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So Long to Shareholder Primacy
Posted by Cydney Posner, Cooley LLP, on
Business Roundtable, Corporate Social Responsibility, Council of Institutional Investors, ESG, Shareholder primacy, Shareholder value, Stakeholders
More from: Cydney Posner, Cooley
Cydney S. Posner is special counsel at Cooley LLP. This post is based on a Cooley memorandum by Ms. Posner.
In a press release issued [August 19, 2019], the Business Roundtable announced the adoption of a new Statement on the Purpose of a Corporation, signed by 181 well-known, high-powered CEOs. What's newsworthy here is that the Statement "moves away from shareholder primacy" as a guiding principle and outlines in its place a "modern standard for corporate responsibility" that makes a commitment to all stakeholders. Yup, that Business Roundtable. According to the press release, the Business Roundtable has had a long-standing practice of issuing Principles of Corporate Governance. Since 1997, those Principles have advocated the theory of "shareholder primacy—that corporations exist principally to serve shareholders"—and relegated the interests of any other stakeholders to positions that were strictly "derivative of the duty to stockholders." The new Statement supersedes previous statements and "more accurately reflects [the Business Roundtable's] commitment to a free market economy that serves all Americans. This statement represents only one element of Business Roundtable's work to ensure more inclusive prosperity, and we are continuing to challenge ourselves to do more." Fasten your seatbelts, disciples of Milton Friedman; it's going to be a bumpy night.
Shareholder primacy was not always the prevalent theory, argues Professor William Lazonick in "Profits without Prosperity," published in the September 2014 Harvard Business Review:
"From the end of World War II until the late 1970s, a retain-and-reinvest approach to resource allocation prevailed at major U.S. corporations. They retained earnings and reinvested them in increasing their capabilities, first and foremost in the employees who helped make firms more competitive. They provided workers with higher incomes and greater job security, thus contributing to equitable, stable economic growth—what [he calls] 'sustainable prosperity.' This pattern began to break down in the late 1970s, giving way to a downsize-and-distribute regime of reducing costs and then distributing the freed-up cash to financial interests, particularly shareholders. By favoring value extraction over value creation, this approach has contributed to employment instability and income inequality." [emphasis added]. (See this PubCo post.)
The shift to shareholder primacy has been widely attributed to the development of the "shareholder preeminence theory" by the Chicago school of economists, beginning in the 1970s, with economist Milton Friedman famously arguing that the only "social responsibility of business is to increase its profits." Subsequently, two other economists published a paper characterizing shareholders as "'principals' who hired executives and board members as 'agents.' In other words, when you are an executive or corporate director, you work for the shareholders." (See this PubCo post.)
According to Jamie Dimon, Chair of the Business Roundtable and CEO of JPMorgan Chase, "The American dream is alive, but fraying….Major employers are investing in their workers and communities because they know it is the only way to be successful over the long term. These modernized principles reflect the business community's unwavering commitment to continue to push for an economy that serves all Americans." The former CEO of Vanguard, also quoted in the press release, welcomed "this thoughtful statement by Business Roundtable CEOs on the Purpose of a Corporation. By taking a broader, more complete view of corporate purpose, boards can focus on creating long-term value, better serving everyone—investors, employees, communities, suppliers and customers." According to the WSJ, seven CEOs declined to sign the Statement, and the Council of Institutional Investors also opposed the Statement, contending that it "gives CEOs cover to dodge shareholder oversight."
Reproduced below is the new Statement from the Business Roundtable:
"Statement on the Purpose of a Corporation
"Americans deserve an economy that allows each person to succeed through hard work and creativity and to lead a life of meaning and dignity. We believe the free-market system is the best means of generating good jobs, a strong and sustainable economy, innovation, a healthy environment and economic opportunity for all.
"Businesses play a vital role in the economy by creating jobs, fostering innovation and providing essential goods and services. Businesses make and sell consumer products; manufacture equipment and vehicles; support the national defense; grow and produce food; provide health care; generate and deliver energy; and offer financial, communications and other services that underpin economic growth.
"While each of our individual companies serves its own corporate purpose, we share a fundamental commitment to all of our stakeholders. We commit to:
Delivering value to our customers. We will further the tradition of American companies leading the way in meeting or exceeding customer expectations.
Investing in our employees. This starts with compensating them fairly and providing important benefits. It also includes supporting them through training and education that help develop new skills for a rapidly changing world. We foster diversity and inclusion, dignity and respect.
Dealing fairly and ethically with our suppliers. We are dedicated to serving as good partners to the other companies, large and small, that help us meet our missions.
Supporting the communities in which we work. We respect the people in our communities and protect the environment by embracing sustainable practices across our businesses.
Generating long-term value for shareholders, who provide the capital that allows companies to invest, grow and innovate. We are committed to transparency and effective engagement with shareholders.
"Each of our stakeholders is essential. We commit to deliver value to all of them, for the future success of our companies, our communities and our country."
As noted in this article from Fortune, the "new statement is 300 words long, and shareholders aren't mentioned until word 250." According to the author, the shift in perspective is "the result of a yearlong reexamination that began with a testy dinner attended by a group of journalistic critics and involving a comprehensive survey of CEOs, academics, NGOs, and political leaders." These discussions raised a fundamental question about "how well capitalism is serving society."
That question may have its origins in the 2008 financial crisis, which "shook the foundations of the sprawling market economy and bared some of its uglier consequences: an enormous and widening gulf between the über-rich and the working poor, between the ample rewards of capital and the stagnating wages of labor, between the protected few and the vulnerable many. Compounding these inequities, moreover, was a sweep of disruptive business technologies that began to come of age in the wake of the crisis—from digitization to robotics to A.I.—and that made vulnerable workers feel ever more so." The crisis triggered a strong reaction against the system of capitalism in some quarters, especially among the younger generation.
That widening gulf might be reflected in this new report from the Economic Policy Institute, which showed that, from "1978 to 2018, CEO compensation grew by 1,007.5% [valued based on when options granted] (940.3% under the options-realized measure), far outstripping S&P stock market growth (706.7%) and the wage growth of very high earners (339.2%). In contrast, wages for the typical worker grew by just 11.9%.
In December 2016, the article continues,
"Fortune assembled roughly 100 big-company CEOs in Rome, at the encouragement of Pope Francis, and spent a day in working-group deliberations on how the private sector could address global social problems. The group…proposed ways that business could help reach the billions of people in the world who lacked basic financial services; support the effort to fight climate change; expand training programs for those whose jobs were threatened by technological change; and provide basic community health services to the half-billion people who had no access to care…. But the backdrop for the conversation…was never far from mind—and remains so today: More and more CEOs worry that public support for the system in which they've operated is in danger of disappearing."
The authors suggests that the Business Roundtable's new perspective has been driven by a shift in public sentiment—"as many Americans (64%) say that a company's 'primary purpose' should include 'making the world better' as say it should include 'making money for shareholders'"—as well as pressure from employees, especially younger workers.
A broader view of "corporate purpose" has been advocated for several years now by Laurence Fink, the Chair and CEO of BlackRock and one of the signatories to the new Business Roundtable Statement. Governments, in Fink's view, have not been up to the task, with the result that "society increasingly is turning to the private sector and asking that companies respond to broader societal challenges…. To prosper over time, every company must not only deliver financial performance, but also show how it makes a positive contribution to society. Companies must benefit all of their stakeholders, including shareholders, employees, customers, and the communities in which they operate." [Emphasis added.] What does that mean in practice? According to Fink, among other things, a company should consider its role in the community, its management of its environmental impact, its efforts to create a diverse workforce, its ability to adapt to technological change and take advantage of new opportunities, its retraining programs for employees in an increasingly automated world and its efforts to help prepare workers for retirement. But these goals are not just goals in and of themselves; they have a larger purpose. (See this PubCo post.)
According to a poll conducted by Fortune in March, 41% of Fortune 500 CEOs agreed that "solving social problems should be 'part of [their] core business strategy.' (Seven percent, it's worth noting, still stick to the Friedman view that they should 'mainly focus on making profits and not be distracted by social goals.')" CEOs and others were coining new terms such as "compassionate capitalism" and "inclusive capitalism"—as the author phrased it: capitalism "was desperately in need of a modifier."
Needless to say, some are skeptical of the change in corporate attitude and see it as, perhaps, just a kind of virtue-signaling. The article cites, for example, Anand Giridharadas, author of the book Winners Take All: The Elite Charade of Changing the World, who told the article's author that he could
"'absolutely see the change….It has become socially unacceptable as a company or a rich person not to be doing good. CEOs are asking the question: 'What can I do to make the world better?' But what many are failing to do is ask: 'What have I done that may be drowning out any of the do-gooding I'm doing?' He cites the 2017 tax bill, supported by the Business Roundtable, as an example. The lion's share of the benefits, he argues, ended up in the hands of the top 1%, increasing the income inequality underlying many social problems. 'What I see are well-meaning activities that are virtuous side hustles,…while key activities of their business are relatively undisturbed … Many of the companies are focused on doing more good but less attentive to doing less harm.'"
Nevertheless, the article's author maintains, with government in a state of paralysis, "the new social consciousness of business surely should be seen as a step in the right direction," with business leadership "filling the leadership vacuum."
One hiccup might be the legal doctrine currently prevalent in the Delaware courts. In this 2015 article, The Dangers of Denial, Delaware Chief Justice Leo Strine wrote:
"In current corporate law scholarship, there is a tendency among those who believe that corporations should be more socially responsible to avoid the more difficult and important task of advocating for externality regulation of corporations in a globalizing economy and encouraging institutional investors to exercise their power as stockholders responsibly. Instead, these advocates for corporate social responsibility pretend that directors do not have to make stockholder welfare the sole end of corporate governance within the limits of their legal discretion, under the law of the most important American jurisdiction—Delaware. I say stockholder welfare for a reason. To the extent that these commentators argue that directors are generally empowered to manage the corporation in a way that is not dictated by what will best maximize the corporation's current stock price, they are correct. But their claim, as I understand it, is a more fundamental one: they contend that directors may subordinate what they believe is best for stockholder welfare to other interests, such as those of the company's workers or society generally. That is, they do not argue simply that directors may choose to forsake a higher short-term profit if they believe that course of action will best advance the interests of stockholders in the long run. Rather, these commentators argue that directors have no legal obligation to make—within the constraints of other positive law—the promotion of stockholder welfare their end. According to these commentators, if only corporate directors recognized that the stockholders are just one of many ends they can legally pursue, the world would be a better place….Despite attempts to muddy the doctrinal waters, a clear-eyed look at the law of corporations in Delaware reveals that, within the limits of their discretion, directors must make stockholder welfare their sole end, and that other interests may be taken into consideration only as a means of promoting stockholder welfare."
But for another view, see, "The Central Role of Political Myth in Corporate Law," in which a Yale professor argues that, in light of the strength of the business judgment rule (and in the absence of conflicts of interest), shareholder wealth maximization as a legal tenet is really just a myth: "the law does not require that managers maximize shareholder wealth"; rather, "market forces, as distinct from legal duties, appear to be forcing managers of public companies to single-mindedly pursue the goal of wealth maximization." In the author's view, the
"reality is that directors essentially can do whatever they want (subject to the subterfuge condition and the qualification that directors refrain from actively damaging shareholders' interests)….As many others have observed, understanding the nature and function of the business judgment rule is the key to understanding why the notion of shareholder wealth maximization is a norm and not an enforceable legal principle. Unless directors are actually stealing from the corporation, in order to be actionable, conduct that ostensibly constitutes a failure to maximize profits for shareholders must be shown to violate the fiduciary duty of care. The business judgment rule is a strong evidentiary presumption that whenever a decision of directors is challenged as being inconsistent with the requirement of shareholder wealth maximization, the defendants are entitled to a strong presumption that in making a business decision the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interest of the company….Judges go to such great lengths to defer to directors decisions that the shareholder wealth maximization norm is for all intents and purposes a complete nullity."
As a myth, he suggests, it's function is more a normative one.
And now the norm is changing. So the question that is teed up by the Statement is this: what will all of these companies actually do to fulfill the commitments set forth in the Statement?
So Long to Shareholder Primacy 2019-08-22T09:22:46-05:00 2019-08-22T09:22:46-05:00 Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation


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Random History of Belgium
EP83 - Origins of Ostbelgien
The Random history of #Belgium (RhoB) is a #historypodcast about an event, company, person or cultural phenomenon that was important to our history.
This podcast deals with subjects in a non-chronological order.
We inform, educate and entertain the listeners with explaining parts of Belgian history.
Ranging from playing cards, our royal family, politics, state structure, food, new-beat, movies, inventors, painters, WWII and much, much more...
Every two weeks, we'll bring you the best stories from our history, without ads, nagging, begging or other interruptions.
Please subscribe on http://randomhistoryofbelgium.libsyn.com/rss
Supporting the show can be done over here
Main reference page: http://rhob.be
In EP83 we're looking into the East-Belgium community, officially called Ostbelgien. We look at how it became a community, why they speak German there and where the territory was shifted to over time. We'll take a helicopter view about Belgian state structure as well to recap this last 5th part on Belgian state structure.
This history podcast tells the story of Belgium's history, in a non-chronological order. Every two weeks, we'll cover a story, event, person, or company from Belgian history and take the bits and pieces we like, to entertain and inform the listeners. Our place on the web: http://rhob.be For Donations check: https://tinyurl.com/rhobpodcast
© 2016-2018 M.Van den Eynde

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


British & International Sailors Society is a charitable organisation which supports a worthwhile cause. Based in Orchard Place, 2-3 Orchard Place, British & International Sailors Society is a charity.
British & International Sailors Society is in Orchard Place 2-3 Orchard Place. You can view a list of neighbouring businesses by going to the Orchard Place page.
Note: the pin is positioned at the postcode centre, and may not correspond with the precise location of B S S Sea Farers Centre, 2-3 Orchard Place.


I find this very interesting because the Roman Catholic Church also makes the claim that they are the "one true Church" and many follow her and her false doctrines. I truly believe that many are swayed because of the largeness of that system and somehow think that they cannot be wrong. So here we have the claim made by the Mormons that they are the one true church also.
Mormonism has a lot in common with the false religious system of Roman Catholicism from which the Lord delivered me. The Mormons have their "Book of Mormon" while the Roman Catholic Church has their man-made tradition along with the Magisterium, which is the teaching office of the church. They are the ones who the church depend on for the interpretation of the scriptures. They put their own man-made tradition on an equal level with the scriptures, and they claim that their own tradition, the Magisterium, and the Bible work together. I thank God for the true Christian reformers who stood against Rome, and made it possible for the common man to have the scriptures in their hand. Many millions have come to be born again of the Spirit, the true Biblical way, because they were able to read the scriptures for themselves without the interpretation of a Roman Catholic Magisterium. I am happy to say that I am one of those many millions.
If you are a true born again, Bible believing Christian, you may be shaking your head in disbelief at the teachings of the Mormons. I find it absolutely incredible that people believe those doctrines, and I find it still more amazing that many "Christian" leaders do not seem to have a problem with their teachings. Many "Christian" leaders, and other false unity ministers, use cute little sayings (which were birthed in Hell) such as this "We agree to disagree" or "We take different roads, but we will all end up in the same place, Heaven" Can you imagine Jesus telling the devil that they would simply agree to disagree?
Here are some scriptures from the Bible (Word of God) that reveal to us the REAL Jesus Christ. These same scriptures can be used to refute other cults such as the "Jehovah's Witnesses" and others. These same scriptures can be used to refute false religious systems such as Islam, who do not even believe that God has a Son!
The real Jesus Christ did not attain unto "godhood" through his consistent effort as the Mormons also teach their followers. Jesus Christ is God. The scripture passage above makes it so clear that the Word was with God and that the Word was God! The Word is describing Jesus Christ the eternal Son of God! So how do we know that the Word is talking about Christ?
The Word (Jesus Christ) became FLESH (born of the virgin) and He partook of our humanity so that we might be SAVED! The following verses of scripture (Hebrews 2:9,14) show us the very REASON why the WORD (Jesus Christ) was made flesh! Do not miss these verses of scripture, and meditate on what they are saying!
The real Jesus Christ is part of the eternal triune Godhead, and He came to this earth, being born through the womb of a Jewish virgin named Mary.
Did you notice that this First and the Last declared that He was DEAD at one point in time? Who do you think that is talking about? Jesus Christ of course! That same First and Last is now alive for evermore.
Not only does the First and Last describe Himself as the King of Israel, Redeemer and the Lord of hosts, but He declares that there is NO god beside Him! To reject Jesus Christ as God is to call God a liar! We all know that Christ is the one who came to redeem us from our sins.
The real Jesus Christ of the scriptures describes the Jesus that every living human being in this world needs in order to be saved. The Mormons are not alone in their false doctrines concerning Jesus Christ. The people of Islam (the Muslims) believe that Jesus Christ is nothing more than a prophet, and they do not even believe that God has a Son. They too, need to repent and believe the Gospel of Jesus Christ. (Mark 1:15) The Jewish people do not believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, the Messiah who was sent into this world. They too must repent and believe the Gospel of Jesus Christ or they will never see Heaven. This obviously only touches on a small portion of the false doctrines of Mormonism but there is enough here to make anyone take notice.
Here are two ACTUAL QUOTES from Jesus Christ after He rose from the dead!


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Being a Girl Boss Means Empowering Other Women
By Tamar Hela
Once upon a time, there was an amazing woman who fell in love with China, even though she was from Italy. And China loved her back, providing incredible opportunities, where she had the space to discover a lot about herself and be empowered. Because of this empowerment, she gave back to other women in China and started a community that is steadily growing today . . .
I'd like to introduce you, dear readers, to Roberta Basso, founder of one of the Lean In Circles in Shanghai, China. She truly embodies women empowerment, which is what this Global Girl Boss series is all about, and here's her story:
Originally from Italy, Roberta first came to China in 2007 to study Chinese in Tianjin. Today, she's been in Shanghai for about four years, and was in Beijing before that, which is a city that's part of her heart. And the city where she landed her first job after graduating as a project manager for a software company.
But after a time, Roberta felt she needed to go back to Europe and get some western working experience, as China and Europe were very different at that time. So, she took an opportunity with the Bank of China and was stationed in Rome. But as much as she loved and still loves Rome, Roberta experienced reverse culture shock and had a difficult time being back there.
She decided to stay and finish the job, however, until she got a new job with a company in renewable energy. Through that job, she was able to travel often and even lived in San Francisco for a while, and, as she says: "Had the time of my life."
After that job, Roberta finally went back to the city she loves so much: Beijing. But during her second affair with the city, Beijing was changing a lot and becoming different than what she had been used to. As well, the pollution had just started becoming really unbearable. So Roberta and her partner made the move to Shanghai to get a change of scenery.
There, she started an MBA program and a new job that was still relevant to her field of expertise. Roberta has always been in some type of marketing, working with B2B companies, mostly on the strategy side of things. And she says that the new job was a good fit.
As she was getting settled into Shanghai, Roberta read the book Lean In, by Sheryl Sandberg and Nell Scovell, and thought, "This really makes sense." It really resonated with her, especially being someone who has worked in corporations all her life. So she attended one meeting of a Lean In Circle in Shanghai to check it out, but it was different from what she had been expecting.
So, she asked herself a great question:
"Why don't I start one?"
Roberta has always been about women's empowerment and supporting women, so that's exactly what she did!
Lean In's website has a place where you can register your community Circle and download some basic materials. Then, the rest is up to the group leader and members as to what each meeting is about. In the beginning of the Circle, there were just three and now there's about one hundred in the community Roberta has created.
"Women empowerment is my 'thing' and I want to take part in the process of empowering women, but I want to be empowered as well."
Roberta says it's been the most amazing experience—the most amazing thing she's been part of so far—for herself and for the impact it's had on the women involved. The philosophy and practice of this Lean In Circle and others like it is that women have a unique voice and are allowed and encouraged to bring that to the table.
To Roberta, the way she sees it is that it's a community where women come and they have different skills or ideas, and then they share and train the others. It's a safe environment and is not just about networking, but an actual place where women can talk about their strengths and weaknesses and be able to ask questions and get something out of each session. It's a safe place for women, and someday for men to join in on the movement.
In the beginning, it was tough to grow the community. But it was fun for Roberta to tailor the workshops while it was so small. Now it's growing more and is at a point where she has to decide between quality and quantity. It's a struggle, as she wants to be able to provide access to this community to lots of women, but also wants to make sure that every meeting is of high value for attendees.
How can she overcome this challenge? Roberta explains: "The thing about Shanghai is that there are so many amazing communities that are different with their own characteristics." So perhaps it could be expanded by partnering with like-minded groups in the future.
Lean In has its own platform and website, therefore Roberta encourages community members to subscribe and stay up to date with Lean In news. Also, community members connect via WeChat (China's number one texting—and then some—app) in groups and can extract a QR code to register for workshops. There are actually about twenty different Circles like this in Shanghai, and Roberta's is one of the Circles recommended by Lean In because of its consistency. So now, she wants to start implementing more help and structure to keep this Circle going.
In the actual meetings and workshops, insights are shared, as well as the material about the topic. After that, there are articles shared in group chats related to the specific topic to keep the conversation ongoing. This Lean In Circle has been around and active for about 1 year and 5 months now, and Roberta attributes its success to the community members who keep investing in the movement.
At the very core of women's empowerment, Roberta touched on self-care and what that actually means. Because it certainly isn't about making sure your nails are done and dinner's on the table by 6pm. She used the example of women being such givers, naturally. Women give so much effort, she explained, but not a lot of people are talking about it.
For example, giving birth to a child is natural, but it's also a huge effort and completely changes everything for a woman. She asks: why is no one talking about this? Why is there still this cultural expectation that women still should be everything, even after bringing forth a tiny human they and their partners are now responsible for? And it's not just about this circumstance; it's about every circumstance that women face. It's about what Lean In Circles stand for: women being empowered to know it's okay to not be perfect—what even is perfect, really?—and learning how to ask for what they need in and out of the home.
As Roberta says: "If you don't know how to ask for what you need, then you won't ask. You will probably think: this is the way it has to be." She wants women to know that this doesn't have to be the case.
For example, one of the workshops her Lean In Circle had was about being your own superhero. Feeling the power of turning things around, especially those things that aren't working for you, when you show up for yourself. When you ask for what you need because you deserve to have it. It's not about being perfect; it's about showing up for yourself first and being your own superhero. Roberta really believes that: "We need to change the way we look at ourselves."
So what's next for this girl boss? Well, for starters, some of Roberta's goals this year include taking it easier and giving herself more space to reflect on what she really wants. As for the Lean In Circle community, it's to have more structure and hopefully work with others who can take the lead in certain areas to create more of an impact for the women in Shanghai.
And speaking of community, Roberta's top advice for Girl Bosses and anyone else, for that matter? Maintain your friendships. She says that your friendships are so important and that you should always take the time for them. It's what's grown her and also kept her grounded, especially while living abroad.
If you've got some great friends and a women's network that could use some type of direction and deeper community, why not start your own Lean In Circle where you live? It's easy to do, and the organization provides some free materials to help you get going. Find out more about Lean In by going to: leanin.org
Next time, we'll get all the dirt on a young Girl Boss who didn't have a great working abroad experience, and what she did to change it . . . to literally save her own life.
Images Courtesy of Lean In & Tamar Hela
Check Out Other Global Girl Bosses!
What It Really Takes to Be a Global Girl Boss
Be a Global Girl Boss: Do What You Love, and You'll Love What You Do
Are you a Global Girl Boss? Do you know someone who is? Let us know so we can share her story!!
About Tamar Hela:
Tamar Hela is a California girl but currently lives in Shanghai, China, planning world domination one day at a time. She's the Queen of How-To for Sticky Steps, a digital education company that teaches young professionals essential skills for the workplace. Her latest project is HELAhealth, where she aspires to connect travelers and expats to natural and alternative health options in Asia. And as if that's not enough, she also moonlights as a freelance editor and writer (with 40 edited novels under her belt and 3 published works of her own), loves traveling and reading, and runs natural health and creative workshops in Shanghai. Find her at www.tamarhela.com.
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It is with deep sadness that we share news that Jamie Alai, our beloved friend, Partner and VP of Development, died over the weekend of January 14th. Jamie was recognized throughout the self storage community and played an important role in the design and construction of the industry's next generation storage facilities. Most recently, he designed and oversaw construction of Westport's flagship property located in Alhambra, CA and was the 2015 award recipient of MiniCo's Facility of the Year. Jamie was the first person brought onboard over 20 years ago by Westport founder and Industry Pioneer Barry Hoeven and was very instrumental in our growth and success over the years.
Drew Hoeven, Chairman of Westport Properties, said "Jamie was an older brother to me. No day will go by that I won't think of him and all he did for Westport, his family, Barry and my family as well. He was truly one of the most kind hearted persons I have ever had the privilege of knowing. I will miss him dearly." Jamie battled cancer for the last 2 years surprising many doctors with his strength and determination to battle this terrible disease much longer than they all anticipated. It speaks to his strength, commitment and character.


This animated introduction to The Generations & Gender Programme explains the purpose, function and value of a social science research infrastructure to the domains of public policy and research.
For access to the GGP open source datasets register as a GGP User here.
For questions or inquiries please email GGP@nidi.nl.
The Generations and Gender Programme (GGP) is a Social Science Research Infrastructure that provides micro- and macro-level data which significantly improve the knowledge base for social science and policymaking in Europe and developed countries elsewhere.
The Infrastructure is run by institutes with strong traditions in academic and policy-related research on population and family change and on survey methodology.
Up till now, 20 countries have conducted at least one wave of data collection. The comparative focus allows analyses of the ways in which policies, culture and economic circumstances influence dependencies between men and women and between the young and the old.
The GGP survey applies a panel design – collecting information on the same persons at three-year intervals – to allow the examination of causes and consequences of inequalities between genders and generations. Twelve countries have thus far conducted at least two waves of the GGP survey.
The GGP survey has an average of 10,000 respondents per country, making it possible to study numerical minorities and uncommon events.
Alongside the micro data collected via surveys, the GGP has a contextual database with over 100 indicators which cover not only the year of the survey but also retrospective indicators covering the past 40 years to be used alongside the retrospective data in the surveys.
The GGS questionnaire is developed and maintained by a team of leading social scientists from demography, sociology and economics. The questionnaire seeks to bring together a wide range of subjects that examine the causes and consequences of family change.


Africa Is Not A Country: It's a continent - There are 52 countries in Africa. Africa has more gold, jewels, plutonium, platinum, chrome, and copper than any other continent. Africa's Nile River is the longest river in the world. The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. It is bigger than the entire United States.


What Are Futures Contracts, Stock Futures and Index Futures?
A futures contract is nothing but a systematic contract between the two consecutive parties for the trading of an asset at a reasonable price and a specified date. The seller delivers the repressed, and the client or the buyer takes the delivered asset and pay the amount. The price, in which the deal gets cracked, is known as future price or the delivery price. As the future's price relies on the asset's price, it is a derivative instrument. A future contract is quite equivalent to that of a forward contract. The market of the futures contract has evolved to minimize the state of the asset along with the counter party risk of the forward contract.
A stock future is a contract that needs to be sold or purchased at a specific amount for a specific price at a standardized date. In the recent years, the stock market has been rapidly changing its position. The stock futures are the best concepts in protecting your investments so that not a single market fluctuation varies your portfolio. Nifty option chain is a listing of all the call and put option strike prices including their premiums for a particular specified maturity period. Most of the online brokers display their options in the option chain form.
How Do Stock Futures Work?
To understand the concept of stock futures, imagine you own a popcorn company, and you need to buy fresh corn to make your product. The price of the corn fluctuates on every business day, and you want to make a good deal at the lowest price possible to make the most profit while selling your finished product. In the process, you realize that the corn price might be different in today's market that it was a year from now. So, here you enter into a futures contract with a nearby farmer to purchase his corn at a reasonable price at a certain fixed date. The farmer is not ready to sell his corn at such a low price that is below the current market value. So, you have to agree with making a fair price deal ensuring none of you get pounded by the market fluctuations, and both of you are satisfied with the transaction in a year.
The two parties in the stock futures decide to make a deal to buy or sell a specific amount of stock at a reasonable price that doesn't affect any of them financially, at a future date. The difference between the tangible commodities such as corn, wheat, pork bellies and the stock futures is that the stock future contracts are never set till the expiration date. These contracts are purchased and are eventually sold on the futures market.
Index futures are an investment in which the buyers and sellers deal in paying or receiving the payment in the future for the money value of an underlying stock index. As the nifty option chain nears its date of expiration, the time value edges closer to $0, and the intrinsic value represents the difference between the repressed security price and the contract's strike price.
Next post: How To Buy And Sell Futures Contracts?


Before applying for JMET 2011, candidates must assure themselves that they satisfy the eligibility criteria to seek admission to the specific programme they are interested in. The eligiblity criteria for admission to the management schools vary from one admitting institute to another. For more details about the programmes, the candidates are required to contact the Institutes to which they are interested in seeking admission.
Information about the pattern of the questions is given under question paper pattern.


text:
Q: For loop won't work in creating multiple rectangles in Adobe Animate CC I am using Adobe Animate CC (formerly Flash Professional CC) and I'm trying to adjust the following code snippet so that it creates multiple rectangles.
var shape = new createjs.Shape(new createjs.Graphics().beginFill("#ff0000").drawRect(5,5,100,100));
this.addChild(shape);

I've then adjusted this and put it in a for loop which I thought would work in replicating the object. The following code only creates one rectangle?
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    var i = new createjs.Shape(new createjs.Graphics().beginFill("#ff0000").drawRect(5,5,30,30));
    this.addChild(i);

    // Move object so that they don't lie on top of each other
    this.x += 50;
}

A: There are a few issues with your code.
I assume you are extending Container so you can add children to it. This is why you use this.addChild() instead of something like stage.addChild(), right?

*

*You are overwriting your iterator variable i when you create your shape. I recommend a different name, like square or child.

*You are incrementing the x position of this, so it will add all your squares at the same position, and then just move your container by 50px. All the children will still be on top of each other. You should change this to child.x.

*Once you do that, it will still not work because you are incrementing each shape from 0 to 50 - so they will all be on top of each other still. Change this to something like child.x = i * 50.
Here is a code snippet.
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
    var child = new createjs.Shape(new createjs.Graphics().beginFill("#ff0000").drawRect(5,5,30,30));
    this.addChild(child);

    // Move object so that they don't lie on top of each other
    child.x = i * 50;
}

Here is a quick fiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/lannymcnie/vphj9qL0/
Cheers.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Linking issues C/C++ I am a newbie to C & C++ and I am in desperate need of help. I want to re-use the functionality already coded by a vendor. For this, Vendor gave me the .H files & .lib files. Vendor code was developed in Visual C langage and I am trying to access those .lib files in Visual C++ 6. Compilation is successful. I get errors while linking. Steps taken:

*

*I have linked all the .lib files under the project settings.

I still get the following error message:

pricing_w32.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _open_item_info_files
  Debug/pricing_w32.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 1 unresolved externals
  Error executing link.exe.

Below is the code which i had written:
    #include<stdio.h>
    #include<string.h>
    #include<fstream>
    #include<conio.h>
    #include<stdlib.h>
    #include<iostream>
    #include <windows.h>
    extern "C"
    {
    #include<cma_telx.h>
    }
    using namespace std;
    int process_file(char **in_file);
    extern "C"
    {
    void lkup_item_info( void *item );
    int open_item_info_files( int *err );
    int close_item_info_files( int *err );
    int open_item_promo_files( int *err );
    int close_item_promo_files( int *err );
    void lkup_rtn_csp_db( void *itemCspWDB );
    void lkup_rtn_promos_csp_db( void *itemPrmCspWDB );
    int do_empdisc_lookup( struct EMPDISC_RECORD *edisc, int *err );
    int do_empauth_lookup( struct EMPLOYEE_AUTH_REC *eauth, int *err );
    void return_all_promos(struct ALL_PRMINFO_BASE &all_promos);
    }
    int APIENTRY WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,
                 HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
                 LPSTR     lpCmdLine,
                 int       nCmdShow)
    {
        char UPC[7];
        void *SKU;
     cout<<"Normal end"<<endl;
 int return_code, *err;
 return_code = open_item_info_files(err);
     cout<<return_code<<"open item return code"<<endl;
     cout<<return_code<<"Close item return code"<<endl;
     return 0;
    }

cma_telx.h contains the following function prototype:
    int open_item_info_files( int *err );

Below is snippet of the command:  dumpbin /symbols cma_telx.lib
076 00000000 SECT1D notype ()    External     | ?open_item_info_files@@YAHPAH@Z (int __cdecl open_item_info_files(int *))
    tag index 00000083 size 00000121 lines 00007129 next function 0000008E
078 00000000 SECT1E notype       Static       | .data
    Section length    9, #relocs    0, #linenums    0, checksum 145249B4, selection    2 (pick any)
07A 00000000 SECT1E notype       External     | ??_C@_08OOCA@PMSDPTCL?$AA@ (string')
07B 00000000 SECT1F notype       Static       | .data
    Section length    7, #relocs    0, #linenums    0, checksum 7F8A6B53, selection    2 (pick any)
07D 00000000 SECT1F notype       External     | ??_C@_06CPCO@TSITEM?$AA@ (string')
07E 00000000 SECT20 notype       Static       | .data
    Section length    7, #relocs    0, #linenums    0, checksum F397CDFF, selection    2 (pick any)
080 00000000 SECT20 notype       External     | ??_C@_06OHCH@KPXREF?$AA@ (`string')
081 00000000 UNDEF  notype ()    External     | _imp_FileManager
082 00000000 UNDEF  notype ()    External     | __chkstk

A: Are the *.lib files for static-linking or for dll-linking? Here on my VC++ 2010 Express I have to check under project properties/C++/codegeneration/runtime-bib whether linking against DLL or not DLL (= static).
Go to definition/declaration of your unresolved external symbol and post its defintion!

A: First thing to check is make sure you have added the .lib file project properties >> Linker. I am on my mac right now but you add the .lib on 2nd page under linker settings and you have to add the path on first page under linker.
After this, check the c++ >> 'code generation' and see if it linked via MT or MD settings. This has to match to what the actual .lib file was build against so you may want to toggle it and that may do the trick.


text:
Car Donation To Blind
Donate Your Car to Help American Council Of The Blind
• Fast Free Pickup - 24hr Response
• Tax Deduction - Easy To Do!
• No Emission Test Required
2-Step Donation - Made Quick & Easy
Fill out the form & increase quality of life for all blind and visually impaired people.
This is the last step. Submit the form & you're done.
Boat Donation
Donate a boat instead
Sailboat Motorboat
Does it run?
Do you have the title?
Any major damage?
My donation can be picked up at this address.
Pick-Up Street Address
Pick-Up State
Pick-Up Zip Code
Car Mileage
Car Color
VIN (if available)
Is it currently registered?
Year Last Used
Link to Photos (if available)
We can accept cars with no title and/or in poor condition, but we may choose to send those to a different company for pickup. Any information you can provide to help us make that decision would be appreciated (e.g. body damage description, if any). If your older vehicle has exceptional low mileage or might be considered a CLASSIC, please let us know that also!
Any additional information you can provide would be appreciated! Do you know the make, model, and horsepower of the engine? Condition of sails? Extra features?
Notes or Questions
About ACB
Donate Your Car For a Bright Future
The American Council of the Blind offers a wide variety of programs and services to help people who are blind or visually impaired.
The ACB strives to increase the independence, security, equality of opportunity, and quality of life, for all blind and visually-impaired people.
ACB accepts all people who are blind or visually impaired, regardless of their skills or abilities.
ACB believes that people who are blind or visually impaired should strive to be the best they can be, and that each blind or visually impaired person has the right and responsibility to define success on his or her own terms. Put another way, ACB does not believe that there is a single "right" way to be blind.
ACB believes that it is a fundamental responsibility of government at every level to provide a framework of laws, policies, infrastructure, tools and training that permits people who are blind or visually impaired to participate equally in all aspects of society, including education, employment, civic and spiritual life.
ACB believes that a strong national ACB organization exists to establish and promote national advocacy priorities and to guide and support our state and special interest affiliates, but ACB believes in the autonomy of the state and special interest affiliates for determining and acting in accordance with the best interests of their individual members and chapters. Put simply, the ACB national organization exists to meet the needs of our individual members, local chapters, and state and special interest affiliates.
© ACB Car Donation 2020, All Rights Reserved


text:
Home >> Corporate Media
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OWS AND ELECTIONS
Election Rigging
HCPB
Votecounts
WHY OCCUPY WALL STREET MUST INCLUDE
DEMAND FOR HONEST, OBSERVABLY COUNTED, UNRIGGED ELECTIONS
Too many critical parts of our electoral process are controlled by private partisan corporations. The counting of our votes is now controlled by these corporations' software inside computerized "black boxes" – entirely in secret.
Evidence leaves little doubt that computerized election rigging is now rampant in the US and that We The People are consistently being "represented" by candidates we did not elect.
It is a huge part of how the 1% maintains control.
How can we hope to achieve any of the many demands for change with the ballot box rigged to thwart them?
With mass outrage coming to a head and with Occupy Wall Street exploding coast to coast, people are proposing many specific demands for change. Reform is in the air. Few have yet grasped, however, that we can no longer expect change or reform through the ballot box because our electoral process in America has been outsourced to private, partisan corporations.
It doesn't look that way when you go to vote at your local precinct and see the same old community members acting as election workers. You may even be voting on a paper ballot. But don't kid yourself. More than 98% of the votes in our country are now counted by computers manufactured, programmed, and maintained by a handful of private partisan corporations. The radicals who have commandeered this critical function make no bones about their extreme right-wing agenda; they do not hide what they would like our country to look like.
OUR VOTES ARE MEANT TO BE CAST IN SECRET, NOT COUNTED IN SECRET. But when our votes are counted inside a black box—with no citizen oversight, so that no one other than the hidden few who have actual control over the counting process can know whether the numbers spit out by the machines are true and accurate—we no longer have a democracy. You heard that right: the election officials, the citizens, and even the candidates have no way of knowing whether the election results "counted" by the machines have any resemblance to how we voted.
We are talking about flat-out election theft through wholesale concealed manipulation of vote counts, made possible and effectively undetectable by the very infrastructure of our privatized, corporate-run, and computer-tallied 21st Century electoral process. Covert election theft is a crime AND a coup—silent, unspectacular, no guns, no tanks, but just as devastating as a violent takeover.
In study after study, highly respected IT experts, from major universities (Princeton, Johns Hopkins, UCLA, etc.) to the government's own GAO, have all confirmed beyond the shadow of a doubt that electoral outcomes can be altered, undetectably, by just one person with access to the hardware and/or software. It seems that the equipment itself has been constructed so that there are virtually unlimited ways this can be done. Even with a hand-held wireless device by someone standing across the street from a voting site! Or by setting the zero counters on the memory cards in optical scan counting machines to, say, +50 for Candidate A and -50 for Candidate B before an election, so at the end of the night the total votes appear to add correctly and the election administrator is thereby satisfied that the election was "clean," while in fact a net of 100 votes would be shifted in each precinct so targeted. "Trojan horse" software can be inserted into the software that takes every nth vote for Candidate X and gives that vote to Candidate Y. That piece of code can also be made to self-delete 15 minutes before the polls close, never to be seen again.
Back in 2004 it was demonstrated how anyone with Windows and a PC could change election results at the regional level – nothing has changed since then! In fact it's just gotten easier—a lot easier. You don't even have to pre-program when you can change the totals in "real time" as the votes are "processed" regionally (off-site, and often out-of-state) through privatized, corporate-controlled computer networks, a technology spreading to more and more states. The means of hacking our vote counts are legion, and getting progressively more difficult to detect.
So we know it can happen. Has it happened? No one, often not even election officials, are allowed to see a cast ballot, a memory card, the software code, or any of the "proprietary" election files and materials owned by the private corporations to whom the states have outsourced our elections. How then could we possibly produce a "smoking gun?" We are reduced to repeating patterns of statistical, circumstantial, and anecdotal evidence.
But scholars have produced volumes. Analysts have long since amassed a ton of solid forensic evidence. It always points in ONE DIRECTION. As a body of work, it is extremely damning. Many of these analyses and papers are posted for reference on this website. The consistent shift of votes to the right as compared to tracking-polls, exit-polls, baseline races, and hand counts cannot be random.
The Mainstream Media
But, the mainstream media, with the story of our lifetime dangling in front of it, refuses, and indeed appears to be forbidden, to cover this issue and will not comment on one piece of this scholarly work. Courageous journalists have written about particular elections with suspicious results and procedural red flags, but it seems that they are almost never allowed to broadcast or publish their stories, and certainly never to follow them up with the dogged persistence—think Woodward and Bernstein—required of investigative reporters . Small wonder: the major media, after all, is big-time corporate.
To the extent even the "progressive" media pays any attention at all to election processes, it is all directed at overt tactics for unbalancing the electoral playing field.
It is true that these overt disenfranchisements have blossomed, most recently the allowance for unlimited amounts of anonymous corporate money in our elections, and the new draconian Voter-ID laws selectively eliminating millions from the voting rolls. But those tactics alone are not enough to overcome the actual votes. Something even more insidious is necessary to thwart the public will. And that something is flat-out election theft—votes added, deleted, switched in the darkness of cyberspace where no one is looking or can look.
You heard that right: in many cases, we the citizens are probably NOT electing the extreme candidates we are told we have elected. We the citizens have most likely not, in many cases, voted for all the right-wing positions in the various referenda. We are told those are the results but in about 98% of the cases, not one private citizen has been able to observe the vote count. So it is really unlikely that we are the right-leaning nation we have been told we are since 2000 when the computerized election equipment began to take hold in every state. This disjunction between who we are politically and the representatives and leaders we are told we've "elected" and who purport to "represent" us lies at the heart of the bizarre political turmoil now engulfing our nation.
Yes, there has always been election fraud. But it used to be labor-intensive. Each ballot box or lever machine had to be tampered with individually. Now, with the proliferation of computerized voting and/or counting, the scale has changed profoundly. ONE PERSON can change the outcome of THE elections For an entire state (OR MORE) and not leave a trace! This person can be a company insider, a programmer, or even a malicious hacker. The equipment has been designed so that rigging/hacking/stealing elections is child's play.
Historically, over time our elections have shown "normal" shifts, sometimes right and sometimes left. Some places more conservative and some more progressive. When things overall veer too far in one direction, our people have historically self-corrected through the ballot box. That is how America has survived this "experiment in democracy" for more than 225 years. We don't allow the pendulum to swing so far in one direction that the whole system can tip right over and we don't allow it to be held in place by a hidden fist. UP UNTIL NOW.
With our elections now in the hands of a corporate few, all that has changed and is only getting worse.
The People's Demands
So how can any new People's Agenda come about? Without a return to observably counted elections in America, we can forget about making any progress through our electoral process. Forget about loosening that corporate stranglehold—which, in fact, will only tighten far beyond our worst imaginings.
Occupy Wall Street is hope. OWS isshowing us, at last, who We The People really are —and that we're not the rightward-drifting mass of willing victims that you'd think we are, judging by our "elections" and even by the polls that have virtually all now (unethically) changed their methodology to be aligned with electoral outcomes. OWS is beginning to state the sensible and necessary needs and demands of the 99%. And yet we never will make good on this life-saving movement if we don't demand immediate and radical reform of our preposterous voting system.
It is time to ask ourselves why Americans appear to vote against their own best interests. Why the vote counts consistently end up to the right of exit polls, pre-election polls, and hand counts? Whythe public, and even election officials, can't look at the software used to count votes? Why journalists appear to be forbidden to investigate how votes are counted in America?
As we continue to witness the true believers and profiteers of the Right doing so much to corrupt our democracy and lock in economic unfairness and cruelty, it is time to ask how we can believe it wouldn't have occurred to at least a few of them to use their control of the vote counting computers to determine the entire political landscape of America.
We must reclaim our U.S. elections from the 1% and for the people. We need to dump all computerized voting systems and go back to paper ballots, hand-counted in full public sight, on Election Night before the ballots have been removed from that sight. No more secret vote counting inside black-box machines. Our electoral system, the most fundamental of our democratic processes, must be wrested from the control of private corporations whose own agendas can so easily trump the public trust. Our electoral system must be restored to us, the 99%.
These demands must be unshakeable and non-negotiable—because the promise of this moment will most certainly be lost if we don't OCCUPY AMERICA'S ELECTIONS.
For more detailed information, background, blogs, films, etc,
go to http://electiondefensealliance.org/resource_list
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text:
Whosnews Blog
LGL Group Inc.
topeditor
Jan 2, 2008 7:00 pm ET
(Orlando, Fla.)–Robert R. Zylstra was named president and chief executive of this industrial holding company. Mr. Zylstra succeeds Jeremiah Healy, who becomes a director. Mr. Zylstra was senior vice president of operations and president and chief executive of the company's principal subsidiary, M-tron Industries Inc. Also, Howard D. Castle was named chief financial officer. Mr. […]
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text:
33 total shares. Be the next!
Ernest Concepcion Brooklyn, NY
3.00 - 68 votes
Save Ernest to your Collection. Register Now!
'Torpedo Bomber vs. Wasps'
'Power Nap'
Ernest Concepcion was born in Manila, Philippines, where he obtained his BFA. In 2002, he moved to the United States.
Upon arriving in Brooklyn, he participated in a number of art residencies including LMCC Workspace Program, Bronx Museum of Art Artists-in-the-Marketplace program, Artists Alliance Inc. Rotating Studio Program, Lower East Side Printshop Keyholder Residency, LMCC Swing Space Program at Governors Island and an artist residency in Beijing, China via NY Arts.
These programs, as well as extensive studio time, led Concepcion to break from the formulaic style of the drawings and explore approaches to conflict that were entirely new to him and create an new series of works that comprised painting, sculpture and installation, as well as drawings.
His work has been exhibited nationwide and internationally, including four solo shows in the last two years. In 2011 he was a New York Foundation for the Arts finalist and a Joan Mitchell Foundation Painters and Sculptors Grant nominee.
Concepcion is currently a full-time artist working on among other things a sci-fi graphic novel.
Follow Ernest
Ernest's website
Ernest's Twitter page
Ernest appears in the following Top 10 lists
'Twitterers'
'Monochrome'
"i love the artist!"
"very cool!"
"aweesome!!"
"iloveit"
"MAKE A MOVIE WITH THESE EFFECTS THAT WILL BE COOL"
"plane?"
"Not interested"
"Very original!"
"Great! Fantastic! What an imagination - only a few people would put their imagination into these wonderful works of art!"
"its so amazing"
Aralyn McGregor


There is nothing worse than reading a script that is supposed to be funny, but just isn't. If I'm reading a comedy and I haven't at least chuckled a bit by page two or three, I know that I'm in for a long read. If you want your comedy script to be passed up the food chain, the only way to do it is to make sure that it's genuinely laugh-out-loud funny from start to finish. Or you could just sleep with a studio executive – your choice.
If you are writing a comedy, the first thing you need to do is decide if it's going to be the kind of comedy that has fart jokes, or the kind that doesn't. There's not a thing wrong with either of those comedic styles, but you just want to be sure not to intermingle them since they don't get along at all. You are either Farrelly brothers or Woody Allen, but not both. Slip a fart joke into "Bullets Over Broadway" and you would lose the audience instantly. Try to shoehorn an existential diatribe into "Dumb and Dumberer" and the audience would revolt by directing actual fart noises at the screen. Pick one comedic style and stick with it.
Once you have decided what kind of comedy you want to write, then you need to start making the audience laugh right away and keep the laughs coming at least every one or two minutes throughout the entire script. That's a lot of laughs and at least one out of every four of those needs to be a big belly laugh. The only way to generate that many laughs is through a combination of funny dialogue, visuals, character traits and plot line. You need to take full advantage of all of those comedic options in order to fill your comedy with enough laughs to get it past the first reader. If you can do that, Hollywood will beat a path to your door because good comedies are far too rare in this industry.


Viswanathan, Vijay, Lee, Sang, Gilman, Jodi M., Woo Kim, Byoung, Lee, Nick, Chamberlain, Laura, Livengood, Sherri L., Raman, Kalyan, Lee, Myung Joo, Kuster, Jake, Stern, Daniel B., Calder, Bobby, Mulhern, Frank J., Blood, Anne J. and Breiter, Hans C. (2015). Age-related striatal BOLD changes without changes in behavioral loss aversion. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9 , pp. 1-12.
Lee, Nick J., Cadogan, John W., Durden, Geoffrey R. and Thyil, Vijaya (2005). A model of sales manager-salesperson social exchange under problem resolution conditions. IN: UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED.
Lee, Nick J., Cadogan, John W., Durden, Geoffrey R. and Thyil, Vijaya (2004). The quality of sales manager:salesperson exchanges perspective under problem resolution conditions. IN: Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Conference 2004. 2004-12-04 - 2004-12-06.
Lee, N.J. (2003). Sales manager problem resolution styles:measure development and an examination of their salesperson-related consequences. PHD thesis, Aston University.
Broderick, Amanda and Lee, Nick J. (2003). The creation and evaluation of consumption-related interpersonal communication through on-line communities. IN: Proceedings of Academy of Marketing conference 2003. Farrell, Andrew; Lee, Nick and Lings, Ian (eds) UNSPECIFIED.
This list was generated on Mon Apr 22 00:59:38 2019 BST.


text:
Getting in step with the music, magic of Disney's latest animated adventure 'Encanto'
By George Pennacchio
'Encanto' enchants audiences with love, music, magic
Disney's "Encanto" takes place in a beautiful village in Colombia where the members of one family all have magical gifts... except, for some reason, Mirabel.
Lin-Manuel Miranda is the man behind the music.
"I would write songs that would inspire the animators. I would see the designs the animators were making of the characters and that would, in turn, inspire my writing and so on and so on," said the "Hamilton" hitmaker.
Stephanie Beatriz, who voices Mirabel, was honored to sing Miranda's songs.
"Mirabel's song, 'Waiting on a Miracle,' he actually told me later that the way that he structured it was kind of a waltz sort of structure, because he wanted it to feel slightly out of step with what else was happening around it musically in the film," said Beatriz. "Just like Mirabel feels like out of step with the family and doesn't feel like she quite belongs."
John Leguizamo lends his voice to another family member, Bruno.
"I come from the most dysfunctional family in the world so I really relate to this movie because it was a dysfunction. It puts people into certain pigeonholes, you know, the strong one, the pretty one, the one with the flowers, the one that has tantrums with storms and the one without a gift," said Leguizamo. "So you can see yourself in this dysfunctional functional family!"
"Encanto" is officially in theatres on Wednesday, Nov. 24.
MORE | Watch the new trailer for Disney's 'Encanto'
There's no place like Casa Madrigal! Watch the new trailer for Disney's "Encanto" here.
The Walt Disney Company is the parent company of this ABC station.
arts & entertainmentmoviedisneyotrclin manuel miranda


Hannah Toole first became aware of Chase the Music when she was producing the first ever TEDxCSU (Colorado State University). She kept in touch, and is now working on corporate programs for Chase, and sees herself as part of its bright future, and of the great work that it performs.
Hannah is working on organizational programs and loves to be part of the production team too.


5. When water in the tank is full, you can remove the water displacement hole from the tank,then pour the water.
-Our dehumidifier must be used in suitable temperature and humidity. No need to do dehumidification when the weather is in low temperature.
-Keep the back inlet and top outlet free from air blocking material such as clothing, plastic bags and paper.
-Always keep the unit in an up-right position to avoid water leakage.
-Pour the water out when you don't need to use, as the water will produce odors after a long time.
-Take the water tank out, don't make it lean to a voice water leakage.
Für weitere Fragen stehen wir Ihnen ständig zur Verfügung.DESIGN: Modern design, never out of date. Ideal as GIFT, birthday present.
EASY TO WORK: Water full automatic standby. Easy to operate, connect power, touch to work.
ENERGY SAVING: Energy saving and eco-friendly, no worry using too much electricity.
QUIET: No noise, Intelligent dehumidification.
USAGE APPLICATION: Living room, bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, garage car,etc.


Midcontinental Chapter of the Medical Library Association - Summer 2011 issue of the Express!
Summer 2011 issue of the Express!
We have lots of great stuff this month, including articles on social networking, library advocacy, and health literacy. There's also a call for nominations for scholarships and awards, and registration for MCMLA2011 is open. All this and so much more...check it out!


text:
Q: C read file in byte chunks Could not find proper documentation on this but I am trying to read a file using *nix system call read(). And I want read the file in 1024 byte chunks. Not sure what I have below is correct or not:
while (read(fd, buffer+i, 1024) == 1){
            i++;
}

Can someone please verify?

A: Well if you can't use man, why not just search for it?
Anyway you are using it wrong. If you want to read it by chunks you should do it like this
// consider that we allocated enough memory for buffer
// and buffer is byte array
ssize_t r = 0, i = 0;
do {
  r = read( fd, buffer + i, 1024 ); // try to read 1024 bytes
  i += r;
} while( r > 0 );


text:
Home » For and about students » Techne Community » TECHNE Students list » TECHNE Students 2017-18 » Claire Louise Staunton
Claire Louise Staunton
An investigation into artists' collaborations with modernist new town masterplanners in the UK between 1955 and 1975, and a curatorial project initiating collaborative practices between artists and masterplanners today.
Royal College of Art, London
Supervisor: Professor Victoria Walsh
In recent years a surge in global migration, housing crises, surplus capital, and increasingly conservative dispositions have accompanied a renewed use of new town masterplanning as an appropriate framework to manage urban growth. The masterplanning of new towns has, since the last new town designation in 1973, been rejected in favour of more participatory, organic urban growth plans (Bullivant 2012). But in 2011 a masterplan for Cranbrook, Devon was finalised following Gordon Brown's 2007 proposal for 10 new ecotowns. On the 2nd January 2017 Theresa May announced plans for 17 new garden towns.With the return of new towns, understanding the impact that artists and arts organisations made on new town masterplans in the post-war period and their resulting urban forms is particularly relevant. Following the UK New Towns Act of 1947 more than 20 new towns were masterplanned and delivered by state-funded Development Corporations. At this exceptional moment in post-war British cultural history, artists were invited by 5 Development Corporations not simply to make public sculpture, but as collaborators in the early stages of masterplanning. Whilst adding these overlooked practices to the history of socially engaged art I will analyse the impact of artistic practices between 1955 and 1975 on the urban form and infrastructure of British New Towns: Victor Pasmore in Peterlee (1955); Ian Henderson in Skelmersdale (1964); David Harding in Glenrothes (1968); APG (1970) and Inter-Action (1974) in Milton Keynes; Stanley Bonnar in East Kilbride (1975).I will research and make public this little-known interdisciplinary history of masterplanner/artist collaboration at this crucial early stage of 21st century new town masterplanning through an exhibition and events. Taking up Pinder's proposal (2008) that artistic interventions have the potential for inspiring and developing critical approaches to cities, I want planners to again collaborate with artists on masterplans. To date, I have been invited to work with planners in Cranbrook, Milton Keynes expansion areas and Haringey as they shape their masterplans. Using the historical case studies in workshops to facilitate an exchange of knowledge, I will develop a curatorial methodology and initiate collaborative relationships between their planners and artists. My project is a call for the return of crosspollination between the disciplines in order to face twenty first century housing crises.


text:
ECW and SmackDown team up for live events
WWE officials have announced that as of Dec. 26, SmackDown Superstars and ECW Extremists will be touring together for live events. Officials say that this is a great opportunity for WWE and ECW fans alike to experience the unparalleled action of both brands combined
Sources say that WWE officials were concerned because the attendance at some of the ECW live events hasn't been as strong as initially projected.
ECW representative Paul Heyman had the following response to these huge changes that will commence the day after Christmas.
"Well, it's no secret that ECW does not have the resources that are available to RAW and SmackDown," explained a frank Heyman. "We're too early into the relaunch of the brand and you can't expect ECW to perform at the same level as RAW and SmackDown without the same budget, personnel and man-power."
He continued, "Therefore, in an effort to maximize the budget and give our ECW fans the most bang for their buck, we're going to be combining live events with the SmackDown brand to bring the most star power, the most action-packed and the most main events available in one given night."
Live Events schedule
SmackDown Homepage
ECW Homepage


text:
Attacking Sadr's Mahdi Army
The Mahdi Army. Click image to view.
Mahdi Army targeted in Baghdad, Basra and Kut
Within 24 hours after the return on Muqtada al Sadr from his self imposed four month exile in Iran, Coalition and Iraqi forces launched five high profile attack against the extremist elements of his Mahdi Army. Today, U.S., British, Polish and Iraqi forces conducted three separate engagements in Baghdad, Basra and near Kut.
In Baghdad, Iraqi Special Operations Forces and U.S. soldiers conducted a raid in Sadr City against an "individual… suspected of having direct ties to a senior leader of a significant EFP network as well as acting as a proxy for an Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps officer." Multinational Forces Iraq also describes him as "the suspected leader in a secret cell terrorist network known for facilitating the transport of weapons and explosively formed penetrators, or EFPs, from Iran to Iraq, as well as bringing militants from Iraq to Iran for terrorist training." The suspect was captured, and five associates were killed in a follow on airstrike.
Iraqi Army and Polish troops killed five Mahdi fighters and captured another 20 during operations in the town of Jihad, about 50 miles west of Kut. British troops "killed a number of militiamen in an airstrike in the southern city of Basra after insurgents bombarded bases where British troops were based."
Today's fighting in Basra followed a British yesterday, which resulted in the death of Abu Qader, the Mahdi Army commander in the southern city, along with 3 associates. Qader "was suspected of involvement in planting roadside bombs, weapons trafficking, assassinations and planning and participating in attacks against British troops," Reuters noted. Also, U.S. forces captured yet another member of an EFP/Iranian cell in Baghdad on Friday. This is the eighth such raid on the EFP/Iranian backed network in three weeks, with 17 members of the EFP cells killed and 31 captured.
The increased operational tempo against the Mahdi Army, and Sadr's return to Iraq do not appear to be unrelated. Multinational Forces Iraq and the Iraqi government have been conducting a concerted campaign to split the Mahdi Army and court the more moderate elements to work with the government. With Sadr's flight to Iran, he lost considerable command and control of his Mahdi Army.
The Associated Press recently described the split in Sadr's militia as one between "a larger group that calls itself the "noble Mahdi Army" and accuses others in the Mahdi Army of going too far by killing innocent Sunni civilians and embezzling militia funds," and the more radical elements "trained and armed by Iranians." Sadr was likely motivated to return to Iraq to bridge the growing divide in the ranks of the Mahdi Army.
DanielMaddison says:
No, doesn't look like a coincidence to me either. I'll bet the Coalition had a "Welcome Back to Iraq, Moquada" plan ready the day after he left. As soon as he arrived to even think about retaking command of the anti-Coalition military resources of the Mahdi Army, those resources would be taken out or put on the run. The question is whether this is merely symbolic or has had a serious impact on Mahdi military assets. And, regardless, the next question is whether Sadr has understood the message–play nice in the political arena, or there is a JDAM with your name on it.
Neo-andertal says:
I'm a bit surprised at how this is playing out. These are very high level targets. Lets go through the significant facts.
1.	We are getting actionable targeting intelligence on high level individuals in the Mahdi army.
2.	We have taken down a large number of high level targets recently.
3.	The IA has clearly chosen sides on this.
4.	The Iraqi government isn't making much of it.
5.	The Shiite Clerics aren't commenting. The Shiite political coalition isn't either.
6.	Shiite news sources by and large, aren't roundly condemning it.
7.	There's no general uprising or even an uprising among Sadr followers.
8.	Reprisals so far are fairly limited.
I would have to conclude that we aren't acting alone on this. There's more here than meets the eye. In fact there has been so little in the way of reprisals that I must conclude that much of the Mahdi army has moved to the sidelines at least. I wonder how long it will hold up without major reprisals. I'll be watching closely at how this develops.
DJ Elliott says:
The purpose of the surge is and always was a "gap-filler" for the GoI/ISF.
This month the IA personnel count jumped up by 14,000 (a Division's worth of men).
Expect the same in July (8 weeks bootcamp).
New elements in the IA identified in last two months include:
– 11th Division
– Rusafa Area Command
– Karkh Area Command
– 1-11 Brigade
– 4-9 Brigade
– 4-7 Brigade (planned)
– MP Brigade
In MoI the new elements have been:
– 10th INP Brigade
– Anbar Provisional Security Force (Division)
– 1st PSF Brigade
– 2nd PSF Brigade
– Quick Intervention Brigade
The IA is to receive a major shipment of armor in the fall which will convert 4th and 11th IA Divisions to Mech.
To provide cadre for this the IA had to reduce the capability of existing formations.
That is what we are covering for:
– The reduced IA formations that are providing cadre.
– The new ISF formations that are still green and only now forming.
Michael, Michael, Michael
You really should keep up with what is going on. Try reading the notes page of the ISF OOB (on left column of page).
In parallel with forming these new units, the MoD has been filling out the combat force to a planned 110% manning with Individual Replacements for the existing units since October.
They passed 100% manning in March.
Part of the May 14,000 is for the overmanning of the rest of the combat units.
Part of the purpose of the Baghdad unit deployments (which have been at over 95% manning since Feb) is to inspect these units, replace equipment/personnel to full, conduct Bde level range training and then 90 days of urban combat experience in Baghdad. Besmaya is the only Bde level range available (30km east of Baghdad).
These are real units. Real people. Becoming real operational.
Also, the point forces for dealing with Mahdi Gang (they are not an army) is and has been:
– Iraqi Special Operations Force – HQ Baghdad
– 8th IA Division – HQ Diwaniyah
– 10th IA Division – HQ Basrah
I SOF stood up Diwaniyah and Basrah Detachments as part of this increase in force…
95% of the raids that the press claim were US that occur in Sadr City are I SOF and have been since September…
While the politicals and press are concentrating on Baghdad, the ISF is taking over the outer provinces and working in to the center.
The new formations went to Baghdad, Basrah, Salahadin, Anbar and Kirkuk.
Most of what is showing up in Baghdad so far is command and control plus new bases.
We are working the outside to the center.
Anbar, Diyala and Baghdad will be the last to hand off…
Same with how we are working the ISF. Bns first, then Bdes, Divs, Training,
next will/is logistics and Corps (only BOC has formed so far).
Those support elements are the US focus at this time. The FY07sup has funding for training and equipping 33,000 IA support troops. They only have 12,900 now…
Note: The only schools that are still US taught in IA are comms and medical.
RHYNO says:
Mr. Elliot, you have very good info [or intel?] on wat is planned for the IA, the number of formations and that armor is on the way. that 2, the 4th and 11th will be mech., is good news God knows they need it. the destruction of the radical elements of the Mahdi is imperative. they are Iranian proxies, and all Iranian influence in this "new" country must be crushed. the touchy part is the elimination of the pig Sadr. will his death cause Shia to retaliate, to go full throttle? or will it only affect a small number.? i want him DEAD so badly…repercussions? thats the operative word i believe. as far as the 3 fronts comment, this op may be #2 in importance. #1 has to be the Awakening Movments, which i think are a milestone. the destruction of AQ in Iraq is #1. the help of Sunni tribes is of great importance, the U.S. must [and have been] capitalize on this. the good intel is flowing, our best are there [18th Airborne Corps.] this may be our last power move. lets get it done. DJ Elliot, if there is a site you would like to share, please post it, if you can. if you can't for other reasons, i understand. thank you for sharing that info, truly…Rhyno
RHYNO
//billroggio.com/oob/index.php
All open source and available to those that take the time to read. I do not publish non-atribitable or off-record for OOB data…


text:
È la modella più nota di Busty.pl, un popolare sito web erotico polacco con contenuti che ritraggono ragazze dai seni molto abbondanti (busty girls).

Carriera
Verso la fine del 2003, Sonnet iniziò a lavorare per Busty.pl posando seminuda (raramente si è esibita in nudi completi) e mettendosi in evidenza per l'abbondante seno naturale (36EE) che accompagnava un bel viso e delle forme comunque aggraziate.  Nel 2005 fece il suo primo servizio fotografico stampato posando in topless per CKM, un mensile per adulti polacco. Nell'intervista rilasciata a CKM, la modella dichiarò che il suo seno era del tutto naturale.

L'11 dicembre 2005, Sonnet fece la sua prima apparizione televisiva sul canale satellitare Polsat nel corso della trasmissione The Kuba Wojewódzki Show allo scopo di promuovere il suo esordio come cantante.

Dopo una tournée di concerti in Polonia, Ewa pubblicò, nell'ottobre del 2006, il suo primo album, Nielegalna ("Illegale"). La sua attività come cantante riscuote un discreto successo e una certa attenzione anche al di fuori della Polonia come testimoniato dall'intervista rilasciata alla stazione radio dell'Università di San Francisco (KUSF) nel marzo dello stesso anno.

Nel novembre 2006, ha posato nuovamente per CKM per promuovere il suo nuovo album. A gennaio 2007 ha annunciato sul suo sito web la prossima uscita di un secondo album.

Discografia

Album
 2006 - Nielegalna
 2007 - Hypnotiq

Singoli
 2005 ...I R'n'B
 2005 ...I R'n'B (More Booty Mix)
 2005 Tell Me Why
 2005 C'est La Vie
 2006 Niech ta noc nie kończy się (Blackbeat RMX)
 2006 Nie zatrzymasz mnie
 2007 Cry Cry

Note

Bibliografia
 Krisztian, Gulyas (Ungheria) incontra Ewa Sonnet in 27 maggio 2006 a Jastrzebie Zdrój, Polonia al Club Presing.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
 Ewa Sonnet — Sito ufficiale di Ewa Sonnet (contiene nudità)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


To be a fully qualified Tibetan physician we have to study these four medical tantras for a minimum of seven years. The first four years are spent studying the Tibetan medical texts where we have to memorise around forty specific chapters, one month each year is also spent collecting herbs in the Himalayas. In addition to studying the medical texts we also have to study Tibetan linguistics, grammar, poetry as well as gaining an understanding of basic Tibetan Buddhist teachings contained in works such as Shantideva's Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life. In the fifth year we have to take both oral and written exams on the four medical tantras, and at the end of the fifth year we take the Medicine Buddha initiation both as a blessing and in order to enhance our powers of healing as practitioners of Tibetan medicine. This initiation is similar to a beautiful woman; when she is dressed in fine clothes and jewels she looks even more beautiful. The sixth and seventh years are spent at a branch clinic of the Tibetan Medical and Astrological Institute where practical training is given in pulse reading, urinalysis and dealing with patients.
Compared to other forms of alternative medicine in the West, Tibetan medicine is very new and this is because here there are very few fully qualified Tibetan doctors; there are no more than eight of us in Europe and the around 15 in the United States and Canada. The uniqueness of Tibetan medicine is that it is based on Buddhist philosophical principles, astrology and the close relationship between the mind and body. The basic principle of Tibetan medicine is balancing the three principal energies or Nyipa sum. The three principal energies are Loong, mKhris-pa and Bad-Kan.
Loong (pronounced as loong) is the subtle flow of energy which circulates throughout our body and aids all movements and activities connected with mind, speech and body. MKhris-pa (pronounced as tree-pa ) is heat energy which circulates throughout our body and balances bodily temperature, digestion and vitality. Bad-Kan (pronounced as Beh–ken) is a fluid energy which circulates throughout our body and keeps our joints flexible and aids the functioning of bodily stability and the lymphatic system.
These terms are being left as they are throughout this website as there are no equivalent translations in English for them, it is very important to get used to the terms Loong, mKhris-pa and Bad-Kan.
When the three principal energies are in balance we are healthy, and when there is imbalance we are sick. In the Tibetan medical texts the main long term cause of illnesses and suffering is ma-rig-pa, or ignorance. This ignorance generates in turn the three poisons of desire, anger and close mindedness. The short term causes are improper diet, unwholesome lifestyle and seasonal factors. A combination of these causes makes us sick and the physician first has to diagnose the illness through questioning and by listening with a sympathetic ear. The physician then makes an overall observation of the patient, especially through tongue diagnosis, and urinalysis which looks at the colour, smell, bubbles, steam and sediments of the urine. Finally the physician reads the pulse of the patient, and for the Tibetan physician pulse reading is a great source of information.
Once diagnosis is made treatment has to begin. The main aim of the treatment is to balance and correct the three principal energies, for example if one of the energies is in excess treatment is given to decrease it, or if one of the energies is deficient treatment is given to increase it. Tibetan medicine is not based on any magic, mystery or miracle cures, rather it is based on an ancient system of medicine which has been passed down from generation to generation. Tibetan medicine today is the culmination of the experience and knowledge of enlightened physicians through the course of many centuries; like honey collected in a pot which cannot be produced from just a single flower. There is no end to knowledge, and with the continual arising of new diseases Tibetan medical research goes on, and at the Tibetan Medical and Astrological Institute there is a research department producing new forms of Tibetan medicine aimed at treating modern diseases.
The Tibetan physician aims to treat the patient first of all through dietary advice according to each individual body constitution, and through advice on leading a wholesome lifestyle. If this is not enough, medicine is prescribed. Tibetan pharmacology is extremely rich in both depth and variety. It makes use of gems, minerals, metals, soils, saps, woods and herbal plants ; medicines can have combinations of as little as 3 ingredients or as much as 157. At present there are around 250 different types of medicine which are manufactured. One of these preparations is a medicine called Padma 28 and this is now commercially available. Middlesex hospital in London has performed clinical trials on it and it is proven to be effective for vascular diseases (a condition caused by hardening of the arteries in the legs) and there is the possibility it will help in the treatment of hepatitis B and C. This gives great hope for the potential of Tibetan medicine to help as many people as possible when you consider there are 250 other forms of Tibetan medicines to be explored. Performing therapies are used as a last resort in Tibetan medicine. At present we use moxabustion, cupping and golden needle therapy.
There is also an advanced form of Tibetan meditation known as tomo yoga which is practised by training the subtle flow of Loong energy. At the International Congress on Tibetan Medicine the researcher Herbert Benson from Harvard Medical School, gave a slide show of Tibetan monks practising tomo yoga. Dr Charles Raison from the University of California commented that tomo meditation may offer more understanding about depression and open up the possibility of non-pharmacological self help. The monks were meditating in conditions just a few degrees above freezing yet they were able to completely dry wet sheets which were wrapped around them. Researchers from the University of California in San Francisco have also discovered that raising the peripheral skin temperature during deep meditation accelerates the healing of wounds just as effectively as the use of anti-biotics.
Astrology is also connected to Tibetan medicine in the preparation of certain special medicines, during the times of herbs collection and also when performing therapies such as moxabustion. All medicines are then blessed and consecrated according to Tibetan Buddhist rituals. When I was studying at the Tibetan Medical College and also working at the Tibetan Medical and Astrological Institute clinic, we would recite the Medicine Buddha prayers and mantra every morning before we began our day.
Tibetan medicine is beneficial for chronic diseases such as digestive problems, arthritis, asthma, skin problems, problems related to the kidneys and liver, sinus problems, insomnia, anxiety, heart disease, and problems related to the central nervous system. Tibetan gSo-ba Rig-pa also treats the roots of the disease and not the symptoms. The Tibetan medical texts give the following example. Without treating the roots or the cause of the disease it is the same as having a poisonous tree and just cutting off the leaves and branches without pulling it out from it's roots. If you just cut the leaves and branches the tree will still continue to grow.
For example I have seen a woman patient with a bad migraine and for this she has been taking painkillers. These help her but when the effect wears off she needs to take more of them. My diagnosis upon seeing her was that she was suffering from chronic constipation and therefore I prescribed medicine to clear her constipation. This was the root of her problem. As a result of this her migraines were reduced over time. If a person is suffering from a chronic disease and expects a quick solution through taking Tibetan medicine, this will not be possible. The patient has to be prepared to take the medicine over a period of time before its positive results will show.
In the West there are many people at present who wish to study Tibetan medicine, but unfortunately the four medical tantras have not been translated into English. This problem is no doubt exacerbated by the fact that Tibetans no longer have their own country where the proper facilities for such works would have existed. The contents of the four medical tantras are extremely condensed and just one sentence could take pages to be fully explained. To be successfully and accurately translated will require a group of people who have studied the four medical tantras and who also have perfect knowledge of English. It is vital there is no misunderstanding of the medical terms and that the meaning of the four medical tantras are not diluted in any way.
Tibetan medical knowledge is not just for the benefit of Tibetans but for the rest of the world. There is no doubt that practitioners of Tibetan medicine can learn a great deal from allopathic forms of medicine, and similarly Western medical practitioners can learn and benefit from gSo-ba Rig-pa. Both medicines are based on the same concepts of healing and the relief of suffering.


First, know your audience. What breed of horse and work load are you trying to balance the diet for? Is it a stock type, light exercise horse or are you balancing the diet for a draft horse mare in early lactation? Requirements can vary drastically depending on the individual.
Utilize high quality forage if you can.
Alfalfa hay is high in energy, protein and calcium. Your grain feeding rates will be lower because of higher quality forage. Caution as idle horses can become overweight very easy if not fed a limited amount.
Grass hay is lower in nutrients and may be the perfect hay for your mature, basically, idle horse.
A mixed grass/alfalfa hay is the basic hay for all types of horses.
A forage test will provide accurate values of nutrients – it is the BIGGEST component of the horses' diet!
To maintain the level of vitamins and minerals necessary, regardless of the amount of concentrate fed, top dressing is useful.
Because horses have different metabolism rates, we feed every horse different amounts of grain. We vary the rate of grain based on body condition. However the horses mineral and vitamin requirement stay the same. Topdressing a mineral and vitamin supplement allows you to treat each horse individually.
The contribution in red is from 4oz of Equi-Shine Pellets, a vitamin and mineral supplement……just imagine if you take that out, you are left with a very unbalanced and vitamin/mineral deficient diet.
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