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Weight for Height during Growth, Useful Formulas to Insert into the Pediatrician's Smart Phone
Pierre M Braillon*
Department of Pediatric Imaging, University Claude Bernard, France
Submission: February 15, 2017; Published: April 03, 2017
*Corresponding author: Pierre M Braillon, PhD, MD, Department of Pediatric Imaging, Hospital "Femme-Mère-Enfant" and University Claude Bernard – Lyon, France.
How to cite this article: Pierre M B. Weight for Height during Growth, Useful Formulas to Insert into the Pediatrician's Smart Phone. Acad J Ped Neonatol. 2017; 4(2): 555689. DOI: 10.19080/AJPN.2017.04.555689
The objective of this work was to define simple formulas to calculate the ideal weight (W) for height (H) of children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years. Using data from 12 countries, two formulas of the form W=A * exp (B*H) have been established (W in kg, H in m). The values for A and B were 2.120±0.112 kg and 1.993±0.05 m-1, respectively, in girls, and 2.379±0.130 kg and 1.895±0.060 m-1 in boys. The relevance of these formulas has been controlled by comparing the calculated weight to the measured weight, for children living in 20 other countries, and with various ranges of age. The formulas can be easily introduced into a computer or a smartphone. They appear useful for pediatricians to follow the growth of children, especially those with disease that affects their body weight, the rule being that a gain in H of 5 cm would lead to a weight gain of 10% and a gain of 35 cm a doubling of the body weight.
Keywords: Pediatrics; Growth; Weight; Height; Nutrition; Anorexia; Obesity
In pediatrics, height (H) and weight (W) are the two most commonly used anthropometric indicators of growth. Usually, the measured H and W values in a given subject are then compared to the mean values for age read on two separate specific growth charts, for H and W, in order to define the so-called "Z scores". They are also used to calculate the body mass index (BMI). However, in many situations, none of these parameters are sufficiently informative, and their interpretation can be misleading. This is especially the cases in abnormal growth velocity, or when comparing the growth of children at the time of puberty as H can be significantly different for the same age. This is also the case for children from different ethnic origins or those for whom the age is not precisely known.
Therefore the relationship between W and H is of real interest to the pediatrician. However, most of the relationships between H and W were established for adults. They are usually linear and are not applicable in pediatrics. Broca [1] was the first to define such a relationship. Years later Devine [2], Robinson et al. [3], Miller et al. [4], and Hamwi [5] published alterations to the Broca's formula. However, these corrections were still not adapted to studies in children. Finally, few practical data W(H) to be used in pediatrics can be found. They are usually given as growth charts established for a limited range of ages, rather than the entire growth period of time.
The aims of this work were
(i) to calculate the best correlations between H and W during growth by using data published in countries from diverse geographical regions, and given as numerical data from ages 2 to 18 years,
(ii) to estimate the possible differences between the mean W values calculated on this range of ages in these different populations,
(iii) to define general formulae for W against H which can be easily inserted in a computer, and
(iv) to test the validity of the general W(H) formula in populations for whom W and H data are given on a much limited range of ages than 2-18 years or from specific limited populations.
The results obtained here should be considered only as practical tools for daily practice in pediatrics. No attempt was made to consider this work as a statistical study.
Anthropometric data from different countries giving H and W in numerical values (and not as graphical charts) for children and adolescents aged 2 to 18 years were used. Data from 12 countries were selected, namely: China [6], France [7], Germany [8], Italy [9], Korea [10], Netherlands [11], Norway [12], Spain [13], Sweden [14], Turkey [15], United Kingdom [16], and USA [17].
The mean data values given in these studies for W (kg) were plotted against the mean corresponding values for H (m) in each male and female population, and they were fitted with the best correlation. A Kruskal-Wallis one way analysis of variance on ranks was then performed (SigmaStat 3.5; Systat Software, Inc. GmbH) to compare the different groups. Finally, general formulae, W (H), for W against H, that might be used in all these male and female populations were defined.
In order to test the pertinence of these formulae, data from 20 other countries or limited populations, were used. These data were given in studies from Argentina [18], Australia [19], Brazil [20], Cyprus [21], Denmark [22], Finland [23], Paris-France [24], Jena-Germany [25], Hungary [26], India [27], Iran [28, 29], Japan [30-32], Malaysia [33], Mexico [34], Pakistan [35], Poland [36], Serbia [37], Seychelles [38], South Africa [39], and Taiwan [40]. They covered a limited range of ages during the growth period of time. Also were included data from 2 populations with specific anthropomorphic characteristics or way of life and nutrition, namely Pygmies [41], and Aboriginal communities [42].
When plotted against H, W values showed similar and regular growth shape for each population studied. They were best fitted by exponential curves (in all cases r²> 0.99) with equations computed as W= A * exp (B*H).
A and B characteristics and pertinence
Values for the coefficients A and B are given in Table 1. In their range of data, A and B values were inversely and similarly correlated together (B=- 0.437 * A + 2.935; r²=0.89 in males, and B=– 0.438 * A + 2.920; r²=0.81 in females). The mean values for the product A.B, a main parameter in the change of W with H gain (e.g. DW/DH), were 4.502±0.122 in males, and 4.218±0.128 in females, showing low differences between the studied populations (coefficients of variation: 2.7% and 3.0%, respectively). A Kruskall-Wallis is one way analysis of variance on ranks indicated that no statistically significant difference was found in the 12 groups of W values calculated with their own equation for H from 80 cm to 170 cm in females, and from 80 cm to 180 cm in males (p=0.999). Therefore two general equations were defined by using A and B mean values (±1 standard deviation): A=2.120±0.112 kg, B=1.993±0,054 m-1 in girls and A=2.379±0.130 kg, B=1.895±0.060 m-1 in boys (1), H and W being expressed in meters and kilograms, respectively (H given with 3 digits).
(W and A in kg, H in m and B in m-1). CV (%): Coefficient of Variation in percent.
The relevance of these equations was tested by comparing W data given in 20 more studies to the calculated mean weight for the same corresponding height (Wcalc). This is illustrated by the results given in table 2. Values close to 1 were found for Wcalc/W in most cases or they allow to estimate the anthropomorphic differences between populations or sub-populations when they differ significantly from 1 (see, for example, South Africa, Table 2).
No precise numerical data for W and H were found for Pygmies or Aboriginal communities. However, from the estimation that can be made on the graphs related to the growth trajectories in Baka Pygmies [41], it appeared that the mean measured height and weight at age 10 are close to 1.18m and 22.0kg, in both girls and boys, while W was calculated as 22.3Kg in both sexes. At age 18 (H ~1.47 in girls, and 1.49 in boys) the mean weights were calculated as 39.7Kg in girls, and 40.0kg in boys, values approximately 6% lower than the measured mean W values. In Aboriginal populations, from the graphs presented by the authors [42], H and W values can be appreciated at ages 5, 10 and 15 years as: 1.08m, 17,5kg - 1.38m, 32,6kg - 1.62m, 52,4kg in females, and 1,05m, 16.8kg - 1,40m, 33.9kg– 1.68m, 56.4kg in males. The corresponding calculated values for W were: 18.2kg, 33.2kg, 53.5kg, respectively, in females, and 17.4kg, 33.8kg, 57.4kg in males, the differences between W and Wcalc ranging from 0% to 4%.
Dynamic of weight change during growth
From the equation W=A *exp (B*H), it can be seen that a weight gain of approximately 10% is expected for a gain of height DH=0.05m, while a twofold change of W occurs for DH=0.35 m (for example, from 1.05 m at age 4-5 years to 1.40 m at the beginning of the puberty spurt).
The main goal of this work was to define useful relationships between the weight and height of children aged from 2 years to 18 years [43]. A similar idea was proposed by Ehrenberg to estimate the logarithm weight of children aged from 5 to 13 years. Severe criticism was made by Cole (43) regarding this kind of preoccupation. Clearly, the period of time from birth to age 2 is a period with a particular dynamic of growth (that may be represented by the first stage of a logistic curve) and should be considered separately. It was suggested to use expressions of the form W/Hp, or W=k * Hp. Unfortunately, p value is not constant along the entire growth period of time [30,44,45]. The choice of exponential functions greatly simplifies the computing process.
We used data published in several countries as growth reference, and obtained for most of them by using the Cole & Green [46] LMS method. To calculate mean values from such data, which are still means, is of course a limitation not well accepted in statistics. However, as previously said, the aim of this work was first to define simple tools that can be useful to those in charge of children during their growth, and no attempt to make a precise statistical study was made.
Two equations of the form W=A* exp (B*H) were obtained. These equations, easy to enter in any computer or smartphone, allow pediatricians to estimate the mean ideal weight for height of a boy or girl from age 2 to age 18 with an accuracy sufficient in clinical practice. They could be particularly useful to follow the body weight changes in children with nutrition diseases, especially anorexia or obesity. It is to be note that it is not necessary to precisely know the patient's age, nor his/her Tanner stages [47], and that the changes in growth velocity at puberty are implicitly taken into account in this method of weight assessment. Moreover, the equations obtained here appeared correctly adapted for the analysis of growth whatever the ethnic origin of the subjects was, even in specific pediatric populations, when growth can be considered as possibly related to a particular way of life and nutrition.
To conclude, the ideal weight W for height H could be calculated with a good accuracy in children and adolescents aged from two years to eighteen years, with the formulae W=2.120*exp(1.993*H) in females and W=2.329*exp(1.895*H) in males. These formulae, which are effective in any population can be easily inserted in a computer or a smartphone. They could be of help to the pediatrician to follow the growth of children suffering from diseases that affect their body weight, the regular rule being that an increase in the weight of 10%, and its doubling, are expected for every five and thirty-five centimeters of gain in H, respectively.
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Pennsylvania Governor Granted 627 Cannabis-Related Pardons
Believing that decisions of the past shouldn't keep Pennsylvanians from making progress, Governor Tom Wolf granted his final 369 pardons this week. The 369 pardons signed bring his total to 2,540.
"I have taken this process very seriously — reviewing and giving careful thought to each and every one of these 2,540 pardons and the lives they will impact. Every single one of the Pennsylvanians who made it through the process truly deserves their second chance, and it's been my honor to grant it," said Gov. Wolf. "A record prevents positive forward motion in a person's life, and can spark a repetitive cycle of defeat. I firmly believe that with restored rights, pardoned Pennsylvanians prove themselves by stepping up and giving back to our communities."
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Governor Wolf has prioritized criminal justice reform throughout his administration and thanks to his leadership, Pennsylvania is a leader in pardon reform. Since taking office, Gov. Wolf has granted 2,540 pardons, 395 of those were part of the expedited review process for nonviolent marijuana-related offenses and 232 were a part of the PA Marijuana Pardon Project.
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text:
Q: CKEditor updating React state I am using CKEditor5 with React.
Functionality: User creates multiple questions with answer options.
Simplified version of code:
function QuestionComponent() {
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Problem: Whenever Next or Previous is clicked current question (questions[index].question) value is cleared and set to "" (or default value from data={questions[index].question || ""}) . However, choices keep their state and work well.
I tested that this code works well if I change CKEditor with simple input
I am also wondering why it is working with choices, but not question
Thanks in advance

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1969 Cougar Eliminator restoration in progress.
The cylinder heads were totally worn out, and I had to get a new head for the right side. Luckily I found one on eBay with the correct date code, so I bought it and had it rebuilt. The other side needed just a valve job and grinding to make it perfect.
I also needed to pay some attention to the instrument panel and lower dash. It was rusty and needed new paint. I was lucky and found a correct tilt column for the car on eBay, and gave it a new coat of dark gun metal grey paint as well.
The camera case plate for the passenger side was missing and the one for the instruments were flaking off and rusty. I was not ready for spending $400 on ebay for each of these, so I decided to make them out of what I could get cheap. I spent some time experimenting with different types and combinations of structural paint before I found something that worked pretty good.
Here is the new "camera case" Eliminator plates. In fac they have been redone once aftter this picture was taken, and I would say they are hard to detect as face panels today. Original panel on top.
The first thing I wanted do when the car came home from the paint shop was to get the engine compartment painted.
I removed the front suspension and steering components to get the work done right.
At the same time I replaced the front springs with some stiffer and lower springs. I will also use a set of KYB GAS shocks to make it handle better. New ball joints and bushings are also a part of this job. All the brake parts have been replaced including the fluid lines, hoses and calipers.
To do this is the cheapest life insurance you can buy.
I have also restored the wirings for the engine compartment and lights before they were put back in the car. And all the small parts and brackets were repainted before I had the 351 Windsor and FMX transmission installed. One of the exhaust manifolds had a crack, so a good used one had been shipped fron Canada.
It looks pretty good now. There is of course a lot more work involved in this than what I tell here, but I guess that if you read all this you have figured that out yourself.
Here you can see that the windshield and the back window are installed. Also the headliner, carpet, AC and dash is back in the car. The trunk lid and rear wing is on and so are the rear bumper. Next thing will be to get the side glass installed. I have to admit that I am doing something that most people would say is totally outragious for a car like this one as I am installing a factory power windows set up in the car. I am just not a big fan of manual cranks. . .
The seats in my car were dried out from the hot California sun. So I ordered a set of seat covers from Ken's Cougar. They promised them to be 100% correct and to be done in 2 weeks, but it took them about 8 . . . And the result is not really much to brag about. The comfortwave structure is not even close to the original, but I can live with that. What I really disliked is that they used totally wrong foaming in the seat covers. For some reason they did not put in the thick foam in the head rest area, but added foam on the sides of the seat covers that shouldn't be there. The result is that the seat covers looked totally wrong and I am not happy with them at all .
I tried to complain to Ken's Cougar, and they pretended they did not even understand what I talking about, and told me they never had any complaints on their seat covers before. They insisted on that I must have used the wrong foam cushions for the seats and then they insinuated that I did not know what I was doing. Oh well, maybe I am just to picky on my Cougar?
Anyway, look at the picture below and I think you will understand what I mean.
Later I gave up on this upholstery kit and ordered a complete new kit from West Coast Classic Cougar. Hopefully it will make me more satisfied.


What is "Landscape" today? "Landscape" has had a great impact on our ways of thinking and perception as well as formations of fine arts. Reflecting changes in technology, economy and society in the age of globalization, the concept of "Landscape" is also transforming itself at present. This project focuses on the concept of "Landscape" and tries to think about its current conditions.
This symposium and exhibition are an outcome of the earlier transnational exhibition "Hotel Asia Project: Landscape" which travelled throughout the Asia; Kokura, Hefei, Shanghai and Bangkok. In this symposium at TUA, some of the artists and curators involved in the transnational exhibition project are invited as presenters: co-curator of this "Landscape", artist and director Gallery Soap (Kita-Kyushu, Japan) Keiichi Miyagawa, Chinese curator Ni Kun from Organhaus(Chongqing, China) and emerging young Thai photographer Miti Ruangkritya who also exhibits his works, Kokura based artist Gen Sasaki and curator and contributor to the artist book related to this exhibition, Fumiwo Iwamoto. Several artworks from a series of exhibitions will be presented at this three-day show in Tokyo University of the Arts too.
In addition to the participants above, Postgraduate students from department of Arts Studies and Curatorial Studies and Creativity of Arts and the Environment will also participate as artists, curators and presenters at the exhibition or symposium; Prof. Yoshitaka Mori, a co-founder of international network project "Hotel Asia Project" and art historian, Catharine Harrington from the global support center of Tokyo University of the Arts.
*This project is supported by the "International Specialist Invitation Program" (Tokyo University of the Arts).
** Japanese, English and other languages will be used in the symposium. We will offer Japanese translation from languages other than English whereas there is no translation between Japanese and English.


text:
UK man posts personal ad seeking woman who farted near him at a train station
You might wanna move your hands up a little bit, bro. She ate brussel sprouts before taking the photo.
EJ Dickson
Published Feb 4, 2015 Updated May 29, 2021, 3:06 pm CDT
There's a long history of people using personal ads as a platform for trolling, from a Craigslist Missed Connections post requesting that a waffle house employee fulfill an incest roleplay fantasy to a Craigslist poster looking for the lady who peed on him on New Year's Eve.
But none of these efforts have been quite as delightful as this ad, in which a man who goes by the name "Stylish Mullet Guy" seeks a flatulent femme fatale he met at a train station.
Dunksterp/Reddit
The ad says, which was spotted by an eagle-eyed Redditor in the UK's Metro newspaper, reads:
"To the blonde in the red rain coat at Mountain Ash train station [a railway station in Wales]. You looked around to see if anyone heard you pass wind. We shared a smile. Coffee?"
This sounds a bit like the premise of How I Met Your Mother, except without the depressing ending—and with farts.
We can't decide if this is the most or least romantic Missed Connections ad we've ever seen. If the mystery gassy blonde is out there, she should totally reconnect with this dude for a cup of coffee—even if their reunion might have some smelly side effects for the other Starbucks patrons.
H/T Metro | Photo by Roberto Trm/Flickr (CC BY 2.0)
*First Published: Feb 4, 2015, 4:48 pm CST
EJ Dickson is a writer and editor who primarily covers sex, dating, and relationships, with a special focus on the intersection of intimacy and technology. She served as the Daily Dot's IRL editor from January 2014 to July 2015. Her work has since appeared in the New York Times, Rolling Stone, Mic, Bustle, Romper, and Men's Health.
'Could have been used or donated': TikToker finds 'massive amount' of books thrown out while dumpster-diving at Half Price Books in viral video
'That's sad that someone his age has to work at all': Viral TikTok shows elderly DoorDash driver, sparking debate
'Asking for a frap is the worst thing you can do at Starbucks': Workers put customers who order Frappuccinos on blast in viral TikTok
'It's actually kind of insane just how much pet food I've rescued': TikToker reveals how much pet food she found while dumpster diving in viral video


text:
Doug Badger
UIS WebDev3 January 5, 2022
https://www.heritage.org/staff/doug-badger
Senior Fellow, Domestic Policy Studies
Doug served as Special Assistant to the President on the National Economic Council, where he advised President George W. Bush on health-related matters, including the creation of Health Savings Accounts. He later served as Deputy Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs, where he helped formulate Administration policy and legislative strategy on a broad range of issues, including health care, energy, taxes, financial services, pensions and employee benefits, intellectual property, trade, and telecommunications.
After leaving the White House, Doug became a partner at The Nickles Group, where his practice included health care, intellectual property, and financial services. He also has been a partner at Washington Council Ernst & Young, where he had a similar practice.
Doug also served for a decade as a U.S. Senate aide, serving as Chief of Staff to Assistant Majority Leader Don Nickles and Staff Director of the Senate Republican Policy Committee.


text:
Ranch Estate Of Late Country Music Legend Gene Autry On Sale For $8.2M
The former estate of America's favorite singing cowboy, Gene Autry, is currently on sale in California.
The seven-bedroom, eight-bath home, called "Rancho Autry," is 13,461 square feet and is located on one of the most coveted lots in Palm Springs' Old Las Palmas, according to its Homes.com listing.
(Photo: Berkshire Hathaway/Desert Bird Media)
The price tag is a whopping $8.2 million for the restored 1930s house. Autry, who died at 91 in 1998, had lived with his partner, Jackie, in the vast estate.
The storied career of the beloved country singer spanned almost 70 years in showbiz. Nicknamed The Singing Cowboy, Autry released countless records and appeared in nearly 100 movies, most of which were old Western flicks.
Autry has also released popular Christmas holiday tunes such as "Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town" and "Rudolph, the Red-Nosed Reindeer."
The Country Music Hall of Famer's former luxury ranch is built for a monarch–or, in the case of Autry, a cowboy.
The main house at the property has five fireplaces, hardwood floors, French doors, and carved ceilings with coffers. Further surrounding the main house is a spacious central courtyard, which includes a glass mosaic-tiled pool and mountain view spa.
Rancho Autry offers four guest suites as well as a spacious master suite with a steam shower, jacuzzi tub, and dry sauna. It also includes a staff apartment and lounge, a three-car garage, an additional one-car garage, and a tennis court, which can be seen directly from the windows of the kitchen.
The Autry estate has preserved the spectacular landscape of drought-tolerant plants artificial turf and its "victory" garden filled with mature citrus.
While the property may retain its vintage appeal, it has not lost its contemporariness as the listing also boasts its eco-friendly touches.
"Somebody's Knockin'" It's Terri Gibbs, Will You Let Her In?
Here Are The Top 40 Country Songs For September 2022 You Need To Check Out
How Much Do You Know Johnny Cash's Brother, Tommy Cash?
"Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man" By Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn
Remembering the Singing Cowboy: Gene Autry's 20th Death Anniversary
Let Us All Get "Back in the Saddle Again" with this Gene Autry Classic
VETERANS DAY: 10 Country Stars Who Served the Country (Part 2)
Country Artists Time Off: How They Spent Christmas with their Families
10 Best Southern Meatloaf Recipes You Should Try
Morgan Wallen Came Back a Better Man After Some Time Off


text:
Q: Postgresql find intersections across n arrays
Possible Duplicate:
Intersection of multiple arrays in PostGreSQL

I'm trying to identify the common elements across multiple (>2) arrays in a Pg 9.2 database. The data is structured as:
ID   Title   Array
1    title1  {a,b,c,d,...}
2    title2  {z,y,a,d,...}
3    title3  {d,a,p,q,...}
n    ...     ...
From the example above, the SELECT should return {a,d} as the common elements of each array.
I've got this working for 2 arrays as a test case using:
...
select array_agg(e)
from (
    select unnest(arr1) from cte_1
    intersect
    select unnest(arr2) from cte_2
) as dt(e)),
...
But havent been able to get it working correctly with RECURSIVE CTEs. Found some useful examples online and in various Joe Celko books/snippets.
The best I've been able to come up with was this post using custom functions:
Intersection of multiple arrays in PostgreSQL
but it seems there should be a way do accomplish this with a RECURSIVE or other technique.
Any ideas?
Thanks in advance.

A: If you need intersection between null-free int[] only, this might be useful. Sorry if it's not the case, but you didn't make it clear in your question.
CREATE EXTENSION intarray;

SELECT ARRAY[1,2,3]::int[] & ARRAY[3,4,5]::int[] & ARRAY[1,3,5,7]::int[] as intersection;
intersection
--------------
{3}
(1 row)

Here's the complete intarray contrib module documentation.
EDIT:
Here's a similar question with possibly useful answers. I'd try what user depesz suggests first.


text:
The only thing growing faster than the economy is our deficit
Published Fri, Oct 27 2017 2:06 PM EDT Updated Fri, Oct 27 2017 6:42 PM EDT
John Harwood@johnjharwood
As if Republicans didn't face enough hurdles in their sprint to cut taxes, here's another one: $1 trillion annual deficits are rushing back to Washington.
The only previous episode of trillion-dollar annual deficits began during the Great Recession and financial crisis.
As retiring baby boomers rapidly swell the rolls of Social Security and Medicare, trillion-dollar deficits are on track to return during a strong economy.
Runners jog near the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.
Andrew Harrer | Bloomberg | Getty Images
A new analysis from the Bipartisan Policy Center adds new disaster relief spending and the costs of GOP tax-cut plans to earlier projections from the Congressional Budget Office. Its conclusion: The deficit could reach $1 trillion as early as 2019 – four years earlier than the CBO calculated in January.
The only previous episode of trillion-dollar annual deficits began during the Great Recession and financial crisis. As the economy recovered, the deficit fell below that level in 2013.
But now, as retiring baby boomers rapidly swell the rolls of Social Security and Medicare, trillion-dollar deficits are on track to return during a strong economy.
Sen. Corker: I am a 'deficit hawk'
"These projections foreshadow another period of trillion-dollar deficits at a time when the United States has experienced one of the longest continuous economic expansions in history and an unemployment rate of 4.5 percent," the center's analysis concludes.
Noting deficit trends since 1980, the analysis adds that the nation "has piled up debt more than twice as fast as economic growth."
In January, the CBO projected a fiscal 2018 deficit of $48 billion, rising to $1 trillion by 2023. Over the 10-year period from 2018-2027, it forecast deficits totaling $9.4-trillion.
By June, the CBO revised all those numbers to reflect more-than-expected red ink. It pegged the 2018 deficit at $563 billion, a $1.02 trillion deficit in 2022, and 10-year deficits of $10.1-trillion.
The Bipartisan Policy Center analysis updates those projections. It assumes $200 billion over 10 years for the costs of recent wildfires, hurricane damage and flooding. And it folds in the $1.5 trillion in higher deficits allowed by the new budget resolution Congress has passed to smooth the way for tax cuts.
The $1 trillion deficit level held symbolic power for Republicans during President Barack Obama's tenure. They used the prospect of "trillion-dollar deficits as far as the eye can see" to win back the House in 2010 and force a Democratic administration into contentious budget negotiations.
A GOP-controlled Congress has since eased the spending caps that resulted from those budget talks. House conservatives pushed for new spending cuts in the 2018 budget resolution but abandoned them under pressure from the Senate.
The question now is whether the $1 trillion figure still has symbolic power as it shadows a Republican drive to cut taxes. A former GOP staff director at the Senate Budget Committee, who helped produce the new deficit analysis, hopes so but doesn't expect it.
"I'm afraid not," said Steve Bell, who is now at the Bipartisan Policy Center. "What you're hearing from me is the last squawk of a dying deficit hawk."
WATCH: GOP running out of options for solving deficit with tax reform
NYT's Jim Stewart: GOP running out of options for solving budget deficit with tax reform


text:
Die  (in Katalonien auch als  und  bezeichnet) ist eine gotische Kirche, die sich in der Kleinstadt Castelló d'Empúries innerhalb der katalanischen Provinz Girona in Spanien befindet. Die Erhebung der Pfarrkirche zur Basilica minor erfolgte am 15. August 2006 durch Papst Benedikt XVI.

Geschichte

Während der Herrschaft des Grafen Ponç I. über die Stadt Peralada, mit den zugehörigen Ortschaften Empuries und Castello, wird in einem Schreiben aus dem Jahre 1007 zum ersten Mal eine der Mutter Gottes gewidmete Kirche in der Gegend des heutigen Castello de Empuries erwähnt.

Unter der Regentschaft seines zweiten Sohnes Hug II. wurde Empuries selbständige Hauptstadt seiner Baronie, während Peralada dessen älterem Bruder Berenguer zufiel; aus Empúries wurde dann später Castelló d'Empúries.

Mit dem Bau einer neuen Kirche Santa Maria wurde in Castelló d'Empúries am 13. Februar 1261 begonnen. In der ersten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts wurde das Kirchengebäude fertiggestellt; in der zweiten Hälfte folgten im Zuge des Innenausbaus das Alabasterbild des Hauptaltars und die Figuren der Seitenaltäre. Die beiden Seitenkapellen wurden im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert angebaut.

Architektur
Die Basílica de Santa Maria ist ein imposantes Beispiel für die katalanische Gotik, die im Mittelalter von den Zisterziensermönchen in Katalonien eingeführt wurde. Sie zeichnet sich durch einen hallenartigen einheitlichen Innenraum aus, ohne klare Trennung zwischen Chor und Langhaus und, wie auch in diesem Fall, meist ohne Querschiff. Die Basílika verfügt über ein Zweiturmfassade mit einem aufwendig mit Figuren und Ornamenten verzierten Trichterportal aus Marmor und darüber einem großen Rosettenfenster. Der rechte Turm wurde nicht vollendet. An der linken Seite des Kirchenschiffs steht als dritter Turm der 36 Meter hohe fünfstöckige Glockenturm, der in Anlehnung an die damalige Architektur romanischer Glockentürme in der Lombardei gestaltet wurde; er stammt vermutlich aus dem 13. Jahrhundert.

Der Innenraum des Kirchengebäudes folgt dem Typus der Hallenkirche. Ein außerordentlich breites Mittelschiff wird von zwei wesentlich schmaleren Seitenschiffen flankiert, an die zwischen den Strebepfeilern noch eine Reihe von Kapellen angefügt ist. Der Kirchenraum ist in der Länge in neun Joche gegliedert, vorne durch einen 7/12-Schluss abgeschlossen. Die Kreuzrippengewölbe von Haupt- und Seitenschiff werden von Rundsäulen getragen, die in einem achteckigen Kranzkapitel enden. Darüber setzen die Gewölberippen von Haupt und Seitenschiff sowie die Arkadenbögen auf gleicher Höhe an. Durch die wesentlich größere Breite des Hauptschiffs ergibt sich allerdings hier ein wesentlich höherer Gewölbestich, wodurch es möglich wurde, in die Wand über den Arkadenbögen, zwischen Haupt- und Seitenschiff, noch kleine Rosettenfenster einzubauen, die dem Hauptschiff zusätzlich Licht spenden. Großteils wird aber der Kirchenraum durch die großen Fenster der Seitenschiffe oberhalb der Kapellen belichtet.

Als Besonderheit weisen die vordersten zwei Joche einen basilikalen Querschnitt auf. Die Seitenschiffe sind hier wesentlich niedriger; die großen Fenster sitzen direkt in der Hauptschiffwand über den Arkadenbögen. Von Außen sind diese beiden Joche gut an den gewaltigen Strebepfeilern und den Strebebögen erkennbar. Die Segmente des 7/10-Schlusses weisen die gleichen großen Fenster auf; der vordere Teil der Kirche ist dadurch wesentlich heller, als das übrige Langhaus. Im Vergleich zu anderen Kirchen der katalanischen Gotik gibt es hier also eine relativ deutliche Gliederung in einen helleren Chor (7/10-Schluss und vordere zwei Joche) und ein weniger helles Langhaus (die übrigen sieben Joche). An den 7/10-Schluss ist direkt ein Kapellenkranz angefügt; die Seitenschiffe enden beim vordersten Joch mit je einer kleinen Seitenapsis mit 5/8-Schluss. Zu beiden Seiten der Kirche sind hier beim vordersten Joch große Kapellenräume angefügt.

Altar
Das Hauptaltarbild der Basílica besteht aus Alabaster und stammt aus der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts. Die ersten schriftlichen Aufzeichnungen über die Arbeiten an diesem Werk stammen vom 18. März 1452; im Jahr 1456 wurde dieser 6,56 Meter hohe Schrein dem französischen Künstler Ponc Gaspar zugeschrieben.

Die Madonnenstatue wird von einem zweistufigen Sockel getragen, der im unteren Bereich die Wappen und Symbole der Stifter – von Engeln getragen – aufweist, während die obere Stufe Szenen der Passionsgeschichte Jesu darstellt.

Dieses Altarbild ist das letzte seiner Art, das in Katalonien in der zweiten Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts in dieser Technik hergestellt wurde und wird heute den bedeutendsten sakralen Kunstwerken Kataloniens aus dieser Zeit zugerechnet.

Orgel

Die Orgel in der Basílica de Santa Maria wurde gemäß einem historischen Dokument des Jahres 1494 ursprünglich durch den Orgelbaumeister Pere Granjera gebaut. Nach der Zerstörung infolge von Kriegseinwirkungen wurde in der Kirche eine neue Orgel 1803 durch Jean-Pierre Cavaillé begonnen; 1854 wurde dieses Musikinstrument durch Gaietà Vilardebó schließlich beendet. Im Anschluss an den spanischen Bürgerkrieg wurde die Kirchenorgel durch den Orgelbauer Gerhard Grenzig restauriert; nach Grenzigs Aussage sei die zur Restaurierung anstehende Orgel zuvor aber durch den Orgelbaumeister Louis Scherrer gebaut worden. Das Musikinstrument besitzt heute 4 Manuale, 57 Register, ein Pedal mit 12 Tönen sowie 4500 Pfeifen.

Museum / Schatzkammer
Die neue Sakristei der Kirche sowie angrenzende Räume beherbergen heute ein Museum mit sakralen Sammlerstücken und Kunstwerken. Die Ausstellung umfasst unter anderem ein mit Juwelen besetztes Prozessionskreuz aus dem 16. Jahrhundert sowie liturgische Gewänder aus verschiedenen Zeitepochen. Historische Gemälde mit biblischen Szenen, Glas- und Keramikfundstücke aus dem 14. und 15. Jahrhundert anlässlich der Kirchenrestaurierung 1972 und antike Gesangbücher werden ebenso ausgestellt, wie ein Relief der Heiligen Katharina.

Weblinks

  (katalanisch)
  In: castello.cat

Einzelnachweise

Castelló d'Empúries
Gotisches Bauwerk in Spanien
Castelló d'Empúries
Erbaut im 15. Jahrhundert
Castelló d'Empúries
Kirchengebäude im Erzbistum Barcelona
Castelló d'Empúries
Christliches Museum
Kulturdenkmal in Castelló d'Empúries
Bauwerk in der Provinz Girona
Castello dEmpuries
Museum in Katalonien

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
NEWS DEEPLY
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Dear Deeply Readers,
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New Groundwater Found Deep Under Central Valley
Previous estimates of groundwater in California's drought-stricken Central Valley only looked at depths of up to 1,000ft (300m), but a new study says there's three times as much freshwater at 1,000–3,000ft (300–900m) below ground.
Written by Padma Nagappan Published on  June 27, 2016 Read time Approx. 4 minutes
A crew digs a well in an alfalfa field in the Central Valley in Dos Palos, Calif. A new study from Stanford University identified groundwater resources deeper than 1,000ft (900m). Russel A. Daniels, AP
The Central Valley is home to California's productive farming belt, but the region's groundwater is so severely overdrafted in some places that the land has been sinking. Problems with subsidence started decades ago, but have been made worse by California's drought, which is now in its fifth year.
Now scientists from Stanford University have found that the region might actually have three times more groundwater than previous estimates, which are decades old.
But this newly discovered water comes with caveats – it's deep down, at depths of 1,000–3,000ft (300–900m), which means it could be more saline; and drilling that far down will not only be much more expensive, it could lead to further land subsidence that could damage buildings and infrastructure. And much of these hitherto unknown water sources happen to be close to oil and gas wells, which puts them at risk of being contaminated.
The study, published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences today, highlights the need to better characterize and protect deep groundwater aquifers, not only in California but also in other parched regions such as Texas, China and Australia.
"The question is not whether there is water, but whether there's sufficiently good-quality water that we could use for drinking water or other uses," said Mary Kang, study coauthor, an environmental engineer and researcher at Stanford.
While it's good news that we do have more water than we thought we had, "we need to be prudent about how we use it," cautioned Robert Jackson, study coauthor, who is a professor and earth scientist at Stanford.
Oil and Water Do Not Mix
But could we actually drill that far down into the earth?
Back in the day, no one considered drilling more than a couple of hundred feet down because it was too expensive to go further down, but now with prolonged droughts, water at 1,000ft is widely used, Jackson pointed out.
California and most of the western states are distinct in having deep fresh groundwater, but in California, oil and gas activity often happens close to some of these aquifers.
This was especially apparent in Kern County, where Bakersfield and the surrounding areas are a hub of oil and gas activity, including hydraulic fracturing or fracking, which involves injecting fluids into the earth to crack rock formations that hold oil and gas. Wastewater is also sometimes discharged by injection back into the earth, including into deep aquifers.
"Kern County had the most freshwater and the highest percentage of oil and gas activity in the freshwater," Jackson said. "The concern is that there is little monitoring. The state may want to consider other permits for example, for oil and gas activity that occurs nears fresh groundwater."
It was a similar scenario in Fresno County, but farther north in Colusa County there were very few energy explorations near freshwater sources.
Study Based on Extrapolation of Data
Jackson and Kang were interested in finding out how much water California had underground, so they used state databases to analyze deeper water chemistry. Their results are based on an extrapolation of previous estimates and data from the California Department of Conservation, Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources, referred to as the DOGGR database, which has data sheets on oil and gas fields and wells. The database includes not just fracking, but also injection wells and other activity.
Some of the data goes back to 1920, although they only used data going as far back as the 1960s and 1970s. They tapped data from 938 oil and gas pools and more than 35,000 oil and gas wells to characterize both shallow and deep groundwater sources, and analyzed eight counties in the region where they had enough data to build a model of how much groundwater there might be deep down.
"The groundwater is not just limited to the Central Valley. I looked at areas with quite a bit of oil and gas development, but if you look in Los Angeles and San Diego, it might be there," Kang said.
Jackson explained that we have very little data on aquifers at more than 250ft (76m), because many states and countries have not thought too much about groundwater, but oil and gas wells provide data at much deeper levels.
Identify and Protect Deep Fresh Groundwater
An onion farm is irrigated in Arvin, Calif. An aquifer deep under the Central Valley was newly identified by researchers from Stanford but it's too soon to know if it would provide water for the agricultural region in the near future. (Ric Francis, AP)
Given this is smack dab in the middle of the farming belt, should growers be salivating at this newly discovered water?
"For someone looking deep underground for water, it presents an opportunity and some risk," Jackson said. "Nothing we found changes the observation that we have been pumping groundwater at rates that are completely unsustainable. We're not advocating the use of this new groundwater, but just identifying it."
While most of the extra water they found was between 1,000 and 3,000ft, their study actually went much further – to depths of 9,000ft (2,750m).
"We looked at whether we're safeguarding this water today. We looked at risk analysis of what pumping might do. And what additional safeguards for shallow oil and gas activities might be warranted," Jackson said.
The researchers said this was a first order estimate, and more sampling is needed to refine their estimate, before studying what would happen if we were to pump this far down for water.
"We need more data, current data, not just old data," Kang said. "This kind of work should also be done in other places, because it's worth characterizing deep ground water resources, which should be monitored and protected."
California's drought Central Valley deep groundwater aquifers DOGGR database drinking water farming belt freshwater sources good-quality water groundwater in California Jackson and Kang Kern County New Groundwater Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences the farming belt water sources
Complications of 'New' Deep Groundwater
Seawater Intrusion Threatens Some of California's Richest Farmland
Protecting Aquifers From Oil Industry Pollution
Seven Experts to Watch on California's Groundwater
Stanford Study Probes Psychological Resistance to Recycled Water
California's Groundwater Sustainability Challenge
California Faces Its First Big Deadline for Groundwater Law
Toxic Trap: Groundwater Overpumping Boosts Arsenic in California Aquifer
Oil Boom in Southern New Mexico Ignites Groundwater Feud With Texas
Loophole in Water Law Opens Way for Bottling Plant
California Limits Daily Personal Water Use to 55 Gallons – Kind Of
The state's new per capita limit on indoor water use is groundbreaking, but there is no practical way to enforce it. Rather, it is intended to inspire more conservation and guide larger efforts by water utilities. June 20, 2018
New Tool Will Help Save Water By Measuring Plant Health From Space
On the Front Lines of Sea-Level Rise, Sewage Treatment Plants Adapt
Long Road Still Ahead to Fund New California Water Storage Projects
Why Southern Nevada Is Fighting to Build a 250-Mile Water Pipeline
Padma Nagappan
Padma Nagappan is a San Diego-based health and environment reporter who writes frequently about California's drought and water issues, and explores the ramifications of a prolonged drought from different angles. Find her on Twitter: @savvywordsmith and on muckrack.com/savvywordsmith
Perfect Storm Brewing for California Fire Season
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Karnataka assembly election results on May 15: All you need to know
New Delhi: The counting of votes cast in 222 Assembly constituencies in Karnataka on May 12 will be taken up on May 15 morning.
"All arrangements have been made for counting of votes in 222 seats from 8 a.m. onwards at 38 centers in 30 districts, including five in Bengaluru where polling was held in 26 of the 28 segments," Chief Electoral Officer Sanjiv Kumar told reporters.
The trends are likely to begin to trickle within an hour and all results are expected to be declared by late evening.
The Election Commission has deployed 16,662 personnel for counting of votes amid tight security.
"Postal ballots will be counted first before the Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) are opened," Chief Electoral Officer said.
In all, 2,622 candidates, including 217 women contested the 222 seats, including 36 reserved for Scheduled Castes and 15 for the Scheduled Tribes.
Polling for R.R. Nagar seat was deferred on account of alleged electoral malpractices, while it was countermanded in Jayanagar seat following the death of the BJP candidate.
Several exit polls have predicted a hung Assembly, and said former Prime Minister H.D. Deve Gowda's JD(S) would play the role of the kingmaker.
In case of a clear verdict in favour of the Congress, the grand old party will have broken the jinx of no political party retaining the reins of the state since 1985, when the erstwhile Janata Dal formed the government under Ramakrishna Hegde for a second consecutive term.
A victory for the BJP, on the other hand, will reflect the enduring charisma of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his capacity to power his party to victory across the country, clearing demographic and topographical obstacles.
It would also further galvanise the BJP cadre before the Assembly elections in party-ruled Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh later this year.
The JD(S) has also claimed it would win a majority and that its chief ministerial candidate H.D. Kumaraswamy will be the "king" and not the "kingmaker". The party may or may not win the elections, but will play the kingmaker if the electorate give a split verdict, making Deve Gowda an important player in the state politics once again.
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