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Did terminals (e.g. VT100) require a terminal driver on the host computer?
I'm wondering if terminals (like, e.g. the VT100) required the installation of a driver on the host system in order to work with that host?
I looked at the documentation of the VT102, and there is nothing mentioned about a driver.
I imagine that the setup of a terminal connected to an application on a host computer looks something like this:
The terminal is connected over an RS-232 communication line to the computer (of course, there might also be two modems and a public carrier line between the two RS-232 interfaces, but it shouldn't matter here).
On the host computer is the application that must get its input from the terminal, and send its output to the terminal. To this end, the application must somehow be connected to the RS-232 interface to which the terminal is connected. In the end, the application must read characters from this interface and write characters to it.
Now the question is, what is between the application and the RS-232 interface?
Is there nothing at all, and the application must be programmed to directly listen on and write to the RS-232 interface (through the kernel)?
Is there a driver for this specific terminal, and the application communicates with this driver?
Is there a generic "terminal controller" in the kernel that works with all terminals and provides a common API for applications (like the TTY subsystem in UNIX)?
In other words, if you write a terminal application, what is the mechanism that you get notified about incoming data from the terminal, and how do you write output to the terminal?
In the latter two cases, the driver or controller could do some processing on the input, like line editing, and only send full lines to the application (as it is done by TTY in UNIX). This would offload a lot of complexity from the application.
The protocol that allows applications to control terminals consists usually just of characters (control characters and escape sequences intermixed with display characters). Furthermore, if we assume that all terminals use the ANSI escape sequences (from the VT100 onwards), the same "control language" works with every terminal. So, I'm not sure if each terminal really needs a dedicated driver on the host computer.
terminal rs232 driver vt100
weibeldweibeld
Typically the operating system handled sending characters to the terminal, and received keystrokes. What was to be done with the actual characters, was up to the individual application. In other words, the serial device connecting the computer and the terminal was abstracted away by the operating system, but not the interaction with the terminal. For instance the Tektronix 4014 could draw images - kermitproject.org/mskgraphics.html
– Thorbjørn Ravn Andersen
Different terminals didn't (and don't) use different kernel-level drivers. In Unix-style systems, the kernel does provide some terminal-related features, called line disciplines and the TTY layer which you mention; there is typically at least a raw line discipline (which doesn't perform any translation), and a cooked line discipline (which provides more-or-less line-level buffering, handling backspace etc. locally). Anything beyond that is handled inside each individual application, and early applications were hard-coded for specific terminals. (It was also common for applications to be terminal-specific, or support a limited number of terminals, on non-Unix-like operating systems such as CP/M.)
However developers quickly realised that it would be useful to share terminal information, such as screen size, escape sequences for various common functions, etc. The first of these is termcap (terminal capability), developed by Bill Joy in 1978 for BSD; terminfo followed in the early eighties.
Another layer of libraries provides more advance screen-handling features for programs which require that; the earliest common library of this type was curses, and the library currently used is ncurses.
See The TTY demystified for more details.
Stephen KittStephen Kitt
I understand more or less how TTY works on UNIX. So you say that on other computers and OS in the 70's and 80's, it worked in a similar way as today on UNIX?
– weibeld
Ah no, sorry, I meant that the applications were hard-coded for specific terminals on other systems too, I'll clarify that.
– Stephen Kitt
@weibeld, This answer assumes that we're talking about terminals whose lowest common denominator is, "able to function like a teletype." If you're talking about IBM 3270-style terminals or something like, then that's a whole different topic.
– Solomon Slow
@SolomonSlow How is it different? It seems the IBM 3270 is block-oriented, but the block editing is handled in a control unit external to the host computer. So does it still require special handling on the host computer? An IBM 3270 wouldn't work with a computer that works for VT100-style terminals?
I recall having read that in early Unix the tty driver did do one thing, namely handle translation for (dumb) teletypes that did not support lower-case letters. Supposedly this was detected when one typed the username in all-caps at login. The terminal driver would then represent lower-case letters as upper-case and mark up true uppercase letters somehow (with a `` escape, I think).
– hmakholm left over Monica
This was not done by a "driver" at the OS level as you are thinking of it.
In Unix, there were drivers that dealt with the RS232 interface and these were surfaced as /dev/tty* devices and dealt with things like speed, echo, etc.
As for escape sequences controlling the display of the terminal, that is not done at the "driver" level as you are thinking of it.
This was done at the application level through a library like curses, and escape sequences were defined in a database like /etc/termcap or later, terminfo.
Some apps used curses, others used termcap/terminfo to get the sequences but used their own code instead of curses. Some even had their own version of a termcap.
(Termcap = Terminal Capabilities or something like that)
Even though there was an ANSI standard for escape sequences, there were still variations and quirks, and some terminals simply used an entirely different scheme (like Wyse 50).
mannaggiamannaggia
"It depends".
I'm answering this in the context of DEC timesharing systems, since that's the natural habitat of a DEC VT100.
There's a hardware device such as a DZ11 terminal multiplexer (8 lines) that controls terminal lines by some physical protocol, such as RS232 or 20mA current loop. The physical protocol is a matter for the hardware. But the OS needs a driver for the hardware device.
The driver does not know the terminal type, but it will contain a variety of settings that depend on the terminal or settings in the terminal: bits per character, parity use, required number of stop bits, and so on.
Over that, but still in some driver, there's common functionality that all terminals need: character/line erase, special keys to generate signals (like ctrl/c = abort or interrupt, depending on OS), and so on. These could be in the same driver as directly handles the hardware (which means a lot of code replication) or in another driver layered on top of the first. Most such functions are terminal independent, but there's a fuzzy edge where we want (for example) character erase to operate differently on screen-based terminals (output backspace, overwrite with space, backspace) than on hardcopy (output backslash, characters being erased, backslash). That requires some knowledge of the terminal type, but it generally falls short of needing to know the explicit type, merely what it can do.
The unqualified term "terminal driver" generally refers to the above level of interface.
Once you get to details that are (or were at the time) highly terminal-specific, such as how to move the cursor around a screen, those are not in a driver. Early on, in my personal experience around 1980, application code would need to include knowledge of specific terminal types. This wasn't too burdensome if you were writing code for DEC since there were basically only 2 main types to deal with: VT52 and VT100, with minor details such as whether the particular VT1xx model had programmable LEDs or not. However, it was burdensome enough such that eventually common libraries would show up: SMG ("screen management") for VMS being an example.
So: to sum up:
Kernel driver handles specific hardware device independent of terminal type
Kernel driver handles common user-interaction functions largely independent of terminal type
User-mode libraries can implement mapping from generic to type-specific operations
Application code can use such libraries when available or do it all itself
another-daveanother-dave
Great, that comes closest to the answer I was looking for. So, as an application, you don't get every character that the user types, such as Ctrl-C, Ctrl-U, Backspace, Delete, etc, these are handled by the kernel driver (the one in the second layer in your model), but you get entire lines from this driver (probably, when a newline or carriage return is received from the keyboard). Is this correct?
Except, I think, if you are an application like vi, which really must get every character that the user presses as he/she does it. In this case, you must somehow be able to instruct the driver to not do any processing and pass you through every character right away as it is received, right?
Generally, the app doesn't want to have to deal with things like line erase (ctrl/u) so it is happy to let the driver deal with it, and generally, the application has a line-oriented interface, so waiting until a complete line is available is appropriate - which happens when the return key ("enter" is a PC-keyboard thing) or any other designated end-of-input character is typed. However, an app may elect to do all of that itself, and if it's really screen-driven, you may want to do some of it yourself to keep the screen pretty.
– another-dave
It's a mode setting in the terminal driver (i.e., you open a channel to the terminal and tell the driver how you want to use it) whether it's line or character oriented. Also, you get to choose whether you want the driver to echo input or you will do it. The terminal driver is likely the most complex driver in that sort of (non-graphical) OS.
There were several DEC operating systems when the VT100 was introduced, including RSTS, RSV, TOPS10, and TOPS20. VMS was introduced sooon after. They all had driverrs to handle line multiplexors, and line disciplines as you mentioned. None of them had terminal type specific drivers in the OS, although they had features that made use of terminal functions like clear screen.
– Walter Mitty
Two more slightly different situations from the past (well, everything in Retrocomputing is from the past...):
3270 Emulation
When I was at the University of Maryland, College Park in the early 1980s, there were some Vaxes, a Univac 1100/80 and some other non-IBM large systems, and there were some micros (my first networking course was on the then brand new IBM AT). But the bulk of the CS courses, the primary email system, etc. was all on IBM mainframes. However, except for system consoles (not accessible to undergrads) and a handful of experimental systems, we had no IBM terminals. There were some Decwriters but most of the terminals were ADM3As and similar video terminals, many (not all) running on the mainframes with a 3270 emulation. One day I was chatting with someone online and lamenting that my wonderful Wyse 100 was limited to glass TTY operation on the mainframes. Soon enough, I was down in the bowels of the CS building with my Wyse 100 and a few hours later it was working in 3270 emulation mode. It turns out they had an IBM Series/1 set up as a terminal/protocol server and it handled all the translation needed - whether a VT52 or an ADM3A or Wyse 100 or whatever. Unlike a lot of terminal drivers, this had to do everything on both input and output. Every function key, cursor key, etc. was translated, even if it was a multi-character key, into an equivalent 3270 code. The Series/1 maintained a screen buffer for each connected terminal and would send blocks of data to the mainframe when appropriate. That also allowed for screen redraw, which was useful in the days of sometimes flaky modem connections. As far as the mainframe was concerned, everything was either a full-blown 3270 or a plain TTY that only supported CR/LF/BS.
Concurrent DOS
Digital Research Concurrent DOS was the successor to MP/M-86 (which in turn was the 16-bit version of MP/M which was the multiuser version of CP/M). As with all those previous operating systems, most software had to manage its own "terminal drivers" in whatever way it chose to do so (as explained in other answers), with the operating system handling just the byte-level I/O (baud rate, parity, handshaking, etc.). However, Concurrent DOS added an IBM PC emulation mode using the magic of the 80386 processor (which could run multiple simulated 8086 sessions, each accessing 1 Meg. of RAM, etc., and could also trap any video memory accesses) and terminals such as the Wyse 60 with a "PC Mode" emulation. The PC Mode emulation sent keys as the scan codes normally sent from an IBM PC-compatible keyboard, thus allowing for full compatibility with software that understands the cursor keys, function keys, etc.as well as capturing "key down" vs. "key up" as needed for full interactive use of certain applications. The end result was a nearly complete monochrome text-mode (there was a color version at one time as well, but far less popular) on dozens of terminals on a single system (80386, 80486, I think I went as far as Pentium Pro before networked cheap computers became more practical). In this particular case, the operating system handled all the differences between terminal types. In reality, there were only a few relevant terminal types as taking a VT100 or ADM3A and trying to use it in PC Mode would be extremely limiting and have a number of problems. But at least for a small group of terminal types, this was a situation where the operating system truly did have terminal drivers and did not leave the configuration to the application at all. The applications - whether CP/M-86 or MS-DOS, whether using OS calls for I/O or blindly writing to video memory - could not tell which of the various "PC Mode" terminals (with their minor variations) was actually being used.
manassehkatz-Moving 2 Codidactmanassehkatz-Moving 2 Codidact
I guess that's a field one can come up with many views - and all presented answers so far give a valid view with lots of additional information. This is intended to break it down to a more general statements:
No, at the core no OS offers terminal drivers. Just serial (or whatever) line drivers handling bare communication to a device connected. Input (and output) is mainly on a character by character base (mainframes do differ) This is also often called RAW mode.
Many OS offer (very limited) on functionality for line editing and some escape functions (like program or input abort or escape to OS level). Here input was not on a character basis, but a whole line at once. Examples would be MS-DOS or CP/M function 0Ah. In some way this could be called a driver function. Other systems delegated this into user side libraries. This is usually called Cooked mode. (*1)
Within the 'world' of a single provider (like DEC or IBM) terminal codes where usually kept upward compatible, so programmers just used the known sequences to control terminal output, marking a certain terminal as minimum requirement.
In heterogenous environments developers soon added tools based on databases assigning to be used code sequences to generalized (virtual) functions. Depending on the program model this was done
by calls into the data base handler for each occurrence when produced, or
by inserting virtual codes into a buffered output and then having the whole message translated into a message the terminal would understand.
The eventually most prominent implementation here might be Unix' Termcap. A simple text data base structured by terminal-identifier and function-identifier.
In the mainframe world existed some rather primitive OS side drivers for terminal agnostic handling of output, usually limited to things like line feed highlighting and locking/unlocking of input areas.
Bottom Line: Terminals were in most cases simple character based interfaces with usually no higher level support for output and optional (and rather minimal) support for input handling.
*1 - A few systems/libraries also offered something that could be called Rare mode where operation was character based, but certain, single character codes would be caught and interpreted before (or instead of) handed to the application.
manassehkatz-Moving 2 Codidact
RaffzahnRaffzahn
We have to distinguish between different cases, but in most cases the answer seems to be "no":
In "early" systems (like the Altair 680 in home computing or 1960s professional computers) programs simply wrote bytes to the serial port and they read bytes from there.
In fact, such machines often did not even have an operating system.
If you used VT-100 (as an example), your application had to be written in a way that VT-100 compatible output was written to the terminal and that the application could understand VT-100 compatible input.
Using Linux (the same is true for Solaris; I'm not sure about other OSs) on modern computers have an operating system with a driver for the RS-232 hardware; but there is no driver for VT-100 or similar.
Just like on "early" systems the application has to communicate in a VT-100-compatible way.
However there are some libraries (e.g. "ncurses") that can be used by the applications. These libraries provide functions that "translate" "high-level" commands (like: "move the cursor to the upper left corner of the screen") into the correct byte sequences for a lot of different terminal types (e.g. VT-100, xTerm, ...).
Please note that these are libraries, not drivers. At least in Linux such libraries are handled completely on application level; the OS kernel does not know about the existence of libraries at all.
Theoretically it would be possible to provide terminal support on OS level. In this case a driver for a certain terminal type (e.g. a VT-100 driver) would be necessary.
I doubt that such an OS is currently existing.
Martin RosenauMartin Rosenau
"These libraries provide functions that "translate" "high-level" commands into the correct byte sequences for a lot of different terminal types." So who do libraries like ncurses talk to, to send these commands to the terminal? Directly to the RS-232 driver?
Ncurses sends the output to the "standard output". This can be some port (such as a serial port, the screen, a printer ...), some network connection, a file or another application (e.g. a command line console window).
– Martin Rosenau
Ok. So you could basically "plug in" a terminal to a computer, like you can plug in today a monitor or a keyboard to a desktop computer, no drivers needed?
@weibeld yes, and you still can ;-).
@weibeld This is a simple way to have many users on a single machine. Note you will need a lot of serial ports.
The DEC VT100 itself did not have a driver. When you connect a terminal like a VT100 to a serial port it was a just tty device.
VAX/VMS used a utility to configure devices for the operating system. As a Field Engineer, I had to run the utility after adding a new controller like serial line multiplexer to a VAX system or MicroVAX. This was followed by reboot. That was all of the driver configuration that was done. So the answer is that yes a new driver was configured, but it was built in to the OS and if it was the first controller of a given type it usually was automatically configured. If it was the second controller of a given type an address and an interrupt vector had to be assigned.
There wasn't the plethora of devices that there are today on PC's. There were controllers made by other companies, especially disk controllers, but they emulated native DEC controllers.
Thomas BoomerThomas Boomer
Back in the day I always added the DCL command "$Set Term/Inquire" to my login.com script to let VAX/VMS figure out the type of terminal I was using. I find it interesting that it seems at least once a week, I see references to DEC's VT100/VT101 in modern software.
I remember having a directory full of animated txt files and some txt files to make a Dectalk box sing :*)
Here are some links:
Ansi everthing
VT100 History and more
Microsoft almost brings back the VT100
XTerm can do a lot!
RC WoodRC Wood
I think in UNIX the TERM environment variable serves exactly the same purpose.
Well... the Unix environment variable is an attribute of a process, whereas in VMS the result of set terminal /inquire would be a change of an attribute maintained for the serial device. And of course, set term /inquire only worked on DEC's terminals or those that emulated them. Since in practice just about any serial terminal attached to a VMS system would be a DEC terminal or a close emulator, this was acceptable.
– Jamie Hanrahan
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Ming Nightingale (1 November 1928 – 16 June 2011) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in twelve first-class matches for Wellington from 1950 to 1959.

See also
 List of Wellington representative cricketers

References

External links

1928 births
2011 deaths
New Zealand cricketers
Wellington cricketers
Cricketers from Greymouth

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American Trail Running Association (ATRA)
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Featured Trail Town: Wildwood, Missouri
by Richard Bolt
Category: Trail Running, Trail Towns
Welcome to the Sixth installment of our "Trail Town" series. Every month we will feature an article about a trail running city that you should put on your bucket list of places to visit! This month we feature the town of Wildwood, in the great state of Missouri.
Trail Town:
Located about 25 miles west of Downtown St. Louis, Wildwood, Missouri is located at the foothills of the Ozark Mountains, and offers some of the most scenic trails in the Midwest. For the St. Louis metro area, Wildwood serves as the weekend retreat for outdoor enthusiasts.
The City of Wildwood, which incorporated as a City in 1995, has invested significantly in developing its trail system over the past two decades, and its trails have now become one of the primary features that attract visitors to the area.
The Wildwood culture is all about enjoying the great outdoors, and that goes well beyond the trails. Not only does Wildwood offer an extensive network of over 50 miles of trails, but it is also home to Babler State Park, Rockwoods Reservation, Greensfelder County Park and the Wildwood Community Park, where many opportunities exist to explore off the trails, too. Water recreation is also popular along the Meramec River; and during the winter, Hidden Valley Ski is the only place for winter snow sports in the region. Wildwood is also a very popular area for road cycling and equestrian use.
As for the Wildwood trail system, this trail town has started to attract a number of popular competitive races. The Frozen Feet Trail Half-Marathon (January), Ozark Foothills 25K/50K (April) and Rockin' Rockwoods 20k/53k (October) have all attracted national competition, and will only continue to grow. For the novice, a number of organized hikes have also been held for many years in Wildwood, including the Cabin Fever Hike in February and the Green Rock Trail Challenge in June (National Trails Day). For younger trail enthusiasts, the Junior Trailblazer Program is available for kids ages 5 to 13 to get healthy and fit by exploring the many miles of trails in Wildwood. Participants in the program work at their own pace to complete the Junior Trailblazer varying workbook activities, depending on their age.
While Wildwood runners are not on the trail, they're watching it on the big screen. In cooperation with Terrain Trail Runners and B & B Theatres, several special showings of popular running films, including the annual Trails in Motion series, have been offered and well attended.
Although recreational trails and beautiful scenery are not the first things that come to mind when you think of St. Louis, there is a unique gem of a trail town not far to the west in Wildwood. What better way to enjoy a weekend away the big city by exploring the trails of Wildwood, followed by a great meal and a local craft beer on the patio of one of Wildwood's great local pubs, and ending with some camping at Babler State Park or a more-pampered stay at the Wildwood Hotel.
The City of Wildwood has an extensive trail system, with over 50 miles of trails throughout the community, ranging from rugged single track trails for endurance athletes and hikers to wider paved trails for families and young children. A Citywide Access & Mobility Plan, as well as greater details on specific trails, is available on the City website.
Parking/Transit:
Several of the City's most popular trails have dedicated trailhead parking areas, including the Al Foster Memorial Trailhead, Bluff View Trailhead and Rock Hollow Trailhead. Additionally, several public parking areas within the Downtown area provide close access to the Wildwood Greenway Trail. The Downtown area is also linked to the greater metropolitan area through Metro Transit Bus Route #57.
The City of Wildwood Department of Parks & Recreation has primary responsibility for managing the City's trail system. However, certain other trails are also managed by St. Louis County Parks, and Missouri State Parks. Wildwood also has a great partner in the Gateway Off-Road Cyclists (GORC), who have volunteered their time to build several miles of single-track trail in the City. "Wildwood's trails are one-of-a-kind, and set us apart. Our residents get to experience all the nature, while being part of a major metropolitan area," said Mayor Jim Bowlin.
The City of Wildwood is the place to go for outdoor recreation in the St. Louis area. There is a great community volunteer group in GORC, and many outdoor enthusiasts, both Wildwood citizens and visitors from outside Wildwood, come here to enjoy use of the many scenic trails.
Coffee:
For a hot cup of Joe before your trail run, Wildwood has a Starbucks and Panera Bread as well as local favorites Milk & Honey and Imogene's.
Wildwood Pub & Grill and Llywelyns Pub are a couple of great locations to enjoy a local craft beer and spend time on their expansive outdoor patio areas.
In addition to the locations listed under the Coffee and Beer sections, Wildwood offers a couple dozen other great restaurants to choose from for a variety of cuisines including Big Chief Roadhouse, Big Bear Grill, Benedetto's on Main, Parkside Grille and Table Three.
Local Knowledge:
Although a speciality running store has not yet been located in Wildwood, Big River Running is nearby and has served as a great partner in offering top-of-the-line running gear, and well as managing the timing for several of the City's races. Wildwood also has a great partnership with Terrain Trail Runners, who manage a couple of regional ultra marathon events on the trails of Wildwood (with a third currently being planned).
Trail Sharing:
The City of Wildwood has a unique set of users, including walkers, runners, cyclists, and equestrian use. Most trails accommodate all users, and have signage and other public education material regarding sharing the trails with all users. For younger users, Wildwood also offers a Junior Trailblazer Program.
Locals love the opportunity to race on the network they train on. Competition on the trails of Wildwood is continuing to grow. So far, there are three major endurance trail races, with more in the works:
January: Frozen Feet Trail Half-Marathon
April: Ozark Foothills 25k/50k
October: Rockin' Rockwoods 20k/53k
December: Trail Marathon (date tbd)
Several local groups have also organized 5k runs on some of the City's trails.
Tags: Missouri, Trail Town, Wildwood
About the author Richard Bolt
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A former software & operations executive, Richard calls Bend, Oregon home and explores mountains & trails every day. Richard also leads teams of elite American trail runners to World Championship events and is a brand ambassador for Salomon Running, Suunto & Atlas Snow-Shoe.
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Dr. Daniel Wasserman is known for his sincere approach to his patient relationships. A board-certified dermatologist, Dr. Wasserman believes that the medical, surgical, and cosmetic care of the skin, and even more so the face, is accompanied with an intense responsibility. That responsibility leads Dr. Wasserman to ensure that patients' care and outcomes are blended with careful attention to detail, advanced equipment, and cutting-edge research.
After growing up in the semi-rural, suburban community of Upstate New York, outside of Syracuse, Dr. Wasserman went on to graduate from Emory University, where he met his wife. Following his undergraduate studies, his medical education began at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, PA, where he spent an extra year performing genetic analyses of rare genetic skin conditions. His time in Philadelphia was followed by a surgical internship at Stanford University in California, after which he commenced his dermatology training at the combined residency program at Boston University and Tufts University hospitals.
For most, this would seem enough, but Dr. Wasserman then chose to embark on two additional years of training, the first at Massachusetts General Hospital of Harvard Medical School in the Department of Dermatology's Laser Center, where he focused his training on the use and development of laser technologies for medical, cosmetic, and pediatric skin conditions with world-famous Drs. Rox Anderson and Mat Avram. His research project during this time centered on exploring the use of existing laser technologies for the removal of red hair, where there are currently no optimal options.
His second fellowship continued his cosmetic training in Birmingham, AL, but also focused on Mohs surgery training. Dr. Wasserman trained with Dr. Gary Monheit, who was one of Dr. Frederic Mohs' earliest pupils. Here, he completed nearly 2,500 cases, with a significant portion of them being complex cases of the face. His fellowship also consisted of one day a week performing surgery strictly on the eyelids at the Callahan Eye Hospital.
Upon his completion of this cross-country training regimen, Dr. Wasserman decided to move his family of five to Naples, FL, in order to be closer to family and away from the winters of Upstate New York. Dr. Wasserman opened his practice, Skin Wellness Physicians, in order to develop a center of skin care that engages patients' emotional, medical, and practical needs in relation to their skin disease or complaints. Thanks to the success and growth his team has had in the community, they have opened a larger, state-of-the-art facility near downtown Naples that, with their additional location in East Naples, services both the Marco Island and Naples communities with a hand-picked, experienced staff.


Many people ask me, how to do pull ups if they can not lift their own body weight.
See my tip with resistance bands. There is different colors and each one can help you.
The green one is pretty heavy and can lift half of your weight. The purple is much lighter so it means that you have to work way harder.
Let me know how does it work for you. Have fun!


text:
terahertz imaging
Terahertz cameras
Terahertz imaging scanner 100 GHz
Terahertz security body scanner
Terahertz sources
Tunable terahertz sources
Ultrafast terahertz detectors
Terahertz optics
Microwave and terahertz horn antennas
Terahertz holographic waveplates
TeraSense technology
Radio Frequency Bands
Millimeter wave technology
G band technology
W band technology
IMPATT diodes
Gunn diodes
Terahertz imaging for mail and parcel screening
Pharmaceutical applications
Terahertz food inspection
Terahertz inspection of agricultural products
Terahertz applications in ceramic industry
NDT inspection for wood processing
Automotive industry applications
Terahertz imaging for sciences
Terahertz image gallery
TeraSense Team
Home › News › COVID terminator discovered: 95 GHz wave sources proved effective in decontaminating & sterilizing SARS-CoV-2 and Polio viruses
COVID terminator discovered: 95 GHz wave sources proved effective in decontaminating & sterilizing SARS-CoV-2 and Polio viruses
The whole world is still fighting and recovering from the disastrous pandemic that has been haunting the mankind since late 2019. The outbreak of the life-threatening pneumonia - later nicknamed Coronavirus or COVID -was said to originate from Asia and quickly spread around the planet causing server pandemic. Unfortunately, the pathogenic agent was identified as fairly novel beta-coronavirus, which is why it took us all aback, completely unprepared. SARS-CoV-2 was the name given by the bacteriologists that can be deciphered as 'severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2'.
Even though all possible transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may not be entirely traced, it is clear as hell that the decontamination technique (deactivation methods) may be the key to success in fighting this global disaster. After all, along with direct contact with an infected person, an indirect contact with various contaminated surfaces is surely one of the highways pandemic is widely using to catch on (along with exposure to respiratory droplets). Therefore closing these routes or to be more exact, cleaning them, is supposed to prevent further person-to-person spread of the disease.
These considerations became a good inspiration to a group of scientists representing three different faculties of Ariel University, Israel, in particular, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences ; Ariel Center for Applied Cancer Research and Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, Faculty of Engineering. The group lead by Moshe Einat and Matan Oren, with Gabi Gerlitz, Lukasz S. Kaczmarczyk, Katherine S. Marsay and a few others conducted a comprehensive study that actually proved that Millimeter waves (sub-terahertz wave range) can be effectively used in killing both poliovirus and coronavirus. In particular, the researchers discovered that subjecting the viruses to radiation at the frequency 95 GHz reduced the titer of these viruses by over 99%. This means it proved the ability of the waves at 95 GHz to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 titer to a range of limited infective dose, by means of piercing their virion envelopes and thereby depleting its devastating touch.
If you are keen on this topic, you are welcome to read the original article entitled 'Corona and polio viruses are sensitive to short pulses of W‑band gyrotron radiation' , which was published in Environmental Chemistry Letters (2021) under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.
Here we would like just to emphasize a few crucial points that may possibly increase the attractiveness of the lure. First, the reason why the frequency of 95 GHz was chosen as a candidate is because it's considered to be good for virus inactivation due to the low penetration depth in materials. In other words these waves can make a riddle of 'bad guys' and incinerate them on various surfaces leaving no way out to escape. Low penetration depth is believed to help prevent damaging the surrounding objects and substances and the environment in general. Moreover, 95 GHz appeared to offer a much better ability to focus than those offered by the microwaves. To crown it all, in low enough power density, 95 GHz is much less dangerous for humans than other means of decontamination such as UV irradiation and ethylene oxide etc.
It is also imperative to point out that the trick in the test was in using a mighty gyrotron with ~10kW output power generating at 95GHz to irradiate poliovirus and human coronavirus 229E. The latter is considered to be a common model for SARS-CoV-2 due to its known propensity to cause infections of the upper respiratory tract and trigger pneumonia.
Most importantly, is that an exposure of only 2 seconds of the energy density of 100 W/cm2 generated at that frequency can sterilize the coronavirus virions up to nearly 99.9% by virtually emasculating them.
It would be hard to list here all potential application areas of this sterilization method, but it definitely has a number of advantages. In fact, the authors outline them one by one. "It is much faster and better directed to a specific surface than UV-based or conventional thermal sterilization. In principle, it is possible to illuminate a large surface and perform fast sterilization of large areas in a few seconds. It is also possible to seal the contaminated objects in a sealed container and perform sterilization in a standoff manner. In this manner, there is no direct touch or exposure of the operating persons to the pathogens. In addition to surface decontamination, this approach may be used to disinfect wastewater or other sources of microbial contaminated water."
The results presented by the Israeli researchers, as vividly shown in the images made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) prove that in general 95 GHz of appropriate power density can effectively inactivate coronaviruses and polio viruses by actually disintegrating them.
Finally, the cherry on the cake is that Terasense manufactures and supplies quite a few sub-THz wave sources (millimeter wave w-band) operating exactly at the frequency of 95GHz – 96GHz. They can be ideal candidates for virus terminating/sterilizing machines, or at least for respective tests in the field by researcher. The output power of our 95GHz generators range from 80 mW up to 1800mW and our product line includes a few models in between.
With that being said, the optimal frequency for virus decontamination at the millimeter waves range is still to be determined /verified and we offer many other THz wave sources for the tests. One thing is clear: Covid and Polio must die, and we are ready and willing to make every effort to help scientists get even and scorch them to death by supplying our 95GHz wave sources for the virus 'massacre'.
Have any questions? Please contact us.
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Terasense Group Inc. is a leading manufacturer of innovative portable terahertz (THz) imaging systems, Terahertz imaging cameras, THz sources and THz detectors. Our products balance at the cutting edge of scientific and technological breakthroughs and have a number of competitive advantages.
© 2008-2019 TeraSense Group.
Terahertz imaging cameras
Terahertz imaging scanner
Optics for Terahertz
2033 Gateway Place, Suite 500,
San Jose, CA 95110, USA
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text:
Queries the EMC Unity array to retrieve informations about CIFS Share.

## SYNTAX

### Name (Default)
```
Get-UnityCIFSShare [-session <Object>] [-Name <String[]>]
```

### ID
```
Get-UnityCIFSShare [-session <Object>] [-ID <String[]>]
```

## DESCRIPTION
Queries the EMC Unity array to retrieve informations about CIFS Share.
You need to have an active session with the array.

## EXAMPLES

### -------------------------- EXAMPLE 1 --------------------------
```
Get-UnityCIFSShare
```

Retrieve information about CIFS Share

### -------------------------- EXAMPLE 2 --------------------------
```
Get-UnityCIFSShare -Name 'SHARE01'
```

Retrieves information about CIFS Share named SHARE01

## PARAMETERS

### -session
Specifies an UnitySession Object.

```yaml
Type: Object
Parameter Sets: (All)
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: ($global:DefaultUnitySession | where-object {$_.IsConnected -eq $true})
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -Name
Specifies the object name.

```yaml
Type: String[]
Parameter Sets: Name
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName, ByValue)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

### -ID
Specifies the object ID.

```yaml
Type: String[]
Parameter Sets: ID
Aliases:

Required: False
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName, ByValue)
Accept wildcard characters: False
```

## INPUTS

## OUTPUTS

## NOTES
Written by Erwan Quelin under MIT licence - https://github.com/equelin/Unity-Powershell/blob/master/LICENSE

## RELATED LINKS

[https://github.com/equelin/Unity-Powershell](https://github.com/equelin/Unity-Powershell)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text: Q: How to check if indesign is running or hanged? I'm calling Adobe InDesign through C# via COM, to execute some scripts for converting to PDF files, but some times the files are too big and they can take more than 3 minutes to be converted, also it can convert multiple files together, so it takes time, how can i know that InDesign is not hanging and it is still running?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Asian Business
Upgrading the Global Garment Industry
Edited by Mohammad B. Rana, Matthew M.C. Allen
This timely book focuses on the upgrading of firms within the global garment industry, examining how garment manufacturers and retailers in different countries internationalize, develop their capabilities and enhance their sustainability...
Field Guide for Research in Community Settings
Edited by M. R. Islam, Niaz A. Khan, Siti H.B.A.B. Ah, Haris B.A. Wahab, Mashitah Hamidi
'Islam, Khan, Ah, Wahab and Hamidi's, Field Guide for Research in Community Settings: Tools, Methods, Challenges and Strategies is an important new resource for established and new researchers seeking to explore effective practices to co...
Innovation, Growth, and Succession in Asian Family Enterprises
Edited by Hung-bin Ding, Hsi-Mei Chung, Andy Yu, Phillip H. Phan
'In this edited volume, acclaimed scholars Hung-bin Ding, Hsi-Mei Chung, Andy Yu, and Phillip Phan join their intellects and talents to provide an essential synthesis of the latest and emerging research on family business in Asia with an...
Innovative Capabilities and the Globalization of Chinese Firms
Edited by Maureen McKelvey, Jun Jin
'Maureen McKelvey has succeeded in producing yet another stunning volume, in this instance exploring how Chinese firms are developing capabilities for innovation and globalization. This book, which reflects the perspective of knowledge-i...
Handbook on Tourism and China
Edited by Songshan Huang, Ganghua Chen
'China has become a powerhouse in international tourism, as both an origin and destination, has massive domestic tourism flows, and is the subject of a rapidly growing body of tourism research. This work introduces aspects of China's tou...
Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment
Edited by Peter J. Buckley, Hinrich Voss
'Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment by Peter J. Buckley and Hinrich Voss provides a comprehensive collection of some of the leading academic articles published on Chinese multinationals. This wonderful collection helps clarify the...
Social Trust and Economic Development
O. Yul Kwon
In just one generation, South Korea has transformed from a recipient of foreign aid to a member of the G20. In this informative book, South Korea is used as a case by which to explore and illustrate specific issues arising from the compl...
The Evolution of Korean Industrial and Employment Relations
Edited by Young-Myon Lee, Bruce E. Kaufman
'Korea owes its rise to the ranks of the most prosperous nations, largely, to its investment in human resources. Yet, significant gaps remain that block further improvements in the lives of its workers and citizens. This book is as autho...
Handbook of Human Resource Management in the Middle East
Edited by Pawan S. Budhwar, Kamel Mellahi
'The Editors have produced a tour de force on Middle Eastern human resource management (HRM). They brought together a vast array of regional and global experts to capture all that is worth knowing. The book has an innovative contextual–...
China and the Global Economy
Edited by Shahid Yusuf
China's global economic footprint is large and growing. In recent years, China has contributed a third or more to the growth of the global economy, following its meteoric rise starting in the 1980s and gathering momentum in the 1990s. Ch...
Reshaping India in the New Global Context
Subhash C. Jain, Ben L. Kedia
This book traces the history of India's progress since its independence in 1947 and advances strategies for continuing economic growth. Insiders and outsiders that have criticized India for slow economic growth fail to recognize all it h...
Emerging Asian Economies and MNCs Strategies
Edited by Robert Taylor, Bernadette Andreosso-O'Callaghan
'Taylor and Andreosso-O'Callaghan's new book is a very welcome addition to the literature on Asian economic integration in the context of its barriers, problematic decision-making of regional bodies and infrastructure. They use a plethor...
Published 87 item
Handbooks 9 item


text:
Q: Python, Tkinter a mathgame how to make a point-system I'm on a simple project to make a math game. So far everything good, the user can choose to multiply or add. Then recives a multiplication to solve or a addition, then is give feedback. But I wish to extend my game, I want to make some kind of count/Highscore but not complicated only to give the user feedback in the simplest way, like if they get 5 answers correct in a row it will say in a text-box "Congratulations you've got 5 points". I'm not sure how to go further on with this project, simply I want it to be a python math-game made in Tkinter with a count function for each correct answer.
I'm using Tkinter & Python 2.7 for this, further on I wish to make a tutorial on this project to post on youtube. And all help is very very appreciated.
from Tkinter import *
import tkMessageBox
import random
import time

def fraga():
    global num1
    num1 = random.randint(1, 100)
    global num2
    num2 = random.randint(1, 100)
    global svar
    svar = num1 + num2
    label1.config(text='Vad blir ' + str(num1) + '+' + str(num2) + '?')
    entry1.focus_set()

def fraga1():
    global num3
    num3 = random.randint(1, 10)
    global num4
    num4 = random.randint(1, 10)
    global svar1
    svar1 = num3 * num4
    label1.config(text='Vad blir ' + str(num3) + '*' + str(num4) + '?')
    entry1.focus_set()

 def svar1():
    mainAnswer = entry1.get()
    # feedback på tom ruta
    if len(mainAnswer) == 0:
    tkMessageBox.showwarning(message='Skriv in några nummer!')
    return
    if int(mainAnswer) != svar1:
       tkMessageBox.showwarning(message='Tyvärr det rätta svaret: ' + str(svar1))
    else:
       tkMessageBox.showinfo(message='RÄTT!! :)')

 def svar():
     mainAnswer = entry1.get()
 # feedback på tom ruta
     if len(mainAnswer) == 0:
     tkMessageBox.showwarning(message='Skriv in några nummer!')
     return
     if int(mainAnswer) != svar:
     tkMessageBox.showwarning(message='Tyvärr det rätta svaret: ' + str(svar))
 else:
    tkMessageBox.showinfo(message='RÄTT!! :)')

 def quit():
     global root
     root.destroy()

 #fönster
 root = Tk()
 root.title("Andrejs mattespel Quiz")
 root.geometry('700x700')

 # välkomstmeddelande
 label2 = Label(root, text="Hej!\n  Nu ska vi lösa lite matteproblem!")
 label2.config(font=('times', 18, 'bold'), fg='black', bg='white')
 label2.grid(row=0, column=0)

 #labels
 label1 = Label(root)
 label1.grid(row=2, column=0)

 #start
 entry1 = Entry(root)
 entry1.grid(row=3, column=0)

 # Omstartknappen
 entry1.bind('<Return>', func=lambda e:checkAnswer())

 #Knappar

 fragaBtn = Button(root, text='Jag vill öva på addition!', command=fraga)
 fragaBtn.grid(row=4, column=0)

 svarButton = Button(root, text='Svar addition', command=svar)
 svarButton.grid(row=4, column=1)

 quit_bttn = Button(root, text = "Avsluta", command=quit)
 quit_bttn.grid(row = 4, column = 3, sticky = W)

 #Knappar multiplikation

A: Make a score variable and increment by 1 each time the user is right.
Now make a list named highscores. This should give you the idea of what to do:
#when user looses
if score > highscores[-1]:
    highscores[-1] = score
    highscores.sort()
    #Then display a list of best results with the current result marked or something :)

If you want to save scores, you need to write them to a file. The easiest ways to do so would be the json module. Just json.dump(highscores, open(path, 'w')) to save and highscores = json.load(open(path)) to reload from the file would do when dealing with lists and dicts.


SOME SUPERIOR OLD "LONDON DOCK" FROM THE WINE-COOLERS OF NEPTUNE.
by an event that eloquently appealed to many palates.
pursuit of insects in the field.
certain that the staves encompassed the thing they longed for.
puncheons lay wallowing in the sea, just under the main-chains.
We got overboard the slings, and hoisted them out of the water.
cooper was called with his tools.
order the better to preserve the precious contents of the cask.
loud and satisfactory smack of his lips, pronounced it Port!
"Oporto!" cried Mad Jack, "and no mistake!"
cellar, emptied his Madeira decanters at his leisure.
sound--so long hushed--of the drum rolling to grog.


Ivy House School came to visit Horizons on 3rd October 2016, the students and staff came to have a look how we run our enterprise project in Gallery 5. Horizons students did a fantastic job of making them some printed mugs and talking through all the processes. Ivy House and Horizons students are going to work together on a future enterprise project – watch this space.


This book sounds fantastic, I love the setting. Thanks for this chance to read it.
This book sounds wonderful and the cover is amazing! Thanks for hosting the giveaway!
These sound like the kind of characters who will stay with you long after the end of the book. I can see why you'd want a sequel!
I find this book very interesting to read!
This really sounds like a book I would enjoy, similar to books I read. I just started one that is based in the early 70's and I'm really enjoying it.
Sounds interesting, thanks for the chance.
This book sounds fantastic. I would to win!
The characters in this book sound very unique and interesting.
A really good with a grateful storyline.
Sounds so interesting I want to read this book!
I love to read and being from the South, this book sounds especially good. Thanks!


text:
New LyricFind Service Automates Lyric Videos For Rights Holders
Jul 22, 2021 by Karen Bliss Comments
Canadian licencing company LyricFind has launched a free automated platform to generate high-quality lyric videos in seconds. The initial service enables labels and rights holders to get lyric videos created for entire catalogues, which can be distributed to all the usual online channels and help add a new revenue source.
"We can produce thousands of videos a day," LyricFind CEO Darryl Ballantyne tells FYI . "Right now, it's a full-serve service, but we expect to have a self-serve platform available in the near future."
Many old songs still don't have a presence on YouTube, except perhaps the fan-created lyric video with photo montages or karaoke-style beach images and lyrics, often wrong. And other lyric videos are simply done for an artist's singles.
According to LyricFind's press material, "Lyric videos are one of the most popular types of videos for music monetization, receiving tens of billions of views every year…(and) believes rights holders could collectively earn over $500 million per year more by creating and uploading official lyric videos for back catalogue."
The idea for LyricFind's new service came from Bill Wilson, SVP operations & innovation at eOne Music, which then became the launch partner, providing songs from such acts as Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, The Game and Bryant Myers.
The proprietary creation tool automatically generates a branded video that uses custom backgrounds, fonts, and visualizers, and can also produce vetted translations in seven languages.
Ballantyne tells FYI that there are parameters put in place to ensure that a metal song does not have a lyric video with rainbows and puppies, for example.
At the time of publication, LyricFind's says its lyric videos for songs from The Game, The Documentary 2.0 and Bryant Myers' Bendecido have amassed "millions of views."
Below, two examples of LyricFind-generated videos:
LyricFind
eOne Music
Karen Bliss
The Core Ent, UMC Joint Venture Focusses On Developing New Talent
Essentials… with Daniel Greaves


In appraising Webcam models from FaceVsion, Freetalk, Genius, Logitech, and Microsoft, we compared their video capture quality, adjustment settings, sound capture quality, and overall video-chatting performance with different chat clients.
All of the devices we tested capture video at 720p, and one of them (the Logitech HD Pro C910) can capture at 1080p. In order for these cameras to capture high-def video, the associated system must meet several minimum requirements: Windows XP with Service Pack 2 or higher, a 1.6GHz Intel dual-core or better CPU, and 1GB of RAM.
Some Webcams are designed to be paired with specific video chat software such as Logitech Vid HD, Skype, or Windows Live Messenger; others are plug-and-play models that work in conjunction with specific software programs. To test each Webcam, we connected it to different desktop and laptop PC that met the system requirements for HD connectivity, and then we initiated video chatting on the bundled or recommended video chat software. Thus we used Logitech Vid HD with the Logitech HD Pro Webcam; Windows Live Messenger with Microsoft's Lifecam HD-5000 and Lifecam HD-6000; and Skype with the FaceVsion TouchCam N1 and the Freetalk Everyman HD. The Genius eFace 2050AF didn't recommend a video chat service, so we used it with Skype.
We connected with video chat partners in different parts of the world, but in each case the individual's system met or exceeded the minimum requirements for HD video chatting. This is an important prerequisite: Both participants in the chat must have systems that support the high-def hardware.


The property will include 250 residences and a 263-room hotel with over 24,000 sq. ft of state-of-the-art function space including 11,000 sq. ft of flexible meeting and event space, 4,300 sq. ft of outdoor space and 9,100 sq. ft of public spaces.
Millennium Hotels and Resorts today will hold a groundbreaking ceremony in Sunnyvale, CA on the site of the brand's newest hospitality and residential project, M Social in Sunnyvale, set to open in the first quarter of 2021.
The construction of M Social in Sunnyvale, California marks the first property in North America and fourth globally to join the collection following Singapore, Auckland and Suzhou. Conceptualized as a trendsetter place by visionary founder Chairman Kwek Leng Beng, a Singaporean real estate and hospitality titan, M Social stands out as a lifestyle concept that embraces technology allowing people to socialize and interact with each other.
The property will include 250 residences and a 263-room hotel with over 24,000 sq. ft of state-of-the-art function space including 11,000 sq. ft of flexible meeting and event space, 4,300 sq. ft of outdoor space and 9,100 sq. ft of public spaces. Among other technology features that will enhance the guest experience, the complex will feature 5G wireless capabilities, providing hotel guests and residents access to the fastest wireless technology available. 5G wireless technology allows for quicker downloads, the lowest latency and highest bandwidth to stream live TV, gaming and movies.
Additionally, M Social will be the first steel frame modular hotel built in California. Modular construction allows for more efficient build times, reduced construction waste and less impact on the environment and on neighborhoods. The hotel will showcase a California-influenced stylish and vibrant design, and be positioned at the forefront of hospitality technology, enabling guests and residents to embrace the innovation and visionary mindset of those living and working in the area.
"Today is a special day for Millennium Hotels and Resorts as the groundbreaking for M Social Sunnyvale marks the first new construction project for the brand in the U.S.," said Howard Wu, Global Chief Technology Officer and President of Millennium Hotels and Resorts North America. "The property's close proximity to Silicon Valley and 5G mobile technology services will further reinforce the M Social brand's commitment to technological advancements within its hotels."
As Verizon is a leader in 5G wireless technology, Toby Redshaw – Senior Vice President, 5G Ecosystems, Innovation and Product Development for Verizon – participating in the ground-breaking ceremony on behalf of the Verizon team, commented, "Emerging technologies, and 5G in particular, can be revolutionary for the hospitality industry impacting hotel operations, guest experience and customer engagement. Today is just the beginning and we applaud Millennium Hotels and Resorts as we embark on this journey together."
Are you with Millennium Hotels?
If you are a member of Millennium Hotels you may be interested in learning how to optimize your content on our network.


Today I finally got the collision detection for my current game project functional. There are still a few minor bugs in certain sitatuations, but basically it's working. For now I just implemented an Octree for spatial partitioning and only Lines, Spheres and OBBs as collision geometries. For the implementation I referred to the books "Real-Time Collision Detection" by Christer Ericson and "3D Game Engine Architecture: Engineering Real-Time Applications with Wild Magic" by David H. Eberly.
The whole implementation was way more complicated than I thought and it took a while to get everything working as I wanted it to. I've learned quite a bit doing this dirty work myself, but for future games I will probably make use of an existing physics engine.
Next I'm gonna try to create simple vehicle physics. My goal is just to make it fun driving around, not so much being realistic.


text:
Illustration by Sophy Henn
Back to Guests
Sophy Henn
Sophy Henn lives and works in Sussex, England. She writes and illustrates children's books in her studio, with a large cup of tea by her side, and can't quite believe her luck. Where Bear?, her first book, was nominated for both the Kate Greenaway Medal and shortlisted for the Waterstones Children's Book Prize in 2015. Sophy writes for children from 0 through to 8 years and was also the World Book Day Illustrator for 2015 and 2016.
Recent books:
Super Duper You (May 2019, Puffin)
LifeSize! (September 2018, Red Shed)
Associated event(s)
Workshop with Sophy Henn
Impro!
All artwork © the respective copyright holders
South Ken Kids Festival website © Institut français du Royaume-Uni
See previous edition >


While facility managers often institute energy management programs in their buildings, how many actually take the time to survey employees to find out who—if anyone—is actively engaged in the program? One manager is looking for survey assistance.
This Question of the Week comes from the Facilities Management Group on LinkedIn.
Are there any existing surveys that indicate whether or not employees are engaged in an organization's energy management program?
Opioids In The Workplace: Employers Need To ActA new survey by The Hartford shows opioids are having a growing impact on the workplace, and urges employers to take action now.


text:
Sex Desi Jedeikin September 20, 2019
How to Avoid Giving Her 'Beard Burn' When You Go Downtown
Hey, it's not all your fault — your trimmer is to blame, too
If there's one thing I believe with my whole heart, it's that a woman should never date a guy who is unwilling to eat pussy. Strike that, a woman should never date a guy who doesn't love eating pussy. Which is why I was stunned when I had a negative experience with a guy who could seemingly sustain himself on my pussy alone (no food, no water, no air needed). After a long cunnilingus session, I woke up the next morning with my crotch on fire, and not in a good way.
It didn't feel like anything I'd ever experienced before, and for a second, I went into full-on panic mode, thinking I had an old-school STD like gonorrhea or syphilis. But after some googling, I came to a shocking conclusion: I had beard burn. Down there.
It made sense, too. I am, after all, a sensitive-skinned girl who had suffered the painful after-effects of make-out sessions with stubbled guys before. And there really is no difference between what happens when you kiss a guy on the mouth and when he kisses you between your legs. There's exposed skin. There's coarse facial hair. And when those two things come into contact, they can leave a mark (which is sometimes hilariously called "stache rash").
My bafflement (and subsequent freakout) was common, it turns out. Many women, I've found, are initially puzzled by this condition. "My shit was on fire!" relays Dolores, a 39-year-old in NYC. "I thought he gave me something. I went to the ER and found out it was just irritation from his beard. I got a shot in the general vicinity and had to sit on a bag of ice."
"It was the absolute worst, and it happened right after my Brazilian appointment," adds Lisa, a 47-year-old in Houston. "I rushed to my gyno. He had me soak in a tub with Epsom salts and recommended 'no irritating activity' until the redness/rash went away. Ever since, Brazilian day is a look-but-no-touch day."
Perhaps strangely, all of the women I spoke to about the topic seem to agree that large beards that were conditioned and oiled were usually fine. The real culprit was stubble. "I've gotten really bad chafing burn from a guy's stubble," explains Jenny, a 36-year-old from Ottawa. "There's no funny story attached, other than my my pussy, inner thigh and ass crack felt raw for the next two days."
The freshly trimmed beard also deserves blame, though not scorn. (Again, I never want to be critical of a guy who goes downtown with gusto.) You see, a beard that's just been trimmed has sharper tips than an untrimmed beard, which will be more dull. Ironically, it's possible he was trimming his beard in preparation for his date with you.
Then there's the position in which you use that furry face. A good one to keep in mind for you bearded/stubbled fellas out there is the 69 (nice!), as it keeps the whiskers from being in direct contact with the most sensitive areas. That would be my general rule of thumb in this regard: Basically, be sure to place your face/head in a way that will keep your chin from grinding on her like a power sander. Also worth noting: Hair trumps hair. At least according to Pattie, a 33-year-old in Chicago. "I fight it by having some cushiony pubic hair," she boasts.
In terms of treatment options, the more than 50 women I queried provided a lot of different choices: from A+D Ointment and other diaper-rash creams, to Cortizone-10, to more natural options like zinc, aloe and coconut oil. As mentioned earlier, many ob-gyns also recommend sitting on an ice pack. (I myself immediately went to Target and bought some Vagisil; it seemed to do the trick.)
Essentially, all you're trying to do is eliminate the pain of the rash until it heals, which can take a day or two, depending on how vigorously the skin was chafed. "My husband has a short beard that gives me a slight rash," says Rose, a 42-year-old from Philadelphia. "I wipe the area with baby wipes and use a bit of powder. That keeps the rash from getting too bad."
Of course, there's one major way to guarantee you'll never experience beard burn down under: Make him shave. Or, you know, swing the other way. "These comments make me really happy I date women," says Kirsten, a 27-year-old from Tennessee.
Oh, Kirsten, the bane of my existence is that I'm so boringly straight. BUT THANKS FOR YOUR HELP.
Desi Jedeikin
Desi Jedeikin is a writer living in Los Angeles. She co-hosts the podcast Hollywood Crime Scene and has lots of things in development that will probably never happen. She wastes a lot of time on Twitter @desijed.
Dicks: This Is What the Pros Do to Ejaculate Really Far
Sex: Male TikTokers Are Claiming Cunnilingus Bleaches Their Beards
Dicks: The Legend of Horst Schultz, the World's Most Famous Long-Distance Ejaculator
Sex: These Men Have Taught Themselves How to Squirt


text:
Ezekiel's Landing - Indie Sci-Fi Thriller
"The ultimate home-brew sci-fi epic" - BlogDogIt
"Mystery, paranoia, and (surprisingly) humanity" - Z Movie Reviews
"A promising debut" - Really Awful Movies
"A very interesting sci-fi allegory" - Rogue Cinema
UFO hunter Emma Wright, the author of a fraudulent abduction memoir, investigates a mysterious signal with the help of her biggest fan. Meanwhile, professional skeptic Joel Hooper is threatened by a UFO cult comprised of his childhood friends. Soon Wright and Hooper's paths will cross, and they will find themselves face to face with a truth neither of them could have imagined.
A tribute to classic alien sci-fi like Close Encounters of the Third Kind, The X-Files, and Fire in the Sky, Ezekiel's Landing is an example of DIY filmmaking at its best. The film was funded on Kickstarter and shot entirely in Indiana in 2014.
NOT RATED. BRIEF GRAPHIC VIOLENCE AND STRONG LANGUAGE.
Directed by James Treakle
Written by James Treakle and Charles Baker & Adam Bailey
Produced by Kate Chaplin, James Treakle, Charles Baker, Adam Bailey, Mark Lastovich, Vicki Lastovich
Starring Naphatia St. Pierre, Abby White, Ransom Pugh, and Kristine Renee Farley
Facebook: http://facebook.com/ezekielslanding
Production companies:
Valiant Dead (http://valiantdead.net)
Karmic Courage Productions (http://karmiccourage.com)
BlogDogIt (http://blogdogit.com/article.php?story=20150425161631294)
Z Movie Reviews (https://zmoviereviews.wordpress.com/2015/08/16/ezekiels-landing/)
Really Awful Movies (http://reallyawfulmovies.com/2015/09/02/ezekiels-landing/)
Rogue Cinema (http://www.roguecinema.com/ezekiels-landing-2015-by-kyle-hytonen.html)
Pay $5 or more for Ezekiel's Landing - Indie Sci-Fi Thriller.
Want to support independent, original filmmaking? Throw a couple of extra bucks our way!
Ezekiel's Landing
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The fraudulent author of an alien abduction memoir
and a skeptic with a supernatural secret join forces to
fight a UFO cult.
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From its humble beginnings, Colorado Health Network has become the largest AIDS service organization in the Rocky Mountain Region. Since 1983, CHN has directly served more than three quarters of the men, women and children living with HIV/AIDS in the state of Colorado.
The Julian Rush Society was created to honor and recognize those who remember CHN in their estate plans. There are many ways to do this. Some have named CHN in their wills. Others have named CHN as a beneficiary of a life insurance policy, IRA, or charitable trust. A variety of options exist.
To learn more about becoming a member of the Julian Rush Society, please contact Richard Blair, Chief Development Officer, at 303.837.0166.
A planned gift can be the perfect way to provide future support to Colorado Health Network. Gifts of all sizes are welcome, and every gift enables us to work towards ending this disease.


A neat website-design is good, but don't do it alone. In order to be shown on search engines like Google, Bing, and others, when your potential customers are looking for specific products and services, as is required today, that the website is "trust worthy" seen from a search engine's algorithms and the way to "read" your website and not at least content herein.
That is why we have developed a module for Umbraco, who manages the website's contents (CMS), which ensures that exactly your website appears high on the non-advertising-funded result list when potential customers are looking for products, knowledge, information, etc. on Internet search engines like Google, BING and others.
With our SEO-module you get a tool that guides you to describe and make your products so relevant and "friendly" to search engines as possible.
Our customers ' feedback on the use of SEO-module is that it is very simple to use-and that they may notice a marked improvement of search engines ' view of their website in, for example, Google's results list when searching for related information and When customers want to buy your products.
We use of course even SEO module- and incidentally, how did you get in to this website, which you are reading right now? It works!
Contact us for a detailed review of the SEO module for Umbraco, so you can see how we make the biggest difference for you and ensure your organic search optimization on the Web.


Florence Mariska passed away at her home in Medford on November 22, 2018. She was born May 14, 1928 in Chicago to Mae and Henry Mariska.
Florence was a member of the German Shepard Dog Club and The American Kennel Club and had served as judge at several dog shows and raised many litters of pure bred German Shepards.
Florence graduated from Cal State Fullerton with a Masters Degree in accounting and retired from Mead Corporation as controller in 1990.
She is survived by two children, daughter Chris and son Greg and wife Carolyn, four grandchildren, Andy, Susie, Cara, Lindsay Guinn and husband Josh with two great grandchildren, Quincy and Barrett.
Memorial contributions can be made to the American Cancer Society. No service is planned.


Who Fishes for Alligator Gar?
Most freshwater fish live less than 10 years, start reproducing at one or two years old, and produce offspring almost every year. Alligator gar are different. Female alligator gar can live more than 50 years, are capable of reproducing at five to 10 years, and reproduce only a few times each decade in most Texas waters. To successfully reproduce, alligator gar require large, overbank floods during the spring and early summer. Near the peak of these floods, congregations of five to 20 adults leave the river and seek shallow, grassy areas on the floodplain to spawn. Eggs are deposited over the vegetation, and after about 48 hours they hatch. The newly hatched young remain attached to flooded vegetation for another two to four days, after which they drift with receding flood waters. If flood waters recede too quickly, the eggs and larvae may die.
Young alligator gar grow very quickly. They can exceed 5 inches in length after just one month, and up to 30 inches by their first winter. However, this rapid growth only lasts the first few years. It can take many, many years for fish to reach larger sizes. A six-foot alligator gar is usually between 10 and 30 years old and can weigh about 100 pounds. To become a seven-footer can take 20 to 50 years. Most individuals over 6 feet in length are females, as males rarely reach this length. The current world record alligator gar, captured in Mississippi in 2011, was 8 feet 5 inches long and weighed 327 pounds! Its age was estimated at 95 years. Although most fish won't reach that age, several large specimens recently collected in Texas have been estimated to exceed 60 years old.
Compared with other sportfish, alligator gar are few in number because they are near the top of the food chain. A Texas lake or river supporting a population of 5,000 to 10,000 adult alligator gar might also support 100,000 to 500,000 bass or crappie. Because they are long-lived and reproduce infrequently, alligator gar can only sustain harvest rates of about 5 percent each year. That means anglers can only harvest 250 to 500 each year from most populations. If too many fish are taken, populations can quickly decline and only young, small fish will remain. Once an alligator gar population declines, it can take decades to restore. In contrast, sustainable harvest for bass or crappie can be 25 percent or more per year, which means anglers can harvest 25,000 to 125,000 fish from most populations. Bass and crappie populations can rebound much more quickly than alligator gar because they reach adulthood in one to two years and successfully reproduce nearly every year.
Texans are fortunate to have many healthy populations of alligator gar where fish in excess of 200 pounds can be found. Unfortunately, in much of the rest of their native range, alligator gar populations have suffered significant declines due to overharvest and because dams and levees have limited access to floodplain spawning habitats. To maintain this unique resource for future generations of Texans, effective management and habitat conservation are needed. Current management aims to limit harvest so that enough mature females remain to reproduce and so there are plenty of large, recreationally valuable fish for anglers to catch. Maintaining current populations also requires working with landowners and with agencies that control water levels in rivers and reservoirs to ensure that fish have access to floodplain spawning habitats.


CANNON BEACH -- Wendy Higgins grew up with a cookie jar in the kitchen -- her dad was a missionary in Guam, so her mother kept the jar stuffed with goodies for parishioners.
It's a lesson Higgins hasn't forgotten. She keeps a cookie jar in the lobby of the Ocean Lodge, filled with fresh-baked treats for guests all day long.
We ate our oatmeal chocolate chip treats on the balcony of our luxurious room, watching the ocean on a sunny, warm day and asked: What's better? the view or the cookies?
The view is unmistakably one of the best on the entire West Coast. Ocean Lodge is perched above the dunes-line, with a clear view of Haystack Rock.


text:
Q: Primefaces tree dynamic contextmenu I need a dynamic context menu for a tree (different on each node based on some permissions, so I cannot use a different menu for each node's type).
I have implemented it using a backing bean model and I update it on every selection's change. Everything works fine, except that if the user right click an unselected node the following happens:

*

*context menu (of previously selected node) is showed

*context menu is updated (triggered by select event) and than hidden again

*right click again shows the updated context menu

I have found I workaround for treetable
https://dnhome.wordpress.com/2013/10/07 ... e-of-tree/
but it doesn't work for a tree.
Any hint is welcome

PF 6.1.2, WF 10.0.0

A: I think I have found a working solution. I have built an example based on the primeface's showcase
BasicView.java
package example;

import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
import javax.faces.bean.ManagedBean;
import javax.faces.bean.ManagedProperty;
import javax.faces.bean.ViewScoped;

import org.primefaces.context.RequestContext;
import org.primefaces.event.NodeSelectEvent;
import org.primefaces.model.DefaultTreeNode;
import org.primefaces.model.TreeNode;

@ManagedBean(name="treeBasicView")
@ViewScoped
public class BasicView implements Serializable {

    private TreeNode root;

    @ManagedProperty(value="#{selectionView}")
    SelectionView selectionView;

    @PostConstruct
    public void init() {
        root = new DefaultTreeNode("Root", null);
        TreeNode node0 = new DefaultTreeNode("Node 0", root);
        TreeNode node1 = new DefaultTreeNode("Node 1", root);

        TreeNode node00 = new DefaultTreeNode("Node 0.0", node0);
        TreeNode node01 = new DefaultTreeNode("Node 0.1", node0);

        TreeNode node10 = new DefaultTreeNode("Node 1.0", node1);

        node1.getChildren().add(new DefaultTreeNode("Node 1.1"));
        node00.getChildren().add(new DefaultTreeNode("Node 0.0.0"));
        node00.getChildren().add(new DefaultTreeNode("Node 0.0.1"));
        node01.getChildren().add(new DefaultTreeNode("Node 0.1.0"));
        node10.getChildren().add(new DefaultTreeNode("Node 1.0.0"));
        root.getChildren().add(new DefaultTreeNode("Node 2"));
    }

    public TreeNode getRoot() {
        return root;
    }

    public void onNodeSelect(NodeSelectEvent event){
        checkSelectionChanged();
    }

    public void onRightClickSelectListener(NodeSelectEvent e) {
            checkSelectionChanged();
        }

/* Update the contextMenu only if the selection has changed */
        private void checkSelectionChanged(){
            if(this.getSelectionView().getSelectedNode()!=this.getSelectionView().getPrevSelectedNode()){
            RequestContext.getCurrentInstance().update("treeform:mytreeContexMenu");
        }
    }

    public SelectionView getSelectionView(){
        return selectionView;
    }

    public void setSelectionView(SelectionView selectionView){
        this.selectionView=selectionView;
    }
}

MenuView.java
package example;

import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
import javax.faces.application.FacesMessage;
import javax.faces.bean.ManagedBean;
import javax.faces.bean.ManagedProperty;
import javax.faces.bean.RequestScoped;
import javax.faces.context.FacesContext;

import org.primefaces.model.menu.*;

@ManagedBean
@RequestScoped
public class MenuView {

    private MenuModel model;

    @ManagedProperty(value="#{selectionView}")
    SelectionView selectionView;

    public void init() {
        model = new DefaultMenuModel();

        //First submenu
        DefaultSubMenu firstSubmenu = new DefaultSubMenu("Dynamic Submenu");

        DefaultMenuItem item = new DefaultMenuItem("External");
        item.setUrl("http://www.primefaces.org");
        item.setIcon("ui-icon-home");
        firstSubmenu.addElement(item);

        model.addElement(firstSubmenu);

        //Second submenu
        DefaultSubMenu secondSubmenu = new DefaultSubMenu("Dynamic Actions");

        this.getTreeSelectionView().getSelectedNode();
        if(this.getTreeSelectionView().getSelectedNode()==null){
            return;
        }
        String nodeText = this.getTreeSelectionView().getSelectedNode().getData().toString();

        if(nodeText.contains("0")){ //just a condition
            item=new DefaultMenuItem("Action for 0");
            item.setIcon("ui-icon-disk");
            item.setCommand("#{menuView.save}");
            secondSubmenu.addElement(item);
        }

        if(nodeText.contains("1")){ //just a condition
            item=new DefaultMenuItem("Action for 1");
            item.setIcon("ui-icon-close");
            item.setCommand("#{menuView.delete}");
            item.setAjax(false);
            secondSubmenu.addElement(item);
        }

        if(nodeText.contains("2")){ //just a condition
            item=new DefaultMenuItem("Action for 2");
            item.setIcon("ui-icon-search");
            item.setCommand("#{menuView.redirect}");
            secondSubmenu.addElement(item);
        }

        model.addElement(secondSubmenu);
    }

    public MenuModel getModel() {
        if(model==null){
            this.init();
        }
        return model;
    }

    public void save() {}

    public void update() {}

    public void delete() {}

    public SelectionView getTreeSelectionView(){
        return selectionView;
    }

    public void setSelectionView(SelectionView selectionView){
        this.selectionView=selectionView;
    }
}

SelectionView.java
package example;

import java.io.Serializable;
import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
import javax.faces.application.FacesMessage;
import javax.faces.bean.ManagedBean;
import javax.faces.bean.ManagedProperty;
import javax.faces.bean.ViewScoped;
import javax.faces.context.FacesContext;
import org.primefaces.model.TreeNode;

@ManagedBean(name="selectionView")
@ViewScoped
public class SelectionView implements Serializable {

    private TreeNode selectedNode;
    private TreeNode prevSelectedNode;

    public TreeNode getSelectedNode() {
        return selectedNode;
    }

    public void setSelectedNode(TreeNode selectedNode) {
        this.setPrevSelectedNode(this.selectedNode);
        this.selectedNode = selectedNode;
    }

    public TreeNode getPrevSelectedNode(){
        return prevSelectedNode;
    }

    public void setPrevSelectedNode(TreeNode prevSelectedNode){
        this.prevSelectedNode=prevSelectedNode;
    }
}

tree.xhtml
<!DOCTYPE html>
        <html
                xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
                xmlns:ui="http://java.sun.com/jsf/facelets"
                xmlns:f="http://java.sun.com/jsf/core"
                xmlns:h="http://java.sun.com/jsf/html"
                xmlns:p="http://primefaces.org/ui">

        <h:head>
            <title><h:outputText value="Test tree"/></title>
            <h:outputScript library="scripts" name="navigator.js"/>

        </h:head>
        <h:body>

            <h:form id="treeform">

            <p:tree value="#{treeBasicView.root}" var="node" dynamic="true" id="mytree" selectionMode="single" selection="#{selectionView.selectedNode}">
                <p:ajax event="select" listener="#{treeBasicView.onNodeSelect}"/>
                <p:ajax event="contextMenu" listener="#{treeBasicView.onRightClickSelectListener}" oncomplete="PF('mytreeContexMenuVar').show()"/>

                <p:treeNode>
                    <h:outputText value="#{node}" />
                </p:treeNode>
            </p:tree>

            <p:contextMenu for="mytree" id="mytreeContexMenu" model="#{menuView.model}" widgetVar="mytreeContexMenuVar">

            </p:contextMenu>
            </h:form>
        </h:body>
</html>

mytree.js
The contextMenu should be updated and than showed
(based on the example found here: https://dnhome.wordpress.com/2013/10/07)
    var siteFunctions = {
        //patch to fix a problem that the context menu disappears after update
        //delay the show to occure after the update
        patchContextMenuShow: function() {
            'use strict';
            var protShow = PrimeFaces.widget.ContextMenu.prototype.show;
            siteFunctions.patchContextMenuShow.lastEvent = null;
            PrimeFaces.widget.ContextMenu.prototype.show = function(e) {
                var ret;
                if (e) {
                    siteFunctions.patchContextMenuShow.lastEvent = e;
                    siteFunctions.patchContextMenuShow.lastEventArg = arguments;

                     siteFunctions.patchContextMenuShow.lastEventContext = this;
                    //prevent default browser context menu
                     e.preventDefault();
                    e.stopPropagation();
                } else if (siteFunctions.patchContextMenuShow.lastEvent) {

                    ret = protShow.apply(siteFunctions.patchContextMenuShow.lastEventContext, siteFunctions.patchContextMenuShow.lastEventArg);
                    siteFunctions.patchContextMenuShow.lastEvent = null;
                }
                return ret;
            };
        }
    };

    $(document).ready(function() {
        'use strict';
        try {
            siteFunctions.patchContextMenuShow();
        } catch (e) {
            console.error(e);
        }
    });

A: Neo's answer is correct but a bit too verbose and overrides all context menus on the page instead of a specific one. This is a cleaner version with explanation.
<p:tree id="tree">
    <!-- when showing the menu, update it first and then call show a second time -->
    <p:ajax event="contextMenu" update="@parent-ctx_menu"
        oncomplete="PF('ctxMenuVar').show()" />
</p:tree>

<p:contextMenu id="ctx_menu" for="tree" widgetVar="ctxMenuVar" />

<script>
    $(function() {
        var ctxMenuWidget = PF('ctxMenuVar');
        (function(orig) {
            ctxMenuWidget.show = function(e) {
                if (e) {
                    // this is the first show call by PrimeFaces - let's remember the
                    // argument event, and wait for the update
                    this.lastShowEvent = e;
                    e.preventDefault();
                } else {
                    // this is our second show call from oncomplete - the menu is updated,
                    // time to actually show it
                    checkState(this.lastShowEvent);
                    orig.call(this, this.lastShowEvent);
                }
            };
        })(ctxMenuWidget.show);
    });
</script>

This works at least for PrimeFaces 6.1, but probably for later versions as well.


Download Letter for Tahoe Summit 2013 Report.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on August 19, 2013 by Jake.
Michael sits down with Maureen McCarthy of the Tahoe Science Consortium.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on December 6, 2012 by Jake.


This small Aït Ouaouzguite features a pair of prominent floating female lozenges filled with brick motifs. The forms are surrounded by smaller lozenges and other Berber symbols. Intricate asymmetrical side borders frame the composition. Knotted in a palette of saffron yellow, orange, coral red, charcoal, and ivory. Lustrous fine wool pile on a cotton warp.


text:
Q: Console App, C# Receipt Program I'm new in c# and I'm trying to print a receipt, but my code is not working. Here is my problem:

*

*Compute the Price multiplied by the quantity given by the user

*Compute the said Amount - 12% tax Show the Vat Tax Accept money and

*compute the change   they have to all appear once the unit price has been inputted
This is my code at the moment for the computation part
bool test = false;
do
{
    try
    {
        Console.SetCursorPosition(2, 12);
        Console.Write(" ");

        Console.SetCursorPosition(2, 12);
        Num = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
        test = false;
    }
    catch
    {
        test = true;
    }
} while (test);

Console.SetCursorPosition(18, 12);
Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
telNumber = Console.ReadLine();

//Peso

bool Ptest = false;
do
{
    try
    {
        Console.SetCursorPosition(47, 12);
        Console.Write(" ");
        Console.SetCursorPosition(47, 12);
        Amount = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
        Console.SetCursorPosition(65, 12);
        Amount = Amount * 2 ;

        Console.WriteLine("P " + Amount.ToString("0.00"));

        Console.SetCursorPosition(65, 15);
        Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green;
        Console.WriteLine("P " + Amount.ToString("0.00"));

        Console.SetCursorPosition(65, 17);
        Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green;
        Console.WriteLine("P " + Amount.ToString("0.00"));

        Ptest = false;
    }
    catch
    {
       Ptest = true;
    }
} while (Ptest);

//Amount

Console.ReadLine();

It has to look like this, Ive done the format but I'm having trouble with the said problems above, please help
Program Image

A: Use decimal instad of integer 32.
       bool test = false;
        do
        {
            try
            {
                Console.SetCursorPosition(2, 12);
                Console.Write(" ");

                Console.SetCursorPosition(2, 12);
                Num = Convert.ToDecimal(Console.ReadLine());
                test = false;
            }
            catch
            {
                test = true;
            }
        } while (test);

        Console.SetCursorPosition(18, 12);
        Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Yellow;
        telNumber = Console.ReadLine();

        bool Ptest = false;
        do
        {
            try
            {
                Console.SetCursorPosition(47, 12);
                Console.Write(" ");
                Console.SetCursorPosition(47, 12);
                Amount = Convert.ToDecimal(Console.ReadLine());
                Console.SetCursorPosition(65, 12);
                Amount = Amount * 2;

                Console.WriteLine("P " + Amount.ToString("0.00"));

                Console.SetCursorPosition(65, 15);
                Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green;
                Console.WriteLine("P " + Amount.ToString("0.00"));

                Console.SetCursorPosition(65, 17);
                Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green;
                Console.WriteLine("P " + Amount.ToString("0.00"));

                Ptest = false;
            }
            catch
            {
                Ptest = true;
            }
        } while (Ptest);

        //Amount

        Console.ReadLine();


TUCSON – Former Vice President Joe Biden called on the nation to team up to fight cancer.
Nearly four-hundred groups held events in connection with Joe and Jill Biden's event in Washington, D.C.
In Tucson, Anita "Sarge" Kellman, the founder of Beat Cancer Boot Camp, held an event.
The events were to educate people about what's going on in the cancer community.
Kellman invited guests to speak at the event. They spoke about topics ranging from how to deal with a diagnosis to cancer research to care.
The national summit was created by the Bidens who lost their son Beau in 2015.
Kellman said she will step to host the event in Tucson every year.