On this day in the History of The Holocaust July 31st. 1919 sees Germany adopt the Weimar constitution. On July 29th. 1921 Hitler becomes Chairman NSDAP, enroute toward becoming der Fuhrer. On July 14th. 1925 the Allies commence withdrawal from the Ruhr and on July 18th. Hitler's 1st. Volume of 'Mein Kampf', My Struggle, is published. On July 31st. 1932 the Nazi's secure 37.3% of the Election votes cast, winning 230 of the 608 seats in the Reichstag. They are now the Largest single Party in German Government. On July 1st. 1933 the German government reiterates that Hitler still belongs to the Catholic Church and has no intention of leaving it. On July 14th. The Nazi Party becomes Germany's only legally recognised political party. The Law Regarding Revocation of Naturalisation and the Annulment of German Citizenship removes German citizenship from Eastern European Jews and Gypsies resident in Germany.
The Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases is decreed and euthanasia, for those declared 'lebensunwertes Leben,' of a 'life unworthy of life', will be murdered. The law is endorsed by the American Eugenics Society and meanwhile, Jews will be refused entry into Law Schools under Hitler's personal wishes. On July 20th. Reich Concordat with Pope Pius XI and the Vatican, a treaty protecting Catholic rights in Germany for the church while this gives Hitler 'Political recognition'. On July 31st. approximately 30,000 people are by now interned in Hitler's Nazi Concentration Camps. On July 4th. 1934 Theodor Eicke establishes the Inspectorate of Concentration Camps at Dachau. On July 10th. the Polish anti-Semitic organisation 'Oboz Narodowo-Radykalny' is banned by Polish leader Marshal Jozef Pilsudski, three months after its formation.
On July 20th. the SS is strengthened and becomes autonomous of the much weakened SA and the SS now overhauls the Camp system. On July 25th. a Nazi Putsch in Austria fails and the Austrian Prime Minister, Engelbert Dollfuss is murdered. On July 26th. Franz von Papen becomes special envoy to Austria. On July 1st. 1935 The Society for Research into the Teaching of Ancestral Heritage, 'Ahnenerbe Forschungs und Lehrgemeinschaft' founded. This will become an anti-Semitic undertaking, studying the racial history of the German people. On July 3rd. 1936 in the assembly room of the League of Nations in Geneva, Stefan Lux, a German Jew, kills himself in protest at Hitler's, and Germany's ill treatment of the Jews. On July 11th. Hitler agrees Austrian Sovereignty and the following day, on July 12th. Prisoners and civilian workers begin to construct Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp, at Oranienburg, 32 Kilometres from Berlin.
Evian hands Hitler the confirmation that he has captured the mood of indifference that the World holds for the Jewish predicament and this is reflected in a News Paper article the day before the Evian Conference ends on July 15th.. On July 14th. Pope Pius XI is 'politically' displeased and shares a hope that the Italian leader Benito Mussolini would not be inadvertently influenced by Hitler. However, an Italian Manifesto of the Racial Scientists is issued which suggests otherwise and this is barely 5 months after Mussolini declared he did not envisage a Jewish Problem.
Thursday July 14th. 1938 "..Jews for Sale at a Bargain price. Who Wants Them? No One!" German Newspaper Reichswart.
On July 15th. The Evian Conference ends with none of those present unwilling or unable to resolve the major issue, and that is to admit large numbers of Jewish refugees who are facing an increasing weight of abuse and isolation. After 10 days of deliberation, the Jews under direct threat from Hitler must certainly feel abandoned. On July 21st. Jews in Germany are made to apply for identity cards and on July 25th. The Medical Certification of Jewish physicians is cancelled. On July 30th. Henry Ford receives the Grand Cross of the German Eagle from the Third Reich. On July 4th. 1939 Jews cannot be employed in Government positions and German Jewry is to be placed under the Reich Association of Jews, 'Reichsvereingung der Juden im Deutschland', authority. On July 26th. Adolf Eichmann takes charge of Prague Emigration Office.
Sunday July 30th. 1939 "..No doubt Jews are not ..loveable people ..do not care about them myself. ..not sufficient to explain ..pogrom." Neville Chamberlain.
On July 1st. in 1940's Poland the Bedzin Ghetto is established and 30,000 Jews will be Enclosed. On July 2nd. Martin Franz Julius Luther of the German Foreign Ministry circulates a proposal on The Madagascar Plan. In theory, it was proposed to remove all of Europe's Jews to this Island off the South East coast of Africa. It should also be noted here, that Mieczyslaw Lepecki headed a Polish Governmental Commission tasked, 3 years previously, in 1937, to investigate the likelihood of deporting their own Polish Jews to Madagaskar. On July 4th. the Ion Gigurtu Government takes over in Romania. On July 6th. Tadeusz Wiejowski, is the first successful escapee from Auschwitz.
"..local population is fanatically Polish and is ready to do anything against ..hated camp SS garrison. Every prisoner who manages to escape can count on all possible help as soon as he reaches ..first Polish homestead." SS Obersturmbannfuhrer Rudolf Hoess.
While this position is strictly true as it pertained to the position of the Poles detained in Labour Camp Auschwitz back in 1940, it would not hold out the same prospect for any of those escaping Jews when Hoess was given the directive to turn Auschwitz into a Death Camp with the structure of Birkenau ensuring the complete destruction of the Jews sent there. There was a two fold reason for this, as Poles would be automatically Murdered for their assistance of Jews, but it did not prevent some Poles from enriching themselves collaborating with Hitler's attempts to destroy all of Polish Jewry. On July 10th. Collaborationist French Government is formed at Vichy as the Battle of Britain begin. On July 12th. Hans Frank declares that he has convinced Hitler to cease his deportation of Jews to General Government.
Here, with the mere suggestion that Frank spoke to Hitler about the Deportation of the Jews into his Generalgouvernment territory, it ensures our awareness of Hitler's resolve for his Final Solution. On July 16th. the expulsion of Alsace's Jews begins and on July 18th. Warsaw Jews are barred from Public Parks and their Benches. On July 19th. the Zychlin Ghetto in Poland is established and 3,200 Jews will be Enclosed as German Jews have their phones confiscated and Britain rejects Hitler's peace overture in Reichstag speech. On July 21st. Hitler prepares for his attack on Russia, Operation Barbarossa. On July 23rd. Hitler visits Paris as the first Jewish mentally ill are murdered at the Brandenburg Institute and as Bishop Theophil Wurm objects to the 'euthanasia' project that is being conducted at Grafaneck also. On July 28th. Hitler meets the Slovakian leadership in Salzburg and urges a more radical solution to their own Jewish Question.
On July 1st. 1941 100's of Plunge's Jews are murdered and 100 Lyakhovichi Jews are murdered and the Wehrmacht now enters Riga. On July 2nd. Heydrich gives carte blanche to his Higher SS and Police Fuhrer's, the HSSPF, to deal exclusively and systemically with the Jewish People. Meanwhile 800 of Novo-Selista's Jews are Murdered as are 100's of Kamenka's Jews and 100's of Stryj's Jews, also Murdered. In earnest SS Standartenfuhrer Alfred Filbert's Einsatzkommando '9' sets about the murders of Vilna's Jews as SS Standartenfuhrer Karl Jaeger's Einsatzkommando '3' has overall responsibility for murder duties in Lithuania. On July 3rd. 4,000 of Lvov's Jews are murdered as are 3,500 of Zloczew's Jews 100's of Drohobycz's Jews 100 of Bialystok's Jews and 100 of Novogroduk's Jews, also murdered. Meanwhile, Josef Stalin issues a scorched Earth policy.
Friday July 4th. 1941 "..we are not ashamed of our badges. Let those be ashamed who have hung them on us." Yitzhak Rudashevski.
On July 4th. 5,000 of Tarnopol's Jews are murdered and over 2,000 of Lutsk's Jews are murdered at Lubard Fortress. 463 of Kovno's Jewish Men and Women murdered at Fort VII and 100's of Riga's Jews are murdered, forced into the Great Choral Synagogue, Gogol Street, set alight with those rounded up still inside.5 of the 6 other Riga Synagogues are set alight with their congregations locked inside. Nly Peitavas Street Synagogue survives. The Jews of Schodnica are Murdered as the Jewish Badge decree was issued to the Jews of Vilna, who were ordered to wear it. This identifying process, a symbol meant to serve as a subjugating badge of dishonour, was a stage on the road to Ponary Woods and was a progressive approach which so confused and then engulfed the Jewish People. Led into believing that the Germans were actually an acculturated and enlightened people, these Jews of Riga, and wherever Hitler held sway, were soon convinced otherwise.
On July 5th. Rudolf Schmundt, Hitler's adjutant, reports to his Fuhrer that thousands of Russian Jews have already been murdered as Zalman Tannenberg, the Piotrkow-Trybunalski Ghetto Judenrate Chairman is arrested and sent to Auschwitz. Along with 10 other Judenrate members, all are to be Murdered there. The Einsatzkommando are in Lvov and SS Hauptscharfuhrer Felix Landau affords the World a Testimony.
Saturday July 5th. 1941. "..There were 100's of Jews walking along ..street with blood pouring down their faces ..holes in their heads ..hands broken ..eyes hanging out of their sockets. ..covered in blood. Some ..carrying others who had collapsed. We went to ..citadel ..saw things that few people have ever seen. At ..entrance ..were soldiers standing guard. .. holding clubs ..thick as a man's wrist ..lashing out and hitting anyone who crossed their path. ..Jews were pouring out of ..entrance. ..rows of Jews lying one on top of ..other ..whimpering horribly. ..Jews kept streaming out ..completely covered in blood. ..just being hit out of rage and hatred." SS Hauptscharfuhrer Felix Landau.
O July 6th. 3,000 of Chernovtsy's Jews are murdered and 2,514 of Kovno's Jews are murdered at the VII Fort. 600 of Skalat's Jews are murdered and the Germans enter Czortkow where there are 8,000 Czortkow Jews to be resettled. The Lvov Jews are now ordered to wear the Yellow Star.
"..For ..past several months ..it has been reported that ..on instructions from Berlin ..patients who have been suffering for a long time from apparently incurable diseases have been forcibly removed from homes and clinics. Their relatives are later informed that ..patient has died ..that ..body has been cremated and that ..ashes may be claimed. There is little doubt that these numerous cases of unexpected death of ..insane are not natural but often deliberately caused ..and result from ..belief that it is right to take away life that is unworthy of being lived. This ghastly doctrine tries to justify ..murder of blameless men and would seek to give legal sanction to ..forcible killing of invalids ..cripples ..incurable and ..incapacitated. I have discovered that ..practice here in Westphalia is to compile lists of such patients who are to be removed elsewhere as unproductive citizens and ..after a period of time ..put to death. This very week ..first group of these patients has been taken from ..clinic of Marienthal near Munster." Bishop Clement August von Galen.
The Bishop of Munster, Clement August von Galen stated in his missal, which was protesting the actions of the T4 Euthanasia Programme. This was fully in line with the Fulda Pastoral letter and meanwhile, the Church is still silent over what is happening to the Jewish People. Remember also that the Euthanasia Programme, T4, was in operation ever since Hitler's Invasion of Poland. On July 7th. 2,000 of Khotin's Jews are murdered, 32 of Marijampole's Jews are also murdered with more than 8,794 of Marijampole's Jews who will be eventually murdered. The Germans have entered Buczacz. On July 8th. 40 of Przemysl's Jews are murdered, burned to Death in their Synagogue. 14 of Marijampole's Jews are murdered as the Mass Murder of Jews begins in Ponary Woods while the German forces enter Lipkany and many Jews are immediately Murdered.
All Baltic Jews are forced to wear 'Star of David,' the Jewish Badge of Honour and Hitler declared that Goering's Luftwaffe would reduce Moscow and Leningrad to rubble. This added to Hitler's euphoria of the day, when he would be spared the necessary feeding of populations within 2 cities, so reduced to rubble, the Russian people would supposedly cease to exist. Elsewhere, Mihai Antonescu the Romanian President of the Council of Ministers makes plans for "ethnic purification' as the Jews of Bessarabia and Bucovina are ejected from Romania. On July 9th. 34 of Wendziogala's Jewish Men and Women murdered and 24 Kovno Jewish Men and Women are murdered at the VII Fort. Meanwhile, British intelligence has broken the 'enigma' code. Now, before the Allied Nations lay the strategic values Hitler placed upon the advance 'East' and the 'resettlement' programme for the Jewish People he will have encountered there.
The Operational Situation Reports of der Einsatzgruppe in the East, these OSR's, are a clear indictment of the facts. However, as we read them today, they are cold and calculating and specify the relevance to Hitler of the Murder of every last Man, Woman and Child of the Jewish Faith. Also, and in depicting the Slaughter of the mainly Jewish People der Einsatzgruppe trawled the East for, all of what became known through the 'intelligence' led community, should have better prepared the West for all and any action to limit, decrease or even prevent the future terms of what The Holocaust would amount to. It is conceivably culpable, that given the knowledge which the Enigma cipher had presented, it is remarkable that any of the 6,000,000 Jews of Europe, Men, Women and Their Children still managed to be Murdered?
Friday July 11th. 1941 "..all Male Jews between 17 and 45 convicted as plunderer's are to be shot. ..shootings to take place away from Cities ..Villages ..thoroughfares. ..graves ..levelled in such a way ..no pilgrimage site can arise. ..I forbid photographing and ..spectators at ..executions. Executions and sites are not to be made know. Colonel Max Montua.
The order from Bach-Zalewski is reissued for the benefit of Montua's his own killing force, and as if Hitler needed some arbitrary excuse to Murder all the Jews he so wished, looting and plundering are given as some form of reasoning. It is clear however, that Colonel Montua has been given a directive which will allow for no future presence of the Jews to remain. Murdered and concealed, it will be the forensic status of Historical Archaeology which will deliver forward any Jewish Presence from the Killing Sites. As to the photographing of any of these atrocity's, though limited, History is fully able to observe what Montua sought to forbid. On July 11th. 7,800 of Kovno's Jews are murdered. 5,000 of Ternopol's Jews are murdered in a 7 day action. 100's of Vilna's Jews are murdered in Ponary Woods and the Vitebsk Ghetto in Byelorussia is established and 16,000 Jews will be Enclosed.
Friday July 11th. 1941 "..already know what was going on. ..3 pm ..large group of Jews ..taken ..300 people. ..hour later ..volleys began. Ten ..shot at a time." Kazimierz Sakowicz.
What the witness Kazimierz Sakowicz notes in his Diary is the procession of Vilna's Jews toward Ponary Woods and their destruction at the hands of the Einsatz, Lithuanian and Ukrainian Kommando's lined up to resolve the particular aspect of Vilna's Jewish Question.
Saturday July 12th. 1941 "..At 6:00 in ..morning ..awoken from a deep sleep. Report for an execution. Fine ..so I'll just play executioner and then gravedigger ..why not? 23 had to be shot ..amongst them 2 women. ..We had to find a suitable spot to shoot and bury them. After a few minutes we found a place. ..death candidates assembled with shovels to dig their own graves. Two of them were weeping. ..others certainly have incredible courage. ..Strange ..I am completely unmoved. No pity ..nothing. That's ..way it is and then it's all over. ..Valuables ..watches ..money ..put into a pile. ..2 women are lined up at one end of ..grave ready to be shot first. ..As ..women walked to ..grave they were completely composed. They turned around. Six of us had to shoot them. ..job ..assigned thus ..three at ..heart ..three at ..head. I took ..heart. ..shots were fired and ..brains whizzed through ..air. Two in ..head is too much. They almost tear it off. ..a few bodies ..rearranged with a pickaxe. ..I came back dog tired." SS Hauptscharfuhrer Felix Landau.
On July 12th., the British Russian Mutual Aid Pact is signed in Moscow as the Einsatzkommando are in Drohobycz and Felix Landau affords the World a Testimony. On July 14th. 21 of Marijampole's Jews are murdered as Adolf Hitler issues his War Directive, No. 32a, for the continuing conduct of operations in Russia. On July 16th. Hitler is now seen here, at the genesis of what must have been the early stages of what would intentionally become die Endlosung der Judenfrage, The Final Solution of the Jewish Question.
Wednesday July 16th. 1941 "..essential ..we do not proclaim our views ..before ..world. ..no need for that ..main thing ..we ourselves know what we want. ..all necessary measures ..shooting ..resettlement ..we shall take them." Adolf Hitler.
Thursday July 17th. 1941 "..There is a danger this winter that it will not be possible to feed all ..Jews. It should be seriously considered whether ..most humane solution would not be to do away with ..Jews ..unless they are capable of working ..by means of some quick method. In any case ..this would be more convenient than letting them starve to death." Rolf Heinz Hoeppner.
While the contention of history remains that few knew fully what Hitler demanded, the world woke to a devastation unparalleled in all history, and the destruction of 6,000,000 Jewish People. A rubicon had been crossed and the civilising warrant towards humanity was tossed aside. Hitler fully articulated these ambiguous terms, and he himself set before time the methodology to disguise what hen himself intended for the Jews. For today's understanding of what resettlement surely meant, and in these unambiguous terms, shooting, death and destruction for all of his enemies would follow. We know too that the Jews figured crucially in those terms of reference, where hatred was clearly uttered and countenanced and the intention can only ever have been that Hitler was intent upon the devastation and total destruction of the Jewish People. Hitler developed such a strategy along a line toward a final and destructive assault upon the integrity of the Jews, wherever Hitler found them.
While only Hitler knew all and every detail of a world view that encapsulated a discourse signalling the destruction of the Jews, few could then and now deny the truth of all that Hitler professed. On July 17th. 1,200 of Slonim's Jews are Murdered and 6 Jews of Babtei are also murdered. Reinhard Heydrich once more escalates the search for Hitler's final solution with an order to murder all captured Jewish Prisoner's of War and Alfred Rosenberg is now appointed Reich Minister for the Eastern Occupied Territories. On July 18th 4,000 of Lipkany's Survivors are further expelled toward Transnistria and many were Murdered en-route, few ever returned. Elsewhere, 53 of Marijampole's Jewish Men and Women murdered. On July 19th. 19 of Kovno's Jewish Men and Women are murdered at the VII Fort. Hitler now issues War Directive No. 33 for the further conduct of operations in Russia and while Hitler's emphasis switches away from Moscow, after Army Group South takes Smolensk, there is the seeming certainty of victory in Southern Sector.
On July 20th. the Minsk Ghetto is established and there will be over 60,000 Jews Enclosed. Minsk is one of the Nine Major Ghetto's Established. The Daugavpils Ghetto was hereby established with 23,048 Jews contained. On July 21st. 70 of Panevezys' Jewish Men and Women are murdered while 30 Russians and 45 Jews of Minsk are also murdered. It should be remembered that these Russians had refused to murder the Jews and paid the ultimate price for their humanitarian bravery. Heinrich Himmler now orders for the Majdanek Death Camp plans to be altered as Majdanek is operational as a Concentration Camp. Romania recovers Besserabia.
Tuesday July 22nd. 1941 "..About 8,000 Jewish people with ..present ..SS personnel would take about 1 year ..which is untenable for pacification of ..Liepaja." Naval Kommandant Hans Kawelmacher.
On July 22nd. 1 of Panevezys' Jews is murdered and Vichy begins expropriation of Jewish businesses and property's. Hitler proclaims to the Croatian leader, Marshal Sladko Kvaternik, that victory in Russia would be accomplished by September. Hitler also suggests to the Croatian leader for the need to exterminate its own internal enemies and also demands that rear-Army areas are suppressed ruthlessly and with the harshest methods. On July 23rd. 95 of Kedainiai's Jewish Men and Women are murdered and Hitler issues his War Directive No. 33a for the further conduct of operations in Russia. On July 24th. 3,300 of Liepaja's Jews are murdered at Skeden, over a three day period. Elsewhere the Kishinev Ghetto is established and Brest-Litovsk surrenders. On July 25th. 3,800 of Kovno's Jews are murdered and with SS Brigadefuhrer Erwin Schukltz and his EK 5 here at Zhitomir, 2,500 of Zhitomir's Jews are killed in those initial days.
An operation, the Petliura Days commences as 2,000 of Lvov's Jews are murdered and 2,000 are arrested on this 'Black Friday'. These Lvov Jews were taken to the Jewish Cemetery and to the Lunecki Prison and were systematically shot them. Many more 1,000's were injured.
103 of Mariampole's Jewish Men and Women are murdered. On July 26th. the Germans enter Stanislawow and a Jewish Council is immediately demanded in place as the Ghetto Judenrate Chairman is established to conduct matters ordered by the occupying forces. Israel Seibald has that dubious distinction.
Sunday July 27th. 1941 "..Jewish problem Liepaja largely solved by execution of about 1,100 male Jews by Riga SS commando on 24th., 25th., ..27th ..July 1941." Naval Kommandant Hans Kawelmacher.
July 27th. 'Action Petliura' ends with 2,000 of Lvov's Jews murdered mainly in the Janow Forest and elsewhere over 100 of Belgrade's Jews are murdered at the Tasmajdan Camp by Wehrmacht troops. Heinrich Lorenz Lohse, the Baltic Commissioner issues guidelines on the treatment of Jews under his jurisdiction in Ostland. On July 28th. 900 of Vilkavisks' Jews are murdered and 350 Jews of Buczacz are Murdered on Fedor Hill. Mendel Reich now heads the Buczacz Ghetto Judenrate. 249 of Panevezys' Jewish Men and Women are murdered as are 100's of Drogobych's Jews, also Murdered. Meanwhile Jews of Kovno are excluded from Parks and Public conveyances, Jews of Kovno are not allowed to sit on benches and the Jews of Kovno are not allowed to walk on the pavements. The Murder of Russian POW's at Smolensk commences. On July 29th. 4,000 of Iasi's Jews are murdered. 254 of Rasainiai's Jews are murdered and 40 Lodz Jewish mental patients are murdered in a nearby forest. Wehrmacht troops are busy murdering Jews in Belgrade.
Thursday July 31st. 1941 "..complete solution of ..Jewish question in ..German sphere of influence in Europe." Hermann Goering.
On July 2nd. 1942 Reinhard Heydrich expands upon the Einsatzgruppe role to his HigherSSPolizeiFuhrer's. The New York Times reports upon the Killing operations at Chelmno with radical elements and Jewish Officials to be dealt a deadly blow. The entire Jewish Community of Ropczyce are murdered at Belzec as Berlin Jews are being deported to Theresienstadt.
"..I decided to visit ..Belzec ..where ..I assumed ..my sisters had been killed together with all ..girls of ..Ropczyce. I reached Belzec. ..camp was on a hill ..bordered ..by a forest ..and ..railroad tracks which ..Germans had built for transporting their victims. ..Poles had ..turned ..camp into a museum ..without any mention of ..fact that all ..victims were Jews. ..In ..basement there were many human bones. I took one bone with me back to Israel ..it is buried beneath ..memorial for our shtetl ..erected in ..cemetery in Holon." Yehoshua Gold.
On July 3rd. Sevastopol fell to the advancing Wehrmacht and the following day, July 4th. the Wehrmacht are at the Don. On July 7th. 14,000 of Rzeszow's Jews are murdered at Belzec while 1,000 of Rzeszow's Jews are murdered in the Rudna Forest. Dr. Irmfried Eberl, Treblinka's Commandant, notifies Dr. Heinz Auerswald, the Commissioner of the Warsaw Ghetto, of his readiness to receive the Jews of Warsaw as Himmler conducts a meeting on the forced Sterilisation of Women inmates at Auschwitz. On July 8th. 7,000 of Lvov's Jews are murdered at the Janowska Camp. On July 10th. 100 Jewish Women are experimented upon at Auschwitz while 50 inmates escape from Birkenau. The Times of London reports about the liquidation of Polish citizens and the deplorable situation for the Jewish People. It is clearly addressed that the Jews of Poland are being systematically murdered, transported to unknown destinations, which History acknowledges is toward their Destruction.
This information is contained within the report received by the Polish Vice President Stanislaw Mikolajczyk from the Armeia Krakowa, the Polish Home Army. On July 11th. the Extermination Camp at Treblinka is ready for operations. 9,000 of Salonika's Jews are detained with 2,000 of them forced to labour for Wehrmacht as nearly 44,000 of Salonika's Jews are expelled to Auschwitz. On July 13th. the action against Rzeszow's Jews is now complete with 22,000 of the Jewish Community from the Town and its environs, all murdered Belzec. The Action against Rowne's Jews begins and on July 14th. Dutch Jews are deported to Westerbork. Westerbork becomes the gateway to Auschwitz for the Dutch Jews. The Przemysl Ghetto is now sealed. On July 15th. 5,000 of Rowne's Jews are murdered in 2 day action and are murdered at Janowa Dolina and over 25,000 of Rowne's Jews will be eventually murdered.
1,000 of Sasow's Jews are murdered as the first deportation's from the Westerbork Transit Camp to Auschwitz takes place. On July 16th. 13,000 German and Austrian Jews in Paris are rounded up and sent to the Drancy detention Camp. On July 17th. Himmler tours Auschwitz and he witnesses his first 'Gassings' as Heydrich escalates the role foreseen for his Einsatz Kommandos to include ALL Jews. On July 18th. the Entire Jewish Community of Szarkowszczyna is murdered as Himmler departs Auschwitz.
Sunday July 19th. 1942 "..elimination of all Jews in Generalgouvernment by end of 1942." Heinrich Himmler.
On July 19th. the Drancy detention Camp is expelling its Jews toward Auschwitz and Himmler issues orders for the final clearance of the Jews from the Generalgouvernment. On July 20th. 1,000 of Kleck's Jews are murdered and Dr. Karl Gebhardt begins Sulfanilamide experiments at the Ravensbrueck Concentration Camp for Women. On July 21st. Nieswiez Jews resist, with 600 of their number being killed. Elsewhere the entire Kleck Jewish Community is murdered.
..Opinions were divided. Representatives of ..left-wing Zionist parties and of He-Halutz ..and also some of ..men in public life called for active intervention in some way or other. ..majority wanted to wait. How long. Until ..situation became clearer. ..rumours ..circulating that no more than 50,000 to 70,000 Jews would be deported from Warsaw ..old people ..sick ..prisoners ..beggars ..after that ..Aktion would be finished." Adam Czerniakow.
Wehrmacht takes Rostov. On July 24th. the entire Dereczyn Jewish Community of 3,000 Jews is murdered while 120 escaped to help form a Partisan group under Dr. Jechiel Atlas. On July 26th. 24 Jews from Luxemburg are sent to Theresienstadt.
..It was decided to set up ..Jewish Fighting Organization YKA (Yidishe Kamf Organizatsie). ..organization signed proclamations which it issued in ..Polish language with ..initials ZOB ..Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa ..Jewish Fighting Organization. ..members of ..Command were..
..delegation was sent to ..Aryan side ..Poles..
..in order to make contact with ..Polish Underground and to obtain weapons for ..ghetto." Jewish Fighting Organisation.
Elsewhere the French conclave of Cardinals and Archbishops protest the cruel treatment of the Jews to Marshal Petain. On July 28th. 156 Jews from Luxembourg are sent to Theresienstadt. The Jewish Fighting Organization, 'Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa,' ZOB is founded in Warsaw.
Tuesday July 28th. 1942. "..Since July 22nd. ..train carrying 5,000 Jews ..daily from Warsaw to Treblinka. ..In addition ..a bi-weekly train carrying 5,000 Jews from Przemysl to Belzec." Dr. Theodor Ganzenmueller.
In communicating the details of the resettlement operation to SS Obergruppenfuhrer Wolf, we have an acknowledgement, which Wolff was not too keen to admit to, that he was fully appraised of the killing operations conducted against the Jews. On July 29th. An extra food ration is offered as incentive for Warsaw Jewish 'resettlement' and starvation brings its dubious reward in Treblinka.
Wednesday July 29th. 1942 "..Nazi's will not succeed in exterminating their victims." Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
4) Artur Sommer, was an economist and he stated that death camps were being prepared in the East for gassing of all sent there and this clearly added to a body of Evidence confirming Hitler's clear cut intentions and his resolve was to Murder all of European Jewry.
All of this information converged upon Geneva and for Gerhart Riegner to wire Rabbi Wise of these facts. Rabbi Dr. Stephen Wise of The World Jewish Congress received Riegner's message, as did the British MP Sidney Silverman. What was certain, and History has validated this truth was an apparent awareness already of Hitler's Final Solution as it was related to the Jewish People. This Hitler resolve would commence with the Deportation East, and as confirmed by The Wannsee Conference, the aggregate killing of 11,293,300 Jews would be involved. All of these Jews would be subsequently sought out for extermination and in a concerted effort realise the annihilation of 6,000,000 Jewish Men, Women and Their Children. However, what Riegner had reported would remain conspicuous by its omission from World awareness till the coming November.
Friday July 31st. 1942 "..At present ..both of us ..ready to meet ..death. I wish my little daughter to be remembered. Margalit ..20 months ..today. ..I don't lament my own life nor that of my wife. I pity only ..so little ..nice ..talented girl. She deserves to be remembered." Israel Lichtenstein.
On July 31st. More than 65,000 of Warsaw's Ghetto Jews are murdered in Treblinka in 9 day period of destruction and elsewhere, 30,000 of Minsk Jews are murdered in 4 day action. Meanwhile, Lodz Ghetto Jewish Deaths are escalating at an alarming Daily Rate. Israel Lichtenstein leaves to posterity his Last Will and Testament and as part of Emmanuel Ringelblum's Oneg Shabbat, the Joy of the Sabbath, he secures the Planned accumulation of all records to be secretly hidden. These records, Diaries and fragments of information will add to the memory of a vanquished Jewish People. The endeavour to remember and recall what happened to much of Warsaw Jewry will be retrieved but the body of Warsaw's Jewish existence will be devoured in Treblinka, and amongst the other Death Camps Hitler established in Poland.
On July 1st. 1943 all remaining German Jews are placed under Police jurisdiction and on July 4th. the Battle for Kursk begins. On July 5th. Himmler orders Sobibor, the Extermination Camp is be made into a Concentration Camp. On July 6th. over 2,400 more Dutch Jews are sent to Auschwitz and on July 8th. the Vilna Resistance Fighters blow up a Military Train. On July 10th. 5,000 Jews at Kamionka-Strumilowa are murdered and the Allies land in Sicily. On July 13th. over 1,900 Dutch Jews are sent to Auschwitz. On July 15th. The Wehrmacht offensive fails at the Kursk salient. On July 16th. the Gestapo take Yitzhak Wittenberg from the Vilna Ghetto Office as Wittenberg is credited with an assault upon a Nazi Train, 8 days before. However, Wittenberg was freed by his own men but was forced to hand himself over, or look on as the Nazi's threatened to make Vilna's Ghetto Jews collectively responsible. On July 18th. 1,000 of Paris' Jews are deported from Drancy to Auschwitz.
Sunday, 18th. July 1943 "..How can I escape ..troubles of my people ..How can I avoid their anguish that is also mine." Moshe Flinker.
On July 19th. the Allies bomb Rome and on July 20th. over 2,200 more Dutch Jews are sent to Auschwitz. Elsewhere 500 of Czestochowa's Jews are murdered. Meanwhile the Waldkommando at Sobibor Death Camp, composed of 20 Polish Jews and 20 Dutch Jews, established as a special work unit which supplied wood for the crematorium by cutting down trees and digging out the stumps. At various times there were between 200 and 400 Jews who were kept alive for the purpose of this slave labour at the Death Camp. On July 20, 1943, after two Jews from the Walkommando, namely Shlomo Podchlebnik and Josef Kopf attacked a Ukrainian who was guarding them. The knife, which Podchlebnik had in his boot allowed them to flee and they even encouraged others Jews in the Waldkommando to make their escape.
According to Stanislaw Szmajzner, the other group of Polish Jews decided to flee on foot while eight guards were eating lunch on this same day. Several of them Shlomo Podchlebnik and Josef Kopf included, Josef Freitag, Zindel Honigman, Chaim Korenfeld, Aaron Licht and Abraham Wang escaped though both Josef Kopf was Murdered in August 1944 by his Polish 'friends' and Aron Licht was murdered by Polish anti-Semites, though in separate incidents after their escapes. These others survived the duration of the war. On July 21st. the order to liquidate all Jewish Ghetto's given and on July 22nd. the Americans take Palermo. On July 25th. Benito Mussolini is deposed as Duce, The Italian Leader. On July 31st. 1,000 of Paris' Jews are deported from Drancy to Auschwitz as the Russians breach a gap, 500 miles into the Wehrmacht's rear.
Bishop Antonio Santin writes to SS Gruppenfuhrer Odilo Litario Globocnik, who is already wielding his authority removing Trieste's Jews toward destruction, Santin intervened for the release of a Jewish Woman, Mrs. Pia Rimini Rivalta. Franz Stangl and Artur Liebenschel, Christian Wirth, Dieter Allers and Georg Michalezyk were assembled as part of this Trieste team. On July 3rd. Minsk liberated but not before more than 62,000 of Minsk's Jews had been murdered. Few survived. The French take Siena.
On July 4th. 2,800 of Papa's Jews are sent to Auschwitz. On July 5th. over 1,200 of Sopron's Jews are sent to Auschwitz. Meanwhile, there is an appeal by the International Red Cross President, Professor Karl Burckhardt, for Admiral Horthy to cease Jewish deportations as the German Foreign Ministry intercepts a British Embassy Telegram on the essential for Bombing Auschwitz.
Wednesday July 5th. 1944 "..Bomb ..railway lines from Hungary to Birkenau. Zero in on ..facilities of ..death camp." British Embassy Telegram Bern.
On July 6th. both Moshe Shertok and Chaim Weizmann, President of World Zionist Organisation meet with Anthony Eden, the British Foreign Minister to escalate the Allied response to the Jewish plight. On July 7th. the Hungarian government halts deportations with the reality that 438,000 Hungarian Jews have already been murdered at Birkenau. However, on July 8th. 50,000 more Hungarian Jews are transported to Auschwitz in week long action with more than 488,000 Hungarian Jews having already reached Auschwitz. 13,000 of Debrecen's Jews are transported to Auschwitz in 5 day action and the Kovno ghetto is liquidated. Vilna is now approached by Russian forces as Russian Forces destroy German Army Group Centre.
"..Our transport was among ..last ones ..from Hungary July 8th. 1944 ..and due to ..unusual number of arrivals ..SS were forced to change their customary procedures. ..gas chambers ..crematoria could not accommodate everyone judged unfit for work ..so 100's were piled along ..railroad tracks to be immolated. ..due to ..heartless haste ..clothed in rags ..marked with ..painted red cross ..hardly any food or water ..also due to this haste ..escaped tattooing." Judith Magyar Isaacson.
On July 9th. Raoul Wallenberg, the Swedish Diplomat and emissary of King Gustav V, arrives in Budapest where some 300,000 Hungarian Jews still remain alive. 170,000 of these Jews still survive in Budapest alone. The Allies now take Caen. On July 10th. the Russians are within 90 kilometres of Hitler's Rastenberg, Wolf's Lair Headquarters. On July 11th. Russians cross the Lithuanian border where more than 135,000 Lithuanian Jews have been murdered. The Russians also cross the Latvian border where more than 85,000 Latvian Jews have been murdered. Barely 1% of Latvian Jews Survived. On July 13th. Jewish partisans help liberate Vilna where more than 55,000 of Vilna's Jews were Murdered. Some 2,500 of Vilna's Jews Survive.
Saturday July 15th. 1944 "..In spite of everything I still believe ..people are really good at heart."	Anne Frank.
On July 18th. The Americans are at St. Lo and on July 19th. Joel Brand's mission, Goods for Blood, is announced to the British Press. On July 20th. Reuters reports upon the murders of 500,000 Jews at Auschwitz and 400,000 of these are Hungarian Jews! The attempt to assassinate Hitler fails.
Thursday July 20th. 1944 "..German authorities would intensify all their efforts to blackmail deceive ..split ..Allies." The Times.
On July 21st. over 560 Belgian Jews are transported to Auschwitz as the Russians recapture Buczacz while 400 Jewish Survivors of Buczacz have been Murdered by these defeated German Forces. On July 22nd. Lvov is liberated where more than 123,000 of Lvov's Jews have been Murdered. On the eve of Liberation, 1,000 Jews of Majdanek are force marched out of the Camp. 800 of these reached Auschwitz. 435 of Corfu's Jews are resettled in Birkenau after they refused to work on the Sonderkommando. On July 23rd. 1,700 of Rhodes' Jews are sent to Auschwitz as the Russians now liberate Majdanek Death Camp. Meanwhile the Red Cross visit Theresienstadt. On July 24th. the Warsaw Jewish Camp in the Ghetto is evacuated. On July 25th. The remaining Jews of the Kovno Ghetto are evacuated where more than 34,700 Jews of Kovno were eventually murdered.
On July 26th. 3,000 of Radom's Jews are sent to Auschwitz and on July 28th. On a march from Warsaw to Kutno is the First Major Death March. On July 29th. 1,300 Jews from Paris are sent to Auschwitz. On July 30th. over 160 Jews from Toulouse are sent to Auschwitz. Hitler has not given up his stranglehold over Jewish existence and persists while all around him crumbles, to deliver his only achievement in History, the Destruction of The Jewish People. On July 7th. 1945 Robert Jackson visits Nuremberg, a City that was 91% destroyed by Allied bombs. He inspects the Palace of Justice and decides to recommend it as a site for the upcoming War Crimes trials. The Soviets prefer that the trials take place in Berlin however, within their zone of occupation.
"..major operation of unit '1005' is to destroy ..traces of mass murder ..so that it would not be possible afterwards to determine ..overall number of murdered people." Nuremberg Trials Document.
On July 16th. The Potsdam Conference is held and on July 21st. Robert Jackson returns to Nuremberg with British and French representatives as they inspect the possible housing accommodations for the gathering legal teams. On July 31st. half of Belgium's Jewish Population had been murdered at Birkenau and this represents 24,387 Belgian Jews murdered. Russian forces are now at Warsaw. On July 4th. 1946 42 Kielce Jews are murdered by local Poles, post Holocaust to add to the more than 18,042 Jews of Kielce who were murdered in total. Elsewhere, Defence summations begin in the Major War Criminals Trial at Nuremberg and on July 26th. the prosecution begins its own summation in these Trials. On July 30th. the defence of the seven indicted Nazi organizations begins. On July 3rd. 1947 the indictment is filed in der Einsatzgruppe Case. On July 11th. the ship Exodus is forced to return 4,550 Jewish refugees from Palestine to the detention Camps.
On July 15th. Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, Case Number 7, The Hostage Case, begins. Twelve defendants, officers in the German Armed Forces are charged with the murders of 1,000's of Albanian, Greek and Yugoslavian civilians. They are equally charged with the committal of acts of devastation in Norway and other countries. They are likewise charged with the drafting of orders which seek to deny POW's their human rights and for the ordering of the slaughter of surrendered troops. Franz Boehme had committed suicide between the indictment and the arraignment, and the case of Maximilian von Weichs was dismissed due to ill health.
1)	Lt. General Franz Boehme, Commander XVIII Mountain Army Corps. Before his arraignment, Committed suicide. May 30th. 1947.
2)	Major General Ernst Dehner, Korps Commander. Sentenced to 7 years in prison. Released 1951.
3)	General Hellmuth Felmy, Commander of Army Group Southern Greece. Sentenced to 15 years in prison, Reduced to 10 years in 1951.
4)	Major General Hermann Foertsch, Chief of Staff of the 12th Army. Acquitted.
5)	General Kurt Ritter von Geitner, Chief of Staff Military Commanders, Serbia and Greece. Acquitted.
6)	General of Engineers Walter Kuntze, Commander 12th Army. Sentenced to Life in prison. Released 1953.
7)	Major General Hubert Lanz, Commander XXII Mountain Army Corps. Sentenced to 12 years in prison. Released 1951.
8)	Lt. General Ernst von Leyser, Korps Commander. Sentenced to 10 years in prison. Released 1951.
9)	Field Marshal Wilhelm List , Commander in Chief South-East. Sentenced to Life in prison. Released December 1952.
10)	Colonel General Dr. Lothar Rendulic, Commander 2nd Panzer Army, Yugoslavia. Sentenced to 20 years in prison. Reduced to 10 years. Released 1951.
12)	Field Marshal Maximilian von Weichs, Commander of the German 2nd Army, Balkans Campaign. Released on grounds of ill health.
July 30th. 1948 Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, Case Number 6 ends with 13 defendants being found guilty. On July 31st. Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, Case Number 10, The Krupp Trial with 11 defendants found guilty and 1 defendant acquitted. On July 2nd. 1952 SS Obergruppenfuhrer Jurgen Stroop is hanged for his Crimes Against Humanity.
Thursday July 13th. 1961. "..Your Honour ..to give a clear answer here ..I must state that I regard this murder ..this extermination of ..Jews ..to be one of ..most heinous worst crimes in ..history of humankind." SS Obersturmbannfuhrer Adolf Eichmann.
July 23rd. 1965 The Chelmno Trial takes place of former Camp personnel in Bonn, West Germany.
13)	Polizei Oberwachmeister Aleksander Steinke, Acquitted.


Since this is a lengthy post, readers can just click on the following links to go directly to any of the sections like cooking procedure, variations or comments.
Wash & soak rice (for 3 hours) and Bengal gram & blackgram separately.
Grind rice into a fine paste after adding enough water required for smooth grinding.
Transfer the dough to a mixing bowl.
Add black gram flour, roasted gram flour, red chilli powder, turmeric powder & asafoetida powder into the dough and mix well.
Add salt & ghee and knead until incorporated.
Add soaked lentils, coconut pieces & curry leaves and mix well.
Now divide dough into goose berry sized balls and cover them with dry cloth.
Place a ball of dough on a clean dry cloth, press & spread it with the tip of your fingers into a thin disc.
Press 15 more balls in the same way while leaving enough space between each disc.
Now heat oil (1 inch depth) in a frying pan over medium flame.
When you notice the oil beginning to smoke, reduce the flame to low.
Remove a disc by slightly lifting the cloth & placing the disc onto your fingers (except thumb) and drop it carefully into oil (at about 170 deg C).
Repeat step#5 to drop 3 more discs into oil and fry them in medium flame.
When the sizzling sound settles, remove them using frying spoon.
Place fried thattai on paper towels to drain excessive oil.
Repeat steps 5 to 8 to fry the next batch.
Now turn off the stove.
Repeat steps 1 to 10 to press another set of discs until all the dough is used up.
When fried thattai reach room temperature, store them in an air-tight container.
Serve crispy savory thattai with tea or coffee in the evening.
You may use store-bought black gram flour or prepare it at home by dry roasting lentils in medium flame, grind them at room temperature & sieve through a fine mesh; You can also grind roasted gram and sieve the flour before using.
If you find your dough sticky, wrap it in a dry cotton cloth for some time; it helps to absorb the excessive moisture.
It took 50 min for pressing & frying all these thattai; my grandma could have done it much faster than me. If you have a person to assist you in frying or pressing, you would be able to finish it in 30 min.
I fried 4 thattai in a batch & hence pressed 16 at a time; you may change the batch size according to the surface area of oil & size of cloth.
I used cold-pressed peanut oil and you can adjust the heat & time according to the oil you are using; We can make perfect crispy thattai only when we fry them constantly in medium flame.
If you find it laborious to press the dough, place it between 2 greased polythene sheets (or baking sheets) and press with roti/ tortilla press or you can press it as shown below. At the end you need to press with your fingers to flatten them as thin as possible. But I prefer to press them on a piece of cloth rather than plastic sheet as it absorbs the moisture (unlike polythene sheets) & in turn helps to make thattai crispier & faster.
Replace rice dough with store-bought raw rice flour.
Replace soaked lentils with roasted gram or roasted peanuts.
You can just add crushed peppercorns & cumin seeds replacing curry leaves, coconut pieces, chilli, turmeric & asafoetida powder.
Hey…Loved this version..I also make this but ingredients are different..Will definitely try this !!
Yes, I remember seeing something similar, Suhali, in your blog, these are really delicious treats ! Thanks a lot !
One of my favourites and your recipe is awesome dear Meghala 🙂 .
One small correction dear , it is called as Nippattu in Karnataka and Chekkalu in Andhra pradesh. Hope you rectify it dear.
Thank you so much for pointing it out, I will change it immediately !
Btw many thanks for passing by !!
Never mind dear .. it was a small typo. Keep posting awesome recipes as always 🙂 .


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text:
APMC is to agriculture what government school is to education sector: P Sainath
Calling upon non-farmers to support the farmers' struggle, who have been protesting along Delhi borders for more than 50 days, Magsaysay Award winning journalist and social activist P Sainath has said that the three laws which the Government of India passed is an infringement of India's federal structure and the Indian Constitution.
Founder of the People's Archive of Rural India (PARI) and ex-editor, rural affairs, "The Hindu", Sainath said, "Agriculture is a state subject under the Constitution of India. These three laws aggravate the existing agrarian crisis. They should be repealed. The government is playing with fire."
Suggesting how the Government of India through the three laws – Agriculture Produce Market Committee (APMC) bypass law, contract farming law and decriminalization of commodity hoarding law – is trying to undermine APMCs, he said, "APMC is to agriculture what the government school is to the education sector. APMC is like the government hospital of the health sector. Reforms must be farmer friendly, and not corporate friendly."
Sainath was speaking at a dialogue at Patna, co-organised by the Nation for Farmers, a collective of non-farmers, the Bihar Mahila Samaj and the Tatpar Foundation.
Insisting on the need to have a special session of Parliament for hearing the farmers and addressing their demands in the context of unprecedented mobilization of farmers on the issue of the farm market bills, he sought "restoration" of the farmers' universe and status that has allegedly collapsed because new economic reforms have not been in sync with equality.
Sainath explained how the farmers are directly confronting the corporate power. "Their protest is in defence of democracy and for reclaiming the republic", he said, questioning the enactment of the laws during the pandemic. Focusing on many aspects of the agrarian crisis, he added, there is a need to underline the importance of Minimum Support Price a proper procurement policy.
He concluded saying, "This is one of the series of struggles, the nation is with the farmers and this fight is ours, we need to show our solidarity with the mobilization of farmers because it is not an ordinary event. It merits special attention of all sections of society because these laws will have adverse effect on the rights of all the citizens."
Dr Gopal Krishna of the Nation for Farmers introduced the subject and explained the backdrop in which Bihar's APMC Act was repealed because of irrational and unconvincing reasons and made a case for its restoration. Dr. Anamika Priyadarshini made a case for enactment of a law for the protection of women farmers. Nivedita Jha spoke about the march of women farmers which is being held on the occasion of Mahila Kisan Diwas on January 18.
Development Economy Law Livelihood People Politics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Давид III е грузински владетел на областта Тао от 961 или 966 до 1000 г., познат с презимената Багратид (по името на владетелския род, от който произхожда) и Куропалат (по византийската дворцова титла, която носи), но най-вече с приноса си за архитектурното и писменото наследство на своето време (построява Ошкския манастир и скрипторий) и за обединението на средновековна Грузия.

Давид III играе важна роля в междуособиците в съседна Византия от 70-те и 80-те години на X век, като първо помага на император Василий II да задържи престола си срещу Варда Склир, а после едва не го сваля, като подкрепя друг бунтовник – Варда Фока.

Отношения с Византия
Давид се намесва в гражданската война във Византия през 979 г. с подкрепления, които допринасят за решителната победа на императорските войски над Склир. Като награда за помощта Василий II предоставя на владетеля на Тао, наред с титлата куропалат, правото за пожизнено владение на Теодосиопол (днешен Ерзурум), Басеан и други области, разпростиращи се на юг до езерото Ван. Давид трябва да покори сам повечето от тези земи, които са под властта на кюрдската династия Маруаниди.

През 988 г. Давид се намесва отново във византийските междуособици, но този път неуспешно, тъй като подкрепеният от него претендент Варда Фока е разбит и загива на бойното поле. През 990 г. Василий II изпраща срещу Тао силна армия, която принуждава грузинския княз да се спогоди с византийците. В замяна на прекратяване на бойните действия и възобновяване на привилегиите от 979 г. Давид се съгласява да завещае земите си на императора.

Експанзия на Тао
След уреждането на отношенията с Византия, Давид повежда завоевателна война с Маруанидите, в резултат от която към 994 г. завзема Манцикерт и териториите, обещани му от византийския император. Начело на коалиция от арменски и грузински князе, през 997 и 998 г. отразява нашествия от Азербайджан.

Политика в грузинските земи
Благодарение на географското си разположение и митническата си политика Тао може да разчита на значителни приходи от преминаващите търговски кервани. Давид използва тези постъпления за изграждането на редица манастири и църкви (Ошки, Шатберди и други), които се превръщат в източници на най-ранната съхранена до наши дни грузинска илюстрована религиозна и историческа литература.

Давид се стреми към приобщаване на грузинските княжества. Сам бездетен, той осиновява потенциалния наследник на Абхазия и Картли Баграт III, помага му да заеме абхазкия престол (975 г.) и да утвърди претенциите си над Картли. Към 988 г. отношенията между двамата се развалят и се стига до краткотраен конфликт. Споразумението на Давид с Василий II от 990 г. лишава Баграт от правото да наследи Тао. Все пак Давид допринася много за издигането на Баграт в първия господар на обединена Грузия, което става факт през 1008 г.

Давид умира на 31 март 1000 г., отровен от заговорници. Скоро след смъртта му Тао и останалите му владения са завзети от Василий II.

Източници

История на Грузия
Византийска империя
Багратиони

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text:
The Union Government Has Lied to the Supreme Court in COVID Vaccines Case
Government, Health
Banjot Kaur
COVID Vaccination Can't Be Mandatory – But You Probably Missed the Catch
A health worker administers a dose of a COVID-19 vaccine to an elderly woman, RML Hospital, New Delhi, May 02, 2022. Photo: PTI/Arun Sharma
Some of the Union government's responses to the petition that prompted a new Supreme Court order include lies that undermine confidence in its vaccination drive.
The petitioner, a former NTAGI member, had contended that the government had not placed "relevant data" regarding vaccine approvals before NTAGI.
Puliyel also contended that the country's system to trace adverse events following immunisation, or AEFIs, had been dysfunctional in the case of COVID-19 vaccines.
The government responded on both counts with false statements regarding the accessibility of data.
New Delhi: On May 2, the Supreme Court of India passed an order saying that COVID-19 vaccination couldn't be made mandatory in the country.
While this important statement hogged the headlines, some of the Union government's responses to the petition that prompted the order, running into 115 pages, include lies that undermine confidence in its management of India's COVID-19 vaccine drive.
Fact-check #1: NTAGI approval
The petitioner, Jacob Puliyel, a paediatrician and former member of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (NTAGI), had contended, among other things, that the government's decisions to approve various vaccines hadn't been transparent and that "relevant data is not always placed before" NTAGI.
In his petition, Puliyel had cited the example of The Wire Science's 1 report on Corbevax that revealed that the government had cleared the vaccine's use among those aged 12-14 years without the NTAGI's approval. The Wire Science's report had included comments from an extant NTAGI member, Jayaprakash Muliyil, to this effect.
The NTAGI is a body of independent experts and government officials that reviews the Drug Controller General of India's decisions on vaccine approvals. As such, it is an important part of the bureaucratic apparatus that leads India's COVID-19 response.
However, the Indian government claimed to the Supreme Court that all vaccines had been approved by NTAGI. Its representative also said that the "detailed" minutes of the NTAGI's meetings had been published on the websites of the Union health ministry and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
On both counts, the government lied.
The Wire Science found that none of the minutes of any NTAGI meeting had been uploaded on either website. An ICMR scientist familiar with the matter confirmed to The Wire Science that minutes of NTAGI meetings had never been uploaded on the ICMR site. (He requested anonymity because he was not authorised to speak to the press).
Second, both Muliyil and another NTAGI member also confirmed that the body's top-most panel (in a three-tier setup) had not approved the use of Corbevax among children.
However, the Supreme Court, going by the government's contention that NTAGI had recommended Corbevax, refused to take The Wire Science's report on the record. Instead, the order read:
"It is settled law that courts cannot take judicial notice of facts stated in a news item published in a newspaper. A statement of fact contained in a newspaper is merely hearsay and therefore, inadmissible in evidence, unless proved by the maker of the statement appearing in court and deposing to have perceived the fact reported. In the absence of anything on record in the present case to substantiate the statement made by Mr Jayaprakash Muliyil, member of the NTAGI, we are not inclined to take judicial notice of the news article reported in The Wire…"
The Wire Science asked Muliyil after May 2 if he was aware that he had to depose before the court in order to have his comments to The Wire Science taken on record. He replied in the negative and also said he stood by his statement to The Wire Science earlier.
The apex court also said that "in light of the affidavit filed on behalf of the Union of India stating that the relevant data was examined by the expert bodies at all stages before granting emergency use approval to the vaccines", it was not "inclined to take judicial notice of the news article reported in The Wire."
Fact-check #2: AEFI assessment data
Puliyel, the petitioner, also contended in court that the system for 'adverse events following immunisation' (AEFIs) has been dysfunctional in the case of COVID-19 vaccination in India. He called it non-transparent because "investigation done to know the cause of deaths following vaccination was obscure".
An AEFI is any adverse side-effect arising from taking the vaccine and which the vaccine may or may not have caused.
However, the court didn't accept what it called Puliyel's "broad-strokes challenge" to the AEFI system.
Nonetheless, it instructed the Union government to ensure that a vaccine recipient could go to any private practitioner to report an AEFI.
Currently, it is only possible to report an AEFI through a helpline number provided on the CoWIN portal (see screenshot below). If a vaccinator or district immunisation officer learns of an AEFI, she can also report it through CoWIN. In this milieu, the court has asked the government to create a "virtual mechanism" in which any private doctor and an individual could also report it.
Screenshot of CoWIN homepage (as of 8:50 am on May 5, 2022)
Not every AEFI is linked to vaccines. Once an individual has reported a potential AEFI, a district-level committee assesses whether the individual's complaints could have been caused by the vaccine. Separate state-level and national committees also conduct similar assessments, in that order.
According to Puliyel, there has been little to no information about these assessments in the public domain.
In response, the government claimed in the court that after it had administered 119.38 crore doses of COVID-19 vaccines, until November 24, 2021, it had recorded 2,116 severe AEFIs. It also said that the Union health ministry website "carries the results of causality assessment of AEFI cases, from which the public can obtain relevant information pertaining to AEFIs", according to the court's order.
This is not true. There has been no such information on the Union health ministry website (as of May 5, 7:30 am).
Wrong information in sworn affidavits misleads the court and prevents it from questioning those involved, and perhaps even taking corrective action. For example, if it had been ascertained to the court that NTAGI did not in fact approve Corbevax, it could have demanded an explanation for the government's decision to approve the shot anyway for children.
Ultimately, what hangs in the balance is the safe protection of a very large population from a viral infection on one hand and misgovernment on the other.
Third, the court refused to entertain Puliyel's request that the primary data from the clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines be placed in the public domain because doing so would violate the privacy of the trials' participants. Instead, the court said it was satisfied with the scientific papers of the trials that had been published.
However, a lawyer and a member of the ethics committees of various medical research institutions told The Wire Science that "there is no harm in disclosing the primary data. As far as confidentiality of the participants is concerned, it can always be protected by simply anonymising the data."
The primary data refers to a clinical trial's raw data. Papers published by the trial investigators contain the analyses of this data.
According to her (she wished to remain unnamed to protect her position on the committees), countries around the world are tending towards releasing the primary data "in the interest of better research. And it should be put in the public domain."
Sharing the primary data will allow other researchers to analyse the trial data on their own.
This said, the court also asked the government to release the data from "post-marketing" trials – i.e. trials conducted after a vaccine's real-world use – of Covishield and Covaxin "without undue delay".
Though he wrote "The Wire"↩
Banjot Kaur 05/05/2022
The Wire Science@TheWireScience
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"In the films of John Smith, nothing is quite as it seems. Even if you already come to them with preconceived notions about the destabilizing powers of the avant-garde, Smith's work still defies expectations. Its distinct marriage of formal dexterity and a clever, questioning, wily wit has been integral to the British filmmaker's art world–transcending appeal and ongoing success in the field of moving images over the last 50 years.
There are plenty of ways into Smith's expansive body of work, from prescient debates on the manipulation of reality in documentary film and the immersive powers of storytelling to the slipperiness of language and sound-image relationships. Refreshingly though, his films don't rely on having prior knowledge of avant-garde forms or artistic reference points to be appreciated and understood. Subverting the audience's assumptions of experimental cinema as dry or academically stuffy, these are not films that do away with narrative completely but that draw our attention to their construction through teasing suggestions and playful, considered trickery. They bring us into their immersive fold through humor or intrigue only to pull us back out again, making us aware of the deceptive red herrings and unsteady signifiers that lie in their wake."
Sophia Satchell-Baeza, from 'I Don't Want to Make Films for Elites', MUBI Notebook 2022
"The films of John Smith create a world from the 'simple' experiences of living, breathing and being a filmmaker or artist in a particular place and time. Smith's often humorous films produced over the last 30 years have inventively documented and probed his immediate surroundings, often not even moving much beyond the front door of his various abodes in a small area of East London. Nevertheless, it would be wrong to describe Smith's films as overly delicate, preciously insular or purely personal – assignations that the previous description might suggest – as his work sees within the minutiae of familiar surroundings a range of philosophical, aesthetic, technical and quotidian challenges and revelations that extend far beyond the realm of much other comparable cinema. In film after film, Smith explores the cracks within and the tribulations of the world he confronts everyday, taking a closer look at and often transforming (verbally, associatively, just by observing from a different angle) things like a pane of glass, the discolorations of a mouldy ceiling, a hospital water-tower, the archaeology of an ancient toilet, an old shepherd's proverb, or a work he was unhappy with some 20 odd years before. In the process, he makes us look more closely, not just at his films and the cinema generally, but our own surroundings, the everyday world that engulfs us but that we probably routinely dismiss as a suitable subject for contemplation, art and imagination."
Adrian Danks, from 'On the Street where You Live: The Films of John Smith', Senses of Cinema 2003
"His genius is in taking found material, the most banal situation, the slightest little cue, and imbuing it with a fiction that makes it potent. It's as if by choosing as his subject the ordinary everyday things that surround us all, and by scrutinising them closely, turning them over and inside out, he can find all the hidden complexity of the universe."
Cornelia Parker, from 'John Smith's Body' in 'John Smith: Film and Video Works, 1972-2002'
"The films of John Smith are among the most widely seen and appreciated of the UK avant-garde. Rigorous in structure and highly crafted in making, they extend the logic of language to question the authority of the image and the word. Among the complex features of these films is perhaps an attempt to sidestep, in a knight's move, Brecht's critique of cinema, his 'fundamental reproach' that a film is 'the result of a production that took place in the absence of an audience'. In John Smith's films, the spectator is a producer as well as a consumer of meaning, bound in to the process but simultaneously distanced from the 'naturalness' of the film dream."
A L Rees, from 'Associations: John Smith and the artists' film in the UK' in 'John Smith: Film and Video Works, 1972-2002'
"One of the most talented filmmakers of the postwar generation, he has attracted admirers from way beyond the narrow confines of the Avant Garde. His reputation rests on a quite unique sensibility which has successfully married three traits – humour, documentary and formal ingenuity – into an indissoluble whole."
Michael O'Pray, Art Monthly 2002
"John Smith's films, videos and installations are the work of a master craftsman and a maestro of deception. As such, they offer multiple access points – thematic, formalist – whilst being irrefutably entertaining. Form and content are intrinsically bound together, puzzles to play with, to partially solve, as we are instructed not only in ways of seeing, but in an understanding of film predicated on demystifying its oft-masked means of construction."
From 'Information: Suspect, Construction: Evident', Ian White, Oberhausen International Short Film Festival catalogue essay, 2002
"I sometimes have the privilege of talking to classes and student groups about the history of the Video Data Bank. The compilation I regularly show includes John Smith's The Girl Chewing Gum. The work shows up in the lecture somewhere between the invention of the Portapak and the rise of installation art. I can always rest assured that no matter who has dozed off or is checking their phone, I will get a laugh and reel the group back in with this classic work. A few years ago, I showed The Girl Chewing Gum, along with John Smith's Slow Glass and Associations to my parents at Christmas. They had asked me to give them a better explanation of "What it is I do." which leads inevitably to the question: "What is video art?" (They loved the works, and have since stopped telling people that I am a librarian.)
Why do we turn to Smith in these introductory situations? I'm continually drawn to Smith's film and video work because it offers a certain core accessibility. Smith's pieces are a video art gateway drug—translating the world of artists' moving image to the uninitiated. One need not be among an art school in-crowd to "get it," to feel like Smith's work is addressing you. Smith's videos posit the existence of the massive audience that I want for video art; an audience encompassing young students, fans of popular cinema, my parents (and yours too!). Much of Smith's work offers a certain viewing pleasure, dare I say it, even entertainment—that is often deliberately withheld in video art. This is not to say Smith's work is ever simplistic. Instead, he savvily speaks of complexity in readily available languages: those of humor, of quick Brit wit, of direct and personal voice-over, and recognizable cinematic tropes.
As a viewer I'm also drawn to Smith's use of his immediate surroundings to point fully outward. The artist's meditations on the objects (unusual Red cardigan, Dad's Stick), or places around him (Flag Mountain, Worst Case Scenario, Hotel Diaries) fascinatingly connect the mundane and personal with their more universal and politicized reverberations. "Nothing in any of my films is researched; I come across things," Smith modestly told Sight and Sound in 2010. Smith's close consideration of those elements he "comes across" allows us, as his audience, to do the same. We read Smith's images thoughtfully, accepting small and specific observations as a bridge through which to engage the wider world. Throughout the Hotel Diaries series, Smith relates the microcosm of his lodgings to the ongoing strife in the Middle East. In these and other works, Smith achieves a unique position, balancing between the opposing artistic poles of personal diary (it's all about me) and impartial documentary (it's all about the subject). I find this is a relatably human and truthful point-of-view. As subjects, we are neither standing fully outside the larger movements of history and politics, nor are we at their epicenter. We are always poised somewhere in-between, attending to both our own small world and the world at large. I'm so grateful that John Smith has allowed us to stand, sure-footed, in this place and to "come across things" with him; and I'm thrilled that he is joining us for Conversations at the Edge."
Lindsay Bosch, notes for screening at Gene Siskel Center, Chicago, 2014
"…one of the UK's most enduringly important moving-image artists. Smith's best-known work, The Girl Chewing Gum (1976), is but the tip of a fascinating, mordant iceberg."
Erika Balsom, 'Best of 2022', Artforum 2022
"John Smith is my favourite British filmmaker"
Jarvis Cocker, 2022


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FDA warnings: Listeria, drug residues, seafood HACCP woes
By News Desk on August 1, 2016
A ready-to-eat salad manufacturer, a seafood processor, a dairy and a swine operation were the recipients of recently posted warning letters from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Reser's Fine Foods Inc. of Beaverton, OR, was told July 1 by FDA's Atlanta District Office that an inspection last fall of its salad production facility in Halifax, NC, revealed three different Listeria strains and that the bacteria had likely been present there since November 2013. FDA also noted several serious violations of Current Good Manufacturing Practices at the North Carolina plant involving inadequate cleaning and sanitizing of utensils and equipment. Food Safety News detailed the contents of the warning letter to Reser's in a story posted July 28.
Workers at the Skipanon cannery in Warrenton, OR, process fish.
On June 23, FDA's Seattle District Office sent a warning letter to Skipanon Brand Seafoods LLC noting problems with seafood Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and product labeling that inspectors found during 13 different inspection dates in 2015 of the firm's processing facility in Warrenton, OR. The warning letter pointed out "serious violations" of federal seafood HACCP regulations, rendering as adulterated the company's Frozen Canned Albacore Tuna and Frozen Canned and Smoked Albacore Tuna. Investigators collected labels of various Skipanon products during their visits, which revealed additional problems, the warning letter noted. "Our review of the labels indicate that your firm's 'Albacore Tuna,' 'Smoked Peppered Chinook Salmon,' 'Smoked Chinook Salmon,' 'Chinook Salmon,' 'Smoked Sockeye Salmon,' and 'Smoked Coho Salmon' products are misbranded …," FDA stated, detailing issues with appropriate serving size, percent daily values and other label format requirements. The agency received Skipanon's response to the inspection, dated Nov. 30, 2015, plus its reconditioning proposal dated Dec. 9, 2015, along with revised product labels. However, FDA found the responses inadequate because, among other things, the company's "… new plans do not list the critical control point of smoking for controlling the food safety hazard of scombrotoxin (histamine) formation." Record-keeping deficiencies were also mentioned in the warning letter, specifically time and temperature observations during various processing stages "to control for the hazard of histamine formation listed in your HACCP plans for Frozen Canned Albacore Tuna and Frozen Canned and Smoked Albacore Tuna, respectively." FDA acknowledged that Skipanon shut down processing operations from Nov. 9-23, 2015, as a result of an inspection conducted by the Oregon Department of Agriculture. The department issued a cease-and-desist order to the company on Sept. 25, 2015, and ordered a product embargo on Sept. 28. In October 2015, Skipanon recalled all lots and all sizes of its canned seafood products because of inadequate documentation and potential under-processing, posing a botulism risk. There were at least 16 subsequent secondary recalls but no reported illnesses. FDA's Kansas City District Office sent a warning letter on June 21 to Kohman Dairy LLC following a May 11-13 visit to the operation in Syracuse, KS. The letter stated that a cow sold for slaughter on or about March 9 had 21.02 parts per million (ppm) of Sulfamethazine in the liver tissue. FDA has established a tolerance of 0.1 ppm for residues of Sulfamethazine in the edible tissues of cattle. "The presence of this drug in edible tissue from this animal in this amount causes the food to be adulterated …" under federal law, the warning letter stated. Monroe Grain & Supply Inc. of Monroe, IN, was sent a warning letter from FDA's Detroit District Office on June 29. Investigators visiting the firm's swine operation from Jan 28 through Feb. 18 found violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the letter stated. Specifically, a hog sold for slaughter as food on or about Aug. 31, 2015, was found to have sulfadimethoxine in its kidney tissue. However, "FDA has not established a tolerance for residues of sulfadimethoxine in swine. The presence of this drug in edible tissue from this animal causes the food to be adulterated …," the agency wrote. Recipients of FDA warning letters have 15 working days from receipt to respond with details of the procedures they have taken, or will take, to correct the current violations and prevent them from recurring. (To sign up for a free subscription to Food Safety News, click here.)
Tags: FDA, FDA warning letters, Kohman Dairy LLC, Monroe Grain & Supply Inc., Reser's Fine Foods Inc., seafood HACCP, Skipanon Brand Seafoods LLC, U.S. Food and Drug Administration


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Conferences and Exhibitions
Making a difference, improving disaster readiness
Ahead of the first International Disaster Response Expo, Philip Ingram shares some thoughts on the show's origins, discussion points and its role in improving the disaster response arena
Planet Earth is becoming increasingly fragile and climate change has been blamed for the rise in extreme events causing natural disasters across the globe. However, man-made disasters through corruption and conflict in Africa and the Middle East in particular have heaped further misery on people.
The UK continues to show its global leadership by being one of the few countries around the world to meet its commitment under a UN agreement to spend 0.7 per cent of gross national income on Official Development Assistance (ODA) with much of this coordinated through DFID.
I think it is important to understand where DFIDs priorities lie, and they have been stated in their annual plan as: strengthening global peace, security and governance; strengthening resilience and response to crisis; promoting global prosperity; tackling extreme poverty and helping the world's most vulnerable; and delivering value for money.
This sets a framework for the launch of the first International Disaster Response Expo and gives rationale for the co-location of our new event alongside the well-established International Security Expo. The final bullet point direction is achieved by enabling a platform to help deliver value for money through exposure to best practices and innovation. That is what the International Disaster Response Expo does.
What we have seen over recent years with more storms and hurricanes, earthquakes and tsunamis that kill thousands, volcanos that close airspace, refugee crisis that turns the Mediterranean Sea into a death-trap for the desperate is that these events are a constant and will always cause suffering.
The content over the two days focuses on all aspects of dealing with natural and man-made disasters from preparation, to responding to resilience building for the longer term. In addition, decision making, the importance of media law and the effects of these horrors on individuals mental health will all be examined.
Although this is the International Disaster Response's first year, at the centre of the event is the Government and NGO zone showcasing some of the innovation DFID brings to its approach to disasters, highlighting the coordination between them, the UNHCR, The Cabinet Office Emergency Planning College and the charitable sector, this year represented in the zone by the British Red Cross (BRC).
As well as things like deployable shelter packs DFID are hoping to showcase some of the newer technologies at the forefront of an innovative approach to providing disaster support. One such device is a 3D printer that in the field can print medical instruments, parts for water pumps and so much more.
At the core of the International Disaster Response Expo is the two-day free to attend conference that is looking at subjects as diverse as the Rohingya Crisis, challenges with setting up Ebola hospitals from scratch in Sierra Leone, to leadership, mental health, legal and media issues all associated with dealing with disasters.
In addition, we have guest speakers covering two passionate areas for Princes William and Harry, that of demining by the HALO Trust and protecting wildlife through the South African mainly female antipoaching organisation, the Black Mambas.
The Black Mambas were founded in 2013 by Transfrontier Africa National Park and now protect all boundaries of the 52,000ha Balule Nature Reserve, part of the Greater Kruger National Park in South Africa. They follow a philosophy they call their 'Broken Window' philosophy where they striving to make their area of influence the most undesirable, most difficult and least profitable place to poach any species. With a passion for wildlife and rhino conservation, these women are the voice in the community through their conservation work.
Critical to their success is the training and mentoring they receive and the International Disaster Response expo is extremely lucky to have Alice Bromage, a former Major in the British Army and now leadership mentor, who has spent six months with the team on the ground developing their skills. The objectives of the Black Mamba project are not only the protection of rhinos through boots on the ground but also through being a role model in their communities. With 32 young women and one man, they want their communities to understand that the benefits are greater through rhino conservation rather than poaching, addressing the social and moral decay that is a product of the rhino poaching within their communities. They are concerned for their children's sake as the false economy has brought loose morals and narcotics into their communities.
Disasters are not all natural and one of the worst man-made legacies of war is the numbers of landmines and unexploded ordinance that remain long after conflicts have finished and continue to kill and maim the civilian population.
One of the organisations helping deal with this deadly legacy is the HALO Trust founded in 1988 in response to the global humanitarian catastrophe caused by landmines by Colin Mitchell, Guy Willoughby and Susan Mitchell OBE, who witnessed first-hand the devastation caused by landmines and other explosive remnants of war in Afghanistan and they resolved to do something about it.
HALO's Afghanistan programme employs thousands of Afghans and they expanded the scope and breadth of their work to include explosive ordnance disposal, stockpile security and management, weapons disposal and armed violence reduction, in addition to humanitarian de-mining. A key aspect of their approach is to use local labour and hence create local employment.
The landmine issue shot to international prominence in 1997 when Princess Diana walked through one of HALO's minefields in Angola. From small beginnings back in the late 1980s they now employ thousands of men and women from the communities we serve in conflict and post-conflict countries and territories around the world.
Increasing the pressure on global security
Most successful DSEI to date
Interoperability between defence and security
Collaboration key to keeping the UK safe


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urbanismo News
Colombia inaugurates first cable car in capital
Apo	- Bogota inaugurated its first cable-car on Thursday, linking an impoverished and crime-ridden neighborhood to the city's transport network."Today we launched the TransMiCable," said the city's mayor, Enrique Penalosa on Twitter.The 3.
Frozen in time, Havana looks to put a modern stamp on its 500-year history
Havana	- Havana could be compared to the colorful 1950s classic American cars that fill its roads: an object of desire for historians and tourists alike.To walk through its streets is to take a step back in time.
apis-384573 apis-372772
urbanismo Image


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Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health (MNCH)
More than 303,000 women die annually from complications during pregnancy or childbirth. For every maternal death from these complications, at least 30 other women suffer serious illness or debilitating injuries. The millennium development goals seek to reduce maternal mortality by 75% by 2015, but the maternal mortality rate is declining only slowly. Almost all deaths from complications of pregnancy or childbirth—99%—occur in developing countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, a woman's maternal mortality risk is 1 in 38, compared to 1 in 3,700 in developed regions.
In addition, a woman's survival is critical to that of her children. Every year, more than 1 million children are left motherless; children who have lost their mothers are up to 10 times more likely to die prematurely than those who have not.
The situation is not hopeless. 80% of all maternal deaths are preventable through access to education and contraceptives, timely prenatal and postnatal care, skilled birth attendance during delivery, and emergency care to deal with post-partum complications.
Given the link between maternal and infant mortality, if we can save the life of the mother, we can likely save her child as well. Since 1990, we have cut child mortality rates in half. Even so, more than 5.9 million children die before the age of five; 44% of those children die in the first month of life. These children die of pneumonia, birth complications, diarrhea, malaria, and malnutrition. We can do better. We can halve these numbers again by 2030 with interventions like breastfeeding, vaccines, and oral rehydration.
What do we mean when we say we support the "healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies"? We mean enabling women and couples to determine the number and timing of their pregnancies, including the voluntary use of methods for preventing pregnancy, not including abortion, that are harmonious with their values and religious beliefs. The term "family planning" is often used synonymously with this concept.
More than 220 million women around the world who want to avoid pregnancy do not have access to effective contraceptives, counseling or services. The global partnership known as FP2020 was established in 2012 to guide the international effort to meet this need for 120 million women by the year 2020.
Healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies can dramatically improve the health and chances of survival of both women and children. In the words of journalist Michael Gerson, "family planning is a pro-life cause."
The benefits include the following:
Healthy Timing of Pregnancies
High-risk pregnancies include those of women under the age of 18 or over 34. The context of the developing world, with poor health systems, increases the risk. In many developing nations, child marriage is a common practice--in Ethiopia, one out of five girls is married by the time she is 15. Yet girls younger than 15 are five times more likely to die from complications during pregnancy or childbirth than women in their 20's. At the other end of the spectrum, older women with five or more children are 1.5 to three times more likely to die from complications of pregnancy and childbirth than women with two to three children. With support, women and families in developing nations can make informed decisions about becoming pregnant in light of the risks.
Healthy Spacing Between Pregnancies
When spaced two years apart, children are healthier and more than twice as likely to survive infancy. The time between pregnancies also allows the mother to provide the benefits of breastfeeding longer. It also allows her to spend more time with each child. Optimal spacing contributes to each child's physical, mental, and emotional development.
Reduction of Abortions
Every year, there are 210 million pregnancies worldwide. Of the women with those pregnancies, it is estimated that 85 million do not want to be pregnant. About half of those pregnancies, 42 million, end with an induced abortion. Among women who obtain abortions, more than 67,000 die because of abortion-related injuries, and millions more suffer complications and long-term injuries. Abortion-related injuries account for 13% of maternal deaths worldwide.
FP2020 Metrics Group projects that if an additional 120 million women are reached with contraceptives and education by 2020, over 116 million unintended pregnancies and 52 million abortions would be averted.
Keeping Girls in School and Allowing Mothers to Work
Healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies result in families that are able to pursue education and to provide for their needs, making it one of the most cost-effective and powerful strategies to empower women and improve their lives. Women who are empowered to make choices about childbearing are more likely to get more education and job experience, and contribute to the economic health of their families and communities. Research has shown that personal savings and investments increase when working parents have a number of dependents that is more manageable, given their means.
Family Planning: Strategy Overview, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Countdown 2015 MNCH
Maternal, Neonatal & Child Health: Strategy Overview, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Family Planning and Reproductive Health Briefs, Christian Connections for International Health
Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy, World Vision
Preventing Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission through Family Planning in Maternal and Child Health Services: Kenya, Rwanda, and South Africa, fhi360
The Potential of Long-acting Reversible Contraception to Decrease Unintended Pregnancy, Association of Reproductive Health Professionals
Prevention of Unsafe Abortion, World Health Organization
Common Sense and Common Ground, New Evangelical Partnership for the Common Good
What Does Support for Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancies (HTSP) Include?
Education for women in developing nations about healthy birth timing (pregnant women are at lower risk when mother is between 18-34 years old)
Education for women in developing nations about healthy birth spacing (2-3 years between children)
Voluntary use of modern contraception
Fertility awareness-based methods (sometimes known as natural family planning e.g., using the Standard Days Method with cycle beads)
NOT abortion:
Hope Through Healing Hands does not fund abortion.
The Helms Amendment bars the use of U.S. government funds to pay for abortion services worldwide.
Women Lack Access to HTSP Education and Services
220 million women worldwide want access to HTSP education and services but don't have it.
Less than 20% of women in Sub-Saharan Africa and barely a third of women in Asia use modern contraception.
Women Have Limited Access to Maternal Health Care
Every year, complications from pregnancy and childbirth claim the lives of nearly 303,000 women and permanently disable many more, mostly in developing countries.
99% of these deaths are in developing countries, and 80% are preventable.
For every maternal death, at least 30 other women suffer serious illness or permanent debilitating injury.
Girls younger than 15 are five times more likely to die from complications during pregnancy or childbirth than women in their 20's.
Pregnancy is among the leading causes of death for girls aged 15 to 19.
Women with five or more children are 1.5 to three times more likely to die from pregnancy complications.
If 120 million women get access to HTSP resources, 200,000 fewer women and girls will die in childbirth by 2020.
Newborns Suffer if Mothers Don't Have Access to Family HTSP
In developing countries, the risk of prematurity and low birth rate doubles when conception occurs within six months of a previous birth.
Children born to women younger than 18 years have an excess mortality risk of about 40% and are more likely to be stunted and anemic than children born to women over 18 years of age.
HTSP Combats Infant Mortality
With the recommended two years spacing between birth and pregnancy, children are more than twice as likely to survive infancy.
With recommended birth spacing, mothers can breastfeed their children longer and devote more time and attention to their infants.
If 120 million women get access to family planning resources, 3 million fewer babies will die in their first year of life by the year 2020.
HTSP Gives Girls and Women the Chance to Be Educated
Right now, up to 25% of girls in developing countries drop out of school due to unintended pregnancy.
Moms empowered to make decisions on the timing and spacing of their pregnancies are more able to pursue their education and better their families' lives.
HTSP Reduces Abortion Rates
There are 85 million unplanned pregnancies each year, and about half end in abortion.
For women who seek abortion, 67,000 will die because of abortion-related injuries and millions more suffer complications and long-term injuries.
Abortion-related injuries account for 13% of maternal deaths worldwide each year.
HTSP education and services in developing nations could result in more than 100 million fewer unintended pregnancies and over 50 million fewer abortions per year by the year 2020.
HTSP is Cost Effective
Studies show that every dollar spent on HTSP can save governments up to six dollars that can be spent on improving health, housing, water, and other public services.
Helpful Bible Verses
Hosea 12:6
A Call to Christian Common Ground on Family Planning and Maternal and Children's Health, the New Evangelical Partnership for the Common Good
Overview of MNCH and HTSP 2015 - FBC_MNCH and HTSP_Overview.pdf (1.1 MBs)
Just the Facts - Just the Facts.pdf (89.7 KBs)