text:
Q: How can I use findViewById within a static method? I would like to use findViewById in my method setTotalSum which is called from another class.
How can I use it although it's a static method?
public SecondaryDisplay(Context outerContext, Display display) {
    super(outerContext, display);
}

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.my_display);
}

public static void setTotalSum (String invoiceTotalSum){
    TextView totalPrice = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.invoicePrice);
    totalPrice.setText(invoiceTotalSum);
}

A: findViewById() is an instance method of the View which is the parent of Activity and Fragment. You can't use instance methods in static methods.
Either you should pass the view as the param (what I would not recommend) or find another way around to do it without static methods.
public static void setTotalSum (View view, String invoiceTotalSum){
    TextView totalPrice = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.invoicePrice);
    totalPrice.setText(invoiceTotalSum);
}

A: *

*If two class is in same package then directly call another class static method by class name.

A.java
public class A {
    public static some() {
      ...
    }
}

B.java
public class B {
    public static someExtra() {
      A.some(); //call by class name

      A a = new A();
      a.some(); //call by refrence also
    }
}

but if some is not static method then create object of A class and then call the method.
Ex:-
public class B {
    public static someExtra() {
        A a = new A();
        a.some();
    }
}

Note:- If two class is in diffrent package then must include import.

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text:
Home / News / Family writes book on abuse
Family writes book on abuse
Wed, 04/26/2017 - 10:59am admin
Marcie Klomp News Editor tpdeditor@crescotimes.com
CRESCO - Driving down the tree-lined streets of Anytown, U.S.A., it is hard to imagine what is happening behind the curtains of those quaint homes.
On the outside it seems all candy and roses, but on the inside it is dark and scary.
That is what one family is trying to explain in the book, "Through the Eyes of Denial — A True Life Story of Abuse," written by twins Robert and Richard Aberg with help from sister, Sherri Tlusty; mother, Carol Dunt; and grandmother, Cecelia Halweg.
The family grew up in Cresco. Dunt stated, "I was a young girl of 17 who was taken advantage of by a 27-year-old man and had to get married. I didn't want to, but that's pretty much what you had to do in the 1960s to give the child a name." Three years later she had twin boys.
"I and my children suffered with this man for 21 years. Many times I had tried to leave him, but it never worked as I was afraid. If you are not in this situation, you really don't understand what it is like."
Dunt says she tried to get out of the relationship. She even called the local sheriff's department. "Mark Grin-haug was my life saver, as was our neighbor, Leonard Riha, who was a big help." She would leave, and her abuser would tell her things will be different. "It was always different . . . for a while. But it never stayed."
With the help of her neighbor and mother, Dunt, with one of her sons, got into a shelter in Decorah. The other son stayed with his father for a while until his grandmother helped get him out.
"My daughter was 19 at the time, and my boys were 16. When my husband pulled a gun on my daughter and her boyfriend, they moved me and my son to a shelter in LaCrosse." New Horizons was a wonderful place for Dunt. They would disguise her every time she'd leave the shelter.
Her daughter moved in with her boyfriend's parents, Don and Eileen Tlusty.
They all remember the abuse.
The book has been in the making for 10 years. Dunt said, "My boys, Robert and Richard Aberg, have written the book. It's true life story written from five different points of view of the abuse we suffered. I believe if anyone who is in this situation would read this book, it would help them to see that they are not alone, and there is help out there."
After getting out of her marriage, Dunt found a man who treasured her. She has been married to Bim for 35 years, but even in those early years, when she completely trusted him, she slept with a knife under her pillow. Over the past 35-40 years, the family has slowly been healing.
Sherri is still married to Mick Tlusty, and she volunteers at a rescue puppy mill in Colorado Springs; Robert lives in Madison, Wis.; Richard is married with two children in Freemont, Ohio; and Cecelia lived a good life, passing away at the age of 94 in February 2017.
Dunt is starting to volunteer at New Horizons shelter in LaCrosse, since it helped her when she needed it.
The book has helped with that. Dunt said, "If it can help anybody, it's the reason for the book." "Through the Eyes of Denial" has received some five-star reviews and is already starting to work, she noted.
In addition, she feels the final chapter says it all, "We are still standing," but she also admits it's by the grace of God.
"Through the Eyes of Denial — A True Life Story of Abuse" can be purchased online.
Dunt
Aberg

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Yes ... you've seen some of these items before, but I could not resist putting together this mood board for one of my Christmas gift guides. Such timeless pieces which can be used to style the the decor of people (ok, mainly females) of all ages. If you love pink, then I am sure you will love these treasures as much as I do. All items are currently in stock in the Room to Decorate online shop.
6) Pink ticking stripe quilted throw blanket (cot size) - $39.00.


text:
Morrison Funeral Home
Send Flowers for Gerene
Gerene Lawson Wingard
Gerene Lawson Wingard, 80, passed away Thursday, October 10, 2019 in Arlington. Visitation will be Monday, October 14, 2019 from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. at Morrison Funeral Home. Graveside services will follow at 1:30 p.m. in Pioneer Cemetery in Graham.
Gere was born January 21, 1939 in Dallas to the late Claude W. Lawson and Clara Ward Lawson. She married Floyd G. "Gib" Wingard in 1957 in Abilene. Gere dearly loved her Daughter and Son, all her grandchildren and great grandchildren. She was a group leader in Women's Bible Study Fellowship, she was President of Arlington Women's Club, President of Scottswood Garden Club, played tennis, played bridge, enjoyed quilting and made some beautiful pieces. Gerene studied genealogy and was a member of The Daughters of The Republic of Texas, Daughters of the American Revolution, The Society of Mayflower Descendants, and Descendants of John Alden. Gere's grandmother, Harriet Allen, was related to the Allen Brothers that founded the city of Houston.
Survivors include: husband, Gib Wingard of Arlington; son, W. R. "Bob" Wingard & Kimberly Sims Wingard of Glen Rose; daughter, Vicki Lynn Wingard & Brad Poulos of Kennedale; grandchildren, Christopher & Christina Poulos, Brett & Courtney Poulos, Derrick & Brittni Poulos, Amy Wingard & Duncan Powell, Emily Wingard & Nicholas Commerford; great grandchildren, Harper Poulos, Eloise Commerford, Violet Commerford, and River Powell.
To send flowers to the family or plant a tree in memory of Gerene Lawson Wingard, please visit our floral store.
700 Oak Street
Graham, TX 76450
Graveside Service
Pioneer Cemetery
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Last week, Cleveland Biolabs (NASDAQ:CBLI) announced that it had raised approximately $8.39 million in a registered direct offering with what termed "a single institutional investor." Apparently, the company agreed to sell 1,400,000 shares of its common stock at a discount price of $5.99 per share despite the fact that the stock was trading over $7 when the deal was announced.
Having a name like this take a position in the stock will bring credibility to the company and help call more attention to all the great things it has lined up for the weeks and months ahead, much less for the long term.
While it may not seem fair to the retail investors who have been paying over $7+ for shares of the stock at the time, we believe Michael S. Dell,will soon be revealed as that investor. As many on Wall Street know Dell has a strategy like Warren Buffett's, and his investing philosophy and top holdings speak for themselves.
Our sources tell us that he went out of his way to reach out to CBLI personally and told them of his interest in the company. He wanted in and he wanted in as quickly as possible. Could it be that Dell is hearing the same things about additional government funding and orders set to start coming into the company for their FDA fast tracked anti-radiation countermeasure, CBLB502? Several analysts, think shares of the company could double or triple from current levels during Q1 of 2011. As I told readers when the shares were trading at $3 just months ago, CBLI is a multi-billion dollar company waiting to happen.
According to a recent article in Fortune magazine, Michael Dell's personal investment is managed by MSD Capital. Since started in 1998, the firm's track record and achievements have taken them over the $12 billion mark for asset management while investing in public equity, special opportunities, private equity, real estate and partnerships.
According to the MSD website, "make long-term equity investments in a limited number of outstanding companies, both in the United States and abroad. We employ a disciplined, research-intensive analytic process in searching for businesses that possess sustainable long-term competitive advantages and are managed by honest, astute and shareholder-minded management teams. We firmly believe that businesses create wealth for their owners through the long-term generation of net free cash flow. Although we typically invest as a minority owner of publicly-traded companies, given the long-term perspective that we take when we make investments, we consider ourselves to be a partial owner of the businesses in which we invest. We focus on the absolute value of businesses, not their value relative to other "peer" companies or general stock market indices."
Dell founded Dell in 1984 and in 1992 became the youngest Chief Executive Officer of a company ever to earn a ranking on the Fortune 500. He is easily considered a visionary leader and has earned titles like "Entrepreneur of the Year" from Inc. magazine, "Man of the Year" by PC Magazine, "Top Chief Executive Officer in American Business" from Worth Magazine and "Chief Executive Officer of the Year" by Financial World and Industry Week magazines. The fact that he believes strongly enough in CBLI will speak volumes to the rest of the biotech industry.
Did the company, in essence, pay for that additional exposure and "credibility?" In a sense, yes. I think so. Will it be worth it? Definitely.
CBLI interessiert mich von der Firma her.
Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. (Nasdaq: CBLI) announced that they have entered into a registered direct offering with an accredited institutional investor for the sale of up to 1.4 million shares at a price of $5.99 per share.
Warum pendelt der Kurs denn immer noch um die 7 herum?
Why would the company agree to sell so many shares at $1 per share less than the rest of the market was willing to pay?"
"Why do they need to raise more money if they're about to start getting these big government orders from the U.S. and abroad?"
"More dillution?! You said the company wouldn't do this!"
Our sources tell us that he went out of his way to reach out to CBLI personally and told them of his interest in the company. He wanted in and he wanted in as quickly as possible.
Danke b00n, was denkst du, fällt CBLI noch etwas oder bekommt die Aktie durch den neuen Investor und die PR durch BMR erst richtig Schub?
Cancer drug sales are slowing down in the U.S., Reuters reported Monday. According to pharmaceutical research firm IMS Health, U.S. sales of oncology drugs increased only 3.5 percent in the first nine months of 2010, compared to sales growth of 23 percent in 2006, 14 percent in 2007, and 9 percent in 2008 and 2009. The slowdown in sales growth is primarily being caused by price increases as well as the entry of new generics as older, established drugs lose patent protection. The article also noted that many recent drugs are simply variations of existing drugs that wind up jostling for space in an already crowded market.
Coronado Biosciences and Cleveland BioLabs (CBLI) are both developing drugs that target the process of apoptosis, or programmed cell death. Cleveland BioLabs recently dosed the first patient in a multicenter Phase Ib trial of curaxin in patients with liver tumors. The company was also awarded a $244,479 grant under the QTDP program.
Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. announced that CBLB502, a drug under development to treat exposure to radiation, has been granted Orphan Drug status by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prevention of death following a potentially lethal dose of total body irradiation during or after a radiation disaster.
Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. announced that it has received a notice of grant of patent for CBLB502 from the State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China. Allowed claims cover the method of protecting a mammal from radiation using flagellin or its derivatives, including CBLB502. CBLB502 is a bio engineered derivative of a microbial protein that potentially reduces injury from acute stresses, such as radiation and chemotherapy, by mobilizing several natural cell protective mechanisms, including inhibition of programmed cell death (apoptosis), reduction of oxidative damage and induction of regeneration-promoting cytokines.
Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. announced that it was awarded a $45 million contract (including options), from the United States Department of Defense (DoD) Chemical Biological and Medical Systems (CBMS) Medical Identification and Treatment Systems (MITS) to develop and stockpile CBLB502 as a medical radiation countermeasure. Under the terms of the contract, the CBMS-MITS will initiate funding for Cleveland BioLabs' advanced development of CBLB502 through Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in the amount of $14.8 million (including options). Upon FDA licensure, the contract provides options for the purchase of $30,000,000 worth of CBLB502 troop equivalent doses.
Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. announced that CBLB502, a drug under development for the treatment of Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS), has been granted Fast Track status by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Fast Track program is designed to expedite the review of investigational drugs for the treatment of patients with serious or life-threatening diseases where there is an unmet medical need. Fast Track designations allow a company to file a New Drug Application (NDA) or Biologics License Application (BLA) on a rolling basis and permits the FDA to review the filing as it is received, rather than waiting for the complete submission prior to commencing the review process. Additionally, NDAs and BLAs for fast track development programs are eligible for priority review, which may result in an abbreviated review time of six months.
As the company pointed out in their own press release, orphan drug status qualifies CBLB502 for an accelerated review process, tax credits, financial assistance for development costs, and seven years of marketing exclusivity upon approval by the FDA for this indication. The designation also allows for a possible exemption from the FDA-user fee and assistance in clinical trial protocol design.
Orphan drug designation program also provides orphan status to drugs and biologics which are defined as those intended for the safe and effective treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of rare diseases/disorders that affect fewer than 200,000 people in the U.S., or that affect more than 200,000 people but are not expected to recover the costs of developing and marketing the treatment.
"We are very excited that CBLB502 has been assigned orphan drug status for its lead indication and look forward to working closely with the FDA as we complete development," said Michael Fonstein, Ph.D., president and chief executive officer of Cleveland BioLabs.
In July 2010, CBLB502 was granted fast track status from the FDA for reducing the risk of death following total body irradiation during or after radiation disaster. There is currently no FDA approved medical countermeasure for this indication.
We continue to be very bullish on CBLI and agree with analysts that the stock has significant potential to start trading at multiples greater than the current trading levels within a relatively short period of time.
Aside from pending U.S. and foreign government orders, the company's entire pipeline and development portfolio with potential applications for oncology and cancer treatments points in the right direction and CBLI could easily become a multi-billion dollar company within the next 12-18 months.
CBLI shares saw a 52-week trading high of $7.24 in September when the Department of Defense selected the company's injectable compound, CBLB502, for a contract to protect troops during a nuclear catastrophe. That contract gave Cleveland $14.8 million in immediate funding to be used for completing more tests and the application process with the FDA.
I have an update on Cleveland Biolabs (Nasdaq:CBLI) that you may find interesting. Two weeks ago, after the company announced that they had takena substantial investment from "an individual investor" we got wind that it was Michael Dell and we were of the opinon that when that news became public, the markets would react. Looking at one of the company's most recent press releases, Michael Fonstein, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer and President of Cleveland BioLabs, is set to give a presentation today at the Sidoti Microcap Conference in New York City.
We hear on the street that the company is also taking meetings with big institutionals and funds while they are in New York.
Even more intriguing is the chatter that Cleveland Biolabs may be getting even more money from the U.S. Government than I had previsouly reported. Many of the company's proprietary discoveries regarding programmed cell death and treatments for cancer and protection of normal tissues from exposure to radiation and other stresses have been funded by big research dollars from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).
We had been hearing that sometime before the end of the year, the agency would be awarding the company either a grant or some type of order totalling more than $50 million dollars. As these government contracts and awards always take longer than anticipated to work out its no surprise that nothing has been announced yet. What is surprising is that now we're hearing the monies will be for as much as $90 million- almost double.
Credible chatter has the award occuring some time in February so if you're an options player, it may be wise to look at some calls with a little wiggle room (just in case of another delay). Shares have been down a bit lately, although not much, and if company management starts to spread word about Dell's investment either at their presentation or during their roadshow meetings, we could see a nice appreciation in price prior to the anticipated news.
As I've written before. I've been long CBLI since the stock was at the $3 level and feel (as do other analysts) that share prices could triple or quadruple from current levels as multiple government orders start coming in within the next 6-12 months.
The company announced last summer that their radiation counter-measure, CBLB502 was granted Fast Track status from the FDA for reducing the risk of death following total body irradiation during or after a radiation disaster.
After more research, we will release this news to the rest of our readers sometime within the next 24-48 hours.
As we told our subscribers on Monday, Cleveland Biolabs (Nasdaq:CBLI) has confirmed some significant pending developments in regards to thier radiation counter-measure, CBLB502, which protects mammals from radiation using flagellin or its derivatives.
On Monday afternoon, Michael Fonstein, Ph.D., Chief Executive Officer and President of Cleveland BioLabs, gave a presentation at the Sidoti Microcap Conference in New York City. He told attendees that a significant BARDA development contract for CBLB502 is being worked on. In addition to a number of other developments and milestones which are on-tap for the company during 2011, Fonstein said that his company is anticipating the publication of a buying request for proposal (RFP) from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) of the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) for a radiation-countermeasure.
The bullet-points, which were highlighted in a slide during the company's presentation line up perfectly with some of the rumors we have been hearing for the last couple of months. Cleveland Biolabs- who has been awarded millions by the U.S. government for helping to develop CBLB502- may be close to actually landing tens of millions of dollars in additional grant monies which should lead to a major U.S. government purchase.
That purchase would be followed by an order from the government of Israel- whose leadership and constituency have grown increasingly anxious given the development of Iran's nuclear programs and recent Wikileaks revelations that Iran has obtained North Korean missiles which can strike as far away as Europe. Company officials have been asked by some of these foreign governments not to speak about potential orders, but published reports in foreign newspapers clearly indicate Israel's interest in CBLI's radiation counter-measure.
We are told that management at CBLI has been approached by several other countries who have all, ubiquitously, expressed an interest in obtaining the same product for their own defense stockpiles. Since U.S. Government grants have played a significant role in developing the product, it stands to reason that the U.S. will be first in line and may even have some say about which countries would be allowed to come in behind them for the game-changing bio-defense drug.
A little over two weeks ago, after the company announced that they had taken a substantial investment from a mysterious "individual investor" we told our readers that Michael Dell is that buyer. No one from Dell's office, Cleveland Biolabs, the banks or legal firms involved in that transaction have contacted us to correct our report, so we continue to be of the opinon that when that news finally becomes public, the market will react. Dell's $14+ billion fund targets winners with Warren Buffet like accuracy and he reportedly went out of his way make sure his $8.39 million bet on CBLI was in place as soon as possible.
As we understand it, Fonstein will spend the rest of his time in New York City making presentations to institutional investors and hedge-funds. It is not unreasonable to assume that some of those groups will add significant buying pressure to the stock in the weeks ahead- particularly since it appears those the significant BARDA development could come into play as soon as February. Those developments had been expected to occur during Q4 2010, so in some respects they may be considered over-due.
We had been hearing that the agency could be awarding almost twice as much as we had previously reported. The $50 million dollar figure we kept hearing may actually end up being closer to $90 million. Confirmation of those rumors would easily rocket shares beyond analyst expectations for 2011.
We've been covering CBLI since the stock was below $3 and feel more strongly than ever that the company shows the markings of a multi-billion dollar company witing to happen. We anticipate share prices starting to rise significantly during Q1- especially given the number of other significant and forward looking news items that are listed in the 2011 milestones list.
CBLI announced last summer that their radiation counter-measure, CBLB502 was granted Fast Track status from the FDA for reducing the risk of death following total body irradiation during or after a radiation disaster.
BUFFALO, NY--(Marketwire - January 20, 2011) - Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. (NASDAQ: CBLI) today announced that it has accumulated preclinical data demonstrating that CBLB502, a drug under development to treat exposure to radiation, has direct anticancer effect in several transplanted cancer models grown in mice and rats including colon and lung cancer, lymphoma and melanoma. In one of the animal models of transplanted colon cancer, CBLB502 treatment resulted in complete tumor regression with no recurrence of the disease in a large percentage of animals.
Experimental results suggest that CBLB502's anticancer effect stems from the same mechanism which underlies its ability to treat radiation exposure and which involves tissue-specific activation of innate immune response mediated by CBLB502's interaction with its receptor, TLR5. Antitumor effects largely depend on the expression of TLR5 by the tumor. However, in the case of tumors residing in the liver, the organ which has been identified as the natural primary target site for CBLB502 activity, tumors become effectively suppressed as a result of host immune system attack regardless of their TLR5 status. This characteristic makes liver metastasis a favorable target for potential anticancer applications of CBLB502.
Andrei Gudkov, Ph.D., D. Sc., Chief Scientific Officer of Cleveland BioLabs and Senior Vice President of Basic Science at Roswell Park Cancer Institute, commented, "We are very excited by these initial results, which extend CBLB502's potential medical applications in cancer treatment from use as a supportive care agent to reduce toxicities of radio and chemotherapy to use as a direct anticancer agent. We believe that clinical development of CBLB502's potential immunotherapy effects may be pursued in parallel to or in some cases as part of, our prior plan for supportive care applications, and we are currently modifying our development plan to integrate this important new opportunity. We expect to complete these adjustments shortly and move forward into the clinic."
William Cance, M.D., Surgeon-in-Chief and Chair of the Department of Surgical Oncology at Roswell Park Cancer Institute, stated, "I have always thought that CBLB502 had the potential to revolutionize several areas of clinical cancer treatment through its ability to protect normal tissues. With this recent demonstration of direct anticancer activity, I believe the potential for CBLB502 to achieve broad clinical application becomes even more likely. I am especially excited about the observations regarding CBLB502's effect on tumors in the liver, as this property could make a significant difference in a currently hopeless category of patients with advanced liver metastasis."
These findings were the result of research into the tissue specific activity of CBLB502, which was funded by a Grand Opportunities (GO) grant under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 from the Office of the Director and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
This direction of research follows previous preclinical demonstrations of CBLB502's specific protection of normal tissues versus tumors, and its ability to protect such tissues in animal models of fractioned, localized radiation mimicking clinical regimens.
Shares of Cleveland Biolabs (Nasdaq:CBLI) continue to rise in dramatic fashion, one day after the company announced the potential direct anticancer effect of CBLB502.
Will the wonders of CBLB502 ever cease? Andrei Gudkov, Ph.D., D. Sci, the Chief Scientific Officer at Cleveland Biolabs appears to have stumbled upon a game-changing discovery involving his wonder drug.
Gudkov was doing experiments with radiation and chemotherapy on tumor bearing animals aimed at assessing the effect of CBLB502 on treatment side effects (supportive care/palliative). All the experiments had a control arm, in which animals received CBLB502 alone with no radiation or other drug. It was in this group that the scientific team at Cleveland first took notice of the anti-tumor effect of CBLB502 applied as a single agent.
As he reminds us, CBLB502 is re-engineered flagellin of salmonella, so the concept is elegantly simple: Once the cancer cells ingest 502, the immune system recognizes the growth as something that must be attacked. The once relatively invisible cells are seen as a threat by the body's own defense mechanisms.
The implications here are also far reaching when one considers that the company and FDA already know so much about the safety and mechanism profiles of 502. In short, the company already knows so much about how the drug works in humans, that re-designing and adjusting their protocols to simultaneously test the anti-tumor effects as well as the palliative care effects may not only be possible, but also help bring the drug to market more quickly than anyone ever imagined.
At the very least, scientists believe that even if tumors are not eliminated, they could be delayed in growth. In fact, 502 shows innate immune attacks within hours by immune cell infiltration. The follow on effect of the drug may require activation of adaptive immune response, which Gudov thinks could take up to two weeks.
One assumption that will need to be confirmed experimentally is whether once the body has recognized the tumor that it will continue to fight the regrowth of those cells. Gudov and his team have some publications under review by peers and/or in the advanced stage of preparation for other discoveries. Investors can also rest assured that the company has filed extensive patents; otherwise they would not be openly discussing the discoveries.
Make no mistake, if the drug can be proven to do what has been observed in animal models, it has the potential to change the immunotherapy landscape that so many biotech investors are excited about.
After all, what Cleveland is proposing here is an off-the-shelf drug that does not have to be tailored. It does not involve the timely and expensive re-programming of the body's dendritic cells and perhaps because of those factors, the potential cost of treatment would not be as prohibitive as some of the existing immunotherapy drugs which are on the way to market now.
This is the same drug candidate that the company has fast tracked through the FDA as a countermeasure against acute radiation injury. The company doesn't have to get validation for manufacturing. They don't have to file a new IND and they don't have to do a Phase I safety study. Instead, if they so choose, they get to move directly into Phase II with 502 as an anti-cancer play.
Remember also that this is the same drug that candidate that the government has spent millions developing as a nuclear attack counter-measure thus far. We continue to hear chatter about additional grants- increasing in value- which may be announced in the very near term. And, we fully anticipate that the drug will be approved by the FDA for its current indication, thereby setting the stage for substantial profitability as requests for purchase begin to roll in from not only the U.S. but foreign governments as well.
What's not to like here? As I've been telling our readers for months, this is a winner through and through.
Wir sind nun so ziemlich genau an der 100 MA. Ob wir wohl noch die $5.99 testen?
On January 20, 2011 Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. (NASDAQ:CBLI) announced that they had accumulated preclinical data demonstrating that CBLB502, a drug under development to treat exposure to radiation poisoning from nuclear or radiological weapons or from a nuclear accident, has direct anticancer effect in several cancer models including colon and lung cancer, lymphoma and melanoma.
The company shared some very exciting preclinical data in the recent press release. They stated that CBLB502 had shown potential to suppress tumors. In one animal model, it was said that CBLB502 led to complete regression of tumors with little –to-no recurrence.
CBLI also stated that they will be looking at starting Phase I/II trials in cancer patients this year to look at both this new anticancer ability, and the previously discussed potential to offset the horrible side effects of radio and chemotherapy.
For those of you who follow developments in the $50 billion cancer market, both of these potential indications represent huge market dollars, if safety and trends of efficacy are seen in some of these trials.
The company's first potential line to revenues is still the defense application, however, and we remain bullish on upcoming developments there as well. For example, CBLI has been working with the BARDA (Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority) of the Department of Health and Human Services on a potentially significant additional grant to fund remaining development of CBLB502 through and past FDA approval.
2. CBLI already received its first conditional purchase order for CBLB502 from the Department of Defense back in September and is moving steadily towards submission for FDA licensure with both fast track and orphan drug status.
3. Expected news on BARDA publishing a formal Request for Proposal or RFP for buying of doses of radiation countermeasures for the national stockpile to protect civilians in this country. If you all recall, BARDA is the agency that has been spending hundreds of millions of dollars on these countermeasures over the past few years.
4. The recent infusion of capital from a single institutional investor, which we believe to be Michael Dell.
5. CBLI is well positioned to continue its climb in valuation.
We are reiterating our strong buy for Cleveland BioLabs based on expected near term drivers in the defense business with more development money from BARDA and hopefully a request for buying of doses.
We also believe that the start of medical trials for CBLB502 in cancer patients will bring a lot more attention from more traditional biotech investors and push the stock to significantly higher levels.
Another analyst thinks Cleveland Biolabs (Nasdaq:CBLI) is headed higher. The stock has been initiated with an Outperform rating and a target price of $10 by Wedbush.
Wedbush Securities is one of the largest securities firms and investment banks in the nation. The firm notes the company is developing CBLB502, an injectable protein, as a treatment for Acute Radiation Syndrome and as a radio-protectant in radiation oncology.
It further notes that human studies have shown CBLB502 to be safe in a Phase I/II study; animal studies have demonstrated protection against ARS.
The estimates for the total market for CBLB502 is $300 million in annual revenues, taking into account military, civilian and likely foreign demand. Wedbush expects that the company will be awarded a contract to supply the US government with CBLB502 to prevent ARS in the event of a radiological event.
Cleveland BioLabs Inc.(NASDAQ: CBLI) looks primed to hear news about a government grant related to their CBLB502 program. In just the past few weeks, the US Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) has filled several contracts that had been expected for sometime. It appears that BARDA-HHS is finally making it's way through their backlog of applications and getting funding out there. In CBLI's recent presentation at BIO CEO, management noted that they expect a grant from BARDA-HHS to be over $50 million. We think that more financial commitment from the US government could eventually lead to foreign development contracts with countries like Israel. This grant also sets them up for a potential buying Request for Proposal(RFP) from BARDA for a radiation countermeasure later this year. Of companies competing for these contracts, CBLI is by far the most advanced program in this field, in terms of their lead drug and time to market. Their treatment protects 2 important body systems, the blood and gastrointestinal(GI) tract, that are crucial to improving survival in ARS. All of this additional funding will help CBLI further support CBLB502 thru development in acute-radiation syndrome(ARS) to eventual FDA approval and stockpiling.
Another benefit of CBLB502 is the reduced regulatory pathway due to the Animal Efficacy Rule, which is applied to drugs where the efficacy cannot be directly tested in humans due to ethical reasons. This allows them to bypass large Phase 3 studies, by demonstrating safety in humans and efficacy in 2 animal models along with GMP validation(related to manufacturing). They will be meeting later this year with the FDA to plan out their definitive safety study in humans and complete their pivotal animal effifacy study in primates. The expectation is that these studies, in conjunction with scaling up manufacturing, could lead to a BLA filing with the FDA in early 2012. They are also exploring CBLB502's role as supportive therapy for cancer patients that have recently received total body irradiation. Their pipeline is also full of potential with CBLB612, as a stem cell inducing agent, which one could see as a competitor to Amgen's billion dollar drug, Neupogen. They have adequate funding for 2011 and beyond; we expect additional government support to provide more financial stability.
News of possible nuke reactor meltdown has people buying $CBLI. They should be buying for upcoming BARDA money grant too.
beachtet auch was am freitag geschehen ist als die unsagbar tragische fukushima sache kam..
Schade, ich habe das nicht geschnallt am Freitag. Habe noch die Shares bei meinem Einstieg zu 6.85. Werde heute bei den Dips dabei sein.
jup.. werd wahrscheinlich, auch ausbauen.
Incredibly, the short interest at CBLI has been growing since late August and is near the all-time high. If we are correct and the stock continues to push higher, the shorts will be squeezed and forced to cover.
If we had to bet on one stock set to get play due to thie terrible news it has to be Cleveland Biolabs (NASDAQ:CBLI). On Friday, as the news of the potential meltdowns began to spread, traders began to scoop up shares of the company whose late-stage, FDA fast-tracked drug dandidate, CBLB502 was born for precisely this type of scenario.
It's a story that I know extremely well.
Just a couple of weeks ago, during BIO CEO in New York City, I spoke to CBLI's CEO, Michael Fonstein, specifically about the drug, on camera, as part of television special that will air nationally once additional photography and post-production are completed. While I am contractually prohibited from speaking or publishing too much about the project, I can tell you that news magazine is described by producers as "60 minutes meets Wired Magazine" and will feature a 12-15 minute segment about the history and journey of the ground-breaking technology which was invented by Cleveland BioLabs's Chief Scientific Officer, Andrei Gudkov, Ph.D., D. Sci. while he was leading a broad research program focused on virology and cancer drug resistance in Moscow.
It was fascinating to learn that Gudkov's idea of creating a drug to protect humans from acute stresses such as radiation, or nuclear contamination exposure was born while he watched the infamous Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station Disaster unfold. The scientist was forever impacted by the deaths of the heroic firefighters who had climbed to the roof of the burning power plant to extinguish the fires. Fifty units responded to the fire and while they were successful in extinguishing all but the fire in the reactor, they were not wearing appropriate protective clothing.
"One by one they began to experience pressure in the chest, severe coughing, nausea, vomiting, and fainting," writes Grigori Medvedev in his book, The Truth About Chernobyl. "At first they thought it was from the smoke and heat of the fire. They were unaware that they had been walking on radioactive material that was emitting 20,000 roentgens per hour. Doctors found the fire fighters extremely agitated and nervous- suffering from "nuclear frenzy of the nervous system." They had extinguished the fires, but they were burned, many fatally, by the invisible flame of gamma and neutron radiation"
Not long after the fall of the Soviet Union, Gudkov moved to the U.S. and reestablished his lab at the University of Illinois at Chicago where he became a tenured faculty member in the Department of Molecular Genetics. It was that initial impact that led Gudkov and the team at Cleveland Biolabs to be prepared for a disastrous moment precisely like the one we are seeing play out in Japan.
CBLI's unique approach of pharmacological modulation of apoptosis (programmed cell death) is ideally suited to address the need for effective radiation countermeasures and we would not be surprised to see the company take steps to get doses of their late-stage drug candidate to victims who may need it.
Whether or not a full meltdown can be averted is only part of the equation here. At best, full containment and clean-up efforts will take time and could see more workers and emergency personnel exposed to high levels of radiation. Sadly, the risk still exists for radiation to spread and affect hundreds or thousands in the areas around the power plants as well.
Speculators on Wall Street appeared to sense that too. On Friday we watched option calls of CBLI trade at 5x the average volume and prices jump from $6.80 to $7.19 before closing even higher- at $7.59- after hours.


Kiki began her career at SandorMax as a part-time intern, showing up at work only when the mood struck. Despite her insufferably sloppy work habits, she has been promoted to feline intern, a move based solely on her cuteness. Truth be told, her colleagues are her personal servants, providing treats and attention throughout the day.


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7 Reasons Why Second Life Should Matter For Biz Executives
Wagner James Au Sep 26, 2007 (Jun 5, 2020) -- Blog Post
Here's some recent Second Life-related news items:
•	A development studio based on an SL avatar secured venture funding from a NYC financier.
•	A consortium of U.S. government agencies (including the Navy and Air Force) announced plans to develop a substantial presence in SL.
•	An international coalition of labor unions is preparing to strike on behalf of Italian IBM workers at the company's massive SL campus today.
If you're a successful tech professional with zero personal interest in online worlds, those blurbs probably just provoked a bemused shrug. Even after reading constant rumors that Google (GOOG) itself is creating a competitor to Linden Lab's user-created MMO, you're probably still wondering, "But why should Second Life matter to me?"
In full disclosure, I'm writing a book on the subject, so I have a vested interest in replying. And while I've already written a lot about Second Life here, Om asked me to back up, and start from the beginning.
So, the brief answer: In a rapidly growing market of online world users, it's the most successful example of an embodied, dynamically collaborative content creation platform that's personally and economically transformative, and scalable to the entire world.
That's a mouthful, so to break it down into individual parts:
1 – Rapidly growing market: By one reasonable estimate, 80 percent of active Internet users will participate in an online world by 2011, a trend largely driven by the young, who define and shape future Net usage. (A separate study forecasts 53% of all kids on the Internet will be in an MMO by that year.)
2 – Most successful: Currently with some 550,000 monthly active users, SL has grown rapidly and with general consistency since 2004 (12 months ago, it only had about 150,000 avid residents.) Yes, other MMOs are larger, but none of them are user-created, a crucial distinction I'll get to later.
3 – Embodied: A 3D space navigated by user-controlled avatars that are convincing enough to make their owners feel a personal and social investment in the simulated world they're in. MMO players refer to their avatars as "me"; several studies suggest this perceptual leap is a real phenomenon. When controlling a Second Life avatar, we even unconsciously obey our unwritten rules of eye contact and personal space.
But what's so special about feeling like you're in a 3D world? The better question is: what's so special about words, numbers, and flat imagery? Those are relatively new tools, artificially imposed on a human evolutionary cycle of a couple million years. When we remember the past, plan the future — when we dream — we do so in the three dimensions displayed by our mind's eye. Communicating information in simulated 3D seems to enhance learning and insight for that very reason: a common sense intuition that some studies seem to reinforce. Of course, other successful MMOs convey this embodied effect, but largely through content created and controlled by the world's holding company. Which brings us to the next feature:
4 – Dynamically collaborative content creation platform: A medium where online multi-user content creation is updated in real time. SL is often called "a 3D wiki" — an apt analogy. Consider Wikipedia: At first, most entries in the amateur-driven encyclopedia were mediocre; through a networking effect, however, it quickly became an indispensable resource for every type of information. Second Life is Wikipediafying the universe in 3D, not just the real one, but fictional and even conceptual realities, including abstract art and mathematical theorems. Like Wikipedia, Second Life content skews heavily toward Internet culture in all its lovably geeky strangeness. But dismissing it on those grounds is like dismissing Wikipedia because most of its users (as this search ranking shows) are primarily interested in sci-fi/fantasy/videogames, celebrities, and sex.
5- Economically transformative: SL's virtual currency (which can be bought and sold for US$) and intellectual property rights to user-created content (which are retained by their creator, even in non-SL projects) are transferable in and out of the global economy. In practical application, this has resulted in movie-makers, fashion companies, and even architecture firms using SL as a prototyping platform for their real-world businesses. The depth and variety of projects that have made the leap from online world to the real world market is unprecedented in other MMOs — or, arguably, in any other web 2.0 platform.
6 – Personally transformative: The striking thing is just who is doing this work, even making a living at it. Often they're business-savvy homemakers, talented bohemians, physically or mentally impaired people, retirees, tech workers in developing nations, and people who've been otherwise kept out of the mainstream job market through real-world barriers that become irrelevant in Second Life. And this is what's meant by personally transformative: a technology that improves people's lives in a substantial, profound way. On the macro level, this leverages dormant human capital into the larger economy. eBay (EBAY) is revolutionary because it converted thousands of people into garage-based entrepreneurs and channeled enormous wealth back into the market. Second Life is an eBay of the imagination. (And unsurprisingly, eBay's founder was an early Linden Lab investor.)
7 – Scalable to the entire world: Last January, Linden open-sourced its client code, and from this flowered a variety of alternate access portals into SL, including Wii controllers, cell phones, and thanks to a 15-year-old female hacker, the web itself. This makes SL a lead contender to become a universally accessible mirror world, where all our physical data is modeled in a dynamic network, an inconceivably valuable resource for scientists, governments, corporations, and beyond. Linden's stated intentions to open-source their servers would make this outcome even more probable, while transforming the Net itself into a 3D medium.
That's just the beginning. Many futurists envision a time when 3D printers will supplant or enhance much of our traditional modes of production. Impressive trial runs are already being conducted in Second Life, exporting avatars and other content into the real world — early glimpses, perhaps, of a time when most of our real world goods are developed and produced in the metaverse.
Does the above mean SL itself is an all-bets-on phenomenon? No, because it's still staggering under scaling difficulties and poor retention rates, while a slew of competitors — Metaplace, Multiverse, HiPiHi, whatever Google's cooking up, and near a dozen more — are attempting to outgun Linden Lab on their own terms. They're creating new MMO platforms that'll also feature avatar-based content creation where users own their IP, and some will probably do it better than Linden is right now. The ferocity of this competition proves one thing: from the market's perspective, what Second Life originally unleashed is simply not going away.
Image credit: DeltaDharma Dawn


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2nd victim expected to survive after deadly…
2nd victim expected to survive after deadly Valentine's Day stabbing in Highland
By Robert Gundran | rgundran@scng.com |
PUBLISHED: February 23, 2019 at 8:57 p.m. | UPDATED: February 23, 2019 at 8:57 p.m.
A Hesperia man was arrested on suspicion of murder and assault with force likely to produce great bodily injury after one man was killed and another was sent to the hospital after a stabbing in Highland last week.
The San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department alleged Eric Malone, 29, stabbed and killed Michael Froelich, 37, of San Bernardino, and a 38-year-old Rialto man, who was sent to the hospital.
Officials said deputies responded to JJ's Sports Bar in Highland on Feb. 14 at around 8 p.m. On arrival, deputies found Froelich outside the bar with stab wounds. He was pronounced dead at around 9:30 p.m.
The second stab victim, whose identity was not immediately released by the sheriff's department, was transported to the hospital and is expected to survive.
Cindy Bachman, spokeswoman for the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department, said Malone and Froelich knew each other, but Malone and the other person who was stabbed do not know each other.
Malone was booked into the High Desert Detention Center in Adelanto with a $1 million bail. He is set to appear at San Bernardino County Superior Court on Feb. 28.
Man arrested in stabbing investigation in Bloomington
2 people killed in separate homicides in San Bernardino
Inmate in Rancho Cucamonga jail accused of stabbing deputy with improvised knife
Robert Gundran


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Report: LA Prisoners Released Without COVID-19 Testing
Michigan State Professor: White People Who Do Yoga Contribute To 'White Supremacy'
Batty Booker Claims 'Bully' Trump 'About to Get Knocked Out' by the 'Dynamic Duo'
Senator Cory Booker is absolutely bonkers if he believes that President Donald Trump is going to be beat out by former Vice President Joe Biden and his running mate, Kamala Harris.
Speaking on CNN's "State of the Union" on Sunday, Booker accused Trump of being a "bully" an added that he is "about to get knocked out" by sleepy Joe and Kamala da hoe in November.
CNN anchor Jake Tapper asked, "So let me ask you, President Trump and his campaign have been floating this false, completely false notion that Senator Harris, who was born in Oakland, California, in 1964, and is an American, may not be eligible to be vice president. Were you surprised when they started to do that?"
Booker replied, "This is something I think that many Americans know. I know for my family is when you have African-American women who are rising up in positions that there have never been African-American women in before that, people are going to viciously attack them on gender and race."
Cory Booker calls President Trump a "bully" after attacks against Kamala Harris https://t.co/siZwrI1wPt pic.twitter.com/Gr22ASOMKm
— CNN Politics (@CNNPolitics) August 16, 2020
"The words, the gendered words that this president has been using about Kamala attacking her in extraordinarily awful ways just reflects the degrading language he's used about blacks, about black and brown places, about congresspeople telling them to go back where they've come from when they were born in this country," he continued.
The senator added, "This is nothing new, nothing surprising. What I don't think Trump understands is that Kamala Harris has been fighting this fight her entire career rising to positions where she was the first African-American woman in time and time again. So if there's anybody that's ready for this kind of mess, it's Kamala Harris. And so Donald Trump can pick a fight if he wants, but he is the proverbial bully in the playground that is about to get knocked out when he steps up against this dynamic duo that will beat him in November."
Arizona School District Cancels Monday Reopening After Teachers Plan 'Sickout'
An Arizona school district had their reopening plans for Monday cancelled after more than 100 teachers called in sick.
"We received an overwhelming response from staff indicating that they do not feel safe returning to classrooms with students," J.O. Combs Unified School District superintendent Gregory A. Wyman said in a statement. "In response, we have received a high volume of staff absences for Monday citing health and safety concerns. Due to these insufficient staffing levels, schools will not be able to re-open on Monday as planned."
Liberals Wish President Trump Had Died with #WrongTrump Hashtag Trending
Even on a day when President Trump's brother passed away, the left continues to hate on him. The leftists responded to the passing of Robert Trump with the hashtag #WrongTrump on Twitter.
Even worse, many of the culprits are on Twitter defending their stance.
WATCH: Black Lives Matter Protesters Attack Church, Physically Assaulting Congregation
Black Lives Matter rioters in Troy, New York have decided that Grace Baptist Church Pastor, Rev. John Koletas is an alt-right extremist and they decided to "protest" at his church.
This "protest" involved standing in front of the church building while cursing and screaming at whoever walked in...even making threats.
BREAKING! CDC Report Reveals Deaths in 2020 At LOWEST Number in 10 YEARS!
You're believing a lie if you're beliving the hype that the media is feeding you about the deaths from the coronavirus.
I'm not dismissing it altogether. People are getting sick and people are dying from it, but based on what we're being told by the media, you would think that this years total number of deaths is going to be much higher than any other year.
Chicago Business Owners Fed Up with Mayor, Issues Demand to City Government
There are a number of cities around the country that I believe have fallen so badly that I don't think that there is any coming back from the calamity.
New York City will likely never be the same as it once was. Minneapolis will likely never be rebuilt, it's so badly destroyed.
Sports Fans Tired of Politics in Sports and Disrespect of Our Nation...And They Just Let Players Know It
If you've ever been to a live pro sports event, then you likely know that fans can have very different reactions to the things that the players do.
There could be cheers, whistling, and applause; or there could be boos and heckling.
Cuomo Suggests: If 'You're an Essential Worker, You Won't Kill Anyone'
Frederick Douglass Statue Torn Down Over 4th of July Weekend
CNN: 'Protests and Church Attendance are Unrelated'
Pelosi: 'I Pray for the President All the Time'


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Bow Down: This Is the Man Behind the NSW Police Force Facebook Posts
NSW Police Force Facebook Page Interview: Dejan Stojadinovic
12 November, 2017 by Genevieve Rota
PS: You seem to have a particular issue with indicating, speeding and keeping left unless overtaking. Are they the most common offences in New South Wales?
DS: I know that speeding is the number one contributing factor to fatal accidents in New South Wales but I think it's just anecdotally — not indicating, speeding and not keeping left are just things that we talk about in the office. Every time you drive on a weekend or a public holiday it's just super frustrating. And I think a lot of people agree because every post we do about that sort of stuff, just goes crazy.
PS: Do you guys keep your identities semi-hidden or are people starting to know who you are?
DS: We've managed to remain relatively unknown. I've been involved in a few articles but funnily enough no one is still really mentioning my name on the comments, which is quite nice — it's nice to have that air of anonymity [laughs]!
PS: It's so mysterious! I've been waiting for someone to tag you somewhere.
DS: It's actually only happened twice! The thing is, it's more to reiterate the messages of the police force, it's not really about me or our team and I think that's the important thing. I'm not out to get glory, we're just trying to get the police's messaging out to the community and I think it's been working for us.
PS: Where do you see the Facebook posts going?
DS: We're still growing very quickly, people are still reacting really well to our posts. We are pretty good at keeping on top of what's popular and what's not popular — you know, two years ago memes weren't very popular and I dare say in two years, with the nature of digital, they probably won't be popular again so we'll have to change our approach again. At the moment though, I think they're still very relevant so we'll keep tying into them.
PS: Do you have a favourite post?
DS: I did like the Snow Patrol one [laughs] because it just popped into my head randomly when I saw that photo. But actually the Lion King one is probably one of my favourites. It was so simple.
PS: Was that you too?
DS: It was, it was. A lot of people in the office were getting so frustrated because I kept laughing at my own jokes, which is probably a bad thing to do [laughs].
NSW PoliceMemesViral
Adele Seemingly References Her Recent Separation With a Very Personal Meme
by Kelsey Garcia 03/5
People Are Throwing Their Vans Sneakers For This Viral Challenge, and I'm Throughly Entertained
by Nikita Ramsinghani 07/3
Priyanka Chopra's 75-Foot-Long Wedding Veil Is Being Compared to a CVS Receipt, and OMG
by Perri Konecky 07/12/18
"Thank U, Next" Is Getting the Pop Culture Meme Treatment, and We're Laughing Hard at These
by Karenna Meredith 06/11/18
If Squats Are One of Your Favourite Things Ever, These Memes Will Speak to You
by Jenny Sugar 24/9/18
These Memes of Workout Struggles Won't Make Them Go Away, but They'll Make You Laugh
A Mum Called Out of Work Because Her Son's on Life Support, and Her Boss Said No to Her "Drama"
by Alessia Santoro 16/6
Let This Margarita-Drinking, Jacuzzi-Chilling Bear Inspire You to Live Your Best Summer Life
by Brinton Parker 04/7/18
30 Hereditary Memes to Keep You Occupied While You Never Sleep Again
18 Hilarious — and Totally Relatable — Memes About Solo: A Star Wars Story
Sorry, Team Yanny — This Might Actually Prove It's Been "Laurel" All Along
by Erin Cullum 18/5/18
This Mum Accidentally Fed Her Kids Penis-Shaped Pasta and Holy Sh*t, We Can't Breathe
by Alessia Santoro 02/5/18


text:
Found 2 collections related to Tariff -- United States
France. Consulat (New York, N.Y.)
Chancery register of the French Consulate in the United States, 1784-1795
.15 linear feet (1 volume)
Register of the chancery of the consulate of France in the United States in New York City, which had jurisdiction in the states of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, with entries dated July 26, 1784-March 4, 1795. The first consul was St. Jean... more
Register of the chancery of the consulate of France in the United States in New York City, which had jurisdiction in the states of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut, with entries dated July 26, 1784-March 4, 1795. The first consul was St. Jean de Crèvecour, whose signature last appears on May 10, 1785. Besides cases related to shipping, customs duties, obligations, and agreements made at the consulate, there are references to Edmond Genet on pages 136, 142-143, 239, 324, and elsewhere less
Whitmore family
Whittemore family correspondence, 1796-1858
The Whittemores were a family of industrialists in West Cambridge, Mass., and New York City. Collection consists of personal and business correspondence of Amos Whittemore and his sons, Timothy, Henry and Gershom, relating mainly to the... more
The Whittemores were a family of industrialists in West Cambridge, Mass., and New York City. Collection consists of personal and business correspondence of Amos Whittemore and his sons, Timothy, Henry and Gershom, relating mainly to the manufacture of brushes for the carding of cotton and wool. Also, letters of Eliza Ann Cutter Whittemore, wife of Henry Whittemore. Topics include the War of 1812, the Tariff of 1816, the Panic of 1837, and other economic and social conditions. less


text:
The Cultural Roadmap for City Girls Everywhere
In Print Now
Celesbian Culture
100 Women We Love: Carrie Davis
June 14, 2013 Kat Long, Andrew Collins, and Jacqueline Frances
We are thrilled to present the 2013 list of 100 Women We Love – Including…
"Being an out queer woman is an essential part of my professional and personal success," says Carrie Davis, who joined the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Community Center in New York City in 1998. Today, Davis is the director of community services, overseeing the Center's programming, which reaches more than 5,000 people yearly. Davis worked as an architect for 13 years, before refocusing her career on LGBT advocacy. She first served as GenderPAC's director of operations in 1997, and at the Gender Identity Project, where she developed the center's training curriculum. Her leadership was critical in helping New York City legislate a 2002 city law banning discrimination based on gender identity and expression. Along with teaching at Hunter College, Davis serves on several boards, including the HIV Health & Human Services Planning Council of New York. She also wrote about transgender issues for Gary Mallon's Social Work Practice with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender People. She says, "Now, I am beginning to be seen as an elder and am proud to be called upon to share and teach others what I have learned: To communicate how to be a revolutionary social worker, and to model to our young people and those struggling to be their true selves how to grow and have pride in a strong, healthy and whole identity." –NHM
GO Out - Events In Your City
Find An Event | List Your Event
Lesbian Lifestyle
I Never Had A Partnered Orgasm Until I Slept With A Woman, & Now I Can't Stop
'The L Word: Generation Q' Recap: Season 1 Episode 7
'The L Word: Generation Q:' An Ode To Alice Pieszecki
The Top 100 Lesbian, Bi, and Queer Moments of 2019
News for Queer Women
'The L Word: Generation Q' Has Just Been Renewed For Season 2
New Yorker of The Year: AVP's Beverly Tillery
Lez Do It Again: Exclusive Interview With "The L Word: Generation Q" New Cast & Showrunner
Is Dani Getting 'The Devil Wears Prada' Treatment On 'Generation Q?'
Advice for Lesbian, Bi and Queer Women
10 Ways To Look Gay AF When You're Femme AF, As Told By A Dyke Princess
'The L Word: Generation Q:' An Ode To Finley
Dyke Nightlife Diaries: Athens' Lesbian Collective Café-Bar Is A Dyke Dream
10 Cute AF Dates For Introverted Couples Who Hibernate In The Winter
How To Cope When You Feel Like An Outsider In The Lesbian Scene
The First Lesbian NFL Coach Will Head To The Super Bowl This Year
January 21, 2020 Kim Wong-Shing
January 20, 2020 Georgianna Carbone-Wynne
January 20, 2020 Nikolas Toner
Where to Find GO Magazine
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HOLIDAYS > Shavuot > Torah Study > Birkat ha-Torah: The Highest of Blessings
Birkat ha-Torah: The Highest of Blessings
Rav Yair Kahn
Translated by David Strauss
"Where do we find that a blessing before studying the Torah is ordained in the Torah?"
Chazal instituted many different blessings, which encompass our spiritual world, but it is generally accepted that only two blessings are ordained by Torah law – the Grace after Meals (Birkat Ha-Mazon) and the blessing before studying the Torah (Birkat Ha-Torah).[1] The gemara in Berakhot (21a) states:
R. Yehuda said: Where do we find that the Grace after Meals is ordained in the Torah? Because it is stated: "And you shall eat and be satisfied and bless" (Devarim 8:10). Where do we find that a blessing before studying Torah is ordained in the Torah? Because it is stated: "When I proclaim the name of the Lord, ascribe You greatness to our God" (Devarim 32:3).[2]
The distinction between Torah-ordained blessings and blessings instituted by the Rabbis has halakhic significance, as noted by the Peri Chadash (Orach Chaim 47:1): "There is a practical ramification regarding one who is in doubt whether or not he recited Birkat Ha-Torah, that he is obligated to recite the blessing a second time."
Nevertheless, the Rambam does not count Birkat Ha-Torah as one of the 613 commandments. The Ramban objects to this omission, and he includes the mitzva of Birkat Ha-Torah in his list of positive commandments that the Rambam omitted (commandment 15).
Our revered Rosh Yeshiva, HaRav Aharon Lichtenstein z"l, explained that according to the Rambam, Birkat Ha-Torah was indeed instituted only by the Rabbis, and the verse cited in the gemara is merely an asmakhta (a Scriptural hint).[3] This assertion is supported by the fact that the Rambam includes Birkat Ha-Torah in a list of other blessings that were introduced by the Rabbis (Hilkhot Tefilla 7:1-10):
When the Sages instituted [a text for] these prayers, they [also] established other blessings to be recited every day. These are: …
One who rises to study Torah, whether the Written or Oral Law, before he recites the Shema, should wash his hands beforehand, recite [the following] three blessings, and then study. [These blessings] are: "[Blessed... universe,] who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us concerning the words of Torah. And please, God, our Lord, make pleasant… Blessed are You, God, who teaches Torah to His people, Israel… Blessed are You, God, our Lord… who has chosen us from among all the nations and given us His Torah. Blessed are You, God, who gives the Torah."
One is obligated to recite these three blessings every day. Afterwards, one should read a few words of Torah.[4]
However, the plain sense of the gemara certainly implies that Birkat Ha-Torah is ordained by the Torah, as the gemara equates Birkat Ha-Torah with the Grace after Meals, which the Rambam counts as a Torah law (Sefer Ha-Mitzvot, positive commandment 19; Hilkhot Berakhot 1:1).[5] Why, then, did the Rambam stray from the plain meaning of the gemara, according to which Birkat Ha-Torah is a Torah obligation?[6]
"For the reading of Scripture it is necessary to recite a blessing"
The Amora'im disagree regarding which study requires the recitation of Birkat Ha-Torah (Berakhot 11b):
R. Huna said: For the reading of Scripture it is necessary to recite a blessing, but for the study of the Midrash no blessing is required.
R. Eliezer, however, says that for both Scripture and Midrash a blessing is required, but not for the Mishna.
R. Yochanan says that for the Mishna also a blessing is required, [but not for the Talmud].
Rava said: For the Talmud also it is necessary to recite a blessing.
Concerning Rava's position that even for the Talmud it is necessary to recite a blessing, Rashi comments: "As it is the most important part of the Torah, from which instruction issues forth." Why do the other Amora'im maintain that it is not necessary to recite a blessing for the study of the Talmud? After all, a baraita explicitly states, "One who occupies himself in the Talmud – there is no greater quality than this" (Soferim 15:6)!
This question becomes even stronger in light of the explanation offered by Talmidei Rabbeinu Yona regarding the position of Rava: "'Even for the Talmud, it is necessary to recite a blessing' – for in the Talmud as well they explain the essential points in the verses." This indicates that the primary obligation is to recite a blessing over the Written Law. The reason that a blessing is recited also over the study of Midrash, Mishna, and Gemara (according to some of the Amora'im) is that they too, to some degree or another, deal with the meanings of the verses in the Written Law.[7] If so, we return to our question: Why was Birkat Ha-Torah instituted only for study of the Written Law, and not for all types of Torah study?
A blessing over a mitzva or a blessing of thanksgiving
It would appear from this that Birkat Ha-Torah is not a blessing recited over a mitzva that is recited before fulfilling the mitzva of Torah study, similar to the blessings recited before fulfilling the mitzva of blowing the shofar or taking the lulav. Rather, Birkat Ha-Torah is a blessing of praise and thanksgiving for the giving of the Torah. The Ramban formulates the essence of this blessing in his strictures to the Rambam's Sefer Ha-Mitzvot:
We were commanded to thank His holy name whenever we read from the Torah for the great good that He did for us when He gave us the Torah.[8]
Similarly, we find in the Tur (Oracḥ Chaim 47):
There is also another blessing over the Torah… "Who has chosen us from among all the nations and given us His Torah. Blessed are You, O Lord, who gives the Torah." And he should have in mind in his blessing the assembly at Mount Sinai, when He chose us from among all the nations, and brought us close before Mount Sinai, and sounded His words to us from out of the fire, and gave us His holy Torah, which is the house of our lives, His precious vessel in which He delights every day.
That the nature of Birkat Ha-Torah is like that of a blessing of praise and thanksgiving, and not like that of a blessing recited before fulfilling a mitzva, is evident also from the gemara in Berakhot 11b, which determines that one who did not recite Birkat Ha-Torah before his prayers, but recited the blessing of Ahava Rabba as part of the blessings of keriat Shema, has fulfilled his obligation to recite Birkat Ha-Torah (see also Yerushalmi, Berakhot 1:5). Were Birkat Ha-Torah included among the blessings that are recited before fulfilling a mitzva, this ruling would require explanation. How is it possible to fulfill the obligation to recite a blessing before fulfilling the mitzva of Torah study with the text of Ahava Rabba, which lacks the standard formulation of blessings recited over mitzvot: "asher kiddeshanu be-mitzvotav ve-tzivanu."[9] However, according to our suggestion that Birkat Ha-Torah is a blessing of praise and thanksgiving for the giving of the Torah, it is clear why one can fulfill his obligation with the Ahava Rabba blessing. This blessing as well – like Birkat Ha-Torah – is entirely praise and thanksgiving to God for His choosing the people of Israel, which was expressed in His giving them the Torah and its mitzvot, and it ends with the words: "Who chooses His nation Israel with love." It is therefore not surprising that one who recites this blessing fulfills his obligation to recite Birkat Ha-Torah, as he has thanked God for His choosing of Israel, as reflected in His giving them the Torah.[10]
In light of what we have said, it is clear why Birkat Ha-Torah relates primarily to the study of the Written Law. The mitzva of Torah study is fulfilled both with the Written Law and the Oral Law, but it is the verses of the Written Law that recall the revelation at Mount Sinai and Israel's receiving of the Torah. It is primarily before learning those verses that one should praise God and thank Him for having chosen Israel by giving them the Torah.
Regarding the dispute among the Amora'im that we saw above, the halakha was established in accordance with the opinion of Rava, who requires Birkat Ha-Torah even for the study of Talmud (Rambam, Hilkhot Tefilla 7:10; Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chaim 47:2). However, it still could be argued that only the blessing over the study of the Written Law is ordained by Torah law, while the blessing over the study of the Oral Law is a rabbinic obligation. This follows from the words of the Ramban: "That we were commanded to thank His blessed name whenever we read from the Torah." This also follows from the words of the Sefer Ha-Chinukh (commandment 430): "That God obligated us [to recite] a blessing when we read the Torah." A close reading of their words teaches us that we are dealing with reading from the Written Law, and not studying the Oral Law. If so, the Torah obligation to recite Birkat ha-Torah relates to study of the Written Law, while one who studies the Oral Law is obligated to recite a blessing only by rabbinic law.
"Ascribe you greatness to our God"
In light of what we have said, we can understand what is implied by the words of the Rambam in Hilkhot Tefilla – that Chazal instituted that the individual should recite Birkat Ha-Torah – in another way, so that his position does not contradict the plain understanding of the passage in Berakhot that Birkat Ha-Torah is ordained by Torah law.
The gemara in Berakhot (21a) learns from explicit verses the obligation to recite the Grace after Meals and the obligation to recite Birkat Ha-Torah before studying Torah. Afterwards, the gemara brings the opinion of R. Yochanan, who maintains that two more blessings are ordained by Torah law, and their obligation is learned by means of a kal va-chomer: One blessing is Birkat Ha-Torah after Torah study, and the second blessing is the blessing over food before eating it.[11] The blessing over food before eating certainly refers to a birkat ha-nehenin, a blessing recited over pleasure, which is recited before eating. But what is Birkat Ha-Torah after Torah study? Is any blessing recited after studying Torah?[12] It seems that R. Yochanan is referring not to the Torah study of an individual, but rather to the public reading of the Torah, over which blessings are recited both before and after. It turns out, then, that the gemara's entire discussion deals with the blessings recited before or after public Torah reading; the gemara is not dealing at all with the Birkat Ha-Torah recited by an individual! Indeed, there are authorities who write that the Torah obligation of Birkat Ha-Torah that is learned from the gemara in Berakhot relates exclusively to public Torah reading.[13]
The gemara in Berakhot derived the obligation to recite Birkat Ha-Torah from the verse: "When I proclaim the name of the Lord, ascribe You greatness to our God" (Devarim 32:3).[14] This verse is explained in the Mekhilta (Parashat Bo) as relating to the blessing recited before a public Torah reading:
R. Chanina the son of the brother of R. Yehoshua said: The verse states: "When I proclaim the name of the Lord, ascribe You greatness to our God." "When I proclaim the name of the Lord" – this is the person reciting the blessing; "Ascribe You greatness to our God" – these are those who answer him. And what do they answer him? "Blessed is the Lord who is blessed forever more."
If what we have said is correct, the Rambam's view is perfectly clear. The Birkat Ha-Torah recited by each and every individual every morning is indeed of rabbinic origin, as the Rambam rules in Hilkhot Tefilla. But this does not contradict in any way the plain meaning of the Mekhilta, the Bavli, and the Yerushalmi, which state that Birkat Ha-Torah is ordained by the Torah. The exposition of the verse relates to the Birkat Ha-Torah recited before a public Torah reading, and indeed that blessing is by Torah law. However, the Birkat Ha-Torah recited by the individual is merely a rabbinic ordinance.[15]
This understanding of Birkat Ha-Torah fits in well with what we concluded above that Birkat Ha-Torah is a blessing of praise and thanksgiving for the giving of the Torah, and not a blessing recited over a mitzva, which every individual must recite before he occupies himself in the mitzva of Torah study.
The Talmud Yerushalmi (Megilla 4:1) draws a comparison between public Torah reading and the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai:
R. Shemuel bar R. Yitzchak entered a synagogue. A certain person rose up and translated the reading near a pillar [leaning against the pillar]. He said to him: This is forbidden. Just as the Torah was given in dread and fear, so must we must handle it with dread and fear.
R. Chaggai said: R. Shemuel bar R. Yitzchak entered a synagogue. He saw that the reader rose and translated the reading, and did not appoint someone else to translate it for him. He said to him: This is forbidden. Just as it [the Torah] was given by way of an intermediary, so too we must handle it by way of an intermediary.
R. Soloveitchik inferred from this passage that a public Torah reading is like a giving of the Torah:
Public Torah reading is identical to the experience of standing before the Shekhina as at the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai. This phenomenon is a reenactment of the encounter between the Holy One, blessed is He, and the people of Israel… When the people hear the reading, they must imagine as if the Torah was just given at Sinai. (Shiurim Le-Zekher Abba Mari, vol. 2, p. 210)
Public Torah reading is not intended just for the sake of learning [Torah], but also for the sake of arranging a meeting with God, as what happened with our forefathers at Sinai. Each and every reading is tantamount to a new giving of the Torah, a resurrection of that miraculous event at the foot of the fiery mountain. This reading of the Torah contains the element of "today" in the giving of the Torah and a renewal of that awesome and elevated experience. The experience of revelation is continually repeated every time that a Torah scroll is removed [from the ark]. (U-Vikashtem Mi-Sham, ch. 19)
With this we can understand why it is precisely at the time of public Torah reading, which is a reenactment of the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai, that there is a Torah obligation to recite Birkat Ha-Torah and to thank God and praise him for having chosen us from among all the nations and giving us His Torah.
"Bless the Lord who is blessed"
The very same verse from which the gemara derives the obligation to recite Birkat Ha-Torah - "When I proclaim the name of the Lord, ascribe You greatness to our God" – is understood in the Mekhilta as relating to public Torah reading:
"When I proclaim the name of the Lord" – this is the one who recites the blessing; "Ascribe You greatness to our God" – these are those who answer after him. And what do they answer after him: Blessed be the Lord who is blessed forever and ever.
However, if indeed the Mekhilta relates to Birkat Ha-Torah, why does it mention the formula, "Blessed be the Lord who is blessed forever and ever"? One who is called up to the Torah recites, "Bless the Lord who is blessed" (Barkhu), and that the entire congregation responds, "Blessed be the Lord who is blessed forever and ever," and only afterwards does the person who is called up to the Torah recite Birkat Ha-Torah. But it would seem that this formula is not part of Birkat ha-Torah itself. Why, then, is it mentioned by the Mekhilta?
It stands to reason that the introductory lines, "Bless the Lord who is blessed," and "Blessed is the Lord who is blessed forever and ever," are not subordinate to Birkat Ha-Torah which follows those lines. Rather, they are part of the blessing itself.[16] This combination of Barkhu and the blessing gives expression to the fact that the Birkat Ha-Torah that is recited before a public Torah reading is the blessing of the entire congregation, and not just of the individual who actually recites it. This is what R. Soloveitchik inferred from a precise reading of the Rambam (Hilkhot Tefilla 12:5), who, after describing how the person who is called up to the Torah recites Barkhu and Birkat Ha-Torah, mentions specifically, "And all the people recite Amen." Were this the ordinary Amen, like the one pronounced by anyone who hears another person's blessing, there would be no need to state this explicitly, as the Rambam already ruled that one who hears a blessing is obligated to respond with Amen (Hilkhot Berakhot 1:13). Why does the Rambam emphasize that the congregation is required to respond Amen to the blessing recited by the person who is called up to the Torah?
In order to resolve this difficulty, R. Soloveitchik mentions the gemara in tractate Shevuot (36a), which speaks of two senses of the Amen response: Amen in the sense of "acceptance of words," which is recited by a person who wishes to fulfill his obligation with a blessing recited by another person,[17] and an Amen in the sense of "confirmation of words," when the person saying it does not mean to fulfill any obligation himself.[18] When the Rambam emphasizes, "And all the people respond Amen" to the blessing recited before a public Torah reading, this is not merely the Amen of "confirmation," but an Amen of "acceptance," an Amen by which the entire congregation fulfills its obligation to recite a blessing.[19]
Further proof that Birkat Ha-Torah is a communal blessing can be brought from the words of the Shulchan Arukh (Orach Chaim 139:6) that one who is called up to the Torah must recite Barkhu and Birkat Ha-Torah out loud, and according to the Ravya (2:552), if one recited it quietly, he must repeat the blessing out loud. It is clear that this view is based on the understanding that the reciter's blessing is a communal blessing, as argued above.
The connection between Birkat Ha-Torah and public Torah reading does not stem only from the fact that this reading is like the giving of the Torah. We learn from the verse, "When I proclaim the name of the Lord, ascribe You greatness to our God," that the entire congregation must bless God and thank Him for choosing Israel, which finds expression in His giving them the Torah. This communal thanksgiving is fulfilled in a ceremony that precedes the public Torah reading, opening with the reciter's inviting the congregation to bless, "Bless the Lord who is blessed," and ending with the blessing, "Who has chosen us," and with the response of Amen on the part of the entire congregation.
A very similar ceremony was conducted by Ezra the scribe when he read from the Torah to the entire people (Nechemya 8:6-8):
And Ezra blessed the Lord, the great God. And all the people answered, "Amen, Amen,"[20] with the lifting up of their hands; and they bowed their heads, and fell down before the Lord with their faces to the ground… And they read in the book, in the Law of God, distinctly; and they gave the sense, and caused them to understand the reading.
Since Birkat Ha-Torah has an important communal dimension, we see that it is a blessing of praise to God, who has chosen us from among all the nations and given us His Torah.
[1] Some Rishonim maintain that the "Al Ha-Michya" blessing is also ordained by Torah law; see Rashba, Berakhot 35a, s.v. hakhi. The Penei Yehoshua (ad loc.) argues that even birkot ha-nehenin have the status of Torah law.
[2] See also Yerushalmi Berakhot 7:1.
[3] Shiurei HaRav Aharon Lichtenstein al Pesachim, p. 234. See also Mar'eh Ha-Penim on Yerushalmi Berakhot 7:1.
[4] It should be noted that this reading of the Rambam is not the only possible reading, as the Rambam's words might refer to the eighteen blessings mentioned earlier, meaning that they alone were instituted by rabbinic enactment. In Hilkhot Berakhot (2:14), the Rambam mentions the obligation to recite a blessing in a doubtful situation only with respect to the Grace after Meals, but the context there is that of blessings over the various types of pleasures (see Hilkhot Berakhot 4:2; 8:12), and it therefore may not prove anything regarding the status of Birkot Ha-Torah.
[5] This also follows from the attempt in the gemara to derive the obligation to recite a blessing before eating by way of a kal va-chomer argument from Birkat Ha-Torah.
[6] See Responsa Sha'agat Aryeh 24.
[7] This follows from Rashi's explanation of the opinions of those who hold that study of the Talmud does not require a blessing; see Rashi, s.v. midrash.
[8] One might perhaps distinguish between the various blessings that comprise Birkat Ha-Torah: The blessing of "la'asok be-divrei Torah" (according to those who maintain that it is a short blessing) is formulated like a blessing recited over a mitzva, whereas the blessing of "asher bachar banu" expresses praise and thanksgiving for the choosing of Israel, which is reflected in the giving of the Torah. The Ramban relates to this blessing, and it is possible that according to him, only it is a Torah obligation.
[9] The Meiri (Berakhot 11b, s.v. ve-harei lamadeta), however, explains that one who recites the Ahava Rabba blessing is exempt from reciting a blessing over the mitzva of reciting the Shema.
[10] The understanding that Birkat Ha-Torah is a blessing of praise has several practical ramifications – for example, concerning an interruption between the blessing and the study, concerning reciting the blessing "prior to the fulfillment of the mitzva," and concerning Birkat Ha-Torah for women. See Tosafot, Berakhot 11b, s.v. she-kevar; Rosh, Berakhot 1:13; Chiddushei Ha-Griz on the Rambam, Hilkhot Berakhot 11:16.
[11] R. Yochanan's position is rejected in the Bavli, but it is accepted in the Yerushalmi.
[12] See Ritva, Megilla 17b, s.v. ha de-amrinan; Responsa Ha-Rashba, vol. 7, p. 540; Orchot Chaim, Hilkhot Talmud Torah 2.
[13] See Be'er Sheva, Sota 33a, 41a; Mishkenot Yaakov 60; Tashbetz 2:163. The Rosh (Berakhot 1:13) explains that the basic obligation concerning Birkat Ha-Torah from the Torah relates to Torah study, and it was the Rabbis who instituted that a blessing should be recited also for a public Torah reading. In this way he explains why a person who recited Birkat Ha-Torah in the morning recites another blessing when he is called up to the Torah. According to what we have proposed, it is precisely the Birkat Ha-Torah recited over a public Torah reading that is required by Torah law, whereas the blessing recited by each individual for himself is a rabbinic enactment.
[14] Rashi, however, explains the gemara in Berakhot as follows: "When Moshe came to open with words of song, he said to Israel: I will first recite a blessing, and you will then answer Amen. "When I proclaim the name of the Lord" – with a blessing; "ascribe You greatness to our God" – with Amen."
[15] It remains to be explained why the Rambam (like most of those who enumerated the mitzvot) did not count in his Sefer Ha-Mitzvot the mitzva of reciting a blessing before a communal Torah reaading. R. Y.F. Perlow, in his commentary to R. Saadya Gaon's Sefer Ha-Mitzvot (positive commandment 63), argues that Birkat Ha-Torah is indeed by Torah law, but it is not counted as a separate mitzva, as it is part of the mitzva of Torah study. It is difficult to accept this explanation according to the Rambam, as he does not bring the law of Birkat Ha-Torah in Hilkhot Talmud Torah, but rather in Hilkhot Tefilla and in Hilkhot Berakhot. It would seem more reasonable to say that the Rambam understands that the verse, "Ascribe you greatness to our God," was addressed to the people of that generation, and that it is not a mitzva for all generations. Therefore, this blessing is not counted as one of the 613 commandments. What the gemara means when it establishes that Birkat Ha-Torah is ordained by the Torah is that the root of the idea of Birkat Ha-Torah is found in the Torah. This is like the gemara's statement that cruelty to animals is forbidden by Torah law (Bava Metzia 32b). It is possible to demonstrate that the Torah is sensitive to the suffering of animals, but this mitzva is not counted as a separate mitzva. Similarly, we learn from Moshe's words to the people of Israel that it is proper to recite a blessing and thank God before reading from the Torah.
[16] R. Soloveitchik explained the meaning of Barkhu in a different manner. See Shiurim Le-Zekher Abba Mari, vol. 2, p. 3.
[17] The Rambam rules that one can fulfill his obligation by answering Amen to someone else's blessing in Hilkhot Berakhot 1:11: "Whoever answers Amen to a blessing recited by another person is considered as if he recited the blessing himself."
[18] A young woman once asked R. Soloveitchik whether she should respond Amen to the blessing of "shelo asani isha," "Who has not made me a woman." The Rav answered that while she should not answer the Amen of "acceptance," as she does not recite this blessing, she should answer the Amen of "confirmation."
[19] R. Soloveitchik draws a similar inference concerning the blessings of keriat Shema, communal prayer, zimmun, and shofar blowing. See Shiurim Le-Zekher Abba Mari, vol. 2, pp. 54, 95; Harerei Kedem on Rosh Hashana, concerning the shofar blasts sounded "while sitting" and "while standing."
[20] Regarding the doubling of Amen, see the Griz's letter of the 28th of Av, 5694, concerning a similar doubling found in the Torah section dealing with a sota. It may be suggested that the doubling in the book of Nechemya expresses the two senses of the word Amen – acceptance and confirmation.
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