Character » Bucky Barnes appears in 1817 issues.
Believed dead near the end of World War II only to have been found and brainwashed by the Soviets for the next 50 years, Captain America's former sidekick now continues to defend his country from the shadows against those who would threaten it as legendary spy and assassin, the Winter Soldier. He became the new Captain America to honor his friend Steve and he joined the Avengers. When Steve returned as Captain America, Bucky took on the identity of the Winter Soldier once again.
After losing his father at a young age during World War II, James Buchanan Barnes was adopted as the mascot for Camp Lehigh and nicknamed "Bucky". Because of his skills Bucky was sent to England on his sixteenth birthday, where he went through two months of combat training with the British S.A.S. and another month of special training back in the United States. To his superiors Bucky was the best natural fighter they had ever seen. It wasn't long before he was made Captain America's partner, who unlike Cap could get his hands dirty doing the little tricks that Cap wasn't allowed to do because of regular military methods.
The press then came up with a cover story: "Camp kid becomes Cap's sidekick," which made kids all over the country think it could happen to them too. He soon joined Cap as a member of the Invaders, fighting alongside such other heroes as Namor the Sub-Mariner, Jim Hammond the Human Torch and Thomas Raymond the Toro. As they were about the same age, Bucky and Toro would become close friends, along with the Human Top and Golden Girl, who dubbed themselves "The Kid Commandos". During this time he teamed up with other sidekicks to form the Young Allies and later the Liberty Legion to help the Invaders in their fight against the Red Skull. Bucky also teamed-up with a group of teenage superheroes called the Kid Commandos.
In the closing days of World War II, during a mission overseas to take down Baron Heinrich Zemo, Cap and Bucky hopped on a plane carrying a bomb and hoping to disarm it. Cap couldn't reach it but Bucky hung on. It was booby trapped and the bomb detonated. Bucky found himself too close to the explosion which sent him and Captain America falling into the waters below. While Captain America's body was frozen in a state of suspended animation for years, Bucky's body was never found... Or was it?
Joe Simon and Jack Kirby created Bucky Barnes as a sidekick for Captain America, named after a childhood friend of Joe Simon's. He first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 in March 1941.
Bucky has been through some drastic changes in his career.
Bucky was a major feature of the Golden Age of comics as Captain America's sidekick, although the decline in superhero comics in the late 1940's saw him replaced by Betsy Ross (Golden Girl) as Captain America's partner. A brief revival in the early 50's sadly fizzled and the character was left dormant after Captain America #78 in September 1954.
When Captain America returned in the pages of the Avengers #4, the first retcon was made to Bucky's history, revealing that he and Captain America met their fatal end at the close of World War II in an airplane explosion, and that subsequent appearances of the two were actually stand-in heroes posing as Cap and Bucky. However, despite Captain America returning as a mainstream Marvel hero, Bucky was left apparently permanently dead for many years to the extent that it was assumed he would never be revived (a la Spider-Man's Uncle Ben). Instead, Bucky appeared in flashbacks and in tales of his and Cap's World War II history together (for example in The Invaders series).
Ed Brubaker finally brought Bucky back to real life when he restored him in another retcon, this time showing how he had become the Winter Soldier. This path has since led to Bucky replacing Steve Rogers as Captain America in the Marvel Universe.
In April 1945, an experimental Soviet spy-submarine helmed by Comrade Karpov was crossing the English Channel when it intercepted a transmission claiming that Captain America and Bucky had been blown up. Not far from the area, the sub quickly charted the depths and discovered Bucky's tattered body, his left arm completely torn off. Apparently flash-frozen in the waters, the Soviets slowly increased his temperature to thaw out his tissues. After administering electricity, CPR and adrenaline directly into his heart, Bucky was brought back from the dead. While he had no memory of his previous life, Bucky demonstrated a remarkable ability: reflex memories. He knew how to fight, and how to speak four languages, but had no clue how he knew all this.
Fitting him with a cybernetic arm, the Soviets began work on the Winter Soldier Project. They began mental implantation to reprogram his mind and make him loyal to no one but the Soviets. With the codename Winter Soldier, the former Bucky was sent out on spy missions to blend in with his surroundings and assassinate various Cold War power-players. After acting oddly on a few missions, Bucky served as a body guard to the professor behind the Winter Soldier project for a few years before the Soviets decided to store the Winter Soldier away in a suspended state until needed again, keeping his mind from learning the truth.
Bucky's memory loss was so severe that even after killing a number of subjects including Red Skull and Nomad under the direction of Karpov's protégée, Aleksander Lukin, the Winter Soldier came face to face with Captain America and still did not remember his past at all.
Under orders from Lukin, Bucky is told to bring the newly obtained Cosmic Cube to a safe location. However, using A.I.M. technology Captain America and Falcon are able to track Bucky down and after a close battle, resulting in Captain America obtaining the all-powerful Cosmic Cube. Cap held the Cube and made one short statement to the Winter Soldier: "Remember who you are." As the memories flooded back to him, the Winter Soldier couldn't handle it and destroyed the Cube, vanishing with it. Although the rest believe Bucky to be dead as a result of the splash damage from the cube, Captain America believed that he was alive, referring to Bucky as a "fighter". This is indeed true, as Bucky is revealed to have been teleported by the cube to his old air base where he first met Steve Rogers. He soon found an ally in Nick Fury, another WWII legend who has also gone 'off the map'. Fury equipped Bucky with the Intel and equipment (including an improved cybernetic arm) needed to remain a key player behind the scenes of the Marvel Universe.
Confused, angry and still reeling from shock of Steve's death, Bucky looked for a way to strike back. After getting into a bar fight and being the only man left standing Bucky decides that the only way to strike back is to kill Tony Stark, blaming him for the death of Steve Rogers. He stole Cap's shield during a transfer between two S.H.I.E.L.D. holding areas. This leads him to a confrontation with Natasha Romanov aka Black Widow, who is revealed to also be an old flame of his. Bucky is able to defeat Natasha with ease, having trained her, and goes on to ambush the Red Skull, who is revealed to be alive and currently sharing a mind with Lukin. Bucky succeeds in infiltrating Lukin's office and defeating both Crossbones and Sin but before he can pull the trigger Lukin speaks the word "sputnik" (a word implanted in him to shut him down during his time as the Winter Soldier) which causes Bucky to be unconscious and only to be temporarily taken prisoner. Bucky is taken to be brainwashed by Dr. Faustus so he can be used by the Red Skull but Bucky manages to escape and attempts to rescue Sharon Carter who unknown to him is under Faustus control. Bucky is taken on-board a ship where Faustus attempts to escape from the coming S.H.I.E.L.D units and the Falcon who is in close pursuit. Gaining momentary sanity Sharon throws Bucky overboard knowing that the Falcon will save him and allowing him to be held by S.H.I.E.L.D custody.
Steve Rogers left instructions for Tony Stark in a letter written before his death to "save" Bucky and that the mantle of Captain America should go on. After the murder of Steve Rogers, the man who was Captain America, Cap's former partner during World War II, James "Bucky" Barnes, agreed to don the mantle. And even as he struggles with the sins he committed as the Winter Soldier - the Soviet mercenary he was brainwashed into becoming during the Cold War - the new Captain America finds his past as both Bucky and the Winter Soldier colliding with his present.
When the Winter Soldier (Bucky) was brought into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody, he managed to escape. His cybernetic arm had been removed and was being examined by S.H.I.E.L.D. scientists. They were surprised at how much of their own design was in place. Either the Russians had a mole in S.H.I.E.L.D. or the Winter Soldier was working for Nick Fury. The arm sent out an electrical shock to one scientist, rose up and knocked out the other two. It then crawled up the wall and into a ventilation shaft to seek out it's owner. When the Winter Soldier was free his only goal was to attack Iron Man.
The two fought to a standstill until Stark mentioned the letter from Steve. Bucky wasn't sure that Cap had meant for him to actually become Captain America. Tony said that there's no way Bucky would let anyone else fill those boots and asked if he wanted to be the one to let Steve down. Bucky said he'd do it under two conditions. The first was that his mind was completely probed to ensure there was no trace of brainwashing or fail safe code-words left over from when he was under control was the Winter Soldier. The second condition is that he doesn't have to answer to S.H.I.E.L.D. or to Stark, just as Steve didn't. Tony thought about it and agreed. Bucky donned his own new Captain America costume as he did not feel right wearing Steve's. On his first mission Bucky with Black Widow at his side fight an A.I.M radical group to which he easily defeats. He is later confronted while training with the shield by Clint Barton aka Hawkeye who does not approve of him being the new Captain America. Clint attempts to fight Bucky who merely blocks his attacks. Upon learning that they were basically thought the same moves Clint departs warning Bucky not to let the name of Captain America down. After the revealing of a jaded former Captain America Bucky goes to confront him despite being told by the Falcon not to. Bucky sneaks into a room to find information only to be taken by surprise by this Cap and is punched through a wall. The Captain America from the 1950s is able to defeat Bucky resulting in him getting thrown of a building but saved by the Falcon just in time. The two later knowing that the red skull will want to retrieve the 50s Cap use him as bait to gain the location of the Red Skulls base.
Since becoming Captain America, Bucky has stopped the Red Skull's plans and saved the Democratic and Republican presidential candidates, winning public applause. He also restarted his relationship with the Black Widow and joined the New Avengers, giving them a new hideout. James later participates in the search for Luke and Jessica's child, Danielle. When the New Avengers find out about Norman Osborn's "Avengers" James and the rest of the team try to think of a way to show that world that Osborn is still as evil as ever. They send in Spider-Woman to try and join Norman's Avengers into a trap, but Norman figures out this plan and sends The Hood and his gang to try and take the New Avengers down, the Avengers make their way out of the ambush and try to think of a new plan.
One night Bucky was up late talking to Black Widow about what he did as the Winter Soldier, Widow kept telling him that it wasn't his fault, he went out to think but ran into Batroc, they fought but Bucky was defeated. Later, he and Widow went to the U.N. to find some answers, but discover that the U.N. is covering something up. Bucky then goes to the black market to find answers, learning that the U.N. would be transporting something the next day. The next day Bucky ran into Batroc again trying to steal what ever the U.N. was transporting, they began to fight, then The Man With No Face jumped into the fight, Bucky defeated Batroc, but even with the help from Black Widow, The Man With No Face got away with what was left of the Original Human Torch.
James teams up with Namor and goes after The Man with No Face and Professor Chin (the man who created The Man with No Face), while Black Widow works on getting more info on this Professor Chin. Cap and Namor use Namor's old ship to sneak into Professor Chin's base and they split up but Namor is captured. James then changes into his old Winter Soldier uniform and makes his way through the base, Professor Chin begins to experiment on Namor while Black Widow makes her way to Namor's ship and sees that James is not wearing his Captain America uniform. James breaks into Chin's lab and orders Chin to let Namor go, but The Man with No Face attacks James. During the battle Chin injects Namor with some kind of chemical, but Namor is unaffected because of him Mutant-Human gene. Black Widow then joins in the fight and helps James beat The Man with No Face, as well as helps both James and Namor to escape. While on their way home, Namor mentions how good of a team James and Natalia make. Back home Namor, Norman Osborn, and others put the Human Torch to rest and James later comes to grave to pay his respects to an old friend.
On his birthday, Bucky was on patrol above the streets of New York City, when he was suddenly attacked by a group of rocket men. As he ran across the rooftops, dodging heat-seeking missiles in the process, he was able to get a picture of his attackers and sent it to Clint Barton, asking Barton to find out who these guys were and why they were trying to kill him. While this was happening Bucky started to remember other birthdays he's had over the years, the first of which involved him getting into a fight after getting drunk on his 16th birthday. Next was his 18th birthday when, during which Toro tried to get him a cake and accidentally gave away their position to the Nazis, whom the group had to fight off. In 1945, when he turned 20, Bucky spent his birthday helping Steve interrogate a German spy. During his time as Winter Soldier he didn't celebrate any birthdays. Clint Barton was able to find out that Bucky's attackers were members of a militia group called the Watchdogs, a team of so-called patriots who claimed to worship Captain America. As Bucky fought The Watchdogs, he saved a lady and her child from one of the rogue missiles. After taking down two of the men out with his shield, Bucky shot the third, after which he questions the man on why they are trying to kill him. The Watchdog responds by telling him that he he isn't the real Captain America. Bucky then tells the militiaman he knows, but that he is trying. When he returned home, Bucky was surprised by a birthday party that Black Widow and the New Avengers had made for him.
On the one year anniversary of Steve Rogers' death, Bucky, along with his fellow Avengers went together to the vigil in Steve's honor. As they attended the vigil, they noticed as Norman Osborn and his fake Avengers scanned the crowd, looking for the real Avengers. After the vigil, the Avengers are stopped by Sharon Carter, who says she has found a way to save Steve.
With the help of Nick Fury, Cap and Black Widow sneak aboard the H.A.M.M.E.R. Helicarrier, making their way through a group of H.A.M.M.E.R. agents, the two heroes make their way to the carriers storage area hoping to find the Red Skull's device he was using on Sharon a while back, but they are surprised to find that the device is not there and are then attacked by Osborn's Dark Avengers, Ares and Venom. After a short fight, Cap and Widow are captured and taken to Norman, who then reveals that he has outed Sharon as the second shooter in the death of Captain America. He then lets Widow go to give Sharon a message that if she doesn't turn herself in, he'll kill Bucky.
While being transported by Norman's Thunderbolts, Cap is freed by Ant-Man as Falcon comes to his rescue. After escaping, Cap, Widow, and Ronin (Clint Barton) take out one of H.A.M.M.E.R.'s mobile data-collectors as they try to find out where Sharon Carter - who turned herself in to Osborn - is being held.
Using Sharon Carter, the Red Skull is able to pull Steve Rogers - who had been placed in his own past by the Skull - back to the present, putting his own mind inside Steve's body. As the Skull heads to the White House, Cap and the rest of the Avengers chase the Skull down in the Avengers' Quinjet, but they are shot down and land in front of the Lincoln Memorial. As the Avengers fight off the Skull's forces, Cap goes after Red Skull, hoping that Steve is still in there somewhere. This hunch proves to be right as Steve is able to force Red Skull out of his mind, and together, Steve, Bucky, and the Avengers are finally able to defeat the Red Skull once and for all.
Days after Steve's return, Black Widow finds Bucky trying to design himself a new suit, stating that since Steve is back, he'll be wanting his shield, but Widow disagrees and believes Bucky is a great Captain America, and shouldn't have to give the shield up. She is finally able to convince Bucky to go out one more night as Captain America. As the two try to recapture the Hyde, who had escaped from Raft, Bucky sees Steve watching above and throws him his shield, allowing him to defeat Hyde. Steve then tries to give Bucky the shield back, stating that he's Captain America, not him.
After a talk, Steve tells Bucky that he's not sure if he can pick up his shield again, saying that being Captain America means something more to Bucky and that he should keep doing it and that if Bucky won't do it for himself, then to at least do it for him.
When the assembled heroes learn of Norman Osborn's Siege on Asgard, Bucky joined together with Steve Rogers and the rest of the New Avengers as they set off to end Norman's Dark Reign once and for all. Before they heroes left, Bucky told Steve that if he was going to be Captain America one last time and take his country back, he wasn't going to do it without the shield, giving the shield back to Steve for one last go.
Arriving in Asgard, Bucky worked together with the Avengers as they took on Norman's forces. The battle seemed to have been won when Iron Man joined the battle and shut Norman's armor down, but Bucky along with the others were caught off guard when the Sentry brought all of Asgard crashing to the ground. Bucky managed to survive Sentry's attack, easily defeating Crossfire and meeting back with Steve as they worked together to help a man whose family had been caught in the collapse of Asgard during Sentry's attack. After defeating Razorfist who was holding the man's young girls hostage, the two patriots continued their search for anyone else who needed Captain America's help.
Bucky and the other Avengers work together to fight the Void. After defeating him with the help of the Norn Stones, Steve gives Bucky the shield back, telling him that if he's learned anything during the battle, it's that the world only needs one Captain America, and that person is Bucky. Bucky and the New Avengers then leave and capture The Hood, Madame Masque, John King, and Count Nefaria. Bucky later joins the rest of the team at Avengers Tower to celebrate their victory and to usher in a new age of heroes.
After getting an upgrade for his bionic arm from Nick Fury, Bucky learns that the Captain America of the 1950s has sided with the terrorist group known as the Watchdogs. He and Falcon then head to Idaho to bring him in. Bucky manages to get inside the Watchdogs' training camp and spends a week training with them. Bucky and Falcon ambush a group of Watchdogs who were on a scouting mission, possibly looking for new recruits from a nearby army base. Bucky enters the camp as a new recruit in hopes of stopping 50s Cap's plan, but their own plan backfires and both he and Falcon are captured. 50s Cap then forces Bucky to dress up in an old "Bucky" uniform as they head to the Hoover Dam where 50s Cap plans to make a statement that will be heard around the world by blowing up the dam. Bucky is able to escape his restraints thanks to his bionic arm, and with the help of Falcon, who was able to escape his captors as well, the two heroes fight off the Watchdogs. Bucky tries to reason with 50s Cap as he is just about to set off the bomb that will destroy the dam, but in the end, Bucky is forced to shot 50s Cap, knocking him off of the dam to his "death". As it turns out 50s Cap survived and hasn't been seen since.
After being given Norman Osborn's position as Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. by the President of the United States, Steve Rogers decided to make the Avengers the world's new peace keeping organization instead of S.H.I.E.L.D. or H.A.M.M.E.R., assembling Captain America, Iron Man, Thor, Hawkeye, Spider-Woman, Wolverine, and Spider-Man as the newest incarnation of Earth's Mightiest Heroes under the command of Maria Hill.
After failing to stop the Wrecking Crew from making a heist, Falcon and Steve Rogers take Bucky out for some drinks after a game. They are concerned that Bucky is taking the whole deal with 50's Cap and that he's beating himself up over it, going so far as to even let super-villain's do it for him. Bucky is able to get Steve and Sam off his back after telling them that he's fine. Later that night as they three are leaving, Sam offers to drive Bucky home since he appears drunk, only to figure out that he isn't drunk, bur drugged, but isn't quick enough to stop Sam from being caught in an explosion that unknown to Bucky was caused by none other than the recently returned Baron Helmut Zemo. Bucky goes with Sam as he is rushed to the hospital, and then begins to beat himself up for what happened to Sam. While still feeling the effects of being drugged, Bucky is attacked by the Iron Hand who had been hired by Baron Zemo, Bucky defeats Iron Hand but is then attacked by Nazi soldiers whom Bucky easily defeats, but is shocked to find out that he wasn't fighting Nazi's but NYPD officers when he is finally stopped by Steve Rogers.
Steve takes Bucky back to Avengers Tower where they find some sort of nano-tech virus in his bloodstream, but this is fixed quickly. After learning that footage of Bucky fighting police officers was now public, Bucky and Black Widow go off to find out who it was that had drugged him in the first place, after tracking down where the bar tender who gave him the drink lived, they soon find out that she is the newest Beetle, who catches them both by surprise. Bucky finds a message from Baron Zemo in his bathroom he then goes to an army base. They fight and Baron Zemo wins and puts Bucky on a plane over to the English channel. Bucky then fights it out with Baron Zemo. He has the chance to kill Baron Zemo but he does not. Steve, Falcon and Black Widow go and get Bucky and bring him back to America so now The Trial of Captain America now awaits him back home.
Bucky's past has finally caught up with him. Baron Zemo exposed Mr. Barnes as the Winter Soldier and the media storm began raging. Steve Rogers, convinced that the entire trial will be nothing but a media circus, tells Bucky that he should run. Bucky, however, realizes that it's time for him to face the past. He can't run- he needs to follow through with this. Bucky officially turned himself over to federal authorities and is now awaiting trial. As Bucky's trial gets underway Black Widow and the Falcon capture Dr Faustus so he can defend Bucky. They next go on to find evidence that Bucky was completely under mind control but are captured by the Red Skull. Meanwhile at Bucky's trial a man attacks him with an AIM weapon. The man is brought down by Steve Rogers. The man gives Rogers a video with Sin, now the Red Skull, revealing that she will kill Black Widow and Falcon and blow up the Statue of Liberty if Bucky is not delivered to her.
Bucky wants to go but the judge would not let him so Steve set out to rescue them. During transport Dr Faustus helps Bucky escape for unknown reasons. Sin is next seen on the Statue of Liberty and has her men hack into broadcasting so she appears on TV. Just as she begins to talk Bucky attacks her in his Captain America suit. As the fight begins Sin gets away and Bucky starts to fight Master Man. Master Man manages to get the upper hand but Steve and Sharon arrive and save him. Bucky next makes his way up the statue of liberty. Sin begins to shoot him and Bucky blocks the bullets with his shield. The bullets explodes sending Bucky down the stairs and breaking some of his ribs. Sin make up to where the Black Widow and Falcon are being held and waits for Bucky. Bucky makes it to the room an uses his shield to free Widow and Falcon. Sin detonates charges, sending Bucky flying into a wall. Sin then kicks him in the head and escapes using a jet pack. Bucky tries to stop her but Sin uses a pistol to shoot him down. Falcon save him from the fall. Widow then reveal that Sin would only have detonate the charge if Bucky didn't come and that she was a symbolic victory. They all then realize that the blast took out one of the Statue of Liberty's eyes. Steve and Bucky argue about him coming to save Widow and Falcon. They head back to the court house. The judge declares Bucky to be innocent but Russian officials come to take Bucky back to Russia where he has been convicted of crime against the state.
While in the Gulag, Bucky starts finding old memories brought to life. As he dreams his memories start to shatter and run together. He is made to fight in an arena against super-powered opponents, such as Ursa Major and even Titanium Man. Bucky was brought to the Gulag as a plot by Colonel Andre Rostov (Red Barbarian) to extract information from his mind regarding the location and activation codes for three additional sleeper agents that were trained by Bucky and hidden within the United States. Once the codes were extracted, Bucky was forced to fight Unicorn in the arena. Bucky continually evades the blasts from Unicorn's third eye until he maneuvers in front of the methane tanks which are blown up destroying much of the Gulag. Bucky makes his escape of the burning prison to find that Black Widow was there with a helicopter ready to break him out. During Fear Itself , Bucky has returned to the States as Captain America to face Sin, the new Red Skull and now Skadi, in Washington. In the midst of the battle, Sin rips off Bucky's bionic arm and impales him with the shaft of her hammer killing him shortly before he warns Black Widow of the Serpent's arrival.
Nick Fury reveals to Steve Rogers that his sidekick and "brother" was not killed by Sin during the events of Fear Itself. As Black Widow and Fury have Bucky medevaced out of Washington, the medic tells Fury that Bucky is barely alive. Fury gives the go ahead for the doctor to use the last of the Infinity Formula in order to save Bucky. Steve is upset that he was left in the dark on this subject, but Fury explains to him that it had to be this way and no one can find out that Bucky is alive because of what transpired at Bucky's Trial and the Gulag. With Bucky presumed dead, he can continue his work in the shadows as the Winter Soldier!
Bucky narrates the story starting with his family and the good times. He speaks of his father and his kid sister and how life was on base. When his father dies he becomes the mascot for the base and soon is sent overseas for special training. He returns to find Captain America waiting on his new partner, Bucky Barnes! The narrative skips around to his days with The Invaders and his days as the Winter Soldier.
Bucky and Black Widow were looking for a sleeper agent stasis container at a Vegas casino and when they got there they realized the agent had been awakened. They have a briefing in the morning with Jasper Sitwell who tells them about a former KGB agent named Nico Stanovich, who went in hiding and is perhaps the handler of the awoken sleeper agent. Bucky and Natasha head to Minnesota where they meet another former KGB agent of the same squad named Mikel Bulgakov. They interrogate Bulgakov until he gives them the little info he knows about the sleepers' activation codes which he sold to some unknown buyers and the next sleeper. Bucky and Natasha go the warehouse location and dispatch the agents in there. They get assaulted by a genetically modified gorilla with a chain gun and after a brief battle, the gorilla flies off. They head back for another briefing and find the activated sleeper, while Nick Fury gives them some intel on an infiltration mission at an auction. Bucky starts a raid and him and Nat defeat the goons there and get more info on the buyer of the codes who also happened to buy a doombot. They narrow down the possible people who want to use these agents and bot to start a war between the U.S. and Latveria to Lucia Von Bardas. In order to get help and prevent a war, Bucky and Natasha infiltrate Dr. Doom's fortress who attacks them in confusion until Bucky tells him to stop and someone is trying to frame him with the Doombot.
Bucky and Dr. Doom face off against the Doombot and Arkady, a sleeper agent. Bucky ends up killing Arkady. Bucky, Doom and Natasha infiltrate Doom's hidden missile silo where Von Bardas is located. Bucky runs off and defeats Dimitri. Natasha tells Bucky about intel that Agent Sitwell had. The intel was about the person who sold the codes to the Zephyr Sleepers. That person was Colonel Andre Rostov (Red Barbarian) Ex-Soviot Agent. Bucky then tracks him down in the Bahamas and assassinates him by sniper shot.
Bucky investigates the final sleeper agent's stasis pod location and learns he has been broken out for some time. They learn his name is Leo Novokov. To locate the sleeper, Bucky decides to check the newspapers because controllers used secret classified ads to find the agents and find a handler was killed. Fred Davis, the one time Bucky stand in, was killed Leo causing Bucky and Natasha to investigate allowing Leo to find Bucky to begin his revenge. Novokov kidnaps Professor Rodchenko who was a former Red Room Russian scientist that specialized in brainwashing. Bucky and Natasha locate Novokov on a stolen bus and intercept it on a mountain highway. After a shoot out, Novokov flees the bus which is loaded down with explosives. Natasha follows Novokov while Bucky drives the bus off an overlook to explode harmlessly after he jumped out at the last moment. Novokov set the whole instance up to separate Natasha from Bucky where he kidnaps her.
Bucky and Agent Sitwell search for clues on where Leonid has taken Natasha while it is revealed that he has brainwashed her and set her up to be a ballerina. Bucky and Sitwell are able to locate her at a private performance for the First Lady of the United States and members of the press. After seeing to the evacuation of the crowd, Bucky engages the brainwashed Black Widow in an attempt to get her to be released from the brainwashing effects. Leonid opens fire upon them causing Bucky to leave his fight and attack Leo head on. After a brief fight, Leo points out that Natasha was about to kill Sitwell. Bucky stops Natasha from shooting and she remembers who she is, but Leo is able to escape. Bucky tracks down where the Professor is being kept captive while Natasha is taken back to the Helicarrier for a medical analysis. When Bucky finds the Professor, he is informed that there is more Leo's plan and that Natasha was still under Leo's control.
While on the Helicarrier, a second layer of programming kicks in for Natasha and she attacks Nick Fury, Sitwell, and the SHIELD agents on board. She is about to kill Fury when Sitwell steps in front of the gun and takes the fatal bullets. Natasha flees the Helicarrier on a flying motorcycle and vanishes without a trace. During interrogation with Professor Rodchenko, Bucky finds out that all memories of his relationship with Natasha has been removed from her memory. He is trying to cope with this information when Captain America arrives and lets him know that they are going to find her along with Hawkeye, Wolverine, and Maria Hill. Bucky and Hawkeye head research where Novokov is headed next. They find a spot where they get attacked by AIM agents and they make short work of them. Bucky and Clint enter a building where they find a hard drive with a message from Novokov saying if Bucky ever wants to see Natasha again, he will take the hard drive and have Professor Rodchenko install it in his head.
Bucky is attempted to be talked out of the mission but by Hill and Hawkeye, but he manages to escape them and breaks Rodchenko out of jail to install the mission. The installment is successful which reverts Barnes back to his original days as the Winter Soldier. Bucky turns on the professor and uses the memory machine on him to erase his mind. Bucky is trailed by Wolverine and Hawkeye and manages to escape by cheap shooting on Logan and utilizing the environment to his advantage. It is revealed the mission is for Bucky to target Daredevil whom is someone Natasha cares about. Bucky finds Daredevil and they fight him. Wolverine, Captain America and Hawkeye join in and they knock Barnes out and bring him back to S.H.I.E.L.D where they manage to piece his memory back together. The team then heads out to find Novokov and retrieve Black Widow.
Bucky and the team learn that Leo has planted a bomb somewhere and learn of three locations. They each scatter taking one location with James heading out on his own. He finds the bomb along with Leo and Natasha. Natasha discovers him and Bucky faces off against the two. He tries to avoid harming Natasha and focuses his assault on Leo and manages to beat him down. S.H.I.E.L.D sends Wolverine, Hawkeye, and Cap along with plenty of reinforcements to the bomb site where Leo attempts to hold Widow hostage. Hawkeye manages to separate them allowing Bucky to shoot Novokov. S.H.I.E.L.D manages to resuscitate Leo and they manage to connect all of Widow's memories back together up to current time except for one; the one about Bucky. S.H.I.E.L.D attempts to continue fixing Widow, but Bucky screams at them to stop messing with her head as she has suffered enough. Bucky looks in on Natasha's room saying at least only he has to suffer these feelings as he walks away heartbroken with the realization Leo had truly won.
During the events of Original Sin, Bucky is contacted by a mysterious voice after Uatu the Watcher is murdered. It is revealed that the original Nick Fury is dying due to the Infinity Serum having run out, and is seeking to find someone to replace him in his role as "The Man On the Wall", Earth's secret defense against cosmic and otherworldly threats. Bucky is chosen as a candidate alongside Black Panther, Emma Frost, Gamora, Ant-Man, the Punisher, Doctor Strange and Moon Knight, and ultimately becomes the new protector of Earth after Fury seemingly perishes.
He recruits Quake (who had been fired from S.H.I.E.L.D.) to act as his new partner, with the two stealthily eliminating potential threats to Earth before they even have a chance to strike.
Bucky is not like Steve, he did not take a Super Soldier Serum, though Bucky is classified as peak human.
Bucky Barnes also has a left Cybernetic Arm that has a significant amount of strength (capable of throwing a shield through guns and steel super computers), it is also capable of producing EMP's and electrical shocks. He has recently been injected with the Infinity Formula by Nick Fury, in order to save Bucky. Whether or not this has any effect on his physical abilities beyond great longevity remains to be seen.
In the recent Captain America Films, it is apparent that Arnim Zola's experiments, and the additional rigors of Hydra's manipulations have resulted in Bucky's physical attributes reaching meta-human levels. In "Captain America: The Winter Soldier", we see that his non-cybernetic strength is comparable to Captain America's, as we observe him kick a SHIELD operative 30 feet through the air (into a QuinJet Turbine). We can also assume that his agility and reflexes have also been similarly enhanced, since he continued to be a formidable challenge for Cap in hand to hand combat, while we see Cap easily defeat Batroc the Leaper, who is a highly trained fighter, with exceptional 'human' physical prowess levels. It can also be deduced that Bucky's running speed is slightly faster than Cap's since both he and the Black Panther out-ran Steve during the chase in Berlin, in "Captain America: Civil War."
As a young teenager, James was observed to have remarkable fighting prowess by fighting military men twice his size and age. Concerned, the U.S. Army decided to make use of James fighting ability and immediately sent him off to train with the British SAS. Upon returning, he continued his training under William Essart Fairbairn and Colonel Rex Applegate to become Bucky, the sidekick to Captain America (Steve Rogers).
As Bucky, he was further trained by Steve Rogers until his death and rebirth into the Russian assassin known as the Winter Soldier.
With no prior memory of his former self except for his fighting ability, the Winter Soldier continued to train under the Russians to harness his skill in martial arts and assassinations. Because of his skill, James became the basis for the Red Room program and trained dozens of other Russian assassins including the Black Widow.
Bucky has proven his fighting ability against creditable fighters such as Black Widow, Sin, Crossbones, Batroc the Leaper, Wolverine and more. Although he has doubted himself by comparing his physical ability to Steve's super soldier abilities (Approximately 3 times stronger and faster than himself), with his lack of super soldier formula and ability to go toe to toe against many of Steve's rogues and win proves that he is on a level close to Steve's fighting ability.
Bucky, like many others, looks up to Steve Rogers. He has a great deal of respect for Steve, but Bucky is also ashamed of what he has done as Winter Soldier. Bucky has shown signs of aggression whilst depressed and has also redeveloped a relationship with Black Widow. But he is also sarcastic and makes jokes like his light-hearted self.
As the Winter Soldier he has super strength and quick reaction time and the ability to produce EMPs, as well as jammers for metal detectors and x-ray machines, due to his cyborg left arm. Even when this arm is removed, Winter Soldier can mentally control it from a remote location. His time as a covert Soviet agent has further honed his skills giving him a combination of mix fighting styles for use in close combat. As the Winter Soldier, Barnes became an expert assassin and spy and performed many behind the scenes assassinations without getting caught making some of his kills look like accidents. Thanks to Nick Fury, Bucky's bionic arm is now covered in a flesh like material making it both look and feel like a real arm.
As the Winter Soldier, James's missing arm was replaced by a cybernetic enhancement. As his career progressed as Captain America, Nick Fury found it necessary to upgrade his arm to be fully synthetic in order to look and feel real.
When detached, can be controlled by James through mental implants.
Capable of punching through metal and throwing a shield fast enough to slice through human limbs, control panels and assault rifles.
Capable of emitting a electrical shocks.
Capable of emitting an EMP to shut down electrical hardware.
Capable of bypassing any airport sensor.
Holographic imaging to appear as a normal human arm. Looks and feels like a human arm.
As Captain America, James also carried the famous indestructible Vibranium-steel alloy shield and a modified handgun. The handgun closely resembles Nick Fury's modified handgun and has been commented by Mockingbird to fire greater impacting bullets than normal handguns. Ares has also been winded by being tricked and shot under the chin by Bucky. Bucky's gun has palm-print sensors so if anyone other than Bucky were to try and shoot the gun it would explode.
Security jamming built in. The suit continues to give off a pulse which continuously jams and loops all recording devices for a few seconds.
In the House of M reality, Bucky Barnes was an elite SHIELD soldier sent to Genosha by Bolivar Trask in order to murder Magneto. Bucky's squad was formed by Mimic and Nuke and although they managed to cause a great deal of damage and casualties among the mutant population (Barnes murdered Charles Xavier) they were ultimately defeated and killed by Magneto.
While searching for an alternate version of Frankie Raye during the early stages of The Abraxas Incident, the Fantastic Four and Namorita encountered The Law Enforcement Squad (Marvel's JSA), an alternate reality Avengers-esque team of superheroes that was led by an intelligent version of The Hulk. Bucky (who was simply known as "Buck" in that reality) was a member of this unusual gathering alongside Battlin' Jack Murdock, Captain Universe, Doctor Druid, Living Lightning, Namora, Red Raven, Robert Frank, The Rose and The Shroud. The two teams clashed with one another when The Fantastic Four found the alternate Frankie Raye at the mercy of The Law Enforcement Squad. After being hit Namorita was tossed to the floor and ended up being hit on by Buck. Namorita said "Aren't you dead?" and the alternate Buck responded, albeit confused, with a no. He was then quickly knocked out by Namorita who told Buck not to call her "Dollface" anymore. Later, when Captain Universe "died" at the hands of the alternate Frankie Raye, the two teams set aside their differences while Reed and Buck's ally Doctor Druid went to converse with Captain Universe in the realm that existed in-between all realities. He was last seen vanishing with the rest of The Law Enforcement Squad as their reality and Earth-616 split apart from one another.
In this alternate reality the Nazis found a plant that turned them in Zombies. The Nazi-Zombies took over the world. At some point Bucky was bitten by a zombie and turned into one himself. He then joined to Nazi-Zombies in taking over the world. At some point he joined other zombie superpowers and became part of the Invaders. The Invaders where the first superpower team that Dum Dum Dugan and his Ducky's Dozen fought when they came to Earth-12591.
The Ducky's Dozen escaped but when they tried to infiltrate the Nazi-Zombie Headquarters, Bucky was there. He tried to stop Miss America from launching Big Boy, a rocket powered bomb that could wipe out all Zombies. He fails when Miss America bites his hand and makes him lose his grip and fall to earth. It can be assumed he is blown up with the rest of the Nazi-Zombies.
In the Ultimate Marvel universe, Bucky was Steve's childhood friend and a young photographer during World War 2. Unlike his mainstream Marvel counterpart, this version of Bucky survived the war unscathed. After Steve was frozen and believed dead, Bucky eventually married Gail Richards, Steve's former fiancee.
In an alternate version of World War 2, Bucky's counterpart was Rebecca "Becky" Barnes, a tough and foulmouthed teenager from Brooklyn. Growing up in a rough neighborhood, Becky would often protect weaker children from bullies, despite her small size. One day, during a fight with four men outside an army recruitment center, Becky was spotted and recruited Peggy Carter, this reality's Captain America. Donning a costume and mask, Becky went on to fight alongside Captain America against Nazi Germany and other menaces. When the Exiles visited this Earth, Becky quickly began flirting with Valkyrie, whom she affectionately nicknamed "Muscles."
In the Old Man Logan universe, Bucky remained as Captain America, and was one of the numerous heroes who was thought to have perished during the great purge conducted by Earth's united supervillain community. He was defeated by the Red Skull in Washington, D.C., and was seemingly killed when the Skull crushed his eyes. However, it was later revealed that the Skull had spared Bucky's life in order to humiliate him further, and transformed him back into the Winter Soldier after giving him new, bionic eyes. The Winter Soldier served as the Skull's brainwashed assassin in the ensuing decades, before finally being fatally wounded by Bullseye after being sent to kill him. Bucky was finally able to regain control of his mind during his dying moments, and thanked Bullseye for putting him out of his misery.
Bucky appeared in the Captain America portion of the 1960's Marvel Superheroes Show. More recently, he featured in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes animated series. In the episode "Meet Captain America" voiced by Scott Melville. He is shown to be Cap's trusted sidekick working with him to stop the Red Skull from unleashing Asgardian creatures upon the Allied Forces. He is apparently killed in an rocket explosion after saving Cap from Red Skull. Bucky's death greatly affects Cap during the series, causing him to relive flashbacks with Bucky in the episode "Living Legend". However, Bucky returns in the episode "Hail, Hydra!" surviving through the intervention of Captain America's contact with a Cosmic Cube. He returns as the Winter Soldier (voiced by Jon Curry) in the episodes "Nightmare In Red" and "Red Alert", where he is seen as part of Code Red, a team of government operatives. He is later revealed to be Bucky in the episode "Winter Soldier", where he reluctantly helps Captain America fight the Sleepers. He returns in the series finale, where he is one of the many heroes who helps fight Galactus and his Heralds.
Bucky is next featured as the Winter Soldier in the Avengers Assemble animated series. In the episode "Ghosts of the Past", he infiltrates Avengers Tower and kidnaps the Red Skull. His origin is briefly recounted, with it stated that he was thought dead in World War 2, only for the Red Skull to transform him into a brainwashed assassin. He now seeks to have his revenge by killing the Red Skull, which brings him into conflict with the Avengers, who need the information the Skull has on Thanos and the Infinity Stones. He is forced to flee after his plan is thwarted.
Winter Soldier (voiced by Crispin Freeman) appears as a boss character in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance.
Winter Soldier appears alongside the Falcon as DLC in Lego Marvel Super Heroes.
Bucky and the Winter Soldier both appear in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online.
Winter Soldier appears in the Facebook game Marvel Avengers Alliance.
Winter Soldier is a playable character in Marvel Heroes 2015.
Winter Soldier is a playable fighter in Marvel Contest of Champions.
Winter Soldier appears as a sidekick character in Disney Infinity 2.0.
Bucky appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel's The Avengers as Winter Soldier and as Captain America. He is also a playable character in the Captain America: Civil War DLC pack.
Winter Soldier is a playable character in the mobile app game Marvel Future Fight.
Winter Soldier was a recruitable character in the Avenger Academy mobile app game.
Winter Soldier appears as a playable character in the Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite fighting game as part of the first DLC character pack. When he and Captain America are partnered together on a team, the two can perform a special tag-team super move.
Bucky appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 as the Winter Soldier. He was voiced by Scott Porter.
In the animated feature film Ultimate Avengers, Bucky Barnes was an army photographer and the adult sidekick of Captain America during World War II. When Steve is presumed dead, killed trying to deactivate a prototype Nazi a-bomb in mid-flight, Buck marries Steve's fiance, Gail. Buck and Steve are reunited in the 2000s after Steve was revived from being frozen in the Arctic after the bomb exploded. He was voiced by James Arnold Taylor.
In Captain America: The First Avenger, Bucky is portrayed by Sebastian Stan. Like his Ultimate counterpart, Bucky is a young adult and Steve's childhood friend. He enlists in the army during World War 2, leaving Steve behind and serving as one of the reasons his friend volunteers for the Super-Soldier experiment.
After his unit is captured by the Red Skull's forces in Europe, Bucky is tortured and experimented on by Arnim Zola before being rescued by Steve, now the superhero Captain America. He joins Cap as a member of the Howling Commandos and fights in many battles, but seemingly falls to his death during a mission to capture Zola.
Sebastian Stan reprises his role in the 2014 film Captain America: The Winter Soldier. It is revealed that thanks to the experiments done by Zola, Bucky's body was revived and brainwashed by HYDRA, who have used him as an assassin in the ensuing decades. His mangled left arm was also replaced with an advanced cybernetic prosthetic. He was given the codename "Winter Soldier" by his superiors.
The Winter Soldier is removed from stasis after Captain America's return is made public during the events of The Avengers, and is forced to battle Steve and his new allies, Falcon and Black Widow. At the close of the film, Bucky seemingly regains control of himself and sets off to regain his lost memories.
The Winter Soldier is alluded to in The Avengers: Age of Ultron, though he doesn't appear directly. Near the start of the film, Falcon mentions that he is still searching for Bucky while Steve helps the Avengers take down the remaining HYDRA cells. It's implied that the search isn't going particularly well, as Sam states that many of the leads have gone cold.
Sebastian Stan reprises his role in a cameo in Ant-Man, though he only appears in the film's post-credits scene. He is seen with his metal arm trapped in some sort of vise, while Captain America and Falcon discuss how proceed from here on out. When it's mentioned that Iron Man isn't likely to assist them, Falcon suggests that Scott Lang may be able to help them somehow.
Sebastian Stan reprises his role in Captain America: Civil War. The movie sees Bucky going on the run after he is framed for a deadly terrorist attack, with both Iron Man and Black Panther pursuing him. He informs Steve that in addition to himself, Hydra created five other Winter Soldiers, each more powerful than him. Helmut Zemo discovers the location where the others are being held in cryogenic stasis, and Bucky informs Steve that they have to stop him before he can use the other Winter Soldiers to cause untold damage across the globe.
During the climax of the movie, it is revealed that Zemo has already killed the other Winter Soldiers, and actually wants to expose the fact that Bucky is responsible for the murders of Howard and Maria Stark. Iron Man goes berserk after this, and tries to kill Bucky to avenge his parents. Iron Man destroys Bucky's cybernetic arm in the ensuing battle, and nearly kills him before being stopped by Steve. At the close of the movie, Bucky willingly undergoes cryogenic freezing in Wakanda, reasoning that he's too dangerous to be allowed out in the world until the Hydra programming can be removed from his brain.
Bucky appears in the post-credits scene for Black Panther, with Sebastian Stan once again reprising his role. He is shown recuperating in a small Wakandan village after having been successfully deprogrammed by Shuri, with the local children now calling him "White Wolf" as a nickname.
Sebastian Stan returns as Bucky once again in Avengers: Infinity War, which takes place shortly after the events of Avengers: Infinity War. When Captain America contacts Black Panther to let him know that the Black Order has come to Earth in order to steal the Mind Stone from the Vision, T'Challa gifts Bucky with a new vibranium arm to replace the HYDRA-made prosthetic that Tony destroyed. Now sporting a new costume inspired by his original WW2 look, Bucky reunites with Steve and the other Avengers when the heroes try to defend Wakanda from the Outrider army. At the end of the film, Bucky is one of the many characters who is killed when Thanos completes the Infinity Gauntlet and uses it to wipe out half of the sentient life in the universe.
Diamond Select released a figure of Bucky as Captain America for the Marvel Select line.
Hasbro released a figure of Bucky as the Winter Soldier for Marvel Universe line.
Hasbro has released six Bucky figures in their Marvel Legends. One was Bucky during World War II which was part of Brood Queen Build-a-Figure wave. Another one was a comic-inspired Winter Soldier figure that was released as part of a two-pack with Black Widow. The third was a figure of Bucky as Captain America, which was released as part of the Arnim Zola Build-a-Figure wave. The fourth was a figure depicting the movie version of the Winter Soldier, which was released as part of the Mandroid Build-a-Figure wave. The fifth was a movie version of Winter Soldier from the Civil War movie, which was a Walmart exclusive. Another new Bucky figure, this time based on his Infinity War appearance, was released as an exclusive two-pack with Falcon.
Funko released various bobbleheads of Bucky for the Pop! line.
Bucky was featured in Lego's line for the Civil War movie.
Diamond Entertainment released a Winter Soldier figure depicting his appearance from Captain America: Civil War for the Marvel Select line.
Bucky was featured in the S.H. Figuarts line from Bandai's Tamashii Nations division.
Bowen Designs released a Bucky statue and bust. They later produced a statue depicting Bucky as the Winter Soldier.
Kotobukiya produced a set of statues depicting Bucky as both the Winter Soldier and the new Captain America, respectively.
XM Studios produced a Winter Soldier statue.
Bucky was featured in the HeroClix figure game.
Sideshow Collectibles released a statue of Bucky as Captain America.
Hot Toys has produced extremely detailed movie figures based on Sebastian Stan's likeness for Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War.
Iron Studios released a Bucky statue for Captain America: Civil War.
Bucky was also featured in Iron Studios' massive Avengers: Infinity War diorama.


It seems like the only thing that marketers from different industries, specialities and countries can agree about is how critical it is to personalise the customer experience. For an industry that spends a lot of time dissecting opposing views and trying to understand a variety of different technologies and ways of working, we're surprisingly well aligned on this idea that personalisation is what we should be striving for.
In my opinion, personalisation is deeply important to stimulate and encourage the behaviours in our customers that we need in order for them to buy our products, advocate our brand and stay loyal in the face of fierce competition.
The best way to do this is through true personalisation using a range of different content items that deliver utility, to Godin's point, not just the ability to transact in a personalised way. If we can align that marketing content to the various points of the customer experience from way back in the awareness phase all the way through to post-purchase and loyalty and advocacy, then we're doing the personalisation job the way it should be done.
When we have conversations with marketers about their personalisation challenges, we often end up reaching the same conclusion. It's all about the content and making that content as individual as possible. Delivering that content at the right time and in the right channels is also important, but the foundation of a delightful and useful personalised customer experience is in the content.
We've found that marketers grapple with three major questions when they're thinking about how to build their personalised customer experiences. They don't cover the whole gamut of the issue, but they certainly can steer you in the right direction.
Do I have the customer's permission?
Explicit permission is the best place to start when it comes to thinking about how you're going to engineer your content for personalisation. If a particular customer or segment has not directly opted in to have this kind of a conversation with you, then you really shouldn't proceed.
Aside from the obvious potential regulatory headaches you might face, the crux of the issue is that if a customer feels as if you're badgering them with irrelevant or overly familiar tactics, you're going to not only lose a friend, you may well create a very vocal enemy. You absolutely want to be sure that this permission is gained through an opt-in process rather than an automated sign up that then relies on less interested parties to opt out of.
Seek out customers' permission in ways that encourage them to understand the benefits of the experience rather than doing it in a functional way. Don't ask them to 'sign up for our monthly newsletter of recipes' or 'follow us on Instagram for fun cooking videos' but rather put it to them in a way that highlights what they're going to get out of the association. For example, it'd be much better to say 'sign up and you'll get to know the best ways to improve your home baking skills'.
Where am I going to get my content from?
It's often the mistake of hastily-assembled personalisation programs that the content will just flow or be easy to source from your marketing team's minds and hard drives. That's seldom the case and a lack of due diligence in this area is what separates the also-rans from the true success stories of personalisation.
The explosion in the amount of content you're going to be producing for a personalised customer experience of any scale is really the most significant change you're doing to have to deal with. Even if you're only segmenting your audience into two groups - let's say, expert home bakers and beginner bakers - you've potentially just doubled your content load.
You should definitely not be put off by this question and, in fact, when we're chatting with marketers about this topic, this question really helps unblock things. It catalyses them into asking even more questions (the right ones) that help them reach that confidence threshold about their personalised customer experience. Once you know where your content is coming from, then you can have greater confidence that you'll be able to feed the personalisation beast for a long time to come.
How do I know what content is working for the customer?
Another great question and, honestly, one that doesn't get the airplay that it deserves when marketers are putting together their personalisation plans. Everyone's focused on picking the right technology or hiring the right talent before asking this question.
If you've taken the time before diving into things to identify the behaviours you want to see exhibited by your customers, or even just the kinds of metrics that will give you a read on how things are going, you're in a far stronger position than if you hadn't done that. Take the time before picking channels, technologies, talent and content creators to do some deep work on this topic.
Think about how this personalised customer experience can enable progression for someone on their journey with your brand. What content is going to deliver educational value? What content is going to help a customer overcome a related barrier? What content is going to encourage someone to share it with a friend or family member?
There are ways to measure these behaviours digitally and also physically, if your business has an offline component to it. Consider the infrastructure already in place and also potentially what additional platforms and processes can help you measure the effectiveness of the content in your personalised customer experience. Start simple when it comes to this and pinpoint two or three behaviours only that can be shifted by your customer experience.
It seems like whenever we have a discussion with a marketer about personalisation, we always end up in a different place. However, while the experience and aspirations of each marketer and brand are different, there's a consistent theme in that an excellent personalised customer experience is built on a solid foundation of content. Regardless of the varying opinions, I'm certain that much will not change.


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Localisation workflow
A revised workflow
XML standards: XLIFF and TMX
Managing glossaries
Software localisation
XML in localisation
A practical analysis
An overview of the most relevant XML standards used in the localisation industry
Rodolfo Raya
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This content is part of the series:XML in localisation
Any company that seeks to operate in foreign markets knows that language technology is crucial to success. Contracts, product manuals, brochures, advertising campaigns, and everything else related to corporate communications must be fashioned and adapted to suit each different culture where commercial operations are to be carried out.
This article is an introduction to the use of XML in localisation. Its objective is to provide the basis for future articles that will explain the technical aspects of the relevant XML standards.
A localisation project comprises several steps and involves many participants.
Figure 1 illustrates a traditional process in five stages. (Blue boxes in the graphic represent processes that take place in house; yellow boxes show tasks done by the translation agency.)
Figure 1. Traditional localisation process
View image at full size
The first stage is the creation of the documents that will need translation. For example, a typical software product might contain:
A program GUI stored in RC files (C/C++ resource files)
Product manuals written in desktop publishing software
Help files in HTML format
PDF brochures
Other types of products, such as electrical appliances or automobiles, may not have RC files, but may instead require additional translation of things like complex Web sites, slide shows, or scripts for advertisements.
Once documentation is ready, it is sent to a translation agency or several independent translators. This stage is identified in Figure 1 as "Translation provider".
Translation or localisation?
Translation is the act of rendering text into another language.
Localisation is a special kind of translation that takes into account the culture of the location or region where the translated text is expected to be used.
For example, although English is spoken in both the United Kingdom and the USA, differences in wording exist on either side of the Atlantic Ocean. Take for example the UK spelling of "localisation", which is "localization" in the USA.
Sometimes the term "localisation" is used to designate translation of software products in particular. This is not always accurate because not all software localisation projects account for the variations of the target language.
Usually, you need to translate more than one document format. This can be problematic for two reasons:
Not all translation agencies can handle all formats.
Portions of text in one format can be duplicated in another (HTML help files and product manuals, as in the above example). If this happens, it is very probable that translation charges will get duplicated as well.
If you want to reduce costs, your first priority is to reduce the number of document formats.
After translation, documents normally have to be reformatted: Text length varies from language to language, so a brochure or a contract will often need adjustments. This stage is known as post-translation desktop publishing. This is often handled by the translation agency or third-party specialists because, generally, these specialists are equipped to deal with multiple languages.
Reformatted documents should be reviewed by the translators to ensure that no errors have been inadvertently introduced by DTP operators. Once the necessary corrections are made, translated documents are finally delivered to the manufacturer.
Traditional methods of passing the translation problem to a specialized third party can inflate costs and add unnecessary complexity to a project.
Another source of concern is the disclosure of confidential information to translators. Should a company expose its source code or not? This can be a difficult decision, but managers often feel better if the translation agency is provided with only the text that needs translation and the minimum amount of confidential information necessary to provide context.
Here's an alternative course of action:
Extract all translatable text from the original documents.
Store extracted strings in a special XML document.
Send out the XML document for translation.
Extract translated strings from the XML document and reinsert them into the original documents.
By using this alternative method, a company can retain greater control over the process and its component parts. Additionally, the use of good computer aided translation (CAT) tools for text extraction can help reduce the need for post-translation DTP.
Figure 2 summarizes the steps described above.
Figure 2. Alternative localisation workflow
The second stage ("Translation preparation") consists of converting strings into a special XML vocabulary and reusing existing translations if they are available. This is done using CAT tools or custom-made text filters.
Once the translation agency returns a translated XML document, all strings are reinserted in the original document. This process is known as reverse conversion and is performed using the same tools used in Step 1.
The procedures described above are not new. Many software companies experience problems that result from multiple document formats, and they are searching for an XML-based solution.
In 2001, several IT companies -- including Novell, Oracle, Sun, and IBM -- formed a technical committee to write the specification for XML Localisation Interchange File Format (XLIFF), which was formally published by the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) in 2002.
XLIFF, a common format
One of the advantages of XLIFF is its relative simplicity. An XLIFF file can be described as a collection of translation units. Each translation unit contains a sentence or paragraph that's extracted from the original document in an element called <source>, and the translator has to fill a <target> element with the appropriate translation.
Legacy translations from previous projects can be added to a new translation unit using <alt-trans> elements. Translators can use these translations as a guideline. Sometimes the translation in an <alt-trans> element is perfect, and all the translator has to do is accept the suggested text.
Figure 3 shows the relationship between the different components of a translation unit.
Figure 3. Components of a translation unit
Listing 1 is an actual translation unit:
Listing 1. Translation unit
<trans-unit approved="no" id="1" resname="res1" xml:space="preserve">
<source xml:lang="en">Corporate Headquarters</source>
<target xml:lang="es">Casa Central de la Compañía</target>
<alt-trans match-quality="100" origin="web" tool="TM Search">
</alt-trans>
<alt-trans match-quality="92" origin="web" tool="TM Search">
<source xml:lang="en">"Corporate Headquarters"</source>
<target xml:lang="es">"Casa Central de la Compañía"</target>
</trans-unit>
Figure 4 shows a real implementation of an XLIFF editor with source text, target text, and proposed translations.
Figure 4. Implementation of an XLIFF editor
For more detailed information about this format, see the link to the XLIFF specification in Related topics.
Reusing translations with TMX
Possible translations contained in the <alt-trans> elements of an XLIFF file are extracted from a translation memory (TM) database. Translation memory is a language technology that enables the translation of segments (sentences, paragraphs, or phrases) of documents by searching for similar segments in a database and suggesting matches that are found in the database. For example, a TM can be built storing translated <source>/<target> pairs from an XLIFF file in a relational database or a specially designed TM server.
Technical manuals, legal contracts, and corporate Web sites usually contain text that is repeated in every published version. Therefore, it's a good idea to keep a TM database and reuse its content as much as possible. A good TM system can help achieve significant cost reductions in a localisation project.
The Open Standards for Container/Content Allowing Re-use (OSCAR) group defined TMX as a common standard to allow users to reuse text more effectively when working with different CAT tools or translation providers.
From the TMX Web site:
TMX (Translation Memory eXchange) is the vendor-neutral open XML standard for the exchange of Translation Memory (TM) data created by Computer Aided Translation (CAT) and localization tools. The purpose of TMX is to allow easier exchange of translation memory data between tools and/or translation vendors with little or no loss of critical data during the process.
Both specifications, XLIFF and TMX, contain all the elements necessary to store source document formatting information in XML format. A good CAT tool will allow a translator to reuse a sentence from an HTML page when translating a Rich Text Format (RTF) document, keeping text layout intact. This is the key reason why TMX format should be used as a complement to XLIFF.
Like an XLIFF file, a TMX file is a collection of translation units. Each unit is represented by a <tu> element and contains at least two translation unit variants, or <tuv> elements. Each <tuv> element specifies text in a given language. Listing 2 shows one of the candidate translations used in Listing 1.
Listing 2. Candidate translation used in Listing 1
<tu tuid="1090682451312" creationdate="20040313T224601Z">
<tuv xml:lang="en">
<seg>Corporate Headquarters</seg>
</tuv>
<tuv xml:lang="es">
<seg>Casa Central de la Compañía</seg>
</tu>
The accompanying .zip file contains complete XLIFF and TMX examples (see Related topics).
As XLIFF and TMX are both XML vocabularies, it is possible to use an XSL transformation to convert an XLIFF file to TMX format. (See Related topics for a link to the Okapi Framework, a collection of XSL tools designed to enhance manipulation of translation-related XML materials.)
Translation memories are valuable assets. After a localisation project is completed, all translations should be incorporated into the memories maintained by the company. By doing this, the company will increase the percentage of reused text with each project.
A glossary is a collection of specialized terms with their meanings and, optionally, their translations.
Contracts and technical manuals normally contain terms with specific meanings that pertain to a particular context. When a document is sent to a translator, it is usually accompanied by a glossary and, if preferred translations are included in the glossary, translators are expected to use the provided preferred translations.
A glossary can be written in any format. A spreadsheet with two columns could be enough to list terms and their translations. However, if the company is focused on terminological consistency, a simple list will not be enough.
To reiterate, the meaning of some terms is circumscribed in the given context. An entry in a glossary should have an explanation for each possible context, the preferred translation for each language of interest, and any additional attributes required by the people in charge of documentation. Without a good glossary, translators can turn a complex technical manual into a worthless document.
If a glossary is made available to a translator or translation agency, it should be in a useful format. The group that wrote the TMX standard (OSCAR) also wrote the specifications for TermBase eXchange (TBX), an XML-based common format that is almost universally accepted as the standard.
A TermBase, or terminological database, is a special kind of glossary in which terms are classified in several categories through user-defined attributes. TBX is one possible representation in XML format of the content of a terminological database.
In technical terms, TBX is a terminology markup framework (TMF), a markup language that complies with the ISO 12200 standard known as MARTIF.
TBX, like TMX and XLIFF, provides portability between different terminology tools and allows certain independence from tools vendors.
When translating regular prose, the length of the translation is seldom important. For example, German sentences are usually longer than their English counterparts, and it doesn't matter if a short story is one or two pages longer in German than in English.
The most widely used programming languages are C and C++. In C/C++, GUI text is commonly stored in resource files, plain text files that facilitate text extraction for translation. However, the author (or a visual tool) defines sizes for dialogue windows according to the size of the text in the original language. If after translation the length of the text changes, the layout will be affected. If the translation of a label is longer than the original, the text may be truncated; if it is shorter, the dialogue may end with undesired empty spaces.
Fortunately, the XLIFF standard includes attributes for specifying string position in a dialogue, font type and size used for the text, and many other details. A tool specifically designed for software localisation can be used to visually adjust the dialogue layout during translation.
Java technology is the most widely used language after C/C++, and it is designed to facilitate software internationalization. Java applications that are ready for localisation store GUI text in resource bundles, plain text files that, like their C/C++ counterparts, make text extraction a simple task. However, Java technology has an advantage over C/C++: GUI objects can be dynamically adjusted at execution time according to the length of the text that the object contains. This feature makes the Java language one of the better choices for developing multilingual applications.
Localisation and all aspects of globalization depend heavily on technology. This introductory article has briefly presented the most relevant XML standards used in the localisation industry -- XLIFF, TMX, and TBX -- and given hints on their usage. XML technology is not new, but its imaginative application in translation-related tasks is growing steadily, transcending corporative environments and reaching small companies looking to succeed in the global marketplace.
The next article in this series will explore the details of conversion to XLIFF and back using Java technology for common file formats, like plain text or HTML. I'll include a complete conversion tool for Java resource bundles.
PDF of this content
Code sample (x-localis-examples.zip | 27KB)
Download the file x-localis-examples.zip, which contains:
A short story in English about a famous Chinese translator in XHTML format
An XLIFF document with a partial translation to Spanish
A multilingual (6 languages) TMX memory used when converting the story to XLIFF
Read the other articles in this developerWorks series:
"XML in localisation: Use XLIFF to translate documents " (developerWorks, October 2004) presents a step-by-step guide to translating multilingual documents using XLIFF as an intermediary file format.
"XML in localisation: Reuse translations with TM and TMX" (developerWorks, February 2005) demonstrates to achieve independence from translation tool vendors with Translation Memory eXchange (TMX).
Read the XLIFF 1.1 Specification, which defines the XML Localization Interchange File Format (XLIFF). The purpose of this vocabulary is to store localizable data and carry it from one step of the localization process to the other while allowing interoperability between tools.
Find out more about the Translation Memory eXchange (TMX) format in the TMX 1.4b Specification. This format provides a standard method for describing translation memory data that is being exchanged among tools and/or translation vendors while introducing little or no loss of critical data during the process.
Download fully functional, free XLIFF and TMX editors from Heartsome's Web site. These are multi-platform Java tools that can be used on Windows, Linux, and Mac OSX.
Read "A white paper on version 1.1 of the XML Localisation Interchange File Format (XLIFF)" (XLIFF Technical Committee, July 2003). It contains interesting and useful information about the history, architecture, and usage of the XLIFF standard.
Visit the OSCAR Group at the Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) site, which includes a concise presentation on TBX.
The Okapi Framework contains a collection of XSL templates that can be used to manipulate or present XLIFF, TMX, and other XML documents.
Discover how to internationalize XML documents and applications and efficiently localize XML data in XML Internationalization and Localization by Yves Savourel.
Browse the XML Internationalization and Localization FAQ and find answers to the most common questions on the use of XML in Internationalization and Localization.
Want to know how to compete in an international marketplace? Check out IBM's Globalize your On Demand Business page.
Finally, find out how you can become an IBM Certified Developer.
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text:
Instinct Series Finale Recap: Did a Nerve Agent End Dylan's Career?
By Matt Webb Mitovich / August 25 2019, 7:27 PM PDT
Courtesy of CBS
Instinct's Alan Cumming Weighs In on Cancellation, Being First-Ever Openly Gay Lead on a Network Drama
Madam Secretary: Sara Ramirez Not Returning as a Series Regular for Final Season
Instinct aired its Season 2 and, as it turns out, series finale on Sunday night, a little over a week after CBS cancelled the procedural.
The Case of the Week found Dylan and Lizzie puzzling over a total of four severed heads found in Turtle Pond, all in various states of decay/bloat. Their investigation led them to The Conklin Institute, where Dr. Portman had recently focused research and funnelled and funds into solving for Alzheimer's, after his wife, Allyson, was diagnosed with the early-onset kind. Julian discovered files on Allyson's computer that suggested the couple as doing human testing of their research into the "Death Wave" that occurs neurologically when a person's "life flashes before their eyes" right before expiring. But in the end, it turned out that a beady-eyed Dr. Wells was doing his own illicit research, decapitating terminal cancer patients and the like to study their brain activity at time of death.
Throughout the series' final hour, Dylan worried that the nerve agent he had been exposed to had comprised his vision — perhaps chronically, and to a degree that he can no longer properly observe human behavior. Meaning, his career would be over. On top of that, Dylan hallucinated seeing Pasternack, the dead, double-dealing mercenary frenemy that he and Julian recently came to suspect was in fact alive and going by the name Ken Goodman. Pasternack actually resurfaced, in the flesh, during Dylan's MRI, explaining that he has gotten wind that "something big is hitting New York," and that the infecting of the NYPD computers was but "the tip of the iceberg." To fend off this event, Pasternack needs Dylan to ask Julian to lend his particular set of skills. Julian at first rebuffs Dylan's suggestion, but later meets up with Pasternack to begrudgingly help fight the good fight.
After solving the Case of the Week, Dylan told a worried Lizzie that ahead of his rescheduled MRI, he has self-diagnosed himself as suffering from acute stress disorder or "fight-or-flight response" (stemming from, he didn't disclose, Pasternack's "resurrection"). And he has chosen to fight, especially now that he has reason more than ever to stay put, with a baby on the way for him and Andy.
Dylan then traded his motorcycle for Gary, whom he and Andy will watch/spoil rotten while Lizzie speeds off of her first non-staycation in a long, long time. She's planning a cross-country ride, with at least one stop along the way — in Las Vegas, to catch an MMA fight with Detective Stock, whom she caught early "squatting" (and quite shirtless) in the precinct locker room, after he delayed his trip home to properly tour New York.
What did you think of Instinct's final run? Are you glad that Dylan will be all right? But disappointed to not see the Campbell Scott storyline play out?
TAGS: CBS, Instinct
GET MORE: Finales, Recaps


text:
Q: Deciding the critical section of kernel code Hi I am writing kernel code which intends to do process scheduling and multi-threaded execution. I've studied about locking mechanisms and their functionality. Is there a thumb rule regarding what sort of data structure in critical section should be protected by locking (mutex/semaphores/spinlocks)?
I know that where ever there is chance of concurrency in part of code, we require lock. But how do we decide, what if we miss and test cases don't catch them. Earlier I wrote code for system calls and file systems where I never cared about taking locks.

A:
Is there a thumb rule regarding what sort of data structure in critical section should be protected by locking?

Any object (global variable, field of the structure object, etc.), accessed concurrently when one access is write access requires some locking discipline for access.

But how do we decide, what if we miss and test cases don't catch them?

Good practice is appropriate comment for every declaration of variable, structure, or structure field, which requires locking discipline for access. Anyone, who uses this variable, reads this comment and writes corresponded code for access. Kernel core and modules tend to follow this strategy.
As for testing, common testing rarely reveals concurrency issues because of their low probability. When testing kernel modules, I would advice to use Kernel Strider, which attempts to prove correctness of concurrent memory accesses or RaceHound, which increases probability of concurrent issues and checks them.

A: It is always safe to grab a lock for the duration of any code that accesses any shared data, but this is slow since it means only one thread at a time can run significant chunks of code.
Depending on the data in question though, there may be shortcuts that are safe and fast.  If it is a simple integer ( and by integer I mean the native word size of the CPU, i.e. not a 64 bit on a 32 bit cpu ), then you may not need to do any locking: if one thread tries to write to the integer, and the other reads it at the same time, the reader will either get the old value, or the new value, never a mix of the two.  If the reader doesn't care that he got the old value, then there is no need for a lock.
If however, you are updating two integers together, and it would be bad for the reader to get the new value for one and the old value for the other, then you need a lock.  Another example is if the thread is incrementing the integer.  That normally involves a read, add, and write.  If one reads the old value, then the other manages to read, add, and write the new value, then the first thread adds and writes the new value, both believe they have incremented the variable, but instead of being incremented twice, it was only incremented once.  This needs either a lock, or the use of an atomic increment primitive to ensure that the read/modify/write cycle can not be interrupted.  There are also atomic test-and-set primitives so you can read a value, do some math on it, then try to write it back, but the write only succeeds if it still holds the original value.  That is, if another thread changed it since the time you read it, the test-and-set will fail, then you can discard your new value and start over with a read of the value the other thread set and try to test-and-set it again.
Pointers are really just integers, so if you set up a data structure then store a pointer to it where another thread can find it, you don't need a lock as long as you set up the structure fully before you store its address in the pointer.  Another thread reading the pointer ( it will need to make sure to read the pointer only once, i.e. by storing it in a local variable then using only that to refer to the structure from then on ) will either see the new structure, or the old one, but never an intermediate state.  If most threads only read the structure via the pointer, and any that want to write do so either with a lock, or an atomic test-and-set of the pointer, this is sufficient.  Any time you want to modify any member of the structure though, you have to copy it to a new one, change the new one, then update the pointer.  This is essentially how the kernel's RCU ( read, copy, update ) mechanism works.

A: Ideally, you must enumerate all the resources available in your system , the related threads and communication, sharing mechanism during design. Determination of the following for every resource and maintaining a proper check list whenever change is made can be of great help :

*

*The duration for which the resource will be busy (Utilization of resource) & type of lock

*Amount of tasks queued upon that particular resource (Load) & priority

*Type of communication, sharing mechanism related to resource

*Error conditions related to resource

If possible, it is better to have a flow diagram depicting the resources, utilization, locks, load, communication/sharing mechanism and errors.
This process can help you in determining the missing scenarios/unknowns, critical sections and also in identification of bottlenecks.
On top of the above process, you may also need certain tools that can help you in testing / further analysis to rule out hidden problems if any :

*

*Helgrind - a Valgrind tool for detecting synchronisation errors.
This can help in identifying data races/synchronization issues due
to improper locking, the lock ordering that can cause deadlocks and
also improper POSIX thread API usage that can have later impacts.
Refer : http://valgrind.org/docs/manual/hg-manual.html

*Locksmith - For determining common lock errors that may arise during
runtime or that may cause deadlocks.

*ThreadSanitizer - For detecting race condtion. Shall display all accesses & locks involved for all accesses.

*Sparse can help to lists the locks acquired and released by a function and also identification of issues such as mixing of pointers to user address space and pointers to kernel address space.

*Lockdep - For debugging of locks

*iotop - For determining the current I/O usage by processes or threads on the system by monitoring the I/O usage information output by the kernel.

*LTTng - For tracing race conditions and interrupt cascades possible. (A successor to LTT - Combination of kprobes, tracepoint and perf functionalities)

*Ftrace - A Linux kernel internal tracer for analysing /debugging latency and performance related issues.

*lsof and fuser can be handy in determining the processes having lock and the kind of locks.

Profiling can help in determining where exactly the time is being spent by the kernel. This can be done with tools like perf, Oprofile.
The strace can intercept/record system calls that are called by a process and also the signals that are received by a process. It shall show the order of events and all the return/resumption paths of calls.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Toyota and YPF will "explore" the joint rental of vehicles
March 21, 2019 Cody Martinez 0 Comments
The Toyota automaker and the YPF oil company are "exploring" a possible alliance to use the network of service stations of the brand as a platform for car rental. So far, the "Toyota Mobilitie Services" uses its own network of dealers for the delivery and reception of rented units. But executives of the automaker did not rule out that, "in the future", it can be advanced with an agreement to use the huge network of 1,500 YPF service stations as a logistics platform.
Diego Prado, vice president of the automotive industry, said that the two companies have already made firm progress with a series of agreements, the most important of which up to now is the provision of renewable energy by YPF Luz. It is a contract with a duration of 10 years, which includes a first stage in which the Toyota plant in Zárate will sustain its production with 25% of wind energy, and a second stage from 2020 in which the 100% of your energy needs will come from renewable sources. In addition, Toyota will recommend the use of YPF fuels and lubricants for its vehicles.
Another step of the alliance between the two companies is the advertising sponsorship of YPF to the motorsport team, which will be renamed "TOYOTA GAZOO Racing YPF Infinia", with a presence in the STC2000 and Top Race categories.
But in the "framework agreement" signed by the owner of YPF, Miguel Gutiérrez, and Toyota, Daniel Herrero, they also mentioned "working together" to advance, among other issues, in "mobility". It is an incipient business on the part of Toyota, which in November launched the car rental service in Capital, north of Greater Buenos Aires and some tourist spots.
"At the moment the vehicles are delivered and received in 11 mouths of our dealer network," said Prado. "But the potential of this activity will continue to be explored with YPF, see what kind of synergy can be generalized, there is still much to be done," he added.
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text:
lib = File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), 'lib')
$:.unshift lib unless $:.include?(lib)

require 'eventmachine'
require 'telegram'

EM.run do
  telegram = Telegram::Client.new do |cfg|
    cfg.daemon = './telegram-cli'
    cfg.key = '/Users/ssut/tmp/tg/tg-server.pub'
  end

  telegram.connect do
    puts telegram.profile
    telegram.contacts.each do |contact|
      puts contact
    end
    telegram.chats.each do |chat|
      puts chat
    end

    telegram.on[Telegram::EventType::RECEIVE_MESSAGE] = Proc.new { |ev|

    }

  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Isuues of Future Teachers' Civil Responsibility Development
Ilnar F. Yarullin, Ramis R. Nasibullov, Guzel R. Nasibullova
Reference: Yarullin IF, Nasibullov RR, Nasibullova GR. Isuues of Future Teachers' Civil Responsibility Development. Int Elect J Math Ed. 2016;11(4), 867-880.
In-text citation: (Yarullin et al., 2016)
Reference: Yarullin, I. F., Nasibullov, R. R., & Nasibullova, G. R. (2016). Isuues of Future Teachers' Civil Responsibility Development. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 11(4), 867-880.
Reference: Yarullin, Ilnar F., Ramis R. Nasibullov, and Guzel R. Nasibullova. "Isuues of Future Teachers' Civil Responsibility Development". International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education 2016 11 no. 4 (2016): 867-880.
Reference: Yarullin, I. F., Nasibullov, R. R., and Nasibullova, G. R. (2016). Isuues of Future Teachers' Civil Responsibility Development. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 11(4), pp. 867-880.
Reference: Yarullin, Ilnar F. et al. "Isuues of Future Teachers' Civil Responsibility Development". International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, vol. 11, no. 4, 2016, pp. 867-880.
Reference: Yarullin IF, Nasibullov RR, Nasibullova GR. Isuues of Future Teachers' Civil Responsibility Development. Int Elect J Math Ed. 2016;11(4):867-80.
The urgency of the paper considering issues of future teachers' civil responsibility development is substantiated by transformations occurring nowadays in the spiritual sphere of Russian society that demand intellectual, active citizens as strengthening of state foundations and public life depends in many respects on higher school students' participation in political life, on political and legal culture of future voters. The paper aims to reflect the problem of future teachers' civil responsibility development as today the objective of higher school students' education has to be the formation of a citizen of a free democratic state who is provided with all rights and conferred all commitments allowing them to develop freely within civil society space. The leading research methods to this problem are theoretical (comparative and logical analysis, synthesis, generalization, modeling) and empirical (study of archival and normative documents on the problem, study and synthesis of innovative experiment of higher education institutions aimed to form a civil responsibility in students, conversations, questioning, polls and purposeful observation over student's youth activity, methods of mathematical statistics, pedagogical experiment on future teachers' civil responsibility development). In general, results of experimental work suggest confirmation of the hypotheses about future teachers' civil responsibility development. Materials from the paper can be useful to higher school teachers, school teachers and students trained in the pedagogical direction.
Civil responsibility civil education patriotism pedagogical conditions
Arkhangelskiy, S. I. (2010). Educational process at the higher school. Moscow: Higher school. 230p.
Belinsky, V. G. (2013). Pedagogical heritage. Moscow: Pedagogica. 290p.
Beskova, T. V. (2014). Education of civic consciousness. National education, 9, 54-58.
Butler, R. N., Lewis, M. I. & Sunderland, T. (2008). Aging & Mental Health: Positive psychological & biomedical approaches. Boston, MA: Allyn&Bacon, 352p.
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Gabdulchakov, V.F., Kusainov, A.K. & Kalimullin, A.M. (2016). Education Reform at the Science University and the New Strategy for Training Science Teachers. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(3), 163-172.
Ikonnikova, S. N. (2003). On a threshold of civil maturity. Moscow: Lenizdat. 175p.
Karasyov, A. N (1983). Formation of social-political activity in student's youth during higher school training and education process: Kaza. Kuibyshev. Russia. 327p.
Khuziakhmetov, А.N., Aminov, T.M. & Yesnazarova, U.A. (2016). Madrasahs as Vocational Educational Institutions in the Regions of Pre-Revolutionary Russia. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 11(3), 195-205.
Krupskaya, N. K. (1989). Education. Moscow: Publishing house of APS. 489p.
Kuzmin, N.V., Kuzmin, V.K., Krylov, D.A. & Toktarova, V.I. (2015). Ideological aspect of training future teachers for patriotic education of the youth. Review of European Studies. 7(8), 214-220.
Makarenko, A. S. (2012). Education of the citizen. Moscow: Prosveshchenie. 304p.
Obukhov, V. M. (2006). How to cultivate civil activity. Moscow: Prosveshchenie. 110p.
Popko, V. L. (1992). Patriotic consciousness of student's youth: Abstract of PhD Thesis. Moscow. 27p.
Shiro, S. V. (2000). Formation of legal awareness in senior school students in training humanitarian disciplines: Abstract of PhD Thesis. Volgograd: Volgograd State Pedagogical University. 30p.
Sukolenova, G. T. (1997). Historical conditions of modern civic education establishment in the Russian Federation: Abstract of PhD Thesis. Moscow: Institute of General Education. 35p.
Volzhina, O. I. (1991). Development of ideas of civil education in younger generation: Abstract of PhD Thesis. Moscow: Institute of youth. 24p.