamsul Islam*
In a shocking development, the student wing of the RSS put the busts of martyrs Bhagat Singh and Subhash Chandra Bose with Savarkar's on one pedestal at the University of Delhi late in the night on August 20, 2019. Bhagat Singh sacrificed his life for a socialist-democratic-secular republic and Netaji raised Azad Hind Fauj (INA) consisting of people of all religions and regions for armed liberation of India.
Kerala governor turned History Congress into political arena, 'insulted' Prof Irfan Habib
In a signed statement, office bearers of the Aligarh Society of History and Archaeology (ASHA), Prof Syed Ali Nadeem Rezavi (president), Prof Jabir Raza (vice-president), Prof Manvendra Kumar Pundhir (secretary) and Prof Farhat Hasan (joint secretary), have said that Kerala governor Arif Mohammad Khan had sought to insult veteran historian Prof Irfan Habib, 88, at the 80th session of the Indian History Congress, even as turning it into his "political arena".
This is the blogging column of Rajiv Shah, editor, Counterview. A little weird, a little satirical, it is called True Lies, the same name which was chosen for his blogging column in the Times of India (TOI). Rajiv's TOI blogs can be accessed here.
October 2019 102
August 2019 116
April 2019 107
March 2019 107
February 2019 105
January 2019 100
December 2018 106
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