text:
This article is about the naval rank. For the fish, see midshipman fish. For the sports teams of the U.S. Naval Academy, see Navy Midshipmen. For the novel about Horatio Hornblower, see Mr. Midshipman Hornblower.
Common anglophone military ranks
Air forces
Admiral of
the fleet Marshal /
field marshal Marshal of
Admiral General Air marshal
Commodore Brigadier Air commodore
Captain Colonel Group captain
Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander
commander Major /
commandant Squadron
Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant
Sub-lieutenant Lieutenant Flying officer
Ensign 2nd lieutenant Pilot officer
Midshipman Officer cadet Officer cadet
Seamen, soldiers and airmen
Warrant officer Sergeant major Warrant officer
Leading seaman Corporal Corporal
A midshipman is an officer cadet, or a commissioned officer of the lowest rank, in the Royal Navy, United States Navy, and many Commonwealth navies. Commonwealth countries which use the rank include Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Kenya. The rank was also used, prior to 1968, by the Royal Canadian Navy, but upon the creation of the Canadian Forces the rank of midshipman was replaced with the rank of naval cadet.
In the 17th century, a midshipman was a rating for an experienced seaman, and the word derives from the area aboard a ship, amidships, either where the original rating worked on the ship, or where he was berthed. Beginning in the 18th century, a commissioned officer candidate was rated as a midshipman, and the seaman rating began to slowly die out. By the Napoleonic era (1793–1815), a midshipman was an apprentice officer who had previously served at least three years as a volunteer, officer's servant or able seaman, and was roughly equivalent to a present day petty officer in rank and responsibilities. After serving at least three years as a midshipman or master's mate, he was eligible to take the examination for lieutenant. Promotion to lieutenant was not automatic and many midshipmen took positions as master's mates for an increase in pay and responsibility aboard ship. Midshipmen in the United States Navy were trained and served similarly to midshipman in the Royal Navy, although unlike their counterparts in the Royal Navy, a midshipman was a warrant officer rank until 1912.
During the 19th century, changes in the training of naval officers in both the Royal Navy and the United States Navy led to the replacement of apprenticeship aboard ships with formal schooling in a naval college. Midshipman began to mean an officer cadet at a naval college. Trainees now spent around four years in a college and two years at sea prior to promotion to commissioned officer rank. Between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries, time at sea declined to less than a year as the entry age was increased from 12 to 18.
Ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many other navies. Using US midshipman or pre-fleet board UK midshipman as the basis for comparison, the equivalent rank would be a naval cadet in training to become a junior commissioned officer. Using post-fleet board UK midshipman for comparison, the rank would be the most junior commissioned officer in the rank structure, and similar to a US ensign in role and responsibility. In many Romance languages, the literal translation of the local term for "midshipman" into English is "Navy Guard", including the French garde marine, Spanish guardia marina, Portuguese guarda-marinha, and Italian guardiamarina. Today, these ranks all refer to naval cadets, but historically they were selected by the monarchy, and were trained mostly on land as soldiers.
1.1 Apprentice officers
1.1.1 Royal Navy (1662–1836)
1.1.1.1 Origins
1.1.1.2 Entry
1.1.1.3 Social background and uniform
1.1.1.4 Duties and promotion
1.1.2 United States Navy (1794–1845)
1.2 Cadet officers
1.2.1 Royal Navy from 1836
1.2.2 United States Navy from 1845
1.2.3 Commonwealth navies
1.3 Snotty
2 Modern usage
2.1 Royal Navy
2.2 United States Navy and Marine Corps
2.3 Other Commonwealth nations
2.3.1 Royal Australian Navy
2.3.2 Royal New Zealand Navy
2.3.3 South African Navy
2.3.4 Indian Navy
2.3.5 Pakistan Navy
3 Other countries
3.1 Comparative ranks and insignia
Apprentice officers
Royal Navy (1662–1836)
Midshipman of the Royal Navy (c. 1799),[1] by Thomas Rowlandson
The rank of midshipman originated during the Tudor and Stuart eras, and originally referred to a post for an experienced seaman promoted from the ordinary deck hands, who worked in between the main and mizzen mast and had more responsibility than an ordinary seaman, but was not a military officer or an officer in training.[2] The first published use of the term midshipman was in 1662.[3] The word derives from an area aboard a ship, amidships, but it refers either to the location where midshipmen worked on the ship,[2] or the location where midshipmen were berthed.[4]
By the 18th century four types of midshipman existed: midshipman (original rating), midshipman extraordinary, midshipman (apprentice officer), and midshipman ordinary.[5] Some midshipmen were older men, and while most were officer candidates who failed to pass the lieutenant examination or were passed over for promotion, some members of the original rating served, as late as 1822, alongside apprentice officers without themselves aspiring to a commission.[6] By 1794, all midshipmen were considered officer candidates, and the original rating was phased out.[7]
Beginning in 1661, boys who aspired to become officers were sent by their families to serve on ships with a "letter of service" from the crown, and were paid at the same rate as midshipmen.[8] The letter instructed the admirals and captains that the bearer was to be shown "such kindness as you shall judge fit for a gentleman, both in accommodating him in your ship and in furthering his improvement".[9] Their official rating was volunteer-per-order, but they were often known as King's letter boys, to distinguish their higher social class from the original midshipman rating.[8][10]
Beginning in 1677, Royal Navy regulations for promotion to lieutenant required service as a midshipman, and promotion to midshipman required some time at sea.[11] By the Napoleonic Era, the regulations required at least three years of services as a midshipman or master's mate and six years of total sea time.[12] Sea time was earned in various ways, most boys served this period at sea in any lower rating,[13] either as a servant of one of the ship's officers, a volunteer, or a seaman.[12]
By the 1730s, the rating volunteer-per-order was phased out and replaced with a system where prospective midshipmen served as servants for officers. For example, a captain was allowed four servants for every 100 men aboard his ship; many of these servants were young men destined to become officers.[14]
In 1729, the Royal Naval Academy in Portsmouth, renamed the Royal Naval College in 1806, was founded, for 40 students aged between 13 and 16, who would take three years to complete a course of study defined in an illustrated book, and would earn two years of sea time as part of their studies.[5][12] The rating of midshipman-by-order, or midshipman ordinary, was used specifically for graduates of the Royal Naval College, to distinguish them from midshipmen who had served aboard ship, who were paid more.[5] The school was unpopular in the Navy, because officers enjoyed the privilege of having servants and preferred the traditional method of training officers via apprenticeship.[14]
In 1794, officer's servants were abolished and a new class of volunteers called 'Volunteer Class I' was created for boys between the ages of 11 and 13 who were considered future midshipmen and lived in the gunroom on a ship-of-the-line or with the midshipmen on a frigate or smaller vessel.[14] Volunteers were paid £6 per year.[14] By 1816, the rating of midshipman ordinary was phased out, and all apprentice officers were rated as midshipmen.[5]
Social background and uniform
In the 18th century Royal Navy, rank and position on board ship was defined by a mix of two hierarchies, an official hierarchy of ranks and a conventionally recognized social divide between gentlemen and non-gentlemen.[15][A 1] Boys aspiring for a commission were often called young gentlemen instead of their substantive rating to distinguish their higher social standing from the ordinary sailors.[9][18] Occasionally, a midshipman would be posted aboard a ship in a lower rating such as able seaman but would eat and sleep with his social equals in the cockpit.[19][A 2]
Approximately 50 percent of midshipmen were the sons of professional men, which included the sons of naval officers, and there were notable sailing families throughout the Age of Sail, such as the Saumarez, Hood, and Parker families. The niceties of preferment and promotion made family connections an obvious advantage for prospective officers. Members of the peerage and landed gentry formed the next largest group, about 27 percent of officers. The numbers were smaller, but similarly, their connections gave them excellent prospects for promotion, and they had a considerable influence on the Royal Navy. A notable member of this group was Prince William, later William IV who served as a midshipman from 1780–1785. The rest were from commercial or working class backgrounds, and because of the advantages possessed by the nobility and professional sailors, their chances of promotion to lieutenant were slim.[14]
Since most midshipmen were from the gentry or had family connections with sailing ships, many used their connections to have their names placed on a ship's books. The practice, known colloquially as "false muster" was common even though it was technically illegal and frowned upon.[21] This allowed some boys to be promoted to midshipmen, or in some cases lieutenant, without having completed the required amount of time at sea. A notable example was Thomas Cochrane, whose uncle had him entered at the age of five; his name was carried on various ships until he was 18 and received his commission.[12]
When uniforms were introduced in the Navy in 1748, midshipmen started wearing the same uniform as commissioned officers.[22] They also began wearing their traditional badge of rank, a white patch of cloth with a gold button and a twist of white cord on each side of the coat collar.[23] The uniform emphasized that midshipmen were gentlemen and officers under instruction.[22]
Duties and promotion
Further information: Passed midshipman, Master's mate, and Sub-lieutenant
Midshipmen were expected to work on the ship, but were also expected to learn navigation and seamanship. They were expected to have learned already, as able seamen and volunteers, to rig sails; other duties included keeping watch, relaying messages between decks, supervising gun batteries, commanding small boats, and taking command of sub-division of the ship's company under one of the lieutenants. On smaller ships midshipmen were instructed by a senior master's mate, often a passed midshipman, who taught them mathematics, navigation, and sailing lore. Larger ships would carry a schoolmaster, who was rated as a midshipman but usually was a civilian like the chaplain. Midshipmen were expected to keep detailed navigational logs, which were shown to the captain to assess their progress.[14]
Route to a commission in the Royal Navy, c. 1810[24]
Prior to promotion to lieutenant, a commissioned officer candidate in the Royal Navy had to pass a formal examination. Officially, a prospective lieutenant was at least 19, and was expected to produce proof of his service, which would include certificates from his commanders and journals kept while a midshipman.[25] However, most midshipmen aspired to take the lieutenant examination at age 17 or 18, and the typical age of a midshipman was between 15 and 22.[13] The candidate was summoned before a board of three captains and questioned about seamanship, navigation, and discipline. The board would ask questions such as:
An enemy is observed; give orders for clearing your ship, and make all the necessary preparations for engaging.[25]
Like the board, which might be an ad hoc affair, the actual exam questions were not standardized and their content depended mostly on individual captains. In seamanship, the candidate was expected to be able to splice ropes, reef a sail, work a ship in sailing and shift his tides. In navigation, he was expected to be able to keep a reckoning of the ship's way by plane sailing, to use Mercator projection maps and observation of the sun and stars to determine the course and position of the ship, and to understand the variation of the compass. He was also expected to be qualified to do the duty of an able seaman and midshipman.[25]
Failure usually meant six more months of sea service before the examination could again be attempted. Some men never passed it. Successful completion made the midshipman a 'passed midshipman'.[25] From the 18th century until the second half of the 19th century, a midshipman in the Royal Navy who passed the lieutenant's examination did not automatically receive a commission. Midshipmen with political connections were promoted first, while others would wait their turn on a roster. During wartime, when large numbers of ships and men might be lost in battle, most passed midshipman would be promoted in a year or two, but during peacetime the wait might be so long that the midshipman would eventually be considered too old and lose his chance for a commission.[26]
Passed midshipmen awaiting promotion often elected to become master's mates, a high-ranking petty officer who assisted the master with his duties, served on watch as deputy to the lieutenants, and commanded small boats.[27] A midshipman who became master's mate earned an increase in pay from £2 5s to £3 16s per month but initially reduced his chances at a commission because master's mates, along with masters, were assumed to have a working class background.[28][29] Over time, however, appointment to master's mate became considered a normal part of the path to a commission; the situation caused some confusion during the last part of the 18th century, when two parallel roles – master's mates trying to become masters, and former midshipmen working toward a commission – held the same title and responsibilities aboard ship.[30]
By the first years of the 19th century, the term 'mate', without the prefix master's, was used for passed midshipmen, to distinguish them from master's mates who had not served as midshipmen. In 1824, the rating of master's assistant replaced master's mate, and mate continued to be used unofficially by passed midshipmen.[28] These changes helped eliminate the confusion caused by the mingling of midshipmen in the navigator's branch.[30] In 1838 a Royal Commission, presided over by the Duke of Wellington, recommended the institution of the rank of mate as an official step between midshipman and lieutenant.[31] In 1861 mate was abolished in favor of sub-lieutenant.[31]
United States Navy (1794–1845)
When Congress created the United States Navy in 1794, midshipman was listed as a rank of warrant officer in the Naval Act of 1794, and they were appointed by the President of the United States.[32] Midshipmen had similar duties and responsibilities as in the Royal Navy, and were typically young men between the age of 14 and 22 training to become a naval officer. "Passed midshipman" was first used in 1819, and was an official rank of the US Navy.[33]
During the long period of peace between 1815 and 1846 midshipmen had few opportunities for promotion, and their warrants were often obtained via patronage. The poor quality of officer training in the US Navy became visible after the Somers Affair, an alleged mutiny aboard the training ship USS Somers in 1842, and the subsequent execution of midshipman Philip Spencer. Spencer had gained his post aboard the Somers via the influence of his father, United States Secretary of War John C. Spencer.[34]
Cadet officers
Royal Navy from 1836
Further information: Selborne-Fisher scheme
The original Royal Naval College closed in 1836, after which the only method for training midshipmen in the Royal Navy was aboard ships. In 1844 the rank of naval cadet was created, and to qualify as a midshipman a candidate had to be 14 years old, successfully pass an admiralty examination and have two years of service as a naval cadet or three years of service in the Navy.[35] A decline in qualified officers prompted the Navy to order training in a ship at anchor for all cadets, which began in 1857 aboard HMS Illustrious, which was replaced by HMS Britannia in 1859.[36] Britannia was moved to Portland in 1862, and to the present location of the Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth in 1863.[37]
Beginning in 1840s, the normal entry age for executive officer cadets, those destined to command ships and fleets, was between 12 and 13, and instruction consisted of two years of classroom training, during which time trainees were rated as naval cadets.[38] Cadets who received a first-class passing grade in studies, seamanship and conduct on their final examination could receive a credit for up to a year of sea time, and could be rated as midshipmen immediately after passing out of the college.[38] After passing out of the college, cadets served aboard a special training vessel for one year.[38] Cadets were then rated as midshipmen, and served aboard the fleet another two years. Midshipmen lived in the gunroom, kept watches, and ran the ship's boats. They received instruction in navigation every day. After five total years of training and having reached the age of 19, the midshipmen were eligible to take the examination for lieutenant.[39][40] After passing the examination for lieutenant, midshipmen were commissioned as sub-lieutenants, and were transferred to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, which opened in 1873 as the 'University of the Navy'.[39]
Midshipmen George Drewry, Wilfred Malleson, and Greg Russell
Beginning in 1903, officer training of military and engineering students was reformed by the Selborne-Fisher scheme, and engineering and executive officer candidates began to enter the Navy in the same way, which was termed 'Common Entry'.[41][A 3] Previously, engineer cadets had been trained separately at the Royal Naval Engineering College, Keyham which was closed in 1910.[41] In 1903 a new preparatory school was opened at Royal Naval College, Osborne, which was Queen Victoria's favorite residence but was not a favorite of her successor Edward VII who had donated it to the nation in 1902. Training initially consisted of two years at Osborne and two years at Dartmouth as cadets, later four years at Dartmouth, followed by approximately 3 years of sea duty as midshipmen prior to promotion to sub-lieutenant.[39] In 1905, a new building was completed on shore to replace Britannia, which was named Britannia Royal Naval College.[43] In 1913, increasing demand for officers led to recruitment of 18 year-old graduates of public schools, which was called 'Special Entry', and was conducted separately from Selborne scheme cadets.[44] Special entry cadets trained for approximately 6 months prior to service in the fleet as midshipmen.[44] When World War I began in 1914, all the cadets at Dartmouth were quickly mobilized as midshipmen in the reserve fleet.[45] During the war, two midshipmen, George Drewry and Wilfred Malleson were awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest award of the British Commonwealth for gallantry, during the Landing at Cape Helles.[46] After World War I ended, opposition to the Selborne-Fisher scheme led to re-segregating executive and engineering officers into separate branches, while common entry and special entry were maintained.[39]
After World War II another series of reforms, influenced by the quality of officers produced by the special entry scheme and other nations' experience with training officer candidates in a university setting, were initiated to increase the quality of officers in the Navy.[8] In 1949 the entry age was increased to 16, and by 1955 the entry age was increased to 18 and entry required a minimum of two A levels.[47] After 1957 midshipmen no longer served in the fleet.[48] In 1972, all cadets became midshipmen when the rank of cadet was abolished.[49]
United States Navy from 1845
Midshipman Theodorus B. M. Mason of the United States Navy (c. 1868)[50]
Congress formally authorized the establishment of the United States Military Academy in 1802, but it took almost 50 years to approve a similar school for naval officers.[51] One major reason for the delay was that Navy leaders preferred the apprenticeship system, citing famous officers such as Nelson and the captains of the War of 1812 who did not attend a formal naval school.[51] However, after the Somers Affair, officers realized that the system for training officers had to change to be more efficient.[51]
George Bancroft, appointed Secretary of the Navy in 1845, decided to work outside of congressional approval and create a new academy for officers.[51] He formed a council led by Commodore Perry to create a new system for training officers, and turned the old Fort Severn at Annapolis into a new institution which would be designated as the United States Naval Academy in 1851.[51] Midshipmen studied at the Academy for four years and trained aboard ships each summer.[52] Midshipman began to mean "passed midshipman" at this time, and a student at the Naval Academy was a cadet midshipman.[33] The rank of ensign was created in 1862, and passed midshipmen were promoted to ensign when vacancies occurred.[33]
In 1865, the Department of Steam Enginery was created and cadet engineers were admitted to the Academy for the first time.[53] In 1874, Congress changed the curriculum to include four years of classroom training and two years of sea duty aboard a regular vessel prior to examinations as warranted midshipmen.[54] In 1882, Congress eliminated the distinction in training between engineer and naval cadets, and designated the student officers as naval cadets; the name reverted to midshipmen in 1902.[52] By an act of Congress passed in 1903, two appointments as midshipmen were allowed for each senator, representative, and delegate in Congress, two for the District of Columbia, and five each year at large. In 1912, Congress authorized commissioning midshipmen as ensigns on graduation day, and ended the previously required two years of post-graduation sea service as warrant officers.[52][55]
In 1930, the Naval Academy received accreditation as an approved technological institution.[52] In 1933, a new law enabled the Naval, Military, and Coast Guard Academies to award Bachelor of Science degrees, and the class of 1933 was the first to receive this degree and have it written in the diploma.[52] In 1937, the superintendent of the Naval Academy was granted the authority to award Bachelor of Science degrees to all living graduates.[52]
Commonwealth navies
As Dominions of the British Empire formed their own navies during the 20th century, further countries began using the rank of midshipman. Today Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, India, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Kenya use the rank.[56] Prior to 1968 Canada also used the rank of midshipman, until the National Defence Act consolidated the Royal Canadian Navy with the Army and Air Force into a single military, called the Canadian Forces. As part of the act, the rank of midshipman was replaced with the rank of naval cadet.[57]
Snotty
In Royal Navy slang, a midshipman is sometimes referred to as a "snotty". Two popular stories give origins for the term: the first claims that it arose due to a shortage of handkerchiefs among midshipmen, who would consequently use their sleeves to wipe their noses. Prince William, later William IV, is sometimes cited as a notorious example of this practice among midshipmen.[58] The other story claims that the three buttons formerly sewn onto midshipmen's jacket cuffs were placed there to prevent them from wiping their noses on their sleeves.[48][58]
Modern usage
See also: Officer Cadet
Royal Navy midshipman's insignia[59]
In the modern Royal Navy a midshipman is the lowest rank of officer, and rank with second lieutenant in the British Army and pilot officer in the Royal Air Force and above all enlisted and warrant ranks.[60][61][A 4] A midshipman's rank insignia, which has changed little since Napoleonic times,[62] is called a "turnback"[63]: a white patch of cloth with a gold button and a twist of white cord on each side of the coat collar.[64]
Prospective officers must have at least five GCSEs, including English and maths, plus at least 180 UCAS points from A levels or other suitable qualifications. They must pass a two-and-a-half day assessment, called the Admiralty Interview Board, and a medical examination.[65] Those joining the Navy as university graduates start as sub-lieutenants, with non-graduates joining as midshipmen.[65]
General basic training (Initial Officer Training) for Royal Navy officers takes place at the Britannia Royal Naval College.[66] Training takes up to a year depending on specialization; all midshipmen participate in at least the first two terms, which are 14 weeks each. Until they have completed initial fleet training, both midshipmen and sub-lieutenants at Britannia Royal Naval College do not use their substantive ranks, but instead use the rank of officer cadet.[67]
During the first seven weeks of training, officer cadets learn militarization and sea sense, focusing on learning about the military environment, along with team and leadership skills.[66] During the second seven weeks, officer cadets learn essential sea officer skills, including navigation and the marine environment, strategic studies, and basic sea survival.[66] During the second term officer cadets spend 10 weeks in Initial Fleet Time, serving aboard capital warships as junior ratings.[66] Upon completion of Initial Fleet Time, officer cadets return to Dartmouth for four weeks to complete their final leadership assessment, the Maritime Leadership Exercise (MARL), and a week spent with different areas of the Royal Navy.[66] If they have been successful, officers of all branches then pass out of the college.[66]
Upon completion of Initial Officer Training, university cadet entrants, engineering, logistics and flight specialization officer cadets move to their second phase of training elsewhere within the Royal Navy.[66] Midshipmen specializing in warfare remain at the college for the Initial Warfare Officer's Foundation course, which completes part of a Foundation degree in Naval Studies (equating to two thirds of a Bachelor's degree), on completion of initial professional training.[68] Officers can complete degrees via distance learning with the Open University, although completion is not required.[68]
United States Navy and Marine Corps
US Navy and Marine Corps midshipman rank structure[69]
In the modern United States Navy a midshipman is classified as an officer of the line, though their exercise of authority is limited by their training status.[70] Legally, midshipmen are a special grade of officer that ranks between Warrant Officer (W-1) and the lowest grade of Chief Warrant Officer (W-2).[70][71]
Students at the United States Naval Academy (USNA) are appointed as midshipman, United States Navy by the President.[72] Students in the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) are appointed as midshipman, United States Navy Reserve or United States Marine Corps Reserve by the secretary of the Navy.[A 5] Students at the United States Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA) are appointed as midshipman, United States Navy Reserve, Merchant Marine Reserve.[74] The student body at the USNA is the Brigade of Midshipmen[52] and the student body at the USMMA is the Regiment of Midshipmen.[74]
Generally, a nomination from a member of Congress or the vice president is required to receive an appointment.[72] A nomination does not guarantee an appointment and in a typical year only about 38% of nominees receive an appointment.[72] Currently each member of Congress and the vice president can have five appointees attending the Naval Academy at any time.[75] Other nomination sources include the secretary of the Navy, who may appoint 170 enlisted members of the regular and reserve Navy and Marine Corps to the Naval Academy each year,[76] and the president may nominate an unlimited number of children of career military personnel for up to 100 appointments each year.[77] Additionally, children of Medal of Honor recipients do not need a nomination but need only qualify for admission.[78]
Midshipmen at the US Naval Academy and in the NROTC wear uniforms that comply with standards established for commissioned officers of the Navy, with shoulder board and sleeve insignia varying by school year or officer rank as prescribed by Chapter 6 of Navy Uniform Regulations.[69] Midshipmen wear gold fouled anchors as the primary insignia on caps and shoulder boards and plain anchors as collar insignia on service dress and full dress uniforms. Marine option midshipmen in the NROTC wear gold globe and anchor insignia in place of the insignia worn by other midshipmen.[69][79]
Midshipmen study a core curriculum plus 21 major fields of study, a wide variety of elective courses and advanced study and research opportunities.[80] Upon graduation, midshipmen are commissioned as ensigns in the Navy or second lieutenants in the Marine Corps.[81]
Other Commonwealth nations
Royal Australian Navy
A midshipman in the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) holds a commission, which is usually not issued until promotion to sub-lieutenant or lieutenant. Officer candidates enter the RAN at various ranks depending on previous experience or degree qualifications; graduates from a three-year course, non-degree qualified entrants, and sailor changeovers below the rank of leading seaman enter as midshipman.[82][A 6]
On joining the RAN, midshipmen complete six months' initial officer training (New Entry Officer's Course) at the Royal Australian Naval College. Following this all members serve six months in the fleet completing Primary Qualification (PQ) continuation training.[83] Direct entry midshipmen continue their normal training and Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) entry midshipmen post to Canberra to study at the ADFA in their second year in the Navy.[83] Midshipmen undertake an undergraduate degree over the course of three years, whilst also completing elements of their naval training.[84] ADFA midshipmen are also undergraduate students of the University of New South Wales (UNSW). When they graduate from UNSW at ADFA at the completion of their three or four year undergraduate program, they do so with a fully recognized degree from UNSW – the same degree received by graduates of UNSW's campus in Sydney.[85] During Single Service Training (SST) at ADFA midshipmen have the opportunity to return to sea during the SST period as well as visiting shore establishments for PQ related training.[84]
Royal New Zealand Navy
In the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), midshipman is the lowest commissioned officer rank, for officers under training and retained upon completion of initial training by those without a university degree.[86] Unlike officer cadet ranks in the Army, midshipmen are treated as officers and hold a commission.[87] The RNZN has approximately 60 midshipman commissioned at a time.[86]
Midshipman begin their career at Junior Officer Common Training, which lasts 6 months.[88] After completing their initial training course, midshipmen serve aboard ships for a short time, followed by specialty training for about 14 weeks.[88] After approximately two years in the Navy, midshipmen are promoted to ensign.[89] Officers who entered the service with a university degree are promoted to sub-lieutenant after completion of Junior Officer Common Training.[90] Officers without a degree have the option of earning a university degree while serving in the Navy.[91]
South African Navy
A midshipman in the South African Navy (SAN) is an officer of the lowest rank.[92] Officer candidates are citizens between the ages of 18 and 22, either in grade 12 or graduated from high school with an academic background in mathematics and science.[93] Cadets initially spend a year training at the South African Naval College in Gordon's Bay, about 55 km southeast of Cape Town, and upon graduation are commissioned as midshipmen.[94] Midshipmen study for three more years at the South African Military Academy, and upon graduation receive a B Mil degree from Stellenbosch University.[95]
Midshipmen in the Indian Navy begin their career as cadets at the National Defence Academy or the Indian Naval Academy, where they study for approximately three years. After graduation they receive a B Tech degree from Jawaharlal Nehru University and are assigned to training ships for one year. After six months aboard the training ship, the cadets are promoted to midshipman.[96] At the end of their training midshipmen are examined by a board and are cleared for promotion to acting sub-lieutenant.[97]
Cadets in the Pakistan Navy undertake an initial 18 months' training at the Pakistan Naval Academy. They study humanities, engineering, professional and technical subjects.[98] After passing out they are appointed midshipmen, and undertake another six months of training at sea. They are assigned to Operations, Weapons Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, or Logistics. After passing the final fleet examination, they are promoted to the rank of sub-lieutenant.[99]
Midshipman insignia of Commonwealth nations
RAN midshipman insignia and patch[100]
RNZN midshipman patch[86]
SAN midshipman insignia[92]
Pakistan Navy midshipman insignia
Today, ranks equivalent to midshipman exist in many countries. Using US midshipman or pre-fleet board UK midshipman as the basis for comparison, the equivalent rank would be a naval cadet in training to become a junior commissioned officer. Using post-fleet board UK midshipman for comparison, the rank would be the most junior commissioned officer in the rank structure, and similar to a US ensign in role and responsibility.[3]
The Dutch navy has since the early 17th century included a midshipman rank which literally means 'young gentleman' (Dutch: Adelborst); today, adelborsten train at the Royal Netherlands Naval College (Dutch: Koninklijk Instituut voor de Marine) for 3 years.[101] Officer cadets in the German navy begin their training at the Naval Academy at Mürwik (German: Marineschule Mürwik) holding enlisted ranks with the qualifier officer candidate (German: Offizieranwärter), abbreviated as OA.[102] After about a year, they are promoted to Seekadetten,[102] equivalent to the non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank Mate (German: Maat), and move to the University of the German Federal Armed Forces.[60] About nine months later, they are promoted to Fähnrich zur See rank,[102] equivalent to the NCO rank Boatswain (German: Bootsmann).[60] After 30 months of total training they are promoted to the final officer candidate rank, Oberfähnrich zur See,[102] equivalent to the NCO rank Hauptbootsmann, and after about 4 years of total training graduate with a Bachelor's degree.[60]
In many romance languages, the literal translation of the local term for "midshipman" into English is "Navy Guard", including the French garde-marine,[103] Spanish guardia marina,[104] Portuguese guarda-marinha, and Italian guardiamarina. These ranks all refer to young naval officer cadets, but the selection, training, and responsibilities of each diverge from the British tradition. The French rank of garde de la marine was established in 1670, when an office of the monarchy selected young gentlemen from the nobility to serve the King in the Gardes de la Marine. The concept of the Gardes was borrowed from the various guards units within the Maison militaire du roi de France.[105] In 1686 these guards were organized into companies of cadets at the ports of Brest, Rochefort and Toulon. Unlike midshipmen in the Royal Navy, the Gardes trained mostly on shore and focused on military drill and theory rather than practical skills in gunnery, navigation and seamanship.[103][105] After the succession of the Bourbon Phillip V of Spain to the Spanish throne, the French system of naval officer education spread to Spain.[105] The Spanish navy created the rank of guardia marina in 1717, with the formation at Cadiz of the Royal Company of Midshipmen (Spanish: Real Compañía de Guardias Marinas).[105][106]
By restricting the French officer corps to members of the nobility, there were not enough Gardes to man all of the ships during wartime.[105] To fill the gaps, volunteers were temporarily recruited from the merchant service; they were allowed to hold permanent rank in the navy starting in 1763.[105][107] These professional officers wore blue uniforms to distinguish them from the Gardes de la Marine who wore red uniforms.[107] After the revolution, the royal connotations of the term garde marine led to its replacement with aspirant (officer cadet), and later élèves de la Marine (naval officer candidate).[103] Contemporary French naval officer training still reflects this structure: students at the École navale begin their the first year as élève-officier, are promoted in their second year to aspirant, and in their third year are commissioned as an acting sub-lieutenant (French: Enseigne de vaisseau de deuxième classe). In a modern French-English dictionary, élève officier translates to midshipman, but both the historical term garde-marine and the modern term for an officer candidate, aspirant, are also equivalent to midshipman.[108][A 7]
In most Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries, officers begin training at the rank of naval cadet, called aspirante in both languages. They are promoted to the rank guardia marina/guarda-marinha during training (in Spain and Brazil) or after graduation (in Portugal).[109] Similarly, in Italy naval officer cadets, called allievo dell'accademia navale, are promoted to the rank of aspirante guardiamarina in their final year, and the lowest rank of commissioned officer is guardiamarina, both terms which translate to midshipman.[110]
Comparative ranks and insignia
See also: Comparative military ranks and Ranks and insignia of NATO Navies Officers
Country, Equivalent Rank
Guarda-marinha [111]
Guarda marinha insignia
Naval Cadet · Aspirant de marine [112]
Naval Cadet insignia
Aspirant [113]
Aspirant insignia
Seekadett · Fähnrich zur See · Oberfähnrich zur See [102][114]
Seekadett
Fähnrich zur See
Oberfähnrich zur See insignia
Aspirante guardiamarina [115]
Aspirante guardiamarina insignia
Pegawai Kadet Kanan [56]
Kadet Kanan Shoulder Insignia
Aspirante [116]
Sleeve insignia for students from the Escola Naval
Sleeve insignia for others
Adelborst [101]
Adelborst
Korporaal Adelborst
Sergeant Adelborst insignia
Guardiamarina · Aspirante [117]
Guardiamarina (left, 4th year) and Aspirante (right, 2nd year) insignia
Kvartermester [60][A 8]
Kvartermester sleeve insignia
^ A midshipman was a petty officer who could be demoted by the captain, but outranked most other petty officers and lesser warrant officers, such as the Master-at-arms.[16][17]
^ Horatio Nelson served as an able seaman aboard the Seahorse,[19] and Peter Heywood served as an able seaman aboard HMS Bounty.[20]
^ The scheme included the Royal Marines but they did not participate in the scheme.[42]
^ Pre-1956 Royal Navy and Royal Marines warrant officers and commissioned officers from Warrant Rank were senior to midshipmen.[61]
^ Legally, NROTC midshipmen enlist in the Navy Reserve or Marine Corp Reserve for the purpose of being appointed as a midshipman.[73]
^ On entry to the Navy, candidates with 3–4 year degrees enter as acting sub-lieutenants or sub-lieutenants. Medical personnel enter as lieutenants, and chaplains enter as commanders.[82]
^ Aspriant: Élève de deuxième année de l'École navale translates to second year student at the Naval Academy.[108]
^ Officer candidates in the Norwegian Navy hold the rank of Kvartermester.[60]
^ "Ranks in Nelson's Navy". Port Cities London. National Maritime Museum. http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConGallery.57/Ranksin-Nelsons-navy.html. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
^ a b Penn 1957, pp. 3–4
^ a b "midshipman, n.". Oxford English Dictionary Online. Oxford University Press. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00309268?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=Midshipman&first=1&max_to_show=10. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
^ Morris & Kearns 1998, p. 186
^ a b c d Lewis 1939, pp. 217–220
^ Penn 1957, p. 8
^ King 2001, p. 299
^ a b c Davies 1991, p. 16
^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Midshipman". Encyclopædia Britannica. XVIII (11th ed.). New York: Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 423. http://books.google.com/books?id=4FEEAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions%3ALCCN11027773&lr=&as_brr=4&pg=PA423#v=onepage&q=Midshipman&f=false. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
^ Penn 1957, pp. 10–11
^ Lewis 1939, p. 221
^ a b c d Lavery 1989, p. 89
^ a b Phillipson 1996, p. 2
^ a b c d e f Lavery 1989, p. 90
^ Lavery 1989, p. 270
^ Blake & Lawrence 2005, p. 72
^ a b Lewis 1939, p. 267
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^ Lavery 1989, p. 92
^ Walker 1938, p. 185
^ "Officer ranks in the Royal Navy". Royal Naval Museum. http://www.royalnavalmuseum.org/info_sheets_nav_rankings.htm#Slt. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
^ a b Walker 1938, p. 186
^ Lewis 1960, p. 146,197
^ a b Lewis 1939, p. 212,230
^ a b Walker 1938, pp. 188–189
^ "Warrant Officer". Naval Historical Center. 2005. http://www.history.navy.mil/trivia/triv4-5b.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
^ a b c Hamersly 1881, p. 496
^ Miller 1997, p. 102
^ Hautlain, Charles (1844), The New Navy List, London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., p. 90, http://books.google.com/books?id=qukNAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Navy+List&hl=en&ei=BEkzTKr0G4H-8AalttX1Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q&f=false, retrieved 2010-07-19
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^ Penn 1957, p. 123
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^ "Midshipman Theodorus B. M. Mason". NYPL Digital Gallery. New York Public Library. http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=1833873&imageID=1663595. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
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^ "USNA Admissions — Steps for Admission — Nominations — Navy And Marine Corps (Acitve & Reserve)". U.S. Naval Academy. http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/stnomnmc.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
^ "USNA Admissions — Steps for Admission — Nominations — President". U.S. Naval Academy. http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/stnompres.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
^ "USNA Admissions — Steps for Admission — Nominations — Children of Medal of Honor Awardees". U.S. Naval Academy. http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/stnommed.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
^ "Military Service Requirements". Naval Service Training Command Officer Development. https://www.nrotc.navy.mil/military_requirements.aspx. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
^ "Academic Education". United States Naval Academy. 2009. http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/academics.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
^ "Career Opportunities". U.S. Naval Academy. http://www.usna.edu/admissions/faq.htm#career. Retrieved 2010-07-19.
^ a b "What It Takes to Become a Naval Officer in Five Easy Steps" (PDF). Australian Department of Defence. p. 18. http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/single_service.html. Retrieved 2009-03-06.
^ a b "Single Service Training". Australian Department of Defence. http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/single_service.html. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
^ a b "The Australian Defence Force Academy – Training at ADFA". Australian Department of Defence. http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/index.html. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
^ "University of New South Wales". Australian Department of Defence. http://www.defence.gov.au/adfa/training/undergraduate_degree.html. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
^ a b c "RNZN Midshipman Rank Slide". Royal New Zealand Navy. http://www.navy.mil.nz/know-your-navy/rank-structure/officers/mid.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
^ "Defence Act 1990". Parliamentary Counsel Office. http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0028/latest/DLM204978.html?search=qs_act_midshipman_resel&sr=1. Retrieved 2009-05-12. Officer, in relation to the Navy, means a person who is of or above the rank of midshipman.
^ a b "Warfare Officer". Royal New Zealand Navy. http://www.navyjobs.mil.nz/navy-jobs/officers/pages/warfare-officer.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
^ "Climbing the Ranks". Royal New Zealand Navy. http://www.navyjobs.mil.nz/navy-life/Pages/Climbing-the-ranks.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
^ "Supply Officer". Royal New Zealand Navy. http://www.navyjobs.mil.nz/navy-jobs/officers/pages/supply-officer.aspx##careerprogressionchart. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
^ "Tertiary Sponsorship". Royal New Zealand Navy. http://www.navyjobs.mil.nz/training/Pages/Tertiary-Sponsorship.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-11.
^ a b "Rank Insignia". Department of Defence, Republic of South Africa. http://www.navy.mil.za/aboutus/Rank_Insignia.gif. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
^ "Military Skills Development" (pdf). South African Navy. http://www.careers.mil.za/careers/uniformcareers/archives/12951%20BROCHURES%20SA%20NAVY.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
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^ "About the Military Academy". University of Stellenbosch. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080616092857/http://academic.sun.ac.za/mil/about/about.asp. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
^ Hiranandani, G M. "21". Transition to Triumph : history of the Indian Navy, 1965 – 1975. New Delhi: Lancer Publishers. ISBN 1-897829-72-8. OCLC 44603776. http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/21_personnel-1.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
^ "Midshipmen". Indian Navy. http://armedforces.nic.in/navy/midshipmen.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-11.
^ "Pakistan Navy Website". Pakistan Navy. http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/shore_units.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
^ Cheema 2003, p. 89
^ "Midshipman – Royal Australian Navy". Royal Australian Navy. http://www.navy.gov.au/Midshipman. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
^ a b (Dutch)"Voorschrift Koninklijke Marine 003: Uniformen Voor Militairen van de Koninklijke Marine (VKM 003)" (pdf). Koninklijke Marine. 2008. p. 69. http://www.onderscheidingenhuis.nl/downloads/VKM_003.pdf. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
^ a b c d e (German)Petra Schmittberger (2009-02-04). "Offizier Marine" (PDF). German Federal Armed Forces. p. 12. http://mil.bundeswehr-karriere.de/fileserving/PortalFiles/C1256DC500375C10/W2756H4S323INFODE/Offizier_Marine.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
^ a b c Lavery 1989, p. 281
^ a b c d e f Harding 1999, p. 145
^ (Spanish) "Historia". Armada Española. http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/personal_escuelas/02_enm--03_historia_es. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
^ a b Harding 1999, pp. 229–230
^ a b (French) "le Grand Robert". Dictionnaires Le Robert. http://gr.bvdep.com/version-1/gr.asp. Retrieved 2009-04-06. (Login required)
^ "Guardiamarina". Oxford Spanish Dictionary, (subscription required). Oxford Language Dictionaries Online (subscription required). http://oxfordlanguagedictionaries.com/view/EntryPage.html?sp=/oldo/b-es-en/u11d1def534ea1be0.-669fde13.1122d9cde17.6995. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
^ "Guardiamarina". Oxford-Paravia Italian Dictionary. Oxford Language Dictionaries Online (subscription required). http://oxfordlanguagedictionaries.com/view/EntryPage.html?sp=/oldo/b-it-en/u11d1def534ea1be0.51807bd0.1132e292713.-c6. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
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^ (German) "Uniformen" (PDF). Deutsche Marine. p. 20. http://www.marine.de/fileserving/PortalFiles/02DB070000000001/W27CFBZY746INFODE/Uniformen_der_Bundeswehr.pdf?yw_repository=youatweb. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
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Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal (2003), The Armed Forces of Pakistan, New York University Press, ISBN 0-8147-1633-4, OCLC 49959459, http://books.google.com/books?id=cw_gduyRv5oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Armed+Forces+of+Pakistan#PPA89,M1
Davies, E. L.; Grove, E. J. (1980), The Royal Naval College Dartmouth: Seventy-five years in Pictures, Portsmouth: Gieves & Hawkes Limited, ISBN 0-85997-462-6
Davies, J.D. (1991), Gentlemen and Tarpaulins : The Officers and Men of the Restoration Navy, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-820263-6
Hamersly, Lewis (1881), A Naval Encyclopædia, Philadelphia: L. R. Hamersly & Co., OCLC 8514211, http://books.google.com/books?id=IPvxNqDjeXYC&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0
Harding, Richard (1999), Seapower and naval warfare, 1650–1830, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-888-7, OCLC 41106614
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Lavery, Brian (1989), Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-258-3, OCLC 20997619, http://books.google.com/books?id=DVE5YzfTir4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Nelson%27s+Navy+Lavery
Lewis, Michael (1939), England's Sea-Officers, London: George Allen & Unwin, OCLC 1084558
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Morris, James; Kearns, Patricia (1998), Historical Dictionary of the United States Navy, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-3406-5, OCLC 37903579
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Penn, Geoffrey (1957), Snotty: The Story of the Midshipman, London: Hollis & Carter, OCLC 8317840
Phillipson, David (1996), Band of Brothers: Boy Seamen in the Royal Navy 1800 – 1956, Stroud: Sutton, ISBN 0-7509-1976-0, OCLC 41959874
Walker, C.F. (1938), Young Gentlemen: The Story of Midshipmen from the XVIIth Century to the Present Day, London: Longmans, Green, OCLC 2936648
Winton, John (1995), "Life And Education in a Technically Evolving Navy: 1815–1925", in J.R. Hill, Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-211675-4, OCLC 32237618, http://books.google.com/books?id=WWFxWv-gd-IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+the+Royal+Navy#PPA267,M1
v · d · eCommissioned officer ranks of the British Armed Forces
NATO rank code
Student Officer
OF-1
OF-10
Mid SLt Lt Lt Cdr Cdr Capt Cdre RAdm VAdm Adm Adm of the Fleet
2Lt Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Maj-Gen Lt-Gen Gen
O Cdt 2Lt Lt Capt Maj Lt Col Col Brig Maj-Gen Lt-Gen Gen FM
OC / SO APO / Plt Off Fg Off Flt Lt Sqn Ldr Wg Cdr Gp Capt Air Cdre AVM Air Mshl Air Chf Mshl MRAF
United States officer candidate ranks
CDT / OT
CDT / OC
MIDN / Cand
MIDN / OC
Grade never created [1]
Military ranks of Australia
Military ranks of Canada
Military ranks of the Commonwealth
Military ranks of the Royal Navy
Military ranks of the United States Navy
Naval ranks
Naval rating
midshipman — ⇒MIDSHIPMAN, subst. masc. MAR. Aspirant ou cadet dans la marine militaire britannique et américaine. Ainsi, la fortune qui donne les grades dans l armée anglaise, est sans influence pour l avancement dans la marine. «Le moindre midshipman peut… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Midshipman — Mid ship man, n.; pl. {Midshipmen}. [1913 Webster] 1. (a) Formerly, a kind of naval cadet, in a ship of war, whose business was to carry orders, messages, reports, etc., between the officers of the quarter deck and those of the forecastle, and… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Midshipman — (engl., spr. middschipmǟn, »Mittschiffsmann«), in der englischen und nordamerikan. Kriegsmarine Name der Seekadetten, denen die veraltete Schiffsetikette den Raum zwischen Groß und Kreuzmast anwies … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
midshipman — (n.) c.1600, so called because he was stationed amidships when on duty (see AMID (Cf. amid)) … Etymology dictionary
midshipman — [mid′ship΄mən, mid ship′mən] n. pl. midshipmen [mid′ship΄mən] [aphetic for amidshipmen, from being amidships when on duty] 1. a student in training for the rank of ensign; specif., such a student at the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis 2. a junior … English World dictionary
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Horace, Odes I.2.1-52
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Appeal to Augustus
Name of the author:
30 BCE to 27 BCE
Literary genre:
I.2.1-52
This poem from Horace's first ode consists of two parts; the first is concerned with the flooding of the river Tiber, which is interpreted as a punishment for the Roman people engaging in civil wars, while the second part considers how to repair the empire again and appease the gods, considering Augustus as integral to this. The present extract comes from the second poem in the first ode, and follows the dedication of the poem to Maecenas, who was the patron of both Horace and Virgil, and friend and political advisor to Octavian. Horace entreats the leader to aid the Roman people, referred to as the "people of Quirinus" (46) - the name given to Romulus after his deification (see Ovid, Metamorphoses XIV.805-828). Augustus's own future deification, or perhaps an insinuation that he is in fact already a god in human form (as is argued by Daniel Garrison, Horace: Epodes and Odes, p. 203), is also apparent here in verse 45, with Horace pleading with him not to return "to the sky" (i.e. the heavens) until he has stayed amongst the Roman people for a long time. This recalls Virgil's first Georgic (I.498-514), in which Virgil pleads with the gods not to recall Augustus to their realm until they have allowed him sufficient time to aid Rome in its post-civil war struggles. Horace looks forward to Augustus's future victories, referring not only to the triumphal celebrations that he will lead (49), but also to the peoples that he will lead Rome in quashing, such as the Medes (Parthians) (51). Even though Alexander the Great had destroyed the Persian empire by the time Horace wrote, he follows the convention of the Augustan poets in referring to the Parthians as Medi and Persae, in order to give a more dramatic image of their eastern enemies. Horace exaggerates the specific threat posed by the Parthians here in a patriotic nod to Augustus's supremacy. Daniel Garrison argues that the prominent role such panegyric plays in this first book of Odes is testament to the value the poet placed upon his closeness to the princeps, and, therefore, the centre of power (Daniel Garrison, Horace: Epodes and Odes, p. 203).
The misery that Rome suffers in the aftermath of the civil wars is expressed through the severity of the weather, with snow and hail storms understood as divine portents (dirae) – even the sacred hills (i.e. the two summits of the Capitoline) are struck with Jupiter's lightening. The dire state of affairs is enhanced with the use of anaphora in verses 4 and 5, where the verb terreo (to frighten/scare) is repeated, used both in relation to mankind in general (gens), and the city of Rome more specifically (urbs). The reference to Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion, refers to the classical myth of Jupiter's destruction of mankind by a flood, which wiped out all except Deucalion and Pyrrha (see Ovid, Metamorphoses I.224-347) – in what is frequently interpreted as a less-than-serious digression from the morbid subject at hand. Horace suggests that the flooding of the Tiber, likely in 27 BCE (other possibly dates are 29 or 28 BCE, as the name "Augustus," given to Octavian in the January of 27 BCE is not mentioned), was a prelude to a second apocalyptic flood. Verses 16-20 describe the destruction caused by the flood, which even brought both the house of the Pontifex Maximus (Numa's Regia) and the shrine of Vesta to the ground, and was understood as vengeance on the part of the river god for the death of Ilia, who was both the mother of Romulus and Remus and a Vestal Virgin, and was subsequently drowned in the Tiber as punishment for breaking her vow of virginity. As legend goes, the river god took Ilia as his wife. The mention of the Tuscan shore in verse 14 is debated, but may refer to the understanding that the flooding of the Tiber was caused by excessive winds preventing the river from flowing out properly into the sea, meaning that the coast north of the Tiber flooded. Alternatively, it could refer to the western bank of the Tiber where the river turns sharply, resulting in what may have looked like the throwing back of the water from the bank to the city (see Daniel Garrison, Horace: Epodes and Odes, p. 204).
The crisis that Horace describes is also one of feared abandonment by their gods – Vesta, angry at the murder of Julius Caesar, the Pontifex Maximus, will not heed her people's prayers (27-28). Apollo, the god of prophecy, was afforded much devotion by Augustus, who built a temple to him on the Palatine in 28 BCE. Apollo was believed to be the father of Augustus (Suetonius, Augustus 94.4), who aided his son at the battle of Actium. It is only fitting, therefore, that Horace invokes him for assistance here. Venus, mother of Aeneas, Mars, father of Romulus, and Mercury are also called upon, the former as the divine ancestor not only of the Romans, but of the Julian family, and the latter as the avenger of Julius Caesar (33-44). According to Daniel Garrison (Horace: Epodes and Odes, p. 205), Mercury, the god of trade and commerce, is invoked in order to allude to the more peaceful endeavours that Augustus will instigate. Alternatively, it could be that Horace asks Mercury to take on Octavian's role as the avenger of Caesar, then equates Mercury with Octavian, who is destined one day to become a god just like his adoptive father, Caesar.
Keywords in the original language:
augur Apollo
dirus
Iupiter
populus
Quirinus
saeculum
triumphus
ultor
urbs
Thematic keywords in English:
deification
Parthians
portent
Roman people
Rome (city)
Vestal virgin
Bibliographical references:
Nisbet, R. G. M., Hubbard, Margaret , A Commentary on Horace: Odes Book I (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970)
Garrison, Daniel H., Horace: Epodes and Odes: A New Annotated Latin Edition (London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991)
Other sources connected with this document:
Ovid, Metamorphoses XIV.805-828
The ascension of Romulus to heaven
Read more about Ovid, Metamorphoses XIV.805-828
Virgil, Georgics I.498-514
Prayer for the young Caesar to help a struggling world
Read more about Virgil, Georgics I.498-514
Sylvie Franchet d'Espèrey
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Kimberley Fowler
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Author(s) of this publication: Kimberley Fowler
Publishing date: Fri, 07/29/2016 - 21:04
URL: http://www.judaism-and-rome.org/horace-odes-i21-52
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Government report predicts cancer risk for one group will DOUBLE in the next 20 years!
By Lee Euler / June 6, 2012
WHOA! This warning issued by the President's Cancer Panel in its 2009-2010 report concluded that "cancer incidence among minority populations is projected to nearly double between 2010 and 2030, while increasing 31 percent among the non-Hispanic white population."
Why are cancer rates soaring among African-Americans and Hispanics? Let's take a look.
Weight Loss Research Finally Proves it
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For the first time ever, leading doctors have discovered a safe, natural solution to the metabolic problem that's left millions of people around the world overweight and in dangerous health.
To learn more about this breakthrough discovery that has helped some people lose up to 28 lbs in just 10 weeks, watch this presentation now.
The President's Cancer Panel report cited three primary reasons for soaring cancer rates among minorities:
They're disproportionately affected by certain cancers,
They're often diagnosed at later stages of disease, and
They frequently have lower survival rates.
How important is it to address cancer risk by ethnicity? Well, recent population projections show that minorities, who currently make up one-third of the U.S. population, are expected to become the collective majority before the middle of the century!
Let's take a look at just two examples of how ethnicity impacts cancer risk…
Breast and prostate cancer are tough
on non-white Americans
According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), white, non-Hispanic women have the highest incidence for breast cancer among all racial groups in the U.S.
But among women aged 40-50, black women actually have a higher incidence of breast cancer than white women. And black women also have the highest death rate from breast cancer.
Why the disparity? For one thing, NCI said the higher death rate may be linked to how advanced the cancer is at the time of diagnosis.
Given that non-Hispanic whites are at greater overall risk of breast cancer but at lower risk of death from that cancer, the problem appears to be one of detection and treatment, rather than actual risk of getting the disease. Studies show that black women often seek treatment when their cancer has advanced to a less treatable stage.
The President's Cancer Panel says a higher percentage of black Americans and Hispanics lack sufficient health care.
Having a primary care provider increases your chances for receiving the type of routine check-ups and screenings that can detect disorders at an early stage.
So is it all about early detection? More on that in a moment.
Meanwhile, you'll notice similar findings if you examine the rates for prostate cancer…
Some groups are more likely to die of prostate cancer
According to WebMD, about one man in six will face a prostate cancer diagnosis during his lifetime. But the odds for survival are better than for breast cancer. Only one man in 36 actually dies from the disease.
So which ethnic group is most likely to contain that unfortunate guy?
The answer can be found in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) statistics for annual prostate cancer incidence among 100,000 men during the years 1999-2008.
The results—which are grouped by race and ethnicity—reveal that black men had the highest rate for prostate cancer.
But — somewhat contradicting the theory that being non-white puts you at greater risk — white men had the second highest rate of getting prostate cancer — higher than Hispanic men as well as men from an Asian/Pacific Islander or American Indian/Alaska Native background.
No one fully understands the reasons for these racial differences. But some experts say they could be linked to environmental factors such as high-fat diets, exposure to heavy metals such as cadmium, infectious agents, or smoking.
One thing for certain is that predictions surrounding future mortality rates for all ethnic groups are troubling…
Dr. LaSalle D. Lefall, Jr., a professor of surgery at Howard University and Margaret Kripke, PhD, a professor at University of Texas' M.D. Anderson Cancer Center are the principal members of the President's Cancer Panel.
In the panel's report, America's Demographic and Cultural Transformation: Implications for Cancer, Lefall and Kripke express concern about how hard it is to determine the impact the increases in non-white cancer rates will have on overall cancer incidence and mortality. They said this is mainly due to limits imposed by current data collection efforts.
The numbers don't lie… or DO THEY?
Current statistics on cancer incidence are based mainly on social definitions of race and ethnicity. The report says it's well known that these numbers are imprecise because they focus primarily on non-Hispanic white populations.
Lefall and Kripke contend that risk factors, screening guidelines, and treatment regimens identified for one population are not necessarily appropriate for an increasingly diverse population of Americans who are not of European descent.
This also means that the medical and scientific communities have a limited understanding of exactly how key factors influence a person's risk of getting cancer.
And because of this limited understanding—the nation is sorely lacking in medical assistance to help reduce the number of Americans with cancer.
Researchers will continue to dig for answers about why minority groups are disproportionately impacted by some cancers.
In the meantime, the President's Cancer Panel recommends specific things that should be done to improve cancer care for a changing national demographic.
For example, the panel recommends:
Teaching students about culture differences in medical school and other healthcare training curricula
Conducting more research on genetic ancestry and how specific genes influence cancer risk
Evaluating cancer screening guidelines to determine if they're accurate when it comes to assessing disease risk in members of different ethnic groups
The President's Cancer Panel recognizes the need for "effective cancer education and services across the cancer continuum that reach beyond traditional ideas of race, ethnicity, and culture."
We can only hope that the government and medical establishment will press for pursuit of such goals that could help reduce the burden of cancer for all Americans.
But. . .don't wait for Big Medicine to solve your problems
No doubt non-Hispanic whites — and higher income people in general — get more mammograms, more PSA tests, more prostate and breast biopsies and more "touch" exams of the breast and prostate.
Readers of this newsletter know that all this screening is a mixed blessing. Mammograms are inaccurate and the annual mega-dose of radiation actually increases a woman's risk of cancer. PSA exams are next to worthless. Both tests lead to multiple unnecessary and damaging biopsies and — especially in the case of prostate — unneeded surgeries for unthreatening tumors that might be best left alone.
My guess is that other ethnic and income groups might benefit from more screening while the white and affluent would almost surely benefit from less. It's a difficult question.
I don't believe in one-size-fits-all social answers to questions that are essentially personal and individual. The best you can do is be as informed as you can about your options and take an active role in your own health rather than wait for someone in Washington to order up a test or procedure for you.
Easy to say, I know, for someone like myself who's educated and a compulsive reader. But I simply don't have a better answer. In a couple of hours on our website, a person who can read at a 9th grade level can garner as much information as he or she needs to make a better cancer decision than the "experts" are likely to make for you. So that's what I recommend.
Lee Euler Publisher
Resources:CancerWise. 2012, April. Race and ethnicity as cancer risk factors. Available online at
http://www2.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/2010/04/race-and-ethnicity-as-cancer-risk-factors.htmlCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Prostate cancer rates by race and ethnicity. Available online at
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/prostate/statistics/race.htm
Lefall, L.D. and Kripke, M.L. 2011. America's demographic and cultural transformation: Implications for cancer. National Institutes of Health. Report available at
http://deainfo.nci.nih.gov/advisory/pcp/annualReports/pcp09-10rpt/pcp09-10rpt.pdf
WebMD. 2009. Race, ethnicity, and breast cancer risk: Does race or ethnicity affect breast cancer risk? Retrieved online at
http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/race-ethnicity-risk


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Metallica helps change the lives of 80 College of Lake County students
by Public Relations and Marketing | Published Feb 19, 2021
Yes, that Metallica. Through the heavy metal band's All Within My Hands Foundation, College of Lake County (CLC) received a second round of funding for the Metallica Scholars Initiative (MSI). CLC matched their $50,000 grant to provide $100,000 in funding, plus an unexpected additional $25,000, to help more than 80 CLC students pursue a life-change through career and technical education (CTE), including U.S. Navy veteran Angel Rosales of Beach Park.
"I was inspired by the educational success of our two boys," said Rosales. "I wanted to pursue higher-ed but after taking out hundreds of thousands of dollars for my sons' educations, an additional loan was a worry. The Metallica Scholars Initiative choosing me is truly a great blessing and a huge financial relief."
The MSI did more than help recipients like Rosales cover tuition, it also provided assistance for transportation, books, school supplies and other CLC wrap-around services to increase student completion rates. This all contributed towards the foundation's goal to enhance CTE programs, such as the 11 included at CLC, while boosting the number of high-skilled workers in the manufacturing and transportation sectors and having a positive impact on those individual lives.
Photo: Angel Rosales with his family.
"The college's strategic plan has identified the expansion and advancement of hands-on CTE programing as a top priority for our community over the next five years," said CLC VP of Education and Chief Academic Officer Dr. Sonya Williams. "The MSI created conversations in our community and helped to further expose the need for skilled workers. To respond to this need, CLC is devoting even more resources dedicated to increasing the opportunity to supply a skilled workforce."
CLC used the MSI funds to target communities with the greatest need such as veterans, which Rosales is a part of having served honorably for 20 years after first enlisting in 1987. His two sons, Aaron and Adam, were born during that time. As Rosales puts it, they placed a huge importance on learning despite the cost of college.
"With my meager military income, my wife and I were not able to save the college funds for our two sons. However, we knew very well that a college fund is not the ultimate solution to put a kid through school," said Rosales. "My oldest has a degree in history and a master's in human resource development, while our second child recently graduated with a bachelor's in engineering mechanics and is pursuing a master's in engineering."
It was his younger son who told Rosales about computer-aided-design (CAD). Rosales always loved drawing out plans by hand and was fascinated by the prospect of CAD. Once he earns his certificate, with an emphasis in mechanical drawing, he hopes to join forces with his son and help him start a manufacturing company.
"I am eternally indebted being chosen as a recipient of the Metallica Scholarship award," said Rosales. "The generous scholarship will be put to very good use."
Rosales doesn't plan to let his CLC education end with his CAD certificate. He hopes to enroll in welding classes during a future summer session.
About College of Lake County:
The College of Lake County is a comprehensive community college committed to equitable, high-quality education, cultural enrichment and partnerships to advance the diverse communities it serves in northeastern Illinois. Offered at three campuses in Grayslake, Vernon Hills and Waukegan or online, classes are affordable and accessible to help each student achieve academic, career and personal goals. More than 70,000 students graduated with degrees and certificates since the college opened in 1969. The College of Lake County is the only higher-education institution ranked among the top 15 best places to work in Illinois by Forbes and is a national leader in many areas, including sustainability and conservation.


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Monday DEC 26, 2022 – it's that time of year, when all the "best of" lists are put out. As you might know I also work at 105.5 The Colorado Sound, KJAC, Greeley/Denver. The annual "best of" staff post there went up last week, and among my ten favorites, four of the following five #COMUSIC "best of" were included.
Yeah, of course I could go with the obvious picks: Nathaniel Rateliff & the Night Sweats and the Lumineers each put out stellar albums that have ruled the Colorado radio charts every single month of the year and have maintained favored listening positions at my desk and in my car.
Here are five that represent some of the best of the rest of Colorado in 2022, fit my "best of" sentiments and shared favored listening status with the aforementioned superstars this year.
Americana Country Album of the Year
Emily Scott Robinson – American Siren – I got introduced to Emily late in the year, a full year after American Siren was released. The Telluride resident and winner of the 2019 Telluride Troubadour Award wrote the songs for her debut on John Prine's Oh-Boy Records during the COVID isolation of 2020. Relying on minimal and effective instrumental arrangements allows Emily's smooth voice and her story telling to shine through.
Comeback/Emerging Artist of the Year
Jazz Album of the Year
MaryLynn Gillaspie – Secret Language – A Grammy nominee with the Boulder based vocalese band Rare Silk in the 80s, MaryLynn earns my Colorado Comeback Artist of the Year pick after a 25-year absence. Then she goes and writes lyrics to Herbie Hancock's Dolphin Dance and covers King Crimson in the same breath. Nice. Secret Language also gets my pick for Colorado Jazz Album of the Year.
Funk/Soul Album of the Year
Lettuce – Unify – the final part of a trilogy recorded at Colorado Sound recording studio in Denver, none other than the infamous Bootsy Collins glorifies the groove and lends his endorsement with his contribution. The first album in the trilogy, Elevate, earned the band a Grammy nomination.
Mike Clark and the Sugar Sounds – Moon Rock – The alter-ego of Mike Clark's acoustic roots band The River Arkansas, the Sugar Sounds explore psychedelic rock and soul ala 1968. Just in time for folks to explore both the music and the fungi (legally).
Urban-Alternative Album of the Year
N3ptune/Rusty Steve – Renaissance – There's a term bouncing around the radio world called Urban-Alternative. If this album doesn't define that term, I don't know what does. Ruggedly polysexual and at times crossing into politically aggressive language, Denver's N3ptune makes the boldest lyrical and musical statement of the year in Colorado. Rusty Steve adds the kind of guitar styling that speaks to the gods of shred.


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SAN JOSE, Calif., Jan. 27 -- OraSure Technologies, of Bethlehem, Pa., received a 2003 Photonics Circle of Excellence Award for its OraQuick Rapid HIV-1 antibody test, at a ceremony Monday night at the Fairmont Hotel. The ceremony was held in conjunction with the Photonics West 2004 conference, being held here this week.
The annual awards are given to the 25 most innovative photonics-related products of the year by Laurin Publishing's Photonics Spectra magazine editorial advisory board.
OraQuick, which detects antibodies to HIV-1 within 20 minutes, has received FDA approval for use in testing finger-stick and venipuncture whole-blood specimens for antibodies to HIV-1. In addition, OraSure has received a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 waiver for the test, which permits it to be used in more than 180,000 sites in the US, such as outreach clinics, community-based organizations and doctors' offices.


Using a mixture of the pattern in Soulemama's 'The Creative Family ', this tutorial, and my usual 'bodge-it' style, I finally had a go at making a pencil roll while Little Miss had her nap.
It's made from thick cotton and is lightly padded. I would have preferred the hair band/buttons closure from the linked tutorial, but didn't have a band in a suitable colour so instead reused a lovely ribbon that I'd stashed from unwrapping our Christmas presents.
I have loads more to write about and photos to share so I'll be back soon with a proper update but in the meantime, I hope you are all having a lovely weekend!
I'm using this pattern http://www.skiptomylou.org/2007/04/25/on-a-roll/ after making a successful crayon roll from it.
Your pencil carrier is so cute. I made a few of these years ago and still use them all of the time.


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A da Vinci Goes on Tour
October 26, 2009 by Marion Maneker
The Antiques Trade Gazette continues to fan the flames surrounding the re-discovered da Vinci portrait. For one thing, it's important to remember the valuation on the work comes from the owner's representative Peter Silverman. He picted £100 million out of the air based on the price paid for a Jackson Pollock by Steven Cohen. They may very well be able to realize such a price but we're still in a very different financial world from the one where Cohen made his purchase. Nevertheless, Silverman stands to benefit from any sale, according to Simon Hewitt who spoke to Silverman for ATG:
He says his client is a collector of contemporary art, "independently wealthy and interested in charitable causes and animal issues", and is looking to set up a "non-profit-making foundation for multi-disciplinary Classical and Renaissance studies" near Florence, to be headed by Professor Martin Kemp.
Silverman has confirmed that the portrait will be shown in Göthenburg next March, whether a buyer comes forward in the interim or not. He is taking part in a press conference in Göthenburg to promote the exhibition – expected to attract 250,000 visitors – on October 28. […]
Meanwhile Lumière Technology say they have been inundated by a media barrage since ATG broke the story two weeks ago.
Partner Jean Penicaut has counted 1500 press articles, TV reports on "every channel on earth", and says their website has gone from 150 to 3000 hits per day, and that even a cabbie talked to him about the Leonardo on a recent visit to London.
But Lumière were infuriated when Christie's were reported to have tentatively queried the Leonardo attribution on ABC News, as based on "unproven scientific techniques which were not available to us at the time". Meanwhile, Kate Ganz told Associated Press that "nothing that I have seen or read in the past two years has changed my mind… I do not believe that this drawing is by Leonardo da Vinci".
However, a growing body of academic opinion now believes that this is fully attributable work.
'Live with Leonardo'–Buyer Peter Silverman Talks to ATG (Antiques Trade Gazette)
Richard Merkin
Art Stage Singapore Opens Jakarta Outpost in August
Russians Wait; Sex Sells
Has Roy Lichtenstein's Masterpiece Sold?
Arte Povera at the Tate Modern


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Post-Decree Matters
Paternity & Parentage
Pre-Nuptial & Post-Nuptial Agreements
Resource Spotlight
Domestic Violence Legal Resources
Family Law and Estate Planning Resources
Respect Yourself and Your Family
Tips To Ponder
Inside The Courtroom
Together We Cope
Nonprofit Heroes
Helping people in need throughout the South & Southwest suburbs
Whoever came up with the name "Together We Cope" really nailed it.
Though the nonprofit organization's name isn't specific about its services, the moniker perfectly captures the heart of its mission.
With a slate of wrap-around services, Together We Cope helps people in need throughout 27 communities in the south and southwest suburbs. Based in Tinley Park, the agency provides assistance with food, rent, mortgage, temporary housing, utility payments, medication, and even clothing and home furnishings.
According to Mandi Williams, marketing and fundraising manager, Together We Cope acts as a homelessness prevention agency, offering a bridge of assistance for individuals and families experiencing financial crisis.
It's a mission that remains as crucial today as it was at the organization's inception in 1982, as Together We Cope assists a groundswell of Southland residents who lost their jobs due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
"Right now during COVID, we're helping our normal numbers of people, and also anyone who's never had to experience job loss," Williams said.
"For some people, never in a million years did they think their job would go away. But then this pandemic hit, and now they need assistance."
Regardless of how their need came about, people can contact Together We Cope for help paying their bills, offering a boost when it's most needed to keep families from losing their homes or having their utilities shut off.
In partnership with Greater Chicagoland Food Depository, Together We Cope also runs a food pantry that is available on weekdays when the office is open. The pantry provides fresh meats, produce, cans and packaged goods to about 5,000 people every month.
While filling their stomachs, the groceries people get from Together We Cope also ease their minds, Williams said.
"Not being able to put food on the table is everyone's worst nightmare," she said. "This is one less thing for them to worry about. They can come once per month to get food, and then they can focus on other things they need to do to help their situation during this time."
The 22 part-time staff members at Together We Cope had to create an alternative food distribution routine during the pandemic. Instead of clients picking up food inside the pantry building, they can pull up in front and a staff member brings groceries out to their car. It turns out the alteration ended up being an innovation that improved food pantry operations, Williams said. Together We Cope staff will probably keep the new pickup process even when it's safe for clients to come back inside.
Assisting so many more people in need during the pandemic has been costly for the nonprofit agency, but Williams said they saw more help from their normal funding sources.
"Between the grants and foundations we get funding from, they increased their typical donations and grants to us," Williams said. "Even our regular donors and non-regular donors opened up even more to help."
With the assistance Together We Cope staff offer, they keep community members housed, warm, fed, clothed and cared for until they can regain stability and no longer need aid from the agency.
Even as people are clients of Together We Cope, Williams said they're not inclined to take more than what their family requires.
"Some people accept it all because they're in such dire need, but then we have others who just use the food pantry," she said. "They don't want to take resources away from someone else who might need them more."
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The Golden triangle Radio Control Club (GTRCC) is an AMA chartered club (#610) that was founded 48 years ago.
While the general location of the club has always been near Arlington, Texas, the last flying field was near Burleson, Texas.
It was lost by the club in 1995 largely because of nearby residential development and an increasing tax burden on the owner.
In 1995 the club had nearly 100 members, but after years without a flying field, the membership declined to the very loyal core members.
During the interim four years the club continued an effort to sublease a flying site on the shore of Lake Joe Pool from the Trinity River Authority (TRA) who leased the site from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE).
The initial sublease was for a period of three years. The major terms of the sublease include a fixed fee of $1500 per year plus $40 per member.
In addition, the Golden Triangle Radio Control Club agreed to be responsible for certain maintenance items including fences and firebreak protection. Also, all flying site facilities are the responsibility of the club with no aid from either the TRA or the COE.
The City of Grand Prairie has taken over control of Low Branch Park which includes our flying site. They have toured our field and appear to be very receptive to our plans for the field.
In January 2005, we finally had a new lease for 5 years, with an option to renew for another 5 years in 2010.
Final dollar figure was $1500 per year flat rate.
We love our field and we think you'll love it too.


Cyrus Kabiru, an artist from Kenya, digs through electronic and metallic trash he finds in Nairobi, and then refashions them into wearable avant-garde eyewear and masks. The artist as a flair for flamboyant designs, using springs, coils, nails, and even spoons and forks, among many other things, in order to create his unusual styles.
You can check out the artist's Tumblr account. Some pictures/information were taken from Colossal, Prosthetic Knowledge, and AJ+. All art is copyright Cyrus Kabiru.


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UAZ will launch the sales of automatic transmission Patriot SUV in Chile
RusAutoNewsCom.- UAZ continues to expand in the Latin American market, launching the sales of the automatic transmission Patriot SUV in Chile, as announced by the company press office. The modification, which made its debut in the market, has fulfilled all the necessary certification procedures, implemented since November 2019. The vehicle has received the approval for usage within the territory of the country, as a result of an extensive programme of tests.
Since the model fully complies with the local requirements, no constructive changes were applied. The vehicle is traditionally equipped with a proven 149.6 hp ZMZ Pro petrol engine and a reliable 6-speed PUNCH Powerglide gearbox. The Patriot SUV will be available in two versions: Comfort Automat and Lux Premium Automat.
As estimated by the representative of the Chilean side, the market volume of the aforementioned version will exceed 200 units per year in the first stage. Hunter and Profi models and the SGR line are officially sold in the country currently, alongside UAZ Patriot with automatic or manual transmissions. The certification process of the new UAZ Profi Polutorka with dual-pitch rear axle tyres will also start in the foreseeable future.
Five official dealer centres of the Ulyanovsk brand will have commenced operations in the country by the end of 2021. In addition, there are plans to open an official representative office of the brand in Peru.
Tags:	Patriot, UAZ, UAZ Chile, UAZ SUV
Changan will assemble CS75 FL crossovers in Belarus
Inflation has become one of the main reasons behind the rising car prices in Russia in 2021
AVTOVAZ has made a quarterly profit for the first time since 2016
St. Petersburg car production has been on the decline for four months
PSMA Rus to stop production due to the interruption in component supplies
The share of Russian assembly foreign vehicles has risen by 57%
Russian car market has decreased by 9% in 2020
KAMAZ has established a company for the production of KAMA electric car


If and when it hits the fan, I'm the one who'd have to clean up, so I spend my time doing everything possible to prevent that eventuality.
I arrived, by a roundabout route, via the RAF, British Telecom, Sharp Electronics, Canon, Toshiba and Siemens. I am proud to be a Chartered I.T. Professional member of The British Computer Society and a Microsoft Certified Systems Partner. In other words a proper geek. I've always been fascinated by technology, electronics in particular, building my first transistor radio at the age of eleven and devising an explosive device for removing garden moles which attracted more official attention than my father was happy about.
During my stint at BT I gained my City and Guilds in telecommunications and was part of the team that upgraded old mechanical telephone exchanges to electronics (system X). So I have a lot of background and experience to bring to the table.
My main role is to find solutions that fit the client's budget and expectations, not always an easy balancing act but I feel we have the capacity to think laterally and come up with proposals that less experienced engineers may not arrive at.
Privately I've been married to Ruth since 1977, we have two sons we are very proud of, Neil has his own garage business and Liam is a top class cadd manager. We are also blessed with a Grandson, Lewis and are looking forward to the arrival of our first Granddaughter.