Our Branches:BTM Layout 2nd Stage , Koramangala 5th Block Near Apollo Cradel, Bannerghatta Road-Vijayabank Layout, Bilekahalli – SNN RLV Campus. Zelus Physiotherapy Center offers the best and specialist physiotherapy treatment and care to people of all ages.
We at Zelus Physiotherapy Centre offers specialist physiotherapy treatment and care to people of all ages with physical problems caused by illness, accident, ageing and other factors such as working postures.
We help patients to improve mobility, relieve pain, restore functional movement and increase independence. Our skilled physiotherapists also develop tailored physical therapy programs to your specific needs.
We offer Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Sports Physiotherapy, Neurological Physiotherapy, Occupational Health Physiotherapy and Manual Physiotherapy.
The Pediatric Rehabilitation program provides comprehensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation care for children of all ages. Our goal is to maximize the abilities of each child while minimizing the effects of their impairments. This is accomplished through effective rehabilitation of the highest quality provided in a family-centered environment. Depending upon the nature of the impairment and the needs of the child, treatment takes place in diverse settings and uses the various skills of rehabilitation professionals to promote the highest possible level of function. The pediatric rehabilitation team is committed to help each individual, reach full functional independence in self-care, mobility, communication, cognition, and socialization.
This service provides rehabilitation care for adult with acquired injuries, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, orthopedic injuries, or other medical conditions that result in a significant change in individual's mobility status or self-care activities.
This service is established to make receiving quality healthcare easier and more convenient. Our certified physiotherapists will endeavor to bring you the highest quality health care at your home for those who cannot travel due to limited mobility or busy schedules.
Corporate wellness programs are designed to nurture wellness in workers, regardless of the work environment and to make the work space a more inviting and relaxing environment for the employees. We provide services in factories, corporate offices, large corporations, and small corporations alike.
Sports Physiotherapy is the specialized branch of physiotherapy which deals with prevention and management of injury resulting from sport and exercise participation at all ages and levels of ability. Sports physiotherapists provide advice on safe participation, promoting an active lifestyle to help all individuals improve their quality of life and helps to enhance their performance.
Successful, long-term weight control must focus on your overall health, not just on tiring exercises and what you eat. Changing your lifestyle is not easy, but adopting healthy habits may help you manage your weight in the long run.
We Offer safe and effective weight-loss programs, which are medically supervised programs.


At 9:30am on Saturday 10 November, the whistle will blow to signal the beginning of the 2018 Credit Union Christmas Pageant – the 86th year of the Pageant!
Since 1933,the Christmas Pageant has been the traditional start to the Christmas season in South Australia. Thousands of people, young and old, line the city streets to welcome Father Christmas to Adelaide.


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For Students: Mars 2020 Name the Rover Essay Contest By Nov. 1
(Image Sources: NASA, Wikipedia.org, By NASA/JPL-Caltech - http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19672.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40891664)
NASA is offering the Mars 2020 Name the Rover essay contest for Kindergarten to 12th Grade students in public, religious, private, and home schools. The student with the winning essay will name the Mars 2020 Rover and will be invited to watch the launch of the mission at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (near the Kennedy Space Center in Florida) in July of 2020.
"This naming contest is a wonderful opportunity for our nation's youth to get involved with NASA's Moon to Mars missions," said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. "It is an exciting way to engage with a rover that will likely serve as the first leg of a Mars Sample return campaign, collecting and caching core samples from the Martian surface for scientists here on Earth to study for the first time."
The deadline for this student essay contest is November 1. By the November 1 deadline, students should submit a short essay (no more than 150 words) giving their proposed name for the Mars 2020 Rover and why this name should be chosen by NASA officials.
Judging the essay contest will be divided by grade level:
Kindergarten to 4th Grade
5th to 8th Grade
Student essays will be judged on the appropriateness, significance and originality of their proposed name, and the originality and quality of their essay. There may be an interview presentation for finalists.
From each of the three grade judging groups, 52 semifinalists will be selected per group, each representing their respective state or U.S. territory. Three finalists then will be selected from each group to advance to the final round.
In January of next year, the public will have the chance to vote, on-line, on the nine finalist Rover name suggestions, from the nine finalist essays which will be posted on the NASA Mars Internet Web-Site. On 2020 February 18 (exactly one year from the 2021 date of the Mars 2020 landing on Mars), NASA plans to announce the winning name for the Mars 2020 Rover.
Go to the following Internet World Wide Web link for complete contest and prize details, and how to enter the essay contest:
Link >>> https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/participate/name-the-rover/
NASA is also looking for volunteers to judge the thousands of contest entries expected. U.S. residents, age 18 or older, who can offer about 5 hours of their time to judge the contest entries, should register to be a judge at the following link:
Link >>> https://www.futureengineers.org/registration/judge/nametherover
Mars 2020 Rover:
Link 1 >>> https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mars2020/
Link 2 >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_2020
Related Blog-Posts ---
"Place Your Name on Mars 2020 Rover Microchip By This Monday, Sept. 30." 2019 Sept. 26.
Link >>> https://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2019/09/place-your-name-on-mars-2020-rover.html
"Help Astronomers Name Large Kuiper Belt Asteroid." 2019 April 26.
Link >>> https://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2019/04/help-astronomers-name-large-kuiper-belt.html
Tuesday, 2019 October 15.
Like This Post? Please Share!
Glenn A. Walsh, Informal Science Educator & Communicator:
< http://buhlplanetarium2.tripod.com/weblog/spacewatchtower/gaw/ >
Electronic Mail: < gawalsh@planetarium.cc >
Project Director, Friends of the Zeiss: < http://buhlplanetarium.tripod.com/fotz/ >
SpaceWatchtower Editor / Author: < http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/ >
Formerly Astronomical Observatory Coordinator & Planetarium Lecturer, original Buhl Planetarium & Institute of Popular Science (a.k.a. Buhl Science Center), Pittsburgh's science & technology museum from 1939 to 1991.
Formerly Trustee, Andrew Carnegie Free Library and Music Hall, Pittsburgh suburb of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.
SETI / Breakthrough Listen Now Looking for Laser Beacons From ET
This image shows the mirrors on one of the four 12-meter optical reflectors of the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), to be used for scanning the skies for laser communication beacons from extraterrestrial civilizations.
(Image Sources: Wikipedia.org, By Wars - The image was personally taken by me, Wars, on the 3rd of September 2007, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2680980)
In the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), large radio telescopes, such as the telescopes at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia, have been used for decades in the search for radio signals coming from extraterrestrial civilizations. Now, there is a plan to begin looking for possible laser communication beacons originating with extraterrestrial civilizations.
This is not the first time such laser beacons have been searched for. However, a great new tool will now help to greatly advance this search.
The Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), composed of four
12-meter optical reflector telescopes at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Amado, Arizona, will now be used to advance the search for, what are called, 'pulsed optical beacons.' This telescope array is considered particularly useful for this type of research, even though VERITAS was originally designed to study gamma rays coming from Outer Space.
Pulsed optical beacons are strong laser-like pulses of light that are very short in duration (usually only a few nano-seconds per pulse). It is speculated that advanced civilizations may use such optical beacons for long-distance communication instead of radio waves. Such optical communication could provide advanced civilizations with greater band-width for data, as well as be less prone to signal interference and degradation.
NASA has already successfully used laser communication to transit high-definition images from the Moon to the Earth.
It is likely that artificial optical pulses would be brighter than most stars in the same star-field, which would be one way of confirming their artificial nature. And, the use of VERITAS' four telescopes would help to eliminate false positive pulse detections
The SETI Institute has already been involved in an optical communication search using the 40-inch Nickel Telescope in Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton, California. Adding VERITAS to this project will greatly extend this search. The huge mirror area of the four VERITAS telescopes will provide the ability to receive very faint light signals.
This new search is part of the Breakthough Listen project, which is a part of Breakthrough Initiatives founded in 2015 by entrepreneur Yuri Milner. Based at the Berkeley SETI Research Center in the Astronomy Department of the University of California, Berkeley, it is a $100 million project expected to last at least 10 years.
Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS):
Link >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VERITAS
Breakthrough Listen: Link >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen
Breakthrough Initiatives: Link >>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives
"Nano-Space Probes to Star Alpha Centauri by Laser-Sail ?" 2017 Dec. 7.
Link >>> http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2017/12/nano-space-probes-to-star-alpha.html
"Lasers in Space ?" 2017 Nov. 13.
Link >>> http://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2017/11/lasers-in-space.htm
Monday, 2019 October 7.
Astronomical Calendar: 2019 October / Change in ISS Crew
Early in October there will be two important events aboard the International Space Station ---
October 2: Change of Command ceremony: Russian Cosmonaut Alexey Ovchinin hands over command of the space station to European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano.
October 3: NASA astronaut Nick Hague, Russian cosmonaut Alexey Ovchinin and Hazzaa Ali Almansoori of the United Arab Emirates return to Earth from the International Space Station. Undocking is scheduled: 3:35 a.m. EDT / 7:35 UTC; crew scheduled to land near Dzhezkazgan, Kazakhstan: 6:58 a.m. EDT / 10:58 UTC. As always, NASA-TV will provide full coverage:
Link >>> https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/#public
Above is the official insignia of the International Space Station (ISS).
(Image Sources: NASA, Wikipedia.org, By Original: NASAThis vector version by Mysid - Self-made in Inkscape; based on Image:InternationalSpaceStationPatch.png and http://www.spacefacts.de/iss/p_large/iss_project.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3472226)
Astronomical Calendar for 2019 October ---
Link >>> http://buhlplanetarium4.tripod.com/astrocalendar/2019.html#oct
"Astro-Calendar: Sep. / 160th Anniv: Carrington Event Solar Mega-Storm"
Tuesday, 2019 September 3.
Link >>> https://spacewatchtower.blogspot.com/2019/09/astro-calendar-sep-160th-anniv.html
Tuesday, 2019 October 1.
Posted by Friends of the Zeiss at 11:00 AM 8 comments:
For Students: Mars 2020 Name the Rover Essay Conte...
SETI / Breakthrough Listen Now Looking for Laser B...
Astronomical Calendar: 2019 October / Change in IS...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Congrats Sam Villa – 2020 International Hair Influencer of the Year Award!
The International Hairdressing Awards announced that Sam Villa will receive this brand-new award, by his impact and influence in the world of social media and his positive influence in the industry. The 2020 International Hairdressing Awards will take place on February 16th 2020 in Madrid (Spain).
The organizing committee of the International Hairdressing Awards has decided to give the first International Hair Influencer of the Year Award to Sam Villa.
Villa is one of the most respected and beloved professionals / educators in the world, in addition to having more than 800,000 followers on Instagram, about 400,000 on Facebook, and more than 700,000 subscribers on YouTube who are passionate about his fascinating educational videos.
For the first time in 2020, the organization of the International Hairdressing Awards has decided to present the International Hair Influencer of the Year Award, which will recognize the impact and influence of a hairdressing professional in the world of social media – not only for the total number of followers / impact on a global level, but also for exerting a positive influence in the industry, through posts, publications, constructive attitude and interaction with hairdressing pros.
But what distinguishes Sam Villa over other figures in the world of social media is his crusade for making this medium a place of respect, positivity and admiration among colleagues. That is why Sam ignited the #ArtistsSupportingArtists movement – a concept through which communicate (and support each other) in a more respectful way in social media, in order to promote the growth and evolution of the industry and hair professionals. A commitment to show and act positively on social media to build trust and success. Hairdressers tend to do their work through passion, so communications in social media are especially sensitive in this sector: publishing your work for everyone to see is an act of courage that deserves respect and support... no pointless attacks. For Sam Villa, it is about promoting unity in the industry: regardless of ego or brand affiliation, Villa believes the PEOPLE of this industry can unify to elevate its standards and improve the state of professional beauty. To do this, he suggests communicating on social media with the same level of respect that we would do in person, keeping the intentions of the comments positive, building trust, creativity and growth; and avoid comments that may cause pain or insecurity.
Sam Villa is co-founder of Sam Villa®, NAHA Lifetime Achievement Award 2017, member of Intercoiffure America / Canada, Behind the Chair Stylist Choice Award Winner for Favorite Platform Artist and Educator (2012, 2011 and 2007), Favorite Overall Educator of the Year (2015) and Global Artistic Ambassador for Redken 5th Avenue.
The first edition of the International Hairdressing Awards brought together all the great names of the hairdressing world in Madrid and the second edition promises to raise the bar of an event called to become the most important in the sector at international level.The fifteen finalists of this second edition will attend the event, as well as the prestigious jury formed by five prestigious professionals: Antoinette Beenders, Tabatha Coffey, Robert Lobetta, Beverly C. and Tono Sanmartín.
The International Hairdressing Awards are an independent beauty organization, powered by hairdressers, that has been supported since its inception by two main sponsors of international relevance who believe in the message and mission of these awards: Revlon Professional® and Salon Look Madrid-Ifema. The two highly regarded firms have bet high and combined forces to make this contest an international success as well as, Estetica Magazine as global media partner, with 22 editions worldwide, which will cover and aid in the efforts of this amazing event. Also, Beauty Underground act as sponsor.
For more information, please visit www.ihawards.com
Sam Villa
International Hairdressing Awards
hair influencer
Enjoy our Estetica USA Winter Issue – Get your Free Digital Copy Here! 13 December 2019
Estetica USA is proud to announce our Winter Issue is here and we can't wait for you to see what's in store for 2020! Filled with the latest trends, behind the scene looks into events, education, stars and styles... and much, much more!
Hot News! Trevor Sorbie to receive the International Hair Legend Award 2020 13 December 2019
The International Hairdressing Awards announce that hair icon Trevor Sorbie will receive the International Hair Legend of the Year 2020 award for his inimitable career in our industry. The 2020 International Hairdressing Awards will take place on February 16th 2020 in Madrid (Spain).
Five Easy Holiday Hair Tips to Share with Guests 13 December 2019
Holidays are SLAMMIN' in the salon and at the same time, salon guests are looking for even more attention in the form of styles to impress at holiday parties.
International Hairdressing Awards 2020: Tickets on Sale! 13 December 2019
The International Hairdressing Awards put on sale the tickets of its second edition, which can already be purchased on its website www.ihawards.com


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<?php

namespace Maut\BabblingBundle\Form;

use Symfony\Component\Form\AbstractType;
use Symfony\Component\Form\FormBuilderInterface;
use Symfony\Component\OptionsResolver\OptionsResolverInterface;

/**
 * Configures the create and edit form for the Post entity.
 */
class TagType extends AbstractType
{
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    public function buildForm(FormBuilderInterface $builder, array $options)
    {
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Minnesota Baptist Convention v. Pillsbury Academy
State v. North Star Research & Development Institute
Thus, all control over North Star has been severed from the contributors, who should be distinguished from…
Baptist Convention v. Shorter College
Eckerd Corp. v. Alterman Properties, Ltd., 264 Ga. App. 72, 76 (2) ( 589 SE2d 660) (2003). See, e.g.,…
Full title:MINNESOTA BAPTIST CONVENTION v. PILLSBURY ACADEMY AND OTHERS. DR. R. V…
Court:Supreme Court of Minnesota
Date published: Dec 23, 1955
246 Minn. 46 (Minn. 1955)
74 N.W.2d 286
Supreme Court of Minnesota
stating that "[u]nder well-settled rules the court refrains from deciding, where it is unnecessary to do so, constitutional and other legal questions"
Summary of this case from Hare v. State, Department of Human Services
See 1 Summary
No. 36,617.
Constitution — special legislation — construction of prohibition against.
1. Minn. Const. art. 4, § 33, as enacted in 1881, prohibited the legislature from enacting any special or private laws in the following cases:
" Seventh. For granting corporate powers or privileges, except to cities.
" Tenth. For granting to any individual, association or corporation, except municipal, any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever."
Both subdivisions are prospective in operation only and were not designed to affect corporations in existence at the time of the adoption of the amendment in any manner nor to prohibit either the repeal or amendment of corporate charters granted prior to the adoption of said amendment. Held accordingly that Sp. L. 1887, c. 89, and Sp. L. 1889, c. 133, are constitutional and that pursuant to said laws the Minnesota Baptist Convention has the sole and exclusive right to elect the trustees of Pillsbury Academy, which right can be altered only with the permission and approval of said convention.
Corporations — nonprofit — "member" — definition.
2. M.S.A. 317.02, subd. 11, defining member as "an entity, either corporate or natural, having any membership or shareholder rights in a corporation in accordance with its articles, bylaws, or both," as construed merely requires that the "entity" either corporate or natural have some or "any" of the "rights" usually possessed and exercised by such a class. Held under this construction that the purported amendment to the articles of incorporation of Pillsbury Academy of July 13, 1953, is ineffective and void.
Action in the District Court for Hennepin County for a declaratory judgment that plaintiff, Minnesota Baptist Convention, has authority to elect trustees for defendant Pillsbury Academy. Alleged trustees of the academy were joined as defendants, and later persons plaintiff claimed to have named as trustees were made additional defendants. After findings for plaintiff, the academy and certain individual defendants appealed from the judgment entered. Affirmed.
Dorsey, Colman, Barker, Scott Barber, for appellants.
Harry H. Peterson and William H. Eckholdt, for respondents.
DELL, CHIEF JUSTICE.
This is an appeal from a judgment entered in the District Court of Hennepin County in a declaratory judgment action.
Minnesota Central University, under the patronage of the Minnesota Baptist Association, was incorporated by the Minnesota territorial legislative assembly in 1854. L. 1854, c. 36. The act provided that the university should be located on the west side of the Mississippi River between the mouth of the Rum River and Lake Pepin. In 1857 the university located at Hastings where it operated until, because of economic conditions, it lost its real estate under foreclosure in 1861. The 1854 act specifically named and designated some of the trustees of the university and provided that all others should be elected by the Minnesota Baptist Association. The act was amended in 1867 so as to make the board of trustees self perpetuating. L. 1867, c. 9. From 1867 to 1878 the university conducted no classes but the trustees elected their successors each year through 1877.
In 1878, under Sp. L. 1878, c. 69, and in the form of an amendment to the 1854 act, there was established in the city of Owatonna an institution of learning under the name of Minnesota Academy. Eighteen persons were named and designated as trustees in the act itself and the act provided that they and their successors were created as a body politic and corporate to be styled the Trustees of Minnesota Academy and to remain in perpetual succession. It further provided that vacancies by resignation or otherwise should be filled by the board. The trustees were authorized to change the name of the academy whenever authorized to do so by the Baptist State Convention of Minnesota. This corporation took over the assets of Minnesota Central University and erected a building at Owatonna where it has since been established as an academy conducting classes in secondary education. From 1878 to 1887 inclusive the trustees of the academy perpetuated themselves by electing their own successors to fill vacancies caused by expiration of terms or otherwise.
In 1887, under the provisions of the 1878 act, with the consent of the Minnesota Baptist State Convention, the name of Minnesota Academy was changed to Pillsbury Academy in honor of George A. Pillsbury who had been a benefactor of the academy. The change was confirmed by Sp. L. 1887, c. 330. Since then the corporation has been known by that name.
In 1887 the legislature, by Sp. L. 1887, c. 89, amended § 8 of the 1854 act as amended by Sp. L. 1878, c. 69, § 6, by striking from it the following: "Vacancies by resignation or otherwise shall be filled by the board" and amended § 10 of the 1854 act so as to read as follows:
"Section 10. This institution shall forever be under the patronage of the Minnesota Baptist State Convention, which convention shall, at its annual meeting, fill all vacancies in the board of trustees caused by the expiration of the term of office of any of said board, or by death, resignation, removal from the state or otherwise, and shall have power to remove any trustee from said board. Said convention shall also, at said annual meeting, elect three (3) suitable persons who shall be known as a board of visitors to said academy, whose duty it shall be to attend the examination of students, look after the condition of the institution and report to the next annual meeting of the Minnesota Baptist State Convention."
By an amendment to its articles filed with the secretary of state on March 9, 1920, the name of Minnesota Baptist State Convention was changed to Minnesota Baptist Convention.
The legislature, by Sp. L. 1889, c. 133, confirmed the rights and powers granted under Sp. L. 1887, c. 89.
From 1887 until 1952, a period of 65 years, the Minnesota Baptist Convention each year elected the trustees of the academy, the persons so elected having been recommended to the convention by the trustees of the academy. There were three exceptions, one in 1935 and another in 1936. It is not clear from the record as to how the vacancies were filled in those two years. The third exception occurred in 1945 due to the fact that no convention was held in that year.
Differences of opinion arose between various groups within the Baptist denomination which need not be set forth here. However, as a result of those differences, in the year 1952 the Minnesota Baptist Convention ignored the recommendations of the trustees of the academy and elected five persons as trustees of its own independent selection.
On June 10, 1953, five members of the board of trustees of the academy, purporting to act under the Minnesota Nonprofit Corporation Act, requested the president to call a special meeting of the trustees to consider a resolution amending the articles of the corporation so as to confirm the 18 persons then constituting the board as members of the trustees of Pillsbury Academy; to empower them to elect their successors and to appoint and employ all officers, teachers, and agents for the institution; to confirm the patronage of the Minnesota Baptist Convention permitting it to elect three persons as a board of visitors to attend the examination of students, look after the condition of the institution, and to report to the next annual meeting of the convention. On June 11 notice of such meeting was given by the president.
On June 24 plaintiff, Minnesota Baptist Convention, commenced this action and obtained an order to show cause returnable June 26 as to why a temporary injunction, preventing the holding of the special meeting, should not be issued. Upon the hearing of the motion, plaintiff's application for a temporary injunction was denied.
On July 13 the special meeting of the trustees was held and the amendments embodied in the resolution were purportedly adopted. The purported articles of amendment were filed in the office of the secretary of state on July 17. The trustees of Pillsbury Academy held their annual meeting at Owatonna on July 29. At that meeting eight trustees were purportedly elected by them. The Minnesota Baptist Convention held its annual convention during August 1953 at which time it passed resolutions purporting to reject the provisions of the Minnesota Nonprofit Corporation Act and to disaffirm the election of trustees chosen by the trustees of the academy. The convention also purported to elect eight trustees of its own selection to act as the trustees of the academy. Thereafter the eight go purportedly elected by the convention were by stipulation joined as additional parties defendant and amended and supplemental complaints were served and issue joined. The purpose of the action in its final form was to obtain a declaratory judgment as to the status of the respective parties and the validity or invalidity of the proceedings taken by them.
Upon the trial the plaintiff prevailed and a declaratory judgment was entered substantially in accordance with its contentions. The real controversy between the parties concerns the management and control of the academy and who are its lawful trustees. The answer to the problem as we see it, depends primarily upon the constitutionality of Sp. L. 1887, c. 89, and Sp. L. 1889, c. 133.
1. Defendants-appellants claim that Sp. L. 1887, c. 89, and Sp. L. 1889, c. 133, are unconstitutional. These special laws took from the trustees of Pillsbury Academy and placed in the Minnesota Baptist State Convention the right to elect the members of the board of trustees of the academy. Defendants-appellants contend that these laws are in violation of and prohibited by the provisions of Minn. Const. art. 4, § 33, as enacted November 8, 1881. The pertinent subdivisions of that section are as follows:
"The legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws in the following cases:
" Tenth. For granting to any individual, association or corporation, except municipal, any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever.
"But the legislature may repeal any existing special law relating to the foregoing subdivisions."
Art. 4, § 33, was amended in 1892 to read in part as follows:
"Sec. 33. In all cases when a general law can be made applicable no special law shall be enacted; and whether a general law could have been made applicable in any case is hereby declared a judicial question, and as such shall be judicially determined without regard to any legislative assertion on that subject. The legislature shall pass no local or special law * * *; creating corporations, or amending, renewing, extending or explaining the charters thereof; granting to any corporation, association or individual any special or exclusive privilege, immunity or franchise whatever, or authorizing public taxation for a private purpose; * * *. The legislature may repeal any existing special or local law, but shall not amend, extend or modify any of the same."
In the lower court it appears that the defendants-appellants relied principally on subd. 7 of § 33 while on this appeal they rely chiefly on subd. 10 of said section. Up to now we have had no occasion to interpret the meaning of subd. 10, but the meaning of subd. 7 has been previously construed by this court. It was first interpreted in the case of Brady v. Moulton, 61 Minn. 185, 63 N.W. 489. That case involved an action to enjoin the payment of village water bonds on the ground that the act authorizing their issuance was void because within the inhibition of Minn. Const. art. 4, § 33, subd. 7, as enacted in 1881. This court, speaking through Mr. Justice Mitchell, stated ( 61 Minn. 186, 63 N.W. 489):
"* * * The constitutional amendment of 1881 was, with certain changes, not material here, copied bodily from the constitutional amendment of 1871 in the state of Wisconsin, subdivision 7 (the one here involved) being verbatim subdivision 7 of the amendment of 1871 in that state. In 1874 — seven years before we adopted it — this subdivision had been construed by the supreme court of Wisconsin as relating only to acts of incorporation thereafter to be granted, and as not impairing the legislative power of alteration or repeal in respect to charters granted prior to the adoption of the constitutional amendment. Attorney General v. Railroad Cos., 35 Wis. 425, 560. In that case, Chief Justice Ryan, speaking for the court, said: 'We feel bound to hold, and find no difficulty in holding, the phrase in the amendment, "to grant corporate powers or privileges," to mean "in principio donationis," and equivalent to the phrase, "to grant corporate charters." This is implied not only by the word "grant," but also by the word "corporate." A franchise is not essentially corporate; and it is not the grant of franchise which is prohibited, but of corporate franchise, — that is, as we understand it, franchise by act of incorporation.'
"This construction has been uniformly adhered to by the courts of that state. From 1881 down to the adoption of the much more sweeping and radical amendment of 1891, the legislature of this state assumed and acted upon the same construction. The acts are very numerous amending by special law the special charters of villages organized prior to 1881. Large interests are doubtless now dependent upon the validity of such legislation. To now declare it invalid would result in very serious consequences. In view of these facts, we are of opinion that, whether this construction, considered as a new question, is right or wrong, it ought now to be followed and adhered to. An additional reason for such a conclusion is the fact that such a construction can only affect the past, inasmuch as the amendment of 1881 on the subject of special legislation has been superseded by the more sweeping one of 1891, adopted in November, 1892." (Italics supplied.)
In the Brady case this court followed the construction placed upon subd. 7 by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin and held that art. 4, § 33, subd. 7, as enacted in the 1881 amendment to our constitution was prospective in operation only from the date of its adoption and that it did not apply to or affect corporations in existence under laws passed prior to the adoption of the constitutional amendment of 1881.
The case of State v. Wiswell, 61 Minn. 465, 63 N.W. 1103, involved questions growing out of proceedings to enforce the collection of taxes assessed and levied on a certain tract of land in Wadena County. The village of Wadena was incorporated and its territorial limits fixed by Sp. L. 1881, c. 46. Sp. L. 1885, c. 30, amended Sp. L. 1881, c. 46 so as to extend the limits of the village to include the land in controversy. The landowner claimed that the act of 1885 was repugnant to Minn. Const. art. 4, § 33, subds. 7 and 9, as enacted in 1881. Mr. Justice Collins, speaking for the court, stated ( 61 Minn. 466, 63 N.W. 1103):
"Subdivision 7 prohibited the passage of any special law granting corporate powers or privileges, except to cities, while subdivision 9 was a prohibition upon the enactment of any special law incorporating towns or villages. Certainly there was no attempt by the amendment of 1885 to the village charter to incorporate either town or village, hence subdivision 9 was not encroached upon, and, following Attorney General v. Railroad Companies, 35 Wis. 425, 558, we held, in the very recent case of Brady v. Moulton, supra, p. 185, 63 N.W. 489, that subdivision 7 related only to acts of incorporation thereafter to be granted, and that it did not impair the legislative power of alteration or repeal in respect to charters granted prior to the adoption of the constitutional amendment; also, that the language of subdivision 7 was equivalent to the phrase, 'to grant corporate charters.' " (Italics supplied.)
This court, in the Brady case, in adopting the construction placed upon subd. 7 by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin and in reaffirming that construction in the Wiswell case, did nothing more than to follow the well-recognized rule of construction that, where a constitutional provision has been taken from another state after the court of last resort of that state has construed the provision, the construction placed upon it by the court of such state is presumed to be adopted with the provision. In the field of statutory construction where statutes are taken from other states, a similar rule prevails.
11 Am. Jur., Constitutional Law, § 68 (citing cases from several jurisdictions).
Nicollet Nat. Bank v. City Bank, 38 Minn. 85, 35 N.W. 577; 50 Am. Jur., Statutes, § 458.
Defendants-appellants contend that the Brady case should not be followed and is demonstrably unsound since the Wisconsin constitution contained a provision not found in the Minnesota constitution specifically reserving to the legislature the right to alter or repeal special acts at any time after their passage. They assert that the decision in the case of Attorney General v. Railroad Companies, 35 Wis. 425, was based on this reserved power found in the Wisconsin constitution and that consequently the reasoning of the Brady case is fallacious. An examination of the case of Attorney General v. Railroad Companies, supra, shows, however, that the Wisconsin court did not rely on the reserved power to alter or repeal all general laws or special acts contained in Wis. Const. art. 11, § 1, in reaching its decision, but to the contrary, relied solely on the meaning of the wording of subd. 7 of the 1871 amendment to the Wisconsin constitution. This is clearly manifested by the language of the Wisconsin court ( 35 Wis. 559): "We shall not stop to dwell here on the importance of the reserved power. We may do that later, in a more appropriate connection."
Wis. Const. art 11, § 1, reads as follows: "Corporations without banking powers or privileges may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment of the legislature, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. All general laws or special acts enacted under the provisions of this section may be altered or repealed by the legislature at any time after their passage." (Italics supplied.)
In Attorney General v. Railroad Companies, supra, the court later in the opinion devoted 22 pages to reviewing the background and purpose of the reserved power clause contained in Wis. Const. art. 11, § 1 (pages 562 to 584). It cited the opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 518, 4 L. ed. 629, holding that the charter of any corporation, not municipal, was a contract within the provision of the United States constitution prohibiting the impairment of the obligation of contracts and thus could not subsequently be amended by the legislature against the will of the corporation. The court concluded that the reason for and purpose of the reserved power clause in the constitution was to offset the effect of the Dartmouth College opinion.
It is again indicated where the court stated ( 35 Wis. 560):
"But the purpose of the amendment, so far as it affects Sec. 1, art. XI, appears to us very manifest. It was designed to act on the first clause only of the section, taking away the legislative discretion and changing the directory provision into a prohibitory one; and not to touch the second clause of the section at all, leaving the reserved power where it found it, to be exercised thereafter as theretofore, upon special charters, by special acts. The amendment is prospective only, not retrospective. It prohibits an old way and provides a new way of creating corporations, but was not designed to affect existing corporations in any way." (Italics supplied.)
Thus the Brady case holding that sub. 7 was prospective in its operation and not retrospective is, in fact, a well-reasoned and sound opinion based upon and supported by generally recognized rules of construction.
In the instant case Pillsbury Academy was a corporation chartered and in existence prior to the year 1881. Until the passage of the special acts of 1887 and 1889 the trustees of the academy were authorized to determine who their successors would be. The special acts of 1887 and 1889 amended the charter of the academy so as to change the method of selection of the trustees by giving that right to the Minnesota Baptist State Convention. Since subd. 7 was not designed to affect existing corporations in any manner and, consequently, did not prohibit amendments to the charters of corporations in existence in 1881, we hold that the special acts of 1887 and 1889 were not in violation of that subdivision of the 1881 amendment to our constitution.
Defendants-appellants argue that the special acts of 1887 and 1889 were, in effect, an attempted grant of a privilege or franchise to the Minnesota Baptist State Convention disguised in the form of an amendment to the academy's charter. Their contention is that this grant was unconstitutional because it was prohibited by and in violation of Minn. Const. art. 4, § 33, subd. 10, as enacted in 1881. They point out that subd. 10 was not taken from the Wisconsin 1871 constitutional amendment but was a new and additional provision which they claim is more sweeping in its language and speaks for itself; that there is no Wisconsin precedent for this provision; and that it should, therefore, be construed without regard to the construction placed upon subd. 7 in the Brady case.
Because of the decision we have reached, it becomes unnecessary to define the words "privilege," "immunity," or "franchise" as used in Minn. Const. art. 4, § 33, subd. 10.
The last clause of the 1881 amendment, which reads: "But the Legislature may repeal any existing special law relating to the foregoing subdivisions," refers and applies to all the subdivisions of the amendment from 1 to 11 inclusive and thus equally affects subds. 7 and 10. Defendants-appellants predicate no rights upon the quoted language and have not urged that it compels any particular construction of subd. 10 or conclusion with respect thereto. Both subds. 7 and 10 were adopted at the same time as a part of the same constitutional amendment. In Brady v. Moulton, supra, and in State v. Wiswell, supra, we held, following Attorney General v. Railroad Companies, supra, as previously pointed out, that subd. 7 did not impair the legislative power either to repeal or amend charters granted prior to the 1881 amendment. Both subds. 7 and 10 relate to the granting of franchises, but with this difference, that the former relates to those of a "corporate" character and the latter to "any special or exclusive" franchise. Thus the two subdivisions are so related as to subject matter as to be in pari materia. Accordingly both subdivisions should receive the same construction and be held to be prospective in operation only and not to prohibit either the repeal or amendment in any manner of corporate charters granted prior to the adoption of the 1881 amendment to the constitution. And this is true regardless of whether the effect of amendments was to bestow a right or privilege on another corporation. Such a construction is in accord with the views of the best informed authorities. As Professor William Anderson states in Anderson, A History of the Constitution of Minnesota, p. 169, concerning art. 4, §§ 33 and 34, as enacted in the 1881 amendment: "neither did they forbid the amendment, modification, or extension of any of the previous special laws." It would be absurd and inconsistent to hold that subd. 10 prohibits what subd. 7 authorizes. Such a holding would be equivalent to saying that the people of the state in one section (subd. 7) authorized such amendments as are here involved and in another section adopted at the very same time (subd. 10) prohibited what they had thus authorized. We should refrain from adopting such an absurd and inconsistent construction of the constitution.
We accordingly hold that Minn. Const. art. 4, § 33, subd. 10, as enacted in 1881, was meant to be prospective in operation only and that it did not prohibit the amendment of the charter of Pillsbury Academy as was done by Sp. L. 1887, c. 89, and Sp. L. 1889, c. 133, for the reason that the charter was granted prior to the adoption of the 1881 amendment and thus not within the scope of its prohibitions.
2. The next question for consideration is the validity of the amendment to the articles of incorporation of the academy purportedly adopted by the trustees on July 13, 1953. This amendment, among other things, provided that the 18 trustees then in office should continue to hold office until their successors were elected and qualified; that the trustees from time to time in office were to constitute the members of the corporation; that at the annual meeting of the corporation to be held in July of each year the members (the then trustees) should elect by majority vote the trustees to take the place of those whose terms expired in that year; and that the trustees should have the power to fill for the unexpired terms vacancies caused by the death, resignation, or otherwise, among them. The effect of this amendment, if valid, was to take from the Minnesota Baptist Convention the right given to it by Sp. L. 1887, c. 89, and Sp. L. 1889, c. 133, to, at its annual meetings, fill all vacancies in the board of trustees caused by the expiration of the term of office of any of said board, or by death, resignation, or otherwise. In attempting to adopt this amendment the trustees of the academy purported to act under the Minnesota Nonprofit Corporation Act, M.S.A. c. 317 (L. 1951, c. 550).
In their brief defendants-appellants state "If, as we believe we have demonstrated, the Special Acts of 1887 and 1889 are unconstitutional, it would seem to follow that the provisions of the Minnesota Non-Profit Corporation Act are applicable and proceedings had thereunder by defendant the Trustees of Pillsbury Academy are effective to amend its articles and to confirm and to assure the right of self-perpetuation given the trustees by the 1878 Act." Most of defendants-appellants' brief, in support of the validity of the July 13, 1953, amendment is devoted to this contention. Since we hold that the special acts of 1887 and 1889 are constitutional, this phase of defendants-appellants' argument requires no discussion.
Defendants-appellants also contend — although the point is not extensively argued in their brief, nor was it upon the oral argument — that, even if the special laws of 1887 and 1889 are constitutional, still the privilege granted to the Minnesota Baptist Convention to elect the trustees of the academy and to fill all vacancies in the board of trustees is a grant to an "outsider" and hence cannot be a "membership right" within the meaning of the Minnesota Nonprofit Corporation Act and that accordingly the amendment is, nevertheless, valid. We shall address ourselves to this contention.
At the outset, as a background against which the provisions of the Minnesota Nonprofit Corporation Act should be viewed, we consider the comments of the committee which drafted the act. These comments are printed as an introduction to the act in 20 M.S.A. 1954 Cumulative Annual Pocket Part, p. 56. In part they read as follows:
"* * * Recognizing inherent differences between profit and nonprofit corporations, great liberality is allowed for the organizational and internal operational activities of non-profit corporations."
In adopting the purported amendment the trustees attempted to act pursuant to the provisions of M.S.A. 317.27 of the Minnesota Nonprofit Corporation Act. The provisions of that section pertinent here are as follows:
"Subdivision 1. A domestic corporation may amend its articles in the manner prescribed by this section to include or omit any provisions which it could lawfully include or omit from the original articles at the time the amendment is made, or to extend its duration for a further definite time or perpetually. * * *
"Subd. 2. (1) Where there are members with voting rights, the board of directors shall propose the amendment to the articles by resolution setting forth the proposed amendment and directing that it be submitted for adoption at a meeting of the members. Notice of the meeting of members, stating the purpose, shall be given to each member entitled to vote on the proposed amendment, and to each officer and director regardless of his voting rights.
"(2) If notice required by clause (1) has been given, the proposed amendment may be adopted at any meeting of the members.
"Subd. 4. Where there are no members with voting rights, the amendment shall be adopted at a meeting of the board of directors upon receiving a two-thirds vote, unless the articles or bylaws require a greater vote, of the directors who are present at the meeting and entitled to vote on the proposed amendment. Notice of the meeting and of the proposed amendment shall be given."
M.S.A. 317.27 applies to all "domestic corporations" whether they elect to come under its provisions or not. The right to reject accorded to corporations in existence at the time of the passage of the act applies only to the first 25 sections of the act.
M.S.A. 317.04. "Subdivision 1. (1) Except as provided in section 317.06, and subject to clause (2), this chapter applies to all domestic corporations.
"(2) Sections 317.01 to 317.25 do not apply to a domestic corporation in existence on April 23, 1953. Every such domestic corporation may accept and come under sections 317.01 to 317.25 by complying with subdivision 3; and, unless it has signified its election to reject these sections in the manner provided in subdivision 2 within 15 months from April 23, 1953, it shall be deemed to accept and come under them."
The definitions applicable to and governing the act are contained in M.S.A. 317.02. The provisions pertinent here read:
"Subdivision 1. For the purposes of this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms defined in this section shall have the meanings ascribed to them.
"Subd. 3. 'Domestic corporation' means a nonprofit corporation formed under the laws of this state, whether or not formed or coming under this chapter, for a purpose for which a corporation may be formed under this chapter.
"Subd. 5. 'Nonprofit corporation' means a corporation (a) formed for a purpose not involving pecuniary gain to its shareholders or members and (b) paying no dividends or other pecuniary remuneration, directly or indirectly, to its shareholders or members as such.
"Subd. 6. 'Notice' means a written notification of a meeting (a) stating time, place and, in the case of a special meeting, purpose, (b) properly addressed according to the last available corporate records, (c) sent or delivered by a duly authorized person to each director or member entitled to vote at the meeting, * * *.
"Subd. 9. 'Directors' means the persons vested with the general management of the affairs of the corporation, regardless of how they are designated.
"Subd. 11. 'Member' means an entity, either corporate or natural, having any membership or shareholder rights in a corporation in accordance with its articles, bylaws, or both."
Defendants-appellants contend that the trustees are the only "members with voting rights" and that, therefore, under the provisions of § 317.27, subd. 2, they were entitled to amend the articles so as to empower the trustees of the academy with the right to choose their successors. With this contention we cannot agree. As previously pointed out, M.S.A. 317.02, subd. 11, defines member as meaning an entity, either corporate or natural, having any membership or shareholder rights in a corporation in accordance with its articles, bylaws, or both. Certainly the right to elect the trustees, who control and manage the affairs of the corporation, comes within the purview of this definition. It is doubtful if any membership or shareholder right is any more important than the right to vote for the election of the directors or trustees of a corporation who carry on and conduct the business of the corporation, elect or appoint its officers and agents, and in a large measure, determine the manner in which the corporation operates. Under the liberal policy to be afforded in the operational activities of nonprofit corporations, it is not necessary that the entity meet every recognized requirement or qualification of a member or shareholder. M. S. A. 317.02, subd. 11, as we construe it, merely requires that the "entity," either corporate or natural, have some or "any" of the "rights" usually possessed and exercised by such a class. Under this construction it follows that the purported amendment of July 13, 1953, is ineffective and void because of the failure of the trustees to submit the resolution to the Minnesota Baptist Convention for its approval as required by M.S.A. 317.27, subd. 2.
It would be an anomalous situation if the trustees, who were elected by the Minnesota Baptist Convention under the special acts of 1887 and 1889, which acts we hold constitutional, could defeat the rights of the very body that elected them to their positions by now asserting, after being elected under those acts, that that body no longer has any membership or shareholder rights under the acts sufficient to entitle it to vote upon a resolution divesting it from the authority granted to it by said acts. Without a clear indication of such legislative intention or policy such procedure should not be allowed or sanctioned.
We conclude that, even if the academy is controlled and governed by the first 25 sections of the Minnesota Nonprofit Corporation Act by virtue of the failure of the corporation to reject the same within the time prescribed by the act, which need not be determined, rather than by M.S.A. 300.026 (L. 1951, c. 656), as plaintiff contends, the attempted amendment was a nullity and that the Minnesota Baptist Convention continues to have the sole and exclusive rights to elect the trustees of Pillsbury Academy.
Since this disposes of the case we need not consider or pass upon the various other contentions presented by the parties in their briefs, nor do we pass upon the constitutionality of M. S. A. 300.026. Under well-settled rules the court refrains from deciding, where it is unnecessary to do so, constitutional and other legal questions. State v. One Oldsmobile Sedan, 227 Minn. 280, 35 N.W.2d 525. For the same reason we refrain from passing upon paragraphs 4 and 8 of the judgment since the matters referred to therein, in view of the decision we have reached, are no longer of importance here.


Honor those who have passed and survived Breast Cancer with this pink Awareness Ribbon Decal. At 8.5" tall and 6" wide, it's the perfect size to display on your vehicle or electronics.
You can add this Breast Cancer Awareness Decal to your wish list or gift shopping list for future reference.
Vinyl decal is one color. Text is removed from the decal and will expose the surface it's applied to.


I float over the city while holding a bouquet of balloons. Hands grasping ribbons and fragments of sky. A birdseye view of domesticity. Rooftops lose their shape and resemble outstretched angles. Busy streets become nothing more than intersecting lines. I soar over neighbors' backyards and applaud the consistency of their landscape. Uniformed shrubbery improving property values. Pretty little bushes behaving like pretty little bushes. Yet I pity the residents. Self-contained in crown molding-nine-to-five lives, never to taste the origin of clouds. Feet planted in suburbs they're destined to die in. It starts to rain, but not even the threat of lightning striking me down can ground me. I face droplets, head-on, knowing there is not enough water to drown in.


Objective Observational studies indicate an association between working nights and miscarriage, but inaccurate exposure assessment precludes causal inference. Using payroll data with exact and prospective measurement of night work, the objective was to investigate whether working night shifts during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage.Methods A cohort of 22 744 pregnant women was identified by linking the Danish Working Hour Database (DWHD), which holds payroll data on all Danish public hospital employees, with Danish national registers on births and admissions to hospitals (miscarriage). The risk of miscarriage during pregnancy weeks 4–22 according to measures of night work was analysed using Cox regression with time-varying exposure adjusted for a fixed set of potential confounders.Results In total 377 896 pregnancy weeks (average 19.7) were available for follow-up. Women who had two or more night shifts the previous week had an increased risk of miscarriage after pregnancy week 8 (HR 1.32 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.62) compared with women, who did not work night shifts. The cumulated number of night shifts during pregnancy weeks 3–21 increased the risk of miscarriages in a dose-dependent pattern.Conclusions The study corroborates earlier findings that night work during pregnancy may confer an increased risk of miscarriage and indicates a lowest observed threshold level of two night shifts per week.
Begtrup LM, Specht IO, Hammer PEC, Flachs EM, Garde AH, Hansen J, Hansen ÅM, Kolstad HA, Larsen AD, Bonde JP. Night work and miscarriage: A Danish nationwide register-based cohort study [Epub ahead of print]. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2019.


text:
UN climate chief: Carbon bubble is now a reality
Published on 20/01/2015, 11:18am
Christiana Figueres says there is evidence that fossil fuel investors are already being hit as projects become unviable
Pic: UNFCCC
By Sophie Yeo
The idea that investors may lose money sunk into fossil fuel projects is no longer just a theory—according to to UN climate chief Christiana Figueres, it is now a reality.
Green groups have warned that huge reserves of oil, gas and coal are overvalued and could lead to a "carbon bubble". This is because increasingly stringent climate policies will require around half of known fossil fuels to stay in the ground, instead of returning a profit to investors.
Many, including oil giant Exxon Mobil, have shrugged off the threat. But Figueres, who leads the UN's climate body, said that low oil prices are already affecting the market.
"A lot of the stranded asset conversations we've been having for a long time are now coming true," she told RTCC, speaking in an interview from the World Future Energy Summit in Abu Dhabi.
"Those expensive oil projects — deep sea, Arctic, tar sands — those are actually beginning to be taken off the table because of the low oil prices."
Cancelled projects
Norwegian oil major Statoil, for instance, has handed back three exploration licenses on the west coast of Greenland, where the costs of drilling are high. The dramatic drop in oil prices — which have more than halved to $45 per barrel since June 2014 — renders these kinds of projects unviable, said Figueres.
Statoil is not alone. In December, Chevron delayed plans to drill in the Canadian Arctic, citing "economic uncertainty" as oil prices fall. Last week, Shell announced it was abandoning plans for a $6.5 billion petrochemical project with Qatar Petroleum, while the UK-based Premier Oil deferred projects off Norway and in the South Atlantic.
This is only the beginning of the troubles which loom ahead for the fossil fuel industry, warns the Carbon Tracker Initiative, the group which coined the term "carbon bubble".
The group warns of "systemic risks" to investors as governments take action to curb fossil fuel emissions and accelerate the shift to a low-carbon economy.
"If the 2C target is rigorously applied, then up to 80% of declared reserves owned by the world's largest listed coal, oil and gas companies and their investors would be subject to impairment as these assets become stranded," wrote the group in their report Unburnable Carbon.
The 2C target is the internationally agreed limit to global warming, after which the impacts become much more severe. This December, Figueres will lead negotiations in Paris aimed at stimulating the action needed to avoid this threshold.
Davos pressure
Figueres said that the threat of stranded assets will be a message that she takes to the world's leading financiers and heads of state during a trip to the World Economic Forum in Davos this week.
But she doubted that she will have been the only one there who has taken notice of the threat. If her expectations play out, it will be a sign that the carbon bubble notion has moved from the niche to the mainstream.
"When you begin to see very specific examples of a concept that was previously only a concept, I do think it's going to be taken much more seriously on the part of investors," she said, adding that she expected an "exciting conversation" on the impact that falling oil prices will have on the potential for investments in renewables.
Report: Oil majors face climate grilling at World Economic Forum
The stability offered by the clean tech industry should be a comfort to investors in the wake of oil's evident volatility, she adds.
"That volatility in prices is one that incrementally and gradually makes investment in oil and gas more risky than investment in renewables, where it is very predictable what the upfront cost of infrastructure is, and then the price of fuel from then on is very predictable and certain."
Meanwhile, she said that cheap oil offers a key opportunity to cut fossil fuel subsidies and invest accruing savings into renewable infrastructure.
Nonetheless, the immediate threat of stranded assets need not spell the end of the oil and gas industry, which can be part of the solution if they want to be, said Figures, pointing in particular to German utility E.ON which announced in November that it would split the company to focus on renewables.
She predicted: "That kind of a division is probably one that will be looked at by several other companies because they can see the demand — not just the supply — but the demand for fossil fuels is flattening out, and there is every day more demand for renewable energy because of the many benefits that it brings."
Read more on: Carbon bubble | Energy | Renewables | UN climate talks | Featured | World Economic Forum Carbon bubble


The school has an interesting, long, and proven history, with log books in existence from the mid 1800's. Whilst maintaining its links with its valued, traditional past, the school is forward-looking, embracing and implementing change which considered will enhance the progress and development of the pupils.
This Primary School provides a broad and balanced curriculum with carefully-designed enriching experiences provided for all pupils from four to 11 years of age. The present role stands at 83 with an annual admission number of 20 children.
Key Stage 2 which comprises separate Y3, Y4, Y5 and Y6 classes.
The staff comprises of full-time and part-time teachers, plus full time teaching assistance in all classes.
The school shares an Executive Head teacher with Warmington School. Staff, children and governors from both schools work closely together.
Further information and visits can be arranged by contacting the school office on 01832 732874, or visit our website at www.titchmarshprimaryschool.com.
Click here to read the latest school newsletters.


Now you can share your status as an organ donor on Facebook. The simple switch prompted more than 13,000 people to register for organ donation in a single day last year. Researchers think social media might be the key to solving the nation's organ shortage problem.
Researchers from Johns Hopkins University said that single day recorded more than 21 times the average of daily sign-ups, according to a study released Tuesday.


text:
https://www.nist.gov/about-us/nist-awards/2014-rank-prize-john-kitching-and-svenja-knappe
2014 Rank Prize - John Kitching and Svenja Knappe
Rank Prize
The Rank Prizes are presented every two years by the charitable Rank Foundation in the United Kingdom. The prizes are awarded to individuals who have made a significant contribution to certain scientific fields, including optoelectronics, "where an initial idea has been carried through to practical applications that have, or will, demonstrably benefit mankind." Lord Rank established the foundation to benefit fields related to his career, including, in the case of optoelectronics, the film industry.
John Kitching and Svenja Knappe
Rank Foundation
The physicists were awarded the prizes "for the creation and demonstration of the first chip-scale atomic clock."
Time and Frequency Division
Atomic Devices & Instrumentation Group
Created September 6, 2017


Do You Have a Desire to Get Into the Bible More During 2011?
Not sure where to start? Here are a couple of resources that are easy to use, aren't overwhelming but help you to connect with God by listening to God through the words of God's story. May we be blessed by learning to hear God's voice and getting into God's heart.
1. The Daily Texts 2011 is a selection of Bible texts & prayers selected annually by the Moravian Church and shared worldwide since 1731. We have copies of this little book for sale for $10. Contact Nancy if you want to get one. Or, here is an online link: http://www.mountcarmelministries.com/grow-in-the-word/daily-texts/2. The American Bible society puts together a list of daily Bible readings each year organized around the church seasons and calendar. Here's an online link, http://dailybible.americanbible.org/ or, click here for a pdf of the daily readings.
3. Another great, recent release of Daily Prayer and daily scripture readings is from the book: Common Prayer: A Liturgy for Ordinary Radicals, link here http://www.amazon.com/Common-Prayer-Liturgy-Ordinary-Radicals/dp/0310326192/ref=tmm_hrd_title_0 This book has prayers, readings and songs to be used individually or in small groups.


text:
KU Downs No. 23 Texas, 70-61, Remains Perfect at 12-0
Final Stats | Quotes | Notes | Photo Gallery
| Highlights
Seniors Kaylee Brown, Erica Hallman and Crystal Kemp combined to score 50 points to lead the University of Kansas to a 70-61 victory over No. 23 Texas, Tuesday at Allen Fieldhouse. The victory to open its Big 12 schedule was KU's school-best 12th straight.
Texas (6-5, 0-1) held its only lead of the game at 2-0. Kemp scored 15 of her game-high 21 points as the Jayhawks closed out the first half on an 8-2 run and went into the lockerroom leading 39-31.
Two Kemp free throws and a Hallman jumper to open the second stanza stretched the Jayhawks lead to 43-31. After the Jayhawks converted back-to-back old-fashioned three-point plays to take a 61-47 lead, the Longhorns went on a 7-0 spurt to pull to within seven points.
With the shot clock winding down a driving Hallman found freshman center Marija Zinic under the basket for a layup to stop the Texas run and give the Jayhawks a comfortable lead they would not relinquish with 4:29 remaining. Hallman finished with a game-high six assists to go with her 14 points.
Brown knocked down three 3-pointers and scored 15 points on the game. As a team, KU shot 40 percent (8-of-20) from behind the 3-point arc. Kemp and Brown played all 40 minutes while Hallman was on the court for 38.
The victory snapped a Texas six-game winning streak over KU. The last time the Jayhawks defeated a ranked foe was during the 2001 season.
The Jayhawks will hit the road for the first time this season when they travel to Lincoln, Neb., to face the Nebraska Cornhuskers on Saturday, Jan. 7. Tip off is scheduled for 7 p.m.


text:
Trump's Big-Tech Class-Action Suits Land in South Florida
By Lance A. Harke
Twitter, Facebook and YouTube cases were filed in the Southern District.
Former President Donald Trump has launched three class-action lawsuits against Twitter, Facebook, and Google-owned YouTube, alleging these social media behemoths of censoring him and a class of similarly situated plaintiffs in violation of the First Amendment and targeting the legality of Section 230 of the Communications Act. All three cases were filed in the Southern District of Florida.
Three different judges are presiding – Twitter's case is before Judge Robert N. Scola, Facebook's case is before Judge Kathleen M. Williams, and YouTube's case is before former Chief Judge K. Michael Moore. All three cases are in their early stages, although Judge Moore has already entered an Order certifying that YouTube's case poses a Constitutional question and giving U.S. Attorney Merrick Garland 60 days to decide whether to intervene on behalf of the federal government.
Legal scholars have differing opinions on the merits of the lawsuits, some calling Trump's theory "interesting, albeit new and questionable" while others note thesteep legal obstacles standing in the way. There are also questions regarding venue, arbitration, class action bars and other provisions in these companies' terms of service. Class-action practitioners are watching how these courts deal with traditional Rule 23 issues involving the unprecedented scenario of a former president serving as class representative, such as class definition, typicality, adequacy and superiority.
UWWM will continue to monitor developments in this and other class and mass tort actions, and will publish additional bulletins and updates for the benefit of its clients and colleagues.
The select mediators and arbitrators at UWWM's Center for National Class and Mass Actions have decades of specific experience in class and mass actions and are uniquely qualified to assist you in resolving these legal disputes. For further information and scheduling, please visit our website.
Meet Our Mediators: Bo Dennis
Ransomware Attacks Lead to Class-Action Lawsuits
What's New and Promising in Class-Action Mediation?
Crypto Class Actions on Rise Amid Increased Investor, Regulatory Scrutiny
Defense Class Action Spending Breaks Record, Survey Says


If somebody asked you, "Who was the first company to patent an airship design with a warehouse dangling from it that sends delivery drones down to the populace?," and you answered Amazon, you would be completely correct. The plans hit the US Patent Office just recently, and they are grand indeed. Amazon's big concepts include a zeppelin with a warehouse suspended from it by cables as only the main attraction; there's also an entire software backend supporting the operation from the ground, a crew to maintain the whole thing, and even a shuttle to take cadres of drones up to the massive airships so that they can conserve their energy for delivering Amazon orders.
On the software side, the control of a single unmanned delivery drone consists of a menagerie of parts, such as a built-in navigation system, and networking capabilities to help with confirming deliveries and receiving orders. Server systems take care of data storage and modification for the entire operation as needed, allowing seamless management of product movement data, drone maintenance data, and order and inventory data. The process for a drone, aside from navigation, is actually deceptively simple; it arrives at the floating warehouse, receives its product and order, makes its delivery, and then is either loaded up onto a shuttle to charge up and make its next delivery from a floating warehouse, or is diverted for service or other purposes.
Amazon's ambitions in the arena of drone delivery have been quite public for some years now, and this plan seems to be the culmination of all that planning, including showing off and testing earlier drone designs. Naturally, since it's only a patent, we have no way of knowing when or even if Amazon could start building out and using such a thing, and they have thus far maintained radio silence on the matter. Without any official word, these plans may end up being nothing more than an ambitious fantasy. Still, if these concepts were to become a reality, Amazon's drone delivery empire could very quickly and easily eclipse Google's somewhat stalled Project Wing, giving them utter dominance in the brand-new market.


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I took this in July 2010 whilst on a walk around the Grasmere area (Lake District, England) a day after very heavy rainfall.
I was trying to capture the motion in the river, so set the shutter speed to about 1/3 sec.
I'm quite happy with the effect that this gave, but can't help but feel that overall, the image is a little flat.
I love the Lake District. Lush green valleys, soaring peaks and of course lakes.
There's a reason for all this lush beauty – rain! And unfortunately for every day of sunshine in the Lake District there must be four of rain. Well, at least that's what it feels like!
When the sun does finally show itself it does look gorgeous. Really stunning scenery. If you're interested you might like to know that the area was shaped by glaciers during the last ice age.
For the photographer it's a joy when that sun does come out. But capturing that beauty is more difficult than you might imagine.
One photography technique is to focus on smaller details. This involves seeking out one aspect of the scene to fill your photo with, rather than attempting to capture everything with one shot.
Dai I think managed this quite well. The stream was an attractive element of the scene, so good to concentrate on that.
And if the stream needs a little 'pepping-up'? Well, there's a photography technique for that as well. And Dai has used it here – slow shutter speed.
When you use a slow shutter speed anything that moves while the shutter is open becomes blurred, and anything that was stationary remains sharp.
In Dai's photo the water has moved and is blurred but the rest of the elements in the photo have stayed sharp as they didn't move.
It's a nice technique and one photographers have been using for years. But as Dai says himself, something is missing.
The thing that's missing is some background to give the scene depth. In this photo there is grass, river and a wall of trees. And that's it.
There needs to be something else in order to 'place' the river. It could be a mountain in the background, some sky with some nice fluffy clouds.
I would suggest getting closer to the river and photographing it at more of an angle (so that it flows from the top left to bottom right of the picture, rather than straight across the middle).
This sort of angle should provide an opportunity to include something in the background of the photo. Upstream there must have been a line of trees, a sweeping bend in the river, hills...anything that would give a feeling of depth.
Discover the secrets of professional photographers!
Join in and write your own page! It's easy to do. How? Simply click here to return to Digital photography tutorials - submissions, Autumn 2010.


It's not that they "aren't eligible," they would just have to get a waiver from their winter league team, which if my memory serves me correct would usually be granted if requested (merits of doing this could be argued). Eddie Rosario needed one from his PRWL team, for example, when he played in the AFL in 2013.
One foreign player is allowed, as long as the player does not reside in a country that participates in winter ball, as part of the Caribbean Confederation or the Australian winter league.
But, truth is, they have failed me before, as they no doubt leave out all the fine print. You are probably correct in how it works in practice.
Yeah they definitely leave out all the fine print.


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KEYS Kids Network
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This Week on TODAY - Music Heals
This coming week (Feb 10-14) the TODAY Show on NBC is featuring stories of how music helps heals.
We can all relate to the way music moves us – it can lift our mood, it can calm us, it can motivate us and comfort us. But in the hands of expertly trained music therapists like ours, music can bring added benefits, breaking through where words cannot.
For more than 26 years, KEYS has provided music therapy to kiddos battling cancer. There is no doubt that music therapy reduces anxiety and the physical effects of stress due to illness. It can help manage Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease and helps reduce depression for our elderly.
Your KEYS Program will be sharing Therapy Stories throughout the year. Join our e-newsletter so you won't miss a single inspirational story!
Why Music THERAPY?
It's All About the...Dance?
What We've Been up to: You're going to want to read this :-)
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Action Hotels
Vision, Strategy & Company Values
Accor Hospitality
Prof. Stefan Allesch-Taylor CBE
Non-Executive Deputy Chairman
Professor Stefan Allesch-Taylor CBE FKC
Professor Stefan Allesch-Taylor CBE FKC (Non-Executive Deputy Chairman), is an entrepreneur and investor. Over a 30-year career he has invested in more than 100+ companies in the property, retail, medical, industrial, telecommunications, asset management and financial services sectors in the UK, US and Europe. As an entrepreneur, Stefan has built and led teams to create businesses with $19 billion+ of assets and thousands of employees.
Stefan is the Chairman and/or co-founder of several award-winning UK and international charities providing the relief of poverty for over 1.35 million people in the UK and Sub-Sahara Africa. In 2014 Stefan was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, in 2016 he was appointed the first Professor of Practice at King's College London and in 2020 Stefan was made a Fellow of King's College London for 'outstanding service.'
Stefan is authorised and regulated by the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority.
Landline: +971 4 317 9500
Email: info@actionhotels.com
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CNN's Brian Stelter Loses It, Gives up the Game in Comments on Trump's Return to the White House (Watch)
By Sister Toldjah | Oct 06, 2020 11:00 AM ET
As we documented last night, mainstream media figures were in rare form – and not in a good way – in their reporting on President Trump's departure from Walter Reed Medical Center back to the White House.
This was especially true of the cast of characters at CNN, where we saw White House correspondent Jim Acosta declare that "this is the virus coming back to the White House" and later refer to Trump as the "coronavirus in chief." Anchor Chris Cuomo went off the deep end as well, admitting he was glad to see Trump get better only because it meant that he didn't have to "feign" concern for him anymore.
Their chief media correspondent, Brian Stelter, who laughably tries to pass himself off as an "objective journalist", made a stunning claim about POTUS as the cameras rolled and showed him returning home to continue his COVID recovery. Trump's show of strength several days after first being diagnosed with a deadly virus was "not a real show of strength," Stelter claimed. It was a "performative show of strength," the kind you see come from " autocratic regimes":
"It's not a real show of strength but it's a performative show of strength, this is what strong men do in autocratic regimes. Of course, thankfully we're in a democracy, but this is the kind of thing you see from strong men who want to appear to be leading. It's a "Dear Leader" sort of approach. I think that is what we're seeing on the television screens."
.@brianstelter: It's not a real show of strength but it's a performative show of strength, this is what strong men do in autocratic regimes…Meanwhile, there are big questions about the coverup…We moved from this possibly being a coverup to actually being a coverup. pic.twitter.com/fbF4qEQPUE
— Julio Rosas (@Julio_Rosas11) October 5, 2020
He later bragged about his remark when someone cheered it on Twitter:
What I just said on @CNNSitRoom: https://t.co/MRuDowEg6Z
— Brian Stelter (@brianstelter) October 5, 2020
Stelter himself posted another clip from the segment where he alleged Trump viewed every day as a TV show where he had to perform for the cameras:
I think, all of it makes sense when you view it through the prism of the following idea. The President views every day as a television show. He produces the show, he wants to be the star of the show. He's not thinking two days ahead or two weeks ahead, he not thinking about how he's going to be feeling at the White House next week. He's just trying to win today, and make today's TV show the best he can, where he wins, he is the star of the show. I think that's what we're seeing on our screens right now.
It's cynical, it is performative, and it's dangerous given his own health and his own condition that he is off producing this show on his own.
Trump's looks-like-victory flight home to the White House makes sense through this prism: Every day is a TV show, he's the producer and the star, and he'll figure out some new show to produce tomorrow. pic.twitter.com/XWSwJTDP6y
As you watch (or re-watch) those, keep in mind that CNN has been perhaps the most determined of all media outlets to prove beyond a shadow of a doubt that, in contrast to what his medical team was saying in news briefings, President Trump was on his deathbed over the last few days. They insinuated with every report that at any moment Trump's family would be called in so he could say a few final words, and family members could say their final goodbyes, etc.
This is something the "journalists" at CNN seemed to believe at the time and wanted their readers and viewers to believe as well.
So with that in mind, that Stelter characterized Trump's return to the White House as "not a real show of strength" but instead a "performative show" just gives up CNN's entire game on this story. If CNN really believed Trump had been gravely ill and incoherent, then even they would be reluctantly conceding that Trump's show of strength Monday was authentic and genuine and something to be celebrated regardless of your political position and/or grievances with Trump.
If you read between the lines here, what Stelter is really saying is that CNN probably didn't believe for a second that Trump was in gravely ill condition and that they chose to deliberately paint his situation as dire for dramatic effect, maybe even to make Joe Biden look like a stronger leader, by comparison, considering he was out campaigning while Trump was in the hospital.
Based on available evidence and info, it appears Trump has been battling a mild to moderate case of the Wuhan virus this entire time and has experienced the physical ups and downs typical of someone his age with a similar diagnosis. This is something any rational, sane person who watched the pressers and Trump's videos could clearly see.
But because "rational" and "sane" does not in any way apply to anything CNN reports, that's not what we got from the "news" network. Instead, we got hysterical rantings from their performative, TDS-positive journalists about the "coronavirus in chief", and relief expressed over no longer having to feign concern, and ridiculous claims that this wasn't really a show of strength from POTUS just days after CNN tried to paint a "Weekend at Bernie's" scenario.
I'd say "shame on CNN", but as we've pointed out numerous times here, it's obvious they don't have any.
Related –>> Pharmacists Push Back Big Time Against Media-Driven Hysteria on Dexamethasone Treatment for Trump
North Carolina-based Stacey Matthews, a former liberal who also writes under the name "Sister Toldjah," has been writing about media bias, social issues, and the culture wars since 2003. Follow her on Twitter here, and on Parler here.
Read more by Sister Toldjah
Tags: 2020 ELECTIONS BRIAN STELTER CHRIS CUOMO CNN DONALD TRUMP JIM ACOSTA


MPs to debate funeral poverty - make sure they act!
Next Wednesday 14th Sept at 9:30am Parliament will debate funeral poverty.
We need you to contact your MP and let them know you're worried about funeral poverty.
As of today, the Fair Funerals campaign will no longer be running.
The Prime Minister has announced that England is to follow Wales's lead and scrap children's funeral fees.
The Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Family Support, Housing & Child Maintenance, Kit Malthouse MP, has this week announced reforms to his Department for Work and Pensions' funeral payment.
The government have ignored calls from bereaved people, MPs, charities and the funeral industry to raise the funeral fund to cover the cost of a funeral.


error data too large for modulus - Bison Office Systems Inc.
How could I do all of this in a more effective way? Physically locating the server Why NSolve does not work? Looking for a term like "fundamentalism", but without a religious connotation Is masking before unsigned left shift in C/C++ too paranoid? Since your input is a SHA256 digest (256-byte, 2048 bit), the value of the converted digest can be larger than a 2048-bit modulus n, hence the error occurs.
Depending on the DNS system being used, some only allow a length of 256 bytes, or 512 bytes (BIND allows 512). Should I serve jury duty when I have no respect for the judge? Isn't that more expensive than an elevated system? Does Zootopia have an intentional Breaking Bad reference?
I didnt edit the generated private key. asked 3 months ago viewed 134 times Related 1DKIM error: dkim=neutral (bad version) header.i=1DKIM showing bad format2Exim DKIM Error: DKIM: signing failed (RC -101) no matter what private key I try0DKIM share|improve this answer edited Apr 9 '13 at 3:04 answered Apr 9 '13 at 2:26 ChiaraHsieh 2,0241230 I tried that, but it didn't work. Section of a book that explains things If I am fat and unattractive, is it better to opt for a phone interview over a Skype interview?
Browse other questions tagged centos email exim dkim opendkim or ask your own question. If f < n is a requirement, then is this served by the particular choice of PKCS padding most significant bits (which are 0x0001FFFF .... Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up A way to do RSA "encryption" of padded SHA256 hash using command line openssl up vote 1 down vote favorite 1 I'm How to prevent contributors from claiming copyright on my LGPL-released software?
share|improve this answer answered Apr 8 '13 at 18:23 Luke Taylor 15.1k3262 -raw gave the same results (too large). –Mark Lakata Apr 8 '13 at 19:48 add a comment| Why don't you connect unused hot and neutral wires to "complete the circuit"? Browse other questions tagged c++ openssl size rsa or ask your own question. Or maybe something else.
What should I do? If I use dl==rsasize (256) I receive rsa routines:RSA_EAY_PUBLIC_ENCRYPT:data too large for modulus. You are using a tool that's too powerful for your purpose, leading us to this mess:P Try GMP. –ChiaraHsieh Apr 10 '13 at 4:42 add a comment| up vote 1 down Is it unreasonable to push back on this?
Browse other questions tagged openssl rsa encryption bignum or ask your own question. What's the problem? How? Data - key size up vote 1 down vote favorite I'm using the OpenSSL RSA API to encrypt data with a server's public key.
How about buying me a cup of coffee ($5) as an encouragement? 3 Reply by aveeshkumar 2016-01-22 05:37:02 aveeshkumar Member Offline Registered: 2016-01-21 Posts: 2 Re: Domain key either too big I dont kow why exim breaks the key with those line breaks. Your Answer draft saved draft discarded Sign up or log in Sign up using Google Sign up using Facebook Sign up using Email and Password Post as a guest Name down to SHA256)?
Please explain what is wrong with my proof by contradiction.


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https://www.mrt.com/news/crime/article/OPD-makes-arrest-in-Monday-murder-13700777.php
OPD makes arrest in Monday murder
Updated 3:12 pm CDT, Tuesday, March 19, 2019
Arvae Walters, 29, has been charged with murder, a first-degree felony, according to OPD.
Photo: Odessa Police Department
Odessa Police made an arrest in connection to a murder that occurred early Monday morning in north Odessa.
At approximately 3:32 a.m., Odessa police responded to the 1600 block of East Century in reference to a stab victim, according to an OPD statement. Upon arrival, officers observed the victim, later identified as 33-year-old Albert Chiesa. Officers also made contact with Chiesa's roommate, identified as Walters.
An investigation revealed that after both subjects got into an altercation, Walters stabbed Chiesa in the left thigh with a knife. OPD also reported Chiesa was pronounced deceased on scene and next of kin were notified. There were no reports of any other injuries.
Based on the facts and circumstances presented during the investigation, Walters was charged and arrested accordingly and transported to the Ector County Law Enforcement Center, according to OPD.
The investigation continues.


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Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement
Vol 27 No 3 (2018): September /
A double-blind randomized controlled trial of topical Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. on mild psoriasis: clinical manifestations, histopathological features, and K6 expressions
Githa Rahmayunita Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Indonesian Psoriasis Study Group, Indonesian Society of Dermatology and Venereology
Tjut N.A. Jacoeb Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Indonesian Psoriasis Study Group, Indonesian Society of Dermatology and Venereology
Endi Novianto Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Indonesian Psoriasis Study Group, Indonesian Society of Dermatology and Venereology
Wresti Indriatmi Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta
Rahadi Rihatmadja Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Indonesian Psoriasis Study Group, Indonesian Society of Dermatology and Venereology
Erdina H.D. Pusponegoro Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Indonesian Psoriasis Study Group, Indonesian Society of Dermatology and Venereology
DOI: https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v27i3.2511
Keywords: topical Curcuma xanthorrhiza, psoriasis, PASI, Trozak score K6 expressions
Background: Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the concentration of IL-6, IL-8, and phosphorylase kinase, which has role in keratinocyte proliferation. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of C. xanthorrhiza in psoriasis.
Methods: From 18 to 59 year-old patients with mild psoriasis, 2 similar lesions were selected. The severity assessment was based on the psoriasis area severity index (PASI), Trozak score, and K6 expression. Using a double-blinded randomized method, lesion was treated with 1% C. xanthorrhiza ointment vs placebo for 4 weeks. The results were analyzed by the chi-square test using STATATM V.12 software (Stata Corp.).
Results: The study was conducted in 2010 to 2012 with 17 subjects participated. The median of PASI score were reduced significantly in both lesions, either treated with 1% C. xanthorrhiza ointment vs placebo; however when compared between the group, it was not significant (p=0.520). The Trozak score were reduced in lesions treated with 1% C. xanthorrhiza ointment; but it was not significant (p = 0.306). In lesions treated with placebo, the Trozak score was increased significantly. The difference of Trozak score between lesions treated with C. xanthorrhiza and placebo was significant (p=0.024). There was no significant difference of K6 expression in lesions treated with 1% C. xanthorrhiza ointments or placebo as well as on the difference of mean values of K6 expression between the group (p=0.827).
Conclusion: Based on the results, 1% C. xanthorrhiza ointment is effective treatment option for mild psoriasis, but longer follow-up period is suggested to confirm this results. C. xanthorrhiza ointment is safe for topical administration as there were no side effects reported in this study.
Gudjonsson JE, Elder JT. Psoriasis. In: Wolf K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffel DJ, editors. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 8th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. p.197-231
Grove T. The pathogenesis of psoriasis: Biochemical aspects. [cited February 25, 2007]. Available from: http://www.jyi.org/issue-4/groove.html
Ghosh A, Panda S. Recent understanding of the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis. Indian J Paediatr Dermatol. 2017;18(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/2319-7250.195569
Capon F. The genetic basis of psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(2):2526. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18122526
Mustafa AA, Al-Hoqail IA. Biologic systemic therapy for moderate-to-severe psoriasis: a review. J Taibah Univ Sci. 2013;8(3):142–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2013.09.001
Menter A. Recent advances in psoriasis therapy and the work of international psoriasis council. US Derm Rev. 2006;1:23–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2014.10.001
Sastroamidjoyo S. Daftar tumbuh-tumbuhan yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai bahan-bahan obat asli Indonesia. In: Tjokronegoro A, editor. Obat asli Indonesia. Jakarta: Dian Rakyat;1997. p.254-5
Maria Laksmi Parahita. Curcuma xanthorrhiza (temulawak) morfologi, anatomi, dan fisiologi. [cited 20 Februari 2007]. Available from: http://toiusd.multiply.com/journal/item/240.
Suyono Hadi. Manfaat temulawak ditinjau dari segi kedokteran. Naskah lengkap Simposium Nasional Temulawak, Bandung: UNPAD, 1985.
Miquel J, Bernd A, Sempere JM, Díaz-Alperi J, Ramírez A. The curcuma antioxidants: pharmacological effects and prospects for future clinical use. a review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2002;34(1):37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4943(01)00194-7
Sarafian G, Afshar M, Mansouri P, Asgarpanah J, Raoufinejad K, Rajabi M. Topical turmeric microemulgel in the management of plaque psoriasis; a clinical evaluation. Iran J Pharm Res. 2015;14(3):865–76.
Heng MC, Song MK, Harker J, Heng MK. Drug- induced suppression of phosphorylase kinase activity correlates with resolution of psoriasis as assessed by clinical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143(5):937–49. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03767.x
Trozak DJ. Histologic grading system for psoriasis vulgaris. Int J Dermatol. 1994;33(5):380–1. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01073.x
Jacob A, Wu R, Zhou M, Wang P. Mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin: PPAR-γ activation. PPAR Res. 2007;2007:89369. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/89369
Kang D, Li B, Luo L, Jiang W, Lu Q, Rong M, Lai R. Curcumin shows excellent therapeutic effect on psoriasis in mouse model. Biochimie.2016 Apr;123:73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2016.01.013
Liu M, Li X, Chen XY, Xue F, Zheng J. Topical application of linoleic acid-ceramide containing moisturizer exhibit therapeutic and preventive benefits for psoriasis vulgaris: a randomized controlled trial. Dermatol Ther. 2015;28(6):373–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12259
Körver JE, Visser WH, van Rens DW, Pasch MC, van Erp PE, Boezeman JB, et al. A double blind, randomized quantitative comparison of calcitriol ointment and calcipotriol ointment on epidermal cell population, proliferation and differentiation. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(1):130–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07561.x
Rahmayunita, G., Jacoeb, T. N., Novianto, E., Indriatmi, W., Rihatmadja, R., & Pusponegoro, E. H. (2018). A double-blind randomized controlled trial of topical Curcuma xanthorrhiza</em> Roxb. on mild psoriasis: clinical manifestations, histopathological features, and K6 expressions. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 27(3), 178-84. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v27i3.2511
Vol 27 No 3 (2018): September
Copyright (c) 2018 Githa Rahmayunita, Tjut N.A. Jacoeb, Endi Novianto, Wresti Indriatmi, Rahadi Rihatmadja, Erdina H.D. Pusponegoro
Authors who publish with Medical Journal of Indonesia agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant Medical Journal of Indonesia right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License that allows others to remix, adapt, build upon the work non-commercially with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in Medical Journal of Indonesia.
Authors are permitted to copy and redistribute the journal's published version of the work non-commercially (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Medical Journal of Indonesia.