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Salomon (, Szlomoh, , Sulayman, Sulaiman, Süleyman, Solyman; ur. ok. 1000 p.n.e., zm. ok. 931 p.n.e.) – prorok biblijny oraz Koranu, król Izraela, syn i następca króla Dawida; tzw. wielki budowniczy, ze względu na wybudowanie wielkiej świątyni w Jerozolimie.

Swój dwór uczynił ośrodkiem kultury, głównie literatury. Według tradycji biblijnej słynął z mądrości. Na lata jego panowania przypada największa świetność monarchii hebrajskiej. Należy zauważyć, że niemal wszystko, co wiadomo o Salomonie, pochodzi z Biblii (głównie z Pierwszej Księgi Królewskiej 1-11 i Drugiej Księgi Kronik 1-9); inne źródła historyczne są nieliczne i niepewne.

Daty panowania
Daty panowania Salomona nie są pewne. Proponuje się lata 973–935 p.n.e. (V. di Giovanni, G. Pretto), 970–931 p.n.e. (V. Pavlovsky, E. Vogt, B. Andre-Salvini, J.E. Morby), 970–930 p.n.e. (E.R. Thiele, S.H. Horn), 969–926 p.n.e. (M. Bocian), 965–926 p.n.e. (G.E. Wright, F.V. Filson), 960–930 p.n.e. (P. Connoly).

Wywód rodowodowy

Dzieciństwo i młodość
Salomon był synem Dawida, króla Izraela, i Batszeby, wdowy po Uriaszu. Urodził się w Jerozolimie już po śmierci swojego starszego rodzonego brata. Otrzymał imię Jedidia (Jedyniasz), imię Salomon było najprawdopodobniej imieniem tronowym, które przybrał dopiero po objęciu rządów.

Objęcie tronu
 W ostatnich latach rządów Dawida spośród synów króla dwaj liczyli się w kwestii sukcesji. Byli to Adoniasz i Salomon; pierwszy miał poparcie dowódcy pospolitego ruszenia Joaba i arcykapłana Abiatara, drugiego zaś popierali: dowódca gwardii królewskiej Benajasz, kapłan Sadok, prorok Natan oraz bohaterowie Dawida. Dzięki staraniom swojej matki Batszeby Salomon został na polecenie Dawida namaszczony przy źródle Gichon na króla przez Sadoka i Natana.
 Po namaszczeniu na króla Salomon zapewnił swojego brata Adoniasza, że jeżeli będzie postępował wobec niego uczciwie, nie pozwoli go skrzywdzić. Na łożu śmierci Dawid zobowiązał Salomona do zabicia Joaba i Szimejego z Bachurim. Pierwszy miał zginąć za zabójstwo Abnera i Amasa, syna Jetera, drugi za to, że gwałtownie przeklinał Dawida.
 Krótko po objęciu rządów przez Salomona jego brat Adoniasz zwrócił się z prośbą o rękę Abiszag, należącej do haremu króla Dawida. W starożytności posiadanie żony króla dawało prawo do tronu, dlatego Salomon kazał zamordować brata. Kazał też – zgodnie z wolą ojca – zabić Joaba i Szimejego. Dodatkowo pozbawił Abiatara urzędu arcykapłana i przekazał go w ręce kapłana Sadoka.

Rządy wewnętrzne
 Zasłynął jako budowniczy. W ciągu siedmiu lat wybudował w Jerozolimie świątynię, zwaną później pierwszą świątynią jerozolimską. Trzynaście lat budował sobie pałac. Inne jego budowle to: Dom Lasu Libanu, pałac dla córki faraona, mury jerozolimskie, zabudowy w miejscowościach Chacor, Megiddo i Gezer, miasta-spichlerze Baalat i Tamar.
 Jako pierwszy z izraelskich władców korzystał z rydwanów.
 Jego wojsko składało się w znacznej części z nie-Izraelitów, np. Jebusytów, Hetytów (Chetytów) czy Amorytów.
 Doprowadził do przeniesienia Arki Przymierza do Pierwszej Świątyni.
 W pierwszych latach rządów pozostawał wierny kultowi Jahwe, później dopuścił do politeizmu – stawiając nawet posągi Kemoszowi (bóg moabicki) i Milkomowi (bóg ammonicki).
 Przeciwnikiem Salomona był Hadad, potomek królów Edomu i powinowaty faraona. W ostatnich latach rządów z przywódców opozycji wyróżniali się Rezon (inaczej Resin), syn Eliady, oraz Jeroboam, późniejszy pierwszy władca Królestwa Północnego.

Polityka zagraniczna

 W pierwszych latach rządów zawarł sojusz z faraonem egipskim, żeniąc się z jego córką. W posagu egipska żona Salomona wniosła mu miasto Gezer.
 Pozostawał w przyjaźni z Hiramem, królem Tyru. Zapewnił on Salomonowi materiały do budowy świątyni w Jerozolimie.
 Stworzył izraelską flotę: zbudowano ją w Esjon-Geber (koło obecnego kurortu turystycznego Ejlat), w Zatoce Akaba, stanowiącej część Morza Czerwonego. Flota ta pływała w celach handlowych do tajemniczego Ofiru, położonego na wschodnim wybrzeżu Afryki, ewentualnie w Arabii lub w Indiach.
 Nawiązał kontakty z arabskim Królestwem Saby; jego władczyni złożyła nawet dyplomatyczną wizytę w Jerozolimie.

Mądrość Salomona

 Salomon według Biblii słynął ze swojej mądrości. Według 1 Księgi Królewskiej, podczas pobytu w Gibeonie Salomonowi w czasie snu ukazał się Bóg i rzekł: "Proś, co ci mam dać". Salomon poprosił o serce rozumne, aby mógł właściwie sądzić lud oraz rozróżniać między dobrem i złem. Ponieważ podobało się to Bogu, że Salomon prosił o taką rzecz, odrzekł: "Oto daję ci serce mądre i rozumne, że takiego jak ty jeszcze nie było przed tobą i takiego jak ty również po tobie nie będzie" (1 Krl 3. 5-12). "Bóg dał Salomonowi mądrość i rozsądek nadzwyczajny oraz rozum nieogarniony, jak piasek na brzegu morza. Toteż mądrość Salomona przewyższała wszystkich ludzi Wschodu i Egipcjan. (...) Wypowiedział bowiem trzy tysiące przysłów, a pieśni jego było tysiąc pięć" (1 Krl 5, 9-12).
 W Biblii opisana jest historia związana z wyrokowaniem króla: nierządnice miały po jednym niemowlęciu, jedno z nich umarło, każda twierdziła, że jej dziecko żyje. Salomon stwierdził, że należy dziecko rozciąć na dwie połowy, aby każda kobieta otrzymała po połowie. Wtedy przeciwko wyrokowi zaprotestowała prawdziwa matka, która wolała oddać je rywalce, niż pozwolić, by poniosło śmierć; Salomon poznał po tym, że to ona była matką dziecka i oddał jej niemowlę (1 Krl 3, 16-28); (zob. Salomonowy wyrok).

Żony i potomstwo Salomona
Posiadał, jak inni ówcześni władcy, liczny harem. Źródła biblijne podają, że miał 700 żon-księżniczek i 300 żon drugorzędnych. Wiadomo, że wśród jego żon były Moabitki, Ammonitki (jedną z nich – Naamę – znamy z imienia), Edomitki, Sydonitki i Hetytki (Chetytki). Już na początku rządów poślubił córkę faraona (prawdopodobnie Siamona albo jego następcy, Psusennesa II z XXI dynastii).

Imiennie znamy tylko jego syna i następcę Roboama oraz córki Tafat i Basmat. Sądząc po liczebności haremu, Salomon musiał mieć więcej dzieci, jednak w źródłach brak wzmianek na ich temat.

Salomon i demony
Biblia milczy całkowicie o jakichkolwiek związkach Salomona z demonami i rzekomej władzy, którą miał nad nimi posiadać.
Jako pierwszy wspomina o tym żydowski historyk Józef Flawiusz: "Tak wielka była roztropność i mądrość, której Bóg udzielił Salomonowi, że przewyższał on nią wszystkich ludzi dawnych, a nawet Egipcjanie, którzy ponoć górują nad wszystkimi ludźmi bystrością umysłu, nie tylko nie dorównywali Salomonowi, ale pozostawali daleko w tyle za roztropnością króla. [...] Bóg obdarzył go również znajomością sztuki stosowanej przeciwko demonom w celu wspomagania i leczenia ludzi. Układał więc Salomon zaklęcia przynosząc ulgę w chorobach i zostawił po sobie formuły egzorcyzmów, za pomocą których ludzie opętani przez demony mogą je wygnać tak, że nigdy nie wrócą" (Józef Flawiusz, Dawne Dzieje Izraela, Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rytm", Warszawa 1997 (8, 2, 5) s. 372).

Podobne opinie znajdziemy w Talmudzie, poza tym w Koranie mamy wzmiankę, że Prorok Sulejman (czyli właśnie biblijny Salomon) dostał jako dar od Allaha możliwość kontroli nad dżinnami, a one były mu posłuszne (Koran, 27:39).

Kabaliści przypisywali Salomonowi napisanie różnych ksiąg zawierających wiedzę tajemną. Najsłynniejszą z okultystycznych ksiąg, za autora której uważa się króla Salomona, jest Sztuka Goecji (nazwa ta pochodzi od greckiego goetia – wycie), czyli I księga Lemegetonu, nazywanego również Małym Kluczem Salomona. Do czasów współczesnych zachowały się co najmniej cztery wersje tego dzieła, lecz żadna z nich nie pochodzi z czasów dawniejszych aniżeli przełom XVI i XVII.

Dzieło to przedstawia szczegółową charakterystykę 72 demonów, które król Salomon miał niegdyś rzekomo mocą swych wielkich zaklęć zamknąć w mosiężnym naczyniu. Jak głosi legenda, od tamtej chwili duchy te zmuszone były służyć każdemu, kto poznał ich magiczne pieczęcie i w zakreślonym kręgu magicznym wypowiedział Salomonowe zaklęcia.

Salomon w literaturze i muzyce
W żydowskiej tradycji uchodzi za autora Księgi Koheleta, Pieśni nad pieśniami i Księgi Przysłów. W Koranie pod imieniem Sulajman jest prawzorem Mahometa. W arabskich legendach występuje jako jeden z czterech wielkich władców świata obok Nimroda, Nabuchodonozora i Aleksandra Wielkiego.

Utwory literackie z Salomonem w roli głównej:
 Starotestamentowe apokryfy:, Psalmy Salomona, Ody Salomona;
 Dialogues of Salomon and Saturn (X wiek) – staroangielskie podanie; partnerem Salomona w dyspucie jest chaldejski książę Saturn;
 Lob Salomons (poemat religijny powstały między 1100 a 1110 rokiem);
 Dialogus Salomonis et Marcolfi (ok. 1200 r.) – łaciński dialog prozą;
 Rozmowy, które miał król Salomon mądry z Marchołtem grubym a sprośnym autorstwa Jana z Koszyczek (1521)
 Dramat S. Bricka Sapientia Salomonis z 1547 roku.Testament Salomona

Utwory muzyczne z Salomonem:
 Oratorium G. Carissimiego Iudicium Salomonis (XVII wiek)
 Oratorium J.F. Haendla Salomon (HWV 67)
 Oratorium M.A. Charpentiera Iudicium Salomonis, H.422 (XVII w.)
 Melodramat J. Elsnera Sąd Salomona wystawiony w Warszawie w 1806 roku
 Utwór Muzyka podwórkowa z płyty Diox/The Returners – Logika Gry (2011)

Odniesienia do Salomona zawierają również Godzinki o Niepokalanym Poczęciu Najświętszej Maryi Panny.

Zobacz też
 Zjednoczone królestwo Izraela
 Zadok the Priest

Przypisy

Opracowania

Królowie starożytnego Izraela
Prorocy islamu w Koranie
Ludzie urodzeni w Jerozolimie
Ludzie upamiętnieni nazwami państw


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New chief rallies Welsh NFU
By Robert Davies, Wales correspondent
THE new president of the National Farmers Union Cymru-Wales says farmers face a tough but winnable, battle to stay in business.
Peredur Hughes was elected to the post on Friday (30 November) as the only candidate, following the retirement of Hugh Richards.
Mr Hughes, who runs 65 suckler cows 950 breeding ewes at Fferm Uchaf near Valley in Anglesey, will officially take over the post in February.
Farmers must use their assets better, co-operate with other producers and processors to add value to their products, he said.
"Farmers have been through a terrible time and still have a mountain to climb," he added.
Mr Hughes said he was "very reluctant" to accept that many will go out of business, but said farmers must consider better ways of utilising land.
"We cannot compete on price with countries like New Zealand and South America, but we certainly can on food quality, safety, and animal welfare."
He added: "We have to get British farms back into profit. Unless we co-operate we will be picked off one by one."
Farming families need to exploit agri-environment payments, tourism and even income from wind turbines, Mr Hughes said.
Further Anglesey protests likely, FWi, 30 March 2001
Welsh NFU attacks meat firm, FWi, 5 January 2001
Welsh ban MoD from their land, FWi, 7 August 2000

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Holidays for Monday, June 28th, 2021
June 28th, 2021 is Insurance Awareness Day
which is Observed annually on June 28th
June 28th, 2021 is International Body Piercing Day
June 28th, 2021 is INTERNATIONAL CAPS LOCK DAY
which is Observed annually on October 22nd and annually on June 28th
EVERYONE IS TO PUT THE CAPS LOCK ON BEFORE TYPING ON INTERNATIONAL CAPS LOCK DAY, A DAY THOUGHT UP …
June 28th, 2021 is National Tapioca Day
June 28th, 2021 is Paul Bunyan Day
June 28th, 2021 is Please Take My Children to Work Day
which is Observed the last Monday in June
First celebrated in 2003, Please Take My Children to Work Day was created for part-time and full-ti…
June 28th, 2021 is Tau Day
In 2001, Bob Palais published π Is Wrong, where he said pi (π) should not be used for the circle co…
Multi-day Events Continuing on Monday, June 28th, 2021
June 28th, 2021 is Eye Safety Awareness Week which is Observed for 7 days starting the last Sunday in June
June 28th, 2021 is Helen Keller Deaf-Blind Awareness Week which is Observed for 7 days starting the last Sunday in June
June 28th, 2021 is National Tennis Week which is Observed for 7 days starting the fourth Sunday in June
June 28th, 2021 is Honor America Days which is Observed annually for 21 days starting on June 14th
June 28th, 2021 is Adopt-A-Cat Month® which is Observed the month of June
June 28th, 2021 is African-American Music Appreciation Month which is Observed the month of June
June 28th, 2021 is Cataract Awareness Month which is Observed the month of June
June 28th, 2021 is Children's Awareness Month which is Observed the month of June
June 28th, 2021 is Fight the Filthy Fly Month which is Observed the month of June
June 28th, 2021 is Great Outdoors Month® which is Observed the month of June
June 28th, 2021 is International Men's Month which is Observed the month of June
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June 28th, 2021 is National Homeownership Month which is Observed the month of June
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June 28th, 2021 is National Scleroderma Awareness Month which is Observed the month of June
June 28th, 2021 is National Zoo and Aquarium Month which is Observed the month of June
June 28th, 2021 is Turkey Lovers' Month® which is Observed the month of June
June 28th, 2021 is Vision Research Month which is Observed the month of June
June 28th, 2021 is Fireworks Eye Safety Month which is Observed annually for 34 days starting on June 1st


text:
SUSAN FRIEND Daily PressDaily Press
PERSISTENCE PAYS OFF. The new Miss Virginia - 21- year-old Crystal Dawn Lewis - won her first pageant as a high school sophomore, when she was crowned Miss Denbigh High. NN's Janie Willis, who ran the high school pageant, remembers Lewis well. "I put her in her first preliminary," Willis said Monday. She said Lewis won Miss Williamsburg in '96, and then made it into the top 10 at that year's state pageant. She was first-runner up the following year, when she was Miss Portsmouth Seawall Festival. The new Miss Virginia, who was crowned in Roanoke Saturday night, once appeared on TV's "America's Funniest Home Videos" after she was taped falling from a stage into the orchestra pit. Besides a $15,000 scholarship and the use of a car and apartment for a year, Lewis will represent Virginia in the Miss America pageant Sept. 18 in Atlantic City, N.J.
ARMY RESCUES NAVY. A Tidewater area Navy SEALs softball team - a nationally ranked one, at that - had big trouble this spring finding a sponsor. After repeated tries at getting a Navy sponsor, the team contacted the Army Transportation Corp's credit union at Fort Eustis. The credit union - 1st Advantage - quickly said yes. "It was a no-brainer," Paul Lucas, VP for marketing and business development, said Monday. "As an ex-teacher, coach, collegiate athlete, I thought it was a good thing to do, something more companies should do. And from a PR standpoint, it was a natural." The team is made up of SEALs personnel from the various bases in Hampton Roads. The team's name? It was "Strictly Business." Now, it's "shouldirefinance.com," which - not coincidentally - also is a 1st Advantage Web site. The credit union signed on a couple months ago. Now the team has a record of 30-6 and a fourth seed in the military lineup of teams qualifying for the World Series Men's Softball Championship to be held in Orlando this fall. "These guys are really good," says Lucas, who says he would have OK'd the sponsorship for a lesser team, but he wouldn't be nearly as happy talking about it. By the way, the "refinanced" boys are one of 13 softball teams 1st Advantage sponsors, in addition to dozens of other adult and children's athletic, arts and educational programs.
TRY AGAIN. Nobody said this regionalism stuff is easy. More than a year ago, the Metropolitan Planning Organization - a group of regional leaders - asked to change the name of the Virginia Department of Transportation district that covers this part of the state from the Suffolk District to the Hampton Roads District. A symbolic gesture, but an effort to build some brand recognition. VDOT forwarded the request through the proper channels so that the General Assembly could make the change. The lawmakers never got around to it in the '99 session, but the regional group is undaunted - it has endorsed the name change again in hopes of getting it on next year's plate in Richmond.
POLITICAL POTPOURRI. State Sen. Tommy Norment has been elected chairman of the Virginia Electric Utility Restructuring Legislative Transition Task Force. It's the body that is overseeing the deregulation of electrical service in the state. ... The Virginia School Boards Association will present its award of excellence to NN Del. Phil Hamilton at the Governor's Conference on Education next month. The award will also go to state Sen. Jane Woods of Fairfax. ... Independent Hampton House of Delegates candidate Rudy Langford has named Novelle Dickenson as his campaign manager. Dickenson is chairman of the HU sociology department and was campaign manager for Vice Mayor Mamie Locke's run for City Council. ... NN Vice Mayor Chuck Allen recently received a distinguished public service award from the Hampton Roads Chapter of the Conference of Minority Public Administrators. Previous recipients of the award include Rep. Bobby Scott, Del. Flora Crittenden, NN Fire Chief Larry Orie and former NN Mayor Jessie Rattley.
- Have a tip? Radar wants to hear it. Call 247-7863 or send e-mail to sfriend@dailypress.com
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To commemorate the 2013 centennial of its premiere, Stephen Malinowski and Jay Bacal collaborated on a graphical score of Igor Stravinsky's landmark composition The Rite of Spring.
Jay Bacal performed the music using virtual instrument software by VSL.
Stephen Malinowski created the animation using his Music Animation Machine (MAM) software.
Huffington Post "Brings the piece to life"
Oregon Music News "Simply mind-blowing"
Minnesota Public Radio (Classical Notes) "A magnificent way to see the order in what sounds like chaos"
Anastasia Tsioulcas, NPR: Deceptive Cadence "A mind-blowing visualization"
Judith Mackrell, The Guardian (UK) "An almost celestial clarity ... more about transcendence than terror"
Edward Tufte, Twitter "My favorite #dataviz of 2013"
J. Bryan Lowder, Slate.com "Gorgeous graphical representations"
AJ Vicens, Mother Jones "Prepare to be mesmerized ..."
Greg Sandow, Arts Journal "Truly amazing ... the piece comes to life before your eyes ... score reading for people who don't read scores, though in many ways it's better ... reading the score gives you musical information; Malinowski gives the impact of the music ... sheer magic"
Stephen Smoliar, Examiner (San Francisco) "It has the capacity to bring the listener closer to the inner workings of Stravinsky's approach ... providing the listener with a better-informed ear"
Clive Paget, Limelight Magazine "A genuinely illuminating musical visualisation ... a fantastic educational device for young people"
John Terauds, Musical Toronto "A great viewing as well as listening experience"
John Bailey, The American Society of Cinematogrphers "A hypnotic insight to the score ... caveat: clicking on this video may pull you inside the music and keep you there to the end"
Bruce Reader, The Classical Reviewer "[Of] a number of interesting celebrations, none [is] more entertaining than a new animation by Stephen Malinowski"
James Waygood, Grumpy Gay Critic "Malinowski's theory of eyes leading ears is bang on the money"
Janos Gereben, San Francisco Classical Voice "Not your old color organ"
Trevor Harris, KBIA Radio "A whole new Rite of Spring ... a visual buffet"
Ann Drinan, Polyphonic.org "It's hard to describe in words but fascinating to watch ... just go look at it!"
Robert Everett-Green, The Globe and Mail "Visualizes the insistent, unresolving strata"
Colin Marshall, Open Culture "Imagine how it would have blown those early-twentieth-century Parisian minds to see this at the debut"
Janet Palmer Mullaney, The Daily Glean "Astonishing ... a stunning achievement that truly brings a new dimension to the piece"
Rikky Rooksby, rikkyrooksby.com "A terrific educative tool ... this visual presentation could be followed by anyone ... whether or not you know the Rite you should take a look"
Heidi Upton, MERLOT (Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching) "The colorful and geometric details of animation are catalysts for more granular understanding of musical material"
Ned Gulley, Rambles at Starchamber "This animation by Stephen Malinowski can give you a heightened sense of the wild and rich tapestry Stravinsky assembled"
Diego Fischerman, Fischerman's Tales "Permite, a quienes no leen una partitura, tener, literalmente, una visión de la obra"
Monica Riese, The Austin Chronicle "Emphasizes [the beauty of the piece] and, in turn, becomes something beautiful all its own"
Wayne, Wayne and Wax (blog) "Quite an amazing piece of work ... I love tracking music this way"
Larry F, Telecaster Guitar Forum "I wouldn't say that it is particularly artistic, nor of any research value. But it still is interesting, and helps me shift my focus from part to part really well"
Ricardo Sosa, Facultades mentales "La visualizacion de la obra realizada por Stephan Malinowski es excelente, logrando que se puedan apreciar todos los instrumentos, alturas, intensidades, melodias y armonia."
Anonymous blogger, Tangle's Blog "An incredible visual interpretation ... you'll never hear it the same again after you see this"
Joe Barron, Liberated Dissonance "Beats the hell out of Fantasia"
Marina Galperina, I am Turbo "Now, you can see it"
Nicholas, Installing (Social) Order "A pretty fascinating case of infrastructural development"
Dana Huyge, Dana Huyge's blog "Too cool to pass up"
Gerry (blogger), That's How the Light Gets In "Best of all"
James L. Smith, Classical Tyro "Among the best I have seen ... riveting and thrilling ... music should be seen as well as heard"
Geege Schuman, Pandawhale "Gorgeous graphical representation"
Brian Anderson and Ben Richmond, Motherboard "New and stunning"
Ralph Bonheim, Firedoglake "Astounding animation"
Gord Sellar, gordsellar.com "Nothing short of amazing"
Anonymous blogger, No Tritones for You "I mean wow"
Michael Johnson, Facts & Arts "Extraordinary"
@MusicMagazine, BBC Music Magazine "Inspirational"
Anonymous blog comment, circuitfry "I sat through the entire 15 minutes and didn't move ... I don't think I've ever done that with music before"
Lisa Turetsky, Stephen's ex-wife "This is the first of your videos that held my interest all the way through"
The animation of Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring can be synchronized with a live performance.
The Rite of Spring was performed on November 23, 2013 at the Morelia Festival in Michoacan, Mexico (excerpt showing live synchronization).
If your orchestra would like to present music with synchronized animation, please contact Etienne Abelin.


Sorry for going MIA from the blog for quite a while. The household has been very busy (as has been everyone else) with Chinese New year preparations and me trying to keep up with the children! :p It's been fun — our new servant from Cambodia arrived about 2 weeks ago and she's settling in well. Her English is pretty rudimentary, so it's like teaching another child in the household how to speak the language. I think she's doing admirably well.
I took a short break from making soap but it looks like it's time to restock again. My DreamTime bars are almost all gone now! Thank you to all who placed orders over the Chinese New Year and Valentine's period, and a very warm hello to new customers who made their first purchases from us recently.
Ah, here's the thing that I'd like to announce — The Kinder Soap Company's 100% Money Back Guarantee. I'm so confident that my soaps will benefit your skin in some way or other, that I'm willing to offer a full refund on any purchase that you are not satisfied with, for whatever reason (except for them turning up a little worse for wear after going through the postal service, sorry :p). You needn't send the soap back to me. Just write in to me at michelle(at)kindersoaps(dot)com and I'll make arrangements for a refund right away (including shipping costs, if applicable).
Now how's that for quality assurance and peace of mind? And as an internet shopper, would you feel more at ease with this kind of guarantee being offered to you? I'd love to hear your thoughts on this.


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Kheneg ou El Kheng est une commune de la wilaya de Laghouat en Algérie.

Géographie

Histoire

Administration et politique
Le maire de la commune est le président de l'Assemblée populaire communale (APC).

Notes et références

Commune dans la wilaya de Laghouat

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home Texas Court of Appeals Court Interpreted the Phrase "In Equal Shares Per Stirpes" in a Trust Document
Court Interpreted the Phrase "In Equal Shares Per Stirpes" in a Trust Document
By David Fowler Johnson on February 24, 2018
In Archer v. Moody, the litigants in the declaratory judgment action were remainder beneficiaries of a trust created in 1934 and owned a 15,000-acre ranch near Junction, Texas. No. 14-15-00945-CV, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 11642 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] December 14, 2018, no pet. history). The legal dispute focused on how to calculate the fractional shares of the trust estate allocable to the remainder beneficiaries when the trust terminated in 2014. The issue was whether the grandchildren should be treated equally (1/8 share each) or whether they should take an interest in their parent's share (some individual shares increase from 1/8 to 1/6 and others decrease from 1/8 to 1/12). The court described the trust's language as follows:
Under Article III, W.L. Moody, III's grandchildren are remainder beneficiaries entitled to share in the trust estate at the trust's termination upon Bill Moody's death. Article III distributes the trust estate upon termination as follows: ". . . [T]he Trustee shall, upon the termination of the Trust, distribute the Trust Estate in equal shares per stirpes to the then living grandchildren of William Lewis Moody, III, and the surviving issue of his deceased grandchildren."
Id. The court's task was to determine the meaning of the phrase "in equal shares per stirpes" in Article III. The court concluded: "Article III's operative phrase 'in equal shares per stirpes' requires an initial division of the trust estate in thirds among W.L. Moody, III's three children; W.L. Moody, III's grandchildren share equally in the 1/3 share of the sibling from whom they are descended." Id. The court explained:
"Per stirpes" is defined as "[p]roportionately divided between beneficiaries according to their deceased ancestor's share." The grandchildren are descendants of W.L. Moody, III's three children: Edna Moody, Virginia Moody, and Bill Moody. By instructing that the trust estate be disbursed to W.L. Moody, III's grandchildren "in equal shares per stirpes," Article III contemplates a distribution to the grandchildren dependent on their deceased ancestor's share. The deceased ancestors here are Edna Moody, Virginia Moody, and Bill Moody. Second, the Edna and Virginia Moody Appellants' interpretation of Article III's operative phrase comports with an examination of the trust instrument as a whole.…
Third, cases and secondary sources analyzing similar dispositive language provide additional support for the interpretation of Article III advanced by the Edna and Virginia Moody Appellants…. The Restatement (Second) of Property also supports the Article III interpretation advanced by the Edna and Virginia Moody Appellants. It concludes that a "per stirpes" class distribution requires a distribution by ancestor: "If a gift is made to the 'grandchildren' of a designated person 'per stirpes,' the described class members stem from different children of the designated person. In such case, the words 'per stirpes' suggest an initial division of the subject matter of the gift into shares, one share for the children of each child of the designated person, thereby overcoming the per capita division otherwise called for by the rules of this section." Restatement (Second) of Prop.: Donative Transfers § 28.1 cmt. i. (1988) (emphasis added).
Id. The court concluded: "Accordingly, the trust estate initially is divided into three shares for each of W.L. Moody, III's children, and the grandchildren share equally in the 1/3 interest of the sibling from whom they are descended." Id.
Tags: per capita, per stirpes, trust construction


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Q: How to cache the static map returned by google maps using PhoneGap? I studied many forums, some of them saying that I am not allowed and some of them saying I am. Well what I need to do is to cache on the mobile device the image returned by google maps. I am developing an application for iPhone using PhoneGap and jQuery mobile. Can you please tell me how to cache it on the phone's memory for offline use?

A: I am using the following HTLM5 code to encode it and then store it in the DB:
canvas.toDataURL("image/png");

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The new iPhone will not stop leaks appear everything from specifications to prototypes that allow us to see the appearance of the new phone, but on the renewal of the smart watch of the house little is known. Clearly, a new model is necessary to revitalize interest by wearable, and all indications are that this year will not happen.
Two years have passed since the Apple Watch became a real product, we analyze it by twice while we discovered that it would not become a breakthrough product as it was the iPhone, nor the Android Wear competition I would get a before and after with wearables.
If we pay attention to analyst Ming-Chi Kuo – KGI Securities – always close to Apple material appear, we can say that arrive a couple of models in this 2016. Everything it indicates that there would be a "Apple Watch 2" that would come with a conservative design, with no major changes. Grace would be inside, with powerful new capabilities for such a small device.
The first thing expected is that the clock count with integrated GPS, while a barometer. In the part of process is expected a new faster processor (16nm, TSMC). We should not rule out the possibility of a camera and a relationship with Facetime.
The most interesting thing would be to have a watch with data connectivity to do it completely independent of the phone. That looks like it will happen throughout 2017 when a version with LTE connectivity.
We have said that from the point of view of design will be little change, but the idea is introduced a thinner screen that also causes that there is more room for a larger battery, in turn necessary considering the additional circuitry is expected. We may be faced with a product more prepared to resist water.
The other version that comment would be less competitive upgrade the current model, with better processor, better designed to be tough, and possibly a price.
We expect a presentation for the new iPhone 7 almost within a month, is there might know something about these new watches, which hit the market with watchOS 3.0 operating system.


Fine finishes, perfect colors, hand-made displays: the new variants of the Senator Excellence Panorama Date appear in a slightly larger stainless steel case with a diameter of 42 millimeters. Self-winding manufacture caliber 36-03 with a power reserve of up to 100 hours dwells inside. A center seconds hand and a panorama date display complete the timepiece's contemporary design. All dial versions in blue, silver-gray and white are available either with an alligator skin strap or a stainless steel bracelet.


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Crew Database
Crew News
Camera Department
Fiona Graham on Cinematography
09 Jul 2020 : Nathan Griffin
Fiona Graham
With the IFTA Awards Viewing Season in full swing, we showcase Irish talent who are blazing a trail across our industry, working in front of and behind the camera.
Hosted in association with IFTA, this Q&A Series connects with Irish talent who represent a range of disciplines across our industry.
We find out what they look out for in the projects they take on, what their approach is to filmmaking and on-set collaboration; what inspires them; what current trends and techniques they like, and dislike in the industry.
We spoke to Cinematographer Fiona Graham, about her latest project Heyday – the Mic Christopher Story. Originally working in continuity for several years, Fiona has worked across a spectrum of roles within the industry, including script supervision (Mad Mary) Assistant camera (Maze) and focus pulling (Red Rock). As well as the acting editor and DoP on Heyday: The Mic Christopher Story, Fiona produced the documentary alongside Alan Leonard under their production company Single Cell Films
Heyday: The Mic Christopher Story is a heartfelt story that charts the life of singer-songwriter Mic Christopher, told through the eyes of those whose lives he touched including Oscar-winner Glen Hansard, Actor/writer Sharon Horgan, Mike Scott of The Waterboys, Bronagh Gallagher, Josh Ritter, Lisa Hannigan, Colm Mac Con Iomaire and many more.
What attracted you to the Heyday project?
"It was definitely the story that attracted me to the project. It's rare that you come across a story that's so inspiring, uplifting and sad at the same time. I didn't even think twice about it, I knew it was a project I wanted to work on and I couldn't be happier with how it turned out."
What was your approach to making this documentary, and where did you take inspiration from during the process?
"As with any project prep is key. You need to have a good battle plan or its just not going to work, you can always adapt and change the plan as needed but just shoot it as see is never a good approach, you need to know your end goal. I like to have my colour template, lighting style and shooting style locked in before any shoot that way if the plan needs to be changed you have a clear idea of the options open to you. During the shoot, I watched a lot of docs examining story structure and shooting styles, one that really stood out to me was 'Searching for Sugarman'."
What is your general style of working with directors and creating a visual strategy?
"I don't know if you could call it a style but there is a structure to working with other people, it's a process. When working with any director your sole job is to give them their vision on camera so the first thing to do is listen. Creating the visual template is the easy part discovering what someone else sees in their head is difficult. But once you have an idea and a few visual aids the rest is just tweaking till you get it right."
Tell me about your experience on set, and your favourite moment during production?
"The set was always very calm and upbeat. We had a small crew of three or four people for each interview and for the wrap arounds myself and the director Alan Leonard went out by ourselves with the drone or just one camera to capture the shots. Sometimes we would only do one or two shots in a day because the light we needed was so specific and we only had an hour to get the shot. It was a very relaxed shoot. After each day, I'd take the cards home to back up the footage and watch it back.
My favourite moments were sitting at my computer watching the footage back for the first time and seeing that something we tried worked or during the edit seeing that it was all coming together and it was going to be really special."
What do you think of the current state of cinematography in independent and mainstream cinema? Are there trends you're excited about or that you like/dislike?
"I think independent cinematographers have never had it better. Cameras and lighting equipment have never been more accessible and in the right hands even the smallest camera can produce beautiful images. Whether the work is there is a different story, I think Cinematographers are going to have to expand their job descriptions and take a bigger hand in generating their own work because there is a lot of Cinematographers out there and the competition is fierce."
"Things that get me excited at the moment are colour science and 3d LUT design. I like designing a look for a director, choosing the right colour space and being able to show them close to a finished product on the monitor as we shoot. I also love shooting with drones and gimbals, the technology is advancing so quickly and opening up a whole world of possibilities."
What filmmaker or cinematographer has influenced you the most?
"Well there's always the obvious ones, Robert Richardson has probably influenced me the most in terms of Cinematography but I only found out he had shot a lot of my favourite films retroactively. In terms of filmmaking seeing Jim Sheridan's films as a kid opened my eyes to the fact that you could make films in Ireland about Irish topics, Robert Rodriguez's book 'Rebel Without a Crew' which showed me you could do things by yourself and people like Eleanor Bowman showed me that it was possible for women to make careers in camera dept. I think she may have been the first woman I saw with a camera on her shoulder."
What other Irish cinematographers have you been most impressed by in recent times?
"In terms of Irish Cinematographers there are so many to choose from, I like Eleanor Bowman and Kate McCullough's work. Ciaran Tanham and Declan Emerson who both taught me a lot during my time on 'Red Rock', what they did with the time and budget they had was incredible. Cathal Watters, Suzie Lavelle, Eimear Ennis Graham, Piers McGrail all have been producing great work over the last few years. There's really too many to name."
Is there an Irish film over the last few years that you wish you had been a part of...?
"There's a lot of Irish productions I would have loved to have been part of but I get excited about new ideas and getting to shoot things in general. There's been a number of TV dramas shot here lately I would have loved to have been given the opportunity to shoot. Anything that's a period piece or in the historical of fantasy genre I really want to shoot."
We often are our own worst critics. What is your approach to self-criticism and inward reflection?
"Oh I question everything I shoot, I will nitpick it to death. I think this may be the first film I've shot that I was almost completely happy with. But you can't carry the negative aspect of it with you, you have to learn from it and mould that lesson into your future work. So while I do question my work I try to question it in a way that will benefit me in the future. If I didn't like something or if something didn't work: Why didn't it work; what could I have done in that situation to change it; and what can I do to prevent it being a problem on other shoots?"
What's the best piece of advice you've been given in your career, which you'd give to aspiring cinematographers?
"Listen more then you talk, communication is key in our industry and the project should always have a bigger ego then you.
And always have a spare change of clothes in your car."
How have you channelled your creativity during lockdown?
"Lockdown has definitely been tough trying not to talk to the furniture but I've tried to keep my mind busy working on a couple of pitches for different projects. I think I've around six ready to go and as always, I'm playing with cameras. I was able to do some drone shots around the city which was fun but hopefully things will get going again soon. We'll have to adapt but it'll get going again."
Click here to read more of our interview series.
Virgin and RTÉ release details of agreement to bring the Six Nations Rugby to Irish audience
Celene Craig appointed as new Chief Executive of Broadcasting Authority of Ireland
Love Yourself Today acquired by 101 Films International for Global Distribution
IFTA-winning Northern Irish short film Rough longlisted for BAFTA Short Film Award
Director Ciaran Donnelly discusses Amazon Prime's Wheel of Time ahead of season finale
"It's a wild, crazy, ridiculous movie that might be more conservative than reality"; Oscar winning writer/director Adam McKay discusses Don't Look Up
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Devshirme (, usually translated as "child levy" or "blood tax") was the Ottoman practice of forcibly recruiting soldiers and bureaucrats from among the children of their Balkan Christian subjects. Those coming from the Balkans came primarily from noble Balkan families and rayah classes. It is first mentioned in written records in 1438, but probably started earlier. It created a faction of soldiers and officials loyal to the Sultan.  It counterbalanced the Turkish nobility, who sometimes opposed the Sultan. The system produced a considerable number of grand viziers from the 1400s to the 1600s. This was the second most powerful position in the Ottoman Empire, after the sultan. Initially, the grand viziers were exclusively of Turk origin, but after there were troubles between Sultan Mehmed II and the Turkish grand vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger, who was the first grand vizier to be executed, there was a rise of slave administrators (devshirme). They were much easier for the sultans to control, compared to free administrators of Turkish aristocratic extraction. The devshirme also produced many Ottoman Empire's provincial governors, military commanders, and divans during the 1400s–1600s period. Sometimes, the devshirme recruits were castrated and became eunuchs. Although often destined to the harem, many eunuchs of devshirme origin went on to hold important positions in the military and the government, such as grand viziers Hadım Ali Pasha, Sinan Borovinić, and Hadım Hasan Pasha.

Ottoman soldiers would take European Christian males, aged 8 to 20, from Eastern, Southern and Southeastern Europe, and relocate them to Istanbul, where they would be trained. The fact that many were taken forcibly from their parents has been the subject of criticism. The devshirme was often resented by locals though some Christian families volunteered their sons, as service offered good career options, specifically Albanians and Bosnians according to William Gervase Clarence-Smith. Recruits sometimes used their positions to help their family. The boys were forced to convert to Islam. Muslims were not allowed into the system (with some exceptions), but some Muslim families smuggled their sons in anyway.

According to Speros Vyronis, "The Ottomans took advantage of the general Christian fear of losing their children and used offers of devshirme exemption in negotiations for surrender of Christian lands. Such exemptions were included in the surrender terms granted to Jannina, Galata, Morea, Chios, etc. Christians who engaged in specialized activities important to the Ottoman state were exempted from the blood tax on their children by way of recognition of the importance of their labors for the empire. Exemption from this tribute was considered a privilege and not a penalty."

Many scholars consider the practice of devishirme as violating Islamic law. David Nicolle writes that enslavement of Christian boys violates the dhimmi protections guaranteed in Islam, but Halil İnalcık argues that the devshirme were not slaves once converted to Islam.

The boys were given a formal education, and trained in science, warfare and bureaucratic administration, and became advisers to the sultan, elite infantry, generals in the army, admirals in the navy, and bureaucrats working on finance in the Ottoman Empire.  They were separated according to ability and could rise in rank based on merit.  The most talented, the ichoghlani (Turkish iç oğlanı) were trained for the highest positions in the empire.  Others joined the military, including the famed janissaries.

The practice began to die out as Ottoman soldiers preferred recruiting their own sons into the army, rather than sons from Christian families. In 1594, Muslims were officially allowed to take the positions held by the devishirme and the system of recruiting Christians effectively stopped by 1648. An attempt to re-institute it in 1703 was resisted by its Ottoman members, who coveted the military and civilian posts. Finally, in the early days of Ahmet III's reign, the practice of devshirme was abolished.

History
The devshirme (from the Turkish word meaning to collect) came up out of the  system of slavery that developed in the early centuries of the Ottoman Empire, and which reached this final development during the reign of Sultan Bayazit I. The  were mostly prisoners from war, hostages, or slaves that were purchased by the state. The Ottoman Empire, beginning with Murad I, felt a need to "counteract the power of (Turkic) nobles by developing Christian vassal soldiers and converted  as his personal troops, independent of the regular army." This elite force, which served the Ottoman Sultan directly, was called  (The Hearth of the Porte Servants). They were divided into two main groups: cavalry and infantry. The cavalry was commonly known as the  (The Cavalry of the Servants of the Porte) and the infantry as the  (transliterated in English as janissary), meaning "the New Corps".

At first, the soldiers serving in these corps were selected from the slaves captured during war. However, a new system commonly known as devshirme was soon adopted. In this system, children of the rural Christian populations of the Balkans were conscripted before adolescence and were brought up as Muslims. Upon reaching adolescence, these children were enrolled in one of the four imperial institutions: the palace, the scribes, the Muslim clergy, and the military. Those enrolled in the military would become either part of the Janissary corps (1363), or part of another corps. The most promising were sent to the palace school (), where they were destined for a career within the palace itself and could attain the highest office of state, Grand Vizier, the Sultan's powerful chief minister and military deputy. In the beginning of the Ottoman Empire, this office was held only by Turks. However, after there were problems between sultan Mehmed II and the Turkish Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger, who became the first grand vizier to be executed, there was a rise of slave administrators devshirme. They were much easier to control for the sultans, as compared to free administrators of Turkish noble origin. They were also less subject to influence from court factions. From the very beginning, the Turcoman were a danger that undermined the Sultan's creation of a strong state. Thus, the establishment of this class counterbalanced the Turkish nobility, who sometimes opposed the Sultan.

An early Greek source mentioning devshirme () is a speech by Archbishop Isidore of Thessalonica, made on 28 February 1395, titled: "On the abduction of children according to sultan's order and on the Future Judgment". The speech includes references to the violent Islamization of children and their hard training in the use of dogs and falcons.

A reference to devshirme is made in a poem composed  in Greek by Ioannes Axayiolis, who appeals to Emperor Charles V of Germany to liberate the Christians from the Turks. The text is found in the  of 1624. In another account, the Roman Catholic bishop of Chios in 1646 writes to the director of the Catholic Greek Gymnasion of Rome asking the latter to accept Paulos Omeros, a 12-year-old boy from Chios, to save him from the devshirme.

The recruitment of children took place every three to four years and at times even annually, according to the needs of the Sultan. The largest loss of children coincided with the peak of Ottoman expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries under the rule of Selim I and Suleiman the Magnificent.

The life of the devshirme
According to historian William Gervase Clarence-Smith, Christian children were taken by Ottoman officials, every four to seven years, their age ranging from 7 to 20. Those younger than 8 were called  (nursling) and  (child). One for every forty households was chosen, they had to be unmarried and once taken were ordered to cut all ties with their family.

Christian parents undeniably resented the forced recruitment of their children, as a result they would beg and often seek to buy their children out of the levy. The Balkan peasantry tried to evade the tribute collectors, with many attempting to substitute their  children in Bosnia. Many sources (including Paolo Giovio) mention different ways to avoid the devshirme such as: marrying the boys at the age of 12, mutilating them or have both father and son convert to Islam. Conversion to Islam was used in Bosnia and Herzegovina to escape the system. In Albania and Epirus the practice lead to a Christian revolt where the inhabitants killed the recruiting officials in the year 1565. In Naousa, after killing the recruiting officials the parents fled to the mountains but were later caught and executed in 1705.

The children would be victims of sexual molestation and pederasty by the Turks. This horrified the Christian parents to the point of mutilating their children to make them less attractive to Ottoman inspectors.

Any parent who refused to have their child taken as a slave was put to death, and children who attempted to resist being taken from their families as janissaries by fleeing would lead to the Turks arresting and then torturing their parents to death (Many children who attempted to flee on their own returned after hearing of their parents torture). Such was the case of an Athenian boy who returned from hiding to save his father's life but chose to die himself rather than abandon his faith and convert to Islam. A firman in 1601 gave strict orders to Ottoman officials to kill any parent that resisted:

Sources show that it was not rare for the older youth to attempt to preserve their faith and some recollection of their homeland and their families. For instance, Stephan Gerlach writes:

Greek scholar Janus Kaskaris visited Constantinople in 1491 and met many janissaries who not only remembered their former religion and their native land but also favored their former coreligionists. The renegade Hersek, the sultan's relative by marriage, told him that he regretted having left the religion of his fathers and that he prayed at night before the cross which he kept carefully concealed.

In his memoir, Konstantin Mihailović (1430–1501), a Serbian who was abducted in his youth and marched away by the Turks, saw nothing "prestigious" or "lucrative" about becoming a janissary. "We always thought about killing the Turks and running away by ourselves among the mountains," he writes, "but our youth did not permit us to do that." Once when he and a group of other boys broke free and escaped, "the whole region pursued us, and having caught and bound us, they beat us and tortured us and dragged us behind horses."

It is said that "Even those personally chosen by the Sultan found nothing admirable about their lot". After Ottoman Sultan Murad II took eight Christian youths into his service, they made a pact to assassinate him by night, saying "If we kill this Turkish dog, then all of Christendom will be freed [from Ottoman tyranny]; but if we are caught, then we will become martyrs before God with the others." When their plot was exposed, and Murad inquired what caused them to "dare attempt this," they responded, "None other than our great sorrow for our fathers and dear friends." He had the children slowly tortured over the course of a year before beheading them.

On the other hand, since the devshirme could reach powerful positions, some Muslim families tried to have the recruiters take their sons so that they could achieve professional advancement. There were cases of Albanian families offering their children voluntarily, as it offered them prospects not available to them in any other manner. Sometimes people of both religion, or family in great needs, attempted to bribe scouts to take their children.

In Epirus, a traditional folk song expressed this resentment by cursing the Sultan and admonishing against the kidnapping of boys:

The Tübingen manuscript written by Andre Argyros and John Tholoites and given to Martin Crusius in 1585 shows what the Christian parents thought of the Janissaries:

Stepehen Gerlach gives the case of a Greek Mother from Panormu (Ionia) in Anatolia who had two boys and begged God every day to take them away because she would soon be forced to give up one of them. The distress expressed here was motivated not only by religious considerations, but also by the low opinion the Byzantines held for Turks (whom they called barbarians).

In desperation the parents would appeal to the Pope and western powers for help. A petition of the Albanians of Himarë in the year 1581, addressed to the Pope reads: "Holiest father, if you could convince him and save us and the children of Greece, that are taken every day and are turned into Turks, if you could only do this, God may bless you. Amen".

The children were taken from their families and transported to Istanbul. Upon their arrival, they were forcibly converted to Islam, examined and made to serve the empire. The system produced infantry corps soldiers as well as civilian administrators and high-ranked military officials." Their village, district and province, parentage, date of birth, and physical appearance was recorded. Albertus Bobovius wrote in 1686 that diseases were common among the devshirme and that strict discipline was enforced. Although the influence of Turkic nobility continued in the Ottoman court until Mehmet II (see Çandarlı Halil), the Ottoman ruling class slowly came to be ruled exclusively by the devshirme, creating a separate social class. This class of rulers was chosen from the brightest of devshirme and handpicked to serve in the palace institution, known as the Enderûn. They had to accompany the Sultan on campaigns, but exceptional service would be rewarded by assignments outside the palace. Those chosen for the scribe institution, known as , were also granted prestigious positions. At the religious institution, İlmiye, all orthodox Muslim clergy of the Ottoman Empire were educated and sent to provinces or served in the capital.

The children were subjected to a draconian training system: "They make them drudge day and night, and they give them no bed to sleep on and very little food." They were allowed to "speak to each other only when it is urgently necessary" and were made to "pray together without fail at four prescribed times every day." As "for any little offense, they beat them cruelly with sticks, rarely hitting them less than a hundred times, and often as much as a thousand. After punishments the boys have to come to them and kiss their clothing and thank them for the cudgelings they have received. You can see, then, that moral degradation and humiliation are part of the training system," writes 16th century Italian diplomat Giovan Francesco Morosini (cardinal). They were "degraded to the level of animals" and showed a "dog-like devotion to the sultan", writes Vasiliki Papouli. Many possibly suffered from Stockholm Syndrome.

Tavernier noted in 1678 that the janissaries looked more like a religious order than a military corps. The members of the organization were not banned from marriage, as Tavernier further noted, but it was very uncommon for them. He went on to write that their numbers had increased to a hundred thousand but only due to a degeneration of regulations, with many of them in fact being "fake" janissaries, posing as such for tax exemptions and other social privileges. He noted that the actual number of janissaries was in fact much lower. Shaw writes that their number was 30,000 under Suleiman the Magnificent. By the 1650s, the number of janissaries had increased to 50,000, but by this time, the devshirme had largely been abandoned as a method of recruitment. Recruits were sometimes gained through voluntary accessions, as some parents were eager to have their children enroll in the janissary service that ensured them a successful career and comfort.

The BBC notes the following regarding the devshirme system: "Although members of the devshirme class were technically slaves, they were of great importance to the Sultan because they owed him their absolute loyalty and became vital to his power. This status enabled some of the 'slaves' to become both powerful and wealthy."

According to Cleveland, the devshirme system offered "limitless opportunities to the young men who became a part of it." Basilike Papoulia wrote that "the devishirme was the 'forcible removal', in the form of a tribute, of children of the Christian subjects from their ethnic, religious and cultural environment and their transportation into the Turkish-Islamic environment with the aim of employing them in the service of the Palace, the army, and the state, whereby they were on the one hand to serve the Sultan as slaves and freedmen and on the other to form the ruling class of the State." Accordingly, Papoulia agrees with Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb and Harold Bowen, authors of Islamic Society and the West, that the devshirme was a penalization imposed on the Balkan peoples since their ancestors had resisted the Ottoman invasion. Vladimir Minorsky states, "The most striking manifestation of this fact is the unprecedented system of devshirme, i.e. the periodic conscription of 'tribute boys', by which the children of Christians were wrung from their families, churches, and communities to be molded into Ottoman praetorians owing their allegiance to the Sultan and the official faith of Islam." This system as explained by Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha, founder of the Janissaries: "The conquered are slaves of the conquerors, to whom their goods, their women, and their children belong as lawful possession".

Status under Islamic law
According to scholars, the practice of devishirme was a clear violation of sharia or Islamic law.  David Nicolle writes that since the boys were "effectively enslaved" under the devshirme system, this was a violation of the  protections guaranteed under Islamic law to People of the Book. The practice of devshirme also involved forced conversions to Islam. This is disputed by Turkish historian Halil İnalcık, who argues that the devshirme were not slaves once converted to Islam.

Some scholars point out that the early Ottoman Empire did not care about the details of sharia and thus did not see any problems with devshirme. During this time, the Ottomans believed that the Qanun, the law enacted by the Sultan, superseded sharia even though the latter was treated with respect. The devshirme was just one example in which the Sultan's wishes superseded the sharia (another example is that Ottoman sultans set maximum interest rates even though sharia totally prohibits interest). James L. Gelvin explains that Ottoman jurists were able to get around that injunction with an extraordinarily-creative legal manoeuvre by arguing that although Islamic tradition forbade the enslavement of Christians, Balkan Christians were different because they had converted to Christianity after the advent of Islam. William Gervase Clarence-Smith points out that the reasoning is not accepted in the Hanafi school of law, which the Ottoman Empire claimed to have practiced.

Contemporary Ottoman chroniclers had mixed opinions on the practice. An Ottoman historian of the 1500s, Mustafa Âlî, admitted that devshirme violated sharia but was allowed only out of necessity. Others argued the Muslim conqueror had the right to one fifth of war booty and could thus take the Christian boys; however, Islamic law allows no such booty from communities that had submitted peacefully to conquest and certainly not from their descendants.

Ethnicity of the devshirme and exemptions
The devshirme were collected once every four or five years from rural provinces in Eastern Europe, Southeastern Europe and Anatolia. They were mainly collected from Christian subjects, with a few exceptions. However, some Muslim families managed to smuggle their sons in anyway. The devshirme levy was not applied to the major cities of the empire, and children of local craftsmen in rural towns were also exempt, as it was considered that conscripting them would harm the economy.

According to Bernard Lewis, the janissaries were mainly recruited from the Slavic and Albanian populations of the Balkans. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Encyclopaedia of Islam, in the early days of the empire, all Christians were enrolled indiscriminately. Later, those from Albania, Bosnia and Bulgaria were preferred. What is certain is that devshirme were primarily recruited from Christians living in the Balkans, particularly Serbs and Bosnians, as well as others from the Balkans region, such as Albanians and Greeks. Since Muslim Bosnians were the only Muslim ethnic group allowed to be recruited, an armed guard was required to lead the Bosnians on their way to Istanbul to avoid any Turkish boys from being smuggled into their ranks. The early Ottoman emphasis on recruiting Greeks, Albanians, Bulgarians and South Slavs was a direct consequence of being centred on territories, in northwestern Anatolia and the southern Balkans, where those ethnic groups were prevalent.

Jews were exempt from this service. Armenians are also believed to have been exempt from the levy by many scholars, although a 1997 publication that examined Armenian colophons from the 15th to the 17th centuries and foreign travelers of the time concluded that Armenians were not exempt. Boys who were orphans or were their family's only son were exempt.

Well-known examples of Ottomans who had been recruited as devshirme include Skanderbeg, Sinan Pasha and Sokollu Mehmed Pasha.

Unifying factor
The diversity of the devshirme also served as a unifying factor for the Ottoman Empire. Greeks, Armenians, Albanians, and other ethnicities would see that the Sultan was Turkish, but his viziers were Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek and other ethnicities. The ethnic diversity in high-level and powerful positions of the Ottoman Empire helped to unite the diverse groups under its jurisdiction. They also prevented a hereditary aristocracy from forming but held sway over the Sultan themselves and practically formed their own aristocracy.

Devshirme in the Ottoman Palace School

The primary objective of the Palace School was to train the ablest children for leadership positions, either as military leaders or as high administrators to serve the Devlet. Although there are many resemblances between Enderûn and other palace schools of the previous civilizations, such as those of the Abbasids, the Seljuks or the contemporary European palace schools, Enderûn was unique with respect to the background of the student body and its meritocratic system. In the strict draft phase, students were taken forcefully from the Christian population of the Empire and were converted to Islam. Jews and Gypsies were exempted from devshirme and so were all Muslims.

Those entrusted to find those children were scouts, who were specially-trained agents, throughout the Balkans. Scouts were recruiting youngsters according to their talent and ability with school subjects, in addition to their personality, character and physical perfection. The Enderûn candidates were not supposed to be orphans or the only child in their family to ensure that the candidates had strong family values. They also had to not have already learned to speak Turkish or a craft or trade. The ideal age of a recruit was between 10 and 20 years of age. Mehmed Refik Beg mentioned that a youth with a bodily defect, no matter how slight, was never admitted into palace service, since Turks believed that a strong soul and a good mind could be found only in a perfect body.

The selected children were dressed in red so that they could not easily escape on their way to Constantinople. The cost of the devshirme service and their clothes were paid by their villages or communities. The boys were gathered into cohorts of a hundred or more to walk to Constantinople, where they were circumcised and divided between the palace schools and the military training. Anyone not chosen for the palace spent years being toughened by hard labor on farms in Anatolia until they were old enough for the military.

The brightest youths who fit into the general guidelines and had a strong primary education were then given to selected Muslim families across Anatolia to complete the enculturation process. They would later attend schools across Anatolia to complete their training for six to seven years to qualify as ordinary military officers. They would get the highest salaries amongst the administrators of the empire and very well respected in public. M. Armağan, defined the system as a pyramid which was designed to select the elite of the elite, the ablest and most physically perfect. Only a very few would reach the Palace School.

Eunuchs
White eunuchs were sometimes recruited from among the devshirme. Unlike the black eunuchs, who were usually castrated in their place of origin, the devshirme were castrated at the palace. The palace eunuchs who supervised them often came from the same background as the devshirme (the Balkans). A considerable number of eunuchs of devshirme origin went on to hold important positions in the government and the military, and many of them became grand vizier, like Hadım Ali Pasha, Sinan Borovinić, Hadım Hasan Pasha, Hadim Mesih Pasha and Hadım Mehmed Pasha. Others, like Sofu Hadım Ali Pasha, Hadım Şehabeddin, Hadım Yakup Pasha of Bosnia, Hadım Ali Pasha of Buda, Hadım Suleiman Pasha and his namesake Hadım Suleiman Pasha, became prominent admirals and generals.

Decline
According to the historian Cemal Kafadar, one of the main reasons for the decline of the devshirme system was that the size of the janissary corps had to be expanded to compensate for the decline in the importance of the sipahi cavalry forces, which itself was a result of changes in early modern warfare such as the introduction of firearms and increased importance of infantry. Indeed, the janissary corps would soon become the empire's largest single military corps. As a result, by the late 16th century, the devshirme system had become increasingly abandoned for less rigid recruitment methods, which allowed Muslims to enter directly into the janissary corps.

In 1632, the janissaries attempted an unsuccessful coup against Murad IV, who then imposed a loyalty oath on them. In 1638 or 1648, the devshirme-based recruiting system of the janissary corps formally came to an end. In an order sent in multiple copies to authorities throughout the European provinces in 1666, a devshirme recruitment target of between 300 and 320 was set for an area covering the whole of the central and western Balkans. On the accession of sultan Suleiman II in 1687, only 130 janissary inductees were graduated to the janissary ranks. The system was finally abolished in the early part of Ahmet III's reign (1703–1730).

After Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, there was a reform movement in Sultan Selim III's regime to reduce the numbers of the askeri class, who were the first class citizens or military class (also called janissaries). Selim was taken prisoner and murdered by the janissaries. The successor to the sultan, Mahmud II, was patient but remembered the results of the uprising in 1807. In 1826, he created the basis of a new modern army, the Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye, which caused a revolt among the janissaries. The authorities kept the janissaries in their barracks and slaughtered thousands of them. That development entered the Ottoman history annals as the Auspicious Incident.

See also
 Ottoman slavery in Central and Eastern Europe
 Janissary
 Mamluk
 Ghilman
 Black Guard
 Kapıkulu

Annotations

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 "Devsirme" in "Encyclopaedia of the Orient"
 Website on the Ottoman empire – original German version; here its Janissary page  (to be further exploited)

Military of the Ottoman Empire
Slaves from the Ottoman Empire
Persecution of Christians in the Ottoman Empire
Persecution of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire before the 20th century
Ottoman culture
Society of the Ottoman Empire
Education in the Ottoman Empire
Military slavery


There have been several articles recently about how Congress is far more white and Christian than the country as a whole — mostly because those of us with a more secular viewpoint are less cohesive and less organized than the bible-thumpers. As long as we have the Electoral College, national elections are being driven by people whose fondest wish is to return to the 1950's.
Aside from the extreme ridiculousness of assuming that Trump stands for Bible Belt values, I'm wondering when and how the nostalgia for Mayberry is finally going to be so offensive to the rest of us that we organize to push back?


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text:
Introducing The Asylum Lords Of The B-Movie
By Total Film 2009-05-13T07:00:00.132Z Feature
A guide to the folks behind Mega Shark vs. Giant Octopus…
The interwebs are going crazy right now about a trailer for low budget monster movie Mega Shark vs. Giant Octopus - which you can watch here .
The production company behind the film, The Asylum, have developed a unique reputation for their shameless brand of B-Movie mayhem.
Amazon Prime Day deals: see all the best Australian offers at TechRadar!
In business since 1997, Asylum specialise in the so-called 'Mockbuster' (though they prefer the term 'tie-in').
And they're more than just a nichey 'net thing. In 2005, Blockbuster ordered 100,000 copies of their film H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds - released just before the big-budget Spielberg version hit screens.
Since then, Asylum have used their particular skill set to cash in on the mega-budget marketing of major studio releases such as King Kong ( King of The Lost World ), Pirates of the Caribbean ( Pirates of Treasure Island ), and Alien vs. Predator: Requiem ( AVH: Alien vs. Hunter )...
Join us for a look a some of Asylum's past output, the upcoming buzz machine Mega Shark vs. Giant Octopus , and a few films we hope they might make in the future...
Transmorphers (2007)
The Film: A race of alien robots have conquered Earth and forced humanity underground. After 400 years, a small group of humans develop a plan to defeat the mechanical invaders in the ultimate battle between man and machine.
Inspired by: Transformers (2007)
Actors we recognise: None.
Similarities: Alien robots come to earth. The title.
Differences: 400 years in the future. Lesbians.
Verdict: The film actually borrows it's plot from The Matrix , Blade Runner and Demolition Man , rather than Transformers . Budgetary problems are patched over by the distracting addition of some lesbians.
Apparently, the lower the budget, the more lesbians are required.
NEXT: The Da Vinci Treasure, Sunday School Musical
[page-break]
The Da Vinci Treasure (2006)
The Film: An anthropologist must unlock the code hidden in the works of Leonardo Da Vinci in order to find the greatest treasure ever - one that could change Christianity forever.
Inspired by: The Da Vinci Code (2006)
Actors we recognise: C. Thomas Howell (Pony Boy from The Outsiders ), Lance Henrikson (Bishop in Aliens )
Similarities: Hidden codes in Da Vinci's work. Treasure hunting.
Differences: Anthropologists. World-wide hunting. Murderous treasure hunters.
Verdict: The film plays out as a mix of Dan's Browns book and Indy knock-off National Treasure . Howell and Henrikson both have distractingly attractive side-kicks.
C. Thomas Howell also starred in Asylum's HG Wells' The War of The Worlds . Henrikson turned up in Pirates of Treasure Island .
Sunday School Musical (2008)
The Film: Two competing groups of high school students must rally together and enter a song and dance competition in order to save their local church from closing.
Inspired by: High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008)
Similarities: Kids. Musical.
Differences: Sunday School. Saving the church
Verdict: Asylum started a special division called Faith Films in order to cater for the religious market in the US.
So, sadly, this Faith Films flagship movie contains none of the comically overt sexual references of regular Asylum output. Shame.
NEXT: Death Racers, The Day The Earth Stopped
Death Racers (2008)
The Film: 2033. A terrorist threatens the US water supply. To stop him, the Governor of a prison state organises a race, giving the convicts a shot at freedom if they can foil the terrorist plot.
Inspired by: Death Race (2008)
Actors we recognise: Insane Clown Posse. Wrestler Raven from WWE.
Similarities: Prison. Car Race.
Differences: Terrorist plot. Cross country.
Verdict: The plot contains elements of Escape from New York and the original Death Race 2000 .
The Insane Clown Posse - one of the acts scapegoated after Columbine - play future versions of themselves imprisoned for inciting a school shooting. Tasteful.
The Day the Earth Stopped (2008)
The Film: 700 giant intergalactic robots appear in all of the world's major capitals with an ultimatum: Prove the value of human civilization or be destroyed.
Inspired by: The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008)
Actors we recognise: C. Thomas Howell, again, who also directs. Oh, and Judd Nelson ( The Breakfast Club )
Similarities: Alien Visitor. Ultimatum to change or die.
Differences: Hundreds of giant robots rather than one small alien man.
Verdict: This one plays out as a companion piece/loving homage/forehead-slappingly shameless rip-off to The Day The Earth Stood Still . Asylum were threatened with legal action by 20th Century Fox, but as yet no charges have been filed.
NEXT: Mega Shark vs. Giant Octopus
Mega Shark vs. Giant Octopus (2009)
The Film: A US Navy Submarine conducting manouvres off the California coast finds itself in the middle of a battle between two massive sea creatures; a prehistoric mega shark and a giant squid. They must race to survive and save the coast from destruction.
Inspired by: A departure for Asylum, as it doesn't tie in with any current Hollywood production. It's more of a generic giant-monster B-movie thing.
Actors we recognise: Lorenzo Lamas (TV's 'The Bold and The Beautiful') and Deborah Gibson ('80s pop star)
Verdict: It's the new Snakes On A Plane - masses of 'net buzz with a so-bad-it's-almost-good end product. Still, how can a movie that features both a giant shark and a giant octopus be anything less than awesome?
Asylum already have designs on this year's blockbusters, with Transmorphers: The Fall of Man and The Terminators both going straight to DVD this summer.
But what might they do with some of the biggest releases from the next few years?
NEXT: Asylum does Avatar?
In the future, a paraplegic human soldier is sent to fight on an alien world. Then, er... something about 9-ft blue aliens…
Asylum take: Avatar Warriors . A group of soldiers in a Veteran's Hospital learn of a plot by terrorists to take over the internet.
They plug into the 'net as idealised digital versions of themselves in order to fight back.
A mix of TRON , The Matrix and A Nightmare on Elm Street III: Dream Warriors
Based on the Greek myth, Perseus must quest to battle both Medusa and the Kraken monster in order to save the Princess Andromeda.
Asylum take: Clash of the Monsters (aka Medusa vs. Mega Shark vs. Giant Octopus ). Modern day re-telling of the classic Greek myth.
Perseus must battle Medusa, the Kraken (Giant Octopus) and a Mega Shark in order to save the Princess Andromeda.
Could also tie-in as a sequel to Mega Shark vs. Giant Octopus . Epic.
NEXT: A-Team, New Moon, The Expendables
A-Team (2010)
During the Iraq War, a crack team of commandos are imprisoned in a military stockade for a crime they didn't commit...
Asylum take: Team A . In a desolate and lawless future wasteland, a gang of old army comrades roam the landscape in an ice-cream truck, handing out justice and snow cones where necessary.
They decide to take down the shambolic military government and bring peace - and ice-cream - to all.
Lesbians will feature prominently.
C. Thomas Howell directs and, emboldened by RDJ in Tropic Thunder , reprises his blacked-up role in Soul Man as Mr T.
The Expendables (2010)
A rag-tag team of mercenaries head to South America to over throw a dangerous dictator.
Asylum Tie-in: The Expendable Mercenaries. C. Thomas Howell, Judd Nelson, Lance Henrikson, Lorenzo Lamas, Insane Clown Posse, WWE's Raven and several ex-pop star actresses are America's only hope when a brutal dictator takes power in California and threatens the rest of the US.
The team must go behind enemy lines and take down the Californian Dictator by first seducing/distracting him by sending in a crack, elite team of lesbians or something.
After the events of Twilight , Bella, Edward and the Cullens celebrate her 18th Birthday.
When Bella gets a paper cut, one of the Cullens tries to attack her. Fearing for her safety, Edward and his family leave town.
Heartbroken, Bella take solace in the company of Jacob and his friends. But Jacob also hides a secret - he and his friends are werewolves...
Asylum take: Moonlight. A bisexual teen moves to a small town. She hates it at first, but then meets a dazzlingly beautiful girl, who turns out to be a bisexual vampire, from a family of bisexual vampires.
The bisexualvampires take the teen in as one of their own, with sexy bisexual results.
But... little do they know, a pack of werewolves have picked the teen to hunt for sport, and they must prepare to battle against the wolf pack for her bisexual life..
Which Asylum movies would you like to see? Let us know in the comments.
Like This? Then try...
7 Recession-Friendly Reboots
7 Tacky Horrors That Deserved Oscars
7 Movie Working Titles We're Glad They Didn't Go With
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An Alberta man looks forward to reuniting with his son following a separation that lasted more than three years while authorities searched for the boy throughout Central America.
Chad, whose last name is being withheld in order to protect the identity of his four-year-old child, says the last time he saw his son was in January of 2014.
Chad's ex-wife, the boy's mother, sent him a text message indicating she had fled the country with their son and had no plans to return to Canada.
The father was awarded sole interim custody of the 11-month-old and arrest warrants were issued for the woman, whose name is protected under a publication ban, on charges of parental kidnapping.
The woman was tracked throughout Central America but remained on the run for more than three years. Last month, police received information she and her son were living in San Ignacio, Belize. Local authorities apprehended the suspect on charges related to improper immigration documents and she was returned to Canada.
The boy remains in Central America under the care of Belize Human Services. Chad has had an opportunity to speak with his son by phone and video calls.
Chad says his son appeared happy and healthy. Plans are underway to reunite the father and son in Canada, despite the boy's weather-related concerns.
The boy's mother has been charged with child abduction and remains in custody. Chad says he would consider allowing his ex-wife supervised visits with their son.
"Her being the only person he has really known for the past few years, it's not fair to him to just take that relationship away," explained Chad.
The boy's mother is scheduled to appear in Lethbridge Court on August 15.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized and tagged belize, Canada, Child Recovery, Parental Abduction. Bookmark the permalink.


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Rising energy costs and increased spending on server hardware could mean more power and cooling strains put on data centre facilities over the next four years, according to an analyst from Gartner.
Speaking at Gartner's IT Infrastructure Operations and Data Centre Summit in Sydney, UK research vice president Rakesh Kumar told delegates that data centre managers are predicted to spend 10 per cent more on server hardware over the next four years.
"We do have a power and cooling problem and it's going to get bigger because the amount of hardware and servers you are buying," he said.
According to Kumar, a mid-sized data centre of 10,000 square feet will generate energy costs of between 12 and 15 per cent.
He shared some tips to help reduce costs and improve energy efficiency.
"If you take a fully loaded Blade chassis environment from HP or Dell, it will consume about 25 kilowatts of power," he said.
"When you go out and procure new hardware, make sure you push your suppliers to give you data which says that a server from HP is more or less energy efficient than a server from Dell."
Data centre managers should also look at their power usage effectiveness (PUE). According to Kumar, a PUE of three means a badly run data centre while a PUE of 1.3 to 1.7 means an efficient facility.
Free air cooling, using air from outside the data centre, can also help to reduce cooling costs.
Kumar added that techniques such as virtualization will reduce the amount of physical servers needed and increase the amount of space in the data centre.
Energy savings of up to 50 per cent could be achieved by virtualizing the server and storage environment, he said.