Healthy fish and chips? Call me sceptical but keen. Sure fish is great for you, but so are vegetables until you make tempura out of them. But then again calories aren't everything, and when the produce is sustainable and locally sourced, delivered fresh daily, and the food made with care – like at Hooked Healthy Seafood – maybe a wholesome fish and chip meal isn't just a pipe dream after all.
Opened only fairly recently, Hooked is a brightly lit gem on the bustling Glenferrie Road. It is actually the newest member of the Hooked family, with two other branches located in Fitzroy and Prahran. Scattered around the restaurant were nautical-themed knick knacks, with the centrepiece being a graffiti-styled mural featuring a majestic swordfish. It all felt suitably weather-worn and windswept, and really set the tone for locally caught, sustainable seafood.
Ok so my Grilled NZ Dory with Rice and Asian Greens ($14.95) was not fish and chips per se, but it was surprisingly delicious for something so virtuous. The fillets of fish were firm and moist, served with brown rice seasoned with a little bit of sweet soy, and vibrantly fresh greens drizzled with soy sauce and sesame oil.
A lot more traditional was the Tempura Battered NZ Blue Grenadier with Hand Cut Chips ($13.5). The fish fingers were enviably light and crisp, and the enormous mound of fluffy fat chips was more than enough for two.
The food on every table at Hooked looked absolutely wholesome and delectable, from the house-made salads to the salt and pepper calamari, but health and environmental consciousness comes at a price. Our meal was by far the most expensive fish and chip meal we've ever had, and barring the massive amount of chips, the servings were also on the petite side. But if sustainability and health are things that matter to you (and they should be), then Hooked is as good of a choice as any.
Rating: 12.5/20 – good for you and the environment.
The night was still young, so we decided to walk down the road for some frozen yoghurt at our favourite place, Cacao Green. Unfortunately it had already closed, so we took that as an excuse to try Yo-Chi Frozen Yoghurt, recently opened on Glenferrie Road and drawing all eyes with its warm, glossy storefront.
By now, the drill must be familiar. Pick your yoghurt, pick your toppings, and pay at the counter by weight. This branch of Yo-Chi has 8 flavours on offer at any one time, and the staff were more than happy to let us sample as many as we wanted before committing. Sure we could've gone for something bog-standard like coconut or berry, but where's the fun in that when there's Mandarin and Poppy Seed and Salted Butterscotch to have?
There are also plenty of toppings to choose from.
… and some not so healthy.
In the end we got a mix of the Salted Peanut Butter and Chocolate Hazelnut, topped with Green Apple Pearls, Mango Mochi, and Crumble. At $2.9/100g, our pretty generous serve of yoghurt came to a very reasonable $5.9. The salted peanut butter was sinfully good, rich, smooth, and tasting of roasted nuts. On the other hand, the chocolate hazelnut was icy and refreshing, and way too good considering that it was vegan. Comparatively speaking, the toppings were a lot less remarkable, but it provided a good degree of texture and variety.
Yo-Chi actually turned out a lot better than I had expected; after Frozen by A Thousand Blessings, I had expected average yoghurt carried by a large selection of toppings, but in reality, it was the other way around. And I would much rather it be this way because you can always get mochi that's less dry, but making good fro-yo is a lot harder.
Rating: 13/20 – i love my new burts bees cuticle cream. yoghurt? what yoghurt?
I know this hasn't got much to do with the content, but your first photo of Yo-Chi is absolutely stunning.


text:
Rwanda genocide report exonerates Paul Kagame
Posted by a1000shadesofhurt in War Crimes
Genocide, Rwanda
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jan/11/rwanda-genocide-report-paul-kagame
A French investigation into the causes of the 1994 Rwandan genocide has exonerated the president, Paul Kagame, and his Tutsi allies after Paris had previously accused him of triggering the killings of 800,000 people in 100 days.
Diplomatic relations between Rwanda and France were broken off in 2006 when a French judge said that Kagame – the rebel leader at the time of the killings – had orchestrated the assassination of the Hutu president, Juvenal Habyarimana, to trigger the bloodshed.
After Habyarimana's plane was shot down, Hutu extremists slaughtered Tutsis and moderate Hutus in some of the fastest mass killings ever perpetrated.
Kagame's Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front seized power in the aftermath of the genocide.
Kagame has accused the former French president François Mitterrand's administration of training and arming the Hutu militias responsible for the slaughter.
A team of French investigators, led by two judges, re-examined a dozen eyewitness testimonies to work out where the two missiles that brought down Habyarimana's Dassault Falcon 50 plane were fired from in an effort to determine final responsibility. Both sides had bases near the airport.
On Tuesday, the judges presented their report to Kagame's lawyers, who told the media they had concluded that the shots could not have come from a military base occupied by Kagame's supporters. The findings did not specifically point the finger at the Hutus.
"Today's findings constitute vindication for Rwanda's long-held position on the circumstances surrounding events of April 1994", the Rwandan foreign minister, Louise Mushikiwabo, said in a statement.
"With this scientific truth, [the judges] have slammed shut the door on the 17-year campaign to deny the genocide or blame its victims.
"It is now clear to all that the downing of the plane was a coup d'état carried by extremist Hutu elements and their advisers who controlled Kanombe barracks."
However, Jean-Yves Dupeux, a lawyer for Habyarimana's children, said the findings did not support the Rwandan government's account.
"The findings cannot point the finger at the Hutu camp," he added. "What the experts are saying is that the shots could not have been fired from Paul Kagame's camp. That doesn't mean it is the other side."
An investigation by the Rwandan government in January 2010 blamed extremists within Habyarimana's inner circle for bringing down the plane, saying the murder was designed to scuttle a planned power-sharing deal and act as a pretext for the genocide.
According to the Rwandan inquiry set up by Kagame – known as the Mutsinzi report – Rwanda armed forces stationed in the Kanombe barracks near the airport fired the surface-to-air rockets, the culmination of months of planning.
A 2006 report by the French judge Jean-Louis Bruguiere said Kagame was responsible, arranging for the plane to be shot down to trigger reprisal killings between ethnic Tutsi and Hutu and give his RPF rebels and allies grounds to take power by force.
Paris began to normalise its relations with Rwanda after Nicolas Sarkozy came to power in 2007. On a trip to Kigali in February 2010, the French president said Paris had made serious errors of judgment over the massacre and wanted to ensure that all those responsible for the slaughter were caught and punished.
On Kagame's first state visit to France since the genocide in September, the Rwandan president emphasised that his trip was aimed at building economic and commercial ties, appearing to accept that an apology from Paris was no longer a prerequisite for restoring diplomatic ties.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Commodity hardware, in an IT context, is a device or device component that is relatively inexpensive, widely available and more or less interchangeable with other hardware of its type.
To be interchangeable, commodity hardware is usually broadly compatible and can function on a plug and play basis with other commodity hardware products. In this context, a commodity item is a low-end but functional product without distinctive features. A commodity computer, for example, is a standard-issue PC that has no outstanding features and is widely available for purchase.
RAID (redundant array of independent -- originally inexpensive -- disks) performance typically relies upon an array of commodity hard disks to enable improvements in mean time between failures (MTBF), fault tolerance and failover.
A commodity server is a commodity computer that is dedicated to running server programs and carrying out associated tasks. In many environments, multiple low-end servers share the workload. Commodity servers are often considered disposable and, as such, are replaced rather than repaired.
Generally, commodity hardware can arise from any technologically mature product in a mature market. That means that most hardware products that have been around for a long time are available in commodity versions, although they aren't generally marketed as such.


text:
// ident.cpp
/*
	Control de listas de identificadores
*/

#include "ident.h"
#include "excep.h"

namespace Zero {

const std::string VERSION_XML     = "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"ISO-8859-1\"?>";

// ================================================================= Literal ===
Literal::Literal(const std::string &n, const std::string &l)
        : atributo(n), lit(l)
{
        char tp = lit[0];

        // Quitar la marca
        lit.erase( 0, 1 );

        // De qué tipo es ?
        if ( tp == '+' ) {
                tipo = LitNumInt;
        }
        else
        if ( tp == '"' ) {
                tipo = LitStr;
        }
        else throw EInterno( "Literal: Tipo de literal inesperado." );

        // Bueno, a lo mejor es flotante
        if ( tipo == LitNumInt
          && lit.find( '.' ) != std::string::npos ) {
                tipo = LitNumFlt;
        }
}

// ----------------------------------------------- Literal::getLiteralConTipo()
std::string Literal::getLiteralConTipo()
{
	std::string toret;

	if ( tipo != LitStr )
			toret = getLiteral();
	else	toret = '"' + getLiteral() + '"';

	return toret;
}

// ======================================================== Identificadores ===
// ----------------------------------------- Identificadores::Identificadores()
Identificadores::Identificadores(const Identificadores &x)
{
        listaIds = x.listaIds;
        nombre   = x.nombre;
}

Identificadores::Identificadores(const std::string &n) : nombre(n)
{
        listaIds.clear();
}

// ----------------------------------------------- Identificadores::operator=()
Identificadores &Identificadores::operator=(const Identificadores &x)
{
        listaIds = x.listaIds;
        nombre   = x.nombre;

        return *this;
}

// --------------------------------------------------- Identificadores::busca()

bool Identificadores::busca(const std::string &x) const
{
        return ( (ListaIds::const_iterator) listaIds.find( x ) != listaIds.end() );
}

// ------------------------------------------------- Identificadores::inserta()
bool Identificadores::inserta(const std::string &x)
{
	bool toret = busca( x );

	if ( !toret ) {
        	listaIds.insert( x );
	}

	return !toret;
}

// --------------------------------------------------- Identificadores::getID()
std::string Identificadores::getID(size_t i) const
{
	ListaIds::const_iterator it = listaIds.begin();

	advance( it, i );

	return *( it );
}

// --------------------------------------------------- Identificadores::reset()
void Identificadores::reset()
{
	listaIds.clear();
}

// ==================================================== IdentificadoresVisibles
// ------------------------- IdentificadoresVisibles::IdentificadoresVisibles()
IdentificadoresVisibles::IdentificadoresVisibles(const std::string &n)
	: Identificadores( n )
{
}

// ------------------------------------------- IdentificadoresVisibles::busca()
bool IdentificadoresVisibles::busca(const std::string &x) const
{
        return ( Identificadores::busca( '0' + x )
              || Identificadores::busca( '1' + x ) );
}

// ----------------------------------------- IdentificadoresVisibles::inserta()
bool IdentificadoresVisibles::inserta(const std::string &x, bool visibilidad)
/**
	Acepta un nombre de id y su visibilidad,
	de manera que true es público y false privado.

	Se implementa con un caracter precediendo a la cadena,
		0 privado
		1 público
*/
{
	bool toret = busca( x );

	if ( !toret ) {
		Identificadores::inserta( ( visibilidad ? '1' : '0' ) + x );
	}

	return toret;
}

// ------------------------------------------- IdentificadoresVisibles::getID()
std::string IdentificadoresVisibles::getID(size_t i) const
{
	return std::string( Identificadores::getID( i ).c_str() + 1 );
}

// --------------------------------------- IdentificadoresVisibles::esVisible()
bool IdentificadoresVisibles::esVisible(size_t i) const
{
	return ( Identificadores::getID( i )[0] == '1' );
}

// =========================================================== IdsPorObjeto ===
// ----------------------------------------------- IdsPorObjeto::IdsPorObjeto()
IdsPorObjeto::IdsPorObjeto(const std::string &n, const std::string &p)
	: nombre(n), padre(p)
{
        try {
                nombresDeAtributos = new IdentificadoresVisibles( "" );
                nombresDeMetodos   = new IdentificadoresVisibles( "" );
        } catch(...) {
                throw ENoHayMemoria( "creando idsPorObjeto" );
        }

	insertaAtributo( ATR_PARENT, true );
}

IdsPorObjeto::~IdsPorObjeto()
{
	Metodos::iterator it;

        delete nombresDeAtributos;
        delete nombresDeMetodos;

	for(it = metodos.begin(); it != metodos.end(); ++it ) {
		delete it->second;
	}
}

IdsPorObjeto::IdsPorObjeto(const IdsPorObjeto &x)
{
        nombre  = x.nombre;
        metodos = x.metodos;

        delete nombresDeAtributos;
        delete nombresDeMetodos;

        try {
            nombresDeAtributos =
                    new IdentificadoresVisibles( *( x.nombresDeAtributos ) )
            ;

            nombresDeMetodos =
                    new IdentificadoresVisibles( *( x.nombresDeMetodos ) )
            ;
        } catch(...) {
                throw ENoHayMemoria( "creando idsPorObjetos" );
        }
}

// ---------------------------------------------- IdsPorObjeto::buscaAtributo()
bool IdsPorObjeto::buscaAtributo(const std::string &x) const
{
        return nombresDeAtributos->busca( x );
}

// ------------------------------------------------ IdsPorObjeto::buscaMetodo()
bool IdsPorObjeto::buscaMetodo(const std::string &x) const
{
        return nombresDeMetodos->busca( x );
}

// ----------------------------------------------- IdsPorObjeto::getIdsMetodo()
Identificadores * IdsPorObjeto::getIdsMetodo(const std::string &x) const
{
	Identificadores * toret = NULL;

	Metodos::const_iterator it = metodos.find( x );

	if ( it != metodos.end() ) {
		toret = it->second;
	}

	return toret;
}

// -------------------------------------------- IdsPorObjeto::buscaVbleMetodo()
bool IdsPorObjeto::buscaVbleMetodo(const std::string &x, const std::string &y) const
{
        bool toret = false;

	Metodos::const_iterator it = metodos.find( x );

        if( it != metodos.end() ) {
		toret = it->second->busca( y );
        }

        return toret;
}

// -------------------------------------------- IdsPorObjeto::insertaAtributo()
bool IdsPorObjeto::insertaAtributo(const std::string &x, bool visibilidad)
{
        bool toret = false;

        if ( !buscaAtributo( x ) )
        {
                nombresDeAtributos->inserta( x, visibilidad );
                toret = true;
        }

        return toret;
}

// ---------------------------------------------- IdsPorObjeto::insertaMetodo()
bool IdsPorObjeto::insertaMetodo(const std::string &x,
				 bool visible,
                                 const MixinConArgumentos::Argumentos &args)
{
        Identificadores *ids;
        bool toret = false;

        if ( !buscaMetodo( x ) )
        {
            ids = new(std::nothrow) Identificadores( x );

            if ( ids != NULL )
            {
                nombresDeMetodos->inserta( x, visible );
                metodos.insert(
                    Metodos::value_type( x, ids )
                );

                // Meter las refs. locales (primero los argumentos)
                for(register unsigned int n = 0; n < args.size(); ++n)
                {
                    ids->inserta( args[n]->getNombre() );
                }

                toret = true;
            } else throw ENoHayMemoria( std::string( "creando ids metodo " + x ).c_str() );
        }

        return toret;
}

// ------------------------------------------ IdsPorObjeto::insertaVbleMetodo()
bool IdsPorObjeto::insertaVbleMetodo(const std::string &metodo, const std::string &vble)
{
        bool toret = false;

        if ( !buscaVbleMetodo( metodo, vble ) )
        {
	    Metodos::iterator it = metodos.find( metodo );

            if( it != metodos.end() )
            {
		toret =	it->second->inserta( vble );
	    }
	}

        return toret;
}

// ------------------------------------------------------ IdsPorObjeto::toXML()
std::string IdsPorObjeto::toXML() const
{
	Metodos::const_iterator it;

    std::string toret = "\n<Object name=\"";
    toret.append( getNombre() );
    toret.append( "\" parent=\"" );
    toret.append( getNombrePadre() );
    toret.append( "\">\n" );

    // Poner los atributos
    for(register unsigned int n = 0; n < nombresDeAtributos->getNumero(); ++n)
    {
            toret.append( "<Attribute name=\"" );
            toret.append( nombresDeAtributos->getID( n ) );
            toret.append( "\" visible=\"" );
            toret.push_back( ( nombresDeAtributos->esVisible( n ) ? '1' : '0' ) );
            toret.append( "\"/>\n" );
    }

    // Poner los métodos
    for(register unsigned int n = 0; n < nombresDeMetodos->getNumero(); ++n)
    {
            toret.append( "<Method name=\"" );
            toret.append( nombresDeMetodos->getID( n ) );
            toret.append( "\" visible=\"" );
            toret.append( ( nombresDeMetodos->esVisible( n ) ? "1" : "0" ) );
            toret.append( "\">\n" );

            // Poner las variables locales del método
            it = metodos.find( nombresDeMetodos->getID( n ) );

            if ( it != metodos.end() ) {
                for(unsigned int i = 0; i < it->second->getNumero(); ++i) {
                    toret.append( "<LocalReference name=\"" );
                    toret.append( it->second->getID( i ) );
                    toret.append( "\"/>\n" );
                }
            } else throw EInterno( "Mth no encontrado (?)" );

            toret.append( "</Method>\n" );
    }

    toret.append( "</Object>\n" );

    return toret;
}

// ------------------------------------------------ IdsPorObjeto::getAtributo()
std::string IdsPorObjeto::getAtributo(size_t i)
{
	return nombresDeAtributos->getID( i );
}

// ======================================================== IdsPorPrograma ====
// ------------------------------------------- IdsPorPrograma::IdsPorPrograma()
IdsPorPrograma::IdsPorPrograma()
{
}

IdsPorPrograma::~IdsPorPrograma()
{
	ListaIdsPorObj::iterator it;

        for(it = vIdsObj.begin(); it != vIdsObj.end(); ++it)
        {
                delete it->second;
        }
}

// ---------------------------------------------- IdsPorPrograma::buscaObjeto()
IdsPorObjeto *IdsPorPrograma::buscaObjeto(const std::string &x) const
{
	ListaIdsPorObj::const_iterator it = vIdsObj.find( x );
        IdsPorObjeto * toret = NULL;

	if ( it != vIdsObj.end() ) {
		toret = it->second;
	}

        return toret;
}

// -------------------------------------------- IdsPorPrograma::insertaObjeto()
bool IdsPorPrograma::insertaObjeto(const std::string &x, const std::string &y)
{
        bool toret = false;

        if ( buscaObjeto( x ) == NULL )
        {
                IdsPorObjeto * aux = new(std::nothrow) IdsPorObjeto(x, y);

                if ( aux != NULL ) {
                        vIdsObj.insert(
				ListaIdsPorObj::value_type( x, aux )
			);
                }
                else throw ENoHayMemoria( std::string( "creando ids por objeto " + x ).c_str() );

                toret = true;
        }

        return toret;
}

// --------------------------------------------------- IdsPorPrograma::toXML())
std::string IdsPorPrograma::toXML() const
{
        ListaIdsPorObj::const_iterator it;

        std::string toret = VERSION_XML;
        toret.push_back( '\n' );
        toret.push_back( '\n' );
        toret.append( "\n<Identifiers>\n" );

        for(it = vIdsObj.begin(); it != vIdsObj.end(); ++it)
        {
                toret.append( it->second->toXML() );
        }

        toret.append( "\n</Identifiers>\n" );

        return toret;
}

} // namespace Zero

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Django JSON_RPC doesn't work i want to create a simple Django(1.3) project that uses JSON-RPC. i use this implementation:
django-json-rpc
and this is my project files:
urls.py:
from django.conf.urls.defaults import patterns, include, url
from myapp.views import *
from jsonrpc import jsonrpc_site

 urlpatterns = patterns('',
                   url(r'^json/browse/', 'jsonrpc.views.browse', name="jsonrpc_browser"),
                   url(r'^json/', jsonrpc_site.dispatch, name="jsonrpc_mountpoint"),
                   (r'^json/(?P<method>[a-zA-Z0-9.]+)$', jsonrpc_site.dispatch),
 )

views.py:
from jsonrpc import jsonrpc_method

@jsonrpc_method('sayHello')
def hello(request, name='Lester'):
   return "Hello %s" % name

when i test this code in JSON-RPC Browser(included with the library) it doesn't work. whe is want to add this import in the shell:

from jsonrpc.proxy import ServiceProxy

i get the response like this:

Error:

what's the problem here? it seems a simple process but it doesn't work for me.

A: i found the solution. in fact json-rpc works but in JSON-RPC Browser i have to treat with some  difference than regular way. according to here, we should initialize and call json-rpc methods like this:
from jsonrpc.proxy import ServiceProxy
s = ServiceProxy('http://localhost:8080/json/')
s.myapp.sayHello('Sam')

but it's not true! this method is correct when we use it in django shell or in our main code! in JSON-RPC Browser we just need to call our method like this:
jsonrpc.sayHello('sam')

just that!
thanks to all.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
New center takes multidisciplinary approach to the study of psychedelics
The Michigan Psychedelic Center will bring together academic faculty, researchers, health care practitioners, and students from across the medical school and main campus.
The Today Show features U-M musical about the risks of opioid use
The musical — developed by U-M's OPEN, Precision Health, and School of Music, Theatre & Dance — will tour Michigan high schools this spring.
Sachin Kheterpal, M.D., MBA, elected into National Academy of Medicine
He joins a select group of U-M faculty to be elected into the highest honorary society in the U.S. for researchers in medicine and health.
Department of Anesthesiology launches initiative to minimize the field's impact on climate change
Project aims to reduce department's greenhouse gas emissions from anesthetic gases by 80%.
U-M Anesthesiology ranked #1 in NIH funding in 2021
Total research funding is up nearly 20% to $37.3 million as researchers address critical questions in outcomes-based, pain, and neuroscience research.
U.S. News & World Report ranks Michigan #7 in the nation for Best Anesthesiology Programs
National initiative aims to recruit and retain a diverse community of academic anesthesiologists
RADAR — Raising Anesthesiology Diversity and Anti-Racism — is a partnership between the Departments of Anesthesiology of the University of Michigan and Washington University St. Louis.
The Department of Anesthesiology is a part of the University of Michigan Medical School and contributes to the University's mission to strive for excellence in clinical care, research, and medical education.
We prepare specialists in the field of anesthesia with a broad spectrum of knowledge, clinical skills and mature interpersonal communication skills to become the consummate medical professional.
The department seeks to be the preeminent academic anesthesiology department in the world by making major advances in the field of anesthesiology, as well as medicine and science in general. We are committed to developing the next generation of outstanding researchers in the fields of anesthesiology and the associated basic sciences.
Although we perform nearly 100,000 procedures a year, each member of our faculty and staff focus our efforts on meeting the unique needs of every patient and their family.
Few pregnant people who died of overdose, suicide in Michigan received proper treatment before death
A review of maternal deaths led by Joanna Kountanis, M.D., suggests most individuals had documented behavioral health conditions but only one-third received appropriate pharmacologic treatment before death.
Geometry of the brain, dimensions of the mind
Researchers identify new ways to characterize states of consciousness.
Education and Training Programs
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs)
Diversity, Equity & Inclusion (internal link)
Giving (internal link)
1500 E Medical Center Drive
Typical Daily Routine
Why Michigan Anesthesiology?
2022-23 Chief Residents
2022-23 CA-3 Class
2022-23 Intern Class
Clinical Care Settings
Intern Year
Match 2023 Virtual Open Houses
Research (CSTAR Program)
Liver Transplant, Vascular and High Risk Adult Anesthesia Fellowship
Orthopedic Anesthesia Fellowship
Curriculum, Lectures, Research
Curriculum, Lectures & Research
Pediatric Anesthesiology Fellowship
Training and Curriculum
Perioperative Medicine Fellowship
Head and Neck Anesthesiology Fellowship
Rotations and Clinical Experience
Responsibilities & Benefits
Current and Past Fellows
Regional and Ambulatory Fellowship
MOCA®
Other Learners
Cardiothoracic / Critical Care Research
Neuroanesthesia Research
Obstetric Anesthesia Research
Pain Research
Pediatric Anesthesia Research
Outcomes Research
DEI News and Events: Fall 2022


text:
class Sanitize; module Transformers; module CSS

# Enforces a CSS allowlist on the contents of `style` attributes.
class CleanAttribute
  def initialize(sanitizer_or_config)
    if Sanitize::CSS === sanitizer_or_config
      @scss = sanitizer_or_config
    else
      @scss = Sanitize::CSS.new(sanitizer_or_config)
    end
  end

  def call(env)
    node = env[:node]

    return unless node.type == Nokogiri::XML::Node::ELEMENT_NODE &&
        node.key?('style') && !env[:is_allowlisted]

    attr = node.attribute('style')
    css  = @scss.properties(attr.value)

    if css.strip.empty?
      attr.unlink
    else
      attr.value = css
    end
  end
end

# Enforces a CSS allowlist on the contents of `<style>` elements.
class CleanElement
  def initialize(sanitizer_or_config)
    if Sanitize::CSS === sanitizer_or_config
      @scss = sanitizer_or_config
    else
      @scss = Sanitize::CSS.new(sanitizer_or_config)
    end
  end

  def call(env)
    node = env[:node]

    return unless node.type == Nokogiri::XML::Node::ELEMENT_NODE &&
        env[:node_name] == 'style'

    css = @scss.stylesheet(node.content)

    if css.strip.empty?
      node.unlink
    else
      node.children.unlink
      node << Nokogiri::XML::Text.new(css, node.document)
    end
  end
end

end; end; end


This photograph was taken in a place called Mandarmoni which is a sea beach in West Bengal and a very popular weekend destination. This picture was taken early in the morning from my hotel room balcony where I found a photo enthusiast taking pictures.
Krishna Kalyan Goswami is a Network Consulting Engineer and works at Cisco systems in Bangalore and more commonly known as Bappa among his friends and families. He is born and brought up in Kolkata, India but moved to Bangalore due to his job. His interest towards photography took a leap when he bought is his first DSLR camera, a NIKON D80. Currently he uses a Nikon D700 camera. He is a self-taught Photographer who considers himself to be married to his profession but treats Photography as an extra affair he cannot forget.


Visit the websiteSoucy Plastiques Inc. specializes in manufacturing moulded plastic products. With its unique direct compression moulding (DCM) process, the company offers a full range of products made from polyethylene resin with ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW-PE).
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text:
Loung Ung (en  : Aung Lueng), née le , est une militante des droits de l'homme et conférencière cambodgienne, naturalisée citoyenne américaine.

De 1997 à 2003, elle est la porte-parole de la Campagne internationale pour l'interdiction des mines antipersonnel, affiliée à la .

Biographie
Loung Ung est née à Phnom Penh, au Cambodge, dans une famille de sept enfants. À dix ans, elle s'enfuit du Cambodge en tant que survivante de ce qui a été appelé les « champs de la mort » pendant le régime des Khmers rouges de Pol Pot. Après avoir émigré aux États-Unis, elle écrit deux livres relatant ses expériences de vie de 1975 à 2003.

Mémoires
Le premier recueil de mémoire de Loung Ung, D'abord, ils ont tué mon père, décrit en détail son enfance au Cambodge : « De 1975 à 1979 – par l'exécution, la famine, la maladie et le travail forcé – les Khmers rouges ont tué environ deux millions de Cambodgiens, soit près du quart de la population du pays. C'est une histoire de survie : la mienne et celle de ma famille. Bien que ces événements constituent ma propre expérience, mon histoire reflète celle de millions de Cambodgiens. Si vous aviez vécu au Cambodge pendant cette période, ce serait aussi votre histoire. »

Publié aux États-Unis en 2000 par HarperCollins, l'ouvrage devient un best-seller national. En 2001, Loung Ung remporte le prix « Excellence en littérature non-fictionnelle pour adultes » de la . D'abord, ils ont tué mon père est par la suite publié dans douze pays et en neuf langues.

Son second livre de mémoires, sorti en 2005, Lucky Child: Une fille du Cambodge retrouve la sœur qu'elle a laissée derrière, raconte son adaptation à la vie aux États-Unis avec et sans sa famille, ainsi que les expériences de son entourage ayant survi à la guerre qui a suivi en 1979 entre les troupes vietnamiennes et les Khmers rouges, au Cambodge. Il couvre la période de 1980 à 2003.

Dans ses deux ouvrages, Loung Ung écrit à la première personne et, pour la plupart, au présent, décrivant les événements et les circonstances comme s'ils se déroulaient sous les yeux du lecteur, ce qu'elle justifie par : « Je voulais que les lecteurs soient là. »

Jeunesse : 1970-1975
Le père de Loung Ung naît dans le petit village de Tro Nuon dans la province de Kampong Cham en 1931. Sa mère chinoise, déménage au Cambodge avec sa famille alors qu'elle est petite fille. Ses parents se marient contre la volonté de la famille maternelle et partent vivre avec leurs enfants en centre-ville de Phnom Penh. En raison de ses états de service dans le gouvernement précédent du prince Norodom Sihanouk, le père de Loung Ung est enrôlé dans le gouvernement de Lon Nol et est promu officier de police militaire. Sa mère occupe le rôle de femme au foyer. La famille est relativement aisée mais la situation bascule brusquement le , lorsque les Khmers rouges prennent le contrôle du Cambodge et font évacuer la capitale Phnom Penh.

Évacuation : 1975
Loung Ung raconte être en train de jouer près de chez elle lorsque les camions des Khmers rouges envahissent son quartier. La population de Phnom Penh, estimée à près de deux millions de personnes, est forcée d'évacuer la ville. Les Ung quittent précipitamment leur maison avec le peu de biens qu'ils peuvent emporter. Lorsque leur véhicule tombe en panne, ils rassemblent tout le nécessaire de base et entament une randonnée à pied de sept jours, parmi une foule d'évacués, en direction de Bat Deng. De nombreuses personnes perçues comme une menace pour le nouveau gouvernement - en raison de leur éducation, ou de leur position politique antérieure - sont sommairement exécutées dans cette localité.

La famille Ung arrive à rejoindre un oncle domicilié à Krang Truop, où elle reste quelques mois.

Le père craignant que les nouveaux évacués de Phnom Penh découvrent son identité, il organise le transport de la famille à Battambang, jusqu'au village de la grand-mère Loung Ung. Ce plan est contré par les soldats khmers rouges, la famille est emmenée, avec environ 300 autres personnes, dans le village d'Anglungthmor, où ils demeurent pendant cinq mois. Au cours de cette période, plus de la moitié de ces nouveaux arrivants à Anglungthmor sont morts de faim, d'intoxication alimentaire ou de maladie.

Par peur que ses liens avec le gouvernement de Lon Nol soient mis à jour, le père demande que la famille soit relogée. Les Khmers rouges ordonnent qu'elle soit conduite à Ro Leap, où environ soixante autres familles sont arrivées le même jour.

Séparation, famine et mort : 1976-1978

Ro Leap a alors été la maison des Ung pendant dix-huit mois.

Coupés de toute communication extérieure, les cambodgiens de Ro Leap sont contraints de travailler de longues heures avec très peu de nourriture. Quelques mois après leur arrivée, les frères aînés de Loung Ung, Meng, , et Khouy, , ainsi que sa sœur aînée, Keav, âgée de , sont envoyés travailler dans différents camps. Six mois plus tard, en , Keav décède d'une intoxication alimentaire au camp de travail pour adolescents de Kong Cha Lat. Quelque temps plus tard, le père disparaît.

Loung et son frère, Kim, onze ans, et ses deux sœurs, Chou, neuf ans, et Geak, quatre ans, restent à Ro Leap avec leur mère jusqu'en 1977. Grâce aux travaux extérieurs des aînées, la famille évite la famine. Mais en , affolée par des cris dans la nuit, la mère donne l'ordre aux enfants de quitter le village et de se faire passer pour des orphelins. Kim se sépare de ses sœurs, Loung et Chou trouvent un camp de travail pour enfants à proximité.

En , Loung Ung, âgée de sept ans, est affectée au camp d'entraînement pour enfants soldats et est contrainte de quitter sa sœur Chou.

Pendant les dix-sept mois suivants, Loung Ung apprend à combattre les soldats vietnamiens. En , elle s'enfuit du camp à la nuit tombée et retourne voir sa mère à Ro Leap. Malgré les affaires présentes sur place, elle ne la retrouve pas et ne la reverra plus jamais.

En , l'armée vietnamienne prend le contrôle de Phnom Penh et poursuit son invasion vers l'ouest. Des tirs d'obus de mortier forcent Loung Ung à quitter le camp pour sauver sa vie.

Évasion du Cambodge : 1979-1980
En , les enfants de la famille Ung sont de nouveau réunis à Pursat City, un camp de réfugiés géré par les soldats vietnamiens. Ils entreprennent un périple de dix-huit jours à destination de Bat Deng,

Grâce au mariage de son frère avec une chinoise, Loung Ung a l'occasion de quitter le Cambodge pour se rendre au Vietnam.

En , Loung et son frère passent clandestinement la frontière entre le Cambodge et le Vietnam en bateau de pêche. En , après un périlleux voyage de trois jours dans le golfe de Thaïlande, effectué clandestinement par des passeurs, ils arrivent au camp de réfugiés de Lam Sing, sur la côte thaïlandaise. Parmi les milliers de personnes qui attendaient d'être parrainées pour se rendre dans un autre pays, Loung Ung et Meng Ung restent quatre mois dans ce camp de réfugiés avant de découvrir que la Conférence des évêques catholiques des États-Unis et l'église Holy Family d'Essex Junction, dans le Vermont, seraient leurs parrains. À la mi-, Loung Ung, son frère et la femme de celui-ci prennent l'avion à l'aéroport international de Bangkok.

La vie aux États-Unis de 1980 à 2011

Études aux États-Unis
Les membres de l'Église ont hébergé et aidé Loung Ung, notamment en assurant un enseignement en anglais. En quelques mois, Meng maîtrise la langue et obtient un emploi d'interprète pour les réfugiés nouvellement arrivés dans le Vermont.

En , Loung Ung, âgée de dix ans, entre à l'école. Les premières années de son éducation sont difficiles en raison de la barrière de la langue mais elle a continué à suivre des cours pendant ces années.

Loung entre ainsi en 1983 à l'ADL Intermediate School et poursuit ses sessions d'apprentissage de l'anglais.

En 1985, Loung entre à Essex Junction High School comme étudiante de première année. Quelques mois plus tard, son frère et son épouse, salariés de IBM, sont naturalisés et deviennent citoyens américains. Au début de 1986, la famille Ung change de domicile et Loung, âgée de presque , dispose alors de sa propre chambre dans cette nouvelle maison.

Au cours de ses six années aux États-Unis, Loung Ung a été confrontée à des épisodes de tristesse et de solitude. Après avoir tenté de se suicider, elle commence à écrire l'histoire de sa vie au Cambodge, de sa famille et des Khmers rouges. Au fil des mois, son journal compte des centaines de pages. Rétrospectivement, Loung Ung déclare que cette activité d'écriture lui a permis de démêler ses sentiments et de les traduire en mots.

En 1989, Loung Ung est diplômée d'études secondaires : à l'automne, elle entre au Saint Michael's College avec l'aide financière d'une bourse d'études de quatre ans fournie par le Turrell Scholarship Fund. Au cours de ses années d'université, elle prend la décision consciente de devenir militante.

En 1992, elle séjourne en France dans le cadre d'un programme d'échange universitaire : elle y retrouve son plus jeune frère, Kim, qui a fui le Cambodge pour la Thaïlande et est arrivé en France via l'Allemagne avec l'aide de sa tante en 1985.

En 1993, Loung Ung sort diplômée du Saint Michael's College et trouve du travail comme éducatrice communautaire dans un refuge pour les femmes victimes de violence à Lewiston, dans le Maine.

Vie professionnelle
En 1995, Loung Ung retourne au Cambodge pour la première fois depuis qu'elle a fui quinze ans plus tôt. L'année suivante, elle a rejoint la Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, une organisation humanitaire internationale qui fournit gratuitement de la rééducation physique, des prothèses et des appareils d'aide à la mobilité dans plusieurs provinces du Cambodge et de nombreux autres pays.

En 1997, elle reçoit une bourse de recherche Herbert Scoville Jr. pour la paix et travaille pour le Peace Action Education Fund à des recherches sur le trafic d'armes et la législation relative aux mines antipersonnel.

En 2005, Loung Ung effectue son vingt-cinquième voyage au Cambodge en tant que porte-parole de la Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation pour la Campagne internationale pour l'interdiction des mines antipersonnel. Depuis 1991, la fondation a fourni à plus de  des moyens de marche (prothèses médicales). Bobby Muller, président de la fondation, a fait remarquer que « ... ce qui ressort des conférences de Loung Ung est stupéfiant. Ça berce les gens. Elle est la meilleure chose que cette organisation n'ait jamais eu pour faire avancer notre agenda. » La campagne a remporté le prix Nobel de la paix en 1997.

En 1998, la famille Ung se réunit pour organiser une cérémonie bouddhiste en l'honneur des parents et des sœurs disparus et décédés sous le régime des Khmers Rouges. Des centaines de parents et d'amis ont assisté au service.

En 2000, Loung Ung sort son premier livre de mémoire D'abord, ils ont tué mon père. Cinq ans plus tard, son second ouvrage est publié.

Réception
Le premier livre de Loung Ung est critiqué par des membres de la communauté cambodgienne aux États-Unis, certains croyant qu'il s'agit davantage d'une œuvre de fiction que d'une véritable autobiographie. Loung Ung est également accusée d'avoir utilisé des stéréotypes ethniques envers les Khmers rouges cambodgiens dans un but de valorisation et de dramatisation excessive de son histoire pour augmenter les ventes.

Parmi les reproches de certains Cambodgiens à propos de ses œuvres, il ressort que Loung Un n'avait que cinq ans lorsque les Khmers rouges ont pris le pouvoir et qu'elle ne pouvait pas avoir un souvenir aussi vivant et détaillé de ces événements, tels qu'ils sont documentés dans son livre. Ses détracteurs affirment également qu'en tant qu'enfant d'une mère chinoise et d'un père khmer bien placé dans le gouvernement de Phnom Penh, elle dresse un tableau très stigmatisant des villageois khmers.

En , Loung Ung répond à la première de ces critiques.

Adaptation au cinéma
D'abord, ils ont tué mon père est adapté au cinéma en 2017 par Angelina Jolie.

Vie privée
Aujourd'hui, Loung Ung est mariée et vit à Shaker Heights, une localité de la banlieue de Cleveland, dans l'Ohio, aux États-Unis.

Bibliographie
 .

 .

Liens externes

Références

Femme de lettres cambodgienne
Femme de lettres américaine
Militante américaine
Mémorialiste américain
Universitaire américain
Naissance en avril 1970

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The paper focuses on Canadian artist Graham Landin (b. 1982), whose works are an example of a new development that demonstrates an itinerant post-spectacle practice activated through urban public sphere(s). The works in question appropriate everyday elements and architecture of urban public sphere(s) to effectuate their dissemination and understanding. The materials used by the artist are large sheets of vinyl adhesive cut into anthropomorphic characteristics: noses, eyes, a mouth etc. These elements are then spatially arranged and adhered to a public wall, a public monument, windows, doors, basically anything the artist deems relatable to the characteristics of a human face.


Fruit and veg are the best sources of potassium.
Potassium is a vital, but widely misunderstood nutrient. This is partly because recommended intake of potassium is remarkably high, not because of the potassium itself, but because of the health benefits of the potassium containing foods. Potassium deficiency (hypokalemia) is rare in healthy people, even athletes who train in hot environments. However, care must be taken when training after illnesses that cause vomiting or diarrhea.
2 Where do we get potassium from?
3 How much potassium is recommended?
4 How much potassium do we need?
5 Do you need potassium in your sports drink?
Potassium and sodium of the two major positive electrolytes, with potassium concentrated inside our cells and sodium concentrated on the outside. The primary negative electrolyte is chloride, along with some bicarbonate (HCO3) that maintains the pH level (acidity).
Potassium is an abundant nutrient in most fruit and vegetable. Most of this potassium is in the form of potassium bicarbonate, not potassium chloride. This is important, as the bicarbonate has a number of health benefits, including regulating the blood acidity. If there is not sufficient bicarbonate, calcium will be leached from the bones to maintain the correct acidity level. The fruit and veg that contain potassium also typically contain other nutrients including Fiber.
For adults the recommended daily intake of potassium is 4700 mg, but this is not set to prevent potassium deficiency (hypokalemia). Instead, "this level of dietary intake (i.e., from foods) should maintain lower blood pressure levels, reduce the adverse effects of sodium chloride intake on blood pressure, reduce the risk of recurrent kidney stones, and possibly decrease bone loss." These benefits are largely from the bicarbonate and the other vegetable matter rather than from the potassium.
Subjects who are deficient in both Potassium and Magnesium who are given just potassium supplements have normalized serum potassium levels, but not normalized muscle potassium until magnesium supplementation is also given. Therefore, magnesium supplementation may be appropriate for those concerned about their potassium levels.
All adults should aim to get sufficient fruit and vegetables to ensure that they get the recommended intake of 4700 mg of potassium. However, as little as 580mg/day can prevent hypokalemia, though might cause insulin resistance. A study showed that healthy patients could maintain their potassium balance on 1600 mg per day, though they were at the lower end of the acceptable range.
Sweat losses can be as high as 1800mg/day on the initial introduction to hot conditions, but this drops to around 600-800 mg/day with adaptation. This is equivalent to around 850 mg/L in the first few days of heat exposure, rapidly dropping to around 250 mg/L. Therefore, if you get close to the RDA of 4700 mg, and need ~1600 mg/day, that would leave ~3000 mg that could be lost in the sweat without creating a deficiency. This would be around 7.5 pints (3.75L) initially, or around 24 pints (12L) after heat adaptation. Therefore, potassium is probably not necessary for sports drinks if you are healthy. It won't do any harm, and you could add a little salt substitute (No Salt) to your sports drink if you find this is an effective placebo. However, don't count potassium from salt substitute towards your recommended daily intake of potassium from natural sources.
Eating disorders. There is reason to believe that eating disorders are more common amongst both male and female athletes than the general population. These eating disorders can easily result in potassium deficiency, especially if they involve induced vomiting and laxative abuse.
Diarrhea. Severe diarrhea can be a problem on ultramarathons, so additional potassium may be warranted. Be careful returning to training or competition after a serious bout of diarrhea.
Vomiting. Many ultrarunners have issues with nausea and vomiting, and this is another situation where additional potassium might be advisable.
Magnesium deficiency. Athletes should ensure they have an adequate intake of magnesium, as magnesium has many health benefits in addition to its synergy with potassium.
Antibiotics. Antibiotics such as penicillin, nafcillin, carbenicillin, gentamicin, amphotericin B, foscarnet, can all have been associated with potassium excretion.
Kidney disease. Diseases that affect the kidneys' ability to retain potassium such as Liddle syndrome, Cushing syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, Bartter syndrome, or Fanconi syndrome, are risk factors for potassium deficiency.
Diuretic medications. Medications intended to increase urine output will also flush out potassium.
Glycyrrhetinic acid. Eating large amounts of licorice or products that contain licorice made with glycyrrhetinic acid can cause potassium deficiency. Note that glycyrrhetinic acid is no longer used in licorice made in the United States.
Abnormal heart rhythms (dysrhythmias), especially in people with heart disease.
Muscle weakness or spasms (but not Cramps).
Paralysis (which can include the lungs).
I have seen an ultrarunner need urgent medical attention because they attempted to complete 100 mile race soon after a serious digestive tract upset. The nausea and vomiting the previous week had left them potassium depleted, which resulted in their collapse at an aid station.
Spinach has a number of health benefits, and has even been associated with improved muscle growth. It is a great source of potassium and fiber, and 100g spinach contains 558 mg of potassium.
The average avocado (200g) contains 975 mg (16% DV) of potassium as well is plenty of fiber and healthy oils.
A 3 ounce fillet of salmon contains 534 mg (15% DV) of potassium along with healthy oil and protein. Other fish that are good sources of potassium include Halibut (13% DV), Yellowfin Tuna (13% DV), Anchovies (12% DV), and other fish are about 10% DV.
While people tend to think that bananas are the best source of potassium, the average banana contains 422mg (12% DV). This is pretty good, but far from the best.
You should aim to eat fruit and vegetables that provide you with 4700 mg or more of potassium each day.
Don't worry about potassium in your sports drink. It's far more important to get plenty of sodium, but a little potassium won't do any harm.
If you're competing in a race where your fluid intake is very high, then potassium supplementation may become more important.
Be careful when recovering from a bout of nausea or diarrhea as this can cause life-threatening potassium deficiency.
This page was last modified on 10 August 2014, at 12:43.


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Patient Safety in Surgery
Prevalence and root causes of surgical site infections at an academic trauma and burn center in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Rahel Mezemir1,
Awole Seid2,
Teshome Gishu3,
Tangut Demas1 &
Addisu Gize4
Patient Safety in Surgery volume 14, Article number: 3 (2020) Cite this article
Despite modern surgical techniques and the use of antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical site infection remains a burden for the patient and health system. It is a major cause of morbidity, prolonged hospital stay, and increased health costs. Thus, the main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and root causes of surgical site infection among patients undergoing major surgery at an academic trauma and burn center in Ethiopia.
A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted on 249 patients during 6-months' time window. Data entered in SPSS and multivariate logistic regression was employed to determine the root causes and the outcome variable.
The prevalence of surgical site infection was found to be 24.6% of whom 10% develop deep site, 9.2% organ spaced and the remaining 5.2% develop superficial space surgical site infection. The prevalence was high in patients who had undergone orthopedics (54.3%) and abdominal (30%) surgeries. Educational status, pre-morbid illness, duration of pre-operative and post-operative hospital stay, ASA score, and type of the wound were significantly associated with SSI at p-value of ≤0.05. However, no association was found with BMI and location of the wound.
The prevalence of surgical site infection in the study population is still high. Preoperative hospital stay, pre-morbid illness, pre-operative and post-operative hospital stay, ASA score, and type of the wound were the independent predictors of surgical site infection. The duration of pre and post-operative periods should be kept to a minimum as much as possible. Patients with pre-morbid history of chronic diseases and contaminated wound require special attention to decrease the rate of occurrence of infections. In addition, longitudinal studies should be carried out to identify more risk factors.
Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) are defined as infections apparent within 30 days of an operative procedure and most often between the 5th and 10th postoperative days. However, where a prosthetic implant is used, SSIs affecting the deeper tissues may occur several months after the operation [1].
The risk of SSI is higher in developing countries relative to developed nations. SSI accounts for over 20% of all healthcare-associated infections in surgical patients. A large cross-sectional survey of healthcare-associated infections, conducted in mainland China in 2010, reported that E. coli (25.9%), S. aureus (14.3%), and P. aeruginosa (11.9%) were the three most common pathogens associated with SSI [2].
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) further classify SSIs as superficial incisional (involving only skin or subcutaneous tissue of the incision), deep incisional (involving fascia and/or muscular layers) and organ/space (involving any part of the body opened or manipulated during the procedure, excluding skin incision, fascia, or muscle layers) [3].
Most post-operative wound infections are hospital acquired and vary from one hospital to the other and even within a given hospital, and they are associated with increased morbidity and mortality [4]. The site of infection may be limited to the suture line or may become extensive in the operative site. The infecting microorganisms vary, depending on the type and location of surgery and antimicrobials received by the patient [5].
SSIs have been reported to be one of the most common causes of nosocomial infections; accounting for 20 to 25% of all nosocomial infections particularly in Ethiopia and generally in worldwide [6, 7]. SSIs have been responsible for increasing cost and morbidity and mortality related to surgical operations and continue to be a major problem worldwide [8]. Despite modern surgical techniques and the use of antibiotic prophylaxis, SSI is one of the most common complications encountered in surgery [1]. SSIs impose a substantial clinical burden. Surgical site infections will result for socioeconomic problem as they frequently result in hospital re-admissions, expose for frequent surgeries, demanding long-term treatment, disability, and patient morbidity. Patients with SSIs are more likely to require readmission to hospital or intensive care unit (ICU) treatment, and are at higher risk of death, than those without such infections. Most of the time, it is associated with increased age, prolonged duration of hospital stay, blood transfusion and emergency surgery [9,10,11].
SSI places a significant burden on both the patient and health system especially in Sub Saharan Africa, where resources are limited and the average wound infection rates are 2 or 3 times higher than developed countries due to malnutrition, poor, and preoperative preparation [12]. Moreover, in developing countries where resources are limited, even basic life-saving operations, such as appendectomies and cesarean sections, are associated with high infection rates and mortality [13].
A study conducted on prevalence and predictors of surgical site infections among patients undergoing major surgery in Tanzania revealed its incidence is higher than that reported in developed countries. The overall surgical site infection rate was 26.0%, of which 86.2% were superficial SSIs and 13.8% were deep SSIs. Regarding the predictors' pre-morbid illness, duration of operation, use of iodine alone for skin preparation, use of drain and cigarette smoking were significantly associated with SSIs [14].
In Ethiopia, the prevalence of SSI vary from hospital to hospital even from ward to ward and it ranges from 14.8–59% and also 6.5% from private hospitals up to 13.4% in public hospitals. In Addis Ababa it was reported 47% and in Gondar 39.5%. Additionally, in Jimma University Specialized Hospital, the magnitude of clean contaminated and contaminated wound was 64.8 and 35.2%, respectively [15,16,17].
Even though different researches were done in different part of Ethiopia, prevalence of SSI varies from hospital to hospital even from ward to ward. Thus, we are also interested to investigate to its prevalence and root causes in St Paul hospital which is one of the teaching hospitals delivering multiple services in the country. Additionally, this study will add knowledge regarding the root causes of the problem.
A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted prospectively from May1 to October 30, 2016. A total sample of 249 patients was recruited from St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) and Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma Hospital. More specifically, it was conducted in the surgical, orthopedic and maternity wards of these two affiliate hospitals. SPHMMC has currently 700 beds with an annual average of 200,000 patients and has a catchment population of more than 5 million. It is a semi-independent institution under SPHMMC, providing comprehensive emergency care in emergency medicine, critical care, orthopedics, neurosurgery and forensic medical services. The hospital has a capacity of 250 beds and can serve 50–60 emergency patients at a time with an additional 12 ICU beds.
All patients who underwent major surgical procedures with a visible incision at the respective study hospitals constitute the source population, and patients examined during the study period were considered the study population. Major surgery is defined as any invasive operative procedure in which a more extensive resection is performed and involves a risk to the life of the patient.
The sample size was computed using the single proportion population formula. By considering a maximum 17.9% estimated prevalence done in Addis Ababa, precision (d = 0.05) and taking 95% confidence interval, it was estimated as 226. By adding 10% non-response rate, the final sample size was calculated as 22 + 226 = 249.
A proportional sample size was taken from General surgery (n1 = 89), Orthopedic (n2 = 80), Gynecology and Obstetrics (n3 = 50) and ENT (n4 = 30). Additionally, taking a list of post-operative patients as a sampling frame, systematic random sampling technique with k = 4 were employed to select these study subjects.
A diagnosis of a deep incisional SSI was confirmed by a surgeon or attending physician. The Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) system criteria and method were used for identifying and diagnosing SSI.
Patients who showed signs and symptoms of infection within the first 48 h of admission were excluded from the study. Data was collected from post-operative patients who stayed for 48 h after surgery and before discharge. The denominator used to determine the rate was all moribund patients who are not expected to survive without the operation and underwent major surgery.
Each eligible patient was followed from the time of admission until time of discharge using a well-structured questionnaire. The data collection tool captured socio-demographic data and relevant clinical characteristics related to SSIs. Seven BSc nurses and two general practitioners (GPs) were recruited as data collectors and supervisors, respectively.
After data collection, each questionnaire was checked for completeness. Data was coded, cleaned, and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression was used in order to test association between independent and dependent variables. Odds Ratio, 95% CI P-value < 0.05 was used to test associations.
Ethical clearance was obtained from the review board of SPHMMC. After the purpose and objective of the study were explained, verbal consent was obtained from each study subject and confidentiality was maintained. Participants were also informed that participation was on a voluntary basis.
A total of 249 admitted patients for major surgical procedures were studied and the response rate was 100%.
Socio-demographic characteristics
Of the 249 samples, 40.2% were males and the rest (59.8%) were females. The mean age of study participants was 25 years (±SD 1.01) and 30.9% of the respondents were in the age range of 25–34 years. One hundred forty eight (59.4%) patients come from out of Addis Ababa, 67.5% Orthodox in religion, and 69.9% of participants were married. A substantial proportion (71.5%) had a BMI of 18-25 k.g/m2 which is normal weight. The educational status of respondents showed 38.6% completed primary school.
Concerning the length of post-operative admission, the range varied between below 3 up to 60 days. A majority of post-operated patients (34%) stayed in the hospital for 3–8 days.
Regarding other clinical variables, 51(25.4%) of infected patients had ASA score of I, and 26.1% of major surgeries were performed using general anesthesia. Most surgeries lasted less than 2 h. Of patients who stayed above 4 h pre-operatively, 38.1% develop SSIs (Table 1).
Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics and clinical variables of respondents who developed surgical site infection after surgery, 2016, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Prevalence of surgical site infection and other clinical variables
In this study the overall prevalence of surgical site infection was found to be 24.5%. Moreover, the prevalence of surgical site infection was high in orthopedics and abdominal surgery which accounts 54.3 and 30% respectively and least documented in bladder surgery and cholelithiasis.
Most of the operations were elective (56.6%) and the rest (43.4%) were emergencies. Two hundred (80.3%) respondents had no pre-morbid conditions.
Regarding the duration of operation, it ranged from 0 to 2 h. The SSI rate in patients with duration of operation < 1 h was 20.8% as compared to 34.3% in above ≥2 h.
The proportion of SSI based on location of wound showed wound on back 1(16.7%), abdomen 24 (14.9%), neck and head 9 (34.6%) and leg 14(63.6%). Moreover, 198(79.5%) of participants took antibiotics before surgery.
A significant number of patients developed deep surgical site infection (10%), 9.2% developed organ spaced, and the least one 5.2% developed superficial space SSI.
Factors associated with surgical site infection
Multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed educational status, pre-morbid illness, pre-operative and post-operative hospital stay, ASA score, and the type of wound were found to be significantly associated with SSI at p-value of ≤0.05.
In this study, respondents with higher education were 0.1 times [AOR: 0.1(0.03–0.91, p = 0.041)] less likely to predispose to SSI as compared to illiterates. On the other hand, patients who stayed > 4 h pre-operatively were 6 times more likely to develop surgical site infection as compared to < 2 h [AOR: 6 (1.5–27.9, p = 0.012)].
Regarding the length of post-operative stay after surgery, participants admitted for 7–14 and > 14 days were 5 times more likely to acquire surgical SSI than < 7 days [AOR: 4.3(1.11–16.10), P = 0.035], [AOR: 5(2.04–101.12, p = 0.007)] respectively.
Concerning the surgical site wound category, the clean-contaminated wound category was about 6 times [AOR: 6(5.39–35.94), p = 0.000] more likely to increase the risk of SSI as compared to a clean wound.
American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) Class I patients were 0.3 times less likely to develop surgical site infection than patients with severe systemic disease (Class III) ([AOR: 0.03(0.07–1.26)] (Table 2).
Table 2 Multivariate analysis of factors associated with SSI in 2016, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
In the present investigation, SSI was observed in 24.6% of patients. Even though many hospitals in Ethiopia are planning to have zero SSI, it has continued to be a drawback of quality of surgical care. This finding was lower than the study conducted in Ethiopia at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa (47 to 59%) [15, 16]. The previous study was conducted far earlier, so there might be different improvements today. Similar findings were found in Tanzania 19.4%, Albania 24.3%, Norway, 28%. However, the prevalence is higher than studies conducted in other hospitals of Ethiopia, such as in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, 10.2%, [18] and in Gondar University Teaching Hospital 3.5% [17]. The high prevalence in our study might be attributable to:
Inefficient infection control practice in the hospital and inadequate environmental hygiene;
Number of people in theatre may be increased as it is a teaching hospital;
Other studies evaluated only one or two wards which might underestimate their results.
A meta-analysis report of mainland China showed the average incidence of SSI was 4.5% (95% CI: 3.1–5.8) analyzed from 2001 to 2012. This far lower figure shows that health care associated infections continued to be a threat for surgical care in Ethiopia [2].
Furthermore, in this study educational status, pre-hospital stay, duration of post-operative admission, pre-morbid status, ASA score of the wound, and type of wound were significantly associated with surgical site infection. These findings are also similar in a study reporting from Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital [18], Pakistan [19], and Nigeria [20]. However, BMI, age, and sex were not associated.
Previous studies have shown that patients with pre-morbid illnesses, such as diabetes mellitus, are at a higher risk of developing SSI due to their low immunity [14]. This study also shows patients who are co-morbid with diabetes have a higher rate developing infection as compared to hypertensive patients. However, the number of HIV infected patients was not enough to conduct association tests.
The multivariate logistic regression analysis finding showed that the rate of SSI was significantly associated with ASA classification. Similar findings have been reported by other studies [21]. In this study, ASA class 1 decreased the risk for SSIs by 0.3 times as compared to ASA 3.
Moreover, surgeries performed on contaminated wounds increase the rate of infection by 6 fold, which necessitates careful assessment of the nature of wound before surgery.
The limitation of this study could be an underestimation of the prevalence of SSI because many of these infections occur after the patient has been discharged from hospital. Besides, the research is not supported with culture investigation, which is done by other studies, so that there might be underestimation or overestimation of the prevalence.
The prevalence of SSI in the study area is still high and requires due attention. Consistent infection prevention practices with commitments of the higher officials and policy makers have to be implemented in the institution. Furthermore, as it is a teaching institution, the number of students in the operating theater should be minimized as much as possible to reduce the risk of infection.
Post operation hospital stay, prolonged preoperative hospital stay, pre-morbid conditions, and contaminated and dirty wound classes were the independent predictors of SSIs.
The duration of pre- and post-operative periods should be kept to the minimum as much as possible. Patients with a pre-morbid history of chronic diseases and contaminated wounds require special attention to decrease the rate of occurrence of infections.
A longitudinal study with sound methodology should be conducted to identify more risk factors.
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
ASA:
American Society of Anesthesiology
CDC:
NNISS:
National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System
Surgical Site Infection
National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. Surgical site infection prevention and treatment of surgical site infection: Clinical Guideline. NICE (2008); Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG74FullGuideline.pdf
Fan Y, Wei Z, Wang W, Tan L, Jiang H, Tian L, et al. The incidence and distribution of surgical site infection in mainland China: a meta-analysis of 84 prospective observational studies. Sci Rep. 2014;4:1-8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Healthcare Safety Network. Surgical Site Infection Event. 2010; Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/9pscssicurrent.pdf.
Isibor JO, Oseni A, Eyaufe A, Turay A. Incidence of aerobic bacteria and Candida albicans in post-operative wound infections. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2008;2(11):288–91.
Bereket W, Hemalatha K, Getenet B, Wondwossen T, Solomon A, Zeynudin A, et al. Update on bacterial nosocomial infections. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2012;16(8):1039–44.
Mamo T, Abebe TW, Chichiabellu TY, Anjulo AA. Risk factors for surgical site infections in obstetrics: a retrospective study in an Ethiopian referral hospital. Patient Saf Surg. 2017;11(1):24.
Control CD. Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;58(1):67–8.
Dalhatu A, Olaogun A, Olayinka AT, Ahmed S, Timothy G, Yunusa U. Incidence of Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) among Patients Undergoing Major Surgery at General Hospital Funtua, Katsina State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science. 2014;3(3):16–21 www.iosrjournals.org.
Zelle BA, Stahel PF. Lessons learned for postoperative wound healing: respect the past and embrace the future. Patient Saf Surg. 2019;13(1):5.
Mukagendaneza MJ, Munyaneza E, Muhawenayo E, Nyirasebura D, Abahuje E, Nyirigira J, et al. Incidence, root causes, and outcomes of surgical site infections in a tertiary care hospital in Rwanda: a prospective observational cohort study. Patient Saf Surg. 2019;13(1):10.
Handaya AY, Werdana VAP. Adherence to preoperative hand hygiene and sterile gowning technique among consultant surgeons, surgical residents, and nurses: a pilot study at an academic medical center in Indonesia. Patient Saf Surg. 2019;13(1):11.
Gelaw KA, Aweke AM, Astawesegn FH, Demissie BW, Zeleke LB. Surgical site infection and its associated factors following cesarean section: a cross sectional study from a public hospital in Ethiopia. Patient Saf Surg. 2017;11(1):18.
Gaynes RP, Culver DH, Horan TC, Edwards JR, Richards C, Tolson JS, et al. Surgical site infection (SSI) rates in the United States, 1992–1998: the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System basic SSI risk index. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(Supplement 2):S69–77.
Mawalla B, Mshana SE, Chalya PL, Imirzalioglu C, Mahalu W. Predictors of surgical site infections among patients undergoing major surgery at Bugando medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania. BMC Surg. 2011;11(1):21.
Fisha K, Azage M, Mulat G, Tamirat KS. The prevalence and root causes of surgical site infections in public versus private hospitals in Ethiopia: a retrospective observational cohort study. Patient Saf Surg. 2019;13(1):26.
Amenu D, Belachew T, Araya F. Surgical site infection rate and risk factors among obstetric cases of Jimma University specialized hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2011;21(2):91–100.
Amare B, Abdurrahman Z, Moges B, Ali J, Muluken L, Alemayehu M, et al. Postoperative surgical site bacterial infections and drug susceptibility patterns at Gondar University teaching hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. J Bacteriol Parasitol. 2011;2(8):126.
Mulu W, Kibru G, Beyene G, Damtie M. Postoperative nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacteria isolates among patients admitted at Felege Hiwot referral hospital, Bahirdar, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2012;22(1):7–18.
Bibi S, Channa GA, Siddiqui TR, Ahmed W. Frequency and risk factors of surgical site infections in general surgery ward of a tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Infect Control. 2011;7(3):1-5.
Adejumo AA, Nuhu M, Afolaranmi T. Incidence of and risk factors for abdominal surgical site infection in a Nigerian tertiary care centre. Int J Infect Control. 2015;11(4):12–1.
Kalmeijer MD, van Nieuwland-Bollen E, Bogaers-Hofman D, de Baere GA, Kluytmans JA. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: is a major risk factor for surgical-site infections in orthopedic surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21(5):319–23.
We would like to give our thanks to St. Paul's Hospital and Millennium Medical College for funding the research project and our heartfelt gratitude also extends to data collectors and respected study participants.
The entire funding to conduct this study was provided by St. Paul's Hospital and Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Department of Surgical Nursing, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Rahel Mezemir
& Tangut Demas
Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Awole Seid
Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Nursing, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Teshome Gishu
Department Microbiology, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Addisu Gize
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RM initiated the idea, carried out the study, and involved in drafting the manuscript. AS contributed to the statistical analysis and in preparing the manuscript. TG and TD contributed to the entry, analysis, critically revised the paper and provided the final version. AG edits starting from the proposal development up to the final manuscript writing and critically reviewed the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Addisu Gize.
In order to keep the ethical soundness of the research, an ethical approval letter was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of St. Paul's Hospital and Millennium Medical College. Verbal consent was also secured before data collection.
Mezemir, R., Seid, A., Gishu, T. et al. Prevalence and root causes of surgical site infections at an academic trauma and burn center in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Patient Saf Surg 14, 3 (2020) doi:10.1186/s13037-019-0229-x


(photo(c) Marcia T. Jones) Read an interview with Marcia and Debbie. Debbie and Marcia Thornton Jones enjoyed a long time writing partnership, beginning with writing the Bailey School Kids side by side in Lexington, Kentucky. They have continued to co-author many series together, writing long distance. Currently, Debbie and Marcia are not writing together, but are still good friends. Marcia lives in Lexington with her husband. Check out her website at www.marciatjones.com.


Learn more about the Arkansas fatmucket in the 2013 5-Year Review.
For questions regarding the Arkansas Fatmucket, please contact Chris Davidson at chris_davidson@fws.gov or 501-513-4481.
The Arkansas fatmucket is a medium size mussel that can reach over four inches in length. It has a smooth, shiny olive brown shell without rays. Female shells are rounded, while male shells are pointed. It feeds by filtering food particles from the water column, including detritus, diatoms and plankton.
The Arkansas fatmucket reproductive cycle is similar to other species of freshwater mussels. The female releases tiny parasitic glochidia (larvae) that latch onto the gills of specific host fish. They then drop off as juvenille mussels. The optimal host fish for Arkansas fatmucket are smallmouth and largemouth bass.
The Arkansas fatmucket occurs in the Ouachita, South Fork Ouachita, Saline (and its four forks; Alum, South, Middle, and North Forks), and Caddo Rivers in the Ouachita Mountain region of Arkansas. It prefers deep pools that possess sand, sand‐gravel, sand‐cobble, or sand‐rock with sufficient flow to periodically remove organic detritus, leaves, and other debris, and is often found adjacent to islands of water willow (Justicia Americana). It is not generally found in riffles nor does it occur in impoundments.
The Arkansas fatmucket has lost much of its habitat to impoundments, channelization, and dredging in many locations on the rivers it inhabits. Many of these rivers have also undergone increased sedimentation from farming and logging and lowered water flow from impoundments and water withdrawal. Water quality degredation by runoff from pesticides, fertilizers, mining, and other anthropogenic sources is responsible for the absence of the Arkansas fatmucket in much of its historic range.
The Arkansas fatmucket Recovery Plan was approved February 10, 1992. This recovery plan focused on protecting remaining Arkansas fatmucket habitat, researching Arkansas fatmucket life history and environmental interactions, and attempting to re-establish historic habitats. The final goal is to recover viable wild populations to a stable point.


text:
China has no claim on Tibet and East Turkestan, what to talk of Ladakh
by Jaibans Singh on 04 Jul 2020 4 Comments
The history of South Asia and China was dominated by the British broadly from the 17th century to the mid-20th century. Today, almost seven decades after the exit of the British, India and China remain unable to reconcile to their new destinies and move on. Border demarcation done by the British dominates the political spectrum. Over almost seven decades and even after fighting a full-fledged war, it has not seen settlement. To find a way forward, it is necessary to go briefly into the history that impacts the situation.
In 1834, Ladakh was conquered by Zorawar Singh, a general of the Jammu ruler Gulab Singh, who was under the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire. By 1840, he brought Gilgit Baltistan under Dogra control. After the first Anglo-Sikh War, the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, 1846, sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh and gave him the title of Maharaja. Thus was born the kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir. The royal Namgyal family of Ladakh was given Stok as Jagir, which it retains nominally to date.
Jammu and Kashmir remained a princely state all through British rule. The Dogras administered Ladakh as a wazarat (principality) with an independent Governor on three tehsils (districts) of Leh, Skardu and Kargil. Ladakh was given two seats in a Legislative Assembly called Praja Sabha that was established in 1934 by Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir in an attempt to usher democratic tenets into the monarchy.
At independence, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession on October 26, 1947, effective October 27, 1947, making Jammu and Kashmir an integral part of India. Hence, there is no doubt about Ladakh being part of India.
China has a diverse and interesting trajectory of evolution. In the 19th century (after 1932), the British had started getting seriously involved Chinese politics. The Opium Wars gave the British a fair degree of control over Chinese affairs. In 1912, the Qing dynasty declined in the face of challenges from abroad and internal revolts, and British hold strengthened.
Around that time, the demarcation line between Tibet and the North-East region of India was created and named the "McMahon Line." It was ratified in 1914 by the Simla Convention between British and Tibetan representatives.
With the decline of the monarchy, China embarked on a road to becoming a Republic. The transition was long and arduous, marked by a long struggle between the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party of China that came into existence in 1921. After debilitating civil wars, on October 1, 1949, mainly due to Soviet support, the communists gained control of mainland China and Mao Zedong became the founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Communist China moved swiftly to gain control over many neighbouring areas, of which East Turkestan, Tibet and South Mongolia are the most prominent.
Significantly, India has borders only with the occupied territories of East Turkestan and Tibet and not with mainland China. Also, the McMahon Line was not contested all through the period of political turmoil in China and Tibet, nor was it contested at the time when the British left India.
Two factors emerge from the foregoing. First, Ladakh was a part of India for about 87 years before the PRC came into existence. Second, the Government of China at the time when the British were leaving the sub-continent in 1947 did not object to the McMahon line.
India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, having accepted the suzerainty of China over Tibet refused to be party to negotiations based on a perceived boundary dispute between the two countries. He insisted that the boundary stood resolved along the McMahon Line. In this he had the complete support of the Indian Parliament.
China rejected and continues to reject the Simla Accord, contending that Tibet was not a sovereign state and therefore did not have the power to conclude treaties. Chinese maps show some 65,000 sq. km. of territory south of the line as part of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and calls it South Tibet.
China, however, had tacitly accepted the Line of Actual Control (LAC) as it exists between East Turkestan and India. In a letter to Nehru dated October 24, 1959, Zhou Enlai proposed that India and China withdraw their forces 20 kilometers from the LAC. Even after the Indo-China War of 1962, the Chinese unilaterally withdrew to the earlier demarcation of the LAC, except for Aksai Chin.
History is replete with instances of great empires breaking due to over extension through forcible subjugation. The latest example is the breakup of the USSR. Communist China has forcibly occupied Tibet, East Turkestan, South Mongolia and other territories. Voices are being raised against this forcible occupation and against incidents of gross human rights violation of the people of these areas by the repressive Chinese regime.
Being unable to control what it has, one wonders why China is nibbling at Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh where it has no jurisdiction or justification of claim whatsoever. For the sake of a few kilometers of territory that does not belong to it, Beijing is jeopardizing India's goodwill and billions worth of trade with the country. Even East Turkestan and Tibet can contribute more to the prosperity of mainland China if they are freed from the existing shackles.
India needs to rework its posture on its borders on the basis of historical facts. If at all, borders can be discussed only with Tibet and East Turkestan as and when they gain freedom. There is nothing to discuss with Beijing and the McMahon Line is the irrefutable border. An attempt by China to change the same should be termed as aggression against the sovereignty of India and dealt with accordingly. Diplomatic and military attempts need to be made to get back Indian territories under forcible occupation of China.
(Jaibans Singh is a geo-strategic analyst, writer and commentator)


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Easily reduced to 25 speaking roles, see "Casting" tab below for full instructions.
Check out the "Production Notes" in the "Script Sample" below for full details of "The Amazing Adventures of Superstan".
"Thanks Craig. You inspired boys to sing and get into acting. With teaching drama and organising productions people are nagging me to organise other productions that you have done. You have made my life a lot easier so well done. Merry Christmas and have a happy new year!"
"We just finished this amazing production and we smashed it, thank you. Craig Hawes you literally inspired BOYS to sing SOLOS and everyone to join in a brilliant script with mind blowing and hilarious jokes. Thanks for being a script writer and carry on with the fantastic work, well done."
"This is our 3rd Craig Hawes production and it has received rave reviews from the audience. The jokes are loved by children and adults alike. We can't recommend this production high enough!"
"This play is simply fantastic!! Our year 6 staff and children have loved every single minute of doing this. The songs are catchy and great fun!! And the jokes are fab!! Difficult to find a better script....thank you, Craig Hawes"
"This is yet another fantastic script by Craig Hawes and the music is also wonderful. This is the fifth play by Craig that our school has performed and I have to say I haven't found another writer who produces plays of such high calibre. The scripts entertain parents and children alike. We managed to bring the curtain down after 70 minutes, with some very slick scene changes. The audience were full of praise. Having a CD with the sound effects and backing tracks and also the 'Dance It' DVD are brilliant. Well done. Waiting for the next one."
"The Amazing Adventures of Superstan is an amazing play! Me and my classmates really enjoyed it. I got the part of Stanley Marvel and everyone in the audience laughed their heads of when I did my transformation into a Superhero. It was brilliant. When we finished, confetti canons went off and when the curtains closed we were filled with glee. "
"The Amazing Adventures Of Superstan is a really good play it really brings out your sense of humour, the sound effects I think are really good it is a really great way to end Year 6. The song are really jolly. Love it "
"this is amazing the whole play is so dramatic the songs are incredible and a fantastic show to our parents my best friend was superstan he was so SUPER! "
"I gave this show a 5 star rating because there isn't a 6. Wonderful. We all had tremendous fun and the audience loved it. "
"I loved it! All the vocals and happy singing really put a smile on our 5/6 pupils' faces. The Best Childrens Musical EVER!!!!"
"We thoroughly enjoyed the end production. It took time and effort to pull the comedy timing and sound effects together but the result was a first class comedy. There were parts for a wide range of abilities. Some roles were split and many could be played by either boys or girls. We also used some role reversal with gran played by a boy wearing a frock and wig; and Stanley himself was played by a girl to shake things up a bit. The jokes came thick and fast and were enjoyed by the older children and adults, whereas the infants, who watched enjoyed the slap stick battles, larger than life characters, and whizzy sound effects. It certainly got the thumbs up at our school"
"We've just finished this show and what a brilliant one to rehearse and perform. The crazy crumblies were hilarious and three Year 5 girls playing the evil scientists alongside a boy in Year 8 worked a treat. Loads of props to make but the backdrops were fabulous in creating different scenes. Interval recommended after scene 3 as it's a long show...but possibly our best yet!"
Antonia Robinson , Yateley Manor School, Yateley!
"I have to say this was an excellent production. Full of fun and puns and jokes, it really was a hit. In our production, Curly and Wurly were played by girls and they were both amazing - so nice that the major comedic roles went to girls this time. Really fabulous show, thank you so much! :)"
"It was really funny! As the audience watched, they couldn't stop laughing. Everyone enjoyed it and was talking about it way after the show!"
"Very funny script and songs."
"Our pupils LOVED the fun and exciting comic-book theme. Such a clever story and hysterically funny from start to end. Everyone had their moment to shine and performed with enthusiasm thanks to the hilarious script and catchy songs. The real Superhero has to be Craig Hawes for writing another epic show which our pupils and their parents will never forget!"
"Wow, what can I say? Simply the best children's musical I've produced. It's full of non-stop lively fun and action, every song is fantastic (the teachers were singing and dancing in the staffroom), the script is pure genius and had the children and adults in stitches. Our audience loved every moment, a standing ovation each night!"
"A Craig Hawes show is always a guaranteed hit at our school, but Superstan has to be his best yet! The superhero theme had every child hooked from the first read-through and they couldn't wait to rehearse! A brilliantly written script packed with hilarious jokes and slapstick and wonderfully catchy songs that children learn quickly and love to sing. The audience response was overwhelming, our parents were thrilled, so thanks for a "Super" show!"


Mr. Mark Collie is a great country western singer but all so has the biggest heart because of his personal involvement in helping all that have diabetes.
Mark was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes in 1977. Instead of feeling sorry for himself, he went out and created some new foundation that contributes to other established organization that involved diabetes. He founded the Mark Collie Foundation, which provides financial support for diabetes and diabetes research for the American Diabetic Association, The Vanderbilt Diabetes Center, and the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation. In 1994, he started the Mark Collie Celebrity.
The Mark Collie celebrity is putting country western singers into race cars to race for a cure. Because of their support in that the donation has been 2.5 million dollars for research for the cure of diabetes.
Great Job Mark and again you didn't feel sorry for yourself; you put your effort to help!
This is what I went our company to do is to help all diabetics in the world.
I hope we could get Mr. Mark Collie in wearing our therapeutic/comfort footwear when he is working, exercising and during his leisure time, our products will always develop a better health to his feet. If not so, I hope we can have the opportunity in helping everyone's diabetic footwear needs that are reading this blog.
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It's Zuni Cafe, where my husband, my best-friend, and I spent hours laughing on a sunny afternoon after missing our boat to Alcatraz. It's convincing out-of-town guests to wait in line at Swan Oyster Depot because the seafood is that good. It's hitting up a taqueria with my daughter on the way home from the airport after a summer abroad so we can savor the Mexican cuisine we'd craved. It's the fresh pasta and sauce from Lucca Ravioli where I shopped often to impress my Italian in-laws. It's The Grove, a place I had my first "date" with one of my now closest friends. San Francisco is hundreds more meals, places, and memories. If you ask any resident I'll bet he or she will have a different list of addresses and equally personal reasons for loving them.
While writing Unique Eats and Eateries of San Francisco, I discovered something else, too. It is a city full of enthusiastic, open-minded, and curious diners, and there is an endless supply of new spots to satisfy them. It's hard not to be hypnotized by a city that buzzes at this level of culinary velocity.
But what also crystallized was that San Francisco is a city full of gutsy and benevolent chefs and restaurateurs, revelatory food, classic dishes tied to local history, and iconic restaurants that seem to get better with age. Our city is truly a textured, three-dimensional, world-class dining destination with talented people pulling the strings.
A common theme emerged, too: the pursuit of "soulful endeavors," as Tawla's owner Azhar Hashem so elegantly stated. Azhar told me she'd left a successful career at Google to bring the food of her Jordanian childhood to her adopted city, our city.
Todd Masonis had a similar story. He sold his tech company and paved his future in chocolate, which became more than just a treat for him. Roland Passot launched his now Michelin-starred French restaurant with a little savings and a name–La Folie–sparked by his wife's comment that he must be a little crazy. Then there were the people behind Bi-Rite Market, Mission Pie, and Saint-Frank, who live by the ethos of supporting the communities, farmers and families, near and far, behind their products. My chest fills with pride thinking about all of them. Is it any wonder Tony Bennett left his heart here?
Literally thousands of restaurateurs, purveyors, food craftsmen, and food lovers populate this city, all committed to the pursuit of their own soulful endeavors. I wish I could tell you about all of them, because each surely has a tale worth recounting. I didn't write this as a "best of" book, but I think the locations I have included are run by some of the best people in the city, and anywhere. I like to think of Unique Eats & Eateries of San Francisco as an appetizer for what San Francisco dining is—passionate, fun, irreverent, compassionate, and uniquely ours.
May the book serve you a toothsome slice of this uncommonly edible city, and whet your appetite to make memories, find what you love, and fill up on it.