High school students from all over the state can enter the NJ Youth Poet Laureate Contest by submitting five poems via our online form, found here, under the "Prepare the Submission" tab: https://www.wtnj.org/nj-youth-poet-laureate/. Four of the poems can be on any subject at all, but the fifth poem must relate to the 2019 theme "CAREGIVERS." The poems can be in any style of poetry, including rap or spoken word (though they must be submitted in written form), and can be new works created just for the contest or existing poems the poet has written. Prizes include a Governor's Award, opportunities for the poets to read their work throughout the state, and the publication of the poems in an anthology. For more information on the program, go to the NJYPL page here: https://www.wtnj.org/nj-youth-poet-laureate/ Deadline: January 15, 2019.
The Writers Theatre of New Jersey invites middle and high school students grades 4-12 to submit plays up to 20 pages in length. While we enjoy plays with "realistic" structures, we also encourage plays that are non-traditional and inventive. We look for strong plot, characterization, dialogue, conflict, theme, and originality. Plays may be on any topic, but there is a special category, "Living with Disabilities" designed to find plays either written by an author with a disability, or a play with themes or characters dealing with disabilities. Formatting instructions may be found under the Submissions Guidelines tab. Winning plays will be performed by professional actors. Deadline: January 15, 2019.
Submit 2 pieces of fiction. One, 1,500 word max, may be on any subject of your choosing. The second, 750 word max, must respond to the Annual Prompt. The 2019 prompt for the 750 story is "Caregivers." More Information: wtnj.org/jersey-shorts. Winner earns a Governor's Award and staged performance of her/his work. Deadline: January 15, 2019.
Achievement Awards in Writing is a school-based writing program established in 1957 to encourage 8th graders and juniors in their writing and to recognize publicly some of the best student writers in the nation. The National Council of Teachers of English recognize students cited as excellent writers by judges. Only students who are 8th GRADERS and JUNIORS in the current academic year may be nominated for the award. Each school selects its own nominee. Entries must include two pieces of writing, one "best" and the other responding to a theme designated by the contest. This year's theme can be found in the contest flyer. (2019 prompts: 8th grade: "Welcoming Unexpected Guests" and 11th grade: "The Human Chorus.") The deadline for schools to nominate students is 2/15/19. Nominees will be expected to revise their work based on teacher input before the final deadline.
The John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Essay Contest for grades 9-12 challenges students to write an original, creative essay of 700 – 1,000 words that demonstrates an understanding of political courage as described by John F. Kennedy in Profiles in Courage. Students must cite at least five sources such as government documents, letters, newspaper articles, books, and/or personal interviews. The first place winner and his/her nominating teacher will be invited to receive awards at the annual Profile in Courage Award ceremony held each May at the Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston. Deadline: January 18, 2019.
The Theater Project Young Playwrights Competition invites high school students age 13-18 to submit plays 10 -30 pages in length. Scripts must be original, no adaptations, and be submitted in play format. Winning plays will be performed by professional actors. One entry per student. There is an entry fee of $10. Questions? Email TheaterProject@aol.com or call 908-809-8865. Deadline: January 21, 2019.
Davidson awards $50,000, $25,ooo and $10,000 scholarships to extraordinary young people, 18 and younger, who have completed a significant piece of work. Submit a 60-75 page portfolio including 3 different genres: poetry, fiction, nonfiction and/or dramatic script; plus a table of contents, 2 application essays, 3 letters of recommendation from teachers familiar with your work, and a 10 minute video of you explaining your artistic vision. See website for details. Previous NA winner: Coleman Hughes '14 & Cosimo Fabrizio '18 for Music. Deadline for all materials: February 13, 2019, 11:59 p.m. Pacific Time.
The New York Times invites you to create a short video that defines or teaches any of the words in our vocabulary collection, which is now over 1,800 words strong. All the rules and regulations, as well as some inspiration from past winners, are on our website. Deadline: February 22, 2019.
The Kenyon Review will publish the winning short story in the Winter 2014 issue, and the author will be awarded a scholarship to attend the 2014 Writers Workshop, June in Gambier, Ohio.Writers must be 30 years of age or younger at the time of submission. Stories must be no more than 1200 words in length. One submission per entrant. Please do not simultaneously submit your contest entry to another magazine or contest. All work must be submitted through our electronic system. The submissions link will be active February 1st to February 28th.
The Atlantic and the College Board hold an annual writing contest to recognize the best high school essayists, with the writer of the grand prize-winning essay receiving a cash prize and publication in the magazine. For their essays, students this year will focus on important documents from American history. The annual contest seeks to identify promising young writers in the United States and around the world and to instill the analytical-writing skills critical to success in college and professional life. Sponsoring teachers can submit essays for students from January 1 to February 28. (NOTE: Contest NOT running in 2017).
Published by Susquehanna University, The Apprentice Writer features fiction, poetry, drama, personal essays and photographs by high school students. There are no restrictions on style, subject matter or length (up to 30 pages). We are looking for the best-written work and photography/graphics by high school students (grades 9-12) from the United States. Submission Deadline: March 15.
Note: this contest requires a $20 reading fee which gives you a one-year subscription to the magazine. Submit up to 3 poems and/or 1 short story up to 5,000 words. Flash fiction and plays welcome. The editors of The Claremont Review are looking for first class poetry and short stories by young adult writers (aged 13-19) anywhere in the English speaking world. We publish anything from traditional to post modern, but with a preference for works that reveal something of the human condition. We strongly urge contributors to read back issues of The Claremont Review. That is the best way for you to learn what we are looking for. Deadline: Postmarked by March 15. NOTE: On hiatus in 2019.
Imagine, a magazine of the Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth, holds an annual writing contest for students 18 and under. This year's genre is fiction. Students may enter up to 2 stories (no required theme) of up to 1,000 words each. Stories that have won other contests or that have appeared in any print or online publications are not eligible. here. You will see a screen confirming that your entry has been submitted. Questions may be directed to mhartman@jhu.edu. See the winning stories from previous years in our Fiction Archives. Deadline: Friday, March 16, 2017, at 5:00 p.m. (This contest is on temporary hiatus).
This competition is open to all residents of the US and Canada age 25 and younger (including middle school) regardless of ethnic background. The goal of the Sejong Writing Competition, which includes essay and poetry categories, is to discover children and young adults talented in writing and to encourage them to learn and write about Korea and its culture. This writing competition aims to increase the awareness and understanding of Korea's cultural heritage amongst the younger generations growing up in the United States. Deadline: March 31.
The Live Poets Society of New Jersey is open to students in grades 9-12. You may submit no more than one poem within a 90 day period. Poems must be 20 lines or less. Scholarship awards available. Deadline for Summer issue is March 31.
The NY Times Editorial Contest asks you to write an editorial on an issue that matters to you. It should be an evidence-based persuasive essay like the editorials The New York Times publishes every day — 450 words or less. At a time when breaking out of one's "filter bubble" is more important than ever, we hope this contest encourages students to broaden their news diets by using multiple sources, ideally ones that offer a range of perspectives on their chosen issue. Deadline: April 1st.
This contest invites writers ages 13-19 to submit once in each category. Fiction: 800-1000 words in the voice of a character from another country or culture. Poetry: one poem of no more than 100 lines in the voice of a character from another country or culture. Nonfiction: 800-1000 word essay about a social, political, environmental, or familial challenge faced by individuals within a cultural group, or a personal experience with another culture. Deadline: April 1st.
Adobe Youth Voices invites you to participate in the Aspire Awards, giving young creatives the opportunity to have their work showcased publicly. This media festival seeks to recognize outstanding creative projects that demonstrate imagination and expression along with an evident motivation for social change. Categories include narrative, poetry/experimental, music video, audio, documentary, digital photography, etc. Deadline: Mid-April.
The Norman Mailer Center and Writers Colony and the National Council of Teachers of English jointly sponsor the annual Norman Mailer High School and College Writing Awards for creative nonfiction. Entries of 10 single-spaced pages or less will be accepted online only and may include one or more pieces of writing. Quality is far more important than quantity. Entries must be endorsed by a teacher and released by a parent or guardian. Winners receive travel and lodging to attend the Colony's National Award Ceremony and a $5,000 award. Entries accepted March 1–April 30, Noon CST. (TAKING A ONE YEAR HIATUS IN 2018. CONTEST WILL RESUME IN 2019).
For National Poetry Month, we introduce Dear Poet, a multimedia educational project that invites young people in grades 5-12 to write a letter in response to poems shared by some of the award-winning poets who serve on the Academy of American Poets Board of Chancellors. Students—to participate in Dear Poet, watch the videos on the link of poets reading one of their poems. Then, write a response letter to one of the poets and email it to us at dearpoet@poets.org. Your "letter" can take the form of a poem. Please include your name and the name of the poet below who has inspired your letter. We will consider all student letters for publication on Poets.org in May. Deadline: April 30.
Sponsored by Polyphony, a student-run national literary magazine, the Claudia Ann Seaman Awards are open to all students in grades 9–12. Each participant may submit a total of three works, either poems, stories, essays, or any combination (1500 word limit for fiction and creative non-fiction. All submissions must contain the necessary contact information; see website for details. Cash award is $200. Deadline: May 30.
Teen Ink will only consider original fiction written by teens. Entries of all genres are accepted, whether fantasy, horror, sci-fi or romance. Short stories should be between 500 and 2,500 words. Send your short stories to: Teen Ink Biannual Fiction Contest, Box 30, Newton, MA 02461. All fiction pieces submitted to Teen Ink are automatically considered for the Fiction Contest. See our submission guidelines for more information. Poetry and nonfiction contest entries are accepted throughout the year. Fiction deadline: May 1.
The Young Poets Network offers a variety of writing challenges and contests throughout the year for poets age 25 and under from all over the world. Check Young Poets Network website for details. Send as many poems as you like. If you are sending a written version of your poem, please include it in the body of an email. If you are sending a video or audio file, please attach it to the email (making sure it's no bigger than 4MB or it won't come through) or send us a link to where we can see/hear it. Send your poems to educationadmin@poetrysociety.org.uk with your name, age and address. By entering, you give permission for Young Poets Network to reproduce your poem in print and online, though copyright remains with you. The deadline is May 31 (U.K. time).
The New York Times Student Podcast Challenge invites teenagers to submit original work, of five minutes or less, by May 29 at 11:59 p.m. Eastern. Our favorites will then be featured on The Learning Network. The submission form and all the rules and details you'll need are on the website. Deadline: May 28, 2019.
Open to all New Jersey middle and high school students. Entries must be poems or short essays no longer than 300 words based on an annual prompt (a quote from Mahatma Gandhi) which you can find at: http://www.aia-sj.org/. Contest is sponsored by the Association of Indians in America. Cash awards range from $50 to $250. Deadline: June 15.
The Young Poets Network offers a variety of writing challenges and contests throughout the year for poets age 25 and under from all over the world. Check Young Poets Network website for details. Send as many poems as you like. If you are sending a written version of your poem, please include it in the body of an email. If you are sending a video or audio file, please attach it to the email (making sure it's no bigger than 4MB or it won't come through) or send us a link to where we can see/hear it. Send your poems to educationadmin@poetrysociety.org.uk with your name, age and address. By entering, you give permission for Young Poets Network to reproduce your poem in print and online, though copyright remains with you. The deadline is June 18 (U.K. time).
The Live Poets Society of New Jersey is open to students in grades 9-12. You may submit no more than one poem within a 90 day period. Poems must be 20 lines or less. Scholarship awards available. Deadline for Fall issue is June 30.
Sponsored by the Poetry Society, the Foyle Young Poets Award is the UK's largest poetry competition for 11-17 year olds. The competition is free to enter.Individuals may enter more than one poem, however we strongly advise that you concentrate on drafting and redrafting your poems and send only a small selection of your very best (we suggest no more than 6-8 maximum). Remember, quality is more important than quantity! See Full Rules. Deadline: July 31.
Mid-June through August, every Friday the New York Times asks students, "What interested you most in The Times this week? Why?" You then have until the following Friday to answer, when a team of Times journalists choose their favorite responses, and we publish them here. Post any questions you might have in the comments or write us at LNFeedback@nytimes.com. You can also watch our webinar on summer and independent reading to learn more. The contest runs from June 15 to Aug. 24.
The Live Poets Society of New Jersey is open to students in grades 9-12. You may submit no more than one poem within a 90 day period. Poems must be 20 lines or less. Scholarship awards available. Deadline for Winter issue is September 30.
The mission of YoungArts, a program of the National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts, is to identify emerging artists and assist them at critical junctures in their educational and professional development, and to raise the appreciation for, and support of, the arts in American Society. The program offers scholarships in nine disciplines: cinematic arts, dance, jazz, music, photography, theater, visual arts, voice and writing. The sub-categories for writing are: poetry (up to 6 poems, 10 pages max), creative nonfiction (up to 3 essays, 20 pages max), scriptwriting, novel excerpts and short stories (up to 3 stories, 20 pages max). The entry fee per category is $35. Deadline: October 12, 2018.
The Iowa Young Writers' Studio offers online courses for high school students independently of the summer residential program in creative writing, fiction writing and poetry writing. All courses will be taught by graduates of the Iowa Writers' Workshop. The courses will run for six weeks, from mid-January through February. The online courses will require approximately three hours of engagement per week, which will include writing assignments, reading assigned materials, critiquing classmates' writing, and participating in online discussions. The courses are asynchronous, meaning that students can complete the weekly assignments and post in the discussion forums on their own schedule in their free time. Students who complete the course and meet all requirements will receive one college credit from the University of Iowa. Deadline: Early November.
Each year, the Bennington Young Writers Competition invites students in the 10th, 11th, or 12th grade to submit their original writing for the Bennington Young Writers Competition. First-place winners in each category are awarded a prize of $500; second-place winners receive $250. Students submit one of the following: poetry (a group of three poems), fiction (a short story or one-act play), nonfiction (a personal or academic essay). More than 2,300 students submitted poetry, fiction, and nonfiction to last year's Young Writers Competition. We congratulate all entrants on their extraordinary submissions. Entries were judged by current Bennington students and literature faculty members. Deadline: November 1, 2018.
Review a book, movie, restaurant, album, theatrical production, video game, dance, TV show, art exhibit or any other kind of work The Times critiques. Deadline: November 14.
One Teen Story is open to students age 14-19. Short stories should be between 1,500 to 4,000 words and be the writer's own original, unpublished work. Previously published stories and stories forthcoming at other publications cannot be considered. No entry form or fee is required. Deadline: November 15, 2018.
Eligibility is limited to students in the eleventh grade during the current academic year. Applicants may submit up to three poems. The jury will consist of members of the Princeton University Creative Writing faculty such as Michael Dickman, Paul Muldoon, Tracy K. Smith, and Susan Wheeler. See website for details. Submissions must be submitted electronically by November 30, 2018.
This contest is open only to writers whose fiction has not appeared, nor is scheduled to appear, in any print publication with a circulation over 5,000. Most entries run from 1,500 – 6,000 words, but any lengths up to 12,000 words are welcome. Reading fee: $15 per story. Please no more than three submissions per contest. Prizes: 1st place wins $1,500, publication in Glimmer Train Stories, and 20 copies of that issue. Deadline: November 30, 2018.
The Patricia Grodd Poetry Prize for Young Writers recognizes outstanding young poets and is open to high school sophomores and juniors throughout the world. The contest winner receives a full scholarship to the Kenyon Review Young Writers workshop. In addition, the winning poem will be published in The Kenyon Review. The runners up will also see their poems published. Submissions for the contest will be accepted electronically November 1 through November 30, 2018. One entry per student.
Submit an essay of 1,00o words or less on the following topic: TBA. Winner earns $500. Submit to the Teen Ink website by November 30, 2018.
Every year, in affiliation with the Library of Congress Center for the Book, River of Words sponsors a free international poetry and art contest for Grades K-12 on the theme of the environment. Entries may be submitted electronically through the website. POETRY: 32-line max. PHOTOGRAPHY or ARTWORK: 11×17 max. Grand Prize and international winners receive an all-expense-paid trip to Washington, D.C., to attend the awards ceremony at the Library of Congress. Deadline: December 1, 2018.
The Scholastic Writing Awards Alliance for Young Writers accepts submissions from students in grades 7 through 12. Students can earn opportunities for recognition, exhibition, publication and scholarships. Works designated as Gold Keys on the regional level are forwarded for national-level review where they can earn Silver Medals and Gold Medals. Categories include dramatic script, humor, journalism, personal essay, poetry, novel writing, science fiction, and short story. Deadline: December 5, 2018.
The Letters About Literature contest is sponsored by the Center for the Book in the Library of Congress. Students write to an author describing how that author's work somehow changed his/her view of the world or himself/herself. Readers respond to the book they've read by exploring the personal relationship between themselves, the author and the book's characters or themes. Entries must be electronically uplaoded by December 14, 2018 here: http://www.read.gov/letters. NOTE: Students under 13 must include a parental permission form. See website for details.
High School students may submit one entry per category: essay, fiction and poetry. Essays and fiction may be no more than five typed, doubled-spaced pages. Poem may be up to 50 lines. Include on the entry your name, address, grade, teacher's name, school name and school address. Include a letter from a teacher stating that the work is original and by you. All work must include a title. Mail to: Dr. Roberta Clipper, English Department, Rider University, 2083 Lawrenceville Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648. Winners receive $100 and possible inclusion in Rider's literary magazine, Venture. Deadline: Postmarked by December 15, 2018.
NJCTE invites New Jersey students in grades 9-12 to participate in its annual Writing Contest. Categories include poetry (one poem, 50 line max), short story (5-page max), and personal essay (5 page max). Check the website for this year's themed essay contest. 2018 Nonfiction Theme: "Truth and Illusion." Poetry and Fiction have no required theme. See website for details. Click here to register for the contest. NOTE: Teachers may only sponsor up to 10 students. If you are the 11th student, your work will be disqualified. Ask your English or Creative Writing teacher to sponsor you. Ms. James will sponsor up to 10 students on a first come/first served basis. Deadline: December 16, 2018.
<Louise Louis/Emily F. Bourne Student Poetry Award $250. This prize is awarded for the best unpublished poem by a student in grades 9 through 12 from the United States. Teachers or administrators may submit an unlimited number of their students' poems (one submission per student). Print out the cover form, fill out the information, and staple it to the poem. The poem itself should have no name on it. Deadline: Postmarked by December 22, 2018 or give to Ms. James by December 18 for inclusion in a group mailing from NA.
The Live Poets Society of New Jersey is open to students in grades 9-12. You may submit no more than one poem within a 90 day period. Poems must be 20 lines or less. Scholarship awards available. Deadline for Spring issue is December 31.
Figment hosts a variety of contests on an ongoing basis throughout the year. Check website for current contests.


GlaxoSmithKline PLC (London) and Google parent Alphabet Inc. (Mountain View CA) have teamed up to develop what they call bioelectronic medicines, or treatments that use miniature implanted electronic devices to modify how electrical impulses are transmitted around the nervous system.
The Wall Street Journal reported that Glaxo signed an agreement with Verily Life Sciences LLC, formerly Google Life Sciences, to create Galvani Bioelectronics. It said the pair would spend as much as £540 million ($714 million) over seven years on the venture, provided they succeeded in hitting various milestones along the way.
Glaxo will control 55% of the new company and Verily will hold the rest. Many biological processes are controlled by electrical signals transmitted from the nervous system to the body's organs. Glaxo said early-stage research in its laboratories suggested that distortions of those signaling pathways were involved in several long-term diseases including diabetes, asthma and arthritis.
Galvani Bioelectronics would bring together Glaxo's knowledge of drug discovery and development with Verily's expertise in miniaturizing low-power electronics, data analytics and building software for clinical applications, Glaxo said.
Initial work would focus on developing miniature electronic devices to test out that concept in humans for the first time, Glaxo said. The treatment would likely work by attaching miniature electronic devices to individual nerves, said Moncef Slaoui, Glaxo's head of vaccines and chairman of Galvani Bioelectronics.
"If successful, this approach offers the potential for a new therapeutic modality alongside traditional medicines and vaccines," Mr. Slaoui said.
Several pharmaceutical companies have teamed up with Google's parent to develop new digital approaches to medicine. Novartis AG (Basel CHE) is working with the tech company to develop a "smart contact lens" for diabetes patients that can monitor blood glucose levels in tears to treat the condition.
Sanofi SA (Paris)is also working with Google on new ways to monitor and treat diabetes. Kris Famm, who heads up bioelectronics research at Glaxo, will be president of the new company. Andrew Conrad, CEO of Verily, will sit on Galvani's board. Galvani Bioelectronics will be based at Glaxo's research center in Stevenage in the U.K., with a second research hub at Verily's facilities in San Francisco, Glaxo said.
The U.K. government said the decision that the venture be based there demonstrated the "global appeal" of Britain's scientific expertise, according to the WSJ. It is the second time Glaxo has announced a large investment in the U.K. since Britons voted to leave the European Union in a referendum in June. Last week, the company said it would spend £275 million to increase capacity at three of its U.K. factories, a decision CEO Andrew Witty said was made despite Britain's Brexit vote.
Steve's Take: The advance of Google and other tech firms into life sciences has given drug developers a new source of partners with complementary skills, but also raises a discomforting question: Long term, are these companies allies or rivals?
For Roche Holding AG (Basel CHE) CEO Severin Schwan, the answer is still unclear. Japanese news service Nikkei recently put the sticky situation to Schwan in the most direct way possible, asking: "Google: Competitor or partner in the future?" Schwan is unsure. "I don't know yet. We will see how things go," he said.
The uncertainty hasn't stopped Roche's peers from hooking up with Google. As noted above, Roche's cross-town rival Novartis AG has licensed "smart" contact lens technology from Google, while Sanofi has teamed up with the West Coast tech giant to collaborate on the application of miniaturized electronics to diabetes care.
While Schwan has doubts about the long-term intentions of Google and its kind, he is a believer in the value of pairing the IT skills of tech companies with the life science know-how of drug developers.
"IT companies have a lot of capabilities around digitizing and analyzing data. Also, in analyzing big data, they have the tools, the algorithms, etc. But what they miss is the medical knowledge, the understanding of biology. They can't ask the right questions. They can program but they don't know what to program," Schwan said.
The Swiss drugmaker's CEO has first-hand experience of how such alliances can sour, though. Schwan was at the helm of Roche when the decision was made to pull the plug on a collaboration with IBM, which was working with it on the creation of a nanopore-based sequencing platform until 2013.
These IT giants are strange bedfellows to be sure. But Google, Apple and IBM-Watson see massive gains to be gotten in deals with big pharma. I especially favor Google and Apple (and not because they are my California neighbors) because they are so nimble and prescient spotting trends that portend high dividends.
I wouldn't bet against them in holding their own with stodgy-ish pharma. They all have to grow, and with boomers like me crashing the ER gates with our wearying bodies, healthcare is set to keep growing for the foreseeable future.


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Royal Street (; ) is a street in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. It is one of the original streets of the city, dating from the early 18th century, and is known today for its antique shops, art galleries, and hotels.

History Of Royal Street

The street starts at Canal Street (above Canal Street, the corresponding street is uptown New Orleans' St. Charles Avenue). Royal runs down through the French Quarter, Faubourg Marigny, Bywater, and Lower Ninth Ward neighborhoods to the Jackson Barracks. The Industrial Canal forms a gap in the street between the Bywater and Lower Ninth Ward neighborhoods.

The portion of Rue Royale in the upper French Quarter (toward Canal Street) is known for its opulent antique shops and art galleries. The prices at those shops tend to be high; indeed, the area has been listed as one of the world's most expensive places to shop. The finer antique stores display not simply items that are old, but such rare items as pieces of fine furniture owned by royalty of past centuries. The 700 block of Royal features the galleries of New Orleans-based artists Ally Burguieres and George Rodrigue.

Each afternoon, three blocks of Royal Street in the Quarter, between St. Louis and St. Ann Streets, are closed to traffic to create a pedestrian zone.  At that time numerous street performers set up. Outstanding, up-and-coming New Orleans jazz musicians can be heard in the vicinity, although performers vary widely. Royal Street also contains restaurants and hotels, notably the Hotel Monteleone, a family-owned high-rise established in the late 19th century.

Despite catastrophic effects of 2005's Hurricane Katrina in much of New Orleans, Royal Street was spared the flood, other than in the lower ninth ward. The French Quarter, originally the city itself, was built upon naturally-higher ground next to a curve in the Mississippi River.

See also
Brennan's
Haunting of the Octoroon Mistress
Downtown New Orleans
The Historic New Orleans Collection
National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans Parish, Louisiana
List of streets of New Orleans

References

Streets in New Orleans
Economy of New Orleans
Shopping districts and streets in the United States
Tourist attractions in New Orleans
French Quarter

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Pueblo Police Department sounding the alarm about 'puffer' thefts
Justin Reutter
The Pueblo Police Department is warning members of the community that if they leave their vehicles running unattended to warm up during the winter months, they're creating an easy target for car thieves.
"Puffer" thefts occur when a vehicle is left running and unattended, often to warm up a vehicle as its owner prepares to leave.
Four puffer thefts were reported in Pueblo in November, said Meagan Chapman, Pueblo PD spokesperson. A total of 51 puffer thefts have been reported so far this year out of a total 1,551 reported auto thefts in Pueblo; 64 puffer thefts were recorded in 2021, according to Pueblo police data.
Leaving a vehicle unattended with its engine running isn't just dangerous, it can result in a municipal citation, Chapman said. The citation for an unattended motor vehicle, specifically failure to turn off the ignition or remove its keys, is $75 plus court fees, according to Pueblo Municipal Court's fines and fees schedule on the court's website.
Pueblo public safety news:St. Mary Corwin and 4 security guards sued for wrongful death of Pueblo man in 2021
Pueblo is one of the top 10 cities in the country for auto theft per capita, according to a report from the Common Sense Institute, a "non-partisan research organization dedicated to the protection and promotion of Colorado's economy." Pueblo ranks ninth in the U.S., behind No. 2 Denver, No. 3 Aurora and No. 8 Westminster.
While puffer thefts comprise just a small percentage of overall car thefts, Pueblo police have conducted several campaigns to raise awareness about the issue over the last several years, including holding annual "puffer weeks."
Pueblo PD conducts its annual awareness efforts because auto theft doesn't just hurt the victim, but the community at large, Chapman said.
"The victim loses their transportation to work, school, family priorities, grocery store, and so on," she said. "It's stressful to have to deal with the insurance and could possibly cause a financial burden acquiring another vehicle, not to mention any valuables that were in the vehicle are also gone.
"It negatively impacts the community because stolen vehicles are often used in other crimes, such as drive-by shootings and robberies."
Chapman cited an incident that occurred earlier this week in which she said the driver of a stolen vehicle allegedly attempted to flee when contacted by police and injured one officer in the process.
More:Friday morning fatal shooting marks Pueblo's 26th homicide of 2022
The Colorado Auto Theft Prevention Authority also notes on its website, lockdownyourcar.org, that a stolen vehicle that's later recovered may not be in the same condition it was in before it was stolen.
"Some car thieves may use your car to commit other crimes, such as home burglaries, drug trafficking, and armed robberies," the CATPA website says. "In these cases, you may find drugs, drug paraphernalia, or evidence that your vehicle was used in other crimes. Some thieves may damage your car as a result of crashing into objects or getting into police pursuits. Some thieves may have used your car for parts – taking or dismantling mechanical, electrical or body parts."
While cars can still be stolen when they're not left running unattended, puffer vehicles create a crime of opportunity that can be prevented.
"By people taking the necessary or extra precautions to reduce the opportunity of their vehicle getting stolen, it helps create a safer community," Chapman said.
Questions, comments, or story tips? Contact Justin at jreutterma@gannett.com. Follow him on Twitter @jayreutter1.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The 2019 annual dinner meeting will be held on June 4th at the Turf Tavern in Scotia. Members will be voting on the Proposed Leaders of LWV Schenectady County for 2019-2020, the budget, and local programs.
The NYS Commission Joint Commission on Public Ethics (JCOPE) consists of 14 members, three appointed by the Temporary President of the Senate, three appointed by the Speaker of the Assembly, one appointed by the Minority Leader of the Senate, one appointed by the Minority Leader of the Assembly, and six appointed by the Governor and the Lt. Governor.
The Commission appoints an Executive Director.
The Commission was established as part of the Public Integrity Reform Act of 2011, which comprehensively reformed the oversight and regulation of ethics and lobbying in New York State.
The League believes our current system for ethics enforcement is not working and is disappointed that none of the executive budget reforms address enforcement shortcomings.
Mary Delory and W. Scott Hicks.
Mary is a retired Director of Outpatient Services at an addiction clinic. She is an AAUW member and works with Literacy Volunteers. Scott is a retired Social Worker and has worked in the addiction field, in private practice and in employee assistance programs. He is President of the Board of Community Caregivers.
"Polarization is tearing America apart" Better Angels is bringing conservatives and liberals into a working alliance and building new ways to talk to one another through workshops, debates and training. The board of the LWV of Schenectady has voted to support this group. Look into it for yourself.
Preparations for the Voter Girl Project are underway! This Project, developed by LWV Arlington Heights, Ohio and Ohio Girl Scout Council will be presented to local Cadet Girl Scouts (Middle School Grades 6 to 8) on Sunday November 4 from 1-4 pm at the McChesney Room of the Schenectady Public Library, 99 Clinton Street, Schenectady NY.
Middle School Girls will take part in activities exploring Mediating Difficult Situations, Reaching Decisions, and Voting and leadership skills. If you would like to volunteer as a discussion or activity leader, or to help with organization at the activity, email Cindy Weissend.
Find our new Facebook page: League of Women Voters-Schenectady County!
Once you've found us, for those of you not familiar with FB, click "like", then click "follow", then click "share" so that it appears on your own page for all of your friends to see. This will help increase our viewership and keep people informed of everything we're up to. Make sure to send updates of League activities, along with pictures to to Cynthia Weissend.
What's so bad about "the question"?
Every ten years, the United States conducts a census of everyone living within its borders. The last census was conducted in 2010, and the next will be in 2020. The accuracy of that head count has a great effect on all our lives, although we probably don't give it much thought during the years between.
Census data is the basis for drawing district lines to ensure fair political representation. It is used to allocate resources for education needs, hospitals, veterans' assistance, public safety, disaster response, and business planning.
The U.S. Constitution says the census counts all persons -- not all citizens.
This is viewed as a political move designed to frighten immigrants into not participating.
Getting an accurate count in the 2020 census is critical to all American communities.
The citizenship question is invasive and raises concerns about the confidentiality of personal information.
It will cause participation in the census to plummet.
Businesses will have inaccurate data when making economic decisions.
The cost of adding this question, this late in the process, is significant to taxpayers. The stakes are too high to allow this unnecessary question to derail the count. We get only one chance every ten years to get this right. The League of Women Voters vows to work with everyone who cares about the accuracy of the census to remove the question on citizenship.
You've heard that before. Especially if you find fault with what is happening in government be it local, state or federal. Not everybody has to hold office---or even run for office to be a participant. There are plenty of ways to be active and to get involved.
If you admire a candidate for office---actively support them. You can carry their petitions, campaign for them---go "door to door" with them---write endorsement letters to the Editor---financially support their campaigns.
Become involved in the community---volunteer for a commission or board in which you have an interest, especially if you have expertise or special knowledge that would benefit the work of that body.
Publicly support (or speak out against) issues that concern you and find allies to work with to see these issues resolved.
The League of Women Voters offers you many opportunities to participate in the business of democracy. Join us in registering voters, volunteer to help us conduct a candidate forum, collect returns at a polling place on election night.
The main thing is tp look for ways to be involved and then to get involved. Be a game player, not a spectator!
"League members must keep in mind that THE LEAGUE SPEAKS WITH ONE VOICE.
It is the prerogative of a member to take no action or to take contrary action as an individual. Thus, as individuals, we all have the right to contact our public officials about matters of concern. What we learn from League sources can always be used to inform a person's individual action. "
Comments, suggestions, questions? Contact our webmaster. Last revised: March 27, 2019 11:24 PDT.


I live in Toronto with my producer wife Mary Young Leckie of Screen Door Productions and my three children Toban, Katelyn and Sean. I have been in the film and television business for more than 30 years primarily as dramatic scriptwriter and occasionally as director, working with many very talented people. I have written projects for producers and networks in the United States, but usually my stories are Canadian oriented, usually concerning big events and are often historical or period. I've dramatized a number of true crime cases and many courtroom sequences. Within the drama I include romance and comedy. I recently finished my second novel. I have begun writing my first play.
Our family enjoys a cottage north of Buckhorn. We had a beach house in the Bahamas for 10 years but it was washed away in hurricane Floyd in '99. We do plan to rebuild soon. We love sailing, swimming & hiking.


text:
Q: PostgreSQL - How to use index for this kind of query We got this query:
SELECT * FROM table WHERE A AND ( B = X1 OR B = X2 ) AND ( C = X3 OR D = TRUE ) AND E = 0;

I created this index:
CREATE INDEX _my_index ON public.table USING btree (A, B, C, D, E);

But I don't get any better performances ... how to deal with such queries for indexing ?
Thank you !

A: I'll assume that X1, X2 and X3 are constants and not table columns.
You won't be able to index C = X3 OR D = TRUE — OR is always a performance problem.
The condition B = X1 OR B = X2 should be rewritten to B IN (X1, X2).
Then this is the best index:
CREATE INDEX ON "table" (e, a, b);

If you always want to query for truth of a and e = 0, a partial index would be even better:
CREATE INDEX ON "table" (b) WHERE a AND e = 0;

If you need to index the conditions on c and d as well, and the table has a primary key, you can rewrite the query to:
SELECT * FROM "table"
WHERE a AND b IN (X1, X2) AND c = X3 AND e = 0
UNION
SELECT * FROM "table"
WHERE a AND b IN (X1, X2) AND d AND e = 0;

For this query, the following two indexes are commendable:
CREATE INDEX ON "table" (c, a, e, b);
CREATE INDEX ON "table" (e, a, d, b);

Again, you can move certain index columns into a WHERE condition if you always query for a certain value.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


By clicking on a texture below, the page background will change to it. Can be used anywhere.
This is achieved by using the canceBubble event.
This sets or retrieves whether the current event should bubble up the hierarchy of event handlers.
false (default) - Bubbling is enabled, allowing the next event handler in the hierarchy to receive the event.
true - Bubbling is disabled for this event, preventing the next event handler in the hierarchy from receiving the event.
Using this property to cancel bubbling for an event does not affect subsequent events.
Grsites.com This Site has it all, and the tools to manipulate the colours, textures and sizes. Now with a gradient background making tool.
A double mouse click anywhere on the page (except when over hyperlinks / images) will take you back to the top of the page.
Put it at the foot of your screen for on the fly customisation.
Make sure that the image is re-sampled to the smaller dimension, note the loss of texture caused by not doing this by selecting a texture from below.


How could it get any better? AUTHOR SHOWCASE!
But there's more…POETRY READINGS from member poets will begin and end the program to celebrate the poetry month of April, featuring Julia Park Tracey, Alameda Poet Laureate.
REGISTER NOW AND BRING A FRIEND FREE!
Greetings during our rainy, winter weather!
Are you ready for an extra spark? An idea that will ignite your creativity and inform your work?
Sign up for the April 3, 2016, WOMEN IGNITED! In the WORLD of the BOOK: A special event with WNBA Experts, Authors, and Poetry. If you register now, bring a friend FREE! We'd love to see you there, along with your book in the Author Showcase.
And to celebrate April as Poetry Month, come hear Julia Park Tracey, Alameda Poet Laureate, share her talent with us.
It was my great pleasure to represent WNBA-SF Chapter at the San Francisco Writers Conference in February. We co-sponsored two "free and open to the public" wonderful events: the Afghan Women's Writers evening session and the children's special event with Annie Barrows and her popular Ivy + Bean books.
In January, we were pleased to see so many members at our Roundtable Luncheon to Meet the WNBA Expert. Based on its success and value to members, we are encouraged to offer a similar event in the East Bay. Looking forward to meeting you and a friend in Alameda on April 3rd!
Smashing Success at the WNBA, Meet the Experts Event!
The WNBA, San Francisco Chapter, has a plethora of savvy, wise women who are experts in every area of the publishing, editing, marketing, writing, legal, and coaching world. These members shared their expertise with no holds barred this past week at the India Clay Oven on Clement Street in San Francisco. To appreciate the high caliber of each expert, read the Meet WNBA Experts: Roundtable Luncheon announcement.
With registration limited to forty, an eager group of women took over the private back room: we ate, laughed, learned, and opened our hearts and minds to the possibilities that we may push our projects of passion forward in the writing arena. There was no room to be shy with the Q & A; every thirty minutes we moved on to the next round table to meet another expert who would encourage and assist us with our dreams.
Everyone has a story to tell, and we women statistically have been published less often than men. The roundtable discussions allowed us to see if our stories, both fiction and non-fiction, would serve the world better through traditional publishing or through self-publishing. We were guided to know the laws around protecting our content. We learned if we needed an agent or we could go directly to a publisher. The librarian in the group told us how many writers are published authors in the Bay Area (a lot), and how to approach getting our books into the public library system. Being an author hopefully leads to speaking engagements; a communications expert took away our fears of public speaking with her valuable tips.
What do you do when your publisher is sold? Brenda Knight has some answers based on very recent experience.
"Many times a publisher is acquired by a larger company because they are unique and distinctive in the field. Cleis Press worked hard for 34 years to become 'best in class' and the leader in their genres, even being named 'Publisher of the Year 2014' during my tenure. This made 'the little publisher that could' attractive to a bigger company. What made Cleis different was what made Cleis great and that legacy carries on.
"An author needs to be concerned when they hear that book categories and imprints are being discontinued, rights are being returned and book contracts being broken. This doesn't happen all that often, but keep a sharp eye out for press releases about the sale and read between the lines. I advise authors to band together and approach the new owners/new regime and develop a relationship. Ask the tough questions. Find out who your new contact is and stay in good contact. Publishing is in constant flux so the players do change.
"My biggest piece of advice is to read the fine print in your contract. If, for example, the new owners start missing contractual deadlines, that is a big red flag. Don't be a 'squeaky wheel', pay attention and make sure each side, yourself included, remains 'in compliance' with your book contract. If more than one deadline is missed and you are not hearing proactively from your new contacts, you may want to check with the Author's Guild to see what your wisest next move is. You can only take your books away if the terms of the original contract have been violated.
"Make sure you do not have a 'Right of First Refusal' meaning the publisher with whom you have the contract gets to see your next project and has to say NO before you can shop it anywhere else. Agents come in very handy with change of ownership as they are your champion throughout. Publishers come and go but a top notch agent stays the course with you and will fine your book a good home.
"Get to know other people who are writing in your genre. Find a writing group with other published authors in the same genre. Other similar authors will support one another and talk about each other's work.
Your membership dues help pay for our FREE public events, for MEMBERS' ONLY Events, for our Literacy Initiatives, SFWC and SFPL sponsorships.


text:
Yunnan Lijiang may refer to:

Lijiang, a prefecture-level city in the northwest of Yunnan province, China
Yunnan Lijiang F.C., a professional Chinese football club


Despite the heightened focus on guiding and training staff on values, ethics and conduct, people continue to act contrary to clearly espoused standards of behaviour.
Whilst the tone of leadership, corporate values and ethics, risk appetite and the type of incentives are important, risk culture is ultimately a local construct. It is driven by social factors, which means people are mainly influenced by the colleagues they interact with every day. These local influencers can be people they like and trust or people they fear due to pressure and bullying.
This is known as Social Learning, and it is how knowledge becomes habit and how behaviour becomes ingrained. Social Learning influencers are 'Culture Carriers'. They exert an immense level of positive or negative impact on local workplace culture and conduct. However, they are not always recognisable.
At Blackhall & Pearl, our Risk Culture model, Quantum-iQ, assesses, aligns, shapes, benchmarks, predicts and monitors group risk culture and individual conduct. From the boardroom to the storeroom.
Risk Culture Carriers are not necessarily senior management or internal risk experts.
They are work colleagues that function through informal networks. These invisible networks account for up to 70% of an organisation's total knowledge and behaviour flow.
Identifying these invisible networks and the Risk Culture Carriers that are positively or negatively influencing their peers enables the organisation to significantly shape and ingrain desirable risk culture.
This is achieved through Social Network Analysis (SNA). SNA reveals the hidden social networks within the organisation and identifies the key influencers of culture at the local business unit level.
More importantly, SNA determines whether that influence is being exercised positively or negatively and enables the shaping of that influence to substantially shape and ingrain the desirable standard of behaviour at the local business unit level.
Our Quantum-iQ model expedites local behavioural change up to 8 times faster than traditional change methods and in a much more permanent manner.
We also provide a comprehensive suite of predictive Risk Culture Indicators to proactively monitor and report on enterprise risk culture.
The type of risk culture and individual conduct evolving throughout the organisation.
The likelihood and level of adhesion of behavioural change amongst individuals.
The level of effective risk management by teams and individuals.
The level of risk challenging and issue escalation empowerment.
The level of employee motivation and engagement on risk issues.
The level of internal stakeholder satisfaction with risk management.
The level of external stakeholder satisfaction with risk reputation.
The likelihood of individual employee misconduct.


text:
Fill Your Christmas Stocking with Sundance Passes
With the Sundance Film Festival a little than a month away, it's time for film lovers to check out the roster of films and snag passes for their favorites. This year's fest will feature 110 movies from 29 countries, 100 of which are world premieres, and many of them documentaries. Out of several music docs, "Bad Reputation" is already generating some serious buzz. Directed by Kevin Kerslake, the film's spotlight is on The Runaways founder and rock pioneer Joan Jett. Also highly anticipated is Sophie Sartain and Roberta Grossman's "Seeing Allred," about women's rights attorney Gloria Allred, and "RGB," Betsy West and Julie Cohen's doc about Supreme Court justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.
Director Ben Lewin's "The Catcher Was a Spy" stars Paul Rudd in this true story of White Sox catcher Moe Berg, who was also a spy for the O.S.S. during World War II, and Maxim Pozdorovkin's provocative comedy documentary, "Our New President" takes a look at Donald Trump's campaign and launch to the White House via Russian propaganda and fake news. The Sundance Film Festival begins January 18th. Check out the complete lost of films here. For tickets, click here.


Please CLICK HERE to read our Privacy Notice of how we store and use your data.
In accordance with the Data Protection Act 1998 and Access to Health Records Act, patients may request to see their medical records. Such requests should be made through the practice manager and may be subject to an administration charge. No information will be released without the patient's consent unless we are legally obliged to do so.
You may download a copy of our complaints and comments leaflet here.
Alternatively visit Healthwatch https://www.healthwatch.co.uk/about-us who can independently support you to make a complaint.
The NHS operates a zero tolerance policy with regards to violence and abuse.
The practice will uphold this and has the right to remove violent patients from the list with immediate effect in order to safeguard practice staff, patients and other persons. Violence in this context includes actual or threatened physical violence or verbal abuse which leads to fear for a person's safety.


text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{sec:intro}

Precise characterization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization anisotropies stands at the forefront of modern cosmology. Of particular importance is the parity-odd, divergence-free B-mode polarization pattern uniquely generated by primordial gravitational waves \cite{seljakGW, zaldarriagaAllSky, kamionkowskiCurl} and gravitational lensing \cite{huOkamoto, lewisChallinor}. The B-mode signal created by the primordial gravitational wave background (GWB) is thought to be the fingerprint of inflation \cite{guth, linde}---an epoch of exponential spatial expansion $\sim 10^{-30}$ seconds after the Big Bang---and peaks at degree angular scales. The B-mode signal created by gravitational lensing (GL) of parity-even E-modes into B-modes encodes information about large scale structure formation \cite{seljakGravPot, zaldProjMatDensity} and peaks at arcminute angular scales. The GWB remains undetected \cite{bicep2} while the GL signal is just beginning to be explored \cite{pb1BB, sptBB, actBB}. Therefore, there exists a wealth of B-mode physics yet to be harnessed, including the behavior of gravity at grand-unification energies \cite{kamionkowskiParticlePhys} and the impact of neutrinos on cosmological evolution \cite{abazajian}.

\subsection{The POLARBEAR-2 experiment}
\label{sec:pb2}

The POLARBEAR-2 (PB2) receiver will observe the CMB polarization anisotropies from the Atacama Desert of Chile at 5,200 m altitude in 2017 \cite{nate, yuki}. The PB2 receiver mounts onto a telescope identical to the Huan Tran Telescope (HTT) \cite{tran} and observes at 95 GHz and 150 GHz simultaneously with a 4-degree field of view that scans the sky at $\sim$ 1 degree per second \cite{tomoOptics}. The 365-mm-diameter focal plane contains 1,897 dual-polarized, multi-chroic, planar-lithographed pixels that couple to the reimaging optics via an array of synthesized elliptical silicon lenslets \cite{pb2Det}. PB2's beam size of 3.5 arcmin (5.2 arcmin) at 150 GHz (95 GHz) and its 4.1 $\mu\mathrm{K}_{\mathrm{CMB}} \sqrt{\mathrm{s}}$ noise equivalent temperature make it well-suited to probe a wide range of angular scales. Therefore, PB2 aims to both characterize the GL signal and detect the GWB.

\section{Half-wave plate polarization modulation}
\label{sec:hwp}

Although PB2 achieves excellent white-noise performance, it is susceptible to low-frequency (or ``1/f'') noise induced by unpolarized atmospheric fluctuations leaking into polarization via instrumental effects \cite{errardATM}. Because atmospheric noise at the observation site is several orders of magnitude brighter than the B-mode signal and has  a 1/f knee $\sim$ 1 s \cite{absHWP}, even a small level of polarization leakage is detrimental. Additionally, PB2 is susceptible to instrumental effects that cause mismatch between orthogonal detectors, such as the ellipticity of the sinuous antenna beam \cite{pb2Det, tokiThesis}, and to differential response induced by the lenses and mirrors \cite{tranPol}. Because PB2 will achieve excellent statistical error, even small levels of these systematic errors can have a negative impact on experimental performance.

Continuous polarization modulation is a common technique to suppress 1/f noise \cite{maxipolHWP, absHWP, ebexHWP, actHWP, lbHWP, classVPM, piperVPM, bicepFRM}. A polarization modulator multiplies the input signal by a carrier wave set by the modulator's frequency, and the sky data is extracted via demodulation during analysis \cite{absHWP}. If the modulation frequency is well above the 1/f knee in temperature, white-noise sensitivity can be achieved on long timescales in polarization \cite{absHWP}.

A rotating half-wave plate (HWP) mitigates systematic errors associated with mismatch between orthogonal detectors and the differential response of the optics to the orthogonal polarizations \cite{absHWP, absSyst, bryan}. A HWP spins the input polarization signal via rotation of a birefringent dielectric \cite{absHWP}, allowing a single polarimeter to measure both linear polarization states. This polarization rotation mitigates systematic effects due to beam asymmetry, differential gain, and dysfunctional detector pairs.

A rapidly-rotating HWP provides the benefit of both 1/f suppression and systematic error mitigation. When spinning rapidly, the HWP modulates the input polarization fast enough to reject atmospheric fluctuations while also allowing accurate separation of the sky signal from instrumental polarization \footnote{We note that the HWP only mitigates instrumental polarization due to elements between it and the detector.}. Given the multiple benefits offered by a rapidly-rotating HWP, we adopt it as the polarization modulator for PB2.

\subsection{POLARBEAR-1 HWP precedent}
\label{sec:pb1hwp}

The predecessor to PB2 is the POLARBEAR-1 (PB1) experiment, which is currently in its fourth season of observation. The PB1 receiver is mounted on the HTT and contains an array of 637 dual-polarized pixels that observe at 150 GHz with 3.5-arcmin beams within a 2.2-degree field of view \cite{errardPB}.

In May 2014, PB1 deployed a continuously-rotating, ambient-temperature HWP, shown in Figure \ref{fig:pb1HWP}. The HWP consists of a single 280-mm-diameter, 3.1-mm-thick, $\alpha$-cut slab of sapphire from Crystal Systems \footnote{http://www.gtat.com/products-and-services-HEM-sapphire-for-optical.htm}, anti-reflection (AR) coated with 250-$\mu$m-thick RT/duroid 6002 from Rogers Corporation \footnote{https://www.rogerscorp.com/index.aspx}. The HWP is located near the primary focus between the primary and secondary mirrors of the HTT and rotates at $f_{\mathrm{m}} = 2$ Hz, hence modulating polarization at $4 f_{\mathrm{m}} = 8$ Hz \cite{absHWP}.

PB1 HWP data analysis of a $\sim$ 1000 $\mathrm{deg}^{2}$ sky patch shows that the HWP provides significant suppression of atmospheric 1/f power in the polarization channels \cite{satoru}. Because PB1 operates at the same site and with an identical telescope design as PB2, we find the positive experiences of the PB1 HWP to be both encouraging and informative as we move towards deployment of a HWP for PB2.

\begin{figure}
\centering
	\includegraphics[trim={1.5cm, 2.4cm, 1.5cm, 2.9cm}, clip, width=0.6\linewidth]{PB1_HWP_Photo.pdf}
	\caption{A photograph of the PB1 HWP deployed between the primary and secondary mirrors of the HTT. The HWP consists of a 280-mm-diameter sapphire window, AR coated with RT/duroid 6002 and covered by a Mylar sheet for weather protection. In this photo, the reflection of the primary mirror and guard ring can be seen on the Mylar sheet. \label{fig:pb1HWP}}
\end{figure}

\subsection{The achromatic HWP}
\label{sec:ahwp}

Because PB2 observes in two frequency bands using a single receiver, we adopt a Pancharatnam \cite{ahwp} achromatic HWP (AHWP) to modulate 95 GHz and 150 GHz simultaneously. The PB2 AHWP consists of three identical 3.75-mm-thick sapphire plates with central frequency $\approx$ 120 GHz stacked such that the relative orientations between the plates' crystal axes optimizes modulation bandwidth \cite{savini}.

The AHWP operating principle is shown in Figure \ref{fig:HWPOper}. Incoming linearly-polarized light is rotated by twice its polarization angle with respect to the sapphire crystal axes $\theta_{\mathrm{in}}$, plus a frequency-dependent phase $\phi(\nu)$ \cite{ahwp}
\begin{equation}
	\Delta \theta = 2 \big[ \theta_{\mathrm{in}} - \phi(\nu) \big] \, .
\label{eq:rot}
\end{equation}
Given linear-polarization Stokes parameters Q and U, we define the total linear polarization as
\begin{equation}
	P = \sqrt{Q^{2} + U^{2}}
\label{eq:polFrac}
\end{equation}
and the HWP modulation efficiency as
\begin{equation}
	\varepsilon = \frac{P_{\mathrm{out}}}{P_{\mathrm{in}}} \, ,
\label{eq:modEff}
\end{equation}
where $P_{\mathrm{out}}$ ($P_{\mathrm{in}}$) is the total linear polarization of the output (input) light.

AHWP modulation efficiency and phase versus frequency \cite{tomo} are plotted in Figures \ref{fig:modEff} and \ref{fig:phase}. The assumed AHWP plate angles as well as the PB2-band-averaged modulation efficiency and phase are listed in Table \ref{table:plateOrientations}. PB2 modulation efficiency improves from 78\% to 99\% via the implementation of a Pancharatnam design over a single-plate design. We note that the overall phase offset introduced by the AHWP design will be calibrated out as a global rotation and therefore is not meaningful \cite{keating}. Instead, it is the phase difference between the 95 GHz and 150 GHz bands that requires careful measurement and calibration \cite{tomo, bao}.

\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{subfigure}{\textwidth}

  	\centering
  	\includegraphics[trim={1.5cm, 3.5cm, 1.5cm, 5.0cm}, clip, width=0.7\textwidth]{HWP_OperatingPrinciple.pdf}
  	\caption{\label{fig:HWPOper}}
	\par\vfill
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
	\centering
  	\includegraphics[trim={3.5cm, 1.0cm, 3.5cm, 2.5cm}, clip, width=\textwidth]{HWP_ModEff.pdf}
  	\caption{\label{fig:modEff}}
\end{subfigure}
\begin{subfigure}{0.5\textwidth}
	\centering
  	\includegraphics[trim={3.5cm, 1.0cm, 3.5cm, 2.5cm}, clip, width=\textwidth]{HWP_Phase.pdf}
  	\caption{\label{fig:phase}}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{An overview of the AHWP operating principle. \ref{fig:HWPOper} shows that an AHWP rotates input linearly-polarized light by twice the polarization angle with respect to the sapphire crystal axes plus a frequency-dependent phase and with a frequency-dependent modulation efficiency. The ordinary and extraordinary crystal axes of the skyward-most sapphire plate are labelled $n_{\mathrm{o}}$ and $n_{\mathrm{e}}$, respectively. \ref{fig:modEff} and \ref{fig:phase} show the modulation efficiency and phase versus frequency for a single and three-stack design. Note that the phase of the single HWP is zero for all frequencies. The green shaded regions are associated with tolerances on the relative alignment of the stack as defined in Table \ref{table:plateOrientations}. The assumed thickness and indexes of the sapphire are given in Table \ref{table:measOptics}. The magenta and cyan regions show the PB2 frequency bands. \label{fig:HWPTheory}}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
	\begin{tabu}{| c | c | c | c | c | c |}
	\hline

	\multirow{2}{*}{Configuration} & Plate Orientations & $\varepsilon(95 \; \mathrm{GHz})$ & $\phi(95 \; \mathrm{GHz})$ & $\varepsilon(150 \; \mathrm{GHz})$ & $\phi(150 \; \mathrm{GHz})$ \\
	 & [deg] & [\%] & [deg] & [\%] & [deg] \\
	\hline
	\hline
	Single HWP & [$0.0$] & $78.4$ & $0.0$ & $78.0$ & $0.0$ \\
	\hline
	AHWP & [$0.0$, $54.0 \pm 1.0$, $0.0 \pm 1.4$] & $98.9 \pm 0.6$ & $58.4 \pm 1.3$ & $99.1 \pm 0.5$ & $58.6 \pm 1.3$ \\
	\hline
	\end{tabu}
\caption{Single and three-stack HWP relative crystal-axes orientations with their associated modulation efficiencies and phases integrated across the PB2 frequency bands. We assume a one-degree alignment tolerance between adjacent plates that propagates as uncorrelated angle uncertainty during stack construction. Note that the global AHWP phase offset is not meaningful; instead, the important quantity is the phase difference between the 95 GHz and 150 GHz bands. \label{table:plateOrientations}}
\end{table}

\section{PB2 HWP Overview}
\label{sec:req}

PB2 presents unique challenges to the implementation of a polarization modulator: a large optical throughput, a broad bandwidth, and a photon-noise-limited detector array whose sensitivity relies on low levels of optical loading.

\begin{figure}
\centering
	\includegraphics[trim={1.5cm, 4.5cm, 1.5cm, 2.5cm}, clip, width=0.8\linewidth]{WHWPLocation.jpg}
\caption{The primary drivers for the HWP design are PB2's large optical throughput, broad bandwidth, and stringent optical loading requirements. The HWP is located at ambient temperature near the receiver cryostat window and must be $\approx$ 470 mm in diameter to cover all rays, including margin for diffraction effects.\label{fig:HWPPos}}
\end{figure}

\iffalse
\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.50\textwidth}
  	\centering
  	\includegraphics[trim={1.5cm, 4.5cm, 1.5cm, 2.5cm}, clip, width=\linewidth]{WHWPLocation.jpg}
   	\caption{\label{fig:HWPPos}}
\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.50\textwidth}
  	\centering
  	\includegraphics[trim={1.5cm, 1.5cm, 1.5cm, 2.5cm}, clip, width=\linewidth]{SapphirePicture.pdf}
  	\caption{\label{fig:HWPMS}}
\end{subfigure}
\vspace*{1mm}
\caption{The primary drivers for the HWP design are PB2's large optical throughput, broad bandwidth, and stringent optical loading requirements. \ref{fig:HWPPos} shows that the HWP is at ambient temperature near the receiver cryostat window and must be $\approx$ 470 mm in diameter to cover all rays, including margin for diffraction effects. \ref{fig:HWPMS} is a photograph of one of the sapphire windows used to construct the PB2 HWP. The specifics of the HWP optical stack are discussed in Section \ref{sec:optStack}. \label{fig:WHWPRequirement}}
\end{figure}
\fi

Figure \ref{fig:HWPPos} shows a Zemax ray trace of the PB2 receiver and the location of the HWP in the optical path. The HWP will be located just beyond the cryostat window and must be $\geq$ 470 mm in diameter to cover the beam from every detector on the focal plane, including margin for diffraction effects. This requires a birefringent substrate of diameter $\gtrsim$ 500 mm to accommodate clamping and alignment tolerances.

Because PB2 detectors are designed to be photon-noise limited \cite{nate}, PB2 sensitivity is adversely affected by HWP thermal emission and scattering to ambient temperature. The achromatic design is three times the thickness of a single HWP and has multiple layers of AR coating, necessitating that the PB2 HWP be composed of very-low-loss materials. Additionally, due to its location outside the cryostat, the HWP does not see a cryogenic environment across its $2\pi$ sr scattering volume, necessitating that the HWP consist of AR layers that achieve small reflection across both the 95 GHz and 150 GHz bands.

The PB2 HWP not only poses optical challenges but mechanical ones as well. In order to reject 1/f noise, we must rotate the HWP quickly enough to achieve white-noise sensitivity in our polarization measurements while also minimizing vibrational coupling to the telescope and maintaining adequate rotational stability. We use positive experiences from PB1 HWP analysis to set the PB2 HWP rotation frequency at $f_{\mathrm{m}} =$ 2 Hz hence modulating polarization at a carrier frequency of 4$f_{\mathrm{m}} =$ 8 Hz. This speed corresponds to $\sim 10^{8}$ HWP revolutions during three years of PB2 operation and poses challenges to the design of the drive mechanism.

\section{Optical stack}
\label{sec:optStack}

The PB2 HWP consists of three 512-mm-diameter, 3.75-mm-thick, $\alpha$-cut sapphire plates fabricated via the advanced heat-exchange method at Guizhou Haotian Optoelectronics Technology \footnote{http://www.ghtot.com/} (GHTOT). The plates are cut and ground with an $\alpha$-plane alignment of $\pm$ 2 degrees, a surface parallelism of $\pm$ 100 $\mu$m, and a surface roughness of 0.5 $\mu$m RMS.

The AR coating consists of 380-$\mu$m-thick sheets of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)  from New Process Fibre \footnote{http://www.newprocess.com/} and 270-$\mu$m-thick sheets of RO3006 circuit board laminate from Rogers Corporation. The AR layers are pressed onto the sapphire via atmospheric pressure, a technique meant to eliminate thermal emission associated with glue layers and to avoid potential AR delamination during observations. The vacuum module is detailed in Section \ref{sec:design}.

Table \ref{table:measOptics} presents the measured parameters of the optical stack. The AR indexes were obtained using a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) (see Figure \ref{fig:FTS}), the sapphire indexes using an FTS with aligned wiregrids on either side of the sample, and the loss tangents using the thermal emission apparatus described in Section \ref{sec:sappLoss}.

\begin{table}
	\centering
	\begin{tabu}{| c | c | c | c |}
	\hline

	Stack Element & Thickness [mm] & Index of Refraction & Loss Tangent [$\mathrm{10^{-4}}$] \\
	\hline
	\hline
	Top AR Layer: HDPE & $0.38 \pm 0.04$ & $1.55 \pm 0.01$ & $0.5 \pm 1.0$ \\
	\hline
	Bottom AR Layer: RO3006 & $0.27 \pm 0.02$ & $2.52 \pm 0.01$ & $56.5 \pm 2.7$ \\
	\hline
	Sapphire Ordinary Axis & \multirow{2}{*}{$3.75 \pm 0.01$} & $3.05 \pm 0.03$ & $0.1 \pm 1.3$ at 95 GHz \\
	\cline{1-1} \cline{3-3}
	Sapphire Extraordinary Axis & & $3.38 \pm 0.03$ & $1.1 \pm 1.3$ at 150 GHz \\
	\hline
	\end{tabu}
\caption{The measured ambient-temperature thickness, index of refraction, and loss tangent for each layer in the HWP optical stack. Indexes are measured using a Fourier Transform Spectrometer (Figure \ref{fig:FTS}) and loss tangents are measured using a thermal emission apparatus (Figure \ref{fig:tea}). The sapphire loss tangent is measured at 100, 110, 220, 230, and 240 GHz, is averaged over the ordinary and extraordinary axes, and is interpolated to the PB2 frequencies, as described in Section \ref{sec:sappLoss}. \label{table:measOptics}}
\end{table}

\subsection{Sapphire evaluation}
\label{sec:sappLoss}

PB2 HWP emission is quite sensitive to dielectric loss in the birefringent substrate, as it consists of $3.75$ mm $\times$ 3 $=$ 11.25 mm of sapphire with an axis-averaged refractive index of $\approx$ 3.2. Because PB2 sensitivity is a strong function of HWP emission, a precise measurement of sapphire loss tangent (tan $\delta$) in the PB2 frequency range is critical to the HWP design process.

Sapphire is expected to have tan $\delta \sim 10^{-4}$ at 150 GHz \cite{lamb} and 300 K, making an emissivity measurement of 3.75-mm-thick slabs challenging \footnote{CMB optical engineers traditionally test the loss of small, thick samples before purchasing the full-scale optic. However, sapphire quality is sensitive to the properties of its specific growth and the location within the boule. Additionally, it is expensive to purchase small, thick pieces from growths intended for large-diameter slabs. Therefore, we choose to measure and ``certify'' the 512-mm-diameter, 3.75-mm-thick pieces that comprise the deployment-ready HWP instrument.}. To meet this challenge, we construct the thermal emission apparatus (TEA) shown schematically in Figure \ref{fig:tea}.

The TEA measures the temperature increase over a 77 K background due to thermal emission from a dielectric slab. We use a 100 GHz/300 GHz heterodyne receiver previously used on the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA). The receiver features horn-coupled SIS (superconducting-insulating-superconducting) mixers cooled to 4 K, fed by a tunable local oscillator (LO) to produce a 1-10 GHz intermediate-frequency (IF) band that is digitized with a spectrum analyzer.

Because the sapphire is not AR coated during this evaluation, it is important that radiation reflected from the slab's front surface terminates on 77 K. Thus, as shown in Figure \ref{fig:tea}, the sapphire is mounted at a 45-degree angle to the receiver in front of an aluminum sheet ($\lesssim$ 1 $\mu$m RMS surface roughness) also mounted at 45 degrees. Both the sapphire and the mirror reflect to pyramidal absorber submerged in a liquid nitrogen bath. The sapphire is on a rotating stage, and the receiver is optimized for p-polarization, so as to maximize signal transmission through the slab.

\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  	\centering
  	\includegraphics[trim={1.5cm, 2.5cm, 1.5cm, 2.5cm}, clip, width=\linewidth]{TEA.jpg}
   	\caption{\label{fig:tea}}
\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.5\textwidth}
  	\centering
  	\includegraphics[trim={1.5cm, 1.0cm, 1.5cm, 2.5cm}, clip, width=\linewidth]{SapphireLoss.pdf}
  	\caption{\label{fig:sappLT}}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{PB2 HWP sapphire tan $\delta$ is measured using the TEA shown schematically in \ref{fig:tea}. Thermal emission from the sapphire slab is measured over a 77 K background using a heterodyne receiver. A series of configurations involving 300 K absorber are used to calibrate receiver gain, receiver noise, reflection from the sapphire, and transmission through the sapphire. \ref{fig:sappLT} shows a measurement of the IF-band-averaged, axes-averaged GHTOT sapphire tan $\delta$ at 5 LO frequencies with error bars that account for both statistical and systematic uncertainty in blue, a linear fit to those data points in green, and data presented in Parshin et al. \cite{parshin} in red. \label{fig:Sapphire}}
\end{figure}

Measurements were made at LO frequencies of 100, 110, 220, 230, and 240 GHz. At each frequency we made a series of five measurements listed in Table \ref{table:teaConfigs} in order to solve for the receiver noise temperature and gain as well as the sapphire reflection coefficient, transmission coefficient, and emissivity.

\begin{table}
	\centering
	\begin{tabu}{| c | c | c | c |}
	\hline
	Sapphire & Reflected & Transmitted & Purpose \\
	\hline
	\hline
	- & - & 77 K & Calibrate receiver noise temp \\
	\hline
	- & - & 300 K & Calibrate receiver gain \\
	\hline
	Y & 300 K & 77 K & Calibrate reflection \\
	\hline
	Y & 77 K & 300 K & Calibrate transmission \\
	\hline
	Y & 77 K & 77 K & Measure emission \\
	\hline
	\end{tabu}
\caption{TEA configurations used to characterize the GHTOT sapphire tan $\delta$. The first column shows whether the sapphire is present, the second which temperature the sapphire reflects to, the third which temperature the mirror reflects to, and the fourth the configuration's purpose. \label{table:teaConfigs}}
\end{table}

Several factors complicate the calculation of tan $\delta$. First, the sapphire slab acts as a Fabry-Perot etalon, creating a series of transmission peaks with $\sim$ 13 GHz spacing; absorption, and hence thermal emission, in the slab is maximized at these frequencies and minimized at the reflection peaks between them. Second, measuring this pattern is complicated by the double sideband receiver, which folds signals above and below the LO frequency into a single IF band. Finally, the principle axes of the sapphire were not accurately known at the time of these measurements. Simulations based on analytic techniques \cite{tomCode, hou} show that averaging the data across the IF band and over a range of sapphire azimuth angles incurs systematic error that is smaller than the noise in our measurement. Therefore, we present the band-averaged, sapphire-angle-averaged tan $\delta$ values in Figure \ref{fig:sappLT}. The measured GHTOT sapphire tan $\delta$ is consistent with the literature value \cite{parshin} to within our 1$\sigma$ uncertainty of $\sim10^{-4}$.

To estimate the sapphire tan $\delta$ in the PB2 frequency bands, we linearly interpolate the measured tan $\delta$. The results of the tan $\delta$ interpolation to 95/150 GHz are shown in Table \ref{table:measOptics}. We find that the absorption in the GHTOT sapphire stack is smaller than the absorption in the RO3006 AR layers in the PB2 frequency range; therefore, we adopt GHTOT sapphire as the birefringent dielectric for the PB2 HWP.

\section{Mechanical assembly}
\label{sec:design}

The HWP mount and rotation stage must spin $\sim$ 500-mm-diameter optics at 2 Hz for more than 100 million revolutions during three years of PB2 observation. Furthermore, the HWP assembly must minimize vibrational coupling to the telescope and receiver, maintain adequate rotational stability, be flexible during in-field optical alignment, and be robust against mechanical complications. In this section, we describe the key features of the PB2 HWP mechanical assembly \footnote{Large-diameter parts for the HWP assembly were fabricated by Jeff Tiedeken at the Monkey Likes Shiny machine shop in Berkeley.} shown in Figure \ref{fig:assem}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
	\includegraphics[trim={1.5cm, 1.5cm, 1.5cm, 1.5cm}, clip, width=0.7\textwidth]{WHWP_photo.pdf}
	\caption{The fully-assembled HWP on its teststand at Berkeley. Important aspects of the design include a vacuum module to apply the AR coating, a servo motor coupled to a timing belt for modularity and rotational stability, and vibration damping mounts to mechanically isolate the HWP from the rest of the PB2 instrument. \label{fig:assem}}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Mount}
\label{sec:mount}

The HWP mount is designed to maximize in-field flexibility. The mount attaches to the telescope boom via a series of $\mathrm{80/20^{\textregistered}}$ rails and rotational stages, allowing for fine control along three translational and two rotational axes. Additionally, the mount is capable of positioning the HWP either in front of the cryostat window or between the primary and secondary mirrors (just as in PB1). This locational flexibility allows for in situ evaluation of HWP-related aberrations, instrumental polarization, and beam coverage.

In order to ensure that HWP vibrations are isolated from the telescope and vice versa, the assembly is coupled to the telescope using a series of twelve independent rubber sandwich mounts oriented both tangentially and axially to the HWP rotation axis. To isolate the sapphire from vibrations in the bearing, the optical stack is clamped by a thin rubber gasket.

\subsection{Rotation mechanism}
\label{sec:rot}

For the rotation stage, we utilize a 635-mm-diameter matched-pair thin-section ball bearing from SilverThin Bearings \footnote{http://www.silverthin.com/}. This bearing is a scaled-up version of that used on PB1 and is chosen for its proven success at the observation site. The bearing is preloaded to meet product specifications and is lubricated with a low-temperature-compatible grease to accommodate on-site weather conditions. The bearing races are stainless steel, and the bearing clamps are 7075 aluminum to minimize weight. We are in the midst of performing bearing stress and thermal tests to ensure robustness against premature wear and seizing.

The drivetrain is a 400 W, 60 mm AC servo from Applied Motion Products \footnote{http://www.applied-motion.com/}. This motor accommodates our estimated peak and continuous torque requirements with a safety factor of $\approx$ 3 and avoids electrical switching noise present in comparable stepper motors. The servo is tuned to provide loose feedback, keeping the motor from overheating and utilizing the rotor's large moment of inertia to maintain stable rotation. The drivetrain is connected to the rotor via a Kevlar-reinforced timing belt and a commercial tensioner pulley, a system that allows for easy installation of replacement parts at the observation site.

The HWP will be enclosed in the weatherproofed telescope boom, making it safe from winds and snow but not from fluctuations in ambient temperature. As a result, all HWP components are rated to -20 degrees Celsius.

\subsection{AR vacuum module}
\label{sec:vacuum}

\begin{figure}
\centering
	\includegraphics[trim={0.0cm, 17.5cm, 1.5cm, 19.0cm}, clip, width=0.8\textwidth]{HWP_CrossSection.jpg}
	\caption{A cross-sectional view of the vacuum module. The HDPE AR layers are glued to aluminum annuli which mate to o-ring seals on the rotor. When the module is evacuated, atmosphere presses the AR layers onto the sapphire, hence eliminating the need for glue layers. \label{fig:crossSec}}
\end{figure}

In an effort to minimize HWP thermal emission and avoid AR delamination, we eliminate glue layers by ``adhering'' the optical stack via pressure gradients. A SolidWorks cross-sectional view of the AR vacuum module is shown in Figure \ref{fig:crossSec}. The HDPE AR layer is glued via Stycast 2850FT to an aluminum annulus, creating a circular ``window clamp''. The aluminum annuli are screwed onto Buna-N o-rings such that the RO3006 sheets and the sapphire plates sit between the HDPE windows. We then evacuate the inner chamber via a threaded port coupled to a T-valve, creating a vacuum space that allows atmospheric pressure to secure the optical stack. After disconnecting the pump, the module is mounted on the rotor such that the sapphire is free to rotate while under vacuum.

\subsection{Encoder and readout}
\label{sec:readout}

\setcounter{footnote}{0}

To suppress jitter in the HWP angle reconstruction that can add noise during the analysis process, we must achieve a timing resolution much finer than 10 ms, which would be the digitization noise level if we naively read out the encoder at the 100 Hz detector sampling rate. We utilize a commercial optical encoder from RSF Elektronik \footnote{http://www.rsf.at/en/} that consists of a steel tape with 10,000 reflective lines and an infrared readhead, as shown in Figure \ref{fig:encoder}. The encoder tape is mounted on a 636-mm-diameter aluminum ring such that its surface maintains a radial distance of 0.75 mm $+0.4$ mm/$-0.2$ mm from the readhead during HWP rotation. This system provides 6.5 arcsec resolution via 4-times interpolation, which is fine enough to inject negligible noise into our demodulated data.

\begin{figure}
\centering
	\includegraphics[trim={1.0cm, 3.5cm, 1.5cm, 5.0cm}, clip, width=0.7\textwidth]{Encoder.pdf}
	\caption{A photograph of the encoder tape and readhead. Readhead gap tolerance is $+0.4$ mm/$-0.2$ mm, necessitating $<$ 0.03\% ellipticity for the 635-mm-diameter encoder tape mounting ring. \label{fig:encoder}}
\end{figure}

To read out the encoder, we use an Arduino Leonardo ETH microcontroller. The controller samples the encoder signal at 40 kHz and averages the data down at the 100 Hz detector sampling rate to achieve high timing resolution. The Arduino then compiles a UDP packet containing the HWP angle and a universal timestamp (IRIG), and this packet is sent to a central computer where it is verified and paired with a matching data packet. Using a microcontroller eliminates the need for a HWP-dedicated computer and allows for cheap, quick replacement in the case of failure at the site.

\section{HWP validation}
\label{sec:hwpValid}

We report on the AR, polarization, and mechanical validations of the fully-constructed HWP shown in Figure \ref{fig:assem}. These tests are primers for PB2 full-system integration later this year.

Validation of the HWP optical stack was performed using a test pixel consisting of a transition-edge-sensor bolometer fed by a lenslet-coupled sinuous antenna \cite{pb2Det}. The detector is cooled to 250 mK in an optical Infrared Labs dewar \cite{pb2Det} and is read out using a DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) amplifier from Quantum Design \footnote{http://www.qdusa.com/products/laboratory-squids.html}.

\subsection{AR coating validation}
\label{sec:arValid}

To validate the HWP AR performance, we utilize an FTS coupled to a broadband detector, as shown schematically in Figure \ref{fig:FTS}. Signal from a temperature-modulated source is collimated by an off-axis parabolic mirror. This beam travels through the HWP, is split between a pistoned and fixed path by a 250-$\mu$m-thick Mylar film, is recombined by the same splitter, and focuses onto the detector via an ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) collimator lens. The SQUID output is sent to a lock-in amplifier whose value is integrated for 0.5 s at each moving-mirror position. The mirror step size and dynamic range give a 1 GHz resolution over a 300 GHz bandwidth.

We repeat the described process with the HWP removed in order to divide out any spectral affects of the FTS setup and normalize the transmission through the HWP. We alternate these sample-out runs with the sample-in runs to suppress effects due to drift in the system. Additionally, we repeat the measurement at various HWP azimuth positions to average over any polarization of the ceramic source induced by the chopper blade or the input mirror.

The result of the FTS measurement is shown by the ``Data'' curve in Figure \ref{fig:hwpBandpass}. We integrate the measured transmission across each PB2 frequency band to obtain the 95/150 GHz HWP transmission values in Table \ref{table:measParams}. To estimate the emissivity, we simulate \cite{tomCode} HWP transmission versus frequency using the dielectric layer parameters in Table \ref{table:measOptics} and isolate the loss due to absorption. The result of the transmission simulation is shown by the ``Theory'' curve in Figure \ref{fig:hwpBandpass}; the simulated transmission is consistent with the measured transmission to within 1$\sigma$ uncertainty. The HWP emissivity at 95/150 GHz is calculated by integrating the simulated absorption of the HWP across each PB2 band. The results of the PB2 HWP emissivity estimate are presented in Table \ref{table:measParams}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.49\textwidth}
  	\centering
  	\includegraphics[trim={1.5cm, -2.0cm, 1.5cm, 1.5cm}, clip, width=\linewidth]{FTSCartoon.jpg}
   	\caption{\label{fig:FTS}}
\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.51\textwidth}
  	\centering
  	\includegraphics[trim={1.5cm, 1.3cm, 1.5cm, 1.5cm}, clip, width=\linewidth]{HWPBandpass.pdf}
  	\caption{\label{fig:hwpBandpass}}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Measurement of the transmission through the PB2 HWP. \ref{fig:FTS} shows a cartoon of the FTS apparatus used to measure the HWP transmission. Signal from a temperature-modulated source is collimated, travels through the HWP and into the FTS, and is focused onto a cryogenic test pixel. \ref{fig:hwpBandpass} shows the result of the measurement in blue and the theoretical transmission curve constructed from the parameters listed in Table \ref{table:measOptics} in red. The measurement and the theory agree to within 1$\sigma$ uncertainty. \label{fig:bandpass}}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}
	\centering
	\begin{tabu}{| c | c | c | c | c | c |}
	\hline

	Band & Transmission & Emissivity & Mod Efficiency & Phase Diff \\
	\hline
	\hline
	95 GHz & $0.959 \pm 0.014$ & $0.020 \pm 0.009$ & $0.989 \pm 0.005$ & \multirow{2}{*}{$1.3 \pm 0.1$ deg} \\
	\cline{1-4} \cline{6-6}
	150 GHz & $0.941 \pm 0.015$ & $0.032 \pm 0.014$ & $0.984 \pm 0.004$ &  \\
	\hline
	\end{tabu}
\caption{Band-integrated values of key validation parameters across each PB2 frequency channel. We present the measured transmission and estimated emissivity using the result shown in Figure \ref{fig:hwpBandpass} and the measured modulation efficiency and differential phase using the result shown in Figure \ref{fig:polModPlot} \label{table:measParams}}
\end{table}

\subsection{Polarization modulation validation}
 \label{sec:polValid}

To validate the HWP polarization performance, we utilize the setup shown schematically in Figure \ref{fig:polModCartoon}. Signal from a temperature-modulated source is polarized with a wiregrid. The wiregrid is tilted to avoid standing waves between it and the chopper. The polarized beam travels through the HWP, is polarized via another wiregrid, and is focused via an UHMWPE collimator lens onto a broadband detector with on-chip filters to define 95 GHz and 150 GHz bands. Even though the detector is polarized, we introduce a wiregrid on the detector-side of the HWP to mitigate the frequency-dependent polarization angle associated with the sinuous antenna \cite{edwards}. The HWP azimuthal angular position is stepped in 10-degree increments and the SQUID output is sent to a lock-in amplifier whose value is integrated for 1.0 s at each HWP orientation.

The results of the measurement are shown in Figure \ref{fig:polModPlot} with a fit to
\begin{equation}
	S_{\mathrm{det}} = \varepsilon \, \cos^{2}\Big[2 (\rho - \phi)\Big] + (1 - \varepsilon) \, ,
\label{eq:fitPol}
\end{equation}
where $S_{\mathrm{det}}$ is the normalized signal seen by the detector, $\rho$ is the HWP angle, $\phi$ is the HWP modulation phase (Equation \ref{eq:rot}), and $\varepsilon$ is the HWP modulation efficiency (Equation \ref{eq:modEff}).

To characterize the cross polarization inherent to the setup, we remove the HWP and step the azimuthal angle of the tilted wiregrid in 10-degree increments over a 180-degree range. We fit this data to a model given by
\begin{equation}
	S_{\mathrm{det}} = (1 - L) \, \sin^{2}\Big[\rho_{\mathrm{WG}} - \phi_{\mathrm{WG}}\Big] + L \, ,
\label{eq:wg}
\end{equation}
where $S_{\mathrm{det}}$ is the normalized signal seen by the detector, $\rho_{\mathrm{WG}}$ is the wiregrid azimuthal angle, $\phi_{\mathrm{WG}}$ is some phase, and $L$ is the wiregrid polarization leakage. We find the leakage of the setup to be $<$ 1\% for both the 95 and 150 GHz bands.

After accounting for the leakage due to the setup alone, the estimated polarization efficiency and differential phase for the PB2 bands are shown in Table \ref{table:measParams}. Our measurement is consistent with the theoretically-predicted \cite{tomoTheory} values (see Table \ref{table:plateOrientations}) to within 1$\sigma$ uncertainty associated with the plate orientations and the detector's 95/150 GHz band positions.

We did not measure the absolute phase in this setup, as we did not know the orientation of the HWP with respect to the wiregrids. The differential phase result shows that the polarization angle is controlled to a $\approx$ 1-degree level across the PB2 frequency regime, which is sufficient to validate the HWP prior to polarization angle calibration during integration with the PB2 receiver \cite{keating}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{.44\textwidth}
  	\centering
  	\includegraphics[trim={22.0cm, 1.0cm, 15cm, 1.5cm}, clip, width=\linewidth]{PolModCartoon.jpg}
   	\caption{\label{fig:polModCartoon}}
\end{subfigure}%
\begin{subfigure}{.56\textwidth}
  	\centering
  	\includegraphics[trim={3.0cm, 1.0cm, 3.5cm, 1.5cm}, clip, width=\linewidth]{polMod.pdf}
  	\caption{\label{fig:polModPlot}}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Measurement of the PB2 HWP polarization performance in the PB2 frequency bands. \ref{fig:polModCartoon} shows a cartoon of the polarized measurement apparatus. The HWP is mounted on a rotating stage to modulate a polarized thermal source with respect to a polarized detector. \ref{fig:polModPlot} shows normalized intensity as a function of HWP angle in each PB2 frequency band. The points are the data and the dotted lines are the fits to Equation \ref{eq:fitPol}. The 95 GHz modulation (in red) is slightly ahead of the 150 GHz modulation (in green). The error bars for the measured data points are small and hence are hidden in this plot. \label{fig:polMod}}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Mechanical validation}
\label{sec:mechValid}

To validate the HWP rotation mechanism, we must evaluate vibration damping, bearing robustness, rotational stability, and lifetime of the vacuum module. Figure \ref{fig:motorPSD} shows the power spectral density of $\approx$ 2.2 Hz HWP rotation read out at 10 kHz for five minutes. The sharpness of the central peak demonstrates outstanding rotational stability and therefore the effectiveness of the servo/timing belt system. Long-term-rotation, vacuum-module, and vibration-damping tests are all ongoing as we prepare for deployment.

\begin{figure}
\centering
	\includegraphics[trim={1.5cm, 1.0cm, 1.5cm, 1.5cm}, clip, width=0.7\linewidth]{DrivePSD.pdf}
	\caption{A power spectral density of the HWP rotation at $\approx$ 2.2 Hz over a five-minute period. The excellent rotational stability of the drive train demonstrates the effectiveness of the servo/timing belt system. \label{fig:motorPSD}}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion and Future plans}
\label{sec:future}

We have presented the design and validation of an ambient-temperature achromatic sapphire HWP for observation of the CMB polarization at 95 GHz and 150 GHz. Considering the 1/f noise suppression and systematic error mitigation offered by the implementation of a rapidly-rotating HWP, PB2 will deploy the modulator presented in this proceeding when it begins observations in 2017.

POLARBEAR-2 is the first installment of the Simons Array, an assembly of three telescopes called ``PB2a'', ``PB2b'', and ``PB2c''. PB2a/b will observe at 95/150 GHz, while PB2c will observe at 220/280 GHz \cite{toki}. The ambient-temperature HWP presented in this proceeding will deploy on PB2a.  As we look towards polarization modulation for PB2b/c, we aim to reduce the optical power introduced by the HWP by cooling the modulator to cryogenic temperatures. By moving the HWP into the receiver, we can simultaneously utilize sapphire tan $\delta$'s strong temperature dependence \cite{parshin} and the new location's cryogenic surroundings to dramatically suppress HWP thermal emission and scattering to ambient temperature. A cryogenic HWP prototype is currently under evaluation, and we are in the development stage for the full-scale instrument that will deploy on PB2b/c in 2017/2018.

\acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge support for the ambient-temperature HWP development from the National Science Foundation through MSIP Grant \#1440338 and through Advanced Technologies and Instrumentation Grant \#1207892. We acknowledge support for fabrication and testing from the Simons Foundation, Templeton Foundation, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231 and the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. MH was supported by
MEXT KAKENHI Grant Number JP15H05891, JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP26220709 and the Japan/U.S. Cooperation Program in the field of High Energy Physics.

We also want to thank Nicholas Harrington for his work on the microcontroller control code and encoder readout, Nathan Whitehorn for his work on the infrastructure of the HWP data acquisition, and William Holzapfel for his useful discussions and ideas regarding the vacuum module.

\bibliographystyle{spiebib}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv