text:
SOSUS
The Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) was a submarine detection system based on passive sonar developed by the United States Navy to track Soviet submarines. The system's true nature was classified with the name and acronym SOSUS themselves classified. The unclassified name Project Caesar was used to cover the installation of the system and a cover story developed regarding the shore stations, identified only as a Naval Facility (NAVFAC), being for oceanographic research. In 1985, as the fixed bottom arrays were supplemented by the mobile Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System (SURTASS) and other new systems were coming on line, the name itself changed to Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS). The commands and personnel were covered by the "oceanographic" term until 1991 when the mission was declassified. As a result, the commands, Oceanographic System Atlantic and Oceanographic System Pacific became Undersea Surveillance Atlantic and Undersea Surveillance Pacific, and personnel were able to wear insignia reflecting the mission.
First SOSUS stations
The GIUK gap
The system was capable of oceanic surveillance with the long ranges made possible by exploiting the deep sound channel, or SOFAR channel. An indication of ranges is the first detection, recognition and reporting of a Soviet nuclear submarine coming into the Atlantic through the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap by an array terminating at NAVFAC Barbados on 6 July 1962. The linear arrays with hydrophones placed on slopes within the sound channel enabled beamforming processing at the shore facilities to form azimuthal beams. When two or more arrays held a contact, triangulation provided approximate positions for air or surface assets to localize.[note 1]
SOSUS grew out of tasking in 1949 to scientists and engineers to study the problem of antisubmarine warfare. It was implemented as a chain of underwater hydrophone arrays linked by cable, based on commercial telephone technology, to shore stations located around the western Atlantic Ocean from Nova Scotia to Barbados. The first experimental array was a six-element test array laid at Eleuthera in the Bahamas in 1951, followed, after successful experiments with a target submarine, in 1952 by a fully-functional 1,000 ft (304.8 m), forty-hydrophone array. At that time the order for stations was increased from six to nine. The then-secret 1960 Navy film Watch in the Sea describes the production arrays as being 1,800 ft (548.6 m) long. In 1954, the order was increased by three more Atlantic stations and an extension into the Pacific, with six stations on the West Coast and one in Hawaii.
In September 1954, Naval Facility Ramey was commissioned in Puerto Rico. Others of the first Atlantic phase followed, and in 1957 the original operational array at Eleuthera got an operational shore facility as the last of the first phase of Atlantic systems. The same year, the Pacific systems began to be installed and activated. Over the next three decades, more systems were added; NAVFAC Keflavik, Iceland in 1966 and NAVFAC Guam in 1968 being examples of expansion beyond the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific. Shore upgrades and new cable technology allowed system consolidation until by 1980 that process had resulted in many closures of the NAVFACs with centralized processing at a new type facility, Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF), that by 1981 saw one for each ocean and mass closing of the NAVFACs.
As the new mobile systems came on line, SOSUS arrays themselves were deactivated and some turned over for scientific research. The surveillance aspect continues with new systems under Commander, Undersea Surveillance.
1.1 Research
1.2 Development and installation
1.4 Initial installations
2 Operational systems
2.1 Chronology
2.1.1 1950s
2.1.6 2000 to 2010
2.2 Management and commands
2.3 Events
2.4 Operational issues
3 "Caesar fleet"
4 Espionage
5 Post-Cold War
5.1 Civilian science applications
6 Associated systems
6.1 Colossus
6.2 Artemis
SOSUS history began in 1949 when the US Navy approached the Committee for Undersea Warfare, an academic advisory group formed in 1946 under the National Academy of Sciences, to research antisubmarine warfare.[1][2] As a result, the Navy formed a study group designated Project Hartwell, named for the University of Pennsylvania's Dr. G.P. Hartwell who was the Deputy Chairman of the Committee for Undersea Warfare,[note 2] under Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) leadership. The Hartwell panel recommended spending of US$10,000,000 (equivalent to $113,890,000 in 2021) annually to develop systems to counter the Soviet submarine threat consisting primarily of a large fleet of diesel submarines.[3][4]
That group also recommended a system to monitor low-frequency sound in the SOFAR channel using multiple listening sites equipped with hydrophones and a processing facility that could calculate submarine positions over hundreds of miles.[1][3][5][note 3]
ResearchEdit
As a result of the Hartwell group's recommendations, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) contracted with American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), with its Bell Laboratories research and Western Electric manufacturing elements, to develop a long range, passive detection system, based on bottom arrays of hydrophones. The system, using equipment termed Low Frequency Analyzer and Recorder and a process termed Low Frequency Analysis and Recording, both with the acronym LOFAR, was to be based on AT&T's sound spectrograph, developed for speech analysis and modified to analyze low-frequency underwater sounds. This research and development effort was given the name Project Jezebel.[1][3][6] The origin of the project name was explained by Dr. Robert Frosch to Senator Stennis during a 1968 hearing. It was because of the low frequencies, "about the A below middle C on the piano" (about 100-150 cycles) and "Jezebel" being chosen because "she was of low character."[7]
Jezebel and LOFAR branched into the localization of submarines with the AN/SSQ-28 passive omnidirectional Jezebel-LOFAR sonobuoy introduced in 1956 for use by the air antisubmarine forces. That sonobuoy gave the aircraft cued by SOSUS access to the same low frequency and LOFAR capability as SOSUS. Bell Telephone Laboratories time delay correlation was used to fix target position with two or more sonobuoys in a technique named COrrelation Detection And Ranging (CODAR). This, and later specialized, sonobuoys equipped with a small explosive charge could be used in an active mode to detect the echo off the target. The active mode was named by engineers developing the technique "Julie" after a burlesque dancer whose "performance could turn passive buoys active."[8]
Related research, based at Columbia University's Hudson Laboratory, was designated Project Michael. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography were also tasked to develop an understanding of long-range sound transmission under Project Michael.[1][3] The need to better understand the acoustic environment drove much of the oceanographic research by both the Navy and institutions with Navy funding for oceanography. A major, long-term research program spanning over 25 years, the Long Range Acoustic Propagation Program (LRAPP), made significant progress in such understanding and influenced decisions in SOSUS, significantly the SOSUS expansion into the eastern Atlantic.[9][note 4]
Development and installationEdit
The hardware technology was largely that of the commercial telephone system and oil exploration. Cable laying was a capability AT&T and other entities had developed for decades for commercial communications cables. The understanding of the ocean acoustic environment made the system possible rather than development of new technology. SOSUS was a case of new understanding of the environment and then application of largely existing technology and even equipment to the problem.[10]
The forty hydrophones spaced on the array provided the aperture for signal processing to form horizontal azimuthal beams of two to five degrees wide, each beam with a LOFAR analyzer and capability to do narrow-band frequency analysis to discriminate signal from ocean noise and to identify specific frequencies associated with rotating machinery. The NAVFAC watch floor had banks of displays using electrostatic paper, similar to that used for echograms in depth finders.
LOFARgram
LOFARgram writers on NAVFAC watch floor.
The product of these displays was the LOFARgram which graphically represented acoustic energy and frequency against time. Those were examined by the personnel trained to identify submarine signatures.[1][10] When two or more arrays held a target the bearings from each array gave an estimated target position by triangulation.[1] The system could provide cuing information on the presence of the submarines and an approximate location for air or surface antisubmarine warfare assets to localize the target.[11] The first Atlantic stations, ranging from Nova Scotia to Barbados, formed a long line semicircle looking into the Western Atlantic basin with geographic separation for contact correlation and triangulation.[1]
SecurityEdit
The combination of research and engineering under Jezebel and Michael into an actual broad area surveillance system as seen by Project Hartwell's Frederick V. Hunt became the Sound Surveillance System with the acronym SOSUS. Both the full name and acronym were classified. There were occasional slips. A contractor for the Office of Naval Research, Fleet Analysis and Support Division published an unclassified report with "SOSUS" in association with the system acronym "SOSS", defined as "Sound Search Station," and a capability to display data from sonobuoys side by side on either aircraft or SOSS displays in contact classification as either friendly or unfriendly targets.[12] The unclassified name Project Caesar was given to cover development and installation of the resulting system.[1][3]
A cover story was developed to explain the visible shore installations, the Naval Facilities, and the commands under which they fell. The cover explained that data gathered by oceanographic and acoustic surveys with ships could at times be collected "more expeditiously and more economically by means of shore stations. These are the U. S. Naval Facilities."[13] The cover extended to the names of the commands and training of personnel with overall commands designated Ocean Systems Atlantic and Ocean Systems Pacific, and terms such as Ocean Technician [OT] and Oceanographic Research Watch Officer given to Naval Facility personnel.[10][14] Despite being qualified for a warfare specialty and its symbols, the Navy personnel in the small SOSUS community could not do so for the sake of secrecy until the mission became public in 1991. The Ocean System commands, COMOCEANSYSLANT (COSL) and COMOCEANSYSPAC (COSP), then began to reflect their true nature as Undersea Surveillance commands COMUNDERSEASURVLANT (CUSL) and COMUNDERSEASURVPAC (CUSP) under the Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) name that had come into effect in 1985 as systems other than fixed emerged.[3][10]
SOSUS was closely held on a strict need-to-know basis that was close to Sensitive Compartmented Information even though it was classified at the Secret level. Even the Fleet had little knowledge of the system or its function. Contact data reaching the fleet was in a strictly formatted message designated RAINFORM, hiding the source, that the fleet often did not understand without reference to publications to understand the form's fields and codes. As a result, people in the fleet often did not know of the system's dedicated antisubmarine mission. Even when they knew they often did not know of its actual performance or exact role. This later had implications as the Cold War ended and budgets became an issue. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the system was opened to tactical use and the fleet began to see the contact information in other formats readily understandable by fleet antisubmarine forces.[15] In 1997 the RAINFORM was abandoned and replaced.[3]
For much of the system's operation, direct action based on SOSUS contacts was avoided. An example was subject to a box piece in the January 5, 1981 issue of Newsweek titled "A Soviet War of Nerves" concerning an incident from August 1978. An alert to Atlantic Fleet, Strategic Air Command (SAC) and the Pentagon came from "underwater listening devices at several secret Navy installations" that two Yankee class nuclear-armed submarines had left their usual patrol areas 1,200 miles out in the Atlantic and were getting dangerously close. That approach raised the threat level to several SAC bases along the coast. Rather than prosecute the contacts and reveal how closely the system could track the submarines, the SAC bases put more bombers on ready alert assuming the Soviets would notice. The submarines did not withdraw so SAC dispersed the bombers to bases as far away as Texas. Though there is no positive proof that action was the cause, the Yankees moved back to their usual areas and had not moved close to the U.S. coast again at the time of the piece.[16]
NAVFAC Nantucket showing Terminal building as internal security area.
The original Naval Facilities and later, consolidated, processing centers were high security installations characterized by an outer security fence and gate checkpoint. The terminal buildings within were double fenced with separate entry security. Not all personnel assigned to the facility had access to the operational part of the installations. The early arrangement can be seen in the vertical photograph of Naval Facility Nantucket and later in the photograph of Naval Facility Brawdy below. Equipment in the terminal buildings was installed by specially cleared Western Electric Company personnel.[17]
Initial installationsEdit
Western Electric and ONR representatives met on 29 October 1950 to draft a contract that was signed as a letter contract on 13 November to build a demonstration system. The contract was managed by Bureau of Ships (BuShips) with then Ensign Joseph P. Kelly, later Captain and termed "Father of SOSUS," assigned. An experimental six-element hydrophone array was installed on the island of Eleuthera in the Bahamas during 1951. Meanwhile, Project Jezebel and Project Michael focused on studying long range acoustics in the ocean.[1][3][18]
From 2–19 January 1952 the British cable layer Alert installed the first full sized, 1,000 ft (304.8 m) long, forty transducer element operational array in 240 fathoms (1,440.0 ft; 438.9 m) off Eleuthera in the Bahamas.[note 5] Successful tests with a target submarine resulted in the order to install a total of nine arrays along the coast of the Western North Atlantic. The 1960 secret, limited distribution Navy film Watch in the Sea, contains a segment at about 9:22 minutes into the film concerning the search for a suitable array location and laying the array. It describes the operational arrays as being 1,800 ft (548.6 m) long.[19][20] In 1954 ten additional arrays were ordered with three more in the Atlantic, six on the Pacific coast and one in Hawaii.[1][3]
Neptune (ARC-2), first cable repair ship formally assigned to Project Caesar.
The cable ships Neptune and Albert J. Myer were acquired to support Project Caesar with later addition of the cable ships Aeolus and Thor. Other ships were added for acoustic and bathymetric surveys and cable support.[3]
Operational systemsEdit
SOSUS systems consisted of bottom-mounted hydrophone arrays connected by underwater cables to facilities ashore. The individual arrays were installed primarily on continental slopes and seamounts at the axis of the deep sound channel and normal to the direction in which they were to cover. The combination of location within the ocean and the sensitivity of arrays allowed the system to detect acoustic power of less than a single watt at ranges of several hundred kilometres. SOSUS shore terminal processing stations were designated with the vague, generic name of Naval Facility (NAVFAC).[1][21] By the 1980s improved communications technology allowed the array data once processed in individual Naval Facilities to be sent to central processing centers (Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF)) for centralized processing of multiple fixed and mobile array information.[22][23]
The first systems were limited by the commercial telephone cable technology for the application requiring a shore facility within about 150 nmi (170 mi; 280 km) from the array and thus within that distance from the continental shelf locations suitable for the array.[1] The cable of the time consisted of multi-pair wire connected to the forty hydrophones of the array. New coaxial multiplexed commercial telephone system cable, designated SB, using a single wire for all hydrophones allowed major changes with the prototype installed in 1962 at Eleuthera.[note 6] The upgrades made possible by the multiplexed coaxial cable were designated Caesar Phase III. Caesar Phase IV was associated with major upgrades in shore processing with Digital Spectrum Analysis (DSA) backfits at the stations replacing original equipment during the late 1960s. In September 1972 a third generation coaxial cable, again based on commercial developments at Bell Labs and designated SD-C, was installed for the system terminating at Naval Facility Centerville Beach, California.[24] The SD-C cable was the basis for a fourth generation of sonar sets with installation of the Lightweight Undersea Components (LUSC) involving new shore equipment in 1984. In June 1994 an entirely new cable system was introduced with fiber optic cable.[22]
P-3B of Patrol Squadron 6 (VP-6).
Cable technology and signal processing improved and upgrades were made to the original installations. Cable technology made it possible to site arrays further from shore into the ocean basins. New signal processing capabilities allowed for innovations such as the split array in which a single line array was divided into segments, each separately processed, then electronically recombined to form narrower beams for better bearing and cross fixes between arrays. Augmenting these local improvements was the increased central processing in centers that eventually became the Naval Oceanographic Processing Facilities. There the contacts of multiple arrays were correlated with other intelligence sources in order to cue and provide the search area for air and surface antisubmarine assets to localize and prosecute.[1][8]
The system was considered a strategic, not tactical, system at the time and part of continental defense. In military construction hearings during 1964 before the Senate Committee on Armed Services the request for funding of recreational and other support buildings for the Naval Facility Cape Hatteras the Navy noted it was part of a program supporting continental air and missile defense forces without mention of its role in tracking Soviet missile submarines.[25]
ChronologyEdit
1950sEdit
In 1954 the Fleet Sonar School at Key West established a Sound Search Course for training personnel. The highly classified program was behind the "Green Door" which became a name for the program itself as well as being seen as a term for the secrecy.[3][26]
NAVFAC Cape May (1955-1962) Terminal Building on WW II Coast Artillery bunker before storm damage forced move to Fort Miles in Delaware where it became NAVFAC Lewes.
In 1954 three full systems to include a NAVFAC terminus were installed with arrays terminating at NAVFACs at Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico in September, Grand Turk in October, and San Salvador in December.[note 7] Systems terminating at Naval Facility Bermuda, Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Shelburne, Nova Scotia, Nantucket, and Cape May were installed during 1955. Systems terminating at Naval Facility Cape Hatteras and Naval Facility Antigua and two Evaluation Centers, forerunners of NOPFs, were established in New York and Norfolk during 1956. The initial array at Eleuthera got a fully functioning NAVFAC with an additional system for the Atlantic at Barbados and the first of the Pacific systems at San Nicolas Island came in 1957. During 1958 the remainder of the Pacific stations at Naval Facility Point Sur and Centerville Beach in California and Pacific Beach, Washington, and Coos Head near Coos Bay, Oregon were installed.[3]
Six Pacific coast systems had been planned but only five Naval Facilities were constructed. The northernmost system off Vancouver Island was to terminate in Canada but a change in government there precluded a facility in Canada at the time. The sixth array, requiring redesign of the cable and repeater system, was thus terminated at Naval Facility Pacific Beach, making it a dual array facility.[17]
Point Sur Lightstation and in background NAVFAC Point Sur (1969)
From 1958 to 1960 Project Caesar assets began work installing the Missile Impact Location System (MILS), based on technology and installation methods similar to those for SOSUS, in support of Air Force ICBM tests. The survey and installation focus in that period was on installation of MILS in the Atlantic and Pacific test ranges.[3][note 8] Arrays of hydrophones placed around the target area located the missile warhead by means of measuring arrival times of the explosion at the various hydrophones of a SOFAR charge in the test warhead.[27] During that period an atypical SOSUS system was installed in 1959 at Argentia, Newfoundland to provide surveillance for approaches to Hudson Bay. It was a shallow water, curved array with ten eight-element arrays installed on two cables with each cable having the capacity for the usual forty elements.[3]
In 1962 a new system was installed terminating at Naval Facility Adak in the Aleutians. The system terminating at Cape May was rerouted to a new Naval Facility Lewes, Delaware, with upgraded processing, after the NAVFAC Cape May had been destroyed in the "Ash Wednesday" Storm.[note 9][3][28]
NAVFAC Argentia got a 2X20 element array in 1963. A 1965 decision to deploy systems to the Norwegian Sea was followed in 1966 with a system terminating at Keflavik, Iceland with the first 3X16 array system while Western Electric installed data links by land line to OCEANSYSLANT and OCEANSYSPAC. New systems were installed during 1968 at Midway Island and Guam. COMOCEANSYSPAC relocated to Ford Island, Hawaii from Treasure Island, California. The shallow water system at Argentia was deactivated.[3]
In 1965 Flyer was acquired as a bathymetric survey ship.[29] The satellite communications ship Kingsport joined the project in 1967 for acoustic and bathymetric work.[30][31]
The first NAVFAC decommissioning took place with the isolated duty station at NAVFAC San Salvador, Bahamas shut down on 31 January 1970.[3][32] The old station is now home of the Gerace Research Center.[33] NAVFAC Barbers Point is commissioned. A system wide modernization began in 1972. Argentia became a joint Canadian Forces and U.S. Navy facility. NAVFAC Ramey becomes NAVFAC Punta Borinquen in 1974. Further NAVFACs shut down in 1976 with NAVFACs Punta Borinquen and Nantucket decommissioned. NAVFAC Barbados was decommissioned in 1979.[3]
Naval Facility Brawdy, Wales, the first "super NAVFAC" to be established.
In 1974 Naval Facility Brawdy, Wales was established as the terminus of new arrays covering the eastern Atlantic. NAVFAC Brawdy became the first "super NAVFAC" with some four hundred U.S. and United Kingdom military and civilian personnel assigned.[3][34][note 10] The facility (51°52′15.3″N 005°08′13.8″W / 51.870917°N 5.137167°W / 51.870917; -5.137167) was adjacent to the Royal Air Force Station Brawdy which had returned to RAF control during February 1974 after closure in 1971.[35]
In 1975 Mizar left Naval Research Laboratory service and joined Project Caesar. In April 1974 the ship was reported as already being funded by Naval Electronics Systems Command (NAVELEX), where the project program management resided, and no longer funded as an oceanographic ship.[36] By 1979 it was the most recently built ship of the five project ships that then included cable repair ships Albert J. Myer and Neptune due for modernization and the larger repair ship Aeolus that was uneconomical to repair and marginal as a cable ship.[note 11] Kingsport was still with the project. The Navy was requesting four fully functional cable ships, the modernized Albert J. Myer and Neptune and two large new ships. The two new ships were to be designed as modern cable ships, fully capable of cable and survey work.[30]
In 1980 consolidation and elimination of expensive individual facilities was made possible by the Wideband Acoustic Data Relay (WADR) first installed at Midway Island in January 1982 so that the two Midway arrays could eventually be remoted directly to NOPF Ford Island. This first generation WADR was used to consolidate array data from the California facilities at San Nicolas Island and Point Sur in 1984. Those were followed by remoting Hawaii's Barber's Point in 1985, the Pacific Northwest arrays at Pacific Beach and Coos Head in 1987, and Bermuda in the Atlantic in 1992. A second generation WADR allowed the consolidation of the Aleutian station at Adak in 1993, the North Atlantic's Argentia in 1995, and those termed "Special Projects" in 1997 and 1998.[22]
The western Atlantic system consolidation was centered on the establishment of the Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) at Dam Neck, Virginia beginning with closure of NAVFACs Eleuthera and Grand Turk. During 1981 Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF), Ford Island became operational and the decommissioning of NAVFAC Midway with that system's data routed to NAVFAC Barbers Point was completed. NAVFAC Lewes, Delaware closed that year.[3] NAVFAC Cape Hatteras closed in 1982 and in 1983 Midway acoustic data was rerouted directly to Naval Ocean Processing Facility, Ford Island.[3][22]
USNS Zeus
In 1984 the first SURTASS vessel, USNS Stalwart (T-AGOS-1) arrives at Little Creek, Virginia. USNS Zeus (T-ARC-7), the one new cable ship of the requested two, enters the "Caesar fleet" for operations. Atlantic NAVFAC Antigua and Pacific NAVFACs at San Nicolas Island and Point Sur in California closed. Point Sur acoustic data was routed to NAVFAC Centerville. Consolidation and new systems brought further change in 1985. NAVFAC Barbers Point closes with acoustic data directed to NOPF, Ford Island. The Fixed Distributed System (FDS) test array, a new type of fixed bottom system, terminus was made at NAVFAC Brawdy, Wales. Stalwart makes first SURTASS operational patrol and system name is changed from SOSUS to Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS). Consolidation continued in 1987 with NAVFAC Whidbey Island, Washington, established with NAVFAC Pacific Beach's acoustic data routed to that facility. During 1991 NAVFAC Guam, Mariana Islands closed.[3]
USNS Stalwart and USNS Worthy (T-AGOS-14) monohull SURTASS ships were withdrawn with SWATH hull USNS Victorious (T-AGOS-19) accepted by the Navy during 1992. That year the system got Chief of Naval Operations tasking to report whale detections.[3]
More original NAVFACs closed during 1993 with NAVFACs Centerville Beach, California and Adak, Alaska closing with their acoustic data routed to NAVFAC Whidbey Island. The facility at Whidbey, with multiple systems terminating there became Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) Whidbey. During 1994 Canadian Forces Shelburne, Nova Scotia closes as does NAVFAC Argentia with HMCS Trinity established at Halifax Nova Scotia with operation as Canadian Forces IUSS Centre (CFIC). NAVFAC Bermuda data is routed to Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) at Dam Neck. The new Advanced Deployable System enters as a part of IUSS and NAVFAC Brawdy, Wales closes with equipment and operation transferred to Joint Maritime Facility St Mawgan during 1995. During 1996 NAVFAC Keflavik Iceland closes and the new Fixed Distributed System Initial Operational Capability is accomplished.[3] In 1997 the Adak system reverts to "wet storage."[3]
2000 to 2010Edit
Impeccable, a SWATH design, for SURTASS/LFA operations.
USNS Impeccable (T-AGOS-23) is commissioned as the first SURTASS/Low Frequency Active (LFA) surveillance ship in 2000. In 2003 the new Advanced Deployable System (ADS) completes dual array testing. Extensive changes both with shore and sea assets take place over the following years as post Cold War missions change and systems are applied in new ways. Further consolidation takes place such as in 2009 when Joint Maritime Facility, St. Mawgan in the U.K. has data remoted directly to NOPF Dam Neck and is decommissioned. British and US Forces then begin joint, combined operations at NOPF Dam Neck.[3]
Management and commandsEdit
Project Caesar, from initial bathymetric and acoustical surveys through cable installation and turnover to operations, was managed by Bureau of Ships (BuShips) from 1951 until 1964. All the direct support through contracts with Western Electric, Bell Labs and ship schedules was under this management. In 1964 the project was placed under Industrial Manager, Potomac River Command and then Naval District Washington in 1965. In 1966 the project came under Naval Electronics Systems Command (NAVELEX PME-124) where it remained through the name change in 1986 to Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWARSYSCOM PMW 180)[note 12] and a move from Arlington to San Diego in 1997.[3]
The Navy operational side, taking over when the systems were accepted and turned over for operation, came under Commander, Oceanographic System Atlantic (COMOCEANSYSLANT) in 1954. Commander, Oceanographic System Pacific (COMOCEANSYSPAC) was established for the Pacific systems in 1964. Within the Office of Chief of Naval Operations the Director ASW Programs OP-95 was established in 1964. In 1970 COMOCEANSYSLANT and COMOCEANSYSPAC were designated as major commands by the Chief of Naval Operations.[3]
Officer and enlisted IUSS insignia.
With the new, mobile systems Towed Array Sensor System (TASS) and the Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System (SURTASS) entering the system, the SOSUS name was changed in 1984 to Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) to reflect the change from bottom fixed systems alone. In 1990 officers were authorized to wear IUSS insignia. Finally, with "undersea surveillance" so openly displayed, the mission is declassified in 1991 and the commands reflect that with replacement of the "oceanographic systems" with the accurate "under sea surveillance," the commands renamed as Commander, Undersea Surveillance Atlantic and Commander, Undersea Surveillance Pacific. In 1994 the Atlantic and Pacific commands were merged into Commander Undersea Surveillance at Dam Neck, Virginia. In 1998 that command was placed under Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet.[3]
The LOFARgram representation of acoustics in black, gray and white with an operator trained and adapted to interpreting that display was the critical link in the system. Experienced operators that could detect subtle differences and with practice could detect faint signatures of targets were vital to detection. It was even found that color blindness could be an advantage. It was soon apparent that the Navy's practice of short term tours and transfer out of the system was a problem. Commander Ocean Systems Atlantic launched an effort in 1964 to create a rating peculiar to SOSUS and allow personnel to remain within the community. It took five years for Bureau of Personnel to create the rating of Ocean Technician [OT]. That bureau did not do the same for officers thus forcing those with experience to either leave for new duties or leave the Navy. Some did so and remained in the system as civil service or contractor personnel.[10]
The first women were assigned to NAVFAC Eleuthera when an officer and ten enlisted women were assigned in 1972.[3] Due to the fact that the SOSUS community departed from the usual Navy cultural routine, with repeat assignments within the small community, women were able to serve in a warfare specialty without shipboard duty that was still being denied. That opened a new field for women outside the usual medical, education, or administrative specialties. SOSUS assignment qualified as important as sea duty on a Cold War front line.[10]
EventsEdit
In 1961 the system proved its effectiveness when it tracked USS George Washington on her first North Atlantic transit to the United Kingdom.[1] The first detection of a Soviet nuclear submarine occurred on 6 July 1962 when NAVFAC Barbados recognized and reported contact #27103, a Soviet nuclear submarine west of Norway coming into the Atlantic through the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (GIUK) gap.[1][3] When USS Thresher sank in 1963, SOSUS helped determine its location. In 1968, the first detections of Victor and Charlie class Soviet submarines were made, while in 1974 the first Delta-class submarine was observed. In 1968, SOSUS played a key role in locating the wreckage of the US nuclear attack submarine USS Scorpion, lost near the Azores in May. Moreover, SOSUS data from March 1968 facilitated the discovery, and clandestine retrieval six years later, of parts of the Soviet Golf II-class ballistic missile submarine K-129, that foundered that month north of Hawaii.[1]
Operational issuesEdit
The secrecy of the system meant that it did not have the widespread fleet support of successful tactical systems despite its actual success. It was the primary cuing system which antisubmarine forces used to localize and potentially destroy targets for over forty years but secrecy largely kept that fact from the fleet. The lack of strong fleet support was a factor when budget cuts after the Cold War fell heavily on the surveillance program.[15]
The system's first station came on line before there was any signature library of Soviet submarine acoustic characteristics while submerged. The operators had no information on which to identify a hostile submerged submarine's unique signature while snorkeling on the LOFARgram. The signatures available were of surfaced submarines from other sources. It was not until the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, when the quarantine reduced other shipping noises, that operators recognized unusual signatures that were confirmed to be Soviet snorkeling submarines when aircraft sighted snorkels and sonobuoys confirmed the unusual acoustics as being from that submarine. Even then, others had doubts until 1963–1964 Norwegian data on submarines deploying or returning collected correlated signatures. SOSUS then became the major collector of Soviet submarine signatures and "boot strapped" itself to becoming the primary signature library for itself and becoming the major intelligence source for all other Navy acoustic sensor systems.[37][38]
Both undersea surveillance and the operation of U.S. submarines were tightly held secrets within the communities. That secrecy led to misunderstandings and even potential breaches of security. Despite periods of realization both communities fell back into assumptions as a result of secrecy. On the submarine force side, there was a recurrent idea that SOSUS/IUSS could not detect U.S. submarines despite early SOSUS tracking USS George Washington across the Atlantic in its early days. Realization SOSUS could detect U.S. nuclear submarines led to the Navy's quieting program for those submarines and the assumption returned.[15]
The opposite occurred when the surveillance community did not have information on U.S. submarine operations, and assumed they held a Soviet or unknown contact. In 1962 and 1973, US submarines conducting covert operations off of the Soviet submarine base at Petropavlovsk were detected by NAVFAC Adak. In 1962, the detections were published at the secret level by Commander, Alaskan Sea Frontier, and these reports were pushed up the chain of command. Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet (COMSUBPAC) recognized the contacts as US submarines engaged in highly classified operations, and immediate changes were ordered for the reporting procedures. In 1973 such contacts were again almost published, but were stopped only when information was identified by a visiting civilian expert who recognized the acoustic signatures as that of a U.S. submarine. When that submarine put into Adak for a medical emergency the detection events were matched to the submarine's logs ending the disbelief the "Soviet" contact was actually a U.S. submarine.[15][38][39]
"Caesar fleet"Edit
Other ships are mentioned as having "cameo" appearances and the project apparently made use of other Navy survey and civilian cable ships on occasion. The core fleet appears to be those listed below.
Cable ships:
Aeolus[3]
Albert J. Myer[3]
Neptune[3]
Thor[3]
Zeus[3]
Flyer[29]
Arthur M. Huddell[3]
Kingsport[30]
Mizar[3]
EspionageEdit
In 1988, Stephen Joseph Ratkai, a Hungarian-Canadian recruited by Soviet Intelligence, was arrested, charged and convicted in St. John's, Newfoundland for attempting to obtain information on the SOSUS site at Naval Station Argentia. John Anthony Walker, a US Navy Chief Warrant Officer and communications specialist, divulged SOSUS operational information to the Soviet Union during the Cold War which compromised its effectiveness.[40]
Post-Cold WarEdit
By 1998 cable technology and shore processing allowed consolidation of shore stations to a few central processing facilities. Changes in Soviet operations, few hostile nuclear submarines at sea and the ending of the Cold War in the 1990s meant the need to maintain IUSS/SOSUS at full capability decreased.[1] The focus of the US Navy also turned toward a new fixed system, the Fixed Distributed System, and systems deployable on a theater basis such as the Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System and Advanced Deployable System.[3] Although officially declassified in 1991, by that time IUSS and SOSUS had long been an open secret.
Civilian science applicationsEdit
Alternate or dual-use partnerships exist with a number of agencies and institutions. The Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington has used the system for Ocean Acoustic Tomography.[41]
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Vents program at its Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory was granted access to the system at the Naval Ocean Processing Facility at Whidbey Island in October 1990 to combine raw analog data from specific hydrophones with NOAA systems for continuous monitoring of the northeast Pacific Ocean for low-level seismic activity and detection of volcanic activity along the northeast Pacific spreading centers.[42][43]
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute detected and tracked a lone whale with a unique call over a period of years in the Pacific.[44]
Texas Applied Research Laboratories,[45] and several other organizations have used the system for research.
Associated systemsEdit
ColossusEdit
Jezebel research had developed an additional short range, high frequency, upward-looking system using active transducers for direct plotting of ships passing over the array. Colossus was intended to be installed in narrows and straits.[3]
ArtemisEdit
Artemis was an experiment with a large active source. It was not a part of the SOSUS development. The system used very large towers and unwieldy components while SOSUS provided more than adequate warning and coverage and thus the system did not come into operation. The word Artemis had been used as a code word in the first days before Jezebel, Michael and Caesar as an unclassified name. Artemis, goddess of the hunt, stood for those cleared for Frederick V. Hunt and his idea of a passive system like SOSUS in his May 1950 report. That old application of Artemis caused some confusion.[26]
FootnotesEdit
^ Before the nature of the arrays became known, many writers assumed SOSUS was a barrier system, rather than arrays giving surveillance of entire ocean basins. An associated program, Colossus, was such a system intended to be installed across straits.
^ An alternative story is that it was named for a local bar popular with MIT faculty.
^ The cited Project HARTWELL report first links arrays with fleet type submarines towing such an array in the GIUK then refers to potential exploitation of the deep sound channel low frequency sounds.
^ The sometimes mentioned Sea Spider "system" was simply a complex and unsuccessful experiment with a very large suspended array in the Pacific. It was part of LRAPP as noted on page 181 of the reference. The experiment was part of the Pacific Acoustic Research Kaneohe — Alaska (PARKA) II experiment in 1969. Parts of Sea Spider ended up off Bermuda, designated Testbed for more experiments. That array was installed by unusual cable and installation vessel Naubuc but also failed (See Naubuc).
^ Her Majesty's Telegraph Ship, H.M.T.S. Alert, was a British General Post Office cable layer built in 1915.
^ The USS Aeolus Association website has a photo of a display of the first three types of Project Caesar cables.
^ For details on locations, including photographs, see "Past IUSS Sites" Archived 2020-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ The similarity is seen in the 1962 Bell Telephone System advertisement "How the ocean grew 'ears' to pinpoint missile shots".
^ The web page A Century of Service: The U.S. Navy on Cape Henlopen has a detailed description with photos and illustrations of this NAVFAC and the cable and array locations. The original phonetic name for the system was GEORGE. The photo of a cross section of the old 21 quad cable is of particular interest.
^ The Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF) appears to be a "super NAVFAC" with processing of multiple array data, often by joint allied forces. Naval Ocean Processing Facility (NOPF), Dam Neck, Virginia, in 1980 with Western Atlantic consolidation was the first of the NOPFs to be so named. With closure of NAVFAC Brawdy and its array data remoted to Joint Maritime Facility (JMF), St Mawgan the later Integrated Undersea Surveillance System character of the consolidated, joint centers was achieved. Ultimately that JMF itself was "remoted" across the Atlantic to Dam Neck.
^ Both Aeolus and Thor had been conversions from Artemis class AKA types of unusually shallow draft. Cable ships were designed for deep draft with high capacity cable tank storage and ability to maintain station during stopped or low speed repair operations in poor weather. The AKA conversions could not carry a full cable load and full fuel load without exceeding maximum draft. A major deficiency for a modern cable laying ship, rather than dedicated repair ship, was lack of stern laying capability. Neither of the larger repair ships could be modified for that. On some operations, they had to be towed from astern by a tug in order to lay cable over the bow sheaves using cable machinery forward. They even had dual sets of running lights installed so the stern could be the bow and show proper lights.
^ PME-124 and PMW-180 were the program manager's office designations. Name changed in June 2019 to Naval Information Warfare Systems Command.
Communication with submarines
Integrated Undersea Surveillance System insignia
SOFAR channel
Missile Impact Location System
Project Artemis
Gordon Eugene Martin, Navy physicist and executive officer of the prototype SOSUS station
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Whitman, Edward C. (Winter 2005). "SOSUS The "Secret Weapon" of Undersea Surveillance". Undersea Warfare. Vol. 7, no. 2. Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
^ "The Papers of Colubus O'Donnell Iselin". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. April 2001. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an "Integrated Undersea Surveillance System (IUSS) History 1950 - 2010". IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Goldstein, Jack S (1992). A Different Sort of Time: The Life of Jerrold R. Zacharias. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. p. 338. ISBN 026207138X. LCCN 91037934. OCLC 1015073870.
^ Report on Security of Overseas Transport. Volume 1. Project Hartwell. (B. A Proposed Sonar Listening System for Long-Range Submarine Detection (Report). 21 September 1950. pp. D2–D8. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "Origins of SOSUS". Commander, Undersea Surveillance. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^ Committee on Armed Services (U.S. Senate) (1968). Authorization for Military Procurement, Research and Development, Fiscal Year 1969, and Reserve Strength. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 997. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
^ a b Holler, Roger A. (November 5, 2013). "The Evolution Of The Sonobuoy From World War II To The Cold War" (PDF). U.S. Navy Journal of Underwater Acoustics: 332–333. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2020.
^ Solomon, Louis P. (April 2011). "Memoir of the Long Range Acoustic Propagation Program" (PDF). U.S. Navy Journal of Underwater Acoustics. 61 (2): 176–205. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 5, 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
^ a b c d e f Weir, Gary E. (August 2006). "he American Sound Surveillance System: Using the Ocean to Hunt Soviet Submarines, 1950-1961" (PDF). International Journal of Naval History. 5 (2). Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Di Mento, John Mark (December 2006). "The Ocean Environment and the Third Dimension of Naval Warfare" (PDF). Beyond the Water's Edge: United States National Security & the Ocean Environment (Ph.D. thesis). Medford, M A: Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. pp. 73–74.
^ Rau, J. G. (August 1974). Measures of Effectiveness Handbook (Report). Irvine, California: Ultrasystems, Inc. pp. B-54–B55. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
^ "SOSUS Unclassified Cover Story". IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Waterman, Larry Wayne (March 1972). Officer Education and Training in Oceanography for ASW and Other Naval Applications. Naval Postgraduate School. p. 115. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ a b c d Maskell, Dawn M. (12 April 2001). The Navy's Best Kept Secret — Is IUSS Becoming a Lost Art? (Thesis). Quantico, Virginia: United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
^ Alpern, David M.; Martin, David C. (January 5, 1981). "A Soviet War of Nerves". Newsweek. p. 21.
^ a b Kneedler, Robert (Fall 2007). "Recollections On the Successful Implementation of the Portion of Brick Bat 03 - Titled Project Caesar II - Pacific (Part 2 of 2)" (PDF). The Cable. Vol. 9, no. 1. IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association. pp. 3–6. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
^ Commander, Undersea Surveillance. "CAPT Joseph P. Kelly, USN (1914-1988)". U.S. Navy. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "Catalog of Audiovisual Productions — Navy and Marine Corps". Department of Defense. 1984. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
^ Watch in the Sea — Project Caesar (Standard AV Production Identification Number: 24458-DN). Department of the Navy, Bureau of Ships. 1960. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
^ Cote, Owen R., Jr. (2003). The Third Battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy's Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines (PDF) (Report). Naval War College. pp. 25–26. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ a b c d Weinel, Jim (Summer 2004). "Evolution of SOSUS/IUSS Signal Processing (Part 2 of 2)" (PDF). The Cable. Vol. 7, no. 1. IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association. p. 3. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "Commander Undersea Surveillance". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
^ Weinel, Jim (Spring 2003). "Evolution of SOSUS/IUSS Signal Processing (Part 1 of 2)" (PDF). The Cable. Vol. 6, no. 1. IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association. p. 3. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services (1963). Military Construction Authorization, Fiscal Year 1964: Hearings ... Eighty-eighth Congress, First Session, on S. 1101 - H.R. 6500, a Bill Authorizing Certain Construction at Military Installations, and for Other Purposes. September 6, 27, 30, October 1, 2, 3, and 7, 1963. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 288–289.
^ a b Weir, Gary R. (2017). "The Navy, Science, and Professional History". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Hallett, Bruce. "MILS". SOFAR Bermuda. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Commander Undersea Surveillance. "Naval Facility Lewes, August 1955 - September 1981". U.S. Navy. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ a b "USNS Flyer". Sealift Magazine. Vol. 17, no. 1. January 1967. p. 19. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
^ a b c Committee on Armed Services (U.S. Senate) (1978). Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1979. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 4244–4246. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
^ Fenner, Don F.; Cronin, William J., Jr. (1978). Bearing Stake Exercise: Sound Speed and Other Environmental Variability (PDF) (Report). NSTL Station, MS: Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity (NORDA). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
^ Commander Undersea Surveillance. "Naval Facility San Salvador, December 1954 - January 1970". U.S. Navy. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "Gerace Research Center". The Islands Of The Bahamas. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "Naval Facility Brawdy April 1974 - October 1995". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
^ Jefford, C.G. (2001). RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 1-84037-141-2.
^ The Federal Ocean Program (Report). April 1974. p. 100. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
^ Rule, Bruce (2012). "Faulty Intelligence Nearly "Sank" SOSUS During the Cuban Missile Crisis". IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
^ a b Rule, Bruce (June 17, 2015). "The SOSUS System A Personal Perspective of the Early Years". IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
^ Rule, Bruce (November 13, 2013). "NAVFAC ADAK, Ancient History". IUSS/CAESAR Alumni Association. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
^ Keller, Bill (1985). "Spy Case is Called Threat to Finding Soviet Submarines". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "Blue Water Acoustic Research at APL-UW". University of Washington. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "SOund SUrveillance System (SOSUS): General Information". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "PMEL/Vents Ocean Acoustics (Briefing)" (PDF). Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA. August 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ Lippsett, Lonny (April 5, 2005). "A Lone Voice Crying in the Watery Wilderness". Oceanus. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "Ongoing Research at ARL:UT". Arlut.utexas.edu. University of Texas at Austin Applied Research Laboratories. Retrieved 2013-12-13.
Past IUSS Sites Archived 2020-02-16 at the Wayback Machine Index to individual pages with location details, photos and badges of the shore sites.
CAESAR Fleet
The Terminal Equipment Building of the Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) Photos and diagrams of NAVFAC Lewes, 21 quad cable cross section, LOFARGRAM photos
History of IUSS: Timeline
"SOSUS: The 'Secret Weapon' of Undersea Surveillance", Undersea Warfare, Winter, 2005, Vol. 7, No. 2, article by Edward C. Whitman
The Acoustic Monitoring Project
Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), GlobalSecurity.org
A Letter from Joe Worzel to Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory regarding the establishment of Palisades Geophysical Institute, its work, and support of the education and research community
The SOund SUrveillance System, Federation of American Scientists, Intelligence Resource Program
Navy article on Sosus
Japanese LQO-3 SOSUS Arrays.
Watch In The Sea--part one on YouTube
Watch In The Sea--part two on YouTube
1953 Project Michael report: Transmission of 30 cps Sound in Deep Water
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOSUS&oldid=1135930001"


text:
Q: Using Microsoft Graph API (msal library) from chrome extension I'm working on chrome extension where i need to authenticate user against Microsoft account to use MSAL library (Graph API) from background scripts. But currently I'm getting error AADSTS50011: The reply url specified in the request does not match the reply urls configured for the application
Unfortunately I cannot enter redirect uri starting with chrome-extension:// in Microsoft portal.
Is there a way how to achieve this or is it a no go?
Edit:
OK it seems I can use chrome.identity.launchWebAuthFlow for this. But when requesting a token, the client_secret is required (wihtout this I get the 401 response code). Is it safe to include this client_secret in the background scripts of the extension?
If I see it correctly, the msal library does not require client_secret

A: MSAL.js supports different flows for authentication.
The one called implicit requires a login page (popup or redirected) to be displayed for the user to enter credentials. This flow does NOT require client_secret to be provided from your app.
To fight AADSTS50011 error for this flow you need to make sure that redirect uri is registered with Azure AD. It's true that chrome-extension:// urls don't comply with Azure requirements.
There is a solution exactly for the case - chrome.identity.getRedirectURL(). This function generates a redirect url of this kind:
https://<app-id>.chromiumapp.org/*

app-id is id of your extension and will change in development environment every time you change extension unpacked path. So make sure you update redirect uri with Azure timely. Other workaround for this is generating a key and including it into extension manifest. This way you can bake your app-id and redirect uri.
Please note that generated uri is fake and if you need to process response from authentication server then you should do so in the callback function:
chrome.identity.launchWebAuthFlow(
  {
    url: authUrl,
    interactive: true
  },
  function (response) {
    // do stuff with code/token, etc.
  }
);

The client credentials grant flow works without user authorizing every time your app requests authentication. But it is not safe at all to store credentials inside browser extension.
There're more flows but I don't see them relevant for the original question case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home/highlights/Alternate Foreign Minister visits London and New Delhi
Alternate Foreign Minister visits London and New Delhi
'Greece: An economic overview and investment opportunities'
On November 10th, Alternate Foreign Minister George Katrougalos travelled to London where he met with representatives of the British Government and opposition, as well as with union representatives and spoke at prominent British universities.
More specifically his individual meetings included with the Work and Pensions Secretary Damian Green, the Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Sir Alan Duncan, the Minister of State at the Department of Exiting the European Union (DExEU), David Jones, the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer, John McDonnell, the Shadow Minister for International Trade, Bill Esterson, the Shadow Minister of State Khalid Mahmood, and the General Secretaries of the UNITE and TUC Unions.
Discussions focused on issues of European and bilateral interest, particularly in light of the referendum on the UK exiting the European Union.
Moreover, the visit of Mr. Katrougalos included delivering a speech at an event for investors organised by the British Hellenic Chamber and two lectures on the status of Greece at the London School of Economics and Oxford University.
Speaking at the British-Hellenic Chamber of Commerce event on 'Greece: An economic overview and investment opportunities', Mr. Katrougalos referred to the positive prospects of the Greek economy and investments, stressing that the Government has moved ahead to very important structural reforms, with emphasis on sustainable development and social policies against austerity. He also underscored that Greece now offers many investment opportunities, not just due to its geopolitical position, but also because of the new economic policy that is evident in the official data showing improvement of financial indicators and the economic environment.
The Alternate Foreign Minister for European Affairs was also the keynote speaker at a London School of Economics event on 'Social or neoliberal Europe? The Greek experience', at which he presented the Greek Government's major structural reforms, with emphasis on reform of the social security system. He also underscored the need to abandon the current austerity policies and reaffirm the EU's dedication to the European social model.
During his stay in the British capital, Mr. Katrougalos also visited Archbishop Gregorios of Thyateira and Great Britain, while on the margins of his meetings he gave interviews to British media. He concluded his itinerary in Oxford, where he spoke at St. Antony's College on 'A Democratic Challenge: Social reform in Greece under Syriza'.
Alternate Foreign Minister George Katrougalos was in New Delhi from 22nd to 25th November. During his stay in the Indian capital, Mr. Katrougalos co-chaired the 7th Greek-Indian Joint Inter-Ministerial Committee, while in parallel he held several meetings with the Ministers for External Affairs, Shipping, Infrastructure and Civil Aviation. He also participated in an Investment Forum.
Pictured above: Indian Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Commerce and Industry, Nirmala Sitharaman, receives visiting Greek Alternate Foreign Minister George Katrougalos; Alternate Minister Katrougalos, Responsible for European Affairs, gives an address at the Conference on Financial and Investment Opportunities in Greece held at Lloyds headquarters in Great Britain.
Previous Deputy Foreign Minister visits Istanbul and Indonesia
Next Russian Foreign Minister in Athens for talks

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text:
Az 1992. évi nyári olimpiai játékokon a vízilabdatorna az újkori olimpiák történetében huszonegyedszer került a hivatalos programba. Csak férfi tornát rendeztek, amelyet augusztus 1. és 9. között játszottak. A tornán 12 nemzet csapata vett részt. A címvédő a jugoszláv válogatott volt. A tornát az olasz válogatott nyerte. A magyar csapat a hatodik helyen végzett.

Éremtáblázat
(A rendező nemzet csapata eltérő háttérszínnel, az egyes számoszlopok legmagasabb értéke, vagy értékei vastagítással kiemelve.)

Érmesek

Lebonyolítás
A csapatokat 2 darab 6 csapatból álló csoportba sorsolták. A csoporton belül körmérkőzések döntötték el a csoportok végeredményét. A csoportmérkőzések után az első két helyezett jutott az elődöntőbe. Az elődöntő győztesei játszottak a döntőben, a két vesztes a bronzéremért mérkőzött. A csoportok 3. és 4. helyezettjei egy újabb csoportkörben mérkőztek az 5–8. helyért. Ehhez hasonlóan a csoportok 5. és 6. helyezettjei is egy újabb csoportkörben döntötték el a 9.–12. helyezéseket. A helyosztó csoportokba a csapatok a csoportkör során játszott egymás elleni eredményeiket magukkal vitték.

Csoportkör

A csoport

B csoport

Rájátszás

A 9–12. helyért
E csoport
A táblázat tartalmazza
 az A csoportban lejátszott Csehszlovákia – Franciaország 6–14-es, valamint
 a B csoportban lejátszott Görögország – Hollandia 4–4-es eredményét is.

Az 5–8. helyért
D csoport
A táblázat tartalmazza
 az A csoportban lejátszott Németország – Ausztrália 7–7-es, valamint
 a B csoportban lejátszott Kuba – Magyarország 11–12-es eredményét is.

Elődöntők

Bronzmérkőzés

Döntő

Végeredmény

Fordítás

Források

1992
Vizilabda
Olimpia

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Boxer & Book Hall of Fame
Ringside Books
Boxing Hall of Fame--With Books "Updated Weekly!"
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Boxing Library Hall of Fame
We are a New-York-based book publishing house interested in books and boxers.
We are also interested in promoting academic growth and literacy within our youth.
We asked boxers, and prominent figures within the boxing world, to tell us the title of their favorite book. "What is the book that you enjoyed reading the most?" we inquired.
Their book could be fiction, nonfiction, memoir, autobiography, history, sport-related, or not. We simply wanted to peek into their soul and see what book--as a kid, or now—knocked them out!
Below, are their responses. Enjoy!
Gary Russell, Jr.
Name: Gary Russell, Jr.
2008 U.S. Olympian (in Beijing)
Two-time National Champion.
2006 National PAL Champion.
2005 World Championships Bronze Medalist.
2005 Golden Gloves Champion.
2005 USA Boxing Athlete of the Year.
2004 Junior Olympic National Champion.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kdhqcOFD-k
Favorite Book: "The Coldest Winter Ever" by Sister Souljah
"Sister Souljah's book is a tell-all story from a teenage girl's point-of-view. From the drug life in the city to the privileged life. It's a story that took me on a journey that I will never forget."
Raynell Williams
Name: Raynell Williams
2007 Olympic Test Event Champion.
2007 National Champion.
Two-time USA Boxing Athlete of the Month.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0ZiaL6PyNU&feature;=related
Favorite Book: "Harry Potter" by J.K. Rowling
"Harry Potter was exciting reading! I like it all--the witches, the demons, the gnomes and the monsters. Of course, I like the heroes, too. Oh, yeah, there's another book I really liked--"Shiloh". It's about a poor, mistreated dog and a boy who saves him."
Sadam Ali
Name: Sadam Ali
2007 National Golden Gloves Champion.
First Arab-American boxer to compete in the Olympic Games.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SUvKqRgLYjk
Favorite Book: "Champion: The Story of Muhammad Ali" by Jim Haskins
"My favorite fighter is Muhammad Ali, so anything about Ali I like to read."
Name: Javier Molina
2006 Junior Olypmic National Champion.
2006 Cadet World Championships Bronze Medalist.
Is an honor student.
http://www.usaboxing.org/86_1892.htm
Favorite Book: "The Adventures of Indiana Jones" by Campbell Black, James Kahn & Rob Macgregor
"If Indiana Jones was a fighter, man, he'd be the heavyweight champ of the world! He can knockout any snake or bad guy you put in front of him!"
Demetrius "Boo Boo" Andrade
Name: Demetrius "Boo Boo" Andrade
2007 World Champion.
2007 Pan American Games Silver Medalist.
Two-time Golden Gloves Champion.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdxePkaT-4E
Favorite Book: "Real Adventures of Johnny Quest" by Brad Quentin
"Adventure stories interest me. Every time I get into the ring it's an adventure--and I'm the hero!"
Shawn Estrada
Name: Shawn Estrada
2nd Americas Qualifier Gold Medalist
2006 U.S. Championships Bronze Medalist.
http://youtube.com/watch?v=fWb0cU4VSSY&feature;=related
Favorite Book: "The Lord of the Rings" by J.R.R. Tolkien
"I liked "Lord of the Rings". But I also like reading stuff by Steinbeck. You know what else I like? Action and adventure. I like reading some of Stephen King's stuff, too."
Name: Deontay Wilder
Played basketball in college.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e8mLG7ux6Uk&feature;=related
Favorite Book: Iron Mike: A Mike Tyson Reader by Daniel O'Conner
"I vow to read more. But I like reading about Mike Tyson. He's an interesting guy."
Harry Keitt
Name: Harry Keitt
Veteran New York City trainer
Main character in the award-winning documentary film "On the Ropes".
Trained James Moore.
Trained Dmitry Salita.
Trained James Walton.
Favorite Book: "Angels & Demons" by Dan Brown
"Someone suggested this book and once I started reading it, I couldn't put it down. Loved it. But the ending was disapointing. It was like Beyonce and Jennifer Lopez inviting you home after a date, and just when you think you got it made, they slam the door in your face."
Melissa "Huracan" Hernandez
Name: Melissa "Huracan" Hernandez
Won vacant WIBA Women's International Boxing Association Super Bantamweight title
Won Global Boxing Union Female Lightweight Title.
Defeated Lisa Brown (W 10).
Defeated Layla McCarter (MD 8).
Defeated Melissa Fiorentino (TKO 3).
Won the 2004 National PAL Boxing Championships in Virginia Beach, Virginia, Melissa won the 132-lb division.
Won the 2005 NYC Golden Gloves.
Won the 2005 Florida PAL Championship over Lena Taylor.
won 8 (KO 3) + lost 1 (KO 1) + drawn 2 = 11
http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid;=103702931
Favorite Book: "Natural Born Killers" by John August
"I liked this book because of the unity of the two characters, Mickey And Mallory. It's the screenplay for Oliver Stone's film. It's a strange story about two lovers, Mickey & Mallory, on their honeymoon. They ended up killing 48 people. Even though this book is a bit dirty and nasty, I liked the fact that they worked together as a team. Unity and teamwork--you don't see much of that anymore."
Name: Bob Jackson
Legendary boxing trainer and member of the Boxing Hall of Fame
Jackson trains out of Gleason's Gym in Brooklyn, New York.
He has trained successful boxers for more than fifty years.
His charges have included heavyweight world title contender Oleg Maskaev.
Former world bantamweight and super-bantamweight champ Junior Jones.
Former heavyweight contender Chuck Wepner.
Former USBA junior welterweight champ Raul Frank.
Numerous other pro contenders and Golden Gloves champs.
http://www.charlierose.com/guests/bob-jackson
Favorite Book: "A Clenched Fist--The Making of a Golden Gloves Champion" by Peter Wood
"A Clenched Fist" is a fantastic, one-in-a-million type book because it explains in a very graphic & colorful way, what it's like to enter & fight in The New York City Golden Gloves. "Fist" is a real eye-opener. I loved it."
Alvin "Blue" Lewis
Name: Alvin "Blue" Lewis
Heavyweight Contender in 1960s-70s
Defeated Dick Wipperman (W 10).
Defeated Eduardo Corletti (KO 2).
Defeated Cleveland Williams (TKO 4).
Lost to Muhammad Ali in Ireland (TKO 11).
won 30 (KO 19) + lost 6 (KO 3) + drawn 0 = 36
http://amatoboxingsite.multiply.com/notes/item/587
Favorite Book: "The Life and Strife of Sonny Liston" by Robert Steen
"I read this book when I was in jail. I took knowledge and strength from reading it. Sonny's life was hard, like mine."
George "Blaze" Walton
Name: George "Blaze" Walton
Rugged New York Middleweight
Subject of the 1999 Academy Award nominated documentary "On the Ropes".
Defeated Carl Daniels (w 6).
Amassed an impressive 59-8 Amateur Record.
1996 Golden Gloves Open Middleweight Champion.
http://www.leisuresuit.net/Webzine/articles/on_theropes.shtml
Favorite Book: "The Cat in the Hat" by Dr. Suess
"What's my favorite book? I don't know...The Bible? Nah, that don't count...Ok, one of the Dr. Seuss books."
Mitch "Blood" Green
Name: Mitch "Blood" Green
World Boxing Syndicate Champion (a sanctioning body founded in 2002)
Former WBC #7 Heavyweight Contender.
Defeated Percell Davis (W 10).
Defeated Danny Wofford (W 12).
Defeated Sammy Scaff (TKO 6).
Lost to Mike Tyson (L 10).
Lost to Trevor Berbick (L 12).
Four-time New York City Golden Gloves Champion.
http://www.ulifeonline.com/archives/10. won 19 (KO 12) + lost 6 (KO 1) + drawn 1 = 27
http://www.geocities.com/mitchgreen/
Favorite Book: The Bible
"When I need inspiration, I turn to The Bible. It's helped me through some dark times. And, believe me, there's been many dark times."
Wayne Kelly
Name: Wayne Kelly
American (New York-based) boxing referee
Third Man for countless matches: Klitschko Brothers; Arturo Gatti.
Riddick Bowe; Andrew Golata; Ray Mercer; Chris Byrd; John Ruiz.
Junior Jones...
Grandson of boxer "Harlem" Eddie Kelly.
Had a brief pro boxing career as a Light Heavyweight between 1975 and 1979.
Pro record:4 (KO 3) + lost 3 (KO 0) + drawn 0 = 7
http://www.thesweetscience.com/boxing-article.php?article=4612
Favorite Book: "Up Country" by Nelson DeMille
"Nelson DeMille is without question my favorite contemporary author. (Ernest Hemingway is my all time favorite. They both have a vivid imagination and an unusual sense of humor.) DeMille's characters tend to be tough guys with attitute problems. I get a laugh out of the humor and quick wit in these books. "Up Country" by Nelson DeMille is a perfect example. It's a story about a retired military police officer who investigates a 30-year-old murder of an army officer in Vietnam. This guy suspects there's more to it than meets the eye, and can't resist the opportunity for a nostalgic trip back to 'Nam at the expense of the U.S. Government."
Name: Ron Ross
Boxing Author
Author of "Bummy Davis VS. Murder, Inc".
Author of "The Tomato Can".
Author of "Nine ... Ten ... And Out! The Two Worlds of Emile Griffith".
Former fight promoter and manager.
Member of the Boxing Writers Association of America.
Inducted into the Long Island Jewish Hall of Fame.
http://www.ronross.us/
Favorite Book: "A Stone for Danny Fisher" by Harold Robbins
"Harold Robbins is a master story-teller. I identified with the main character in this book, and the New York setting--East Flatbush, Brooklyn--my old stomping grounds. Robbins' writing is dead on and recently I re-read it. And you know what? It's still a great read."
Amateur Ranking
© 2010 Ringside Books | Maintained by: Elie Rosen


Literature of the eighteenth century and Romantic periods, with a particular focus on the early nineteenth-century poet John Clare.
Paul Chirico is the Senior Tutor of Fitzwilliam College, as well as College Lecturer and Director of Studies in English. He teaches primarily the literature of the eighteenth century and Romantic periods, with a particular research focus on the early nineteenth-century poet John Clare. His book John Clare and the Imagination of the Reader was published in 2007 by Palgrave Macmillan. He is presently studying and teaching the novel in the long eighteenth century and the dynamics of literary production, circulation and readership in the early to mid-nineteenth century. He is founding chair of the John Clare Trust, which has established an educational, environmental and cultural centre at Clare's birthplace in the village of Helpston, near Peterborough.


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Part-Time Fathers, Red Deer, Alberta.
Box 5256, Airdrie, Alberta, T4B 2B3.
Legal help for men who feel the courts, the law and the feminists are biased against them.
ENPRES is a fathers group operating in the Ottawa / Hull area.
A very influencial Fathers and Childrens Rights group with chapters in many states and provinces.
Daddy & Me provides an electronic virtual world to fathers and their kids. They serve the Silicon Valley area directly, but aim to serve the larger global needs of Dads and children.
VOCAL has chapters in many of the major cities in the US. Their research since the late 1970's has determined that over 65% of all cases of reports of child abuse in the US are false.
A statewide fathers advocacy organization in New York State.
A service of the Men's Health Network : Washington, D.C.
They also have "Parenting Time" software for Windows available. Designed as an "access/visitation enforcement system" which assists the non-custodial parent in asserting his (or her) timeshare rights, and in supporting a motion to enforce those rights where the custodial parent otherwise refuses to honor them.
A national U.S. group assisting the falsely accused.


The Seminole Newspaper dates back to 1922.
The clicking of typewriters, the sound of camera shutters, and the rustling of papers filled the sunny, brick-walled newsroom of Seminole High School. Had they been a few years older, many of its occupants would have been fighting in World War I. But at that moment, nothing could disturb the seven boys in the newsroom. They were busy bringing what would later be called The Seminole to life.
Established in 1922, the Celery Fed was Seminole High School's original student-led periodical. Nearly one hundred years ago, the newspaper employed remarkably different tactics to produce their articles. Subsequently referred to as the Seminole Newspaper, and then merely The Seminole, the Celery Fed has transformed to fit modern news, but its mission remains the same.
School newspapers serve as a creative outlet for students to voice their opinions and diffuse information to the school and its close community. The articles written represent the entirety of the student body and bring awareness to their school and all the stories it holds.
"It can have frivolity and can be a lot of fun, but it can also tackle serious articles," said Barbara Rosenberger, an advisor in the early 1980s, when asked about the importance of school newspapers.
The process of designing and producing newspapers has changed drastically over the past century as well. The Seminole was once a black and white print publication that was distributed several times a year. In the early 1980s, it transformed into a color newspaper, and in 2009, an online based periodical was introduced for weekly and breaking news.
Before computers became conventional, the staff of The Seminole used typewriters and typesetting to design their publications. Typesetting is the process of creating text by arranging physical types. Cast metal sorts, which are similar to stamps of letters and symbols, were arranged on a composing stick to form words and sentences and then stamped onto paper manually. This was often a labor-intensive and meticulous process.
In the modern age of technology, newspaper production has changed tremendously. Designers now have the ability to create their layouts on applications such as Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop, and reporters are able to write online and share their articles with a single click.
Newspaper is not just a class and job, but also a family. Alongside gaining many skills that can be used in the workplace such as teamwork and leadership, newspaper can kickstart careers for many students. What seems to simply be a passion of high schoolers can have a significant effect on the community around them.
"Advising those groups of students was one of the best things about my time at Seminole, and the creativity that came out of their love for journalism, design, and finding the truth was inspiring. Many students went on to become journalists, political activists, and business owners," said Natalie Galed, who served as advisor from 2008-2015.
The success of The Seminole Newspaper can be accounted for by the quality work of the staff. Their passion and motivation along with their incredible ideas and stories are what make the newspaper so special.
"I encourage this year's staff and all staffs after it to realize that they really do have an impact on the people who read it, and if they work hard and have a mission in mind, they can absolutely achieve it," said Galed.


The Modi government's new pension scheme for workers of the unorganised sector, called the Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan 2019, is intended to benefit about 420 million workers who are not covered by any social welfare scheme, including any pension plan for old age. The scheme was introduced in the interim budget of February 1. It targets workers in both rural and urban areas. Though it was presented as a new scheme, it is an amended version of the old Atal Pension Yojna, which was itself a rehashed version of the 'Swavalamban' scheme launched by the UPA government in 2011. The scheme has undergone changes in its various incarnations and has sought to provide higher benefits at every stage. But even the latest version falls short of achieving its claimed aims. The design of the plan needs improvement. It also has constraints and limitations which are bound to adversely affect its implementation.
The terms and conditions of the scheme, including those relating to subscription and nominations, might actually make the worker a loser. The amount the worker might get as pension is too little, too late. The worker is promised Rs 3,000 a month as pension from the age of 60 against Rs 1,000 in the old scheme, but this will be available to only those who join the new scheme at the age of 18 with a monthly contribution of Rs 55. The subscription keeps increasing with age. The earlier version had a contribution of Rs 42 per month. The value of Rs 3,000 after 20 years, for those who join the scheme at 40, can well be imagined. Those who have to wait longer will be still worse off. The scheme keeps the age limit for subscribers between 18 and 40, and it is estimated that about 13 crore workers will be out of its purview. In the case of demise of the beneficiary, the children will not be entitled to pension, though the spouse will be. Workers earning only up to Rs 15,000 per month are eligible to join the scheme. Doubts have been expressed whether those whose earnings are very low will be able to pay the monthly subscription, though an equal amount is contributed by the government.
Half of the country's GDP is contributed by the unorganised sector. The workers in the sector account for most of the country's workforce. But they are ignored and neglected and do not have any social and economic safety net. The new pension scheme fails to provide that and actually gives them a raw deal. It is an election sop, like some other goodies announced in the budget.


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Asha Parkinson
About Asha
Like Asha?
500 Miles High by Chick Corea (1973)
Everything I Love
You're My Everything
Asha is an experienced saxophonist looking for function/ studio work
Saxophone took over from piano as her main instrument when Asha was 9. Within a couple of years she was winning prizes, completing her grades with distinction and gaining a jazz diploma as well as leading her first band in public performances. At just thirteen, her second band, Out of the Loop was featured in the London jazz Festival and appeared at various leading venues such as Queen Elizabeth Hall and the Bulls Head and she was playing lead alto in the NYJO training band. Asha was a semi-finalist in the 2016 and 2018 BBC Young Jazz Musician of the Year competition. She completed sixth-form studies at The Purcell School of Music and is currently in her final year at The Guildhall School of Music. Her saxophone and jazz teachers have included Mark Lockheart, Iain Ballamy , Christian Forshaw, Carlos Lopez Real, Trish Clowes, Simon Allen, Phil Meadows, Gareth Lockrane and Nick Beston. She continues to lead her own bands and to play in a wide range of other ensembles including the National Youth Jazz Orchestra.
Jazz, Blues, Cabaret, Dixieland, Gypsy jazz, Jazz fusion, Latin jazz, Modern jazz, Postmodern jukebox jazz, Ragtime, Swing, Barbershop, Gospel, Pop, Motown, Arabic, Brazilian music, Cuban music, Indian music, Contemporary classical, Film / TV music, Classical crossover, Classical
Saxophone, Composer, Piano, Orchestrator
Wedding, Wedding proposal, Funeral / Memorial service, Hotel / Restaurant event, Bar / Club / Venue event, Private event, Corporate event, Charity event, Concert, Recording session, Theatre / Show, Cruise, Burns night, Birthday party, Christmas party, New Year's Eve
Instrumental teaching, Composition teaching, Community music worker
Short performance (up to 15 min) £60
All prices include:Expenses are separate from gig fee
Private G, 3 years ago
Thank you for all your amazing skills! It really made our wedding memorable.
Richard B, 2 years ago
the alto of Asha Parkinson, whose quietly intense closing solo — a moment of wonderfully understated drama
Saxophonists in the UK
Composers in the UK
Orchestrators in the UK
Saxophonists in St Albans
Saxophonists in Slough
Saxophonists in Windsor
Saxophonists in Sevenoaks
Saxophonists in Hertfordshire


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To save his declining business, Chris Cringle (Mel Gibson), also known as Santa Claus, is forced into a partnership with the U.S. military. Making matters worse, Chris gets locked into a deadly... View more >
Starring Mel Gibson, Walton Goggins, Marianne Jean-Baptiste... View more >
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Samoa Air becomes first airline to implement "pay as you weigh" system
Samoa Air becomes first airlin...
Samoa Air has become the first airline in the world to charge passengers based on weight
Thrifty Samoans looking to take a trip may want to shed a few pounds before booking a flight with Samoan Air after the airline announced the implementation of a "pay as you weigh" system. Unlike some other airlines that have courted controversy by forcing some obese passengers to purchase two seats, Samoa's national carrier will charge passengers based on their weight.
Samoa has the dubious honor of being one of the fattest countries in the world. It consistently ranks in the top ten fattest countries in the world with over 80 percent of persons aged 15 and over considered overweight. Samoa Air's fleet of Britten Norman (BN2A) Islanders that carry nine passengers, and a four-seater Cessna 172 are likely to be particularly sensitive to the extra burden of such passengers.
Established in 2012, Samoa Air flies routes between Samoa, American Samoa, Tonga, Niue, the North Cook Islands, and French Polynesia, with pay as you weigh rates starting at $1 Samoan Tala (US$0.44) per kilogram (2.2 lb) including baggage, with rates increasing for longer distance flights. Passengers "guesstimate" their total weight (with baggage) when booking online, but are weighed at the airport and pay for only that amount.
While the move has attracted headlines, Samoa Air's chief executive, Chris Langton, believes the "pay as you weigh" system is fairer for all passengers and could have the added benefit of promoting health and obesity awareness.
A demo fare calculator can be found here.
Source: Samoa Air via The Sydney Morning Herald
AircraftObesityAirlinesWorld's First
Adrien April 3, 2013 04:56 AM
excellent. I've wanted to see something like this for years. Sucks to pay excess baggage when you're 10kg over on your suitcase, and the guy behind you in the queue weighs 80kg more than you.
Russ Pinney April 3, 2013 06:25 AM
A rebrand to Thin Air in the wings?
Bigbrother Iswatchingu April 3, 2013 06:41 AM
Fair enough! However, have those in mind who can't do anything about their weight. We should watch out not to punish people for having a bad gene or a disease.
Daniel Posner April 3, 2013 09:12 AM
Re post above. Having spent 30 years as a Health Therapist and Personal Trainer, and helped thousands of obese people improve their quality of life, I can honestly tell you that 99% of people who are clinically overweight choose this situation and if sufficiently motivated, can change their lifestyles. Diets do NOT work. They do more harm than good.
owen April 3, 2013 01:08 PM
Inspired!! We are all biological machines at the end of the day energy in = energy out Lets hope this encourages us all to think about what we take aboard airlines. who wants to take spare tires on a plane anyway!
PB April 3, 2013 01:25 PM
This isn't an 'airline'. It flies three prop/piston aircraft, and has a "big boy" plane on order for next year. The carrying capacity of those aircraft on a hot day (and every day is hot in Samoa) is very little, and they pretty much have to charge by weight. Remember, in the early days of aviation when all aircraft were piston propeller the accepted thing was to charge by weight. When the jet age came along the thrust was so great, and the capacity of the planes so great, that space was the premium, rather than weight, and that still applies. Rather than moan about weight, why don't the naysayers talk about bigger and smaller seats? If you had smaller seats the carrier could fit more people onto the plane. This discussion is absurd anyway.
Warhead April 3, 2013 01:43 PM
This will really suck for people who are tall but not "overweight". It's bad enough that I already can't fit in coach without jamming my knees into folding tray in front of me and the headrest hits me in the shoulder blades. It seems like most airline seats are designed for someone 5'8" and 140lbs. That's not even average height/weight for an American male.
Bruce H. Anderson April 3, 2013 01:55 PM
Bottom line, passengers are freight, and most freight is charged by weight. In large commercial jets the weight variance between passengers (luggage included) is easier to tolerate. In smaller planes the danger of stalling is very real if weight is ignored. If a person's motto is "Don't eat until you're full, eat until you are tired", then eventually they gotta pay them dues.
Daishi April 3, 2013 04:06 PM
Assuming weight = your weight + luggage this would be something difficult to determine when you buy your tickets in advance but even as someone who is over 200 lbs I don't think I would care really.
I am curious what the cost difference for fuel is for ~50-80 lbs though.
Bradley Irwin April 3, 2013 10:24 PM
That's a great idea. Makes it fairer for everybody
Fiat Chrysler throws its weight behind Archer's eVTOL project
CityHawk VTOL preordered by New York-based EMS organization


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Anzac Ted is the powerful, poignant story of a little boy's teddy bear that was passed down to him from his grandfather. Battered, torn, missing an eye and an ear, he might look scary but he's got a great story to tell. For Anzac Ted went to war, keeping soldiers company and giving them comfort. And while he never won a medal, and now doesn't even attract a single vote at classroom Toy Shows, if only everyone looked a little deeper.


Intaglio w/watercolor. Rives BFK White/Arches Buff. Print/$775.00 w/frame. This print features my own home grown "tatters" and that most on unlikely of creatures, surprise of even city gardens, The Starry Nosed Mole!