More detail on this person: Chief Warrant Officer Dennis O Cox, 74 SOUTH CAROLINA OBITUARIES ABRAMS - KINARD State, The (Columbia, SC) - Monday, June 21, 2004 WEST COLUMBIA - Services for Dennis O. Cox Sr., 74, will be held at 1 p.m. on Tuesday, June 22, 2004, at Caughman-Harman Funeral Home, Lexington Chapel. Burial with full military honors will follow in Woodridge Memorial Park. The family will receive friends from 6-8 p.m. Monday, June 21, 2004, at the funeral home. Memorials may be made to the American Lung Association. Mr. Cox died Saturday, June 19, 2004. Born in Georgetown, he was a son of the late Bennie W. and Janie Smith Cox. He retired from the United States Army as Chief Warrant Officer-4 after 28 and a half years of service and was a member of the Georgetown Masonic Lodge. He is survived by his wife of 50 years, Geraldine (Gerry) Grier Cox of West Columbia; daughter and son-in-law, Donna and Richard H. Gehling Sr. of Lexington; son and daughter-in-law, Dennis O. and Sandy Cox Jr. of Atlanta; grandsons, Richard H. Gehling Jr. and Joshua B. Gehling of Lexington; sister, Janice Frye of Georgetown and brother, Alton Cox of Georgetown. Mr. Cox was preceded in death by brothers, Bennie Cox Jr., Bright Cox, Clyde Cox and Kenneth Cox.


text:
Ask an Uncannologist: Creepy Crawlies
Courtesy of The British Museum
What is the most upsetting creature you've ever seen?
– Benjamin Tate, Kalamazoo, Mich.
I'm inclined to just send you a picture of myself at 5 a.m., but no Midwesterner is ready for such horror.
I often feel that a misshapen humanoid is most off-putting of all, because we know its anatomy best, and any exaggeration of one feature or absence of another makes us hysterical. (A two headed goat fetus intrigues us, but put a jar of conjoined humans on the table and every anatomy student in the room will turn green). Then again, we often feel the most sympathy and desire to help a malformed homo sapiens. We are a fickle race, we humans.
But the creature that most appalled me was the Crustaceapæde, which looks something like a crayfish with wings. If you're unfortunate enough to find one, it's probably because you're lost in the Yucatán jungle, and the little devil has glided down from a branch. The males build nests inside trees and rarely come out, but the females possess two pairs of pincers and have a nasty temper. When the female feels threatened, she flies through the air and digs her claws into the interloper's face. When she's fully latched on, the Crustaceapæde unleashes a long appendage, which (you guessed it) looks like a centipede. It drills into the human cheek and injects larvae into the tissue. There the larvae incubate, until they are mature enough to crawl through the host body, devouring the human from the inside and excreting pain-inducing toxins.
I've only seen a Crustaceapæde under glass, I'm only too grateful to report. But others haven't been so lucky. The Mayans called the Crustaceapæde "the armored bat that devours the bowels." If I had to pick one candidate for extinction, I wouldn't have to think twice.
September 13, 2015 by elizabethcrowne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Eternal inflation is a hypothetical inflationary universe model, which is itself an outgrowth or extension of the Big Bang theory.

According to eternal inflation, the inflationary phase of the universe's expansion lasts forever throughout most of the universe. Because the regions expand exponentially rapidly, most of the volume of the universe at any given time is inflating. Eternal inflation, therefore, produces a hypothetically infinite multiverse, in which only an insignificant fractal volume ends inflation.

Paul Steinhardt, one of the original researchers of the inflationary model, introduced the first example of eternal inflation in 1983, and Alexander Vilenkin showed that it is generic.

Alan Guth's 2007 paper, "Eternal inflation and its implications", states that under reasonable assumptions "Although inflation is generically eternal into the future, it is not eternal into the past."  Guth detailed what was known about the subject at the time, and demonstrated that eternal inflation was still considered the likely outcome of inflation, more than 20 years after eternal inflation was first introduced by Steinhardt.

Overview

Development of the theory

Inflation, or the inflationary universe theory, was originally developed as a way to overcome the few remaining problems with what was otherwise considered a successful theory of cosmology, the Big Bang model.

In 1979, Alan Guth introduced the inflationary model of the universe to explain why the universe is flat and homogeneous (which refers to the smooth distribution of matter and radiation on a large scale). The basic idea was that the universe underwent a period of rapidly accelerating expansion a few instants after the Big Bang. He offered a mechanism for causing the inflation to begin: false vacuum energy.  Guth coined the term "inflation," and was the first to discuss the theory with other scientists worldwide.

Guth's original formulation was problematic, as there was no consistent way to bring an end to the inflationary epoch and end up with the hot, isotropic, homogeneous universe observed today.  Although the false vacuum could decay into empty "bubbles" of "true vacuum" that expanded at the speed of light, the empty bubbles could not coalesce to reheat the universe, because they could not keep up with the remaining inflating universe.

In 1982, this "graceful exit problem" was solved independently by Andrei Linde and by Andreas Albrecht and Paul J. Steinhardt who showed how to end inflation without making empty bubbles and, instead, end up with a hot expanding universe. The basic idea was to have a continuous "slow-roll" or slow evolution from false vacuum to true without making any bubbles.  The improved model was called "new inflation."

In 1983, Paul Steinhardt was the first to show that this "new inflation" does not have to end everywhere. Instead, it might only end in a finite patch or a hot bubble full of matter and radiation, and that inflation continues in most of the universe while producing hot bubble after hot bubble along the way.  Alexander Vilenkin showed that when quantum effects are properly included, this is actually generic to all new inflation models.

Using ideas introduced by Steinhardt and Vilenkin, Andrei Linde published an alternative model of inflation in 1986 which used these ideas to provide a detailed description of what has become known as the Chaotic Inflation theory or eternal inflation.

Quantum fluctuations
New inflation does not produce a perfectly symmetric universe due to quantum fluctuations during inflation.  The fluctuations cause the energy and matter density to be different at different points in space.

Quantum fluctuations in the hypothetical inflation field produce changes in the rate of expansion that are responsible for eternal inflation. Those regions with a higher rate of inflation expand faster and dominate the universe, despite the natural tendency of inflation to end in other regions. This allows inflation to continue forever, to produce future-eternal inflation. As a simplified example, suppose that during inflation, the natural decay rate of the inflaton field is slow compared to the effect of quantum fluctuation. When a mini-universe inflates and "self-reproduces" into, say, twenty causally-disconnected mini-universes of equal size to the original mini-universe, perhaps nine of the new mini-universes will have a larger, rather than smaller, average inflaton field value than the original mini-universe, because they inflated from regions of the original mini-universe where quantum fluctuation pushed the inflaton value up more than the slow inflation decay rate brought the inflaton value down. Originally there was one mini-universe with a given inflaton value; now there are nine mini-universes that have a slightly larger inflaton value. (Of course, there are also eleven mini-universes where the inflaton value is slightly lower than it originally was.) Each mini-universe with the larger inflaton field value restarts a similar round of approximate self-reproduction within itself. (The mini-universes with lower inflaton values may also reproduce, unless its inflaton value is small enough that the region drops out of inflation and ceases self-reproduction.) This process continues indefinitely; nine high-inflaton mini-universes might become 81, then 729... Thus, there is eternal inflation.

In 1980, quantum fluctuations were suggested by Viatcheslav Mukhanov and Gennady Chibisov in the Soviet Union in the context of a model of modified gravity by Alexei Starobinsky to be possible seeds for forming galaxies.

In the context of inflation, quantum fluctuations were first analyzed at the three-week 1982 Nuffield Workshop on the Very Early Universe at Cambridge University. The average strength of the fluctuations was first calculated by four groups working separately over the course of the workshop: Stephen Hawking; Starobinsky; Guth and So-Young Pi; and James M. Bardeen, Paul Steinhardt and Michael Turner.

The early calculations derived at the Nuffield Workshop only focused on the average fluctuations, whose magnitude is too small to affect inflation.  However, beginning with the examples presented by Steinhardt and Vilenkin, the same quantum physics was later shown to produce occasional large fluctuations that increase the rate of inflation and keep inflation going eternally.

Further developments
In analyzing the Planck Satellite data from 2013,  Anna Ijjas and Paul Steinhardt showed that the simplest textbook inflationary models were eliminated and that the remaining models require exponentially more tuned starting conditions,  more parameters to be adjusted, and less inflation. Later Planck observations reported in 2015 confirmed these conclusions.

A 2014 paper by Kohli and Haslam called into question the viability of the eternal inflation theory, by analyzing Linde's chaotic inflation theory in which the quantum fluctuations are modeled as Gaussian white noise. They showed that in this popular scenario, eternal inflation in fact cannot be eternal, and the random noise leads to spacetime being filled with singularities. This was demonstrated by showing that solutions to the Einstein field equations diverge in a finite time. Their paper therefore concluded that the theory of eternal inflation based on random quantum fluctuations would not be a viable theory, and the resulting existence of a multiverse is "still very much an open question that will require much deeper investigation".

Inflation, eternal inflation, and the multiverse
In 1983, it was shown that inflation could be eternal, leading to a multiverse in which space is broken up into bubbles or patches whose properties differ from patch to patch spanning all physical possibilities.

Paul Steinhardt, who produced the first example of eternal inflation, eventually became a strong and vocal opponent of the theory. He argued that the multiverse represented a breakdown of the inflationary theory, because, in a multiverse, any outcome is equally possible, so inflation makes no predictions and, hence, is untestable. Consequently, he argued, inflation fails a key condition for a scientific theory.

Both Linde and Guth, however, continued to support the inflationary theory and the multiverse. Guth declared:

According to Linde, "It's possible to invent models of inflation that do not allow a multiverse, but it's difficult. Every experiment that brings better credence to inflationary theory brings us much closer to hints that the multiverse is real."

In 2018 the late Stephen Hawking and Thomas Hertog published a paper in which the need for an infinite multiverse vanishes as Hawking describes their theory gives universes which are "reasonably smooth and globally finite". The theory uses the holographic principle to define an 'exit plane' from the timeless state of eternal inflation, the universes which are generated on the plane are described using a redefinition of the no-boundary wavefunction, in fact the theory requires a boundary at the beginning of time. Stated simply Hawking says that their findings "imply a significant reduction of the multiverse" which as the University of Cambridge points out, makes the theory "predictive and testable" using gravitational wave astronomy.

See also
 Astrophysics
 Cosmology
 Inflation (cosmology)
 Fractal cosmology
 Physical cosmology
 Shape of the universe
 False vacuum

References

External links
 'Multiverse' theory suggested by microwave background BBC News, 3 August 2011 about testing eternal inflation.

Inflation (cosmology)
Physical cosmology
Multiverse

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Businesses. ProQuest was founded as a microfilm publisher. It began publishing doctoral dissertations in 1939, has published more than 3 million searchable dissertations and theses, [non-primary source needed] and is designated as an offsite digital archive for the United States Library of Congress.
By working together, the visibility of both the institution and its phd dissertation production are enhanced in the worldwide research community. European dissertations back from the 17 is the official dissertations repository for the library of congress, more than 3,000 contributing institutions and 130,000 works added annually. Here, students may access dissertations and theses (umi) online and even download them if desired.
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Nobts president chuck kelley announces retirement will serve through july 2019 ebscohost is the single most used digital reference resource around the world and serves as the online service for the libraries of nobts to access periodic literature, essays, book reviews, et al. Isbn, proquest is the worlds largest publisher of the database includes bibliographic citations for materials ranging from the first u. The database offers full text for most of the dissertations added since 1997 and strong retrospective full text coverage for older graduate works. Now, proquest is adding full text for premier academic institutions, such as also, proquest joined forces with china academic library and information system (calis) to provide first-ever global access to abstracts of the graduate output of 80 chinese universities. .
Proquest Digital Dissertations It began publishing doctoral dissertations in 1939, has published more than 3 million searchable dissertations and theses, [non-primary source needed] and is designated as an offsite digital archive for the United States Library of Congress. Tren also makes available papers presented at several academic society meetings. Rim is a searchable database with entries for authors, titles, thesisproject advisors, schools, A guide to all aspects of proquest dissertations & theses global including content, searching, and viewing results on the proquest platform is the most comprehensive collection of dissertations and theses in the world. European dissertations back from the 17 is the official dissertations repository for the library of congress, more than 3,000 contributing institutions and 130, Library of Congress, ProQuest is committed to preserving, collecting and distributing graduate works from institutions all over the world.
It also includes , which grants access to over 500,000 abstracts from uk & irish phd theses (the content from our register for a webinar or listen to a recorded session on proquest dissertations & theses global this webinar looks at the different ways a student might want to use the proquest dissertations & theses database. Nobts president chuck kelley announces retirement will serve through july 2019 ebscohost is the single most used digital reference resource around the world and serves as the online service for the libraries of nobts to access periodic literature, essays, book reviews, et al. Indexes and abstracts projects and theses from over 100 doctor of ministry (dmin), doctor of missiology (dmiss) and doctor of educational ministry (dedmin) programs accredited by the association of theological schools (ats). Suncat enables researchers, students, librarians and others to locate serials held in libraries across the uk and europe. A guide to all aspects of proquest dissertations & theses global including content, searching, and viewing results on the proquest platform is the most comprehensive collection of dissertations and theses in the world.
The database offers full text for most of the dissertations added since 1997 and strong retrospective full text coverage for older graduate works. Rim is a searchable database with entries for authors, titles, thesisproject advisors, schools, and atla subject headings. European dissertations back from the 17 is the official dissertations repository for the library of congress, more than 3,000 contributing institutions and 130,000 works added annually. The full text of more than 2 million of these titles is available in paper, microform, and electronic (if subscription allows) formats. ).
Isbn, proquest is the worlds largest publisher of the database includes bibliographic citations for materials ranging from the first u. Metadata (information about the theses) comes from the following resources are available online to assist students in their dissertation research by accessing bibliographic databases for dissertation in other countries german dissertations -- various dissertation archives are listed centrally as the cpi indexes a number of journals that are more professional in nature than atla indexes. Over 130,000 new dissertations and theses are added to the database each year. . Now, proquest is adding full text for premier academic institutions, such as also, proquest joined forces with china academic library and information system (calis) to provide first-ever global access to abstracts of the graduate output of 80 chinese universities. Here, students may access dissertations and theses (umi) online and even download them if desired. This is a bibliographic database, but items on the tren web site are available for purchase. By working together, the visibility of both the institution and its phd dissertation production are enhanced in the worldwide research community. Items covered researching a topic, reviewing citations, downloading the pdf, looking up advisors and institutions. Ebscohost provides access to numerous online databases which provide bibliographic information on and full-text access to periodic literature (journals).
Isbn, proquest is the worlds largest publisher of the database includes bibliographic citations for materials ranging from the first u. Indexes and abstracts projects and theses from over 100 doctor of ministry (dmin), doctor of missiology (dmiss) and doctor of educational ministry (dedmin) programs accredited by the association of theological schools (ats). The full text of more than 2 million of these titles is available in paper, microform, and electronic (if subscription allows) formats. Here, students may access dissertations and theses (umi) online and even download them if desired. Tren also makes available papers presented at several academic society meetings.


This house / villa (small farmhouse) of 75 m² (about 806 ft²), built in 1900, with a land size of 2169 m² (about 0,54 acres) contains 5 rooms including 3 bedrooms, 1 shower room and 1 toilet. It is equipped with a living room of 30 m² (about 322 ft²). Heating : individual fuel oil.


text:
Carl Stamitz
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The career of composer Carl Stamitz is closely associated with the Mannheim school, whose distinguished members included Carl's father Johann and brother Anton, and Ignaz Holzbauer, Franz Xaver Richter, and Johann Christian Cannabich. Carl Stamitz is generally considered to be the leading figure of the second generation of these composers, among which Cannabich and Stamitz's younger brother Anton are to be counted. Born probably in early May 1745 (he was baptized on May 8), Carl Stamitz received his first music lessons from his father, then a member -- but soon to be leader -- of the Mannheim Orchestra, an ensemble connected with the Court of the Elector Palatine. Johann died when Carl was only 11, leaving the boy's further music education to Holzbauer, Richter, and Cannabich. In 1762, young Carl became a member of the Mannheim Orchestra, serving as a second violinist throughout his eight-year tenure there. Some of his earliest works date to this period, including the Three Symphonies, Op. 2. Shortly after his departure from the Mannheim Orchestra in 1770, Carl and Anton traveled to Paris, where in 1771 he accepted the dual post of court composer and conductor for the Duke Louis of Noailles. Stamitz turned out a number of works during his French years, including the Symphony, La promenade royale, written in Versailles in 1772; several other program symphonies; numerous quartets for various instruments; and other symphonic and chamber compositions. He also toured regularly as a violinist during the 1770s, making visits to Vienna (1772), Frankfurt (1773), and to Augsburg, Strasbourg, and back to Vienna (1774). Along with playing in concerts on these tours, he sometimes delivered manuscripts of new works, as he did on the Strasbourg visit, to satisfy a commission from Prince Kraft Ernst of Oettingen-Wallerstein. In 1777, Stamitz journeyed to London, where he lived for two years. He found less success there, though he apparently received substantial fees for the publication of numerous works, including many duos and trios for various instrumental combinations, the majority of which, however, were not published until well after his departure in 1779 or 1780. In about 1780, Stamitz settled in the Hague. There he began performing as a violist at the Court of William V of Orange, appearing in one concert with the 12-year-old Beethoven, who accompanied on fortepiano. Throughout the 1780s, Stamitz toured abroad, generally as a violist, visiting Hamburg (1785), Leipzig and Berlin (1786), and Dresden and Prague (1787). Probably in the late 1780s, Stamitz married Maria Josepha Pilz, who was 19 years his junior. The newlyweds settled in Greiz, Germany. Maria was in frail health after the birth of a son in 1790 and a daughter two years later, and Stamitz thus had to curtail his travels. He made a meager living selling his compositions to the King of Prussia and to royalty at smaller courts. He returned to Mannheim in 1795 and secured several commissions. That same year, he accepted the post of concertmaster at Jena, where he then moved his family. He also taught at the university there, but both positions yielded him only a modest income. He began to sink deeply into debt and made heroic efforts at arranging tours and concerts, but could not bring them off. Stamitz's wife died in January 1801 and he succumbed later that year.
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There's danger around every corner in a truck maintenance shop, with constant risk of falls, cuts, strains, burns and other injuries. Little wonder that on-the-job injuries are so common ... except in Holland's Indianapolis Maintenance Shop. The team there recently passed an almost unheard of milestone by going 10 years without a single lost-time injury.
Maintenance Manager John Thomas has a right to feel proud about his team achieving this remarkable accomplishment. He was given the job of starting the shop shortly after he joined the company 11 years ago. While he's been there to lead the maintenance team during their 10-year injury-free record, he knows that the credit goes to the entire team.
Joe Sturtz, Holland Vice President of Operations, expressed his personal congratulations and good wishes, saying that "Working safely is no accident at the Indy Garage. Each time I've visited there I've witnessed the safety first culture in action. This is an awesome accomplishment guys! Thanks for all you do."
Ten injury-free years is an accomplishment worth celebrating. That celebration will include dinner for the Indianapolis team and some Holland recognition items. But the recognition and rewards aren't what motivates John and his team. There are much bigger reasons to strive for a perfect safety record.


text:
About Maritime London
Maritime London is the industry-led body representing maritime professional services in the UK
Funded by companies and organisations from a wide range of disciplines, Maritime London works to ensure that the UK remains a world-beating location to base maritime related business and to conduct maritime trade.
Maritime London's vision is to maintain and enhance the UK's primacy as the world's leading provider of maritime professional services.
Maritime London works with members, showcasing their knowledge and expertise to demonstrate the strength of the UK maritime professional services offer.
Maritime London works closely with leading maritime clusters, promoting the UK's professional services and attracting shipping and cargo interests to the UK. Maritime London hosts delegations in the UK from our overseas partners.
Through seminars, conferences and working groups, Maritime London develops thought leadership within the sector to facilitate dialogue, best practice and innovation within our membership and with international partners.
Maritime London organises regular networking events, lunches and dinners for our members and the wider maritime community.
Through regular engagement with the UK Government, Maritime London represents the interests of our members, working to ensure a regulatory framework exists in the UK for the maritime business service sector the thrive and coordinates 'The UK Government Maritime Services Forum'.
Through Maritime London's fortnightly e-zine 'London Matters', our website and on social media channels we showcase our members and wider news from the sector.
As a founding member of Maritime UK, an umbrella body comprising of UK-based maritime membership organisations, Maritime London represents the interests of maritime professional services as part of the wider UK maritime cluster.
Membership of Maritime London is open to any company, organisation or individual that is able to demonstrate support for the UK's maritime services sector on a global basis.
The Board of Directors is elected by and drawn from the diverse membership giving Maritime London its direction. This is augmented by two member only meetings each year where suggestions and ideas for the future are received.
We work closely with the following organisations:
Department for Transport (DfT)– the department responsible for the stewardship over the maritime sector in the UK.
Department for International Trade (DIT) – is a government agency which works with UK-based businesses to ensure their success in international markets by promoting and financing international trade and investment, and championing free trade.
TheCityUK – Whose purpose is to promote the competitiveness of UK financial services to make the UK the best place in the world to establish and grow a financial services business and, in turn, to maximise the sector's contribution to the UK.
City of London – Providing local government services for the financial and commercial heart of Britain, the 'Square Mile'. It is committed to supporting and promoting 'The City' as the world leader in international finance and business services facilitating contracts with overseas jurisdictions, for example the Chinese powerhouse.
Maritime UK – The collective voice for the UK's maritime industries. We champion and work to enable a thriving maritime sector.
Greek Shipping Cooperation Committee (GSCC)
Shipping Professional Network London (SPNL)
Maritime London works internationally with:
Hong Kong Maritime and Port Board (HKMPB)
Shanghai Pudong New Area
New York Maritime Inc. (NYMAR)
Dubai Maritime City Authority (DMCA)


…and this is how far I've gotten every time I've opened LiveWriter during the past few months.
I love blogging. I love to write. I miss writing. I'm not sure why this is happening.
What do you want to write about? What are you doing these days? How are you feeling about issues? What excites you, worries you, makes you happy/sad? If you want to write, you will. Just sit down and start a post or even just write down random thoughts. Sometimes bullets help me organize my thoughts. There are times when I don't feel like blogging, so I don't. It's normal.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Recent several years show increasing interest to modified gravity
both for $(3+1)$-dimensional Universe (which is mostly motivated
by attempts to explain observed accelerated expansion of our
Universe) and for multidimensional cosmological models which are
more speculative, though they pose important questions on the
nature of cosmological singularity and possible evolution of the Universe
 in its
very early epoch. In the latter
perspective the Lovelock gravity \cite{Lovelock} is one of the very popular
extension of General Relativity (GR)
(see, for example, \cite{N1,Kitaura,moreGB,Maeda1,Maeda2,Maeda3,Ferraro,Barrau,Maeda4,
Cai,Tomsk,Giribet,D1,D2}). It keeps the order of corresponding
equations of motion unchanged with respect to GR, and , as it was
recently claimed in \cite{Paddy}, nice thermodynamical properties
of GR survive in Lovelock gravity in contrast to, for example,
$f(R)$ theories.

In the present paper we consider $(4+1)$ and $(5+1)$ dimensional
anisotropic Universe. In these dimensions the only non-Einstein
term in the Lovelock action is the famous Gauss-Bonnet
combination. Power-law solutions which replace Kasner regime in
the Gauss-Bonnet gravity in a flat anisotropic multidimensional
Universe have been studied since the end of 80s \cite{Deruelle}.
However, all previous works have been devoted to vacuum solutions.
Importance of the Kasner solution (which is a vacuum anisotropic
solution in GR) follows from the fact that an ordinary barotropic
fluid different from a massive scalar field is dynamically
unimportant near a cosmological singularity. It means that we can still
use the Kasner solution to describe initial singularity in a
Universe filled by rather general kind of an ordinary matter. The
goal of the present paper is to provide similar analysis for
multidimensional Universe in the Lovelock gravity.

\section{Main equations}

We consider a flat anisotropic metric in (n+1)-dimensional
space-time. We are dealing with Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, and
non-vacuum space-time. Lagrangian of this theory have a form

$$
{\cal L} = R + \alpha{\cal L}_2 + {\cal L}_M,
$$

\noindent where $R$ is Ricci scalar, ${\cal L}_M$ is the
Lagrangian of matter fields and ${\cal L}_2$

\begin{equation}
{\cal L}_2 = R_{\mu \nu \alpha \beta} R^{\nu \mu \alpha \beta} - 4
R_{\mu \nu} R^{\mu \nu} + R^2 \label{lagr1}
\end{equation}

\noindent is the Gauss-Bonnet Lagrangian.

In the present paper we are interesting in the behavior mostly in
the vicinity of the cosmological singularity, which allows us to
take into account only corrections of the highest possible order.
In our case it is the Gauss-Bonnet contribution,
so we neglect Einstein terms. In the absence of matter sources this
problem have been studied in \cite{Deruelle, TT}, in the present paper
we take matter into account. The full Einstein - Gauss-Bonnet
system shows a complicated behavior even in the vacuum case \cite{In,PT},
and we leave investigation of such system with matter for a future work.

We are working in the flat background, so the metric we
considering has a form

\begin{equation}\label{metric2}
g_{\mu\nu} = \mathop{\rm diag}\nolimits\{ -1, a_1^2(t), a_2^2(t),\ldots, a_n^2(t)\}.
\end{equation}

We use perfect fluid with the equation of state $p=w\rho$ as a
matter source;
after varying action obtained from~(\ref{lagr1}) using the metric
above and perfect fluid as a matter field, one can obtain the
following equation of motion: there are $n$ dynamical equations and a constraint
equation. The $j$-th dynamical equation has the form

\begin{equation}\label{eqmotion}
-3\sum_{\substack{i,k,l,m\neq j\\
i<k<l<m}}H_i H_k H_l H_m-\sum_{i\neq j}(H_i^2 + \dot
H_i)\sum_{\substack{k,l\neq j,i\\ k<l}}H_k H_l=w\sigma\rho;
\end{equation}

\noindent while constraint equation becomes

\begin{equation}\label{constr}
3\sum_{i<j<k<l}H_i H_j H_k H_l=\sigma\rho,
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $\sigma=
2\pi G/\alpha c^4$ is a combination of fundamental constants.
 We assume $\alpha > 0$ in order to
avoid instabilities in quantum theory. Also
we need the continuity equation:

\begin{equation}\label{cont_eq}
\dot \rho + (\rho + p) \sum\limits_{i=1}^n H_i = 0.
\end{equation}

To demonstrate the difference between (4+1) and (5+1) cases let us
write down respective equation separately for these two cases. For
(4+1) case we have

\begin{equation}\label{eqmot4}
(\dot H_b+H_b^2)H_cH_d +(\dot H_c+H_c^2)H_bH_d +(\dot
H_d+H_d^2)H_bH_c + w\sigma\rho =0
\end{equation}

\noindent
 as a dynamical equation (the rest three can be obtained
by cyclic transmutation of indices) and the following constraint:

\begin{equation}\label{const4}
3 H_aH_bH_cH_d = \sigma\rho.
\end{equation}

For (5+1) case we have

\begin{equation}\label{eqmot5}
\begin{array}{l}
3H_bH_cH_dH_f+ (\dot H_b+H_b^2)(H_cH_d+H_cH_f+H_dH_f) +(\dot H_c+H_c^2)(H_bH_d+H_bH_f+H_dH_f) \\
\\ +(\dot H_d+H_d^2)(H_bH_c+H_bH_f+H_cH_f)+(\dot
H_f+H_f^2)(H_bH_c+H_bH_d+H_cH_d) +
w\sigma\rho =0
\end{array}
\end{equation}

\noindent
 as dynamical equations (rest four can be obtained the
same way as for (4+1) case) and

\begin{equation}\label{constr5}
3
\[ H_aH_bH_cH_d+H_aH_bH_cH_f+H_aH_bH_dH_f+H_aH_cH_dH_f+H_bH_cH_dH_f \]
= \sigma\rho
\end{equation}

\noindent
 as the constraint.

 Now one can clearly see the differences
between these two cases. First of all, the structure of the
dynamical equations in the (4+1) case (\ref{eqmot4}) lacks the
term with the product of four Hubble parameters. Indeed, this term
in the $j$-th equation consists of the product of four Hubble
parameters with indices different from $j$ and each other. In
(4+1) dimensions we have only three indices different from a given
$j$, so this term is absent. In the (5+1) case (\ref{eqmot5})
there exits exactly four such indices, so one possible term
exists.
 In higher dimensions
with a bigger number of  Hubble parameters the corresponding sum has
more than one term.
The second important difference exists in the
structure of the constraint equations -- in the (4+1) case the
left-hand side of
(\ref{const4}) has only one term (all possible sums of four
different Hubble parameters needed) while in the (5+1) case (\ref{constr5})
it has five of them. Both these features result in interesting
differences in dynamical behavior of (4+1)- and (5+1)-dimensional
models (see below).

\section{Power-law solutions}

Now let us find some exact solutions with one particular {\it
anzatz}. These solutions are of power-law-type, so scale factors
take a form $a_i(t) = t^{p_i}$, after substituting Hubble
functions $H_i = p_i/t$ and their derivatives $\dot H_i = -
p_i/t^2$ into~(\ref{eqmotion}) and~(\ref{constr}) one can rewrite
constraint equation

\begin{equation}3\sum_{i<j<k<l}p_i p_j p_k
p_l=\sigma\rho_0\, t^{4-(1+w)\sum_i p_i},
\end{equation}

\noindent as well as equations of motion

\begin{equation}-3\sum_{\substack{i,k,l,m\neq j\\
i<k<l<m}}p_i p_k p_l p_m-\sum_{i\neq
j}p_i(p_i-1)\sum_{\substack{k,l\neq j,i\\ k<l}}p_k p_l=w\sigma\rho_0\,
t^{4-(1+w)\sum_i p_i};
\end{equation}

\noindent there $\rho_0$ is the matter density at some given
moment of time.

It is clear that if $\rho\neq 0$ then these equations can be
solved only under condition
\begin{equation}\label{condition}\sum_i p_i=\displaystyle\frac{4}{1+w}.\end{equation}

Hence, field equations are
\begin{equation}\label{00-equation}3\sum_{i<j<k<l}p_i p_j p_k
p_l=\sigma\rho_0,\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{jj-equation}-3\sum_{\substack{i,k,l,m\neq j\\
i<k<l<m}}p_i p_k p_l p_m-\sum_{i\neq
j}p_i(p_i-1)\sum_{\substack{k,l\neq j,i\\ k<l}}p_k
p_l=w\sigma\rho_0.\end{equation}

In Einstein gravity Kasner solution (for vacuum) implies $\sum_i
p_i=1$, and such a condition conserves in Jacobs solution (for
maximally stiff fluid) (for Kasner and Jacobs solutions see e.~g.
\cite{Jacobs,DSC}). Assume now that similarly in Gauss-Bonnet
gravity condition $\sum_i p_i=3$ (obtained earlier for vacuum)
conserves for some kind of matter. One should keep in mind, though,
that for vacuum (4+1) case we still have $\sum_i p_i=3$ but under
condition that one of $p_i$ is always zero -- indeed, using {\it
anzatz} above to Eq.\,(\ref{const4}) one can see that one of $p_i$
should be always zero.

From $\sum_i p_i=3$ and (\ref{condition}) one can obtain $w=1/3$.
Translate now equations (\ref{00-equation}) and (\ref{jj-equation})
while taking $w=1/3$ and $\sum_i p_i=3$ into account. For example,
\begin{equation}\label{example}\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle 24\sum_{i<j<k<l}p_i p_j p_k p_l=\sum_i p_i
\sum_{j\neq i} p_j \sum_{k\neq i,j} p_k \sum_{l\neq i,j,k}p_l=\\
\quad{}\displaystyle =\sum_i
p_i \sum_{j\neq i} p_j \sum_{k\neq i,j} p_k (3-p_i-p_j-p_k)=\vphantom{\(\sum_i p_i^2\)^2}\\
\quad{}\displaystyle =3\sum_i p_i\sum_{j\neq i} p_j \sum_{k\neq
i,j}
p_k-3\sum_i p_i^2\sum_{j\neq i} p_j \sum_{k\neq i,j} p_k=\ldots=\vphantom{\(\sum_i p_i^2\)^2}\\
\quad{}\displaystyle =81-54\sum_i p_i^2+24\sum_i p_i^3-6\sum_i
p_i^4+\(\sum_i p_i^2\)^2.\end{array}\end{equation} At that all
equations (\ref{00-equation}), (\ref{jj-equation}) turns out to be
identical with each other. Any of them takes a form
\begin{equation}81-54\sum_i p_i^2+24\sum_i p_i^3-6\sum_i
p_i^4+\(\sum_i p_i^2\)^2=8\sigma\rho_0.\end{equation} Therefore, with
$w=1/3$ considered metric with pointed above {\it anzatz} will be
an exact solution only if
\begin{equation}\label{power-law-any-dimension}\sum_i
p_i=\displaystyle\frac{4}{1+w}=3,\qquad 3\sum_{i<j<k<l}p_i p_j p_k
p_l=\sigma\rho_0.\end{equation}

Cases $n=4$ and $n=5$ were investigated for arbitrary $w$. At
$n=4$ there are no other anisotropic power-law solutions with
nonzero energy density, but for $n=5$ there is the following
solution:
$$p_1=p_2=p_3\equiv p,\qquad p_4=p_5=-\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}p,$$
$$w=-\displaystyle\frac{p-2}{p},\qquad \sigma\rho_0=-\displaystyle\frac{3}{4}p^4.$$ This solution have
a remarkable feature: if 3 visible dimensions expanse isotropically
then extra dimensions contract isotropically. However, here
$\sigma\rho_0<0$, therefore, since $\sigma = \frac{2\pi G}{\alpha
c^4}$ either $\rho_0<0$, or $\alpha<0$. The latter means no global
energy minimum and hence instability in quantum theory. So this
solution seems to have no physical meaning; we wrote it down here
just for mathematical completeness.

\section{Numerical analysis}

In order to understand what happens for $w \ne 1/3$ we remind a
reader similar situation in the Einstein gravity. Kasner solution
gives us a condition $\sum_i p_i = 1$ which indicates that the
volume expands linearly with time, and, correspondingly, the
matter density in the vicinity of Kasner regime decreases as $\rho
\sim V^{-w-1} \sim t^{-w-1}$. On the other hand, left-hand side of
equations of motion decreases as $t^{-2}$. These two scaling rates
coincide at $w=1$ (the Jacobs solution). For $w < 1$ a small
amount of matter becomes dynamically unimportant for evolution
towards a cosmological singularity, and ultimately disturbs the
Kasner solution for an expanding Universe.

Of course, in the Einstein gravity we know the situation much better,
because the dynamical equations describing Bianchi-I Universe with
a perfect fluid can be solved exactly. This solution tells us that
the Kasner regime is the unique past attractor in the case $w < 1$
independently of the initial conditions, while isotropic regime is
the unique future attractor \cite{DSC}. Though $w$ can not exceed the value
of $1$ for any stable ``physical'' matter, there are some
situation (for example in brane cosmology \cite{Deffayet}) where the dynamics can
be described as it would be driven by a matter with an effective
$w > 1$, and in this case the picture is the opposite one with
past isotropic and future Kasner attractors \cite{Varun,T}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth,bb=0 0 647 647,clip]{fig1.eps}
\caption{Behavior of individual Hubble parameters (a, d, g),
Kasner exponents (b, e, h) and relative Hubble differences (c, f,
i) for $\[\mbox{(5+1)},~w< 1/3\]$ (first row), $\[\mbox{(5+1)},~w>
1/3\]$ (middle row) and $\[\mbox{(4+1)},~w< 1/3\]$ (last row)
cases. Note that $x$-axis $t$ is not a cosmological time, but rather
an internal parameter of our numerical calculations. This implies for both Fig. 1
and Fig. 2.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth,bb=0 0 647 431,clip]{fig2.eps}
\caption{Behavior of individual Hubble parameters (a, d), Kasner
exponents (b, e) and relative Hubble differences (c, f) for
$\[\mbox{(4+1)},~w=-0.01\]$ (first row), $\[\mbox{(4+1)},~w>
1/3\]$ (last row) cases.}
\end{figure}

In the Gauss-Bonnet gravity the situation is as follows. Left-hand
 sides of Eqs. (3, 4) scales as $t^{-4}$ in vacuum, while volume
increases as $t^3$. Adding a matter we obtain $\rho \sim V^{-w-1}
\sim t^{-3w-3}$ if the density of matter is small enough to keep
the volume expansion rate close to its vacuum value. Comparing
these two rates we see that the power-law vacuum solution is
destroyed by matter if $w > 1/3$ for a contracting Universe and
for $w < 1/3$ during expansion. On the other hand, the power-law
solution is stable with respect to adding a small amount of matter
with $w < 1/3$ for contracting and with $w > 1/3$ for expanding
Universe.

In order to study global stability of the power-law solution and
check whether its instability for appropriate values of $w$ leads
to isotropisation we provide numerical analysis of the system (3,
4) for various initial conditions and $w$. The results we have
found are different for $(4+1)$- and $(5+1)$-dimensions.

In the $(5+1)$-dimensional case the situation is similar to the
General Relativity dynamics described above. In Fig.\,1\,(a, b, c)
we plot typical behavior of power indices for $w < 1/3$. There we
have individual Hubble parameters in (a) panel, individual Kasner
exponents in (b) and relative differences ($H_i - H_1$ where $i\ne
1$) in (c) panel. We have found that for all studied initial
conditions the past singularity is anisotropic and described by
above mentioned power-law solution. And although in Fig.\,1\,(b)
four Kasner exponents tends to the same value (which is equal to
zero), from Fig.\,1\,(c) one can verify that the singularity is
anisotropic -- differences are non-zero and not equal to each
other.  On the other hand, the singularity is isotropic (again,
independently of initial conditions) if $w > 1/3$ (see
Fig.\,1\,(d, e, f)). In this case one can see that all Kasner
exponents tend to the same and non-zero value (Fig.\,1\,(e)) and
Hubble differences all tend to zero (Fig.\,1\,(f)).

The situation in $(4+1)$ dimensions is more interesting. First of
all, Eq. (6) indicates that while in the vacuum case at least one
Hubble parameter should vanish, even a small amount of matter
makes solutions with vanishing Hubble parameters impossible. This
means that an arbitrary small $\rho$ changes properties of the
solution significantly and can not be treated as a perturbation at
any given moment of time. Thus, dynamics of $(4+1)$ dimensional
Bianchi-I Universe can show features completely different from
those in the vacuum case.

We have found such qualitative difference in case of pressureless
matter $w=0$. It is easy to see that the conditions
$p_1=p_2=p_3=p_4=1$ satisfy the system (5, 6) (we use $p_i = -
H_i^2 / \dot H_i$), providing an exact solution, which describes
anisotropic Universe with constant (given by initial data and
not changing with time) ratio of Hubble parameters. Note that for
a higher-dimensional Universe a product of four Hubble parameters
in the Eq.(5) destroys this solution, so it is valid only in (4+1)
dimensions.

Typical behavior of power indices for other $w < 1/3$ is shown in
Fig.\,1\,(g, h, i). It is quite similar to the $(5+1)$ case with
$w < 1/3$, but there are some differences, like tending some
Hubble parameters to zero.
In theories with Einstein term in the action this feature can violate
dominance of Gauss-Bonnet contribution near a singularity, so this case
needs more work.
Initial singularity appears to be
anisotropic with at least one of the Hubble parameters tending to
zero. The last property is absent for $w=0$, and this value is an
exceptional one: any nonzero $w$ leads to a qualitatively similar
pictures, as it can be seen in Fig.\,2\,(a, b, c) plotted for
$w=-0.01$. Since $w=-0.01$ satisfy $w < 1/3$ condition, it looks
the same with ``usual'' $\[\mbox{(4+1)},~w< 1/3\]$ case. With
$w\to 0$ the sudden drop of Kasner exponents to zero becomes
sharper and sharper, while in limit $w=0$ it disappears, and all
Kasner exponents become equal to unity all the time, as explained
above.

On the other hand, we have found that independently of initial
conditions and the equation of state parameter, the initial
singularity for the case of $w>1/3$ is isotropic (see Fig.\,2\,(d,
e, f)). The situation is the same as for $\[\mbox{(5+1)},~w>
1/3\]$ case.

\section{Conclusions}

We have studied the cosmological dynamics of a flat anisotropic
multidimensional universe filled with a barotropic fluid in the
Gauss-Bonnet gravity. Power-law analytical solutions existing for
particular value of the equation of state parameter ($w=1/3$)
which are analogous to the Jacobs solution in the General
Relativity existing for $w=1$ have been found.

In the $(5+1)$-dimensional case this analogy exists also for other
values of $w$, leading to isotropic nature of the initial
singularity for $w > 1/3$ and anisotropic singularity for $w <
1/3$. In $(4+1)$ dimensions the picture is less clear. First of
all, an exceptional solution with constant anisotropy exists for
$w=1$. Second, though our numerical results show clearly that
singularity for $w < 1/3$ is anisotropic, some Hubble parameters
tend to zero, indicating that neglected Einstein term in the
action may be important in this case. This issue requires special
investigation. In case of $w > 1/3$ singularity is isotropic in
$(4+1)$ as well as in $(5+1)$ dimensions.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
This work is partially supported by RFBR grant 08-02-00923 and
scientific school grants 2553.2008.2 and 4899.2008.2.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
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text:
Navigate: StoreFront / All Wines / ThereAfter Wine Co., Evina Vineyard, Sauvignon Blanc, Contra Costa County 2019
ThereAfter Wine Co., Evina Vineyard, Sauvignon Blanc, Contra Costa County 2019
Appellation: Contra Costa County
Winemaker: Patrick O'Brien + James Allen
Together, the name "ThereAfter" and this fantasy-inspired label conjure images of myths and legends, so let us recount for you the fairy tale behind this exquisite Sauvignon Blanc. James, a curious American abroad, and Lorenza, an adventurous Italian, met and fell in love while studying winemaking in France. Many moons later and now married, between the two of them, they have four winemaking degrees and have worked for sixteen wineries in eight different countries. After satisfying their wanderlust by roaming the great vineyards of the world, they decided to plant roots here in the lovely, sun-dappled kingdom of Napa Valley. They are passionate about regenerative farming and are now in the process of rehabilitating three tiny vineyards- two in Saint Helena and one in Calistoga. But they also source fruit from exceptional vineyards and the grape growers that inspire them throughout Northern California. Working with outside vineyards gives the duo more insight into farming innovations for their own plots of vines. Robert Louis Stevenson famously likened fine Californian wine to "bottled poetry." For James and Lorenza, wine is less a poem and more a storyline with a past, present, and future. The same holds true in the vineyards, where memories of past vintages, the current stage of growth, and future seasons factor into each decision they make.
ThereAfter Wine Company started as a side project, with the couple lingering after work at the winery to tinker around with some special home-brew. Moonlighting gave a purpose to their passions which entail organic viticulture, low-intervention enology, and crafting wines they loved to drink. Before long, they were supplementing more vineyards and discovering that their project had started to take on a life of its own.
For this particular Sauvignon Blanc, James and Lorenza departed Napa to source fruit from further afield. The Evina Vineyard is located in Contra Costa County, about an hour southwest of Napa in a warmer subregion mitigated by the cool breezes of the Sacramento River Delta watershed. Vineyard owner Tom Morgan farms his parcel entirely by hand, and the naturally sandy content of the soil reduces the vigor of the vines, leading to good complexity. This is a flinty, crisp reflection of California Sauvignon Blanc made entirely using the seductively aromatic Musqué clone. After being gently harvested, the grapes were whole bunch-pressed, and the juice was fermented in a mix of neutral and new French oak barrels. The wine went through full malolactic fermentation and was aged on the lees for seven months, resulting in a softer, creamier rendition of a traditional Sauvignon Blanc. Aromas of kiwi, cherry blossom, and Bosc pear with hints of fresh bay leaf emerge from the rim of the glass. Deftly balanced flavors of citrus, white cherry, and melon lead to a crisp finish of lemon rind and white grapefruit. The Tarot card-inspired line drawing on the label was designed by the London illustrator, and dabbler in mysticism, William Horton at the turn of the last century. There is no need for a fairy tale ending for James and Lorenza, as the story of their love and label continues thereafter..


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		});

		Rickshaw.keys(this.defaults).forEach(function(k) {
			this.config[k] = k in args ? args[k]
				: k in this.config ? this.config[k]
				: this.defaults[k];
		}, this);

		if ('width' in args || 'height' in args) {

			if (this.widthFromGraph) {
				this.config.width = this.graphs[0].width;
			}

			if (this.heightFromGraph) {
				this.config.height = this.graphs[0].height * this.heightRatio;
				this.previewHeight = this.config.height;
			}

			this.previews.forEach(function(preview) {

				var height = this.previewHeight / this.graphs.length - this.config.frameTopThickness * 2;
				var width = this.config.width - this.config.frameHandleThickness * 2;
				preview.setSize({ width: width, height: height });

				if (this.svg) {
					var svgHeight = height + this.config.frameHandleThickness * 2;
					var svgWidth = width + this.config.frameHandleThickness * 2;
					this.svg.style("width", svgWidth + "px");
					this.svg.style("height", svgHeight + "px");
				}
			}, this);
		}
	},

	render: function() {

		var self = this;

		this.svg = d3.select(this.element)
			.selectAll("svg.rickshaw_range_slider_preview")
			.data([null]);

		this.previewHeight = this.config.height - (this.config.frameTopThickness * 2);
		this.previewWidth = this.config.width - (this.config.frameHandleThickness * 2);

		this.currentFrame = [0, this.previewWidth];

		var buildGraph = function(parent, index) {

			var graphArgs = Rickshaw.extend({}, parent.config);
			var height = self.previewHeight / self.graphs.length;
			var renderer = parent.renderer.name;

			Rickshaw.extend(graphArgs, {
				element: this.appendChild(document.createElement("div")),
				height: height,
				width: self.previewWidth,
				series: parent.series,
				renderer: renderer
			});

			var graph = new Rickshaw.Graph(graphArgs);
			self.previews.push(graph);

			parent.onUpdate(function() { graph.render(); self.render() });

			parent.onConfigure(function(args) {
				// don't propagate height
				delete args.height;
				args.width = args.width - self.config.frameHandleThickness * 2;
				graph.configure(args);
				graph.render();
			});

			graph.render();
		};

		var graphContainer = d3.select(this.element)
			.selectAll("div.rickshaw_range_slider_preview_container")
			.data(this.graphs);

		var translateCommand = "translate(" +
			this.config.frameHandleThickness + "px, " +
			this.config.frameTopThickness + "px)";

		graphContainer.enter()
			.append("div")
			.classed("rickshaw_range_slider_preview_container", true)
			.style("-webkit-transform", translateCommand)
			.style("-moz-transform", translateCommand)
			.style("-ms-transform", translateCommand)
			.style("transform", translateCommand)
			.each(buildGraph);

		graphContainer.exit()
			.remove();

		// Use the first graph as the "master" for the frame state
		var masterGraph = this.graphs[0];

		var domainScale = d3.scale.linear()
			.domain([0, this.previewWidth])
			.range(masterGraph.dataDomain());

		var currentWindow = [masterGraph.window.xMin, masterGraph.window.xMax];

		this.currentFrame[0] = currentWindow[0] === undefined ?
			0 : Math.round(domainScale.invert(currentWindow[0]));

		if (this.currentFrame[0] < 0) this.currentFrame[0] = 0;

		this.currentFrame[1] = currentWindow[1] === undefined ?
			this.previewWidth : domainScale.invert(currentWindow[1]);

		if (this.currentFrame[1] - this.currentFrame[0] < self.config.minimumFrameWidth) {
			this.currentFrame[1] = (this.currentFrame[0] || 0) + self.config.minimumFrameWidth;
		}

		this.svg.enter()
			.append("svg")
			.classed("rickshaw_range_slider_preview", true)
			.style("height", this.config.height + "px")
			.style("width", this.config.width + "px")
			.style("position", "absolute")
			.style("top", 0);

		this._renderDimming();
		this._renderFrame();
		this._renderGrippers();
		this._renderHandles();
		this._renderMiddle();

		this._registerMouseEvents();
	},

	_renderDimming: function() {

		var element = this.svg
			.selectAll("path.dimming")
			.data([null]);

		element.enter()
			.append("path")
			.attr("fill", "white")
			.attr("fill-opacity", "0.7")
			.attr("fill-rule", "evenodd")
			.classed("dimming", true);

		var path = "";
		path += " M " + this.config.frameHandleThickness + " " + this.config.frameTopThickness;
		path += " h " + this.previewWidth;
		path += " v " + this.previewHeight;
		path += " h " + -this.previewWidth;
		path += " z ";
		path += " M " + Math.max(this.currentFrame[0], this.config.frameHandleThickness) + " " + this.config.frameTopThickness;
		path += " H " + Math.min(this.currentFrame[1] + this.config.frameHandleThickness * 2, this.previewWidth + this.config.frameHandleThickness);
		path += " v " + this.previewHeight;
		path += " H " + Math.max(this.currentFrame[0], this.config.frameHandleThickness);
		path += " z";

		element.attr("d", path);
	},

	_renderFrame: function() {

		var element = this.svg
			.selectAll("path.frame")
			.data([null]);

		element.enter()
			.append("path")
			.attr("stroke", "white")
			.attr("stroke-width", "1px")
			.attr("stroke-linejoin", "round")
			.attr("fill", this.config.frameColor)
			.attr("fill-opacity", this.config.frameOpacity)
			.attr("fill-rule", "evenodd")
			.classed("frame", true);

		var path = "";
		path += " M " + this.currentFrame[0] + " 0";
		path += " H " + (this.currentFrame[1] + (this.config.frameHandleThickness * 2));
		path += " V " + this.config.height;
		path += " H " + (this.currentFrame[0]);
		path += " z";
		path += " M " + (this.currentFrame[0] + this.config.frameHandleThickness) + " " + this.config.frameTopThickness;
		path += " H " + (this.currentFrame[1] + this.config.frameHandleThickness);
		path += " v " + this.previewHeight;
		path += " H " + (this.currentFrame[0] + this.config.frameHandleThickness);
		path += " z";

		element.attr("d", path);
	},

	_renderGrippers: function() {

		var gripper = this.svg.selectAll("path.gripper")
			.data([null]);

		gripper.enter()
			.append("path")
			.attr("stroke", this.config.gripperColor)
			.classed("gripper", true);

		var path = "";

		[0.4, 0.6].forEach(function(spacing) {
			path += " M " + Math.round((this.currentFrame[0] + (this.config.frameHandleThickness * spacing))) + " " + Math.round(this.config.height * 0.3);
			path += " V " + Math.round(this.config.height * 0.7);
			path += " M " + Math.round((this.currentFrame[1] + (this.config.frameHandleThickness * (1 + spacing)))) + " " + Math.round(this.config.height * 0.3);
			path += " V " + Math.round(this.config.height * 0.7);
		}.bind(this));

		gripper.attr("d", path);
	},

	_renderHandles: function() {

		var leftHandle = this.svg.selectAll("rect.left_handle")
			.data([null]);

		leftHandle.enter()
			.append("rect")
			.attr('width', this.config.frameHandleThickness)
			.style("cursor", "ew-resize")
			.style("fill-opacity", "0")
			.classed("left_handle", true);

		leftHandle
			.attr('x', this.currentFrame[0])
			.attr('height', this.config.height);

		var rightHandle = this.svg.selectAll("rect.right_handle")
			.data([null]);

		rightHandle.enter()
			.append("rect")
			.attr('width', this.config.frameHandleThickness)
			.style("cursor", "ew-resize")
			.style("fill-opacity", "0")
			.classed("right_handle", true);

		rightHandle
			.attr('x', this.currentFrame[1] + this.config.frameHandleThickness)
			.attr('height', this.config.height);
	},

	_renderMiddle: function() {

		var middleHandle = this.svg.selectAll("rect.middle_handle")
			.data([null]);

		middleHandle.enter()
			.append("rect")
			.style("cursor", "move")
			.style("fill-opacity", "0")
			.classed("middle_handle", true);

		middleHandle
			.attr('width', Math.max(0, this.currentFrame[1] - this.currentFrame[0]))
			.attr('x', this.currentFrame[0] + this.config.frameHandleThickness)
			.attr('height', this.config.height);
	},

	_registerMouseEvents: function() {

		var element = d3.select(this.element);

		var drag = {
			target: null,
			start: null,
			stop: null,
			left: false,
			right: false,
			rigid: false
		};

		var self = this;

		function onMousemove(datum, index) {

			drag.stop = self._getClientXFromEvent(d3.event, drag);
			var distanceTraveled = drag.stop - drag.start;
			var frameAfterDrag = self.frameBeforeDrag.slice(0);
			var minimumFrameWidth = self.config.minimumFrameWidth;

			if (drag.rigid) {
				minimumFrameWidth = self.frameBeforeDrag[1] - self.frameBeforeDrag[0];
			}
			if (drag.left) {
				frameAfterDrag[0] = Math.max(frameAfterDrag[0] + distanceTraveled, 0);
			}
			if (drag.right) {
				frameAfterDrag[1] = Math.min(frameAfterDrag[1] + distanceTraveled, self.previewWidth);
			}

			var currentFrameWidth = frameAfterDrag[1] - frameAfterDrag[0];

			if (currentFrameWidth <= minimumFrameWidth) {

				if (drag.left) {
					frameAfterDrag[0] = frameAfterDrag[1] - minimumFrameWidth;
				}
				if (drag.right) {
					frameAfterDrag[1] = frameAfterDrag[0] + minimumFrameWidth;
				}
				if (frameAfterDrag[0] <= 0) {
					frameAfterDrag[1] -= frameAfterDrag[0];
					frameAfterDrag[0] = 0;
				}
				if (frameAfterDrag[1] >= self.previewWidth) {
					frameAfterDrag[0] -= (frameAfterDrag[1] - self.previewWidth);
					frameAfterDrag[1] = self.previewWidth;
				}
			}

			self.graphs.forEach(function(graph) {

				var domainScale = d3.scale.linear()
					.interpolate(d3.interpolateNumber)
					.domain([0, self.previewWidth])
					.range(graph.dataDomain());

				var windowAfterDrag = [
					domainScale(frameAfterDrag[0]),
					domainScale(frameAfterDrag[1])
				];

				self.slideCallbacks.forEach(function(callback) {
					callback(graph, windowAfterDrag[0], windowAfterDrag[1]);
				});

				if (frameAfterDrag[0] === 0) {
					windowAfterDrag[0] = undefined;
				}
				if (frameAfterDrag[1] === self.previewWidth) {
					windowAfterDrag[1] = undefined;
				}
				graph.window.xMin = windowAfterDrag[0];
				graph.window.xMax = windowAfterDrag[1];

				graph.update();
			});
		}

		function onMousedown() {
			drag.target = d3.event.target;
			drag.start = self._getClientXFromEvent(d3.event, drag);
			self.frameBeforeDrag = self.currentFrame.slice();
			d3.event.preventDefault ? d3.event.preventDefault() : d3.event.returnValue = false;
			d3.select(document).on("mousemove.rickshaw_range_slider_preview", onMousemove);
			d3.select(document).on("mouseup.rickshaw_range_slider_preview", onMouseup);
			d3.select(document).on("touchmove.rickshaw_range_slider_preview", onMousemove);
			d3.select(document).on("touchend.rickshaw_range_slider_preview", onMouseup);
			d3.select(document).on("touchcancel.rickshaw_range_slider_preview", onMouseup);
		}

		function onMousedownLeftHandle(datum, index) {
			drag.left = true;
			onMousedown();
		}

		function onMousedownRightHandle(datum, index) {
			drag.right = true;
			onMousedown();
		}

		function onMousedownMiddleHandle(datum, index) {
			drag.left = true;
			drag.right = true;
			drag.rigid = true;
			onMousedown();
		}

		function onMouseup(datum, index) {
			d3.select(document).on("mousemove.rickshaw_range_slider_preview", null);
			d3.select(document).on("mouseup.rickshaw_range_slider_preview", null);
			d3.select(document).on("touchmove.rickshaw_range_slider_preview", null);
			d3.select(document).on("touchend.rickshaw_range_slider_preview", null);
			d3.select(document).on("touchcancel.rickshaw_range_slider_preview", null);
			delete self.frameBeforeDrag;
			drag.left = false;
			drag.right = false;
			drag.rigid = false;
		}

		element.select("rect.left_handle").on("mousedown", onMousedownLeftHandle);
		element.select("rect.right_handle").on("mousedown", onMousedownRightHandle);
		element.select("rect.middle_handle").on("mousedown", onMousedownMiddleHandle);
		element.select("rect.left_handle").on("touchstart", onMousedownLeftHandle);
		element.select("rect.right_handle").on("touchstart", onMousedownRightHandle);
		element.select("rect.middle_handle").on("touchstart", onMousedownMiddleHandle);
	},

	_getClientXFromEvent: function(event, drag) {

		switch (event.type) {
			case 'touchstart':
			case 'touchmove':
				var touchList = event.changedTouches;
				var touch = null;
				for (var touchIndex = 0; touchIndex < touchList.length; touchIndex++) {
					if (touchList[touchIndex].target === drag.target) {
						touch = touchList[touchIndex];
						break;
					}
				}
				return touch !== null ? touch.clientX : undefined;

			default:
				return event.clientX;
		}
	}
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Comfort and reassurance in a bottle. A combination of 5 flower remedies naturally made from tree and plant.
Dr Edward Bach discovered 38 flower remedies, each designed for a specific emotional and mental state. They can be used to gently ease distress and combat ill health by enabling harmony and peace to flood our lives. Now available in drops, a spray, pastilles or cream (for external use).
Rock Rose – for terror.
Clematis – for keeping your feet firmly on the ground.
Star of Bethlehem – for the effects of shock.
Cherry Plum – for the fear of the mind giving way, for going over the edge.
Rescue Remedy helps you to face a situation in a better frame of mind. It can also be used for stressful events such as a driving test, taking exams, dentist nerves, fear of flying, a bereavement, coping with the children etc.
It is an excellent remedy whenever you feel uptight or unduly bothered and usually restores balance. Take it at any time you feel less than good. On occasions where your mind is overactive, take a dose or two in the evenings before going to sleep.
Rescue remedy can also be used after an accident of any kind. An immediate dose can help remove fear in the victim and the onlookers and provide the comfort and reassurance needed at such times.
It is important to remember that Rescue Remedy is not intended to replace medical treatment but can be an invaluable support whilst waiting for help in an emergency. It is natural, extremely safe, non-habit forming and will not interfere with medical treatment. It can be used by adults, children, babies – it is also very useful for animals and plants too!
Bach Rescue Remedy is also available as a cream which is a general skin salve to soothe and restore and can be used on a range of skin conditions and wherever the skin has suffered a "trauma". That could be a cut, a bruise or an insect bite or sting, for example.
Dr Bach believed this simple system of healing would be the medicine of the future. He hoped that one day it would be found in every home and be considered as vital as sticking plasters.
This article only allows for a brief introduction to Bach Rescue Remedy – it is always preferable to seek advice from a practitioner of Kinesiology to advise you.


US Defense chief Jim Mattis said America favored a diplomatic solution to North Korea's nuclear program. Mattis is on his second visit to South Korea as Pentagon boss amid rising tensions between US and the North.
US Defense Secretary Jim Mattis on Friday visited the heavily fortified Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) that separates the two Koreas.
Mattis reiterated that the United States' goal was not to wage a war with North Korea but to diplomatically convince its leader to halt the country's nuclear program.
"North Korean provocations continue to threaten regional and global security despite unanimous condemnation by the United Nations Security Council," Mattis said in prepared remarks.
"As Secretary of State Tillerson has made clear, our goal is not war, but rather the complete, verifiable, and irreversible denuclearization of the Korean peninsula."
Standing alongside Mattis, South Korean Defense Minister Song Young-moo said Pyongyang would face a strong retaliation from the combined force of South Korea and the US if it chooses to use its nuclear and ballistic missiles.
"We together will continue to defend peace through strong will and strong might," he said.
Tensions between the US and North Korea have remained high after a series of weapons tests and threats by Pyongyang, which sparked a chain of threatening verbal exchanges between US President Donald Trump and the North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, where Trump threatened to rain "fire and fury" on the North.
This is Mattis' second visit to the Korean peninsula as Trump's defense chief and comes ahead of Trump's visit to Seoul next month.
Mattis accused Pyongyang of building a nuclear arsenal to "threaten others with catastrophe," and termed the North "an oppressive regime that shackles its people, denying their freedom, their welfare and their human dignity in pursuit of nuclear weapons."
Mattis said while the US was in favor of a diplomatic solution to North Korea's nuclear program, it was prepared to take military action if the North did not rein in its nuclear ambitions.
Mattis, who arrived in South Korea earlier Friday, will meet with South Korean officials as part of annual ministerial talks on defense issues on the Korean peninsula.
In a bid to continue building pressure on Pyongyang, the US on Thursday imposed sanctions on 10 North Korean officials and organizations for "flagrant" human rights abuses, including a diplomat in China accused of forcing North Korean asylum seekers home.
Soldiers shaking hands or shared cultural heritage are part of the ongoing diplomatic rapprochement between South and North Korea. A Berlin exhibition celebrates this idea.


Oh, good old bureaucratic government.
After the Jamestown library requested $50,000 to upgrade its facilites, $100,000 was ultimately secured in congress. But that windfall is moot (at least for now), a bureaucratic error sent the cash to Jamestown, California.
The Washington Times has a nice write-up on the matter; read it over here.
Thanks to NBC News 2 for digging this one up.


The Walk 4 Warmth is on February 16th 2019! Registration starts at 9am at the Eagles Hall and the walk begins at 10am. There will be several activities along the way to make this a SUPER event!
Please join us for a SUPERHERO themed walk for a decade of heating homes in Cheboygan County. In connection with the Cheboygan Area Public Library's February Comic Con Events we will have Superheroes walking Main Street in support of this years Walk 4 Warmth! Secrets on Main will be handing out goodies in SUPER fashion, there will be Hot Cocoa at the Salvation Army turnaround point, the Cheboygan Democratic Party will be handing out Superhero themed cookies at Purple Tree Books, and there are other stops in the making! The walk will wrap up at the Eagles Hall with a Soup luncheon and Beverages.
If you are walking and have not submitted a pledge form it is $5 per person or family to walk. You may also donate a pair of new or used shoes to our shoe drive per person opposed to a monetary registration fee.


Call in with your images, and watch as I adjust them on screen... they will look as good as they possibly can.
This is the standard service there are No extra charges !
I can work from negatives, slides, digital files, and prints etc.
If possible I like to work from original digital files or negatives, but bring in whatever you have. I can usually produce a much better quality print than the typical result you find elsewhere.
There are usually examples of customers' work hanging on the walls. Come and take a look at other people's images and see what you think!


I have decided to try and blog a bit while I am at camp or while I have my day off on Saturday. However, since I do not have wireless here at camp I will most likely write the blog out and then post it when I do have internet.
As I have already written, I am spending my summer working at one of the Christian Horizons camps located in the thriving metropolis of Paisley, Ontario. If you have never been to Paisley you really should check in out….you can drive through the town in probably 30 seconds! I arrived here on Wednesday and didn't know what to expect. It takes me about 4 hours to get here. 2 of those hours are a series of highways and the other 2 are a series of back roads….and I mean back roads! The drive feels like a long one but it is very beautiful, I drive right through Mennonite country, which I love. My first few days of staff training were very overwhelming. I cried, more than once…..of course not where anyone could see or hear me. I got here and there were 2 crowds, the leadership team and the EBC students…..I am not either! I know that it takes time to build relationships but I must say loneliness is an awful feeling especially when you are in such an unknown setting. I am starting to get to know people a bit more, which I am so thankful for. Tomorrow the first week of guests start to arrive. The first week are all adults with high needs so I will be one-on-one with a guest. I am quite nervous. I have never done personal care like toileting and showering before so that seems to be at the top of my nervousness. I just want to make sure my guest gets the best care. A lot of the staff are so experienced so hopefully I can learn quickly and it will become easy for me.
When I left my house on Wednesday I felt like the Lord and I were going on a road trip. I felt like I was walking into the complete unknown. I have lived away from home before, when I was a Youthbuilder, but this is different. I am in the complete unknown and I am in this place of complete servanthood. I have been thinking a lot about servanthood this week. I think a lot of us are really into convenient serving, like it's easy to serve when you are in the comfort zone. You get to leave when you want, if you don't feel well you can go home, we don't feel the effects of serving. One of the motto's here at CH is 'It's not about me' and it totally isn't. It's about giving your guests the best vacation and if that means you are up with them in the night because they need you then that's what you need to do. It can be the kind of serving that takes a toll on your body and your spirit but it's worth it because you are loving someone in this radical way. Each person that comes in the door is Jesus.
In the first couple days of being at CH I wondered why the Lord wants me here because all along I felt so strongly that this is where he wants me. It's really easy to want to quit when things don't feel safe or in your control and you feel so inadequate but that is when you remember that it's not in your own strength that you can do things but in the Lord's strength. I am not in this alone. It feels big but God is bigger and even though I feel like I have so little to offer I trust that the Lord has something in store. I want to be in the best place, in the sweet spot of God's grace. I have said that I want to really know and trust Jesus more, I have said that I want to serve and keep growing and learning how to love people and this summer I get a chance to do that. It's funny how sometimes we have this picture perfect idea in our minds about how some experience will be and somehow it never turns out to be that way. Sometimes being molded to be more and more like Christ hurts a little and causes you to worry and panic but you just gotta hold onto Him more tightly because you come out stronger, more loving, and with roots that go down a bit deeper.
I wonder if my heart will look a little different after this summer is over….hopefully I make it through….lol!
I have no idea what this week will hold but hopefully I will come out of it with more experience in the area of personal care =) !


As you may have read in my previous blog, I've been trying the healthy eating thing since leaving Slimmeria in Devon one stone lighter. A meal I've always really liked is aubergine tagine, but I used to eat it with white rice and the recipe I'd been using was rather oil and salt heavy. My challenge was to make a yummy tagine with less oil and add another ingredient to make it more filling, without moving away from the Slimmeria diet. So I used less oil (and changed it to coconut oil) and added sweet potato – delicious! The coconut really works with the sweet potato (it's also what I use when I roast them in the oven) and it goes so well with the aubergine too, making this delicious meal moreish!
Garlic – as much as you like!
Put a teaspoon of coconut oil on a baking tray and heat in the oven. Now chop the aubergine into 1cm cubes and add to the heated coconut oil and pop into the oven on gas mark 5 for 20 minutes.
Chop the onion and add to a pan with another tea spoon of coconut oil, and sweat the onions on a low heat with the chopped and peeled sweet potato. Add the roasted aubergine, chopped tomatoes, garlic – feel free to go wild and add a whole bulb! – and mild chilli powder and simmer on the hob for around 15 minutes.
Enjoy this delicious tagine with chicken and rice or bread, or just on its own for a healthier option. However you enjoy it, it's always delicious!
I've been so busy this week running from the shop out to parties or networking events with hardly a second to spare! So I've been reliant on my lazy girl menu for dinner ideas. One of my easiest – and quite frankly laziest – meals is my easy pasta and it can be made with almost anything that you have left over in the fridge.
I boiled a portion of pasta until it was al dente and set it aside. Then, in a non-stick frying pan (let's face it, non-stick makes the washing up so much easier!) I cooked slices of some leftover chorizo I found in my fridge. Once cooked I removed the chorizo and added soft cheese to the oil left by the chorizo and heated it slowly until it was a tasty creamy sauce.
I always keep a jar of black olives in my fridge and so I halved some of these and added them, with the chorizo, to the creamy sauce. I then stirred in the pasta and transferred to a dish and devouring with a much-needed glass of red wine!
Easy pasta can be made with pretty much anything you have left over in the fridge – it just takes a bit of imagination and an adventurous spirit.
Note – I munched on carrot sticks while preparing the easy pasta to make sure the meal was somewhat balanced!
And so it happened – last month I turned… well, let's just say I had a 'significant birthday'. And as per any significant birthday I thought I'd see it in with a stylish midlife crisis!
Being an eternal child, Fairy tale fantastic seemed like the perfect theme. A few months ago I went to the bluebell woods where Palmer Photography London had photographed me and turned me into a fairy. I used this as inspiration for the whole party – setting up a Fairy tale Fantastic room with floral garlands, a lit-up cherry tree with life-like birds, an enchanted forest photo booth with fairy wings, flower crowns and rabbit ears, and a buffet that was fit for a midsummer night's dream.
I'd spent the previous day making olive and parmesan dragonflies and butterflies – these proved to be so delicious that not all of them made it to the party! Continuing the enchanted forest theme I made bunny shape brie and red onion tarts, apple and goats cheese scones, love-heart marshmallow kebabs with brownies and strawberries, and cupcakes – both gluten-free – rose and pistachio (using real rose petals, of course) and chocolate and Bailey's cupcakes with magic star dust. The centrepiece cake, which was fit for a fairy princess, was one of my two-tiered cakes (Pimms and gin & tonic) decorated with natural flowers.
I really love working with a theme, it brings so many opportunities to be creative and have fun with food, decoration and the dress code. The only thing that was missing was Prince Charming… for now!
Having my noodles and eating them!
One of the tricky bits about working with yummy food and cake all day long is the affect it has on my weight. And with summer approaching I'm trying to shake off those extra pounds I put on during winter. One of my favourite dinners I make is my salmon and roasted vegetable pasta. However, my good friend Claire introduced me to some noodles which are only 12 calories a packet. Surely this is too good to be true?!
Having tried them with a stir-fry last week I've decided that it's not! While I'm a huge fan of fresh, home-cooked food there are times (such as this spring diet) when I think a packet of noodles is perfectly acceptable. Especially if it's only 12 calories a packet!
The noodles come packed in a liquid that you should rinse off and once cooked I really couldn't tell the difference between these noodles and the rice noodles I usually use. So I thought they'd be perfect with salmon and courgette for a healthy, diet-friendly meal!
I cooked the salmon fillets in the oven with a slice of lemon. I cut the courgettes with a julienne peeler and then dry fried them with finely chopped garlic. Once the courgettes were cooked I added cherry tomatoes which I'd halved, so that they could warm up and slightly cook from the heat in the pan. I then flaked the cooked salmon and added this, along with the noodles. Technically this meal serves two, but it's just so good you might want to keep it all to yourself!


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Egyptian feminist Nawal al-Saadawi makes Time's '100 women of the Year' list
Time magazine listed Egyptian feminist and novelist Nawal al-Saadawi on its list of "100 Women of the Year", as part of celebrations for International Women's Day.
Born in 1931 in Qaliubiya's Kafr Tahla village, Saadawi was brought up in a large traditional family with eight siblings.
According to Time magazine, her 1972 book "Women and Sex" established her as a true defender of women's rights in Egypt, fearlessly criticizing the violence women endure such as circumcision in rural communities.
"Prison was a rebirth", the magazine wrote in reference to Saadawi's time spent imprisoned for speaking against the state.
"For Saadawi, the sentence was a clear demonstration of the link between political power and patriarchy."
With "eyebrow pencil and a roll of toilet paper", Saadawi penned her prison experiences in the 1983 book "Memoirs From the Women's Prison", which influenced discourse on women's liberation in the Arab world.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel, former US First Lady Michelle Obama, and the UK's late Princess Diana were some of the many names included on the list of 100 women.
The magazine's former editor-in-chief Nancy Gibbs wrote that the main motivation behind the project was to choose 100 women who were most influential during the past 100 years despite living in a male-dominated world – where history was written by men and for men.
Tags circumcision Egypt Egyptian feminists feminism International Women's Day Nawal al-Saadawi Time magazine women's rights
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