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Page 132: Iron vs Steel
Iron vs. Steel
Summary: Young Lord Riordan Nayland boasts a good game against the Lady Kathryn Harlaw, but when blades meet in a late night spar, the lord is taught he is still perhaps just a whelp. Fortunately, the Lady Alyse is on hand to ensure his pretty face does not badly bruise.
Date: 11/24/288
Related Logs: None
Upstream Landing — Stonebridge
The waters here are more adequately described as a stream or tributary and thus the boats moored here are of the smaller variety. Two or three dozen of them with sails and even small dinghies and rowboats are tied up along the wooden docks. Sailing farther downstream takes one to Seagard while upstream to the north leads to the Green Fork and The Twins.
Thursday November 11, 288
The sun set a bit ago, but that hasn't detered the Ironborn from coming to the only place in these warm, grassy lands that feels like home — the docks. Kate's appearance in the Roost was a shock to most people, but grudgingly accepted. This much further in land? She's getting little more than cold looks and even some threats. Women hide children behind their skirts when she passes on the street. So, Kate's come down to the docks just to lose herself in silent contemplation. Yes, it does seem Ironborn -can- think, not just fight! She's settled upon a pillar of the docks, her thin, muscled frame perched on the round wood like some sort of bird, perfectly balanced and framed in the moonlight. She might look like some ghost, with her white blonde hair, pale skin and ice eyes. But ghosts don't breathe, do they?
The docks, which are usually empty come night call, seem to be a tad bit more busy than usual this time of night. There is another approaching the docks, slowly and casually. This person is not Ironborn by any streath of the imagination. No, he is a Nayland. Riordan Nayland to be exact. The wooden planks of the dock creak slightly as his feet pad along at his casual pace. His gaze locks in on the other person at the docks, and her adjusts his course to intersect with said person, approaching them steadily.
Kathryna might seem to be lost in thought, but the fine line of tension in her body also speaks of her being paranoid pretty much, well, constantly. Therefore, the orientation of a body in her direction and the approach through the light crowd is more than enough to draw her sharp, ice eyes in his direction. Frozen palor meets with rich brown as her eyes flash on Riordan's gazes. She cocks a single, thin brow, not calling out a greeting yet or even bowing her head to him, but she watches every step he makes as he finishes crossing to her, if he does. Did he really mean to come in her direction?
Looking at the lone person, Riordan tilts his head as well, finally makes his approach. "Well, well…what is this?" While he may sound interested, his eyes show portray more of boredom than anything. "And what are we doing down here all by ourselves at night?" He pauses and looks around. "There aren't all that many people about. It's uncommon to find others about."
What is -this-? Kate stares at the boy, well, young man, a smirk dancing across her full lips. Now that he's closer, he can probably confirm she's -actually- a woman, despite lacking shape to her body and the fact that she's in leathers, pants and a long coat with a sword at her side. The crest on the back of her coat might hint to him why she's dressed as such, if he recognizes such heraldy. She clears her throat quietly, sitting just a bit straighter and orienting herself to half face him without jumping down off of the log pillar yet. "This is a woman watching the water trade in this little after thought of a town." She mutters huskily, voice raspy from years of shouting across decks. "And I think you got your answer to the second question as well. I am more than capable of protecting myself at night, especially from the like of whelps as you." She smirks again.
A laugh emits from Riordan as he shakes his head. "Well, if you wish to put your sword skills against mine, just name the time and the place." He walks around her for a moment and tilts his head. "My lady. I didn't realize that there was nobility of your…persuasion my brother's, well, his 'little after thought of a town'." He chuckles. "You're a little far from home, don't you think? Take a wrong turn at a river fork did we?"
The offer of a duel, even if it's just to keep in shape, draws a glint of genuine interest from Kate's pale eyes. Her head tilts to the side, momentarily surprised that a man of this land would offer to fight a woman. She takes a moment to look him up and down, perhaps reevaluating the 'whelp' that has approached her on this dark mid-evening. "Your words are… Intriguing. I have not had a good fight since coming to these soft lands, in truth. Part of me worries my body will rust quicker than my blade." She confesses earnestly, calloused fingertips coming to momentarily rest upon the hilt of her long sword. "As for this town, I was just seeing the land, in truth. I am what you might call a… Diplomatic emmissary to the Terrick's." Her nose practically sneers at the word diplomat. But she is trying. "One of our men was killed under their guise a few months back. I've come for reparations. If we can work this matter out… perhaps… there would be hope for future… Discussions."
Smirking ever so slightly, Riordan raises an eyebrow, crossing his arms. Yes, he is surprising man in a few respects, some might say. "Intruiging? Well, I suppose that is one word for what I just said." He laughs. "Well, if I'm not mistaken, your people are known as fighters, are they not? I'm surprised you're not off somewhere practicing right this moment!" His arms drop after a moment, a hand absently resting on the pommel of his sword. "The Terricks? You are here as an emmissary to the Terricks? You poor, poor woman! They are the most drab, most uninteresting people you'll find! And they don't know a proper fight if they're being stabbed by the finest warriors in the land!"
The pale woman tilts her head just a hint more, trying to figure out of the man is mocking her with exaggeration or if he -actually- means all the things he's saying, he just speaks normally with such gusto. A husky, low sort of laugh escapes her throat. "I have found the men of this soft land hesitate to fight a woman… whether it is out of fear of beating her or of she beating them, I have not yet figured. I suspect it is a bit of both. If you are not afeared, we should find an open way and I will show you what sort of fighters my people are." It's not meant as a threat, even if there is something a bit sharp behind her tone. Kate speaks in simple facts. "And yes… they are so drab they do not actually seem to exist at the moment, even, so I have explored on from that quiet land."
"Part of it has to do with the fact that most of our women in this 'soft land', as you call it, are not trained to fight. So, for a man, especially one who is trained to fight and to kill, it would give him an unfair advantage over the woman who knows not, or knows little about, what she is doing!" Riordan attempts to explain. "I'm not afraid to go up against you, as I assume you know what you're doing. Who knows, you may even be better than I, but we'll not know, truly, until we ourselves fight each other. I would very much like to see the fighting styles of your people. I have seen a few of you in our lands, but I've not had many a chance to actually go up against one."
Huh? (Type "help" for help.)
Well, that settles it. Kate leaps down off of her perch with a smooth spring of well muscled body. There isn't really an inch of softness on her, every muscle toned and perfectly lithe. It means she doesn't look like much of a woman, but that doesn't seem to bother her. She nods curtly to him, "Very well, whelp. I suppose I could show you a thing or two, no doubt." She flashes him a smile of mostly white teeth, leather clad feet padding over wooden dock so she stands just a touch closer to him, "And what shall I call you? Just incase I beat you unconscious, I know where to carry your poor body and tuck ye into bed." She winks a moment, the words as teasing as they are threatening. She does not seem one to pull a blow.
"Now now, my dearest woman from the Iron Isles, don't you want an audience for this? Just so people will know that, when I beat you, our sword training is truly the best in all the lands?" Riordan says with a smirk on his face. "And if you beat me, people will know that you are the superior fighter. If they don't see who wins, either of us could just make up a ridiculous story of winning when we actually really lost! And I know I wouldn't want YOU to be spready rumours of beating me when I was the one who won the fight!"
Kathryna actually rolls her eyes as he says that, her arms folding across her chest, a bit more stiff than before. She sets her jaw quietly. "I did not say yes to sparring with you to show off in front of the land. I could care less what they think about my fighting skills. The only time my skills matter is when I am in a fight with -them- and then they will see for themselves. I said yes so you and I could both practice in a time our lives are not on the line. I am not any young braggart who needs the whole town to see his triumph over a woman. Now, whelp, are you willing to take up a sword for the sake of making yourself better with a blade, or do you only do it for glory?" Kate asks flatly, skepticism in her arctic eyes.
Riordan actually yawns during the little speech. "I was not asking for you to give me a little rant about fighting and practicing with the sword. I get enough endless, pointless rants from commoners and the Terricks." He says nonchalantly. "And for your information, there's nothing wrong with doing it for the glory. In fact, that's how you get better known for doing it." His nose twitches slightly as he gazes lackadaisically over at the woman. "I never said I wouldn't, I just suggested having an audience."
"You still haven't given me your name, young man." Kate looks him up and down, assessing just how muscled the man might be. Her brows furrow, "…Why… do you care to be known for doing it? What does it matter if someone knows you can weild a sword or not? The only time it matters is when they themselves have their sword at your throat." Kate does genuinely seem perplexed by this in it for the glory thing. Perhaps she's playing dumb or perhaps she genuinely doesn't care. "And I simply do not think I will be in town long enough for you to gather your mummer's crowd. I have plans on riding out with the morning's light."
"I am Lord Riordan Nayland, at your service." Riordan offers the woman a little bow. "And what might yours be, my good lady?" He smiles to her softly. "We've got competitions in our land, to see who is the best at something. For example, I have been in many jousting competitions, and I've done fairly well for myself as well. It is to distinguish the various skill levels that people are at in regard to something in particular. In this case, sword fighting." He brings his arms up and crosses them once again. "If that is the case, than it is how it is. There is nothing we can do about it. Mere practice it shall have to be."
So he -is- a noble whelp. Kate expected as much, but his name brings a few flickering moments of amusement to her pale face. She nods curtly to him, offering her hand to shake like some back room business deal might. She is not one to curtsey. "Lady Kathryna Harlaw… Kate is fine, though, when not in formal court. It is good to meet you, young Lord Riordan." If he takes her hand, her grip is as strong as her small form looks and calloused along her sword's grip. She's practiced long and hard with that blade. "And yes, I know what such competitions are, I simply do not care for them."
Noble, yes. Whelp, maybe. Great at sword fighting, perhaps not. Riordan has, of course, got practice with the sword, and knows how to fight, but he much prefers being on horse and having something akin to a lance. "Lady Kathryna. It is a pleasure." It seems he may not quite be taking the 'Kate' comment into consideration. Taking her offered hand in a shake, his own hand is firm in the shake as well. "I enjoy competitions. It takes away from my usually boring lordly duties."
Kathryna firmly pumps his hand twice before letting go, her handshake as business like as most everything else about her. Her passions seem about as icy as her body. "Well, if your ego can stand not to be in open competition, the offer of a spar tonight is still on the table, Lord. The evening is young and the moonlight bright. They are not ideal conditions, but in a true fight, conditions are truly rarely ideal. Perhaps this is the best time to practice." The husky voiced woman considers, still clearly one thing on Kate's mind and that is practice with her blade.
Riordan lets out another laugh. "I believe I can stand not being in a competition for the time being, my good lady." He grins. "And no, you're quite correct, conditions are very rarely ideal in an actual fight." His hand dropping once more to his sword, only this time it has a better grasp of the pommel. "Would you prefer to name the place, or shall I?"
Kathryna considers this, looking back towards the town. "Mm… I believe there was an open field on the outskirts of town. That should be suitable enough. Shall we?' And without waiting for any real response, Kate turns her back on him and struts up the planks of the dock, moving back to the dry land and towards the town square so they can cross through and to their open field of battle. That is, if he does not take advantage of her open back in the here and now. She does just slightly keep her head cocked to the side, so her ear would be able to catch the sound of a sword being drawn if he would attack her back.
"The field outside of town it is. And yes, please do lead the way." Riordan does not unsheath his sword as they walk toward the field. He does at least have enough honour to wait to do that. In the mean time, he asks, "So, how long to you believe you will be here for? Do you have any hopes of this being resolved quickly?"
Kathryna moves fast through the mostly empty town square, the time of night having dramatically cut down on foot traffic, no doubt. She's nice to watch move, really, in the way a large and dangerous cat might be, all aqualine grace and perfect conservation of movement, though there is something in the rolling gait of her hips that says she's used to walking on sea vessels as much as she is flat and steady land. His question draws a small shrug to her shoulders, "If it's resolved quickly and well, I suspect I may be staying in the Roost as a permanent diplomat. If it is not, well… Who knows what the future will bring."
"Well, I hope you can have an enjoyable time here then. If you are to spend a great amount of time here, that is." Riordan responds softly. "The gods know that your people aren't always seen in the best of light, so perhaps the proper diplomat can shed better light on your being than we have known." He glances about, checking the roads for people. You can never really be too cautious.
Kathryna seems a touch worried about the man behind her as much as she is the road ahead. Or maybe she's just worried about the world in general. It never hurts to be on guard. Despite her short stature, she takes long, fast strides, covering ground quickly to that open field at the edge of town, bathed in enough moonlight she should at least be able to somewhat see her opponent. She considers the weeds, but they only come up to her mid leg. She gives a curt little nod. "This should do just fine. And yes, perhaps a proper diplomat can."
Looking around, Riordan nods. "Yes, this should be fine indeed." He draws his sword out, the blade geaming slightly in the moonlight. "I do wish you the best of luck, really. May the best of swords people win?" He smiles slightly, getting into a stance and waiting for Kathryna to be ready before making any attempt.
Riordan bows his head in a nod. "Of course. No mortal wounds. We don't want to have to patch ourselves up again." He agrees. And like Kate, he'd had quietly hoped that that was understood. Twirling his sword in his hands, he awaits the sparring to begin. It would appear that he's not much of one to do warming up before the spar begins.
The woman starts with a dramatic, clear slice in the direction of his sword arm, the blow meant to put enough force behind it to try and disarm him before the fight even begins. For her small body, she's got a good bit of power in her body and blade, but she is probably over estimating her strength in compare to him. He is taller and more masculine, after all.
It would seem that Riordan had prepared himself for said technique, and he is able to bounce back quite quickly. Their blades clink against one another and he blocks her sword. "You're going to have to do better than that if you expect to beat me. I mean, really. After all that…talk…" He blocks her attack once more. "I thought I was going to have more more…" Clink-clink! "Of a fight on my hands!"
Kate gives a bit of an approving laugh as he doesn't lose his sword on the first attack and actually manages to knock her back a wee bit more for the block of his blade. "I was just testing you, whelp! Didn't want to take your arm out of it's socket if you weren't ready for me! I'm glad you see you are!" Indeed, there is clear pleasure in her husky voice that he is holding his own against her sword. She swings her blade around against to the others side, trying to keep him on the defensive now, drive him back and make him lose ground.
Riordan lets out a little laugh of his own. "Ha! Like you could even do that. From what I've seen so far…" Clink-clink! "You're not such as great as you believe you are!" He grins. However, he is driven back a little bit, though not by much too much. He raises an eyebrow and wiggles it a little. "Well well, maybe I spoke too soon!"
Out of nowhere, a soft voice cuts through the night. "I'm here if anyone needs an arm put back in said socket." There's some amusement in the woman's voice… for it -does- belong to a woman… Settling down nearby, apparently intent on watching, is a dark-haired Lady with bright hazel eyes. Over her shoulder is a middle-aged Sworn sword with a longsuffering expression… And a ready hand on his sword. Both clad in the Camden colours, there's little doubt as to whom they belong.
Unfortunately for Riordan, he does get slightly distracted by the voice. Not as distracted as to drop his sword, but he does get pushed back a few feet because of it. His sword clinks agains the other one just as it is about to come down toward his wrist. "Fiesty one, aren't you?" He glances quickly in the direction of the voice once more. Who's that? Someone he knows? He's not entirely sure.
Kathryna hears that voice. She -recognizes- the voice. She grumbles a bit, calling into the night, slightly across her shoulder: "I do hope your sworn is with you, young Lady!" It seems that Dafydd might be rubbing off on Kate, sad for poor Alyse! But Kate doesn't even look to see if the man is there. She smells blood in the water. The slight faltering of her opponent and she slashes in an unconventional move: downward! A few inches deeper, and Riordan might not be able to have children. As is? His belt is sliced firmly in half. Hopefully his pants aren't too large or they might soon be around his ankles.'
Looking down quickly at the belt he lost, Riordan shakes his head. "I guess I'm going to have to actually carry my sword back with me!" He sighs as he goes to block her sword from coming down a second time. He doesn't want to loose his pants, of course! That would just be plain embarrasing. "Well, I'll have to admit…you are actually pretty good…"
"Those little chicken arms of yers could use the work anyway, whelp!" Kate laughs warmly as she says it, though, in the happy heat of battle with a good spar and a good opponent. He wasn't near so bad as she teased him about being, but mentally downdressing one's opponent was half the fun of a good spar! As his pants don't fall down, Kate almost pouts. She, however, uses her nearness to him for a completely unconventional technique. Instead of attacking with her blade, she jerks the hilt of her sword up and crosses him in the jaw. Of course, it means she's -very- near and he can probably get a good blow in too, but that'll leave a bruise!
"Hey now, I wouldn't insult the chicken by comparing my arms to it!" Riordan laughs, attempting to block more of Kathryna's blows. As the blow across his jaw comes, he stumbles backward a few steps. "Now, that wasn't very nice!" He says, working his jaw around. "I need my jaw for talking and eating! I can't let it get too hurt!" And with that, he makes another advance.
Alyse lets her sworn answer for himself. "I am here, my Lady," comes the man's answer. The woman, however, merely shakes her head at the others and watches for now. At length, she stands and paces forward for a better view of the beatdown. "My question is… Can she cut through an arrow? Are you that fast, Lady Kathryna?" she drawls curiously. Hazel eyes are making note of each and every bump and bruise on the man's body… Marking each one with a chiurgeon's analytical gaze.
"Well, if you got to protect that pretty face of yours, I suppose I'll just have to take this!" And, having watched him work, seen the tilt of his arms and the way his wrist works, Kate lingers near enough that she has an almost exact angle to slam her hilt down into his dominant wrist -just- at the point where it should make his whole hand and forearm go numb. Hopefully, she can disarm him without doing any major damage or ever having had to draw blood. If she does, she jerks forward and steps on his blade so he cannot pick it up again, her weapon jerking back up to press flat against the pulse point in his throat. "Yield." She hisses out quietly. "And that would be worth trying, Lady Alyse. I do not know." Kate admits, but her eyes are still sharply on Riordan's.
Alyse narrows her eyes at the sword's tip being pushed against the man's throat. Apparently, this pleases the Camden Lady none at all. But she keeps her silence for now and instead pulls out her bow, fitting the string and preparing to nock an arrow against it. "Perhaps we shall try when you have finished.. testing your mettle..? I promise to shoot past you, but close enough that you can have a chance to cut it out of the air."
Riordan blinks as his sword goes flying from his hands, only finally landing, being blocked by and picked up by Kathryna. "Well, I can tell when I'm at a disadvantage. You are the victor of this little sparring session of our. Now, let us see who it is that is here to shall we?" With the palm of his hand brought up to the sword at his throat, he gently attempts to push the sword away while stepping back. "Lady…Alyse, was it?" He calls over to the person nearby.
Alyse keeps her silence, for now the battle is over. Instead, she pulls out her bow, fitting the string and preparing to nock an arrow against it. "Perhaps we shall try when you have finished.. testing your mettle..? I promise to shoot past you, but close enough that you can have a chance to cut it out of the air."
A pause is taken when her name is called and a curious glance given to Riordan. "Indeed," she says, a mild smile gracing her lips, but not quite warming her eyes. There is an inherent suspicion there.. As if she expects the man to do something he oughtn't at any second. "Did you need treatment first?" she asks, loosening the arrow on the string. "I do not have my full kit here with me, but I have enough to tend to scrapes, cuts and bruises such as you have likely received." Her eyes light on the man's crest and she tacks on a belated "my Lord Nayland."
Kathryna gently pulls her foot off the blade and she beds to scoop it up before tossing it in her hand to carefully catch the actual blade and offer him the hilt. She's careful with it, and even rather comfortable in touching cold steel. "I suppose you are not -such- a whelp. That was a good run, indeed… I appreciate the fight, though. Well played, Lord Nayland." She bows her head respectfully to him, the first time tonight she's shown him any amount of true respect. She then blinks back towards Alyse, frowning at the sight of the bow. "Perhaps not tonight… No need to waste arrows and yes, perhaps see to the young Lord here. It is quite late, I cannot believe you are out!"
"Greetings, my lady." Riordan bows his head to Alyse. "I may be getting a bit of a bruise on my jawline." He states, moving his jaw about a little bit. "And I appreciate that, my Lady Kathryna. It was a good run. And you do your people proud." He smiles slightly. He offers her a little bow in return. "What is a young lady doing on tonight?" He says, turning his attention back to Alyse.
Alyse arches an eyebrow slowly at Kat. The second one rises to join its twin when Riordan joins in. "Am I so youthful that I must be scolded for wandering as if I were yet unflowered?" she muses with a bit of exasperation in her voice. "If my Lord father does not see fit to chastize me for my habits, I see no reason to change my usual patterns." She unstrings her bow and stows it on her back without further comment. "And I am acquainting myself with this holding's lands, lord Nayland," she says coolly. Apparently, the poor man has touched upon a sore spot.
With a soft grunt of a grumble, she reaches to her belt and opens a pouch. Out comes a vial, and she marches up to the man. Grumble mutter grumble gnashing-of-teeth. "Hold still," she says shortly, pouring an ointment onto her fingers and reaching to apply it to the man's jaw. "This will reduce the swelling and help the flesh to heal more swiftly."
Kathryna shakes her head quietly, smirking at the motions, "A good bruise makes you stronger, you know. Pain is good to savour, Lord Riordan, it readies one for further battle. But… if anyone can keep that face of yours pretty, it is young Alyse here." That is genuine praise for the woman's healing skill, even if Kate is still teasing Rio for needing it. She then breathes out slowly, ensuring her own sword is sheathed and her breath is caught. "Lady Alyse Camden, may I present the young Lord Riordan Naylan… Lord Riordan, the young Lady Alyse Camden… She is possibly more trouble than I, but wears a skirt." And yet, that is not an insult from Kate's husky voice. "And Lord Riordan here has more guts than half the land who fear to even raise a sword agains an Ironborn woman. He has given me quite the pleasure this evening." Her brows waggle, those words meant as dirty as they sound.
Having let his sword rest on the ground with the belt and its sheath, Riordan awaits patiently as Alyse applies the mixture to his face. "Thank you…" He mutters to Alyse. With a glance at Kathryna, he smirks and speaks up, "I've had my own share of bruises over the years, in my training as a squire and as a jousting champion." He takes a deep breath in and lets it out slowly. "It is a pleasure to meet you officially, my Lady. And I can only hope that I can live up to the praise given by the Lady over here." He motions to Kathryna.
Alyse looks at Riordan for a long moment, perhaps studying his bumps and bruises, perhaps merely watching the man's face. Abruptly, she moves away, and wipes her fingers on a spare bandage before putting the vial away. "It isn't broken," she says at length. "And that is a blessing. Lady Kathryna must have been pulling her punches." She studies the man again, her hazel eyes narrowed ever so slightly. At length, she lets a slight smile cross her lips. "You're welcome, my Lord," she says gently. She pushes back her hair… which happens to be loose and unrestrained tonight. "If ever you need tending, do seek me out. I am well schooled in the arts of herbalism and chiurgery." Her lips twitch faintly. "I can cut off your limb and make ever such tiny stitches."
Kathryna looks behind her, pressing lips in quiet thought. "That being said… introductions made, and the lady's sworn present, I do think I am going to take my leave. There is good ale in the tavern and I always get thirtsy after a fight. Lady Alyse, always good to see you. Lord Riordan… I hope we meet again before I leave. If not, do come visit in the Roost? At least you will be somewhat more amusing that the bloody, non-existant Terricks." Kate smirks to herself, giving them both a small salute before she turns on the ball of her leather soled boot and heads off back to the road and soon to the tavern. Ale ahoy!
"Well…isn't that something…" Riordan says, clearning his throat. "Lady Kathryna. It was a pleasure. And perhaps I should be heading back into town myself…I've got a belt that I need to find a servant to fix…or, pending that, have the servant find me a new one." He smiles a little. He turns to Alyse. "Lady Alyse. Would you care for an escort somewhere? I'm sure you'll be fine, but I don't mind seeing you to…wherever you had planned to go next."
Riordan's offer is considered for a moment 'ere Alyse slowly inclines her head. "I daresay Hwyl would welcome the relief," she says at last. She pauses and looks at Kathryna. "Be well, Lady," she says calmly. Hazel eyes return to Rio. "But you must keep up. I do not linger long." She glances about and frowns. "There really is too much sky," she says softly as she starts off into the fields.
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CLUB officials have decided not to appeal against George Abbey's sending off against Cambridge United last Saturday.
CLUB officials have decided not to appeal against George Abbey's sending off against Cambridge United last Saturday.
Video evidence seems to suggest the Nigerian right back made contact with Us striker John Turner in the second half shoving match which ignited the game at the weekend.
Club chief executive Colin Garlick explained: "George has gone chasing after one lad and given him a lot of verbal for the challenge. He was pulled back by the shirt or the shorts and raised his arm up.
"There was contact, and you can't do that now. We wont be appealing."


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This e-zine was originally sent on July 29, 2009.
Aaron Miller here. I'm going out on a limb and trying something new, and I hope you'll go with me. I know that you and I haven't emailed much before, but starting this week I'm hoping that we can have a conversation.
You see, there hasn't been an environment like the one we're now facing in this economy and in our nation for quite a while. The fact is-I know you've got questions…about personal financial strategy, about legal specifics and about how to navigate your way through these challenging times we're living in.
But more often than not, they don't know what it's like to face the things that we face-right here in Collin County.
And, because of the relationship that you and I already have, I also want to give YOU the chance to contact me about questions you've been having. I've found over the years that people generally want more (not less) from their trusted legal advisor in terms of communication and relationship. So you'll be hearing from us a whole lot more going forward.
Bottom line: starting this week, I'll be making a major effort to keep in touch with you on a weekly basis-offering "Straight Talk" Personal Strategy (not just pie-in-the-sky theory) and guidance for growing wealth, keeping sane in this world, and all-around personal development.
And it will NOT be just law tips or legal planning information. Sure, there will be items you'll need to know about-which I'll send your way-but I believe you'll find these notes to be interesting and useful on a variety of levels.
Why do I say this? Well, it's my job to help people "ride out the storms" in their financial life. And I've noticed a very real difference between those that handle it well, and those that… well, don't.
See, relative to their income, the very rich are frugal. They spend less than 65% of their take-home pay on day-to-day expenses. They put at least 10% in their retirement accounts and another 5% in taxable investments. They direct another 10% toward unknown big purchases. And they even live frugally enough to give another generous 10% to charities.
Now-remember when I said this would be "straight talk"? The fact is, I know that you may not be even close to this, and you could even be feeling guilty right about it right about now. That's the LAST thing I want to do to you! But we're in a crazy economic climate right now, and I want to be a person in your life who tells you what you CAN do!
This week, choose ONE of these categories and move money there, however small the amount. Then, when you do so-let somebody know you did it. Not to brag, but to settle it into your mind.
And with THAT peace of mind, you'll handle the upcoming storms real well. And if you'd like to find out more, check out "The Richest Man in Babylon" by George S. Classen. I highly recommend this book. I wish I could go back and tell 2002 Aaron (the Aaron just out of law school) about this! It is a lot easier to start out doing this than it is to cut back, but you CAN do it!
That's shooting it straight, my friend.
PS-If this sounds great, and you'd like to hear more, would you also take a moment to sign up for the e-zine here?


Vice President Cheney's former chief of staff intends to load up his criminal trial with information about nine national security matters, the names of foreign leaders and details about various terrorist groups, according to court filings in the Valerie Plame leak case.
The papers filed this week hint at what has been taking place behind closed doors as Special Counsel Patrick J. Fitzgerald tries to limit the amount of classified data that I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby is permitted to use at his trial, scheduled for January.
U.S. District Judge Reggie B. Walton is asking whether classified evidence would overlap with what Libby is likely to say in his testimony. Libby's attorneys have said he will take the witness stand to deny lying to the FBI in its investigation of the disclosure of Plame's identity to the media.
Even if prosecutors agreed ahead of time about the importance of the "nine national security matters" he wants to disclose, Libby would be entitled to introduce additional evidence, the lawyers wrote.
In court documents, prosecutors argued that it would be "unnecessarily wasteful of time" to allow Libby to present "names of foreign leaders or government officials of other countries, or the names and histories of various terrorist groups."
The danger for prosecutors is that the sheer volume and sensitivity of the classified information Libby wants to introduce could scuttle the trial. Once the judge identifies classified information Libby is entitled to present, U.S. intelligence agencies must rule on whether the secrets can be declassified. The trial would collapse if the intelligence agencies refuse to declassify the information.
Libby is charged with five felony counts of perjury, obstruction and making false statements to the FBI. He is accused of lying about how he learned of Plame's CIA employment and what he told reporters about her when her husband, former U.S. ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV, was accusing the Bush administration of twisting prewar intelligence to help sell the public on waging war against Iraq.
Libby plans to use what his attorneys call "a memory defense" and must be allowed to demonstrate how busy he was, the lawyers say.


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Episode 10: So you want to be an astronomer?
It's episode 10! We celebrate with cake and a chat about how how astronomers become astronomers. Emily describes her (slightly unusual and a bit cheeky) path to her current career as Astronomer Extraordinaire and Director of the University of York's Astrocampus. Then we explore all the different skills and job titles that fall under the broad umbrella of "working in Astronomy". And of course, even if you don't want to do it as a job, there's a very long and distinguished history of amateur astronomy to discover. Really, there's no reason *not* to get involved.
Syzygy is produced by Chris Stewart and co-hosted by Dr Emily Brunsden from the Department of Physics at the University of York.
Find us on Twitter: @syzygypod twitter.com/SyzygyPod
Or just visit us at home: syzygy.fm
Emily at the University of York: www.york.ac.uk/physics/people/brunsden/
Chris online: kipstewart.com
To view the podcast chapter list and artwork in this episode, you could do worse than use the Overcast app on iOS, or Pocket Casts on Android. (Other podcast players are available, though they may not handle mp3 chapters nicely.)
Some of the things we talk about in this episode:
The University of York's Astrocampus: http://www.astrocampus.org.uk
The Hubble Space Telescope: https://www.spacetelescope.org
Top 100 Hubble images: https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/archive/top100/
Big Data in Astronomy: https://www.theguardian.com/science/across-the-universe/2015/jun/25/big-universe-big-data-astronomical-opportunity
Careers in Astronomy: https://aas.org/learn/careers-astronomy
Amateur astronomy around the world: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_societies
Astronomy apps: https://www.tomsguide.com/us/pictures-story/752-best-space-watching-apps.html
Galaxy Zoo: https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/zookeeper/galaxy-zoo/
More citizen science: https://www.zooniverse.org
Episode 11: Black Hole Eats Star, Then Burps
Episode 09: Life on Mars?
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We tweet at @SYZYGYPOD | Find us on FACEBOOK | Support us on PATREON
Big thanks to the University of York's Department of Physics, where Emily is based.
If you like what your hear, let us know, or leave a review and a rating on your podcast directory of choice.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Trigonometry, complex numbers Does $\cos(a+b)=\cos(a)*\cos(b)-\sin(a)*\sin(b)$
 apply even for complex values.
If so why?

A: For a complex number $z$, sine and cosine defined by
$$\cos z=\frac{e^{iz}+e^{-iz}}{2}\quad\text{and} \quad \sin z=\frac{e^{iz}-e^{-iz}}{2i}$$
therefore you can compute
$$\cos(a+b)=\frac{e^{i(a+b)}+e^{-i(a+b)}}{2}$$
and proceed.

Edit: From Euler formula $e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x$, we have
$$\cos x=\frac{e^{ix}+e^{-ix}}{2}\quad\text{and} \quad \sin x=\frac{e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}{2i}$$
for real $x$.
Therefore it leads us to define sine  and cosine of a complex variable in that form. Also the Taylor series
$$e^z=\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{z^n}{n!}$$
makes this definition firm.

A: Let us consider a number $a+ib$.
Then
$\cos(a+ib) = \cos a \cos(ib) - \sin a \sin(ib) = \color{blue}{\cos a \cosh b - i \sin a \sinh b}$
as $\cos(ix) = \cosh x$ and $\sin(ix) = i\sinh x$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I spent an hour yesterday afternoon reviewing Jane McConnell's latest publication – the Global Intranet Trends 2011 report. This is the fifth year Jane has surveyed intranet managers on the state of intranets, and thus Jane has a wealth of real world data to aggregate and share. This she does admirably in her annual reports.
Five megatrends on the Intranet, including the integration of project and collaborative spaces on the Intranet. See Jane's blog post about these trends for more information.
With respect to the megatrends, I was struck with the comparability to my 7 Pillars model for team collaboration, especially Pillar 1 (megatrend 1), Pillar 2 (megatrend 5), and Pillars 3 and 5 (megatrend 4).
Early in the report, Jane states that governance is essential, not just to cover the traditional content publishing function of the Intranet, but also collaboration and social media.
Jane asked participants about the drivers for social media. Collaboration and teamwork were a key driver (page 29).
Participants commented on the value they had received from social media – and that most of it was from soft benefits. E.g., "more effective knowledge-sharing" ranked highly.
The differentiation between "leaders" and "others" made for interesting reading. From a collaboration perspective, it was really interested to note that they "have more guidelines for "new" issues, such as opening and closing of collaborative spaces" (page 72).
– The results are from a 100-question survey, with 440 organizations. Respondents had intranet management roles.
– The report is 103 pages in length, and is filled with graphics, quotes, and Jane's analysis and commentary.
– It costs €550 to purchase a copy for your organization. See purchasing details.
– It gives real numbers and trends about what organizations are doing.
– I like the way Jane split out the "leaders" from the "others" this year. It makes the report not just informational, but also aspirational. It gives Intranet teams something to think about reaching for.
– The direct quotations from the respondents is invaluable. You get to see what real people are saying – in their own words.
To get the benefit of the report, you will need to drink deeply from the wisdom contained on the pages. A quick read will not suffice.
For those of you in Australia and New Zealand, don't forget that Jane McConnell will be presenting a keynote and workshop at Intranets 2011 in Sydney, in May.
Hi Michael, I like your comment about your pillars and the 5 megatrends. You're right.
One of the big governance obstacles I'm encountering with clients these days is the different ways people understand the word "collaboration". It ranges from discovering people on social networks to structured work on projects. It's causing a lot of confusion and (sometimes) unnecessary conflict when it comes to discussions about what belongs where. A post from you with some definitions would be great.
One thing for sure: collaboration moving into the intranet (or digital workplace) has been key in attracting interest and attention of senior management in some organizations I work with.
Thanks Jane … I'll get some thoughts ready for you, and post them here. Yes, there's a lot of confusion in this area.


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Villages in Alibag taluk, Raigad district
List of villages in Alibag taluka or tehesil is listed below. Please click on a village link to view every detail of the village. Alibag is under the Raigad district in the state of Maharashtra in India.
Agarsure
Agarsure Agarsure is a Village in Alibag Taluka in Raigad District of Maharashtra State, India It belongs to Konkan region It belongs to Konkan Division It is located 10 KM towards North from District head quarters Alib...
Akshi
Akshi Akshi is a Village in Alibag Taluka in Raigad District of Maharashtra State, India It belongs to Konkan region It belongs to Konkan Division It is located 5 KM towards South from District head quarters Alibag ...
Ambepur
Ambepur Ambepur is a Village in Alibag Taluka in Raigad District of Maharashtra State, India It belongs to Konkan region It belongs to Konkan Division It is located 14 KM towards East from District head quarters Alibag...
Awas
Awas Awas is a Village in Alibag Taluka in Raigad District of Maharashtra State, India It belongs to Konkan region It belongs to Konkan Division It is located 14 KM towards North from District head quarters Alibag ...
Bamangaon
Bamangaon Bamangaon is a Village in Alibag Taluka in Raigad District of Maharashtra State, India It belongs to Konkan region It belongs to Konkan Division It is located 1 KM towards South from District head quarters Ali...
Belkade
Belkade Belkade is a Village in Alibag Taluka in Raigad District of Maharashtra State, India It belongs to Konkan region It belongs to Konkan Division It is located 0 KM towards East from District head quarters Alibag...
Beloshi
Beloshi Beloshi is a Village in Alibag Taluka in Raigad District of Maharashtra State, India It belongs to Konkan region It belongs to Konkan Division It is located 17 KM towards East from District head quarters Alibag...
Borghar
Borghar Borghar is a Village in Alibag Taluka in Raigad District of Maharashtra State, India It belongs to Konkan region It belongs to Konkan Division It is located 20 KM towards East from District head quarters Alibag...
Boris Boris is a Village in Alibag Taluka in Raigad District of Maharashtra State, India It belongs to Konkan region It belongs to Konkan Division It is located 0 KM towards East from District head quarters Alibag ...
Chari Chari is a Village in Alibag Taluka in Raigad District of Maharashtra State, India It belongs to Konkan region It belongs to Konkan Division It is located 0 KM towards East from District head quarters Alibag ...
Sadak Arjuni | Bhoom | Paithan | Ramtek | Nevasa | Paranda | Bhokardan | Surgana | Sangola | Bhokar | Arjuni Morgaon | Karjat | Khatav | Bhiwandi | Patan | Tala | Jath | Bhivapur | Satara | Malegaon | Shevgaon | Mohol | Chandwad | Vasai | Dhamangaon Ril | Shegaon | Ralegaon | Akarani | Warud | Etapalli | Madha | Solapur North | Ashti | Pathardi | Shahuwadi | Shindkhede | Patur | Aurangabad | Chikhli | Shrirampur |
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A numerical evaluation of sheet C-Forming process for large tube production through neural network and finite element techniques / PALUMBO G; SPINA R.; TRICARICO L.. - 1(2001), pp. 271-280. ((Intervento presentato al convegno International Conf. on Competitive Manufacturing nel 31 January - 2 February , Stellenbosh South Africa.


You or your loved one got a pretty nasty cut, but how bad is it really? Can you just clean it up and slap on a bandage or is it severe enough that you need medical help? Open wounds are the ultimate "on the fence" medical issue and you may not realize how serious a gash is until it becomes infected.
Many minor lacerations heal without medical intervention. But some injuries require stitches that are essential for proper healing. Deep cuts and abrasions are prone to infection and other complications, and the longer a wound stays open and vulnerable, the greater the risk of infection becomes. Stitches also help reduce the chance of developing scar tissue and speed up the overall healing process.
How can you tell if specific treatment for lacerations may require more than minor treatment at home?
It can be difficult to tell if an injury will require stitches or not – particularly when it comes to our loved ones. While some cuts and lacerations can be easily treated at home, others require medical attention. If you're uncertain how serious the injury is it's better to seek immediate expert medical attention. Our onsite clinicians are available on a walk-in basis and prepared to treat you with sutures, and, if needed, X-rays and tetanus shots.


The adidas Cloudfoam Ultimate Trainers inspire comfort and embrace your feet in a knitted, sock-like upper. The trainers feature a padded, contoured ankle collar and cushioned insole for comfort, alongside a Cloudfoam sole for responsive cushioning and a textured sole for traction. The iconic three stripes feature alongside the adidas logo for a recognisable finish.


Last winter I did a shoot at Andrea Lucas's new venture- a studio in Melrose, MA. She wanted some shots of the yoga classes they teach and the studio's instructors as well as some details of the new space.
Good news for people in NH and the North Shore: the Melrose one was such a success that she's opening another studio! This one is in Portsmouth, NH and from what I've seen on Facebook it is gorgeous. They're located at 163 Court Street and just opened in August.


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The Far-Right Returns to Germany
posted on October 14, 2021 by Tay Massey
Since World War II, no far-right nationalist movement leaders have held any seats in the German parliament, but this changed during the 2017 German elections. The Alternative for Germany (AfD) party won 12.6 percent of the vote in the election which gave them 94 seats in parliament. How did the AfD gain enough support to have seats in parliament? Why did the far-right return to Germany? The AfD used populistic tactics and the growing anti-immigration sentiments to gain votes, but the most recent German election shows that populism can be slowed down or maybe even reversed.
One area that we can point to for the growing populism in Germany is the increasing polarization in the country. According to Julian Goppfarth, a researcher at the London School of Economics, Merkel had been moving the CDU farther center since 2005, and this caused people within the party to be unsatisfied. The AfD presented itself as a great alternative for those voters who felt like the CDU was no longer right winged enough. We see this trend also in Greece with the rise of the GD (Dinas et al 2019). In Greece, voters who previously voted for the center-right Nea Demokratia changed their vote to the extreme-right GD.
Another reason for the increase in support for the AfD during the 2017 election is the anti-immigration sentiment within Germany. It is perhaps more accurate to say rising anti-Islam sentiments. These immigrants are mostly asylum seekers, but studies show that not all asylum seekers are equal in the eyes of European voters (Bansak et al 2016). According to these studies, Muslim refugees are 11 percent less likely to be accepted than their Christian counterparts. (Bansak et al 2016) These same studies also conferred that Christian asylum seekers are only slightly more likely to be accepted than agnostic asylum seekers, so these sentiments truly are anti-Islam. Germany has admitted thousands of refugees, many of them Muslim, which has drawn much criticism from the AfD. Alexander Gauland, one of the AfD's leading candidates in the 2017 elections, stated that he is beginning to feel like a foreigner in his own country. The first leader of the AfD, Bernd Lucke, resigned in 2015 because he felt that the party was becoming increasingly xenophobic and Islamophobic. There is strong evidence that suggests that extreme far-right parties can convert anti-Islam sentiment and use it as fuel to get voters to vote for them (Dinas et al 2019). This is what the AfD did in Germany.
One of the most important reasons for the AfD's success in the 2017 elections is its populist rhetoric. Mudde states that a frequent populist appeal is addressing the interest and ideas of "the common people" (Mudde 2017). By doing so, it integrates an angry and silent majority and also creates a divide between the people and an enemy. "The people " can be framed in whichever way poplulist leaders see fit to which is why populism is such a powerful ideology; it can be used by politicians to mobilize any group of people as long as there is an enemy to scapegoat and blame. Sometimes, populist politicians target the people native to the country, but this is not always the case. In the United States, populist rhetoric is not referring to Native Americans when referencing "the people." It more so refers to White Americans who feel threatened by the decreasing percent of the white population, so Donald Trump was able to use populist rhetoric to appeal to white supremacy and mobilize white Americans. In the case of the United Kingdom and Germany, however, "the people" that populist politicians targeted were mostly those who felt disadvantaged by globalization, and the enemy was mainly outsiders, so they appealed to them with anti immigrant sentiments. When the United Kingdom left the European Union, the Brexit Leave Campaign targeted voters by using anti-establishment and anti-immigration sentiment (Hobolt 2016). "The people" in this case were the working class who felt like the losers of globalization, so the Leave Campaign mobilized them by making the European Union and immigrants the enemy. Germany is similar in which the enemies are immigrants—mainly Muslims, so the AfD united their voters by othering Muslims.
Although the 2017 elections paint a gloomy picture, there is still hope. Germany held their most recent election on September 26, 2021.The AfD still garnered enough support to have seats in parliament, but they did receive less votes as compared to the 2017 elections. This gives us the hopeful message that democratic erosion can be slowed down and also, perhaps, reversed. While anti-immigration sentiment is a big contributor to the growing populist movement, European policy makers can garner more public acceptance of asylum seekers by highlighting refugees' vulnerability, deservingness, and contributions to society.
Kyle Burzycki
Hey! I really enjoyed your look at the reemergence of the far-right in German politics and society. What I found particularly interesting was how you discussed the political response of the German government, where the CDU tacked to the political center in response to the threat of the AFD siphoning votes from the right. It reminded me of a journal reflection by Nancy Bermeo titled "Can American Democracy Still Be Saved?" about democratic backsliding in the US that I feel resonates with Germany's case. Bermeo wrote that "democracy endures when key actors distance themselves from would-be authoritarians," and how there is little appetite among center-right public officials in the US to do so. As you said though, Merkel was adamant in distancing her party from the AFD in spite of the electoral losses that might come with it- and while her party lost in this last election it did not give ground to the far-right.
A report from the U.S. Agency for International Development titled "Unwelcome Change: Understanding, Evaluating, and Extending Theories of Democratic Backsliding" by Ellen Lust and David Waldner showcases why this is true. The pair conceptualized democratic backsliding as changes made in "formal political institutions and informal political practices" that reduced the influence of citizens on the actions of the government. While Merkel's actions were not solely responsible for stunting AFD's rise, by rooting her Chancellorship in a moderate and centrist platform that held mass appeal across German society she was able to keep the national debate centered on the views of the majority while upholding the informal practice of German democracy rebuking far-right extremism.
I do agree with you that there is hope that German society, with the help of the government and political leaders, can continue to address the rise of the far-right and continue to work against it. Thanks!
Haley Donovan
Hi Tay! I really enjoyed your blog post. Overall, I think you did a really great job. I loved how you grabbed the reader's attention in the first paragraph by emphasizing how many years it has been since people with far right views have held positions of power in Germany's parliament and how that is all starting to change now since the AfD party won 94 seats in the 2017 election. This is an astonishing fact for Germany to go from 0 to 94 and that immediately makes people interested in what else you are going to say. I also liked your ending and how you looked to the future in saying that there is hope for the future of Germany and it is not headed towards complete far right control. Something that I think you could possibly explore more is in between stages of these two elections. Specifically, what took place in those four years that made the AfD less favorable in the eyes of the public? What led to this far right downfall? You attributed a lot of the success of the AfD party in 2017 to the populist rhetoric that they used, you could potentially compare that rhetoric used in 2017 to that used in 2021 to see if there are differences in the way that the general public responded to it that could have led to their loss of seats. Something that I think that you would find super interesting is the Day X podcast. It dives into far right extremism in Germany and explores their approach to combating the threat they face from within. It is super interesting. I enjoyed it a lot. I think it will help deepen your contextual knowledge of far right extremism in Germany, how it grew, and how authorities and people in power are responding to it now. Keep up the great work and good luck with your future research of Germany!
Filip Anderson
Hallo und gutten tag,
Tay, I found your article on the rise of the AfD very interesting. I think your points made on AfD leaders using populist rhetoric to energize voters and gain support were right. I think its important to note populist rhetoric by itself does little. In order for the AfD to be successful in convincing people to follow their view points they needed to feed off some underlying form of insecurity. There are countless sources of this insecurity; however, like in many other countries, in Germany I think the driving force is inequality. In Germany, I see a possible inequality in opportunity in their the education system. The system in Germany sets students on preordained paths from early on. There are clear winners and losers from these types of systems, I cant help but wonder if the people set on lower paths are given ample opportunity to progress. With an influx of immigrants competing for jobs I could see the frustration in the system that has left certain groups less qualified to compete than others. The driving forces behind xenophobia, in the most basic form, is the sense that their is not enough for both us and them; I see that as a possible outcome, for some, in their education system. I also see a link between the educational system and the high income inequality in Germany. I liked that you ended your post on a positive note. It is interesting that other far right parties, for example the VOX party in Spain, have gained support during the same time frame, and the AfD has lost support. I think this has to do with the wide spread understanding of Germanys dark history. They are not shy about excepting, and more importantly teaching, about the dark past. They live with constant reminders of that past in the form of memorials and museums, which I think helps younger generations understand the dangers of xenophobia. Tay I very much appreciated your thought provoking post. Good work!
Tschuss!
Jackson Chadwick
Hi Tay! You wrote a really thoughtful and engaging blog. The AfD was a recent topic of discussion in class, and it was nice to see someone else write about it here.
I do think it's fascinating (yet very concerning) how a party that had never had seats in the Bundestag won nearly 100 of them in just one election. As you mentioned, they did lose seats in this year's election, and their vote share slightly fell, too. That is an encouraging sign, but it's still worrying that they have such a big presence in the country. I'm curious as to why you think that the AfD lost seats? A Washington Post article we examined in class found that the AfD primarily lost seats because of more centrist parties like the CDU and the Social Democrats (1). Do you think there might be other reasons to explain why they not only lost seats, but lost vote share?
The rise of the AfD makes me think of another far-right party: The National Rally (or National Front) in France. The party, led by Marine Le Pen, resembles the AfD in many ways. For one, they are arguably very anti-immigration. And like the AfD, their support comes from more rural areas of the country, such as in the north and east and some areas of the south (2). Support from rural or exurban areas for far-right and/or nationalist parties is a trend we're seeing in Europe and elsewhere, too.
And to echo Haley's point — if you haven't already, Day X is a great listen!
1. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/05/germanys-far-right-party-lost-seats-last-weeks-election-heres-why/
2. https://www.ft.com/content/62d782d6-31a7-11e7-9555-23ef563ecf9a
Charlotte Smith
I really enjoyed your look into why the far-right has been gaining traction in Germany lately, especially in regards to the populist response to globalism and how populism in Europe is different from populism in the United States. Although populism in the United States has become relevant in recent years since the election of Trump in 2016, who espoused anti-elite rhetoric, populism in Europe has emerged as more a result of anti-immigrant sentiment, especially if said immigrants are Muslim asylum seekers. It is the latter trend that has led to the rise of the AfD in Germany, which also ties into the rise of anti-globalism sentiment. Like you mentioned in this post, the "people" who are purportedly helped by populism in European countries are those who felt disadvantaged by globalism, especially with the recent flow of asylum seekers into their countries. As is apparently common in societies experiencing change, people want to look for someone to blame; in this case, the most easily identifiable representation of globalization is foreigners entering a new society. Thus, populist politicians see an opportunity to take advantage of people's frustration, as illustrated by the rise of the pro-Brexit Leave campaign in the United Kingdom and the anti-immigrant (namely Muslim immigrants) attitude of the AfD in Germany. Although it is understandable to be frustrated by a quickly changing world as a result of globalization, causing previously unconnected regions to be more closely connected than ever, it is unfortunate that so many people turn to hateful rhetoric in tough times and thereby allow corrupt politicians to come into power.
Lizzie Newhart
I believe you made a very strong argument for the rebirth of far-right parties in Germany. This topic is important to democratic backsliding because it brings to attention how far-right parties have not held seats in the German parliament since WWII. Your post brings to attention the dangers of far-right parties accumulating votes by using populist tactics. It is also important that you noted how the anti-immigration platform can facilitate votes for far-right parties. I thought it was interesting how you pointed out the different treatment and acceptingness of immigrants from different backgrounds. It is definitely a threat to democracy that Christian immigrants are getting better treatment than Muslim immigrants because a true democracy ought to treat people from different backgrounds equally. Further, it is extremely undemocratic for the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party to use anti-Islam sentiment to get people to vote for them.
It is also important that you called attention to the harm of populist parties. They are not always for the people as they claim to be, and the AfD used populist rhetoric while campaigning. It is a threat to democracy to use terms like 'the people' and 'the common people' for only part of the population because that creates division from citizens with different ideologies and mindsets. As you stated, the AfD claimed that Muslims were the 'other' and not part of 'the common people.' Why do you think a group that is openly anti-Islamic could get so many votes? It is crucial that the AfD does not fave further successes in Germany because the party's platform is a real threat to democracy.
Pauline Lutzenkirchen
The author makes a crucial argument by exploring the sentiment behind a shift to more right-wing politics in Germany. This shift in german ideology seems particularly critical when viewed in light of Germany's historical context and contribution to a broader populist sentiment in Europe. He expands on the means by which Germany's Alternative für Deutschland gains support among the electorate, namely by an anti-immigration rhetoric that emphasizes the differences between locals and foreigners and consequently implies a reduction in social cohesion. As the author mentioned, parallels can be drawn between European populism and US populism which is equally marketed by a shift in ideology among a working class that feels increasingly alienated and misrepresented by political elites. Regardless, there is a threat emerging from populist rhetorics since they harness support by arguably illegitimate means of exclusion, white supremacy and nationalism – frequently supported by unverified facts. At this point, there are important questions to be raised: while an increase in nationalism may not be inherently bad, does it leave states in a disadvantaged position in regard to foreign policy? Moreover, does the divergence in ideology among the electorate not further subside social cohesion? And lastly, are we at risk of repeating historical tragedies in regard to the systematic oppression of ethnic minorities? While Alternative für Deutschland can in no way be categorized as an established party with major political influence, we need to be aware of the implicit ramifications it imposes on society: An electorate defined by exclusive social groups that aim to enhance their voice by marginalizing others.


text:
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Everything you need to know about making your own face mask
Even if you're not crafty at all.
For a while, it felt as though advice from health professionals was changing every day about whether most Americans should be wearing face masks to help prevent the spread of the coronavirus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has now officially recommended that everyone but infants should wear a cloth mask or face covering in certain public settings.
As German Lopez writes for Vox, "While the evidence is limited, the research suggests that more mask use by the greater public could help stop the spread of Covid-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Some studies in households and colleges 'show a benefit of masks,' Raina MacIntyre, head of the Biosecurity Program at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, told me, 'so it would be plausible that they would also protect in lower-intensity transmission settings such as in the general community.'"
The guidance had been frustratingly confusing, particularly in the midst of a pandemic where official directives have been inconsistent or outright dangerous, but it did lead to a spike in Americans taking matters into their own hands and donning masks before the official directive came, according to the Washington Post. The practice was already widespread in many parts of Asia, which some experts say could be one reason that areas like Hong Kong and South Korea seemed to do better at controlling the spread of the virus.
Above all, it's of utmost importance that medical personnel, vulnerable populations, and people who actually have the virus are first in line when it comes to medical-grade personal protective equipment, or PPE. That's why making your own — while it won't come with nearly the same level of protection — could be an alternative and possibly reduce considerable strain on an already drastically overburdened supply chain.
I will not, here, write a cute and flip line about how you probably have a lot of time on your hands for craft projects now that you're stuck inside, because maybe you have kids, or maybe you have a job that does not allow you to work from home, or a job that's become infinitely more stressful now that you have to. I am literally a semi-professional crafter and even I can't bring myself to stop panicking most days long enough to sit down and knit a couple of rows.
What I will do is answer some questions you might have about what goes into making a mask, even — especially! — if you yourself are not a crafter. If you have further questions or resources you've found helpful, email me and let me know; I'm alanna.okun@vox.com, and chances are this guide will be updated frequently as more information becomes available.
So wait, am I definitely supposed to be wearing a mask? Even if I'm not sick or vulnerable?
The guidance is now that every American (except infants) should wear some kind of face covering in public places where other social distancing measures are hard to maintain (like grocery stores or pharmacies), especially in communities with significant rates of transmission.
As Lopez previously wrote, the research is murky and inconclusive, but the main takeaway is that homemade masks are likely better than nothing: "Cloth masks ... are much less effective than the modern alternatives, as a 2015 study in BMJ found. And they can be extra risky, since they can trap and hold virus-containing droplets that wearers can then breathe in. But they still, in general, offer more protection than no mask at all, several studies concluded."
Essentially, what you're shooting for here is not ironclad protection but rather a bolstered line of defense for both yourself and, notably, the people around you. As Lopez writes:
Coronavirus appears to mostly spread when germ-containing droplets make it into a person's mouth, nose, or eyes. If you have a physical barrier in front of your mouth and nose, that's simply less likely to happen. ... While the evidence is thin on how much masks protect the wearer from coronavirus — since it's unclear if the virus spreads much through airborne droplets — it's true that the masks stop people from spreading their own droplets: When you breathe, talk, laugh, sigh, yawn, sneeze, or cough in public, you're less likely to get droplets on a checkout machine, dining table, or anywhere else if you have a mask on. That could stop people, even those who are asymptomatic, from spreading infection.
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Why do attorneys say Randy Block is the Most Effective Legal Recruiter in Dallas?
3 placements in 2022 so far. 31 placements in 2021. 19 placements in 2020 (pandemic). 29 placements in 2019. 35 placements in 2018. 31 placements in 2017. 28 placements in 2016. 28 placements in 2015. 30 placements in 2014. 30 placements in 2013.
I am available 24/7 at 214-497-5004 and randyblock@performancelp.com
"Randy is hands-down, without a doubt, the most effective and efficient legal recruiter in Dallas. He has incredible relationships with a wide array of firms that allow him to get interviews and placements for positions that would otherwise be unattainable."
– Candidate placed by Randy (see many more quotes on the Testimonials page)
Performance Legal Placement was founded by Randy Block in 2005 and he has been in the Dallas legal market for 22 years. He has placed attorneys at almost every major firm and boutique. Many firms work with Randy EXCLUSIVELY.
Randy's (1) background as an attorney, (2) role as a law school educator and (3) deep involvement in the legal community all combine to make him the most effective legal recruiter in Dallas, Texas.
Attorney: Randy is a former litigator at a large Texas law firm. He not only understands what litigation firms need, but has also developed a broad knowledge of all other areas of law.
Law School Educator: Randy has placed many of his former students, who graduated from his rigorous trial training program at SMU Law. He led the mock trial program from 1999-2010 and taught trial advocacy courses from 2003-2008.
Involvement in Legal Community: Randy has relationships with hundreds of Dallas attorneys because of his constant involvement with the Dallas Association of Young Lawyers, Dallas Women Lawyers Association, J.L. Turner Legal Association and more.
Relationships: Unlike other legal recruiters who simply rely on cold-calling strangers, Randy focuses on working with attorneys that he knows personally or that are referred to him through existing relationships.
Contact Randy: When you decide to explore new career opportunities, Performance Legal Placement can help you pursue the possibilities. Call Randy Block at 214-497-5004 (literally 24/7) to see what options are available to you.
Texas Lawbook, September 9, 2021: Randy Block opens the Dallas office of Quinn Emanuel with his placement of Will Thompson. "I pitched the idea of starting the office to Will, and he was immediately excited by it. John Quinn was equally enthusiastic about Will from the start."
Texas Lawyer, June 18, 2021: Randy Block said he has placed a number of associates at firms in Texas who are coming from other states. "It's not a hard sell to convince associates to move to Dallas, because of the strong economy, the fact the city isn't prone to natural disasters and its enjoyable culture compared to some cities where they make their associates work very long hours."
Law.com, April 15, 2021: "This is not a laid-back lateral market," said Dallas-based Randy Block, who said he's placed 10 attorneys at Holland & Knight in recent years. "We've got at least 100 headhunters here and 30 to 40 major firms. I almost always have candidates that have firms bidding on them, so it's very hard to retain talent if people aren't happy."
Texas Lawyer, December 17, 2020: Randy Block said he has placed about 20 partners in Dallas over the last two years, all in their 30s and 40s, and many have seen dramatic increases in compensation at their new firms. "Even just in the last couple of months, I've been placing young partners who are getting great raises as laterals. And that's 2020, and it's still happening," he said.
Texas Lawbook, May 9, 2018: "Randy understood our strategy and the kind of legal talent the firm seeks and he did his homework and made these moves possible," Katten's Dallas managing partner said. "Randy understands that we are building an office and building practice groups that will be with us for a long time – not just hiring lawyers who have books of business."
Law360, April 17, 2018: One of the ways that larger firms seeking to open new offices in Texas draw attorneys from existing firms is by offering attractive compensation packages, said Randy Block, who owns the Texas-based legal recruiter Performance Legal Placement. "These firms want to show their success and wherewithal," he said. "I've placed candidates who've gotten up to double what they're making."
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Randy helped me meet with firms that I otherwise would never have had the chance to interview. In the end, I had several offers from prestigious firms in the Dallas area. Moreover, he was able to place me with a firm that I had previously applied to on my own, to no avail. I am still with this firm and very happy.
I doubt anyone is as well connected as Randy is in the Dallas legal market. Thank you for your marvelous work.
Randy is the preeminent legal recruiter in the Dallas / Fort Worth legal market… He cares about his clients and the candidates he places, and he wants their success to foster a continued relationship with his clients and candidates. This business model and Randy's experience as an attorney himself, make him the best legal recruiter in Dallas.
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RARE Large firm litigation position that is AWESOME!! I have previously placed all three partners that you will work with…they are so nice,...
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ABOVE MARKET COMP / much better cases / not a sweatshop. I just got a new & exclusive litigation boutique opening where you would work with...
Exclusive to me: The premiere Commercial Finance group. Top of the Market comp. This national firm is seeking to hire two associates with...
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Sustainability policyCreative Land Trust2021-01-18T11:40:36+00:00
A healthy society has creativity woven into its fabric and we believe in the transformative potential the arts and artists can have on an area. Across London, the presence of artists and creatives makes neighbourhoods more attractive places to live, work and play, and brings joy, beauty and heart into our communities.
As many as a quarter of London's studios could close within the next five years and when a studio is lost a whole creative ecosystem goes with it. Creative Land Trust (CLT) exists to support these creative ecosystems by providing long-term, affordable workspaces for artists and creatives.
We recognise that a healthy society and economy is only possible if we have a healthy environment and this can only be achieved if we operate within the limits of our planet's resources. We are facing a global climate and ecological emergency as a result of breaching many of these limits, and around the world basic standards of living are not being met and there are profound inequalities within and between communities.
CLT is committed to tackling the crisis facing London's artists for the long term and taking action on the current environmental crisis.
We have assessed our material impacts to be:
carbon emissions (particularly Scope 1 & 2 emissions from energy purchased, as defined by the Greenhouse Gas Protocol)
ethical finance
equality & diversity.
We have structured this policy around three main areas of our work:
our own activities
our partners that we choose to work with
and for each of these areas we set out our environmental, social and economic aspirations and commitments.
We will comply with environmental legislation as a minimum and ensure our buildings are selected and managed in an environmentally responsible manner, working with studio providers who demonstrate a commitment to environmental, social and economic sustainability.
We will communicate what sustainability means to us and the targets we are working towards.
We will work collaboratively with our partners to generate environmental, social and economic benefits to the areas where we operate in a holistic, integrated way, not as an add on.
We will ensure that sustainability and affordability is embedded in every decision we make with our stakeholders, including funders, investors, developers, local authorities and artists, and we will use our position to influence positively wherever the opportunity arises.
This policy and the attached action plan will be reviewed annually and updated as appropriate.
Signed & dated
The Arts Council Strategy 2020 – 2030, Let's Create, has set out 'Cultural Communities' as one of three outcomes to deliver over the next decade, whereby villages, towns and cities thrive through a collaborative approach to culture. CLT will create a space for and connect artists, communities, investors, funders, developers and local authorities to discuss and agree common ground and mutual benefits. Let's Create shares with CLT the core principles of Inclusivity, Dynamism and Environmental Responsibility.
Several studies demonstrate the relative importance of the creative sector to London's economy. The sector generates more than £52bn each year (The Creative Supply Chains Study, 2019) and almost one in three of the UK's creative economy jobs are based in the capital (London's Creative Industries, 2017). However as many as a quarter of London's studios could close within the next five years and only 17% of artist studio buildings in London are owned under freehold (Creating Artists' Workspace, 2014). CLT was established to provide a lasting solution – a social enterprise that will own the buildings in which studios are housed, so they can be used by artists and creatives in perpetuity.
The World Cities Forum Culture and Climate Change Handbook recognises that climate change is the defining global challenge of our time. The Major of London's Compatible Climate Action Plan sets out a roadmap for London to become a zero carbon city by 2050, with the London Plan setting a reduction target of 60% from 1990 levels by 2032. This is in line with the UK government's zero-carbon target for the whole of the UK by 2050 (The Climate Change Act, 2008). There is an ambition in the cultural sector to achieve this quicker with calls for net zero carbon by 2025 (Culture Declares Emergency) and most London local authorities have declared a climate emergency (at the time of writing 26 / 32 boroughs). CLT fully supports this aim, with a net zero carbon target from our own operations by 2025.
The role of the cultural industry is unique in that it can take action through its own activities and also respond creatively to express what is happening and help society to imagine a better future. This is evidenced by the Arts Council Sustaining Great Art and Culture environmental report, which shows a 35% reduction in the sector's carbon emissions to date together with a multitude of creative responses to the climate crisis. CLT will report on its carbon emissions and environmental data annually to feed into this process and require our studio providers to do the same. We prioritise working with studio providers who support socially and environmentally engaged artists.
CLT is a social enterprise with charitable status and our team is directed by a Board of Trustees with arts, studio provision, property and finance expertise.
Responsibility for sustainability starts with us and presents an opportunity to show strong corporate governance. All our staff and trustees will undertake carbon literacy training.
CLT will report on its environmental, social, and economic measures and evaluate impacts to create an evidence base that helps maximise benefits across all areas.
Sustainability will be a shared responsibility amongst the Board with specific working groups set up as required. We will manage our own resources efficiently and make the most of our strengths and connections.
Our administrative workspace will be run in an environmentally responsible manner and procurement of goods and services will meet minimum environmental requirements and certifications, including supporting the circular economy where possible.
We will operate a paperless office and any marketing material we produce will be printed on recycled or FSC sourced paper that is recyclable and use chemical-free inks.
Our administrative workspace will be powered by renewable energy from a provider who invests in 100% renewable energy and adds to the renewable energy infrastructure. We will devise a way to account for the energy used by employees working at home and encourage our staff to procure renewable energy at home where possible.
We will hold meetings virtually where practical, keeping business travel to a minimum and encourage low-carbon forms of travel.
We aim to reduce the waste we produce and increase recycling rates in our office. Single use plastic is not permitted for staff use on CLT premises.
We will measure the carbon footprint of our activities, establishing a baseline in our first year and report annually on our Scope 1 & 2 carbon emissions (energy purchased and controlled by us) and Scope 3 emissions (waste produced, recycling rates, water consumption and business travel) using the Creative Green Tools.
We have set a target of achieving net zero carbon by 2025 for our Scope 1 & 2 emissions.
We will assess whether to set a Scope 3 reduction target if our Scope 3 emissions account for more than 40% of our total emissions.
Our first priority is reducing our carbon emissions as much as possible, with any residual unavoidable emissions offset through best-practice carbon offsetting schemes.
CLT is an equal opportunity employer and is committed to treating all its employees and job applicants equally.
As set out in our Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Policy, CLT will avoid unlawful discrimination in all aspects of employment including recruitment and selection, promotion, transfer, opportunities and training, pay and benefits, other terms of employment, discipline, selection of redundancy and dismissal.
We have achieved 40% BAME and 50% female representation on our Board and aim to continue to achieve this as a minimum.
We have Artist Trustees and Ambassadors on the Board to ensure we are truly representative of the sector we are serving.
3.7 Economic
As shown in Creative United's Making Space study (2016), sector sustainability is linked with funding and finance for property ownership.
Our work is currently supported by the Mayor of London, Arts Council England, Bloomberg Philanthropies and Outset Community Art Fund.
By securing a blend of funding, bringing together donors, investors and grant-givers, we will be able to charge affordable rents that won't price tenants out of the neighbourhoods to which they contribute.
CLT is committed to upholding the Mayor of London's Good Work Standards, including being an accredited London Living Wage employer.
We bank with an ethical banking provider and our staff pensions and reserves will be invested in a manner that considers climate-related risks.
4. Our Buildings
4.1 Our goal is to provide 1,000 affordable studio spaces across London by 2025. Our buildings will be selected and managed in an environmentally responsible manner and everything we do will ensure long-term affordability for artists is maintained.
Our biggest environmental impacts are the buildings that we purchase and how they are redeveloped and managed. The built environment contributes 39% of the UK's total carbon footprint – 28% of this is in operation and 11% is embodied carbon in construction (World Green Building Council, 2019). There is huge potential to reduce carbon by carefully selecting and improving the environmental performance of current building stock.
Building Selection
Each building will be considered on a case by case basis with the aspiration to achieve the most environmental improvements possible.
We will take into account the Non-Domestic Energy Performance Certificate ratings when selecting a building and choose the building either with the higher rating or the most potential to improve energy efficiency through redevelopment.
Our buildings will be car free zones, with no parking available onsite. Proximity to public transport links is a key requirement and walking and cycling will be encouraged.
Accessible bike parking facilities will be made available and local bike-hire schemes will be promoted.
We will measure the improvements made in energy efficiency (and carbon footprint where known) following redevelopment as our first environmental measure of the building.
We will aim to create low-carbon buildings that will reduce running costs for our tenants and in turn reduce their carbon footprint.
The redevelopment of buildings will be managed in line with our environmental improvement criteria (Appendix B) including prioritising energy efficiency, potential for renewable energy generation, water efficiency, harvesting grey water, flooding risk & adaptation potential, suitable waste-management capability, opportunities to make space for nature and the ability to improve indoor air quality.
We will use environmentally preferable building materials and specifications and contractors who adhere to environmentally positive methods with ISO 14001 accreditation who have signed up to net zero carbon targets.
We aspire to achieve BREEAM excellent standard for new builds.
We will adopt a green lease with our studio provider tenants and require that they use green leases with their artist tenants, to include provisions regarding improving environmental performance and sharing environmental data.
Studio providers will have direct responsibility for their utility accounts and must only use suppliers of 100% renewable energy who also build renewable capacity themselves, such as Good Energy and Ecotricity.
Our leases will require studio providers to measure and report on the carbon footprint of their activities in the building in the first year of operation to establish a baseline. Annual reports and incremental targets will be made in line with current scientific guidance, aiming to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2025 (or as agreed with the studio provider).
The annual report will include the total energy purchased and consumed by the studio provider and their tenants (Scope 1 & 2 emissions) and the waste produced, recycling rate, water consumption, artist and business travel (Scope 3 emissions).
Our buildings will be distinctive, inspiring and creative places with assessment carried out on how to enhance these qualities during the redevelopment phase. Any improvements will be made within our affordability parameters.
This will include environmental features such as biophilic design – harnessing the potential for nature to inspire creativity and improve air quality.
We will design internal fit outs to encourage collaboration between building users, such as communal spaces where tenants can socialise and share resources, equipment and skills, as well as opportunities to connect and interact with the local community and economy.
Our buildings will be places where artists can feel secure and supported for perpetuity. We do not want to merely postpone the crisis that is happening in the creative studio sector in London, we want to solve it for the long term.
We will secure buildings on long-term leases with 99 years preferred (a minimum of 25 years will be considered) or outright purchase of the freehold.
We will work with developers and local authorities to secure property through planning policies such as Section 106 agreement or a Community Infrastructure Levy.
Affordability is key: we will follow clear guidance on what level of rent is affordable such as the Mayor of London's Artists' Workspace Data Note.
We aspire for our buildings to generate long-term return on investment, as studios for artist and maker tenants have potential for high occupancy rates, providing consistent and reliable income for sometimes hard to let buildings.
We will retrofit to the highest environmental standard consistent with our affordability parameters, to ultimately reduce the running costs for the tenants.
Any work that we carry out on buildings will use local contractors wherever possible to create local employment opportunities.
We will work collaboratively with partners who share our commitment to environmental, social, and economic sustainability, to ensure that sustainability is at the heart of every decision we make together.
Studio Providers
We will select studio providers who have a track record of reducing their environmental impacts, who manage buildings in an environmentally responsible manner and have committed to net zero carbon emissions by 2025. We will use selection criteria based on the Arts Council's Beyond Carbon questionnaire (Appendix C).
In a competitive situation higher scores will be given to providers who have strong sustainability policies with a net zero carbon emission target by 2025 and can demonstrate how they will deliver these.
We aim to develop a network of artists who understand the climate and ecological crisis, and we will measure the proportion of artists whose work reflects environmental themes, particularly climate change and climate justice.
We will encourage resourcefulness in all aspects, with material and equipment sharing set up to support the circular economy.
We will work with Local Authorities who have declared a climate and ecological emergency to help them achieve their targets.
We prefer to work with developers who have either signed the Green Building Council's Net Zero Carbon Buildings Commitment (to achieve net zero operational emissions by 2030, reduce embodied carbon emissions by 40% and 100% by 2050), or who have their own comparable net zero targets in place.
Where a developer has not yet set a target we will encourage them to do so.
With our strong understanding of artists' needs we will talk to property developers and local authorities to develop mutually beneficial relationships.
We will use sector expertise to make sure our buildings are managed by excellent providers of affordable workspace.
We have set targets for our artist studio providers to achieve tenant diversity of 40% BAME, 50% women and 15% from low socio-economic backgrounds from the outset, in line with Arts Council England's strategic priority for inclusivity and diversity.
We will prioritise working with studio providers who include socially engaged artists who want to integrate and connect with their local community. We will speak to local communities to understand their needs, so we can monitor the impact of artist engagement.
We expect our studio providers to develop an active programme of appropriate engagement activities with their local community, such as time banks and community workshops, which could include working with schools, co-working for local businesses, open studios, and providing equipment hire / workshops.
We will demonstrate the social impact that this is having by developing social impact measures with the studio provider.
We will encourage local authorities who recognise the contribution of the arts to wellbeing, place-making and local economic development, and community resilience.
CLT can help to find long-term alternative and secure creative uses for local authority surplus or hard to let building portfolios.
We will work in accordance with Local Development Plans, Area Action Plans, Planning Policy, Local Strategies (such as Community Strategy, Economic Strategy, Arts & Cultural Strategy) and work with local government to achieve sustainable development objectives.
We will use our extensive knowledge of the sector to communicate the importance of culture for resilient communities and the social, economic and environmental benefits creative tenants can bring to developments.
Through community engagement programmes our spaces will be places people can feel they are part of.
We will work with developers who understand the value of the sector, and who plan for artists' requirements at an early stage through mechanisms such as Section 106 and Community Infrastructure Levies.
We will use the Sustainable Workplace Accreditation Scheme and those already operated by local authorities to guide decision making on the economic sustainability of studio providers.
Where there is opportunity to let space at commercial rates CLT will prioritise the selection of sustainable businesses to support innovation and green growth.
We will encourage our tenants to connect with local businesses where possible to support the local economy.
We will work with partners to measure studios' contribution to the local economy of the through a local economic impact assessment.
Our goal is to achieve demonstrable ESG (environmental, social and governance) returns on investment.
Appendix A – Action Plan & Performance Indicators
Our founding partners
© Copyright 2020 Creative Land Trust
Registered Charity in England & Wales (No. 1182876)


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O franquisque ou a francisca é um machado de guerra que foi utilizado durante os anos iniciais da Idade Média pelos germânicos francos.

Esta arma tornou-se característica desse povo, em especial durante os anos de 500 a 750 d.C. Apesar de ser mais habitualmente associada aos francos, por sua notória utilização durante o reino de Carlos Magno (768-814 d.C.), era também utilizada por outros povos germânicos, incluindo os anglo-saxões.

A primeira referência ao termo franquisque surge no livro "Ethymologiarum sive originum, libri XVIII", de Santo Isidoro de Sevilha (c. 560 - 636 d.C.), como o nome utilizado entre os espanhóis para se referir a estas armas, provavelmente porque eram utilizados pelos povos além dos Pirenéus.

O franquisque é caracterizado por sua cabeça característica em forma de arco, que se estende até a lâmina e termina com um ponto proeminente nos cantos superior e inferior. O formato do topo da cabeça é normalmente um "S" ou convexo e a parte inferior em formato curvo para baixo, formando um cotovelo com o cabo de madeira.

Por ser pequena e leve, era uma excelente arma de arremesso (com alcance de até 12 metros) que fragilizava as defesas inimigas.

Francos
Machados medievais
Armas de arremesso

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The 1955–56 Scottish Inter-District Championship was a  rugby union competition for Scotland's district teams.

This season saw the third formal Scottish Inter-District Championship.

Glasgow District won the competition with two wins and a draw.

1955-56 League Table

Results

Round 1

South:

Glasgow District:

Round 2

North and Midlands:

Edinburgh District:

Round 3

North and Midlands:

South:

Round 4

Glasgow District:

North and Midlands:

Edinburgh District:

South:

Round 5

Glasgow District:

Edinburgh District:

References

1955–56 in Scottish rugby union
1955-56