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FAQ: What is the prevalence of BPD in the gay and lesbian communities?
What is the prevalence of BPD in the gay and lesbian communities? Have read many stories of lesbian relationships like my own with partners who exhibit very strong BPD characteristics. I personally think this phenomenon has its beginnings in some type of abuse in childhood... .
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Re: What is the prevalence of BPD in teh gay and lesbian communities?
My ex and I are lesbians.
I will say that some of the ways the world treats women, and in some cases butch women specifically, or handles gender and sexual orientation, can contribute to a massively invalidating environment that goes beyond what might occur in just a family setting. Add that level of social invalidation into the mix for someone who already has biological factors and an abusive family situation, or comorbid stuff like PTSD or depression, and there can be some really intense things to try to understand and work with.
Re: What is the prevalence of BPD in the gay and lesbian communities?
I can only speak for lesbians and not gay men - but it is my observation that the lesbian community has certain social dynamics that can nurture and reinforce BPD in ways that the straight community doesn't, and it's not really very acceptable for lesbians to critique their own community or call out bad behavior... .which is a problem I've seen in other small subcultures as well.
The more mature, grounded, and stable lesbians are the ones least likely to focus their social energies in exclusively lesbian settings, or around lesbian bars.
I have met a better run of women from OKCupid and occasionally by random chance, than I ever have in organized lesbian settings, which often seem like a cliquish and dramatic hotbed of dysfunction.
Most of the gay women who have stable relationships leave the scene when they find someone because the exes and crazy jealous women can be such a relationship interference. Someone is always jealous and trying to push their way into your relationship.
I wanted to be straight for a long time because I thought all I could meet were unstable, relationship hopping bar flies. I dropped the "lesbian community" and started meeting women online instead, with whom I would not otherwise cross paths. I just meet much healthier women that way.
I also think that some problematic women may try to be gay because they imagine they will get their intensity needs met from another woman, in ways that a man can't.
Also, some of the drama of the lesbian community and the drama of lesbian relationships may appeal to BPDs.
The community is kind of characterized by instant intense relationships, moving in very quickly, detaching quickly (after two years or less) and hooking up with someone new as if women were interchangeable, and keeping the ex around as your best friend.
If you're a low key person who just likes to be with someone but get on with life, it's not as much fun... .
LostSunshine
What is your sexual orientation: Straight
My current/ex (as she likes to now be considered) uBPDgf is now a lesbian after many years of being totally straight.
As much as she claims to be lesbian, I'm always confused as to how she can still find it in her to initiate sex with me (often after returning from a weekend away with a lesbian lover). I stopped initiating sex months ago, yet it still happens.
She has a girlfriend now who she's "head over heels for" and is now the "love of her life", all that stuff... .they are planning on moving in together around tax time next year, but in the meantime my pwBPD will still want to cuddle with me at our home with our kids, sleep in the same bed, flirt with me occasionally, and initiate sex. She claims to always feel guilty afterward and then grows cold to me for a while, but it lasts maybe 1-2 days. Then she's back to being somewhat affectionate. At one point recently, I totally bought her claims of being lesbian, but when the sex keeps happening, and SHE'S the one initiating it all, totally changed everything for me. She's Bisexual... .but trying to adapt a "lesbian" identity.
As Lempicka said, I'm sure their are plenty of "lesbians" who in actuality aren't at all. Hate to be callous, but I think BPD makes it a bit easier to have sex with anyone, regardless of their gender. Whoever gives them what they need at that moment, is who gets their adoration at that moment.
Randi Kreger
DSA Recipient
Who in your life has "personality" issues: Parent
Author of the 'Essential Family Guide to BPD"
When I was writing the Essential Family Guide, I came across some research saying that gay men were more likely to have BPD than straight men. Didn't know how well the research was done, so didn't use it.In lesbian relationships it's a real concern. When I see material about abuse in the lesbian community, the questions they ask are exactly the same as the type of questions at the beginning of SWOE.
I had a borderline mother and narcissistic father. Author of stop walking on eggshells, The stop walking on eggshells workbook, the essential family guide to borderline personality disorder, and the upcoming book stop walking on egg shells for partners
I think my exgf, who is closeted to her family and most friends, is filled with so much shame. She hates herself, thinks she abnormal and unnatural for being a lesbian. In my eyes she meets nearly all, if not all, of the nine BPD criteria, even though she's high-functioning in her professional life. But even now I find myself wondering if her behaviour is related to her struggle with accepting her homosexuality, or if its BPD, or both? There's a definite crossover, for sure. I've looked for material on lesbian Borderlines but there isn't much!
snowwhite
I read somewhere (cannot remember where now) that as many as 40% of those who identify as lesbian or gay or transgender may actually be suffering from the effects of BPD or some other personality disorder.
The symptom of BPD, confusion about identity, including sexual orientation, would allow people to believe they were straight then gay then straight again. And I believe that that is one of the ways to identify those who are actually gay and those who might or might not be gay but are suffering from a personality disorder.
The person with a personality disorder would most likely keep changing their sexual orientation (the way Lindsay Lohan is straight, then lesbian, then bisexual, then lesbian again with each new personality change).
In fact, I believe that correctly identifying those who have personality disorders and finding better treatments would go a long ways towards helping straight people overcome some of their negative fears and feelings toward the more outrageous behavior seen in some gay people that straight people associate with "the gay lifestyle". If this behavior were correctly identified as "borderline behavior", a sign of mental illness that needs treatment, it would also go a long way towards protecting the nons in the gay/lesbian community from the harm borderline relationships bring to their lives.
I'm not sure I see where you're coming from when you tie BPD behaviour to flamboyant gay behaviour?
In my opinion, those people who are flamboyant are comfortable enough in their sexuality and themselves to be as flamboyant as they want. The ones, like my exgf, who hide who they really are, terrified at the thought of coming out to their families for fear of rejection - they're the ones who fit BPD criteria. The ones who are terrified to come out, or have internalised homophobia, are the ones who need help with their issues.
In my exgf's opinion, she was abnormal and unnatural for being gay. She tried not to be, she dated men and had a boyfriend for 3 years until she cheated on him with a girl. She has a very clear pattern of only dating 'straight' girls. This way each relationship has a limited shelf-life and she doesn't need to worry about being outed.
When I speak of the "gay lifestyle", I am not referring to flamboyance. I was referring to things like sexual promiscuity, and drug and alcohol abuse, behaviors that are seen by the general public as being within the control of rational people.
Many straight people are disturbed by these behaviors in the gay community, just as they are when they see them in the straight community. However, statistically, these behaviors are more prevalent in the gay community than in the straight community and have become part of what they see as "the gay lifestyle".
I believe this is most likely caused by people with personality disorders who are identifying themselves as LGBT, but who may not actually be so. I believe many of them are just suffering from BPD and/or NPD. If correct diagnoses could be made and better treatment options were available, I believe many of these people would no longer identify themselves as LGBT and many of the problems with sexually transmitted diseases, violence in relationships, and drug and alcohol abuse could be lessened or eliminated.
I believe that education within the LGBT community about the symptoms and treatments for these disorders and about bipolar would do much to protect members of the community and to help the mentally ill to get earlier and better treatment. In fact, I am beginning to believe that it will be brave, forthright members of the LGBT community that may finally bring public awareness to these disorders. However, it will take real courage. For a group that has been villified to publicly address issues such as this and to speak openly about what is really happening in many relationships in their community and to proclaim that these behaviors are not normal, but are signs of possible mental illness, will not be easy for people whose sexual orientation was not so long ago seen as a form of mental illness.
UmbrellaBoy
What is your sexual orientation: Gay, lesb
Part of it may be shame and sexual ambivalence. I'm gay but my BPD ex-boyfriend always said things like that he wasn't really sure he was "gay," that he used to be straight and then somehow switched involuntarily in his teen years (um, I think it's called puberty), that he didn't really fall in love with men, at least his emotional connection to men wasn't anymore than with women, he only preferred men sexually but not necessarily for relationships, etc etc. I think maybe he has a lot of self-loathing on this issue.
ropend
What is your relationship status with them: Single
Quote from: snowwhite on December 19, 2012, 11:46:21 PM
"I read somewhere (cannot remember where now) that as many as 40% of those who identify as lesbian or gay or transgender may actually be suffering from the effects of BPD or some other personality disorder."
If you remember where that number came from be sure to let me know.
Here are some psych studies showing links between BPD and homosexuality or bisexuality. Some of the studies are old, so not sure how repeatable they would be today with better understanding of both homosexuality and BPD.
Zubenko examined the prevalence of homosexual and bisexual orientation among 19 male and 61 female inpatients with BPD. He reported rates of homosexual orientation significantly higher among male than among female borderline subjects (58% vs. 16%)
Am J Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;144(6):748-52.
Sexual practices among patients with borderline personality disorder.
Zubenko GS, George AW, Soloff PH, Schulz P.
Stone used DSM-III criteria to diagnose 118 male and 181 female inpatients with BPD by chart review (Stone 1990). He reported rates of homosexual/bisexual orientation of 16% for male subjects and 1% for female subjects.
Stone MH. The Fate of Borderline Patients. Guilford Press; New York: 1990.
Dulit used a checklist methodology based on DSM-III criteria for a retrospective chart review to diagnose 27 male and 110 female inpatients with BPD (Dulit et al., 1993). She found that male but not female borderlines were significantly more likely to have a homosexual orientation than nonborderline inpatient comparison subjects. She reported rates of homosexual/bisexual orientation of 48% among male borderlines and 14% among female borderlines.
Dulit RA, Fyer MR, Miller FT, et al. Gender differences in sexual preference and substance abuse of inpatients with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders. 1993;7:182–185.
Paris reported a rate of homosexual orientation of 16.7% in male borderline outpatients compared to 1.7% in male subjects with nonborderline psychopathology
Paris J, Zweig-Frank H, Guzder J. Psychological factors associated with homosexuality in males with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders. 1995;9:56–61.
29.8% of male borderline subjects reported a homosexual/bisexual orientation.Patients with BPD were over 75% more likely to report homosexual/bisexual orientation than comparison subjects with other personality disorders.
J Pers Disord. 2008 Dec; 22(6): 564–572.
Sexual Orientation and Relationship Choice in Borderline Personality Disorder over Ten Years of Prospective Follow-up
D. Bradford Reich, M.D. and Mary C. Zanarini, Ed.D.
Who in your life has "personality" issues: Ex-romantic partner
I'm not surprised that there may be a high correlation between BPD and homosexuality given that so many people in the LGBTQ community were shamed as children or otherwise emotionally or verbally abused because of their sexuality. My BPDexgf's self-loathing was intense to the point that she questioned my own sexuality because I essentially didn't hate myself. She believed that to be a lesbian meant to be filled with self-loathing so figured that I must have been deceiving her about my lesbianism because I didn't rage and self-sabotage.
Being a closeted LGBTQ person means learning to keep secrets from a very young age -- secrets about the most fundamental aspects of the self, and even keeping these secrets about the self from the self, if that makes sense. It's a real mindscrew. No surprise to me that this could result in higher instances of mental illness. This is one of many reasons why it's so important for young LGBTQ folk to come out of the closet.
BorisAcusio
Quote from: aubin on March 16, 2015, 07:52:40 PM
I'm not surprised that there may be a high correlation between BPD and homosexuality given that so many people in the LGBTQ community were shamed as children or otherwise emotionally or verbally abused because of their sexuality.
Personality disorders are stemming from pre-oediapal conflicts. Toddlers are not abused because of their sexuality.
Sexuality takes many forms, including gender identity and expression. Unfortunately, it's quite common that toddlers are in fact shamed for having the "wrong" gender expression, such as boys being called sissies because they cry or are perceived as being weak. This kind of shaming is all too common. Many of us have experienced this regardless of our actual sexuality.
My understanding of BPD is that individuals may have some genetic predisposition but the disorder itself arises as the result of not developing a stable sense of self during the critical development years (the toddler years onward). Usually this lack of a stable internal identity results from living in unstable and abusive environments. I don't know what BPD, its origins, or the shaming of young children has to do with the oedipal conflict, which itself is not a terribly sound theory in my opinion.
Quote from: snowwhite on March 14, 2015, 07:01:43 PM
But what percent of the gay community have BPD?
I am sorry I could not find the original study saying that 40% of gay people have bipolar, borderline or NPD. I think the important issue here is not the exact percent, but that a high percentage of people, especially men, with BPD, identify as gay. I use the term identify because we know that one of the possible symptoms of BPD is confusion about sexual orientation. I think it is extremely likely that if we can develop better treatments for mental illness, we can determine whether or not these people are actually gay AND mentally ill, or just mentally ill in such a way that it affects their sexual feelings, identity and behavior. I think it is a critical area of research especially to the LGBT community since it is impacting them so heavily. The mentally ill have much higher levels of alcoholism, drug abuse, and violence than the general population. If many of our mentally ill are identifying as gay and forming their romantic or sexual relationships with LGBT people, it is the LGBT community that will suffer the main consequences of these behaviors, including greater exposure to HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases caused by the prevalence of promiscuous sexual behavior among people with BPD.
liz232
Fewer than 3 Posts
Who in your life has "personality" issues: Other
Quote from: snowwhite on April 10, 2015, 10:11:59 PM
I don't think anything you said really is based in the current research. I to want to know where you found a study that said 40% of gay people suffer from BPD, that is a very astonishing claim. I would think that if it was the case, we would hear a lot more about it from the treatments that are designed for people with BPD. Just remember antidotal experiences do not mean they are generalizations of a particular subculture, or for that matter a vast majority. Until I see a peer reviewed study of this claim, I will remain skeptical.
Still looking for the study I remember reading but have not yet found it. This study is current (July 18, 2011) and is peer reviewed by US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health and can be found at:
The study is of GLBT individuals with chemical dependency problems, so not all GLBT individuals. The percentages are much worse than 40%; indeed, over 93% of the individuals had at least one personality disorder.
"This study sought to examine personality disorders and their related clinical variables in a sample of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (GLBT) individuals with substance use disorders. Study participants were 145 GLBT patients who were admitted to a residential dual diagnosis chemical dependency treatment program. A total of 136 (93.8%) had at least one personality disorder. The most common personality disorders were borderline (n=93; 64.1%), obsessive-compulsive (n=82; 56.6%), and avoidant (n=71; 49.0%) personality disorders. Preliminary data suggests there is a high prevalence of personality disorders in the GLBT population undergoing chemical dependency treatment."
jhkbuzz
Quote from: snowwhite on June 01, 2015, 08:27:22 PM
It would be interesting to see a study in which the prevalence of substance abusers with personality disorders was measured - without taking sexual orientation into account. I'm guessing that the numbers would be pretty high as well.
I also tried to determine what percentage of GLBT individuals experienced substance abuse problems. A Google search returned the following:
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871600001290
Correlates of heavy substance use among young gay and bisexual men: The San Francisco Young Men's Health Study, published in January 2001.
"Correlates of heavy substance use among a household-based sample of young gay and bisexual men (n=428) were identified and the odds ratio (OR) was calculated. A total of 13.6% reported frequent, heavy alcohol use and 43% reported polydrug use. Compared with men employed in professional occupations, men in service positions (OR=3.77) and sales positions (OR=2.51) were more likely to be heavy alcohol consumers. Frequent gay bar attendance and multiple sex partners were related to heavy alcohol use, as well as to polydrug use. Polydrug users were more likely to be HIV seropositive (OR=2.05) or of unknown HIV serostatus (OR=2.78). HIV serostatus was similarly related to frequent drug use. These correlates of heavier substance use among young gay and bisexual men could be used to identify and intervene early with members of this population who are at risk of substance misuse, as well as HIV/AIDS risk."
I found other studies which showed no difference in substance abuse rates between homosexual and heterosexual WOMEN.
The studies I linked to in an earlier post also showed very different correlation rates between homosexuality and BPD depending on whether they were examining men or women. So maybe this applies much more to gay men than to gay women.
Just so you are aware, other severe mental illnesses appear more often in the homosexual population than in the heterosexual population.
www.cdc.gov/msmhealth/mental-health.htm
The Center of Disease Control says:
Research also has found that, compared to other men, MSM (men who have sex with men) are at increased risk of:
Major depression during adolescence and adulthood;
Bipolar disorder; and
Generalized anxiety disorder during adolescence and adulthood.
www.psychcentral.com/lib/higher-risk-of-mental-health-problems-for-homosexuals/
a study in the UK in 2007
"Homosexual people tend to experience more mental health problems than heterosexual people, research indicates. Discrimination may contribute to the higher risk, believes lead researcher Dr. Apu Chakraborty of University College London, UK.
His team looked at rates of mental disorder among 7,403 adults living in the UK, whose details were obtained from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. Rates of depression, anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, phobia, self-harm, suicidal thoughts, and alcohol and drug dependence were significantly higher in homosexual respondents.
Four percent had a depressive episode in the last week, compared to two percent of heterosexual people. The rate of alcohol dependence was ten percent versus five percent, and for self-harming it was nine percent versus five percent."
and perhaps most disturbing is the result of a 2011 study published by the National Institute of Health. Please note the tie to schizophrenia in gay and bisexual men.
"Compared with their heterosexual counterparts, lesbians and bisexual women demonstrated a 3-fold increased likelihood of substance use disorders, and gay and bisexual men showed twice the rate of anxiety disorders and schizophrenia and (or) psychotic illness, even after accounting for mental disorder comorbidity. Suicide attempts were independently associated with bisexuality, with odds 3 times higher than in heterosexuals."
www.livingwithschizophreniauk.org/symptoms-of-schizophrenia/
"Sometimes thought disorder will manifest itself in the person's sexuality. They may begin to believe that they are gay even though they have been quite happily heterosexual before. They may begin to become sexually disinhibited, making sexual advances towards members of their family or towards total strangers in the street."
Let me stress again. I am not saying that LGBT people are mentally ill. I am asking people to examine the problem the other way. Do some of the more seriously mentally ill believe they are LGBT and may not be? Do certain serious mental illnesses cause some of their sufferers to be more sexually disinhibited and more willing to have sex with people they may not know well or at all? For men, this would be more likely to be gay or bisexual men while for women, it would more likely be sex with men and would explain the large differences in the rate of homosexuality claimed for male BPD sufferers and female BPD sufferers.
Achaya
I have not reviewed the research published within the past ten years on rates of mental illness in the LGBT population, but I did do a thorough review of the research published prior to that, as I was writing a paper on the subject. The overwhelming majority of studies show rates of diagnosed mental disorders no greater in the LG communities than in the general population. That is why both the American Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric Association decided that homosexuality is not a mental disorder, and that LG people are not more sick in any respect than any randomly selected group of heterosexual peers. I didn't review research on Bi people.
Trans people are by definition diagnosed with gender dysphoria. I have reviewed studies that show post-transition trans people with no higher rates of additional diagnoses than the population at large, but I have not reviewed the trans research exhaustively.
The prevalence of BPD in the population is around 2%, according to the American Psychiatric Assoc., with the majority of diagnosed people being women. Because most research shows no higher rate of mental illness among lesbians than among the general population, we would expect 2% of lesbians to be diagnosable with BPD. This means there is no correlation at all between lesbian lifestyle or identity and BPD. For there to be a correlation, the rate of BPD among lesbians would have to be significantly greater than the rate of BPD in the general population.
It is a completely different research question to ask about the rates of LGBT lifestyle or identity among the 2% of the population diagnosed as having BPD. This might or might not be higher than among the general population. If it is, we can not therefore conclude that LGBT people are more likely than heterosexual people to develop BPD, because the rate of mental illness and symptoms thereof is NOT higher in the LGBT population. If the research is well done, however, it would support the statement that people with BPD report higher rates of LGBT identification than do normal people.
There could be many reasons for this, and we can speculate about them. For example, BPD is a disorder of identity and people with BPD tend to struggle with all aspects of identity, lifestyle, etc. They are known to be unstable in their statements about who they are in any part of their lives. They may or may not be unstable in their statements about gender and sexual preference. There is definite research support for the statement that even normal lesbians are inclined to switch their reported sexual preference and lifestyle to a significant degree, and that they do this more than gay men. I don't know of any research that compares rates of switching in the normal LG communities with rates in the BPD community.
I certainly think that people who have difficulty with making and keeping friends, who have substance abuse issues (part of the BPD diagnostic criteria), who need inordinate amounts of support, and who can't keep their lives together in other ways, commonly hang out in ready made gathering places, like bars, public support groups, crisis centers, and in places where they can feel important, such as cause-oriented organizations. This is the case whether we are talking about gay, straight, or whatever kinds of people.
The bottom line is that there is no consistent evidence for the argument that LGB people are more inclined to have any mental illness than the heterosexual-identified people. The situation is different for trans people, particularly if they have not transitioned, because of the gender dysphoria diagnosis.
Snow white, you posted while I was, so I didn't have a chance to review the research cited in your post. Looks like recent studies are showing different results than the earlier ones I reviewed. I'll look over the ones you listed. Thanks.
Achaya, thank you for your input. I appreciate your comments and look forward to reading what you have to say about the links I posted for more current research.
Would you mind clarifying a couple of your statements.
"The prevalence of BPD in the population is around 2%, according to the American Psychiatric Assoc., with the majority of diagnosed people being women. Because most research shows no higher rate of mental illness among lesbians than among the general population, we would expect 2% of lesbians to be diagnosable with BPD. This means there is no correlation at all between lesbian lifestyle or identity and BPD. For there to be a correlation, the rate of BPD among lesbians would have to be significantly greater than the rate of BPD in the general population."
The earlier studies to which I posted links talked about a much higher percentage of homosexual MEN with BPD. The rate of BPD among lesbian WOMEN in these studies was substantially lower than that for gay MEN. In order to answer the questions raised by the studies, we need to talk homosexual MEN with BPD vs the number of homosexual MEN without it and compare those percentages to the rate of heterosexual MEN with BPD vs the number of heterosexual MEN without it. The studies I linked to showed a much higher percentage of homosexual men with BPD than 2%.
You also said:
"It is a completely different research question to ask about the rates of LGBT lifestyle or identity among the 2% of the population diagnosed as having BPD. This might or might not be higher than among the general population. If it is, we can not therefore conclude that LGBT people are more likely than heterosexual people to develop BPD, because the rate of mental illness and symptoms thereof is NOT higher in the LGBT population. If the research is well done, however, it would support the statement that people with BPD report higher rates of LGBT identification than do normal people."
Why would well done research support the statement that people with BPD report higher rates of LGBT identification than do heterosexual people? What would account for this? If the rate of LGBT people (MEN really) with BPD is much higher than the rate of heterosexual people with BPD, but the overall rate of mental illness in the LGBT group is much the same as that in the general population, does that mean there is a much lower rate of some other mental illness among LGBT people to make the percentages remain overall the same? The numbers just do not make sense to me.
Again, thank you for the input.
I don't show up for a time and this thread gets interesting again.
It looks like there's a connection but I'm not sure what it is.
Who in your life has "personality" issues: Romantic partner
I suspect it might be a bit more complicated than merely gay / straight / bisexual.
Take the swinging community. Many of the women both singly and in couples will identify as bisexual although I doubt too many of them would consider a relationship or single sexual activity with a woman.
Meanwhile blokes who will happily engage with other males in a group situation don't identify as bisexual. Many women, both singly and in couples, find this a turn on. Also men who only seek t-girls (transexuals) don't identify as gay.
Seems there is a move to classify this differently, I've seen terms such as polysexual or polyamorous (also used for multiple romantic partners) used.
Now it wouldn't surprise me to find a very high correlation between borderlines of either sex and swinging. Not sure whether any research supports this.
Someone mentioned that they thought a borderline would associate with whoever happened to be fulfilling their needs at the time and that seems about right to me. My ex for instance vociferously reported as straight though throw in a jacuzzi, and an audience and things changed markedly. Not just with the audience but for the rest of the night too in a more private setting .
Which raises the question is engaging in single combat for the arousal of the opposite sex a straight or homosexual act? Also merely looking at gsl individually probably doesn't tell the whole story. Many women might report as bisexual but only because they are in a relationship with a borderline male, who considers himself straight, and some males might report bisexuality for the opposite reasons.
HappyChappy
It is confusing Chaffers when you go into the detail. But the one common link that does not appear to be debatable any more is stress. Especially in the first 3 years. Both BPD and gay lesbian orientation, link to stressful upbringings. Now we know the warrior gene is designed to activate during war time (stress), so the stress does not necessarily come from the parents, but a BPD parent will guarantee the stress is there.
There are other mental illnesses that link to a stressful upbringing, such as C-PTSD, dyslexia and so on. Hence why gay men have a much higher level of mental illness and susceptibility to stress. The fact this is less so in lesbians communities, could be due to gender rolls. For example I use to get the physical beatings, not my sister, because you don't hit a girl.
I've always had close gay friends, but I'm straight. And I've fallen for more lesbians than straight girls. I now realise it was our upbringings that linked us. But also sense of humour - gay and lesbians are extremely over represented in the stand up comedian (and cabaret) circuits.
Some cause happiness wherever they go; others, whenever they go. Wilde.
So with constant house moves, temper tantrums, neglect and self centred behaviour BPDs are almost ensuring the continuation of the BPD line? Wonderful.
Mrb87
My bfBPD are in a gay relationship. i feel like BPD is worse in gay relationships. With all the gay sex app out there it is very hard to trust him and let my guard down AGAIN. I trusted him before and his sexually impulses were out of control. I found myself doing aid/hiv check constantly. Now i limit when i see him and what i do with him just to protect my health and save money
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A man on the ground. A policeman stops to see if he needs help. The man rises and two other men come out of the shadows. One smashes the cop on the head, another grabs his wallet and his gun, and the third gets ready to give the order to shoot. Then another man appears. Seemingly without effort, he disarms the man with the gun and kills all three of the attackers.
Walking Homeless by Al Lamanda takes us on a trip through the Cardboard Box City of Lower Manhattan, the place where the homeless, alcoholic, and drug-addicted men and women went to live after they were removed from the newly upscale Times Square. Among these is John Tibbets. All he knows about himself is his name. He's been on the streets for about three years, brought by a doctor to a Catholic shelter where he sleeps, when he's able to. He spends his days stopping cars and washing their windshields for pocket money; he spends his nights having violent dreams that always end with people dying. But why is John having these dreams? He has no idea.
After saving the policeman's life, John becomes a media sensation. Newspapers, magazines, and national television stations all want a piece of him. And so do several mysterious men. They want him alive but will take him dead if that's their only option.
The reader knows there's something pretty scary about John. The way he handles himself, his presence of mind under extreme pressure–this is not your average homeless man for sure. Could he have been a military man before his amnesia set in? A former policeman? But his skills seem too extreme for that. And what about his nightmares? They are becoming more detailed, less fuzzy, although John is still a long way away from figuring out who he is and why men are after him now. As we follow his dreams, we know that this is no innocent, that there are things in John's background that are too painful to face. But that still doesn't explain why he's being followed.
This is an intimate look into the dark side of Manhattan or, for that matter, any city that simply wants to forget its homeless, its mentally ill, its most vulnerable. Out of sight, out of mind seems to be the motto of those in charge. This novel has a strong sociological bent, even with all its violence. And there's plenty of that.
Walking Homeless is a stunning book. Besides being an excellent thriller, its underlying message makes you think about how we, as a society, view the neediest, least capable among us. It's not a pretty picture.
Apparently Al Lamanda doesn't have a web page. Aside from the fact that the back jacket says he comes from Maine, I couldn't find out anything about him. There's virtually nothing on the Internet. Could it be that that's not his real name? Another mystery to be solved.


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Q: How to ubuntu(desktop) to ubuntu(beaglebone black- ubuntu arm 13.04) usb communication? I want desktop Ubuntu  and Beaglebone (Ubuntu 13.04 for arm ) communicate over USB.
What do I need to do to be recognized as usb device to the  Beagle   in ubuntu desktop pc ?
Can I just make usb device drivers?  or  Can you suggest examples?

A: I guess you can use usb2serial or usb2net to connect each other then use standard driver in kernel to communicate.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Vandkunsten Architects keeps falling in love with the existing – the patina and the wear and tear that bear traces of the past. The office focuses on minimal interventions and materials that still tell the story of a place. This volume is part of a series about projects by the Danish firm that are representative of its work throughout the years. It covers nine renovation projects, either recently completed or in progress, among them monotonous concrete buildings, transformations of so-called "ghetto housing" estates, and a dated office building, as well as cultural venues now upgraded for new and longer lives. Each project is presented with a short text, images, and drawings.


Stylish frontline beach penthouse located in the sought after Guadalmansa Playa resort between Marbella & Estepona, featuring direct sea access, 24h security service, a heated outdoor swimming pool, sauna and on site gymnasium. Designed for demanding Corporate and Celebrity VIP clients, this luxurious apartment is very well appointed and finished to the highest standard, with marble floors throughout and generous sized rooms. Fabric wallpaper, feature walls and attractive lighting make the apartment both cosy and luxurious. There are top of the range appliances and fittings in the kitchen and bathrooms, together with a warm and cool air conditioning system, with under-floor heating in all bathrooms. Much of the furniture has been specially commissioned for the apartments to match the fabrics and the decor and to complement the layout and dimensions, all available at preferential rates.


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At Convenient Carpet Cleaning we believe in 100% customer satisfaction. We have agents available to assist you anytime of day in New Plymouth, Idaho when you are searching for upholstery cleaning. To set up an occasion for us to come out and clean your carpets, give us a call for an absolutely free estimate. We have specialists ready to respond to all of your questions or concerns. We can certify that you will be astounded by our carpet cleaning professionals and in the unexpected occasion of an problem, we will address the situation and make sure that you leave satisfied. Our returning clientele can assure you that our carpet cleaning services are top notch.
Our carpet cleaning gurus use industry leading processes for steam cleaning in New Plymouth. Warm water and carpet shampoo permeates the carpet to clean deep-down within the fabric with a carpet extraction machine. The machine then vacuums up the moisture, leaving your carpets dry and clean. We can remove most any type of spot you have including: oil based, dye based, or pet odors. Regardless of what types of stains you have, our certified professionals and top of the line equipment can leave your home with stain-free and fresh smelling carpets.
Rug cleaning by Convenient Carpet Cleaning has the skills to clean at any type of location. If your place of work or commercial building in New Plymouth, ID really needs carpet cleaning give us a call right away. We provide special discounted rates for carpet cleaners for your office and similar clientele. Call us for more information about our reoccurring carpet cleaning packages.
How frequently should I clean my carpets in New Plymouth, ID?
A simple way to tell how often you should clean your carpets in New Plymouth, ID is to simply look at the amount of soil and dirt embedded in the fibers. You ought to clean your carpets about once every 3 months if they are located in places where people walk everyday like the foyer or stairwells. You must also clean your carpets routinely if you have light colored carpets because stains can be seen a lot easier than on dark colored carpets. You should find carpet cleaners very frequently if you have puppies, cats or other pets as urine stains and odors are difficult to get rid of without a carpet cleaning machine.
Keeping your office and work areas clean will cut down on germs and keep your staff and consumers healthier. Call the specialists at Convenient Carpet Cleaning to get cost-effective and efficient commercial carpet cleaning in New Plymouth, ID. At the same time, make certain to consider various areas for example, Delmont, PA carpet cleaning to see if this site offers services near you.
There's a lot more than cleaning carpets to ensure your workplace is clean. Many businesses will carry out more than just carpet cleaning and you can get two tasks done simultaneously. We will supply you with the highest quality carpet and upholstery cleaning methods available. Carpets cleaned by our specialists stay cleaner longer and encourage a healthier working environment.
With daily use, your carpets can quickly become dirty, pushed down and worn looking. All that everyday use will cause serious and lasting damage if you do not have your carpet professionally cleaned from time to time. How frequently should you have it cleaned out? It all depends on how often your workplace is used, but experts recommend to have your office cleaned every few months.
In-between these times, you should schedule cleanings to keep the heaviest trafficked areas clean to further extend the life of the carpet. Every time you have your carpeting cleaned professionally, technicians will apply a protective layer. When that layer is applied, it will eliminate and prevent stains, and extend the life of the carpet.
Incidents are guaranteed to happen, so besides this protective treatment, you'll want an organization that has a deodorizing service available to you. Odor control is very important. The smell of an office can have a huge impact on morale and that is something that we can help you with. Carpet cleaning Derry is another location which we service therefore don't forget to browse our other leading cities.
To get the best carpet cleaning for your business office, you're going to want a corporation in New Plymouth, that offers more than just the usual steam cleaning. In case you have colleagues or family members in other towns and cities including carpet cleaning Delmont, make them aware that we provide solutions all around United States.
Cleaning is probably the last thing on your mind when you are managing your small business. You need a professional and affordable organization you can rely on to handle everything for you.
Other solutions you should make sure are included are furnishings and partition cleaning. That can have a huge influence on work morale. Another major issue for businesses is tile and grout damage. They will most likely have the skilled knowledge and tools to be able to clean any tile and grouting you have in your office, plus even seal or re-color the grout as needed.
It does not hurt to ask other people what carpet cleaning organizations they like the best, or to take a bit of time to do the research on the organizations you are considering. Hiring somebody that is not professional could end up damaging your carpeting and furnishings, costing you much more in the end. You will want a reputable business that will guarantee their professional services.
Hiring a reputable corporation like Convenient Carpet Cleaning in New Plymouth, ID for your business is something you will need regularly to keep your office clean and safe for you, your employees, and your clients. The only way to stay on top is to provide the most effective services with the best prices and that is what the professionals at Convenient Carpet Cleaning do. When you have colleagues or family members in other places such as carpet cleaning Derry, PA, make sure they know that we present options all around the nation.
You will be using a cleaning company pretty frequently to keep everything neat and in shape, so the corporation you hire should be able to convince you before you even start that you can rely on them to look after your cleaning needs. We have dedicated ourselves to gaining the highest level of training, giving the best customer support possible in New Plymouth, ID, and using the most dependable cleaning products. Contact us at 888-608-6064 to make a consultation.


Is the AREA ABOVE the Ceiling open to the rest of the building?
If Air Cooled, where will the CONDENSER be Located?
WHERE can Condensation be pumped to?
Will A/C be POWERED from a Generator?
If the A/C is connected to tower or chiller, does building OWNER GUARANTEE the System will be Operational 7x24x365?
Is the System on a Generator?


Boost joy and bust stress by adding some spring-themed activities to your itinerary this season.
1. Plant a mini garden.
It doesn't have to be an entire garden—any old flower pot will do. Researchers have long-established a robust link between gardening and mental health. The many benefits include reduced stress, a sense of connection with nature, serenity from the rhythmic nature of weeding and planting, and the joy of nurturing.
Make any day extra special with simple acts of kindness. The psychological studies are in, and good deeds do much more than simply helping others. They also help the good-deed doer by boosting their sense of joy and well-being.
Do you always drive down the same road to work or order the same meal? Have you fantasized about learning a new skill like knitting or kayaking? Neurologists have discovered that new experiences aren't just fun. They literally boost your brain power by creating new neural pathways and strengthening neural connections. So for the sake of your brain, try something new today!


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Study Sheet Sign Up
Mary Cassatt: Woman Bathing 1891 Utagawa Toyokuni I: Woman Bathing 1800
Cassatt & Japonism
As we discovered in our last session of A History of Women Artists, Mary Cassatt was a great experimenter. Like her close friend and sometimes collaborator, Degas, she explored a variety of media including metallic pigments added into her paint or pastels, the use of old-fashioned paints such as distemper and combined printing techniques. In 1891 she commenced a series of ten works influenced by Japanese woodblock prints which had recently been on show at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. Unlike the woodblocks though, she used several different printing techniques, sometimes within one piece (etching, aquatint, drypoint). The bold compositions and colours of Japanese prints (or ukiyo-e), with their unusual, often high viewpoints, radical cropping and expansive flat colour fields, greatly influenced the Parisian avant-garde artists. (Cassatt was born in America but spent most of her artistic career in Paris and exhibited with the Impressionists). The series of ten prints (sometimes called simply 'The Ten'), depict intimate scenes of women at their 'toilette' – washing themselves, their babies, doing their hair etc. In keeping with Impressionism, ordinary scenes of daily life take over from the past 'official' Academic preference for 'grand themes'. The Japanese style similarly makes ordinary daily life a worthy theme for art – what's more, it elevates it, lending the scenes a grandeur which transcends their inherent ordinariness. In keeping with Buddhist thinking, everything is sacred – even the most mundane act. It wasn't only the style of Japonism which influenced Cassatt and other avant-gardists (particularly Van Gogh), but the philosophy of the divine in the everyday. 'The Ten' were exhibited at Cassatt's first independent exhibition at the Galerie Durand-Ruel in Paris in 1891.
Art in Partnership 3: Siddal and Rossetti
The Grieving Parents at Vladslo
Tania Harrington is an enthusiastic art lover. Her ambition is to convey the deeper undercurrents of the art historical narrative, seeing the connections between works and the emotional and cultural impetus behind them. She has an M.A. in Art History from the University of Edinburgh.
'Art should comfort the disturbed and disturb the comfortable'. Cesar A. Cruz.
Available Talks & Courses
'Art Attack' – A History of Vandalism in Art
This talk looks at works of art which have been vandalized...
NEW! 'War Power' – The Art of World War I (Talk)
This one hour talk looks at British art of the...
'Vincent' – The Life and Work of Vincent Van Gogh
This talk explores the short yet intense and fascinating life...
'People Power' – A History of Portraiture (Talk)
This talk looks at portraits through the ages and is...
'Girl Power' – A History of Women Artists (Talk)
This talk looks at approximately 50 works by women artists,...
'Flower Power' – A History of Plants in Art (Talk)
Plants have a particular place in art but are often...
Paula Modersohn-Becker's 'Curious' Self Portrait
'Behind the Mask': Part 2
'TWIN GWEN' No. 2
© 2016, Tania Harrington. All Rights Reserved.

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George Salmon, irski anglikanski duhovnik in matematik, * 25. september 1819, † 22. januar 1904.

Sklici

Zunanje povezave

 Stran o Georgeu Salmonu Univerze svetega Andreja

Irski anglikanski duhovniki
Irski matematiki
Irski teologi
Irski Angleži
Člani Britanske akademije
Prejemniki Copleyjeve medalje
Prejemniki Kraljeve medalje

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Barron's is one of the largest names in test preparation, and they make some of the better books for many tests. Their TOEFL book is one of the most popular on the market, which is surprising, to me: it's only mediocre, really.
There may be another reason for its popularity, though. It's cheap and complete. If you buy the book plus CD-rom, you don't need to buy anything else to make full use. You don't need to buy any other audio CDs or supplementary books. The price is maybe the most attractive feature.
The first thing you should notice about this book if you see it is that it's mostly practice tests. Altogether, over 500 of the 800 pages are tests or answers to those test questions. That's not a bad thing, necessarily—that leaves a full 300 pages for lessons and exercises, too. But it's also worth noting that all of those practice tests and examples are on the included CD-rom, so they're not very important to include in the book. It's better to take full practice tests on the computer, similar to the real TOEFL.
That's a great number of practice tests for full-length practice, especially because the software on the CD is very good, but it's dangerous to rely too much on practice tests. A practice test gives very little guidance, teaches very few lessons. You need strong self-analysis to learn from a practice test. Many students need more specific guidance and explanation.
The quality of those practice tests is not great, either. The readings usually have subheadings (like "TOEFL Practice Material" above); readings on the real TOEFL will not. The actors are sometimes really bad and don't use the right tone of voice to communicate emotions. The lectures sound like they're read from a piece of paper, without the pauses, uhhs, umms and repetitions that a real TOEFL recording would have. Both lectures and conversations are often too long, and the lectures are too complicated. The integrated writing questions often ask you to summarize the reading, whereas the real TOEFL will ask you to summarize the lecture. Speaking task number three should be about a conversation that you listen to; many examples in this book are not conversations.
Meanwhile, the reading and listening questions aren't bad—better, on average, than those in Cambridge's TOEFL book—but the reading questions are a bit too easy on average, and there are too many other problems in the speaking tasks, writing tasks, texts, and recordings.
And it does those four skills very well. Each one is broken down into a step-by-step learning process with exercises to make gradual improvement with. For these four topics, Barron's might be the best skill-building book you can find.
The problem is that there isn't more of this. What about grammar practice? There's none here. Vocabulary? There's a list of college-life words in the back of the book—things students might say in conversation recordings—but none of the formal, academic vocabulary for lectures. And there are several small topics which are barely in the book or not at all.
The answers and explanations are 1/3 of Barron's TOEFL iBT, so it's not surprising that they're generally more complete than other books' answers. Barron's often tells you why the wrong answers are wrong, which is very helpful. Many books only focus on the right answers. If answer choice B and D both look correct, knowing why B is correct isn't helpful. You also have to know why D is wrong. Having this for reading and listening questions (not for every question, but for many) is great.
But again, there's a problem in the writing and speaking sections: the sample answers are completely unrealistic. They're all done by natives. The recordings of sample speaking answers are completely scripted (not natural). The essays use more advanced language than you need. They're helpful, sometimes; you can learn new structures or get good reading/listening practice, for example. But they're not similar to your spoken answers and essays. That makes it very difficult to grade yourself, and grading is the real purpose of these samples.
All of the advice I saw in this book is good, but there aren't enough specifics. That is, none of the advice is wrong, but it isn't very detailed or informative. Ideally, you should have a lot of practice answering each type of reading question and lessons on strategies for each one . How do you answer an "insert text" question, for example? Barron's doesn't give these exercises. There are just descriptions of question types and general advice.
This is connected to skill-building practice, though. If you improve the general skills that Barron's focuses on, you'll also improve on specific types of questions. It seems the author was depending on that idea. But there needs to be more practice following the process of answering each type of question that's on the test. More specific strategies would be helpful; this book doesn't give many.
Nothing in this book is terrible, but everything is done better in other books. If you have it, it will be helpful, but don't buy it unless price is a very important factor.
Happy new year! I was eagerly awaiting a Barron's review, so thank you for this. I have the "Barron's TOEFL iBT 2011 13th Edition CD (7 Tests)", I hope you are talking about the same product here.
I am doing fine on the reading passages, but have trouble with anything that involves listening to lectures. I don't have any trouble understanding the language, but most of the topics discussed are alien to me, and information is mentioned only once in the recordings. Hence, I am having trouble taking notes / absorbing the actual details.
Will the lectures on the actual TOEFL be this complicated? Will we be questioned on the esoteric details mentioned in the lecture? And will the speakers be talking too fast to take notes? Please help!
Yes, that's the same book. You have an earlier edition than the one that I used in my review, but they don't really change much from year to year. I don't know the exact difference between 13th and 14th edition, but it's usually just a new cover with a couple of fixed typos.
And that's great that you're doing well on the reading and feel you understand all the language in the lectures! That's really what you need to score highly. Strategy and experience help, of course, but if your comprehension is high, then you'll score well 🙂 But, yes, the lectures on the real TOEFL will be roughly the same pace and information density as those in Barron's recorded lectures, and there will be occasional questions on very specific details from those lectures. The key is to find the right level of note-taking. I highly recommend trying to take notes only on the big ideas, rather than writing down every detail. Keep your focus on what you're hearing, not what you're writing. Only write as much as you need to remind yourself about the big ideas, not every single fact. Kate has some other great tips in this blog post here that you should check out if you're having trouble.
Compared to the real toefl test, would U say the reading passages are harder or easier?
Easier, without a doubt. That's just the reading, though. The listening sections, on the other hand, are harder than the actual test.
I have been using Barron's TOEFL iBT Book to teach students about the listening section and it is really good. I am also using another book. It is called Cracking the TOEFL iBT. That one is helpful, too. Could you please do another book review about Cracking the TOEFL iBT? Thanks.
Thanks for your thoughts! I'd definitely agree that the questions themselves are well written for the listening practice, but in my honest opinion, the recordings need a lot of work. You can still conduct an effective class with it, I'm sure, but the other books I've been through so far have consistently more TOEFL-like recordings.
As for Princeton Review's book, that's coming up on my list 🙂 I'll have it up as soon as I can! Thanks for the request.
For note taking, paraphrasing, Summarizing and Synthesizing when you said Barron's is the best book did you really mean it? I mean is it better than even Cambridge?
Good question, Farsa. I might have worded too strongly in the post above. I'd say that Barron's approach to those topics is very good–about equal to Cambridge's–but the book doesn't offer enough practice and doesn't include any other skills. Cambridge is still a much better book for skill-building in general.
How many CD's are there in the Barrons TOEFL 13th edition?
It depends on what you buy. There is one package that includes two audio CDs for exercises other than the practice tests and on CD-rom for the 8 practice tests on the computer. That CD-rom includes all of the recordings for the 7 practice tests in the book because 7 of the 8 computer tests are the same as the book tests.
There is also a package that includes 10 audio CDs–the recordings for the 7 practice tests in the book–if you want to do those tests on paper with a CD player. It's better to use the computer tests, though, since the iBT is a computer test, so these CDs are unnecessary for most people other than teachers.
The only serious attraction of this book (the price) about the two CD version; the ten CD version is more expensive.
I do plan on reviewing Delta's books in time, but it might not be very soon. I'm working on my own lesson videos at the moment, but I'll get back to the reviews within a few months, and I'll definitely take a look at Delta's book then. I have used it with students before, but it was a long time ago, now, and I don't think I could give very accurate criticism until I spend more time with it.
This is the only book I could get my hands on where I live, and so it and the CDs inside are my exclusive preparation material. So I want to know, how realistic are the scores form the practice tests from this book compared to the real test? I mean, if my average score in the 7 practice tests is 100, say, how much should I be expecting to get in the real test (which is 2 weeks away by the way)?
That's a really good question but a difficult one to answer, unfortunately. I can tell you now that many of the questions are too easy, but that doesn't mean the scores are definitely inflated (higher than they should be). It's possible that their scaling (the change from raw score to TOEFL score) compensates for the easy questions. That looks like it's true, but it's almost impossible for me to be sure without a lot of data—many students of different levels taking their tests and seeing results. I haven't used this specific book for practice tests with students because the questions aren't very TOEFL-like, so I can't be sure if their scaling is accurate.
I'm plannig to study to the TOEFL exam, to take my test next month, so which book you recommend it to buy.
Hi,I have my TOEFL test in about 15 days.I solved all the practice sets from the official guide for the listening part.I got only 2 questions wrong in the entire 5 sets.I started to solve barrons 14th edition test directly from CD and I found their listening section to be quite lengthy.Many conversations were more than 6 mins in the first practice test and one was around 7 and a half minute.Got a very low score of 20 in the first practice test for listening.So my doubt is regarding the authenticity of the barrons listening section.Are the conversations longer than 6 mins on the real test?How close is the barrons listening section to the real test?
That's great that you did so well on the official material! Definitely value that score higher than the Barron's material. The texts and recordings in Barron's are not very high quality, as you saw—you're right that recordings on the actual TOEFL don't go over six minutes. You will probably hear one or two lectures that are close to six minutes, and it's possible you might hear one lecture just over (maybe 6:03, say), although that is very unlikely. Lectures are from four minutes and thirty seconds to six minutes long. A conversation would never be six minutes—they are four minutes at maximum.
The short answer is that Barron's practice material is not very good. Consider your scores in official material above the scores you received from Barron's.
I'm referring to the Barron's TOEFL IBT 13th ed for my TOEFL preparation. The question that I wanted to ask you is that, from all the Notefull videos that I've watched; in the the writing question number 1, shouldn't the Reading be actually refuted by the professor/lecturer in the conversation that we hear after the reading time is completed? But its the other way round in the Barron's wherein the lecturer is actually supporting the Passage.
I'm a bit confused on how this question is actually put forth in the actual exam. Also please tell me how close this software is to the actual Exam.
Barron's material isn't all very similar to the real test. In this case, though, they're not completely wrong. The lecture can support the text. It's very rare, but it's possible, according to ETS. But almost every official test I have seen has a lecture that opposes the text (maybe 9/10 of the time). In any case, I wouldn't trust Barron's material for accurate representations of the test.
May be I'm relying to much on Notefull videos.
I just got my official score today and I've scored 112/120. The score break down is as follows R-26, L-30, S-28, W-28.
Thank you Lucas, for these excellent reviews on the TOEFL books. I mainly used the Barron's IBT and Cambridge TOEFL IBT for my preparation along with the NOTEFULL video and official guide.
I think my weakest point is "note taking" and I'm not a good listener (not because I can't understand, because I can't keep patience/ focus and lose continuity / important points of a long lecture). Then, which book you recommend for strategy, skill building (not practice material)? Barron's? Cambridge? Complete Guide?
Good question! For note-taking exercises and listening material, I think your best choice is the Complete Guide. Barron's has great advice, but there's not enough of it. If you bought it only for the listening advice, you would be finished with the book very, very quickly. Cambridge, meanwhile, focuses more on writing and reading. It has good listening material, but only about half as much as what's in the Complete Guide.
Please let me know if there is online practice test that could closely matched to the actual test. I am taking Barron and it seems that it is quit easy. I am getting average 27 for reading and 25 for listing. I will sit for exam in three weeks.
The best match to the real test is what comes on the CD with the Official Guide. That gives you scores for the reading and listening sections which are just like the real test (because they are authentic, previous TOEFL tests), and guidelines for scoring speaking and writing.
Does the TOEFL practice test scores match with the real TOEFL test scores…???
I'm afraid the material is too different from the real TOEFL for it to match the official scoring well.
i am really confused! could you please classify the toefl books by degrees .
What are the most significant books a person has to have it?
If you want to limit the books you buy, you should stick to the Official TOEFL books from ETS. These are the most authentic sources of material and reliably keep content identical to the test.
I have been practicing for the TOEFL with Barron's book and I just saw this post. I have been doing the readings on the practice tests and they really did seem quite easy. I always scored 29/30 and had about 15 minutes to spare in the end. The thing is that my test is this week and I haven't had a chance to test myself on harder TOEFL readings, so I wanted to ask you: Will I be able to maintain such a high score on the reading of the actual test or is the difference in the difficulty level significant?
The best thing to do is get your hands on some reading practice from ETS and see how you stack up. You don't have a ton of time, but being aware of your standing before sitting down for your test will make the test day less stressful. This blog post has some good sources of materials, including official ones.
i have a similar query about the level of english in toefl reading section. i have been preparing with barrons and recently took a mock test at my nearest center. During the test i realized that level of english in reading section was higher than the practice tests given in barrons. I did not score well the way i have been scoring while practicing on my own. The center used Kaplan test. Given me some advise regarding that. I have my final in next 2 weeks.
This is a good example of why it is always important to be critical of preparation material! There is no perfect prep material for the TOEFL–each company has strengths and weaknesses! This is why we have book reviews for many major test prep companies 🙂 You have obviously already read the Barron's review, so I encourage you to check out this review for the Kaplan material: https://magoosh.com/toefl/2014/kaplan-toefl-ibt-premier-book-review/.
There are two important pieces of information regarding the reading sections from these book reviews: Barron's reading comprehension questions tend to be too easy, and Kaplan's questions aren't very similar to those you will find on the actual test. So, I wouldn't worry too much about the Kaplan reading score. The Barron questions are more authentic, but may be too easy overall–this is why you may have found the Kaplan test more difficult!
Ultimately, the best source for authentic practice materials will be the Official Guide to the TOEFL Test; https://magoosh.com/toefl/2013/the-official-guide-to-the-toefl-test-fourth-edition-book-review/. This book was made by the same people who make the TOEFL, so it provides the best practice source!
I have read all your book reviews and they are so helpful! Thank you so much 🙂 I have taken the toefl twice and I still need to improve my score. I was wondering if you have seen the barron toefl ibt 15th edition. I know that the 14th edition wasn't so good but I really need to improve my reading section. Do you know if the barron 15th edition is good for reading? Or do you have any recommended books specifically for reading?
However, one of the best ways to improve reading is through, well, reading! You don't need a prep book–just try to read English articles for at least a half hour every day. This will help to improve your overall English level and help you on all sections of the TOEFL. For some ideas on what to read, I recommend this blog post with reading recommendations and this blog post on how to improve in TOEFL reading.
had questions like describe (the main topic in article ) then, explain why the speaker says so and so. So it's not contradicting at all. It's like summarizing the article in the first paragraph and then summarizing the lecture in the following two paragraphs. Is that close to what I will see on the test? Are there resources that resemble the style of integrated writing of the test? I'm really confused. Please help.
Many people recommended it to me but I really don't know will it be helpful for me or not. Should I buy it?
As Lucas mentions, this may be worth buying if you've gone through several other books already and are looking for an additional source of trustworthy strategy advice. The Barron's TOEFL practice questions themselves aren't very accurate to the real TOEFL though, so if you're looking for additional practice questions, you'll want to buy something other than Barron's TOEFL.


Booknotes: The Slap: a Very Adult Book!
The Slap: a Very Adult Book!
Reading The Slap by Christos Tsiolkas was an extremely refreshing experience for me. I pretend to know something about Australian literature - I majored in it years ago, and have read it extensively since - and think I know something about its broader themes and obsessions.
I subscribe to the fairly traditional school of thought that sees our literature reflecting the Australian experience of social fragility - our almost pathological need to seek shelter from the dark, menacing vastness of the land we inhabit; the deep, meaningless abyss that we're perpetually in danger of being sucked into. We congregate in cities and towns on the more welcoming edges of this continent. Our 'mateship' tradition expresses our deep sense that we survive as a group or not at all. Our fear is of isolation and madness.
While so much of our literature is rural in setting, it is never pastoral and rarely country town. In the 20th century it is dominantly inner city. It reflects the personal and social dynamics of the more educated, urban classes of Balmain and Carlton and the like. The protagonists are writers, broadcasters, teachers; rarely bizoids, middle managers, tradies. The stories and settings are all too familiar and 'literary'. The outer suburbs are non-existent.
It has usually been left to popular fiction, particularly crime fiction, to give us a sense of the broader social realities and how and where the majority of the population actually lives and what they do, think and worry about.
So when a book like The Slap comes along, it registers like a forgotten and surprising force of nature. This book is decidedly non-literary. It is a powerful, emotional, hard-hitting thump in the guts.
It has that rarest of features in Australian literature - muscularity. It is not effete; it is in no way a 'sensitive exploration of..'; it is intense in its earthiness; it has an invigorating physicality.
You will not entirely like most of the characters, male or female. They are not generally sympathetic, but they are frighteningly real and complex, and, in the end, unforgettable.
Much American literature tends to indulge in extremes: characters and situations on the very edge, frequently unrestrained, overripe. Think Mailer, Roth. Australians, like the English, are more genteel, with less of a taste for overt violence and aggression. It shows in our art.
Not The Slap! Here is a book that breaks the mould. It is confronting and bold and deserving of all the accolades and prizes it has received.
Buy it and read it! You won't regret it.
It isn't often you see serious Australian literature advertised on the side of a council bus. But ads for The Slap seem to be everywhere. I guess that says something of its quality, and its accuracy in relation to Australian-ism. I must read!


A group of football fans sang sectarian songs on a train after a match in Inverness at the weekend.
British Transport Police have launched an investigation after the crowd of up to 15 supporters sang offensive songs on a train between Inverness and Edinburgh.
The train was packed with other fans, young families and children who witnessed the singing, which continued after the group left the train at Haymarket Station in Edinburgh.
Police are now trying to identify the group of supporters, who were between 10 and 15 in nature.
The officer investigating the incident said the force has a "no tolerance attitude" towards this kind of behaviour and called on anyone with information which could help identify the group to make contact.
The incident followed a 3-3 draw in a Scottish Premiership match between Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Hearts in the Highland capital on Saturday afternoon.
The singing happened on the 6.45pm service from Inverness to Edinburgh Waverley.
British Transport Police said the offensive behaviour took place "throughout the journey and after alighting at Haymarket Station".
Investigating officer Constable Chris Sutherland said: "This behaviour was by a small pocked of supporters on a busy train, packed with other fans and young families.
"We have a no tolerance attitude towards such behaviour, which has no place whatsoever in the game.
Anyone with information is asked to contact British Transport Police on 0800 40 50 40 or text 61016, quoting 222 of 30/10.
Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Hearts both declined to comment on the investigation when contacted about the incident yesterday.


These LCHF Food recommendations of mine are basic principles. Following a Low Carb High Fat Lifestyle you should think of food as simple, clean and natural. Eat lots of healthy fat instead of carbs. You just changed your body fuel from carbs to fat and as a matter of fact 80 % of your meals should be fat. That is specifically challenging to ensure when you're eating out or buy food in a lunch break.
When you are shopping groceries try to be conscious about what is clean and natural, and what is processed food. Read the declarations if you're in doubt.
Don't ever go for the processed food as it is produced in the most arbitrary ways, and contain treated or artificial ingredients as well as additives of mysteriously origins. You can prepare lots of lovely dishes using raw and plain ingredients.
Of dairy products I recommend organic and non-homogenised products. It's difficult to get non-homogenized products all over the world except from the European continent. We need the good fat particles to be in a natural shape and not beaten into micro-particles.
ENJOY dry wines or champagne with moderation.


LM10120MB-W LED MINIATURE BULB BA9S BASE - 120 Volt 30 Mlili Amp (mA) 0.72 Design Watts T-3 1/4 LED Miniature Bayonet (BA9s) Base 360 Degree Viewing Angle 1.20 Luminous Flux 100,000 Average Rated Hours.
LM10120MB-W LED MINIATURE BULB BA9S BASE - 120 Volt 30 Mili Amp (mA) 0.72 Design Watts T-3 1/4 LED Miniature Bayonet (BA9s) Base 360 Degree Viewing Angle 1.20 Luminous Flux 100,000 Average Rated Hours. Replaces 120MB. This Item Qualifies for Free Shipping when you purchase $50.00 or more of Qualifying Items!


text:
describe("book", function(){

	var element;
	var $scope;
	var $rootScope;

	beforeEach(module("rouat"));

	describe('BookFactory', function(){

		var bookFactory;
		beforeEach(inject(function(_$rootScope_, _bookFactory_){

			$rootScope = _$rootScope_;
			bookFactory = _bookFactory_;

		}));

		describe('Get book list', function(){
			it('Size should not be 0', function(){

				var _results = [];
				bookFactory.onGetBookList().get({}, function(result){
					_results = result;
				});
				expect(_results.length).toBeGreaterThan(3);

			});
		});

	});

	beforeEach(inject(function($compile, $rootScope){
		$scope = $rootScope;
		element = angular.element("<div testdir>{{2+2}}</div>");
		$compile(element)($rootScope)
	}));

	it("Doit renvoyer 4", function(){
		$scope.$digest();
		expect(element.html()).toBe("4");
	});

	describe("testdir", function(){

		it("Doit ajouter une classe", function(){
			expect(element.hasClass("plain")).toBe(true);
		});

		it("Doit répondre à un click", function(){
			// browserTrigger(element, "click");
			// expect(element.scope().clicked).toBe(true);
		})

	});

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
UiU Magazine
UiU - Home DE ES
Martín García Project
An artistic approach to the symbolic universe of the Martín García Island. 20 July - 13 August 2017. Centro Cultural Borges, Buenos Aires. Curator: Javier Barrio
The project presented as an exhibition at the Centro Cultural Borges, is an artistic approach to the symbolic universe of the Martín García Island. It aims at highlighting and enhancing the collection of the island's historical Museum, by means of the creation of artworks, which could contribute to reflect on geological, natural, historical, political, and socio-economical aspects of this territory, which is so special in the history of Argentina.
Directed by the artist Javier Barrio as curator, it proposes a poetic move towards the materiality and the discourses which coexist within this peculiar geographic space: The island functioned as political prison where four presidents were incarcerated, it was also an isolation hospital, a school of seamanship training, a concentration camp for indigenous people, imprisoned during the so-called Desert Campaign, and was stage of naval battles among five countries along five centuries of history. This narrative richness of the island is also multiplied by its geological and natural characteristics.
Until today, the permanent exhibition of the Museum is basically about the maritime history of the place, but neglects other important aspects. Initiated by the project, a multidisciplinary team of artists and academics came together to explore these various fields through periodical visits to the island. The visual arts can produce a kind of knowledge of significant symbolic value. To rethink and inhabit the island from the perspective of the visual arts can be a way of reestablishing it, of founding it anew. Maps, photographs, sketches, drawings, paintings, objects, ceramics, installations, videos, animations, audio-visual projects, documents, interventions on the landscape, community work, all will become part of the place's and museum's assets.
A series of workshops at the Museum are planned for the months of August, September and October 2017, which will be offered by the artists to the local community, including, drawing, animation, comics, photography and ceramics.
Up from 2018, the realization of art residencies for Argentinian and Uruguayan artists are proposed, as well as connections with other museums, and --why not-- envisioning a Biennial of the Río de la Plata on Martín García Island.
The project is supported by an initial grant of the Beca Bicentenario a la Creación del Fondo Nacional de las Artes 2016, with logistic support from the Dirección Provincial de Islas and the tourism agency Cacciola Viajes. For its continuation, the initiadors are seeking further public and private finantial support.
(Text: Proyecto Martín García. Translation from Spanish: Binder & Haupt)
Isla Martín García, OpenStreetMap
La Isla Martín García
Martín García is an island under Argentine jurisdiction in the Río de la Plata near the confluence of the rivers Paraná and Uruguay. It is a Precambrian rock formation of about 1,800 millions of years of age. It has a length of approximately 3 km and average width of 1.5 km.
It was a place of dispute between the indigenous people Charrúas and Chandules (Guaraní), and was discovered by the Spanish in the expedition of Juan Díaz de Solís in 1516. It is named after the storekeeper Martín Garcia, who died on board and whose body was buried on the island.
Martín García Island had always a strategic military and commercial position. Apart from the Spanish control since 1516, permanently disputed by the Portuguese, the island was also occupied by the French, English, Brazilian, Uruguayan, Argentinian, and was witness of battles, fortifications, and detentions.
The island was used as a prison and place of banishment. Since the end of the 18th century until the early 20th century, the prisoners worked at the rock quarries, where the cobblestones for the streets of the city of Buenos Aires were extracted. The island functioned also as a prison for political leaders. Four Argentinian presidents were imprisoned there: Marcelo T. de Alvear, Hipólito Irigoyen, Juan Domingo Perón y Arturo Frondizi. Important caciques and indigenous people were there as prisoners of the so-called "Conquista del Desierto". Also German sailors and officers of the SMS Cap Trafalgar and Graf Spee were in detention at Martín García during the First and Second World Wars.
Martín García Island is located in Uruguayan waters but in 1973, Uruguay and Argentina ended the territorial dispute and signed the Treaty of Río de la Plata establishing Martín García as Argentine territory destined as a natural reserve for the conservation and preservation of fauna and flora.
The island reached a population of approximately 4500 inhabitants, but this number decreased over time. The stable population in 2008 is less than 170 people (about 50 families).
Isla Martín García, Wikimedia, Silvina Rossello
Photo pages with more information
Proyecto Martín García
Viamonte 525
Capital Federal, Buenos Aires
Website | Email
Curator: Javier Barrio
Rodrigo Alcon Quintanilha, Javier Barrio, Mariano Combi, Santiago Fredes, Lucila Guerrero, Patricio Larrambebere, Alfonso Piantini, Diego Pogonza, Ezequiel Semo, Hernán Salvo, Martín Guerrero
presented in Art Destination Buenos Aires


text:
Cheers! New jobs as park foots £20,000 bar bill
Bar's tools: marketing manager Jessica Douglas and French polisher Jim Cunneen ready for the revamp
At least 12 new jobs are being created at Silverdale Holiday Park in south Cumbria as the business gears up for the holiday season with a major revamp of its bar and cafe-restaurant.
The mix of full and part-time posts mostly come with formal training opportunities, says the park, making them ideal for younger people wanting a career in the leisure industry.
Silverdale Holiday Park reports that the number of visitors in 2016 set a 60-year record for the family business, and that it is now preparing for an even busier 2017.
Part of the preparations include a £20,000 refurbishment of its bar and dining areas in which Cumbrian craft ales and locally produced foods are a speciality.
Although the cost includes new furnishings, said park owner Michael Holgate, the project also involves extensive restoration work using traditional techniques such as French polishing.
Even the toilets will benefit from the makeover, and will rival the standards of the park's main amenity building which in 2016 won a top platinum prize in the Loo of the Year awards.
Michael Holgate says parks offer great career choices
Work will be completed by early spring, says Michael, when the main tourism season begins to hot up – but that new staff will also be essential to help the park keep pace.
The business is offering jobs and training in a number of different capacities, including catering positions and lifeguard work in its swimming pool.
Most will involve recruits attending external courses as part of their work, both at local colleges and further afield if more specialist or advanced training is required.
Many of the 135 staff who work at Silverdale and the group's other five parks also participate in the personal development opportunities which are offered, says Michael:
"Tourism and leisure are important components of Cumbria's regional economy, and there are today many fantastic chances for career progression within the county.
"A large number of our staff who are now in management positions started in trainee roles.
"The qualifications which employees gain are nationally recognised, so they can also open doors to more senior jobs in other sectors of the hospitality and leisure industry.
"Being committed to training makes sense because it also bolsters an individual's confidence, and helps us deliver a top-quality service to our customers," added Michael.
There is more information about Silverdale Holiday Park, and the five other Cumbria and North Lancashire parks belonging to the Holgates group, at www.holgates.co.uk


text:
Justia › US Law › Case Law › Nebraska Case Law › Nebraska Supreme Court Decisions › 1981 › State v. Stewart
State v. Stewart
310 N.W.2d 706 (1981)
STATE of Nebraska, Appellee, v. Michael M. STEWART, Appellant.
Thomas M. Kenney, Douglas County Public Defender, and Stanley A. Krieger, Omaha, for appellant.
Paul L. Douglas, Atty. Gen. and Marilyn M. Hutchinson, Lincoln, for appellee.
Heard before KRIVOSHA, C. J., and BOSLAUGH, McCOWN, CLINTON, BRODKEY, WHITE and HASTINGS, JJ.
The defendant appeals from a sentence of 4 to 6 years' imprisonment for assault in the first degree.
The record shows that on February 23, 1980, the defendant and a female companion were waiting for the elevator in the Howard Johnson Motel in Omaha, Nebraska. Stewart Peters, the victim, and a group of his acquaintances were in the elevator when it reached the first floor where the defendant and his companion were waiting. The defendant testified that, when the elevator door opened and Peters and his party began getting off, one of the men in the party made an obscene remark to the defendant's companion. No one in the victim's party could recall hearing the remark, and the man whom the defendant identified as the speaker, Tom Dolton, denied making an obscene remark but testified that he simply asked the defendant's companion if she needed some assistance with packages she was carrying.
Following whatever remark was made, the defendant, with rough language, told Mr. Dolton and the rest of the party to get off the elevator. There was testimony that some words were exchanged between Dolton and the defendant. The defendant and Royce Gustafson, a member of the Dolton-Peters party, testified that they heard Dolton threaten the defendant with a bottle, and that the defendant threatened to cut Dolton's heart out. At this point, the victim, Stewart Peters, became involved as he got off the elevator.
Peters testified that when he came off the elevator the defendant was standing in the hallway with his hands raised in a sort of martial arts stance, and Peters said, *707 "`What are we having, a hung-kung-fuey show,' or something to that nature." The defendant then lunged at Peters and Peters struck the defendant with his right fist and may have pushed him back with his left hand. The defendant then stabbed Peters in the left forearm, inflicting a serious injury. Peters and the rest of his party then went to the lobby for assistance. Later the police arrested the defendant at the motel.
At the trial, the prosecuting attorney, over objection, was allowed to ask the defendant on cross-examination whether the defendant had had a fistfight with his girl friend earlier on the day of the assault. When the defendant denied this, the State on rebuttal was allowed, over objection, to present testimony that the defendant had struck a woman companion on two occasions on the same day as the assault. The principal assignment of error relates to the admission in evidence of this testimony.
Neb.Rev.Stat. § 27-404(2) (Reissue 1979) provides: "Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident."
At the trial, the evidence that the defendant had struck his girl friend was offered to rebut the defendant's denial that he had been in a fistfight. On appeal, the State argues that the testimony was admissible to prove intent.
The evidence that the defendant had struck his girl friend earlier that day was not admissible for impeachment purposes. It related to a collateral issue and was not proper rebuttal evidence. In Latham v. State, 152 Neb. 113, 117, 40 N.W.2d 522, 525 (1949), we said: "When a witness is cross-examined on a matter collateral to the issue, he cannot as to his answer be subsequently contradicted by the party putting the question." See, also, Griffith v. State, 157 Neb. 448, 59 N.W.2d 701 (1953); Swogger v. State, 116 Neb. 563, 218 N.W. 416 (1928); Vanderpool v. State, 115 Neb. 94, 211 N.W. 605 (1926).
The evidence was not admissible as proof of intent because the act in question, the stabbing of Peters, was not equivocal in nature and criminal or honest according to the intent with which it was done. The evidence was not admissible to "disclose the mastering purpose of the alleged criminal act." See State v. Ray, 191 Neb. 702, 217 N.W.2d 176 (1974). The evidence of the earlier assault did not involve or explain the circumstances of the crime charged and was not an integral part of an overall occurrence or transaction.
The admission of the testimony concerning the earlier assault was erroneous and prejudicial and requires that the judgment be reversed.
The judgment of the District Court is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.


Recently updated and extended to a high standard, a detached four bedroom house located in a quiet cul-de-sac in the desirable location of Osbaston with a far reaching outlook towards the Black Mountains. The kitchen/dining/family room is a particular highlight with an island/breakfast bar and integral appliances. Other accommodation comprises a lounge with a woodburner and a front aspect enjoying the outstanding view, cloakroom, practical wood effect flooring is laid throughout the ground floor. On the first floor is the master bedroom with built-in closets, dressing area and en-suite shower room, there are three further bedrooms (one currently used as a study) and a family bathroom. Outside is an adjoining garage with power, lighting, plumbing for a washing machine and housing the Worcester combination gas boiler. There is off road parking along with a secure rear garden with two natural stone patio areas and extensive lawn. There is an outside tap and log store. The property benefits from gas central heating and double glazing.
Window to rear, white suite comprising W.C., hand basin, chrome ladder style radiator.
An impressive room with two windows to the rear elevation, sliding door to patio and garden, an extensive range of units incorporating cupboards and drawers, complete with refuse sorting unit, corner carousel, integral dishwasher, 5-ring ceramic hob With extractor fan over, built-in double oven, plumbing and space for an American fridge/freezer, a central island with breakfast bar over. Also, there is a useful understairs storage cupboard. An external door leads to the side elevation. There is ample space for dining and entertaining.
Window to rear elevation, Velux roof window, extractor fan, modern white suite comprising W.C., hand basin, bath with shower attachment, separate double width shower enclosure fitted with Mira rainfall shower, chrome ladder style radiator, slate effect laminate flooring.
To the rear is an extensive natural stone patio wrapping around the back and sides of the dwelling, a lawned area runs the width of the property, the whole area benefits from a great deal of privacy and is securely enclosed. There is a second patio/seating area at the top of the garden to enjoy the view. A useful log store complements the outside.
From Priory Street turn left at the traffic lights onto the A466 Hereford Road. Continue along this road for approximately ¾ mile, passing under the footbridge of the Haberdashers Monmouth School for Girls, turning left onto Highfield Road. Take the third turning left into Duchess Road then left into Duchess Close where the property can be found on the left hand side.