The Dubliner concedes that putting together a top-quality field in an era when players have all the leverage is "a tough process" for even the biggest events.
But he's confident he will succeed in bringing a sprinkling of stars to Lahinch from July 4-7 after clocking up thousands of air miles and approaching every member of the world's top 50 - including Tiger Woods and Phil Mickelson - over the last 10 months.
"All the power at the moment in golf is sitting with the players," McGinley said.
"The bigger the player, the more power they have because they can make or break a tournament in whether they want to play or not.
"You are not going to get all of the players so what you have to do is pinpoint three or four or five big, strong names and if you can do that, you are going to have a successful tournament."
With all four Majors crammed into just 101 days this year, only the Grand Slam events, the World Golf Championships and The Players, are likely to command a constellation of stars.
The exception could prove to be this year's BMW PGA at Wentworth, which has moved from May to September when the PGA Tour's FedExCup playoffs are over.
That may be the way forward for the Irish Open, but fans can still expect a strong field at Lahinch, where there are high hopes that Justin Rose will make an appearance .
Patrick Reed and Xander Schauffele may also be tempted to join Tommy Fleetwood, Pádraig Harrington, Danny Willett and Lee Westwood in the line-up.
"We are going to have a strong field," McGinley said yesterday. "All things considered, we are going to be ahead of all reasonable expectations.
"With Rory, I think we have taken the hit and moved on.
"The Irish Open is bigger than Rory McIlroy and he'd be the first to admit that with all those great champions we have had in the past."
With no appearance money to draw the stars and with players still making up their minds about what to play before The Open at Royal Portrush and the following week's WGC-FedEx St Jude Invitational, it's a tough task to get players to commit early.
The so-called Links Swing, where the Irish and Scottish Opens precede The Open for the third year in a row, has not worked as expected, though Lahinch, as a pure links, may attract more players thinking ahead to The Open than the 11-year-old Renaissance Club near Muirfield.
"What is the perfect date? Should we look at maybe September in the future for an Irish Open date?" asked McGinley.
"It is swings and roundabouts and everyone is feeling their way through this new schedule.
"It has made the Irish Open very tricky from my perspective. That is OK, I can handle that."


text:
Koreatown in the borough of Palisades Park (, shortened to Pal Park ), Bergen County, New Jersey, United States, is centered around the business district on Broad Avenue, which has been called a "Korean food walk of fame".

Background
The municipalities with the highest density of ethnic Koreans in the Western Hemisphere and the home of both the highest Korean-American density and percentage are in Bergen County. The per capita Korean American population of Bergen County, 6.3% by the 2010 United States Census, (increasing to 6.9% by the 2011 American Community Survey), is the highest of any county in the United States, with an absolute total of 56,773 Korean Americans (increasing to 63,247 by the 2011 American Community Survey).  Along with Palisades Park, where Korean-Americans constitute the majority of the population, abutting towns also have high percentages: Leonia (%), Ridgefield (%), Fort Lee (%). Chusok Korean Thanksgiving harvest festival has become an annual tradition in Bergen County, attended by several tens of thousands. In the 1990s, a continuous stream of Korean immigrants moved into Palisades Park and purchased most businesses; It became one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic Korean enclaves outside of Korea (and has been called Koreatown on the Hudson and Little Korea). Broad Avenue is the biggest and densest Korean commercial district in Bergen, the heart of the Korean American community.

Cuisine and culture
Broad Avenue in Koreatown has been referred to as a "Korean food walk of fame", with diverse offerings. Palisades Park's Koreatown now incorporates the highest concentration of Korean restaurants within a one-mile radius in the United States, and Broad Avenue has evolved into a Korean dessert destination as well. Korean Chinese cuisine is now also available in Koreatown, as is misugaru. Bulgogi and galbi are staples on Broad Avenue in the Palisades Park Koreatown. Korean cafés have become a major cultural element within Palisades Park's Koreatown, not only for the coffee, bingsu (shaved ice), and pastries, but also as communal gathering places.
Koreatown in Palisades Park has emerged as a dominant nexus of Korean American culture. The Palisades Park Senior Citizens Center provides a popular gathering place where even Korean grandmothers were noted to follow the dance trend of the worldwide viral hit Gangnam Style by South Korean "K-pop" rapper Psy in 2012. Palisades Park High School has hosted national Kumdo martial arts tournaments. A jjimjilbang offers saunas and bibimbap in Palisades Park's Koreatown. Approximately 120 Korean stores were counted in Palisades Park in 2000, a number which has risen significantly since then, featuring restaurants and karaoke (noraebang) bars, grocery markets, education centers, book stores, financial institutions (such as Shinhan Bank and Woori Bank), offices, electronics vendors, apparel boutiques, and other commercial enterprises. Koreatown has also grown in and introduced Pocha to the community, which is just another word for a bar, but pochas have a different style.

Signage & dual-naming Broad Avenue

In 1996, an ordinance was passed that storefront signage be same size in English as in Korean. It was one of seven towns in Bergen County to do so.

In mid-2015, a proposal was submitted by the Korean-American Association of Palisades Park to the mayor and council of Palisades Park to add a second name to Broad Avenue, such as "Korean Market Street" () or "Korea Way". The mayor's response was to request a public vote on implementing this addition. As of 2018, it remained controversial.

Monuments and memorials
In 2010, in a public park near the public library a brass plaque on a block of stone, was dedicated to the memory of comfort women, tens of thousands of women and girls, many Korean, who were forced into sexual slavery by Japanese soldiers during World War II. In May 2012, borough officials in Palisades Park rejected requests by two diplomatic delegations from Japan to remove a small monument from the park. Days later, a South Korean delegation endorsed the borough's decision. The first Japanese delegation cited apologies offered by their country's government for its involvement as justifying the removal of the monument, while officials from the second delegation controversially claimed that "comfort women were a lie". In 2017 the monument, the first of its kind in the United States, was relocated to more prominent location. A similar memorial in nearby Hackensack was raised behind the Bergen County Courthouse, alongside memorials to the Holocaust, the Great Famine of Ireland, and the Armenian genocide, and unveiled in March 2013. An annual cross-country bicycle ride dedicated to the honor of the comfort women ends at the Palisades Park memorial, following a penultimate stop at the memorial in Hackensack.

A memorial dedicated to the victims of the tragic sinking of the Sewol ferry off the South Korean coast on April 16, 2014, was unveiled at the public library in May 2014.

Korean language in civic affairs
Ballots are printed with the Korean language since 2012. Jason Kim was serving as deputy mayor of the borough of Palisades Park in May 2012. As of May 2014, Korean Americans had garnered at least four borough council seats in Bergen County. In July 2015, Shawn M. Lee was sworn in as Palisades Park's first Korean-American police sergeant and Gina S. Kim was sworn in as the borough's first municipal clerk, reflecting the growing political influence of the Korean American population in Palisades Park. In November 2015, Palisades Park hired two more Korean-speaking police officers, bringing the total to four. In January 2019, Christopher Chung was sworn in as the first Korean-American mayor of Palisades Park. Korean Americans have attended town meetings in large numbers, requested Korean language interpreters to be present at these meetings as of August 2016. In 2019 the town created a Korean language version of its website.

See also

 Korean Americans in New York City
 Korean diaspora
 Koreatown, Fort Lee (포트 리 코리아타운)
 Koreatown, Manhattan (맨해튼 코리아타운)
 Koreatown, Long Island (롱 아일랜드 코리아타운)
 Koreatown, Philadelphia (필라델피아 한국 도시)
 Koreatown (코리아타운)
 List of U.S. cities with significant Korean-American populations

References

Asian-American culture in New Jersey
Ethnic enclaves in New Jersey
Korean-American culture in New Jersey
Koreatowns in the United States
Neighborhoods in Bergen County, New Jersey
Palisades Park, New Jersey

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: recompiling linux kernel always ending with desktop manager not working I've tried recompiling the linux kernel, modified and not modified, but it always shows me an error.
With LightDM: systemd load modules failed to find nvidia-nvsm
And with SDDM: failed to read number from pipeline
I don't know a lot about linux so I just followed the tutorial here:
https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Kernel/Traditional_compilation
For the installation of Arch I just used archinstall, I tried Budgie (LightDM) and KDE Plasma (SDDM).
I've tried using nvidia-dkms instead of nvidia but that still didn't work out. If there are any logs I could give, please let me know.
I'm using Arch 5.19-rc6 and nvidia-dkms. (The error is the same on every self compiled kernel)
lsmod | grep nvidia output:
nvidia_modeset       1425408  19 nvidia_drm
nvidia_uvm           2740224  0
nvidia              45367296  1139 nvidia_uvm,nvidia_modeset

And here's the boot log: https://pastebin.com/ecQGxW8x
And when running journalctl with: -p 3 -xb those are the errors that I get:
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.SADX], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.SADS], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.RDLY], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14._DSM], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.BTRT], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14._PRR], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.BRDY], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.BRDS], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.ECKY], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.ECKV], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.GPCX], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.GPC], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.BTLY], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI BIOS Error (bug): Failure creating named object [\_SB.PC00.XHCI.RHUB.HS14.BTLC], AE_ALREADY_EXISTS (20220331/dswload2-326)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis kernel: ACPI Error: AE_ALREADY_EXISTS, During name lookup/catalog (20220331/psobject-220)
Jul 12 13:19:54 jenusis systemd-modules-load[441]: Failed to find module 'nvidia-uvm'
Jul 12 13:19:59 jenusis sddm[553]: Failed to read display number from pipe
Jul 12 13:20:01 jenusis kernel: Bluetooth: hci0: Malformed MSFT vendor event: 0x02
Jul 12 13:20:01 jenusis sddm[553]: Failed to read display number from pipe
Jul 12 13:20:04 jenusis sddm[553]: Failed to read display number from pipe
Jul 12 13:20:04 jenusis sddm[553]: Could not start Display server on vt 1

The first errors aren't important as much as I know. It's just about the: systemd-modules-load[441]: Failed to find module 'nvidia-uvm'
And when I run modinfo nvidia-uvm that's the message I get:
modinfo nvidia-uvm
filename:       /lib/modules/5.18.10-arch1-1/updates/dkms/nvidia-uvm.ko.zst
supported:      external
license:        Dual MIT/GPL
srcversion:     3170E1233D7C787ABE15CDF
depends:        nvidia
retpoline:      Y
name:           nvidia_uvm
vermagic:       5.18.10-arch1-1 SMP preempt mod_unload
parm:           uvm_ats_mode:Set to 0 to disable ATS (Address Translation Services). Any other value is ignored. Has no effect unless the platform supports ATS. (int)
parm:           uvm_perf_prefetch_enable:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_prefetch_threshold:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_prefetch_min_faults:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_thrashing_enable:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_thrashing_threshold:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_thrashing_pin_threshold:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_thrashing_lapse_usec:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_thrashing_nap:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_thrashing_epoch:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_thrashing_pin:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_thrashing_max_resets:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_map_remote_on_native_atomics_fault:uint
parm:           uvm_disable_hmm:Force-disable HMM functionality in the UVM driver. Default: false (i.e, HMM is potentially enabled). Ignored if HMM is not supported in the driver, or if ATS settings conflict with HMM. (bool)
parm:           uvm_perf_migrate_cpu_preunmap_enable:int
parm:           uvm_perf_migrate_cpu_preunmap_block_order:uint
parm:           uvm_global_oversubscription:Enable (1) or disable (0) global oversubscription support. (int)
parm:           uvm_perf_pma_batch_nonpinned_order:uint
parm:           uvm_cpu_chunk_allocation_sizes:OR'ed value of all CPU chunk allocation sizes. (uint)
parm:           uvm_leak_checker:Enable uvm memory leak checking. 0 = disabled, 1 = count total bytes allocated and freed, 2 = per-allocation origin tracking. (int)
parm:           uvm_force_prefetch_fault_support:uint
parm:           uvm_debug_enable_push_desc:Enable push description tracking (uint)
parm:           uvm_debug_enable_push_acquire_info:Enable push acquire information tracking (uint)
parm:           uvm_page_table_location:Set the location for UVM-allocated page tables. Choices are: vid, sys. (charp)
parm:           uvm_perf_access_counter_mimc_migration_enable:Whether MIMC access counters will trigger migrations.Valid values: <= -1 (default policy), 0 (off), >= 1 (on) (int)
parm:           uvm_perf_access_counter_momc_migration_enable:Whether MOMC access counters will trigger migrations.Valid values: <= -1 (default policy), 0 (off), >= 1 (on) (int)
parm:           uvm_perf_access_counter_batch_count:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_access_counter_granularity:Size of the physical memory region tracked by each counter. Valid values asof Volta: 64k, 2m, 16m, 16g (charp)
parm:           uvm_perf_access_counter_threshold:Number of remote accesses on a region required to trigger a notification.Valid values: [1, 65535] (uint)
parm:           uvm_perf_reenable_prefetch_faults_lapse_msec:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_fault_batch_count:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_fault_replay_policy:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_fault_replay_update_put_ratio:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_fault_max_batches_per_service:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_fault_max_throttle_per_service:uint
parm:           uvm_perf_fault_coalesce:uint
parm:           uvm_fault_force_sysmem:Force (1) using sysmem storage for pages that faulted. Default: 0. (int)
parm:           uvm_perf_map_remote_on_eviction:int
parm:           uvm_exp_gpu_cache_peermem:Force caching for mappings to peer memory. This is an experimental parameter that may cause correctness issues if used. (uint)
parm:           uvm_exp_gpu_cache_sysmem:Force caching for mappings to system memory. This is an experimental parameter that may cause correctness issues if used. (uint)
parm:           uvm_channel_num_gpfifo_entries:uint
parm:           uvm_channel_gpfifo_loc:charp
parm:           uvm_channel_gpput_loc:charp
parm:           uvm_channel_pushbuffer_loc:charp
parm:           uvm_enable_va_space_mm:Set to 0 to disable UVM from using mmu_notifiers to create an association between a UVM VA space and a process. This will also disable pageable memory access via either ATS or HMM. (int)
parm:           uvm_enable_debug_procfs:Enable debug procfs entries in /proc/driver/nvidia-uvm (int)
parm:           uvm_peer_copy:Choose the addressing mode for peer copying, options: phys [default] or virt. Valid for Ampere+ GPUs. (charp)
parm:           uvm_debug_prints:Enable uvm debug prints. (int)
parm:           uvm_enable_builtin_tests:Enable the UVM built-in tests. (This is a security risk) (int)

It says that it's in the modules folder, but in the 5.18.10-arch1-1 folder, I'm pretty sure that I have to somehow make nvidia-uvm be found with the new kernel, but I just don't know how.

A: The fix was to just uninstall nvidia-dkms and install it once the kernel is installed into the system.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
December 2018/January 2019ISRAELL'CHAIM
Alexander Muss High School
By admin December 16, 2018 2125 views
Rabbi Leor Sinai is the Co-CEO as well as marketing and Outreach Director of Alexander Muss High School in Israel (AMHSI). He is also the most passionate and articulate proponent of JNF that I have been privileged to meet. What is the connection between this college prep program in Israel and trees?
JNF has taken over and merged with AMHSI and, according to Sinai, this historic and strategic move is helping to ensure the viability of the State of Israel.
If you have been reading the regular monthly column in L'CHAIM, you are aware that JNF has expanded and embraces many other non-profit organizations in Israel, such as Lotem, Green Horizons and Nefesh B'Nefesh. JNF is no longer just about trees. Education is a major focus, as are water, agriculture, the environment, infrastructure and community-building. The organization has evolved and, by merging with AlexanderMuss High School in Israel, is investing in the future of the worldwide Jewish community and of Israel through education.
AMHSI, or Muss, is a unique study abroad program for high school students that is fully accredited by the Middle States Association ofColleges and Schools. Through coordination with guidance counselors, students complete their home school's academic course work, including regular, honors and AP classes while following AMHSI's exceptional curriculum covering more than 4,000 years ofJewish and Israeli history. The Israeli Studies Curriculum includes formal learning in the classroom and informal learning in the field. 90% of the kids who have participated in the program say that it has impacted their life toward living more Jewishly and has been a truly transformative experience.
Muss academic program choices include an 18-week SemesterSession, an 8-week Mini-mester Session and a 6-week Summer Session. Financial help is available.
Through their merger with Muss, JNF is investing in the future of the Jewish people, as they have always done. They have taken on this role to ensure that there is a future Jewish leadership worldwide. Whether young people stay in their home countries or make Aliya to Israel, they see a future in the land of Israel. What are all of JNF's projects and Task Forces good for if there isn't the next generation to lead?
JNF ideology is positively Israel — celebrate Israel— with emphasis on how Israel makes the world better. If you are interested in sending your student to this program, you can contact Rabbi Leor Sinai at lsinai@amhsi.org or (516) 203-4454.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Compared to nearby Triangle and Charlotte, Triad housing falls more in line with affordability standards, with about 69% of Triad's new home construction inventory priced below $250K.
Alamance County is quickly emerging as a market for developers, with 24% of the total market share of new home starts in Triad, taking share from Guilford (35%) and Forsyth Counties (25%).
Metrostudy's 3Q18 survey of the housing market in North Carolina's Triad region – which encompasses the Greensboro-High Point MSA, Winston-Salem MSA and Burlington MSA – showed there were 961 new home starts in the third quarter of 2018, and the number of annual starts totaled 3,450 detached and attached units. New home closings totaled 871 units for the third quarter, about equal to the 3Q17 number. The number of annual closings from the past four quarters totaled 3,314 units, a 3.9% increase over the year prior.
a square foot each quarter for the past year and is up 8.7 percent year-over-year. In third quarter 2018, the average single family home measured 2,454 square feet and carried an average base price of $259,241, or $106.25 a square foot. The year prior, the average home was only slightly smaller at 2,417 square feet with a base price of $238,580, or $98.89 a square foot.
North Carolina in 2017 was around $288,800.
representing about 1.8 months' supply, which is below the 2-3-month range that Metrostudy considers normal for standing inventory.
decline in the number of available builder lots compared to 2Q18, in spite of developers adding 839 new lots to inventory in the quarter.
The Triad's inventory of VDLs dipped below 26.6 months of inventory, within the 24-18-month range that Metrostudy considers normal for lot supply.
Construction plans for several Triad area communities that had been put on hold at the peak of the housing downturn are showing strong signs of life again as the area's inventory of vacant developed lots begins to dwindle. Many of those new communities are also not in the previous dominant counties of Guilford and Forsyth, and now Alamance County, which includes the city limits for Burlington and Mebane, has been emerging much more quickly. The county now accounts for about 24% of the total market share of new home starts in the Triad compared to low double-digit market share only three years ago. Guilford County's reign has dwindled to 35% market share compared to 39% three years ago. Forsyth's market share dropped to 25% compared to a 35% share in 2015.


text:
Home » All Resources » Green Gown Awards 2014 - Research and Development - University of the West of England - HC
Resource Sponsor
video Green Gown Awards 2014 - Student Engagement - Manchester Metropolitan Uni - Large Institution Winner
video Green Gown Awards 2015 – Sustainability Staff Champion Award - Luci Attala - Winner
pdf Rebuilding Macroeconomics: Sustainability Hub- Research Funding Call
Green Gown Awards 2014 - Research and Development - University of the West of England - HC
Tags: sustainability | awards | education | procurement | research
Developing the CIPS Sustainability Index (CSI)
The University of the West of England (UWE), with its partners the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply and PRGX, have taken an original idea and through sound academic research and ongoing development and refinement have created an independent index that allows suppliers to obtain a score of their social, economic and environmental sustainability credentials.
Following a pilot phase during the second half of 2013 it has now over 100 participating buying organisations, over 750 registered suppliers and has a first year revenue projection of £500,000. In addition, it has been launched in Ireland and will be launched in the USA and Australia early in 2015.
Resulting supplier scores are already changing behaviour within the areas they are identified as in the lower quartile of their peers amongst many of the participating suppliers as well as proving the basis for a six monthly CIPS Sustainability Review published globally.
1 Treat any 'roadblocks' you encounter within your institution as a challenge to be overcome not a reason to abandon your project
2 Choose your partners carefully and take time to understand their culture, structure and what will work for them in terms of desired outcomes
3 Not all suppliers / organisations are the same. We developed differing question sets, marking schema, advice for large, small and micro businesses.
What the judges say ...
The development and deployment of this sustainability index is improving procurement and
engagine supply chains. It is already being used by major blue chips and has real scaleability.
What it means to win ...
"At UWE Bristol we are committed to achieving our vision of being recognised as one of the
most sustainable universities in the country. To win a prestigious award in this category is further acknowledgement by our peers of how our groundbreaking interdisciplinary teaching and learning and research are supporting the national sustainability agenda."
Professor Steve West, Vice-Chancellor
Developing the CIPS Sustainability Index (CSI) (click to hide)


text:
USMCOC News
Binational Board of Directors
Binational Staff
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USMCEF
Membership Dues & Application Form
US-MEXICO CROSS-BORDER ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY SERIES: ROLE OF MEXICAN PRODUCTIONS IN THE GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN
Binational Board Of Directors Meeting, Conference And Good Neighbor Awards Gala 2021
XVIII U.S.-Mexico Congressional Border Issues & NAFTA/USMCOC Conference
NAFTA & Good Neighbor Awards
North American Sustainable Economic Development Summit
Binational Meeting Mexico
U.S.-Mexico Energy Forum
Congressional Roundtable
The organization's mission is to promote business between the United States and Mexico.
HOUSTON GATEWAY TO THE AMERICAS
The USMCOC,The Colombia Texas Chamber of Commerce, the U.S.-Panama Business Council, the Greater Houston Partnership, the University of Houston, and Houston First have joined forces to organize the first hemispheric Conference & Expo in Houston titled "Houston: Gateway to the Americas", to be held at the J.W. Marriott Houston on December 2-4, 2015.
Houston is the fourth largest city in the United States and the fifth largest metropolitan region. It is recognized as the United States' epicenter of Energy Center and its Texas Medical Center is unparalleled in the world. The Houston Ship Channel, hosting the Port of Houston, is the largest port in the United States in international tonnage and its airport system is the top ten in the nation and #3 in flights to the Americas.
Houston's leadership position will be strengthened with the expansion of the Panama Canal, scheduled to the finalized in the first half of 2016. The expansion will position Houston as the principal port of Central USA, with large implications for the trade and investment. The Houston port is the presently deepening its container port to accommodate post-Panamax ships while at the same time installing new container cranes.
The conference will serve to strengthen the "connection" between Houston and the Americas, enhancing its position as the true gateway. It will undoubtedly expand on existing trade and lead to additional transfer of technology, education, tourism and other areas.
Setting the standard for exceptional accommodations and amenities, The JW Marriott Houston luxury hotel is just steps from one of the most famous shopping districts in the world, and only minutes from attractions such as Minute Maid Park. Enjoy the convenience of a Houston Galleria hotel within easy walking distance to more than 200 exclusive stores, fine-dining, and entertainment. The JW Marriott Houston is also near renowned museums, art galleries, and botanical gardens. An array of on-site hotel amenities include a state-of-the-art fitness center, private rooftop indoor/outdoor pool, spacious guestrooms, Starbucks, and stunning banquet halls.
One of the reasons for having the conference in December is to promote Houston as a shopping venue for the Americas, a role that has been traditionally controlled by Miami. Houston, with it's tropical weather with soft winters, markets clothing similar to the ones wore in the Americas. Having the conference at the Galleria will help to showcase Houston for its shopping.
Discounted Rate
The JW Marriott Houston offers a limited time discounted rate of $189 plus 17% plus tax per person to all "Houston, Gateway to the Americas" Conference & Exhibition attendees. Please contact JW Marriott to make your reservation.
JW Marriott Houston Special Group Accomodations
For additional information, please go to:
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Partnerships & Alliances
The United States-Mexico Chamber of Commerce is the leading binational business organization working to build mutually beneficial trade and investment relationships in the Americas.
Locate a Chapter
United States-Mexico Chamber of Commerce
207 Mandalay Canal
Mail to: P.O. Box 14414 Washington, D.C. 20044
e-mail: info@usmcoc.org
© 2022 USMCOC - United States-Mexico Chamber of Commerce . All rights reserved


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Station to Station is the online magazine of DutchCulture | TransArtists, bringing together a variety of people working in the cultural field, from residency organisers to curators, museum managers, biologists, philosophers, as well as the expertise from our team.
Below you can access the previous issues 2016 - 2021.
As well as find the archive of our Antenna and AiR Collections - both thematic research into the field of artist-in-residencies that happened between 2008-2014.
Station to Station #4 is online!
What if the game itself has been shaken up and changed so profoundly that none of the existing rules apply any longer? The very rules that dictated the game, that the players were subjected to (willingly or not), that defined how they interacted with other players – those very rules they chose to bend, cheat, that they attempted to rewrite.
Taking the game as a metaphor, and applying it to the fabric of the cultural world, opens up the possibility of reimagining that world. The game here is the cultural field in which…read more
It's been exactly 4 years since DutchCulture|TransArtists published the last issue of Station to Station, and more or less a year since the world went into a lockdown. This lockdown made us realize a new, reflective, issue would be needed. Without being sentimental for the past, nor too enthusiastic about the immediate future, in this issue we are bringing together artists, curators, residency organisers and researchers to reflect on how do institutions and artists adapt to (sudden) changes and what kind of institutions we can imagine…read more
Station to Station #2 All that art
For this issue of Station to Station - 'All that art', we compiled contributions in text and in audio from artists and residency organisers about their experiences, and sometimes expectations, of what can happen to the art (works) in the broadest sense of the word, created in artist-in-residence places. With contributions by Irène Hediger, artists-in-labs; Francisco Guevara, Arquetopia; Laura Welzenbach, Eyebeam; Rob Hamelijnck, Fucking good art; Lakker; Mara and Max; Wu Siou Ming and many others!
For this edition, the…read more
Station to Station #1 Dirty talks: Money
Station to Station is an online magazine of DutchCulture, focusing on international collaboration through the lens of artist practices and residencies. The magazine has a different design than the TransArtists website, to access the first issue, please click here.
Station to Station is online!
DutchCulture | TransArtists is pleased to announce its new online publication, Station to Station. The first issue is all about the favorite dirty talk - Money. We have compiled contributions from variety of professionals from different corners of the world and the art scene.
The general experience, starting from USA to Russia, through Europe and China, is that there is never enough money, even if the budget is with six figures. How do we as artists and organisers deal with this predicament? How creative and charming does an organization or…read more
Antenna #3 - China
"How to take part in, and what to expect from Chinese artist-in-residence programs?"
"How to operate as a foreign artist in China?"
"How to establish a collaborative relationship with Chinese art institutions and initiatives?".
These are the questions that this Antenna addresses. We talked to Kira Simon-Kennedy; cofounder and director of China Residencies about the residency field as a whole in China, and to artist Charlott Marcus who spent half a year in IFP residency in Beijing. Furthermore we spoke with the director of I: project about…read more
Antenna #2 - Embedded
Why do artists and others want to embed themselves in environments which are other to them?
What do they aim for?
Where does the process of embedding ends?
Does it ever (need to) end?
This Antenna brings to you inside stories of artists, curators, designers, authors, urban planners, artist-in-residence programmes, bienials, and even whole city areas about their way of becoming or being embedded.
Jan Willem Petersen went on his own "specialist operation" through the Uruzgan region in Afghanistan…read more
Antenna #1 - In Translation
This first edition of Antenna is dedicated to translation and translators-in-residence.
Antenna dives for you into the international world of translators-in-residence. We give you a picture of translators on-the-move and of the hosts that give them the opportunity to stay, not only to produce but also to explore, learn and wonder.
A most intriguing performance event celebrated its tenth anniversary…read more
AiR Collections
The AiR Collections were a thematic collection on artist-in-residence opportunities worldwide, created by the TransArtists staff between 2008-2014.
There is so much going on in the world of artist residencies that is growing and morphing. In order to see what's there and to understand what's going on; we dive in the big pool of data on artist residencies and see what we come across related to one specific theme to serve you a collection connecting new and old stories, big and small projects accompanied with interviews and articles related to this theme.…read more


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Dadaab este un oraș din Garissa, Kenya. Înaltul Comisariat al Națiunilor Unite pentru Refugiați are aici adăposturi care în octombrie 2015 găzduiau 329.811 de refugiați.

Note

Vezi și
 Lista orașelor din Kenya

Orașe din Kenya


While travelling with a bamboo toothbrush you really want to be able to keep your toothbrush clean and safe! What better way that using a naturally anti-bacterial bamboo case to match your bamboo toothbrush.
Our Truthbrush case will protect your toothbrush from random bits of debris and germs getting into the bristles, keeping your toothbrush hygienic and easy to keep in your bag while on the go.
These make fantastic gifts and ideal for pairing with our bamboo Truthbrush.
A stunning and beautifully designed bamboo Toothbrush travel case. Made from polished bamboo, these travel cases are packaging free for a truly zero waste product.
Perfect for gifts and pairing with our bamboo toothbrushes.
The Truthbrush travel case is completely plastic-free, packaged in biodegradable tissue paper.
This toothbrush case will last an extremely long time, but when it is finally time to replace it, the natural bamboo is 100% biodegradable.
Founded by Catherine and Catherine, Truthbrush was started as out of inspiration to create a beautiful toothbrush that is also eco-friendly.
Combining their expertise as a hospital surgeon and a fashion buyer, Catherine and Catherine have designed the stunning Truthbrush to look beautiful in your home as well as being a great toothbrush.
This Georganics toothbrush is made with a 100% biodegradable bamboo handle and vegan BPA free synthetic bristles which are infused with charcoal, these are soft and effective bristles!
Georganics have blended organic coconut oil and peppermint essential oil to create this highly effective anti-anaerobic mouthwash. This 100% natural oil pulling mouthwash attacks bad bacteria that thrives in the mouth, all without destroying the good bacteria. Perfect alternative to commercial mouthwash, as it contains no toxins and no chemicals.


This page from the British Thomson-Houston Company works newspaper from November 1940 was kindly donated by J Gough. Transcribed by Jane Hewitt, Family Tree Researcher.
We feel sure that it is scarcely needful to point out to our readers that it is impossible for us to record here and now any details of the events of that memorable night of November 14th during the devastation of Coventry city by wave after wave of enemy air raiders.
The BTH fire brigade was able to send air to the fire services in the city centre, in the form of a trailer pump and crew. The ambulance section also rendered valuable aid to members of the public suing the BTH works shelters. The night shift workers, too, joined in and rendered help in every possible way, and not least among the test of nerves was that called for from the "spotters" who stuck to their exposed positions.
Mr. Walter Phillips .. Machine Shop Foreman.
Mr. J. Eaves .. Winding department and member of the Auxiliary Fire Service.
Mrs. L. Glenny .. Read St.
Mr. J. Needle (boy) .. Machining department ? St.
Mr T. R. Lowery .. Alma St., also Police Messenger.
Miss Stephanie Kinzett Estimating department.
We are afraid that this list is not complete.
Mr. J. Eaves, who received fatal injuries during the air raid, was the only member of the various services on duty that night at the works to be killed. He had been one of a trailer pump crew which had been assisting the city fire service, and was on his way back to the works during the raid, to procure some further piece of equipment, when the bomb which caused his death fell nearby.
Mr. Eaves, who leaves a widow and two children, had been an employee of the firm for fourteen years, and was a cheerful and competent worker; he was very popular among his colleagues in the fire brigade, and fearless in carrying out his duty.
The British Thomson-Houston Company were represented at this funeral by a party of twelve firemen in charge of 3rd Officer Kendrick.
Mr. Walter Phillips had been with the BTH Co. for eighteen years, having started in the Experimental Model Room in Ford Street when the Radio department was just being developed. From here he passed to Moulding Machining department in Alma Street as a charge-hand; from there to the Vacuum Cleaner Machine Shop as foreman, and when later the new plant for production of fractional horse-power motors was laid down he was placed in charge of it. On the opening of the new factory in Read Street, Mr. Phillips was made a Machine Shop Superintendent.
He was an A.R.P. warden, and was killed while on duty. He was assisting in the release of five people who had been trapped in a bombed house, four of whom had been taken out alive, while he remained behind to administer first aid to the fifth, who was a cripple, and it was while in this house that a land mine dropped in the garden, completing the destruction and causing the death of the two remaining people.
Mr. Phillips leaves a widow and two children. In a previous raid, on November 5th, his own house had been damaged, and during the raid on the 14th the damage was very considerably extended.
The following is a list of very gratifying successes in the ambulance and first aid examinations held in October by the St. John Ambulance Association. In the women's section the number of passes was 100 per cent, and in the men's section, 75 per cent.
Passed for First Aid Certificates.
Miss M. S. R. Smith.
Passed for Voucher. Miss J. Haskey.
H. W. Addleton, A. A. Cowle, W. T. Edwards, A. J. Lee, T. McKenna, N. A. Youett., R. T. Essex, W. Legon.
Probationers: J. W. Fairbrother and P. B. Young (Electrical Engineering).
Indentured: M. E. Johnson, D. H. Wallace, J. Folliard, J. T. M. Hawes, D. A. Hobbins (Electrical Engineering); B. J. Griffin (Tool Making).
Left: Apprentices C. L. Chappell and J. M. Oliver have left at their own request.
For useful suggestions, awards have been made to J. G. Busst, K. Carter, D. A. Chapman, R. Hignett, and J. Mitchell.
An extremely popular children's classic story . Set in WW2, Carrie and her little brother are evacuated to Wales and billeted at the home of the bullying Mr Evans and his timid sister Lou.
Unhappy at home, they love visiting fellow evacuee, Albert, at the farm of Druid's Bottom. Here they meet Hepzibah Green, who knows magical stories, and Mister Johnny, who speaks a language all his own.
But then things go wrong and Carrie takes things into her own hands - without guessing the awful consequences.


Your local Birth and Postpartum Doula!
Aloha! I'm Courtney and I grew up in Kailua where I still reside today. I am a a mom to two beautiful keiki and a wife to a supportive partner. My favorite pastime is hiking and you'll usually find me on a trail. On my days off I hang with friends, drink coffee or head to the beach. I also love music, dancing and watching movies!
My journey as a birth professional started with me being a babywearing educator. In helping caregivers with babywearing, mixed with my personal birth and postpartum journeys, I had a desire to further my understanding of how to assist and support others in these times of life. This is why I became a Birth and Postpartum Doula!
Helping families feel valued is of utmost importance to me. I believe that if families are healthy then babies have a higher chance of being healthy too. If we honor families, furthermore honor the birthing person, and give them the capacity to honor themselves, I truly believe a family will flourish.
Through my ancestral and spiritual beliefs I have honed into my natural skills of supporting birthing persons and their partners through their labor/birth journey. I aim to enhance the relationship between these partners, help to radiate love in the birth space and overall hold space emotionally and energetically. I believe in the birthing person's I support, that they know what is best and I support the choices they make.
To set up an interview you can email wearingandcaring@gmail.com.


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Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant's chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.

Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties.  endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones.  These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors.  This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens.  These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).

The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models.  TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species.  Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.

Overview

While toxicokinetics describes the changes in the concentrations of a toxicant over time due to the uptake, biotransformation, distribution and elimination of toxicants, toxicodynamics involves the interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and the functional or structural alterations in a cell that can eventually lead to a toxic effect. Depending on the toxicant's chemical reactivity and vicinity, the toxicant may be able to interact with the biological target. Interactions between a toxicant and the biological target may also be more specific, where high-affinity binding sites increase the selectivity of interactions. For this reason, toxicity may be expressed primarily in certain tissues or organs. The targets are often receptors on the cell surface or in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Toxicants can either induce an unnecessary response or inhibit a natural response, which can cause damage. If the biological target is critical and the damage is severe enough, irreversible injury can occur first at the molecular level, which will translate into effects at higher levels of organization.

Endocrine disruptors

EDCs are generally considered to be toxicants that either mimic or block the transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These chemicals include those acting on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors.

Effects of endocrine disruptors

Endocrine disrupting chemicals can interfere with the endocrine system in a number of ways including hormone synthesis, storage/release, transport and clearance, receptor recognition and binding, and postreceptor activation.

In wildlife, exposure to EDCs can result in altered fertility, reduced viability of offspring, impaired hormone secretion or activity and modified reproductive anatomy. The reproductive anatomy of offspring can particularly be affected if maternal exposure occurs. In females, this includes mammary glands, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. In males, this includes the prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymitis and testes. Exposure of fish to EDCs has also been associated with abnormal thyroid function, decreased fertility, decreased hatching success, de-feminization and masculinization of female fish and alteration of immune function.

Endocrine disruption as a mode of action for xenobiotics was brought into awareness by Our Stolen Future by Theo Colborn. Endocrine disrupting chemicals are known to accumulate in body tissue and are highly persistent in the environment. Many toxicants are known EDCs including pesticides, phthalates, phytoestrogens, some industrial/commercial products, and pharmaceuticals. These chemicals are known to cause endocrine disruption via a few different mechanisms. While the mechanism associated with the thyroid hormone receptor is not well understood, two more established mechanisms involve the inhibition of the androgen receptor and activation of the estrogen receptor.

Androgen-receptor mediated
Certain toxicants act as endocrine disruptors by interacting with the androgen receptor. DDE is one example of a chemical that acts via this mechanism. DDE is a metabolite of DDT that is widespread in the environment. Although production of DDT has been banned in the Western world, this chemical is extremely persistent and is still commonly found in the environment along with its metabolite DDE. DDE is an antiandrogen, which means it alters the expression of specific androgen-regulated genes, and is an androgen receptor (AR)-mediated mechanism. DDE is a lipophilic compound which diffuses into the cell and binds to the AR. Through binding, the receptor is inactivated and cannot bind to the androgen response element on DNA. This inhibits the transcription of androgen-responsive genes which can have serious consequences for exposed wildlife. In 1980, there was a spill in Lake Apopka, Florida which released the pesticide dicofol and DDT along with its metabolites. The neonatal and juvenile alligators present in this lake have been extensively studied and observed to have altered plasma hormone concentrations, decreased clutch viability, increased juvenile mortality, and morphological abnormalities in the testis and ovary.

Estrogen-receptor mediated
Toxicants may also cause endocrine disruption through interacting with the estrogen receptor. This mechanism has been well-studied with PCBs. These chemicals have been used as coolants and lubricants in transformers and other electrical equipment due to their insulating properties. A purely anthropogenic substance, PCBs are no longer in production in the United States due to the adverse health effects associated with exposure, but they are highly persistent and are still widespread in the environment. PCBs are a xenoestrogen, which elicit an enhancing (rather than inhibiting) response, and are mediated by the estrogen receptor. These are often referred to as estrogen mimics because they mimic the effects of estrogen. PCBs often build up in sediments and bioaccumulate in organisms. These chemicals diffuse into the nucleus and bind to the estrogen receptor. The estrogen receptor is kept in an inactive conformation through interactions with proteins such as heat shock proteins 59, 70, and 90. After the toxicant binding occurs, the estrogen receptor is activated and forms a homodimer complex which seeks out estrogen response elements in the DNA. The binding of the complex to these elements causes a rearrangement of the chromatin and transcription of the gene, resulting in production of a specific protein. In doing this, PCBs elicit an estrogenic response which can affect numerous functions within the organism. These effects are observed in various aquatic species. The levels of PCBs in marine mammals are often very high as a result of bioaccumulation. Studies have demonstrated that PCBs are responsible for reproductive impairment in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Similar effects have been found in the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), the ringed seal (Pusa hispida) and the California sea lion (Zalophys californianus). In the grey seals and ringed seals, uterine occlusions and stenosis were found which led to sterility. If exposed to a xenoestrogen such as PCBs, male fish have also been seen to produce vitellogenin. Vitellogenin is an egg protein female fish normally produce but is not usually present in males except at very low concentrations. This is often used as a biomarker for EDCs.

Carcinogens
Carcinogens are defined as any substance that causes cancer. The toxicodynamics of carcinogens can be complex due to the varying mechanisms of action for different carcinogenic toxicants. Because of their complex nature, carcinogens are classified as either genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens.

Effects of carcinogens
The effects of carcinogens are most often related to human exposures but mammals are not the only species that can be affected by cancer-causing toxicants.  Many studies have shown that cancer can develop in fish species as well. Neoplasms occurring in epithelial tissue such as the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and the pancreas have been linked to various environmental toxicants. Carcinogens preferentially target the liver in fish and develop hepatocellular and biliary lesions.

Genotoxic carcinogens
Genotoxic carcinogens interact directly with DNA and genetic material or indirectly by their reactive metabolites. Toxicants such as PAHs can be genotoxic carcinogens to aquatic organisms.  PAHs are widely spread throughout the environment through the incomplete burning of coal, wood, or petroleum products. Although PAHs do not bioaccumulate in vertebrate tissue, many studies have confirmed that certain PAH compounds such as benzo(a)pyrene, benz(a)anthracene, and Benzofluoranthene, are bioavailable and responsible for liver diseases like cancer in wild fish populations. One mechanism of action for genotoxic carcinogens includes the formation of DNA adducts. Once the PAH compound enters an organism, it becomes metabolized and available for biotransformation.

The biotransformation process can activate the PAH compound and transform it into a diol epoxide, which is a very reactive intermediate. These diol-epoxides covalently bind with DNA base pairs, most often with guanine and adenine to form stable adducts within the DNA structure.  The binding of diol epoxides and DNA base pairs blocks polymerase replication activity. This blockage ultimately contributes to an increase in DNA damage by reducing repair activity.

Due to these processes, PAH compounds are thought to play a role in the initiation and early promotion stage of carcinogenesis. Fish exposed to PAHs develop a range of liver lesions, some of which are characteristic of hepatocarcinogenicity.

Nongenotoxic carcinogens
Nongenotoxic, or epigenetic carcinogens are different and slightly more ambiguous than genotoxic carcinogens since they are not directly carcinogenic. Nongenotoxic carcinogens act by secondary mechanisms that do not directly damage genes. This type of carcinogenesis does not change the sequence of DNA; instead it alters the expression or repression of certain genes by a wide variety of cellular processes. Since these toxicants do not directly act on DNA, little is known about the mechanistic pathway. It has been proposed that modification of gene expression from nongenotoxic carcinogens can occur by oxidative stress, peroxisome proliferation, suppression of apoptosis, alteration of intercellular communication, and modulation of metabolizing enzymes.

Carbon tetrachloride  is an example of a probable nongenotoxic carcinogen to aquatic vertebrates. Historically, carbon tetrachloride has been used in pharmaceutical production, petroleum refining, and as an industrial solvent. Due to its widespread industrial use and release into the environment, carbon tetrachloride has been found in drinking water and therefore, has become a concern for aquatic organisms. Because of its high hepatotoxic properties, carbon tetrachloride could potentially be linked to liver cancer. Experimental cancer studies have shown that carbon tetrachloride may cause benign and malignant liver tumors to rainbow trout. carbon tetrachloride works as a nongenotoxic carcinogen by formulating free radicals which induce oxidative stress. It has been proposed that once carbon tetrachloride enters the organism, it is metabolized to trichloromethyl and trichloromethyl peroxy radicals by the CYP2E1 enzyme. The more reactive radical, trichloromethyl peroxy, can attack polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cellular membrane to form fatty acid free radicals and initiate lipid peroxidation. The attack on the cellular membrane increases its permeability, causing a leakage of enzymes and disrupts cellular calcium homeostasis. This loss of calcium homeostasis activates calcium dependent degradative enzymes and cytotoxicity, causing hepatic damage. The regenerative and proliferative changes that occur in the liver during this time could increase the frequency of genetic damage, resulting in a possible increase of cancer.

Applications

Toxicodynamics can be used in combination with toxicokinetics in environmental risk assessment to determine the potential effects of releasing a toxicant into the environment.  The most widely used method of incorporating this are TKTD models.

Setup of TKTD models
Both toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics have now been described, and using these definitions models were formed, where the internal concentration (TK) and damage (TD) are simulated in response to exposure.  TK and TD are separated in the model to allow for the identification of properties of toxicants that determine TK and those that determine TD.  To use this type of model, parameter values for TK processes need to be obtained first.  Second, the TD parameters need to be estimated.  Both of these steps require a large database of toxicity information for parameterization.  After establishing all the parameter values for the TKTD model, and using basic scientific precautions, the model can be used to predict toxic effects, calculate recovery times for organisms, or establish extrapolations from the model to toxicity of untested toxicants and species.

History of TKTD models
It has been argued that the current challenges facing risk assessments can be addressed with TKTD modeling.  TKTD models were derived in response to a couple of factors.  One is the lack of time being considered as a factor in toxicity and risk assessment.  Some of the earliest developed TKTD models, such as the Critical Body Residue (CBR) model and Critical Target Occupation (CTO) model, have considered time as a factor but a criticism has been that they are for very specific circumstances such as reversibly acting toxicants or irreversibly acting toxicants.  Further extrapolation of the CTO and CBR models are DEBtox, which can model sublethal endpoints, and hazard versions of the CTO, which takes into account stochastic death as opposed to individual tolerance.  Another significant step to developing TKTD models was the incorporation of a state variable for damage.  By using damage as a toxicodynamic state-variable, modeling intermediate recovery rates can be accomplished for toxicants that act reversibly with their targets, without the assumptions of instant recovery (CBR model) or irreversible interactions (CTO model). TKTD models that incorporate damage are the Damage Assessment Model (DAM) and the Threshold Damage Model (TDM). For what may seem like straightforward endpoints, a variety of different TKTD approaches exist.  A review of the assumptions and hypotheses of each was previously published in the creation of a general unified threshold model of survival (GUTS).

Advantages for risk assessment

As referenced above, TKTD models have several advantages to traditional models for risk assessments.  The principal advantages to using TKTD models are:

 The consequences of time-varying or repeated exposures can be explained and simulated by the TKTD model.
 Carry-over toxicity as well as delayed effects can be simulated, whether the carry-over toxicity is due to TK or TD or both. In this way, TKTD models can quantify risks from pulsed or fluctuating exposures.
 Organism recovery time depends on the time course of TK and TD, which makes the TKTD models suitable for calculating organism recovery time.
 TKTD models have the potential to predict effects of mixtures, including both environmental and chemical stressors and also be used as mechanism-based extrapolation to untested toxicants or untested species.
 Linking TKTD models with Individual Based Models (IBM) may improve risk assessment of toxicants by simulating temporal aspects as well as ecological aspects.

Due to its advantages, TKTD models may be more powerful than the traditional dose-response models because of their incorporation of chemical concentrations as well as temporal dimensions.  Toxicodynamic modeling (such as TKTD models) has been shown to be a useful tool for toxicological research, with increasing opportunities to use these results in risk assessment to permit a more scientifically based risk assessment that is less reliable on animal testing.  Overall, these types of models can formalize knowledge about the toxicity of toxicants and organism sensitivity, create new hypotheses, and simulate temporal aspects of toxicity, making them useful tools for risk assessment.

See also
Ecotoxicology

Notes

References

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ATSDR. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ToxFAQs™ for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs). Web. <http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=140&tid=26>.
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Choi, S.M., Yoo, S.D., Lee, B.M. 2010. Toxicological Characteristics of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Developmental Toxicity, Carcinogenicity, and Mutagenicity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B: Critical Reviews, 7:1, 1-23

Colborn, T., Saal, F.S.V. and Soto, A.M. 1993. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101, 378-384.
Goussen, B., Rendal, C., Sheffield, D., Butler, E., Price, O.R. and Ashauer, R. 2020. Bioenergetics modelling to analyse and predict the joint effects of multiple stressors: Meta-analysis and model corroboration. Science of the Total Environment 749, 141509 DOI: doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141509
Guillette, L.J., Crain, D.A., Gunderson, M.P., Kools, S.A.E., Milnes, M.R., Orlando, E.F., Rooney, A.A. and Woodward, A.R. 2000. *Alligators and endocrine disrupting contaminants: A current perspective. American Zoologist 40, 438-452.
Jager T, Albert C, Preuss T, Ashauer R. 2011. General unified threshold model of survival – a Toxicokinetic-Toxicodynamic framework for ecotoxicology. Environmental Science and Technology 45: 2529-2540.
Manibusan MK, Odin M, Eastmond DA. 2007. Postulated Carbon Tetrachloride Mode of Action: A Review. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 25(3): 185-209.
National Toxicology Program (NTP). 2011. Carbon Tetrachloride: Report on Carcinogens (12th ed.). https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/content/profiles/carbontetrachloride.pdf
Newman, M. C. (2010). Fundamentals of Ecotoxicology (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Pait, A.S. and J.O. Nelson. 2002. Endocrine Disruption in Fish: An Assessment of Recent Research and Results. NOAA Tech. Memo. NOS NCCOS CCMA 149. Silver Spring, MD:NOAA, NOS, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment. 55. 4-5.
Perrin, William. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press, 2009. 894. eBook.
Rabergh C.M.I. and Lipsky M.M. 1997. Toxicity of Chloroform and Carbon Tetrachloride in Primary Cultures of Rainbow Trout Hepatocytes. Aquat Toxicol. 37: 169-182.
Rand, G.M. (1995). Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Effects, Environmental Fate, and Risk Assessment (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Taylor and Francis.
Tabb, M.M. and Blumberg, B. 2006. New modes of action for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Molecular Endocrinology 20, 475-482.
VanDelft J.H.M., Van Agen E, Van Breda S.G.J., Herwijnen M.H., Staal Y.C.M., Kleinjans J.C.S. 2004. Discrimination of Genotoxic from Non-genotoxic Carcinogens by Gene Expression Profiling. Carcinogenesis. 25:1265-1276.

Toxicology
Pharmacodynamics
Pollution


This lovely home with fantastic golf course views is situated on a cul-de-sac in the Marbella Estates community. There are soaring ceilings in the Living Room, and a Gourmet Kitchen with granite counters, island, pantry and breakfast room in an inviting, open floor plan. The Master Bedroom boasts a balcony with expansive views, a luxurious bath, and a spacious walk-in closet. The raised patio offers views and privacy. The loft and 3 guest bedrooms including a main level en suite bedroom complete this estate.


My website has badly needed a facelift for several years. I am in the process of updating it from the 90's horror that it is to a more modern format (social media links instead of lame animated gifs!). I have a lot of articles to update/move so this could take a while.
FeistyFeathers.com is still up and running if you want to read all my articles, but it will be retired (or rather, redirected) after I move everything over. Thank you for your patience!


text:
namespace RegistrationApp.DataAccess
{
    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;

    public partial class Professor
    {
        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Usage", "CA2214:DoNotCallOverridableMethodsInConstructors")]
        public Professor()
        {
            this.Courses = new HashSet<Cours>();
        }

        public int ProfessorId { get; set; }
        public Nullable<int> CourseId { get; set; }
        public string Department { get; set; }
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
        public string LastName { get; set; }
        public Nullable<int> Gender { get; set; }
        public Nullable<int> ScheduleId { get; set; }
        public bool Active { get; set; }

        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Usage", "CA2227:CollectionPropertiesShouldBeReadOnly")]
        public virtual ICollection<Cours> Courses { get; set; }
        public virtual ProfessorSchedule ProfessorSchedule { get; set; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
'use strict';

function phpRoutes($stateProvider) {

    var php = {
        name: 'php', // state name
        url: '/php', // url path that activates this state
        template: '<div php-view></div>', // generate the Directive "phpView" - when calling the directive in HTML, the name must not be camelCased
        data: {
            moduleClasses: 'statics', // assign a module class to the <body> tag
            pageClasses: 'php', // assign a page-specific class to the <body> tag
            pageTitle: 'Php Samples', // set the title in the <head> section of the index.html file
            pageDescription: 'Php Samples' // meta description in <head>
        }
    };

    $stateProvider.state(php);
}
phpRoutes.$inject = ['$stateProvider'];
module.exports = phpRoutes;


text:
by Stuart Dunn - Chairman - Holdun Family Office Canada | Nov 1, 2019 | Featured, Stu's Stew
Christa and I had planned a trip to Newfoundland in September with another couple, neither of whom had ever been to the island, fondly known as "The Rock". We had escaped Hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas only to be greeted by the tail end of Dorian off the west coast of the island, but we'll get to that tale later.
After spending two days touring delightful St. John's with its' colourful rows of "jellybean houses", we embarked on an astonishingly long drive northward to Norris Point in Gros Morne National Park. The length of the drive not only provided clear testimony of our utter ignorance of the enormous size of The Rock but also gave us ample opportunity to marvel at its endlessly unadulterated but raw beauty.
From glorious Norris Point we forged on in such heavy driving rain that any further appreciation of our surroundings was essentially eliminated, eventually arriving at L'Anse aux Meadows, the UNESCO World Heritage Site which is the only Viking site in North America. What a fascinating site to visit; it did not disappoint.
It was but a brief jaunt to the dock for Quirpon Island (which is inexplicably pronounced "carpoon"). Although we had been informed that we would be taken over to the island by boat, we were taken
aback to discover that this was but a small zodiac. It being extremely windy as we embarked, the waters were roiling mightily and the frigid waves were high. In spite of these rather obvious conditions, our old salt of a "captain" never thought to suggest that we put on our wet gear before departure; only when we were already completely soaked to the skin did he casually haul out waterproof ponchos and tossed them to us. Wonderful – thanks so much. On the positive side – it was certainly memorable junket. For the duration of our two-day visit, the winds continued unabated so that our whale watching excursion (also on a zodiac) was perhaps mercifully cancelled and whatever hiking we did manage to do around the island was a considerable challenge. Gripping walking sticks, one had to lean 45 degrees into the wind, with head bent down and eyes fiercely surveying the rocky terrain, it was impossible to really appreciate the rugged beauty of the island.
Subsequently finding ourselves marooned in Cow Head due to the imminent onslaught of Hurricane Dorian was a cosmic joke. Cow Head – as you can probably imagine – does not have much to offer. Surprisingly, for lack of anything else to do, we loved the pub that we hung out in. Here we were entertained by a riveting US Open finals match showing on the TV, which had the added advantage of occupying several hours of our time. But best of all was the parade of locals who showed up around 9 pm for their regular Sunday night dart tournament. It was impossible to decide what was more fun to watch – the tennis match or the local competition. Eventually, the dart game got so loud and boisterous that we retired to watch in our room, but I was sorry to leave. Our little breakfast waitress got into the finals – the prize was either a bologna steak (a Newfie favourite) or household supplies of toilet paper or paper towels. Really …you cannot make this up.
On the previous night, pre-Dorian, we watched a one-man play about Joey Smallwood which was outstanding.
So, although it was not the experience we had planned, it turned out to be great fun. And with Dorian still a memory, we did manage to go on the boat ride through the fiords…In my view, the stunning waterfalls, rocks and trees were not the highlight – what I loved most was the loudly blaring, boisterous Newfie songs which the crew played on the return leg of the trip. Spoons, tambourines and other unknown instruments were brought out by the crew who then gently coerced the reluctant passengers to participate. Thus we were provided with some hugely entertaining performances.
Best of all was a staid, elegant elderly gentleman who suddenly jumped up and launched into an astonishingly spry and expert jig. It was fabulous.
Our short little adventure on the rock left us with lots of memories, the best of which are of the many delightfully quirky locals, who live in equally quirky places such as "Come by Chance", "Nameless Cove", or "Little Heart's Desire".
There is no other place quite like "The Rock" – it is well worth a visit.
We love sharing our stories. If you would like to share yours, we would love to hear them!


text:
from __future__ import annotations

from unittest.mock import patch

from hc.payments.models import Subscription
from hc.test import BaseTestCase

class UpdatePaymentMethodTestCase(BaseTestCase):
    @patch("hc.payments.models.braintree")
    def test_it_retrieves_paypal(self, mock):
        mock.paypal_account.PayPalAccount = dict
        mock.credit_card.CreditCard = list
        mock.PaymentMethod.find.return_value = {"email": "foo@example.org"}

        Subscription.objects.create(user=self.alice, subscription_id="fake-id")

        self.client.login(username="alice@example.org", password="password")
        r = self.client.get("/accounts/profile/billing/payment_method/")
        self.assertContains(r, "foo@example.org")

    @patch("hc.payments.models.braintree")
    def test_it_retrieves_cc(self, mock):
        mock.paypal_account.PayPalAccount = list
        mock.credit_card.CreditCard = dict
        mock.PaymentMethod.find.return_value = {"masked_number": "1***2"}

        Subscription.objects.create(user=self.alice, subscription_id="fake-id")

        self.client.login(username="alice@example.org", password="password")
        r = self.client.get("/accounts/profile/billing/payment_method/")
        self.assertContains(r, "1***2")


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Is Morus Relais is placed in Santa Margherita di Pula, one of the most charming places on the Southern coast. Beautiful beaches with white sand and a pine forest behind, bays of crystal clear waters, a reign of silence in the scent of the maquis. The wonderful weather of this area, unique in the Island, is due to the surrounding mountains preventing the cold Northern wind thus ensuring mild temperatures for the whole year.
Is Morus Relais is an oasis of luxury in the pristine nature of a 7-hectare park sloping gently to the sea with the enchanting backdrop to the Hotel's private beaches.
The Is Morus Relais fits seamlessly into the beauty of the surrounding landscape.
The classic features of Mediterranean architecture are found in the main building, the suites and 18 villas nestled amidst laurel, myrtle, juniper and olive trees. 55 rooms in the main building, most with balconies. 18 villas with patios and private gardens, the furniture and the fabrics are reminescence of the ancient tradition of Sardinian handicraft.
The exclusive beach is in a bay with turquoise water and pink sandy shoreline. Within a few spes the swmimming pool with jacuzzi area. The Relais offers the typical flavours of the Sardinian tradition and the best Italian cooking in its two restaurants, La Terrazza and The Grill.
Onsite or outside sport activities like tennis, golf, horse-riding, sailing and water sports are available.
Spoken languages: Italian, English, French, Spanish, Russian.
Opening season: 16 May - 11 October.
Bar, Laundry, 24-Hour Front Desk, Air-conditioning, Parking, Heating, Meeting/Banquet Facilities, Newspapers, Outdoor Swimming Pool, Pets Allowed, Restaurant, Family Rooms, Luggage Storage, Banquet Facilities, Garden.
- Children from 2 to 12 years not completed: 50% reduction on adult's rate.
- cancellations from 7 o 0 days before the arrival date, no-shows and early departures: 100% penalty.
Pets: only small dogs are admitted (up to a maximum of 6 kg) and exclusively in the villas. Pets are strictly forbidden in public areas and on the beach.


text:
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John Whitcomb is a Managing Director in the Strategic Communications practice in FTI Consulting, and he is based in Washington, D.C. He is a member of the industrials sector and serves as the sector's lead for public affairs.
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Mr. Whitcomb is particularly focused on identifying and analyzing policy and regulatory trends, developing and executing integrated advocacy solutions, and advising on regulatory approvals for cross-border transactions (antitrust/competition and CFIUS) and has worked with a wide range of clients in aerospace and defense, chemicals, materials, and agriculture.
Prior to joining FTI Consulting, Mr. Whitcomb was part of C2GROUP, a highly regarded bipartisan government relations and lobbying firm, which was acquired by FTI Consulting in 2013. In his role as legislative analyst, Mr. Whitcomb provided research and insight on a variety of policy and regulatory issues, including trade, taxation, transportation, and government appropriations. He also helped manage an industry trade organization that advocated for tax changes to the Internal Revenue Code.
Mr. Whitcomb has political experience at the state and Federal levels. He served as a policy intern for former Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels and then-Congressman Mike Pence.
Mr. Whitcomb completed his undergraduate studies at Cedarville University with a degree in Political Science.
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Smith (1882 - 1948) was an admirer of Emily Bronte's life, poetry and novel as well as Haworth with its surrounding moorland. The exhibition features Smith's pictures of Haworth and the First World War.
In the picture: "The Path to Wuthering Heights".


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Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Sahib - Gurudwaras in India.
This Gurudwara is a very important site of worship for the Sikhs. Every year on the day of Guru Nanak Jayanthi there are extensive steps that are taken to celebrate the day with pomp and grandeur. The place is set up with bright colours and multi coloured flags to celebrate the spirit of joy on these days. Devotees throng to the Gurudwara to chip in with their efforts in the activities - whether it is cleaning the place, decorating the place, or cooking food for the pilgrims who gather there.
Guru Nanak ji travelled extensively in the southern parts of India when he started his second trip around India. He first had darshan at the Omkareshwar Shiva temple that lies on River Narmada and then started moving south through Golconda and Hyderabad. He never put a cap to any religion and visited Muslim saints like Yakoob Ali and Pir Jalaludin. These Islam leaders were staying in Bidar and so Guru Nanak had stayed at the border of the district of Bidar. Those days Guru Nanakji had stayed here along with Mardana who was his aide. Today the Gurudwara stands in exactly the same place that Guru Nanak stayed.
Guruji had stayed in Bidar and conducted his religious sermons in this place. There were pilgrims from all over the country who had come to listen to his speeches.Even today there are inscriptions with the Guru's preaching and this is considered to be very holy by the Sikhs.
The story that goes behind the construction of the Gurudwara is also very interesting. When Guru Nanak stayed in Bidar he was appalled at the miserable condition of the villagers who didn't have enough water for survival. This led them to face a lot of hardships and Guru Nanak wanted to save them from this suffering. So, he used his toe to displace some sand from the peak of the hillock and water gushed out like a spring. The place came to be known as Nanak Jhira.
The fountain of water can be seen to this day and the Gurudwara has been constructed just by the side of the fountain. There is an amritkund which is a receptor for the water that gushes out from the fountain is also seen here. The Gurudwara is a symbol of peace and tranquillity and the water fountain and the preaching inscribed in the Gurudwara stand as a true testimony to the power of Guru Nanak and his compassion towards people whore were in distress. This makes this Gurudwara one of the most visited Sikh religious sites and attracts a lot of tourists. According to the records, there are close to five lakh devotees who come and have darshan of Guru Nanak annually.
Other than the compassion and preaching of Guru Nanak there are a lot of reasons for the Sikhs and devotees of other religions coming over to visit this Gurudwara all through the year. Religion is no barrier for people who are looking for peace of mind and some quiet solace, and that is present in this Gurudwara in abundance. The Gurudwara also has a lot of devotee welfare schemes that encourages devotees to visit this place.
Devotees who come here are all treated to free food and this is a very nice gesture by the Gurudwara authorities. The Sikh museum throws a lot of light in the Sikh Culture and this is a great attraction to the tourists who visit here. Non Sikhs who visit this museum get to know a lot about the Sikh culture. As a social responsibility the Gurudwara authorities also manage effectively and efficiently a school, one engineering college, an institute for polytechnic studies and a hospital that offers free treatment.
Begumpet airport at Hyderabad is the nearest airport.From there the pilgrims can take buses to the site of the Gurudwara. These buses are available at frequent intervals.
Gulbarga and Bidar are nearest railway stations. Bidar is obviously nearer, but may have limited connectivity. There are better train connections from all over to Gulbarga and the pilgrims can take a bus to Bidar.
The temple is located on the highways from Bangalore to Hyderabad. There are good bus connections that reach the pilgrims at Bidar.


text:
Scientists at Large Hadron Collider suffer another setback in the search for elusive 'God particle'
Updated: 06:26 EST, 30 March 2010
The Large Hadron Collider has had to be shut down today after an abnormal electric signal caused automatic protection systems to switch it off.
Operators at the world's largest atom smasher were today due to launch the search for the elusive 'God particle' that could lead to the discovery of fundamental new physics.
Beams have been circulating in the collider at 3.5 trillion electron volts for 11 days - three-and-a-half times higher than the previous record set last year.
Setback: An abnormal electrical signal has caused the Large Hadron Collider to shut down as scientists launched a bid to collide particles at record energy levels
The beams at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, or CERN, have been kept apart, but scientists were due to start trying to collide them from today in a new bid to discover the secrets of the universe.
But the technical problem as postponed the start of the testing as engineers investigate the cause of the electrical signal and hope to achieve the first collisions after 12:30pm.
The higher energy is meant to increase the likelihood that scientists will be able to examine the smallest particles and forces within the atom, including the Higgs boson or 'God particle', which could reveal more about the make-up of matter.
It is difficult to achieve the necessary collisions because the particles are so tiny that they miss each other as the beams are crossed.
Steve Myers, CERN's director for accelerators and technology, described the challenge of lining up the beams as like 'firing needles across the Atlantic and getting them to collide half way'.
Breakthrough: Scientists hope to find out more about anti-matter and the existence of the 'God particle' during the testing
Fears were raised after the collider's initial testing in 2008 that it could create micro black holes that would eventually endanger Earth.
But scientists at CERN dismissed any threat to the planet and said any such holes would be so weak that they would vanish almost instantly without causing any damage.
The collider, in a 17-mile tunnel under the Swiss-French border in Geneva, has been running smoothly since November when it was restarted following extensive repairs.
It soon eclipsed its nearest rival - the Tevatron at Fermilab near Chicago - pushing its energy to 1.18 trillion electron volts, or Tev. Tevatron operates at 0.98 Tev.
The Large Hadron Collider was launched with much expectation on September 10, 2008, but was sidetracked nine days later.
A badly-soldered electrical splice overheated, causing extensive damage to the massive magnets and other parts of the collider some 300 ft below the ground.
It cost £26.7 million to repair and improve the machine so that it could be used again at the end of November.
Since then the collider has performed almost flawlessly, giving scientists valuable data in the four-week run before Christmas.
Big Bang: A scientist monitors data at the CERN site on the border of France and Switzerland
Scientists hope the collision will reveal the answers to some of physics' unanswered questions including the existence of anti-matter and the Higgs boson - a hypothetical particle that scientists think gives mass to other particles and therefore all objects in the universe.
They hope to approach on a tiny scale what happened in the split seconds after the Big Bang.
Rolf-Dieter Heuer, the director-general of CERN, has said it is likely to take months before any scientific discoveries are made, partly because computers will have to sort through massive amounts of data produced by the collisions.
Mr Heuer said researchers hoped by the end of this year to make discoveries into the dark matter that scientists believe comprises 26 per cent of the universe. The better understood visible matter makes up only 4 per cent of the universe.
Dark matter has been theorised by scientists to account for missing mass and bent light in far-away galaxies. Scientists believe it makes galaxies spin faster.
A separate entity called 'dark energy', making up the remaining 70 per cent of the universe, is believed to be linked to the vacuum that is evenly distributed in space and time. It is believed to accelerate the expansion of the universe.
Other possible candidates for discovery are hidden dimensions of space and time.
Large Hadron Collider: Scientists suffer another setback in search for elusive 'God particle'
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