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April 22, 2016 UNITY
This glossary is from the Right to Remain Toolkit, for the most recent version visit here.
Adjournment: The formal postponement of a court hearing.
Administrative removal: An enforced removal when you don't have any leave to remain; if your application for leave to remain – including claiming asylum – has been refused; or you did have some form of leave to remain/visa but it has now expired. It differs from a deportation in legal terminology, as a deportation will normally follow a criminal conviction.
Allowed: If your appeal is successful, it has been 'allowed'.
Appeal: An appeal, in the context of an asylum and immigration case, is a challenge to a court, about a decision made by the Home Office or a lower court. In an appeal you (or your lawyer) explain why you think the decision is wrong. This may be by providing evidence, using legal arguments, or explaining how procedure has been wrongly followed or how what you said or wrote has been misunderstood. The Home Office may also appeal a decision, for example if you are successful in an appeal. Many immigration decisions no longer carry a right of appeal (such as family visa applications), and the Immigration Act 2014 gives the Secretary of State the power to certify deportation appeals so as to permit them only to be brought from abroad.
Appeal rights exhausted: If you are 'appeal rights exhausted', you have few or no legal options left in your case. The Home Office usually send you a letter to inform you that you are 'appeal rights exhausted' after your application has been refused and you have unsuccessfully tried to appeal this decision in the First-tier Tribunal. There may still be legal options for pursing your application, however (aside from submitting new evidence to be considered as a fresh claim): the Upper-tier Tribunal; a judicial review; or other higher courts. Most cases do not succeed in reaching these higher courts so 'appeal rights exhausted' is taken to mean the common legal routes have been tried and have been refused. The Home Office will view you as having no right to stay in the UK at this point, will encourage you to leave the country, and are likely to detain you and issue removal directions.
Appellant: The person appealing a decision in court. If you are appealing the Home Office's decision to refuse your asylum or human rights case, you are the appellant. The Home Office is the respondent. If you won an appeal and the Home Office get permission to appeal that, the Home Office is the appellant and you are the respondent.
Article 3: Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (which is part of UK law under the Human Rights Act) says that 'No one shall be subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment'. You can make a claim for protection based directly on Article 3 as states are prohibited from returning a person to a country where you may suffer a violation of your rights under Article 3. It is an absolute right, meaning that it should not be violated under any circumstances.
Article 8: Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (which is part of UK law under the Human Rights Act) states that 'Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence.' This right is qualified, which means there are certain situations when the state (the UK government) can interfere with this right if it is 'necessary' and 'proportionate' to do so 'in the interests of the permissible aims of the state'. Immigration control has been determined a permissible aim of the state, and if the Home Office decide and the courts agree that your right (and your family's right) to private and family life in the UK does not outweigh the 'interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country … the prevention of disorder or crime … the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others', they can lawfully remove/deport you without disproportionately breaching your Article 8 rights.
Article 15c: Article 15c of the Qualification Directive, which is the interpretation of the Refugee Convention in European Law. The relationship between the Refugee Convention, the Qualification Direction, and the European Convention on Human Rights is complicated. Article 15c refers to a 'serious and individual threat to a civilian's life or person by reason of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict.' This is different from the individualised, specific threat to you covered in the Refugee Convention. Article 15c covers situations where civilians are at serious risk simply by being present in a very dangerous situation of armed conflict where indiscriminate violence is widespread. Very few situations have been ruled to reach this high criterion, but if they have then humanitarian protection may be granted.
Article 31 defence: The Refugee Convention of 1951 acknowledges the danger for some people of using a real passport in their name, and states that asylum seekers should not be punished for this if they have a good reason for using false documents:
The Contracting States shall not impose penalties, on account of their illegal entry or presence, on refugees who, coming directly from a territory where their life or freedom was threatened in the sense of article 1, enter or are present in their territory without authorization, provided they present themselves without delay to the authorities and show good cause for their illegal entry or presence. (Article 31)
Unfortunately, many asylum seekers are prosecuted by the UK government for the use of a false passport. They may be represented by lawyers who specialise in criminal law and do not know this Article 31 defence, so may wrongly advise their clients to plead guilty: the evidence of the crime is clearly there, and pleading guilty should lead to a shorter sentence. Asylum seekers should, however, be getting advice about the Article 31 defence (which allows you to plead not guilty).
Asylum interview: See Substantive interview.
Asylum seeker: If you have claimed asylum in the UK, but have not yet had a decision on your case, you are an asylum-seeker. In legal terms, you are only a 'refugee' once your asylum claim has received a positive decision.
Asylum support: If you are a destitute asylum seeker, you may be able to receive accommodation and/or subsistence (financial) support from the Home Office. It is sometimes referred to as 'NASS support' because it used to run by the National Asylum Support Service. If your asylum claim has been refused and you have no ongoing appeal, you may be able to apply for Section 4 support (see below). If you have additional care needs (due to serious illness or disability), you may also be able to get support from the local government authority (social services/housing services).
Asylum seekers in general do not have the right to work. If you have been waiting for more than a year for a decision on your claim, you may be entitled to a work permit, but the government has made the categories of permitted work very restrictive. Asylum seekers are not entitled to mainstream benefits, unless they have additional care needs or are a young person looked after by social services.
Automatic deportation: This is the enforced removal of someone after a criminal sentence of at least 12 months or a period of imprisonment for a particularly serious offence, under the UK Borders Act 2007. The Home Office do not need a court recommendation (at the time of sentencing) for this type of deportation. There are human rights grounds that can prevent automatic deportation.
Bail: Immigration bail is a legal procedure available to any person who has been detained by the Home Office in a detention centre for seven days or more. It is an application to a court for release, usually under certain conditions.
Barrister: Barristers are specialist legal advisers and court room advocates. In England and Wales, you may be represented by a barrister at the immigration tribunal, and if your case goes to the higher courts, it will usually be a barrister speaking in court in support of your case.
Case law: Case law is the body of available writings explaining the verdicts of cases, and is used to explain the meaning of laws and policy. By looking at the outcomes of previous cases that deal with a particular aspect of the law or policy (the 'case law'), it can be decided what is lawful in a particular situation.
Case owner: The Home Office uses 'case owner' to refer to an official within its New Asylum Model who is responsible for an asylum case throughout the process, from application to the granting of status or removal. Their roles include deciding whether status should be granted, handling any appeal, dealing with asylum support, integration or removal. After your asylum interview, you should know who your case owner is and how to contact them.
Case Resolution Directorate: The case resolution process was set up to deal with unresolved cases for people who had claimed asylum before April 2007 (often referred to as 'legacy' cases'). Many people whose cases were being dealt with under legacy waited many years for a decision. Although the directorate ceased operations in 2011, there are still people who claimed asylum before 2007 who have not yet had a decision on their case.
Initially, most positive decisions in cases dealt with under legacy resulted in Indefinite Leave to Remain, based on length of time in the UK. Many cases decided towards the end of the legacy period were granted Discretionary Leave to Remain, rather than Indefinite Leave to Remain, though there have been legal challenges to this. Asylum risk has not been considered in these cases (whether granted Indefinite Leave to Remain or Discretionary Leave to Remain).
Not all cases handled by the Case Resolution Directorate were decided positively, and there is no right of appeal against a negative decision. You will need to speak to a legal advisor about options such as judicial review if you receive a negative decision without good reasons. Most cases where the applicant has a criminal conviction are refused.
Caseworker: Your lawyer may be a 'caseworker'. They will not necessarily have qualified as a solicitor, but will have qualified as an immigration caseworker under the OISC regulations (who regulate immigration legal advice) and so are permitted to give legal advice on asylum, immigration and relevant areas of human rights law.
Certified: If your asylum or human rights application is certified under Section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, you do not have the right to appeal in the UK. The Home Office have the power to certify cases which they consider to be 'clearly unfounded', either on a case-by-case basis, or because your country of origin is seen as generally safe with effective mechanisms of protection.
If your further submissions (which you wish to be considered as a fresh claim) are certified under Section 96 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, you also do not have the right of appeal. This use of this power effectively says that the Home Office do not consider the evidence you have submitted to be new (and relevant to your case), therefore any decisions on this material could have been appealed if you had submitted it while your initial claim was considered. With both of these certifications, the decision to certify can be challenged by judicial review. From July 2014, the Home Office (through the Home Secretary) also has the power to certify deportation appeals so as to permit them only to be brought from abroad. The power is introduced by section 17 of the Immigration Act 2014.
Charter flight: Private flights used to remove/deport people in large numbers. There will only be people being forcibly removed/deported, and security staff on the flight. The Home Office refuse to release the names of companies used for these flights, and do not tell you which airport you will be flown from. If you are going to be removed/deported on a charter flight, the flight number on your removal directions or deportation order will begin 'PVT', meaning private.
Constituency: A constituency is an electoral district. Residents of a constituency with the right to vote elect a member of parliament or assembly to represent that district. You can find out which constituency you live in, and who represents you, at this website.
Councillor: Local councils are run by elected councillors who are voted for by local people. Councillors are responsible for making decisions on behalf of the community about local services, for example rubbish collection and leisure facilities, and agreeing budgets and Council Tax charges.
Counsel: This word may be used to describe a barrister in England and Wales, or an advocate in the Scottish legal system.
Country guidance case: These are asylum appeals chosen by the immigration/asylum tribunal to give legal guidance for a particular country, or a particular group of people in a particular country. The decisions in these cases are assumed to be based on the best possible evidence about that country at that time. Until there are significant changes in that country, a country guidance decision sets out the law for other asylum-seekers from that country.
Court of Appeal: The Court of Appeal is the highest court within the higher courts (known as the Senior Courts, which also includes the High Court and Crown Court). If an asylum or human rights case has been refused by the Upper Tribunal, in some circumstances it may be possible to challenge the decision by appealing to the Court of Appeal.
Court of Session: The Court of Session, Scotland's supreme civil court, sits in Parliament House in Edinburgh as a court of first instance and a court of appeal. Cases dismissed by the Court of Session can be appealed at the UK Supreme Court. The court is divided into the Outer House and the Inner House. The Outer House can hear judicial reviews, like the High Court in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Inner House is an appeal court, like the Court of Appeal in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Curtail: To shorten or reduce. In the context of leave to remain, the Home Office may curtail your leave if they think you are no longer eligible for that leave or if they have decided you obtained the leave through deception. Your current leave to remain may also be curtailed if you apply for a different kind of leave to remain. You may, for example, have leave to remain in the UK, as a student, for three years. If you applied for asylum within that time, the Home Office may curtail your student leave – effectively cancelling it.
Deportation: Globally, 'deportation' refers to any enforced immigration removal. In the UK, the term now has a specific legal meaning, and usually refers to the enforced removal of someone who is not British and has served a criminal sentence in the UK. In popular usage, people often use the term 'deportation' to refer to both deportations and administrative removals.
Deportation Order: The legal document issued by the Home Office that requires someone to leave the United Kingdom. Someone issued with a deportation order (usually after completing a criminal sentence in the UK) is prohibited from re-entering the country for as long as it is in force. Once a decision to deport is made, a Deportation Order is issued and then Notice of Deportation Arrangements will be issued as well.
Destitute: Destitute migrants are those without an income (not allowed to work or no access to financial support), and are often homeless. Access to services like medical care and education can be very difficult if you are destitute.
Detention centre: The Home Office changed the name of detention centres – where people subject to immigration control can be held – to 'immigration removal centres'. As many people in detention are held for long periods of time without a prospect of removal, it is not an accurate term, and Right to Remain continues to use the term detention centre. Short-term holding facilities are also detention centres. You can find a directory of detention centres here.
Determination: Decision made by a court. For example, the First-tier Tribunal may make a determination that the Home Office was wrong to refuse your asylum claim.
Direct action: Physical action to attain an objective through physical means, as opposed to only taking matters through procedural, court or parliamentary means. In the context of campaigning for the right to remain, it may range from public demonstrations/vigils to actions designed to obstruct an individual or charter removal/deportation.
Discrepancies: The Home Office often refuse asylum applications because of discrepancies. This is when there is a small difference in a story which you have been asked to tell on different occasions. For example, you say in your screening interview you escaped from prison on a Monday evening, and later on saying in your asylum interview that you escaped on a Tuesday morning.
Discretionary Leave to Remain: A time-limited form of leave to remain in the UK that was introduced in 2003, granted outside of the immigration rules. The government has recently restricted the circumstances in which DLR can be granted. It was the leave granted to unaccompanied asylum seeking children whose asylum claims have been refused but cannot be returned, but since 2013 this leave is now called 'limited leave'. It was also the leave granted to people excluded from refugee status/humanitarian protection but whose Article 3 rights would be violated if they were returned – these people would now generally be granted 'restricted leave'. Successful human rights claims based on Article 8 often used to result in the granting of DLR, but the Home Office states that successful Article 8 claims would result in leave currently covered by the Immigration Rules. The Home Office guidance outlines medical cases, exceptional circumstances, and trafficking cases where DLR may be granted. There is also reference to ECHR cases "where return would result in a flagrant denial of the right in question in the person's country of origin." Those people currently granted DLR – and the number will be very small – have access to public funds and are entitled to work.
Discretionary power: The power the secretary of state (the Home Secretary) has to stop a removal/deportation or grant someone leave to remain outside of the immigration rules.
Discrimination (compared to persecution): According to the UNHCR Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status, discrimination may not normally amount to persecution, but a pattern of discrimination or less favourable treatment could, on cumulative grounds, amount to persecution and mean that refugee status is needed. Serious restrictions on the right to earn a living, the right to practise your religion, or access to available educational facilities might fall under this category.
Dismissal: The rejection of a legal proceeding. For example, if you appeal a negative Home Office decision at the tribunal (court) and the judge does not overturn the decision, your appeal has been 'dismissed' and you have lost your case in court.
Escort staff: The private security guards that carry out enforcement operations (detention and removal) for the Home Office. There are many concerns about the Home Office subcontracting out these operations to private companies. For more information on this, see Right to Remain blog-post and report.
European Convention on Human Rights: An international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. It is incorporated into UK law and so the UK government is obliged to protect the rights covered in the convention.
European Court of Human Rights: The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg was established by the European Convention on Human Rights and hears complaints that a state (if it has signed the convention) has violated the human rights protected in the Convention and its protocols. Complaints can be brought by individuals or other states who have signed the Convention, and the Court can also issue advisory opinions.
European Court of Justice: This court in Luxembourg is officially called the Court of Justice of the European Union and is the highest court in the European Union in matters of European Union law. It is tasked with interpreting EU law and ensuring its equal application across all EU member states.
Failed asylum seeker: This term is used to describe a person whose asylum claim has been refused. Because of its negative connotations – and the fact it is so often the system that has failed not the asylum seeker – many people prefer to use the term refused asylum seeker instead.
False instrument: The legal term used for a false passport or identity papers.
First-tier Tribunal: This is the first level of the immigration tribunal (court) at which you can appeal a negative asylum or immigration decision.
Foreign national prisoners: Any non-British citizen under the authority of the criminal justice system (remanded, convicted or sentenced). The term (which is not a legal one, but has been adopted by politicians and the media) also refers to foreign nationals detained under immigration powers after they have served their sentences, either in prison or detention centres; and foreign nationals released into the community by court service on bail or by the Home Office while their deportation is considered. Because the people to which it refers are no longer prisoners, as they have completed their criminal sentence, Right to Remain uses the term 'foreign national ex-offenders' instead.
Fresh claim: A fresh claim is when further evidence submitted—after an asylum or human rights claim has been refused and any appeals lost—is decided to meet rule 353 of the Immigration Rules. The rule states that the submissions will amount to a fresh claim if they are significantly different from the material that has previously been considered. The submissions will only be significantly different if the content: (i) had not already been considered; and (ii) taken together with the previously considered material, created a realistic prospect of success, notwithstanding its rejection. You submit evidence as further submissions, the Home Office decide whether they consider it to meet the test in rule 353
Further submissions: Further submissions can be given to the Home Office at any point after an asylum claim or human rights application is refused, but a fresh claim is only when you are 'appeal rights exhausted'. You may hear further submissions referred to as 'further representations' or 'further evidence'.
High Court: The High Court of Justice (usually known simply as the High Court) is also known as the High Court of England and Wales and abbreviated by EWHC. The High Court deals at first instance with all high value and high importance cases, and can judicially review (assess the reasonableness and legality of) the decisions of lower courts. Most immigration and asylum judicial reviews are now heard in the Upper-tier Tribunal.
Home Office: The government department for policies on immigration, passports, counter-terrorism, policing, drugs and crime. The Home Office is headed by the Home Secretary. Until March 2013, the UK Border Agency (UKBA) was the department of the Home Office that processed asylum and immigration applications. UKBA has now been dissolved, and the three main departments responsible for asylum and immigration matters (currently) are UK Visas and Immigration; Immigration Enforcement; and UK Border Force.
HOPO: Home Office Presenting Officer. The Home Office employee who will argue against your case in a bail or appeal hearing
Humanitarian protection: This type of protection comes from the Qualification Directive, which is the interpretation of the Refugee Convention in European Law. The relationship between the Refugee Convention, the Qualification Direction, and the European Convention on Human Rights is complicated. Broadly speaking, Humanitarian protection may be granted when there is a risk of unlawful killing, some uses of the death penalty, breaches of Article 3 and when there is a 'serious and individual threat to a civilian's life or person by reason of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict.'
Immigration removal centre: The official name for a detention centre. IRCs are distinct from short-term holding facilities.
Immigration Rules: These are published by the Home Office and set out the rules which immigration applications have to follow to be successful. They are frequently amended. They have been described as "not subordinate legislation but detailed statements by a minister of the Crown as to how the Crown proposes to exercise its executive power to control immigration." They can be found on the Home Office website.
Indefinite leave to remain (ILR): ILR is leave to remain without any time limit, and is a form of settled status. It can be granted at the later stages of various immigration applications, such as family migration visas. ILR used to be granted if an asylum claim was recognised, but this has now been replaced by 5-year refugee status (after which you can apply for ILR). There is a route to British citizenship after the granting of ILR.
Injunction: An injunction prevents an illegal act or enforces the performance of a duty. It is sometimes granted at the permission stage of the proceedings of a judicial review as a temporary order made before the court considers the case fully at the final hearing – for example, an injunction may be granted to stop your removal/deportation allowing time for the High Court to hear your judicial review of the Home Office's refusal of your fresh claim.
Instruct: You may 'instruct', or authorise, a lawyer to take on your case. You give that lawyer 'instructions' which may your version of events, details about your case, or your view on how you want your case to proceed. A lawyer may 'instruct' a barrister to represent you at court.
Internal relocation: When considering your asylum application, the Home Office and the courts will consider whether there is somewhere else in your country you could go and be safe. This is frequently argued by the Home Office– they may accept that you would be at risk in Baghdad, for example, but argue that you would be safe if you relocated to the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) area of northern Iraq. Or accept that you may be at risk of persecution because of your clan identity in Mogadishu (capital of Somalia), but argue that you would be safe in Somaliland because your clan has protection from a majority clan there.
To show that internal relocation is not going to protect you, you would either need to prove that the risk you face would follow you to where you were relocated (e.g. you would be tracked down by the person trying to harm you), or that you may be safe from persecution but other risks would present themselves. This may be because you have no family or social networks there and could not safely begin a new life there. Economic and social factors should be considered here – would you be able to make a living if you didn't know anyone and had no social, religious or ethnic connections? If you couldn't make a living, what would happen to you? The test that is applied is whether asking you to relocate within your country would be 'unduly harsh'.
Judicial review: Judicial review is a form of court proceeding in which a judge reviews the lawfulness of a decision or action made by a public body (in asylum and immigration, this is usually the Home Office). It is a challenge to the way in which a decision has been made. It is not really concerned with the conclusions of that process and whether those were 'right', as long as the law has been correctly applied and the right procedures have been followed.
Lawyer: In the UK, this term can be used for anyone qualified to give legal advice (which could include a caseworker, solicitor or barrister).
Leave to remain: Legal permission to stay in the UK, either through a time-limited visa such as a visit visa, student visa or spouse visa, or with settled status such as Indefinite Leave to Remain. Leave to remain may also be described as having 'papers', or 'status'. People without leave to remain in the UK can be described as 'undocumented' or 'irregular'. People without leave to remain should never be described as 'illegal', as this is both inaccurate and harmful language.
Legacy cases: See Case Resolution Directorate.
Legal advice: There are strict rules on who can give (legal) immigration advice, under the 1999 Immigration and Asylum Act. Section 82 of that act defines what is meant by immigration advice – 'advice which relates to a particular individual', though later case law has expanded this definition. Section 84 of the Act makes it a criminal offence for any who is not qualified and regulated to give immigration advice. You should check that your lawyer is qualified to give individual advice on your case, and if you are not qualified as a legal advisor you should not give anyone legal advice.
Legal Aid: Legal Aid helps people with no or a low income pay for the cost of getting legal advice. The government allocates funds for this purpose, and the legal aid fees are paid directly to the legal advice provider. The amount that can be paid to legal advice providers, and the kind of work covered by this system, has been significantly reduced. Find out more here.
Legal Aid Agency: Since April 2013, the body responsible for legal aid in England and Wales.
Letter before claim: If you are wanting to apply for a judicial review, you should first send a 'letter before claim' to the Home Office. This is also called a 'pre-action letter' and it informs the Home Office that you intend to apply for a judicial review unless they take certain action (specified in the letter).
LSC: The Legal Services Commission is the body that until April 2013 was responsible for the operational administration of legal aid in England and Wales. That body is now the Legal Aid Agency.
Mayor: Council leader, elected by other councillors or in some places directly by the people that live in the locality.
McKenzie friend: Usually an English-speaking friend, relative or volunteer who can assist you in a court hearing if you do not have a lawyer. If it is a volunteer, it is usually someone who is not qualified to give legal advice, but may have experience of the legal system. They are not usually able to represent you but can assist you in gathering evidence to support your case, preparing witness statements and/or written legal arguments.
If they support you at a court hearing, they cannot answer questions for you but can assist you in making notes of what happens at the hearing, and in some cases also giving you assistance in making submissions to the court.
You should tell the clerk at the Tribunal/hearing centre that you have someone with you to assist you. You should also ask the judge at the start of the hearing for permission to have assistance from such your McKenzie friend. The judge may ask what relevant experience (if any) the person concerned has, whether he or she has any interest in the case and that he or she understands the role and the duty of confidentiality that arises if consent is given.
MP: Member of parliament. A person elected to represent the people of a certain area of the UK in the lower house of UK parliament, the House of Commons.
MP's surgery: Face-to-face meeting where an MP meets with a constituent(s) to discuss their concerns. Usually held at the MP's local office (where their constituency is, not at Westminster) on a regular day and at a regular time.
MEP: A member of the European Parliament. MEPs stand for a particular political party (or are independent) and are elected by region in the UK. They cannot directly influence local affairs and do not have power within the UK parliament.
MSP: A member of Scottish Parliament. Scotland is part of the United Kingdom, and elects MPs to the UK parliament, but also has a Scottish Parliament. The Scottish government has powers in areas such as health, education and justice, but not immigration and asylum. These matters are 'reserved' to the UK parliament, meaning the Scottish government and members of the Scottish Parliament can have no influence on the law.
NAM: The New Asylum Model (NAM) was introduced by the Home Office in April 2007 for all new asylum claims. NAM entails a 'case owner' from the Home Office who is responsible for processing the application from beginning to end. NAM was meant to mean much faster processing of asylum claims, and although decision-making did speed up initially (apart from cases in the 'legacy backlog'), there are once again considerable delays in deciding many cases.
NASS support: See Asylum support.
Non-state actor: The legal term used to refer to those persecuting you if they are not the state, working for the state, or a group ruling in place of a formal government. A non-state actor may be a member of your family, a gang, religious or political opponents who are not part of the state but who will persecute you. To qualify for refugee status because you fear persecution from a non-state actor, you must show that you cannot be protected from this persecution by the state/your government.
Non-suspensive appeals: Non-suspensive appeals means there is no right to appeal within the UK (the asylum claim is 'certified' under Section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002). The term 'non-suspensive' refers to the fact the Home Office do not have to suspend your removal/deportation until you have had the chance to appeal a refusal, unlike other asylum cases. See also 'certified'.
Notice of Deportation Arrangements: The document issued by the Home Office to someone who is subject to a deportation order. The letter will give the details of the intended deportation flight (flight number, country, date and time).
Objective evidence: General information about the situation in your country from reliable sources such as human rights organisations or trusted media sources; or an expert statement on your country or situation.
OISC: Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner, which regulates immigration advisers.
Operational guidance notes (OGNs): Produced by the Home Office, they give guidance to Home Office caseworkers on how to make decisions in asylum and human rights cases according to the country of origin. The Home Office produce Country of Origin information (COI) reports, which inform their Operational guidance notes. Confusingly, the Home Office now also produce thematic reports within country categories, which include both COI and OGNs. For example, a report including both COI and OGN looking at 'trafficking in Albania' or 'Christians in Egypt'. Find the reports here.
Overstayer: A person who was allowed into the UK for a limited period but who has remained longer than the time allowed without permission from the Home Office.
Particular Social Group (PSG): To be granted refugee status, it's necessary to show that you have a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group, you are outside your country of origin or normal residence, and you cannot get protection from your own country. PSG is the most complicated area of the Refugee Convention grounds. This is because it is quite vague: it can be used to cover persecution defined since the Refugee Convention was drafted (that doesn't come clearly under other Convention grounds), but it is hard to prove because it is hard to define. This Refugee Convention ground is heavily reliant on case law to explain what it currently means. Gender and sexuality are not distinct Refugee Convention grounds but sexuality comes under PSG. Gender can come under PSG but needs to be more narrowly defined than just 'being a woman' or 'being a man'. A certain category of women or men who face gender-specific persecution may fall under this category, such as 'women at risk of domestic violence in Pakistan'.
Persecution: Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of a person or a group. Under the Refugee Convention, persecution has a distinct meaning that means serious, targeted mistreatment that goes above the level of discrimination.
The definition of persecution which the Home Office will use when deciding on asylum claims comes from the Refugee or Person in Need of International Protection (Qualification) Regulations 2006 (though there is case law which allows for a broader definition):
Act of persecution
5.— (1) In deciding whether a person is a refugee an act of persecution must be:
(a) sufficiently serious by its nature or repetition as to constitute a severe violation of a basic human right, in particular a right from which derogation cannot be made under Article 15 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms(1); or
(b) an accumulation of various measures, including a violation of a human right which is sufficiently severe as to affect an individual in a similar manner as specified in (a).
(2) An act of persecution may, for example, take the form of:
(a) an act of physical or mental violence, including an act of sexual violence;
(b) a legal, administrative, police, or judicial measure which in itself is discriminatory or which is implemented in a discriminatory manner;
(c ) prosecution or punishment, which is disproportionate or discriminatory;
(d) denial of judicial redress resulting in a disproportionate or discriminatory punishment;
(e) prosecution or punishment for refusal to perform military service in a conflict, where performing military service would include crimes or acts falling under regulation 7 [exclusion clauses]
(3) An act of persecution must be committed for at least one of the reasons in Article 1(A) of the Geneva Convention.
Pre-action Letter: See 'letter before claim'.
Pro bono: In law, the term pro bono refers to legal work that is performed voluntarily and free of charge. The lawyer does not seek any payment for the work.
Qualification Directive: The interpretation of the Refugee Convention in European Law. The relationship between the Refugee Convention, the Qualification Direction, and the European Convention on Human Rights is complicated. See also 'Article 15c' and 'Persecution'.
Refugee: The word refugee has several meanings in international contexts, and in popular usage. In legal terminology in the UK, a refugee is someone whose asylum claim has been recognised under the Refugee Convention and who has been granted status (leave to remain).
Refugee Convention: The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees is the key legal document in defining who is a refugee, their rights and the legal obligations of states. The Refugee Convention defines a refugee as someone 'who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.' The UK is signatory to the Refugee Convention, which is translated into European law through the Qualification Directive.
Removal Directions: The legal document issued by the Home Office to tell you the date, time, and flight number of an enforced removal. Note – the Immigration Act 2014 creates a new power to remove meaning that a person with no leave to remain in the UK, who is required to have it, may simply be removed from the UK with no further notice or legal step being required. It seems that the current system of issuing removal directions, with the associated notice periods, may still apply. Check our website for any updates on this development [link to legal resources page].
Renewal: If you are applying for permission to appeal or for judicial review, and permission is refused on the papers – you do not go to court but a judge looks at your documents and makes a decision – you may be able to apply to 'renew' the decision. This means you are asking the court to reconsider their decision – in an oral hearing rather than on the papers – to not grant you permission for a judicial review/appeal of your case.
Reserve the decision: In a court hearing, the judge may say they are 'reserving' their decision. This means you will not be told then-and-there what their decision is, and they will write to you at a later date.
Respondent: The opposite side to the 'appellant' in a court hearing. If you are appealing the Home Office's decision to refuse your asylum or human rights case, you are the appellant. The Home Offfice is the respondent. If you won an appeal and the Home Office get permission to appeal that, the Home Office are the appellant and you are the respondent.
Right of appeal: The legal right to ask for a decision in your case to be changed and to have an independent court consider this.
Rolled-up hearings: If you are applying for permission to appeal to one of the higher courts, you may have a permission hearing (or your application for permission may be decided on the papers/documents alone). If you have a permission hearing, it may be decided in advance that there will be a 'rolled-up' hearing. This means that there will be the permission hearing and if permission is granted, the substantive hearing will follow straight after.
Rule 35: Detention Centre rule 35 requires detention centre doctors to report to the Home Office 'any detained person whose health is likely to be injuriously affected by continued detention or any conditions of detention'.
Rule 39: A Rule 39 application is an attempt to get the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to make a binding interim measure on your case – this means a temporary measure before a long-term decision is made. One of the interim measures the Court can put in place is the suspension of removal directions.
'Safe country' list: See 'White list.
Screening interview: This is the initial interview you will have after claiming asylum. In this interview, the Home Office takes your personal details and information about your journey to the UK, and checks if you have claimed asylum in the UK or Europe before.
Secretary of State: A cabinet minister in charge of a government department. In most cases, the Secretary of State referred to in legal documents and Home Office correspondence will be the Home Secretary, the minister responsible for the Home Office. When decisions are made in your case, it is said that the 'Secretary of State' has decided, even though they will probably not have looked at your case personally. Similarly, appeals against a Home Office decision will often be '[your name] v SSHD' (Secretary of State for the Home Department).
Section 4 support: Accommodation and financial (non-cash) support available for some refused asylum seekers. It is called Section 4 because it is given under the terms of section 4 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999. To receive Section 4 support, you must prove you are destitute and meet one of the following Home Office criteria:
you are taking all reasonable steps to leave the UK or you are placing yourself in a position where you can do so [you have signed for voluntary return]
you cannot leave the UK because of a physical impediment to travel or for some other medical reason; or
you cannot leave the UK because, in the Secretary of State's opinion, no viable route of return is currently available; or
you have applied for a judicial review of your asylum application and have been given permission to proceed with it; or
accommodation is necessary to prevent a breach of your rights within the meaning of the Human Rights Act 1998.
For more information, see the Asylum Support Appeals Project factsheet.
Section 55: Section 55 is the statutory duty (required by law) to safeguard and promote the welfare of children set out in section 55 of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009, which must be considered by government departments when making decisions about children and in particular, British children. This includes when the Home Office makes immigration decisions that will affect a child (the decision does not have to be about the child).This consideration is usually referred to as "best interests", referring to Article 3(1) of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989, which the UK has signed. Read more.
Section 94 certification: Section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. If your asylum and/or human rights claim is certified as "clearly unfounded" under section 94, you cannot appeal whilst in the UK. A case will be certified as clearly unfounded if the Home Office is 'satisfied that the claim cannot, on any legitimate view, succeed'.
Section 95 support: See Asylum support. It is called section support because section 95 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 provides for the provision of support for asylum seekers. After the asylum decision, if you are granted leave to remain your support will stop 28 days after you receive the decision. After that you are allowed to work or claim welfare benefits such as Income Support or Job Seeker's Allowance. If your asylum application is refused and your appeal was dismissed, you will no longer be entitled to NASS support and it will stop 21 days after you get a negative decision in an appeal. For more information, see the Asylum Support Appeals Project factsheet.
Section 96 certification: If your asylum/humanitarian application or human rights application is refused, and you would normally have the right of appeal, the Home Office may still certify your case under Section 96 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. This is on the basis that your claim/application was based on something that could have been raised in a previous appeal, for a previous decision. You will not have the right to appeal the most recent decision if your claim is certified under Section 96.
Short-term holding facilities: A detention centre where you can be held for less than seven days, before being transferred elsewhere. You may be held here immediately on being detained, for example, before being transferred to another detention centre for a longer period. Pennine House in Manchester, for example, is a short-term holding facility.
Skeleton arguments: In appeals or judicial reviews, the outline of arguments from each party commenting on the facts and the law from their perspective. They are submitted in advance so that everyone is warned of what points are going to be raised. Each party will then explain their arguments orally in more detail at the hearing.
Solicitor: A solicitor is a lawyer who traditionally deals with any legal matter including conducting proceedings in court. In immigration cases/asylum, it is normally a barrister who will take a case to the higher courts (above the immigration tribunal).
Status: Immigration status could include: discretionary leave, indefinite leave to remain, humanitarian protection, or refugee status.
Stayed removal/deportation or case: A removal/deportation or judgment on a case that has been halted, pending a further decision. A removal/deportation might be stayed while a case is reconsidered, or a case may be stayed while the courts wait for the decision in an important case (usually in the higher courts) to guide their judgment.
Subject Access Request: If you do not have one or more of these documents, you can either ask the lawyer that was handling your case at that stage (if you had one), or you can request that the Home Office send you a copy of your file. This is called a subject access request and you should receive a response within 40 days. Read more.
Substantive interview: In an asylum case, your substantive interview (also called your asylum interview) is held after your screening interview. This is when you describe to the Home Office case owner what has happened to you and what it is you fear in your own country. The interview will take several hours, sometimes all day.
Supreme Court: The highest court in the UK (the House of Lords used to fulfill that role).
Temporary admission: Temporary admission is a status which allows a person to be lawfully in the UK without them being detained and before they have been granted leave to remain. Most people who claim asylum are given temporary admission while a decision is made on their case. The document that shows you have temporary admission is called an IS96. If you have been detained, you can apply to the Home Office for temporary admission, also known as temporary release, from detention. This has less conditions than bail, but is not often granted.
Ticket: This is how some people refer to removal directions or notice of deportation arrangements – if they have a date, time and flight number for enforced removal.
Tribunal: Asylum, human rights and immigration appeal hearings take place in a court called a tribunal. The Asylum and Immigration Chamber is independent from the Home Office. There is a First-tier and an Upper-tier Tribunal.
Upper-tier Tribunal: This is part of the Immigration and Asylum Tribunal. If your appeal is refused at the First-tier Tribunal, you can apply for permission to appeal at the Upper-tier Tribunal if you think the First-tier Tribunal made an error in the way they applied the law in deciding your case. The Upper-tier Tribunal also now hears most judicial reviews in asylum and immigration cases.
UKBA: The UK Border Agency. Until March 2013, the UK Government Home Office department responsible for handling all applications regarding immigration, nationality and asylum, as detention and removals/deportations (although they subcontracted the running of detention centres and removal operations out to private companies). Formerly known as Border and Immigration Agency (BIA) and before that Immigration and Nationality Directorate (IND). Now dissolved – see entry on 'Home Office.'
Unaccompanied asylum-seeking child (UASC) or unaccompanied minor: An unaccompanied asylum-seeking child is a child who is applying for asylum in their own right and is separated from both parents and is not being cared for in the UK by an adult who in law or by custom has responsibility to do so. For more information on unaccompanied minors, see the Migrant Children's Project website.
Visa: A visa is a document which gives someone permission to travel into a specific country and stay there for a set period of time.
Voluntary return: A refugee or asylum seeker may decide to leave the UK and return to their country of origin. If you return to your country of origin, you may lose permission to stay and a right of entry to the UK. At the time of writing, Refugee Action runs the voluntary return programme (with the International Organisation for Migration still operating the scheme in a few countries such as Afghanistan). When you receive a refusal letter from the Home Office, it will suggest you should discuss voluntary return with Refugee Action. Many destitute refused asylum seekers sign up for voluntary return in the hope of receiving some financial assistance, as they have no other way to live and they do not think it is actually safe for them to return home. Some refused asylum seekers sign for 'voluntary return' because they cannot bear to be destitute and disbelieved any longer. Many campaigners prefer to use the term 'assisted return', as the decision cannot truly be described as voluntary under such conditions.
Vouchers: If you are on Section 4 support (see above), you may hear the financial support referred to as 'vouchers'. Although the voucher scheme has now been replaced by a card with the weekly financial support put on, people still use the term vouchers. You do not get financial support in cash if you are on Section 4 support.
White list: The Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (section 94) created a list of 'safe countries' from which asylum claims would be dealt with in a different way. This list is sometimes known as the 'white list'. Applicants from these countries whose asylum claims are refused can usually only appeal from outside the UK. For more information on the countries on the 'White list', read this ILPA paper.
Witness statement: A witness statement is a document recording the evidence of a person, which is signed by that person to confirm that the contents of the statement are true. A statement should record what the witness saw, heard or felt.


Creates site-specific, time-based projects framing natural phenomena against built environment. Jones works collaboratively in public domain often in partnership with Andrew Ginzel. She is founder — artistic director of TEVERETERNO, an ongoing multidisciplinary arts festival on the Tiber River in Rome. Over the millennia Rome has inspired the greatest art and architecture and still now the combination of the historic and the living city is dramatic. Romans have always had the capacity to dialogue with the past. The city and its history are an inspiration to the world. CAN THE CURRENT CONTINUE TO FLOW? the answer is in the incredible public spaces that Rome have to tell you his contemporary and future stories. Video a unpublished video of William Kentridge made only for TEDxRoma, and for Rome.


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Digestive Conditions
Coffee & Abdominal Pain
By Kieran O'Connor
Kieran O'Connor
A health and fitness freelance journalist, Kieran O'Connor began writing professionally in 2007, and has since been published in numerous magazines, including "Men's Health" and "House & Garden." He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy and English literature from the University of Cape Town in 2006.
Coffee can cause indigestion and gastrointestinal spasms.
Most people believe that coffee provides health benefits to moderate drinkers. The truth is, coffee and caffeine have a very small positive influence on health, and can have a wide range of negative effects. Aside from inducing brain fog, fatigue, depression and irritability, they can damage the digestive system and, through various mechanisms, bring on abdominal pain.
Coffee is renowned for its energizing effects as a high-yield source of caffeine, the only unregulated psychoactive drug. One of the means by which caffeine raises alertness is by elevating the stress hormones--cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine--increasing blood flow to the brain and muscles and raising heart rate. Unfortunately, this can be the very means by which susceptible individuals are caused to experience gastrointestinal discomfort.
This stressed state causes blood to be shunted to various systems in the body. The loser in this scenario is the digestive system, which is left running on minimal resources, which can, in itself, cause indigestion. Coffee also accelerates the secretion of gastric acids, speeding up the rate at which the stomach empties itself into the intestines. This can lead to highly acidic stomach contents being dropped into the intestine too soon, which can cause intestinal damage and, obviously, no small amount of abdominal discomfort. Coffee also has a laxative effect. Laxatives can cause intestinal spasm and hence pain.
Coffee can have numerous other negative effects on the digestive system, which may or may not lead to intestinal pain. These include decreasing absorption of magnesium, an element crucial for general health and maintaining bowel regularity. It can also act as a diuretic, leading to constipation, and interfere with the metabolism of GABA, an essential neurotransmitter that functions to calm the gastrointestinal tract. When GABA is in short supply, upset stomachs can become a regular event.
Some believe that by switching to decaffeinated coffee they'll neatly sidestep these problems. This is true of caffeine-specific effects but, unfortunately, many of coffee's pain-causing traits, such as its laxative effects, occur with decaf, too. Decaf is also just as acidic as regular coffee. Green tea, by contrast, while rich in caffeine, is far less likely to result in gastrointestinal discomfort.
Prevention/Solution
If you experience abdominal pain after drinking coffee, you should first ascertain that it's coffee that's causing the pain, and not your milk or sweetener--lactose, fructose and sorbitol intolerance are common amongst Americans. If coffee is the cause then, short of taking an antacid tablet with every cup, the only cure is to quit. If you're a regular coffee drinker, however, cutting out caffeine cold turkey, as with any psychoactive drug, can bring on unpleasant side effects, causing you to "experience lethargy, depression, severe headaches, nausea, and even muscle and joint pain," according to Andrew Gaeddert in "Healing Digestive Disorders." He advises cutting out caffeinated sodas first, then gradually cutting your coffee with increasing amounts of decaf, and finally switching to a non-caffeinated tea such as rooibos or honeybush.
Is This an Emergency?
If you are experiencing serious medical symptoms, please see the National Library of Medicine's list of signs you need emergency medical attention or call 911. If you think you may have COVID-19, use the CDC's Coronavirus Self-Checker.
Coffee and Gastrointestinal Function: Facts and Fiction. A Review. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
Effect of Coffee on Distal Colon Function
Can Coffee Cause Bloating?
Why Does Coffee Hurt My Stomach?
3 Reasons Why Coffee Can Make You Nauseous
Why Does Coffee Make My Heart Palpitate?
Why Coffee Causes Irritability and Anxiety
What Are the Benefits of Giving Up Coffee for Green Tea?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Cesare Vivante (Velence, 1855. január 6. – Siena, 1944. május 5.) olasz ügyvéd, kora kereskedelmi jogának egyik legnagyobb formátumú tudósa, szakíró. 1883-tól a parmai, 1887-től a bolognai, majd 1898-tól 1930-ig a római egyetem professzora volt.

Életútja
Zsidó kereskedőcsaládban született. A Padovai Egyetemen szerzett jogi diplomát. 1903-ban megalapította a Rivista del diritto commerciale e del diritto generale delle obbligazioni című szakfolyóiratot.

Unokája, Arturo Vivante orvos-író alkotta meg róla ezt a portrét Adria című elbeszélésében: "energikus kis ember kecskeszakállal, aki arról volt híres, hogy soha nem vesztett el egyetlen pert sem. A házban található dolgozószobájának falait jogi szakkönyvek borították, amelyek közül sokat ő maga írt, és azoknak a folyóiratoknak a bekötött számai, amelyenek főszerkesztője volt. A kereskedelmi jogszaktekintélye volt, ezt tanította az egyetemen… Huszonöt évesen rendes egyetemi tanár, megírt pár törvényt és házat épített Rómában. Önfejű, magabiztos, türelmetlen, hiú, nagyképű, de briliáns, gondolatai pengeélesek, és ugyanakkor vidám, gáláns és nagylelkű, rendkívül kifinomult és művelt." (Adria, The New Yorker, 1969. március 8.). Az elbeszélés témája egyébként, hogy a professzor feleségének (aki a híres nyelvész, Graziadio Isaia Ascoli lánya volt) a halála után milyen nagy hatalomra tesz szert a háztartásban Adria, a házvezetőnő. A nagy római házban élt a professzor lánya is a férjével, aki a professzor egyik tanársegédje. A lány attól tart, hogy Adria meggyőzi a professzort, hogy vegye el őt feleségül, ezért éberen figyelik, hogy mennyi időt töltenek együtt. Egyszer Vivante lánya rájuk nyit, és a professzort a házvezetőnő karjaiban találja. A családi botrány hatására a professzor elküldi Adriát.

Négykötetes Trattato di diritto commerciale című kézikönyve máig alapmű. Vivante a magánjog monista felfogásának egyik úttörője. Idősebb korára azonban úgy tűnik, álláspontját felülvizsgálta. Talán a fasiszta diktatúra tapasztalatai is azt a véleményét erősíthették meg, hogy az önálló kereskedelmi törvénykönyv a diktatúrával szemben a polgári társadalom létének egyik biztosítéka, ezért a kereskedelmi törvénykönyv reformja a megoldás. Az olasz magánjogban végül 1942-ben áttértek a monista felfogású polgári jogra (az új, máig hatályos Codice civile révén).

Az idős Cesare Vivante a Siena melletti birtokra vonult vissza. A birtokot Leonénak, filozófus fiának vásárolta, hogy az tudjon ott nyugodt körülmények között alkotni — és amennyiben alkot, akkor talán majd önfenntartóvá is válik. Zsidó származása miatt Leone Vivante (1887–1972) végül az emigráció útját választotta. A második világháború során a birtokát is elfoglalták a németek. A sors fintora, hogy a megbetegedett professzort német orvos kezelte, és amikor meghalt, a koporsóját német katonák kísérték a temetőbe.

Jegyzetek

Irodalom
Gabor Hamza: Origine e sviluppo degli ordinamenti giusprivatistici moderni in base alla tradizione del diritto romano, Andavira Editora, Santiago de Compostela, 2013, 287–288. o.

Veress Emőd (szerk.): Magánjogi alaptan, Forum Iuris, Kolozsvár, 2018

Olasz jogászok
Jogtudósok
1855-ben született személyek
1944-ben elhunyt személyek
Velenceiek

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A half-day, hands on training workshop on Xero for small businesses using live data, how to exercises, tips/techniques and much more!
For our first Cloud Accounting Masterclass session, we are offering a discount of 25% against the normal price of £200.
Kieran Phelan is the founder of Cloud 360 Accounting and the first Xero Certified Advisor in Northern Ireland.
With 9 years experience using Xero and multiple cloud apps with small businesses, Kieran is the leading expert on using Xero to help small businesses improve their results and save maximum time on their bookkeeping and finance function.
This is a unique opportunity to get hands on training from Northern Ireland's leading Xero expert.
What will I get from the training?
Bring a laptop or tablet on the day. You will be using a web browser for the training and access to your emails. Google Chrome is recommended.
Wi-Fi access code will be provided at the training session.
You will receive an email with Xero login details the day before the training session. Training will involve using a demo/dummy company on Xero.
The training will be recorded on the day and shared with all attendees the day after, so that you can refer back to what was covered.


The London congestion charge has been in operation since 2003 and visitors to the city should be aware of what it is, the area is covers, how to pay it and other considerations before making their journeys. Essentially the congestion charge means drivers have to pay to drive their vehicles in to the congestion charge zone. The idea was to reduce congestion on London's busy roads and raise revenue to improve London's transport network. There are varying views on the success of the plan depending on your point of view. Visitors to London are advised to read up on the charge and the impact it will have on their journeys.
Where & When Is It in Operation?
The London Congestion Charge is a charge levied on vehicles going through London at certain times. The scheme is the first of its kind in a city the size of London, it was brought in to help the traffic congestion and pollution London suffers from. It was also brought in as a way to raise additional revenue to help improve the London travel & transport network.
There are no barriers on the roads or toll booths at the boundary to the zones, there is also no requirement to display any tickets, passes & permissions. The scheme is effectively managed by a large network of cameras located all over the charging zone. The cameras recognise the number plates of vehicles entering the zone to establish who is liable to pay the charge.
The congestion charge is currently in operation in central London from 07.00 to 18.00 from Monday to Friday. To see the congestion charging zone see Charging Zone Map for more information.
Currently the charge is not in operation during the Weekends, English Bank Holidays and other designated days.
For those that are trying to travel through London rather than to it, there are designated roads you can use to drive through London and avoid having to pay the congestion charge.
There are possible plans to extend the congestion charge zone to include much of West London, there may be further plans in the future to change the zone or extend it to other areas of London depending on many factors.
There is the possibility other UK cities will look at introducing congestion charging in the future.
The standard congestion charge amount payable is £11.50 per day. This entitles you to drive in and out of London as many times as you wish for that day.
You do not have to pre pay before you enter the zone, you must pay the charge before midnight 00.00 on that day to make sure you do not incur any penalty charges. There are graded fines if you pay after the allowable time. If you have been through the zone it is best to pay while you still remember to do so, leaving it means you risk a fine.
If you are a blue badge holder from the EU you can get a discount of up to 100%.
Those with Auto Pay (Automated Payment System) can reduce the cost by £1. Note: Includes a £10 annual administration charge.
Motorcycles, scooters, mopeds & bicycles are exempt from the charge.
Always check you are aware of where the congestion charge zone is before you start your journey.
There are road signs when you are approaching the congestion zone, signs in the zone & signs when leaving the zone, look out for these.
If you go through the zone, pay the charge within the allowable time period to avoid further costs in fines.
Try to drive a vehicle that gets a discount on the charge such as an electric car or alternative fuel car such as hybrid cars, if you are going to be driving through the zone on a regular basis. For visitors to London, it is worth checking with car hire firms you may use if they have hybrid vehicles for hire.
If your hiring a car, check with your car hire provider if the congestion charge is included in the price, some add it others do not. If they do not add the cost, you will have to remember to pay the charge on time & budget for the extra cost.
If possible drive to London when the congestion charge is not in operation i.e. at weekends.
If you are choosing a route to drive through London to avoid the congestion charge, check the route thoroughly first & check no part of your route is in the congestion charge zone.
Drivers should note that using a route to avoid the congestion charge may mean a longer journey in distance & time taken and more fuel used losing some of the savings made by not driving through the zone. In this case using public transport may be a better, cheaper & more efficient option.
Travellers may wish to weigh up the cost of paying the London congestion charge to drive to London, against the cost of going by public transport & see which one is cheaper & better suits their needs.


We know from bitter experience running our own 30+ hire fleet that classic cars go wrong. We also know from working with many local classic car garages that when the worst happens you want an approachable, professional specialist to sort it out first time.
The Great Escape Cars workshop was set up to do exactly that. We know the value of reliability, achieved quickly and cost-effectively, because it's critical to our classic car hire business. The workshop was created for us to control the quality of the work and turnaround speed. We apply exactly the same ethos to customer cars.
We own a large fleet of classic cars so we know how important your car is to you. We value transparency and honesty: we'll care for your car (it will be stored indoors) and we'll provide a clear price for the work. Where possible we'll work to a fixed price. We'll provide a clear timescale for completion. We use quality parts sourced from marque specialists: the same suppliers we use for our own fleet cars.
The key ingredient for any workshop tackling mechanical and servicing work is knowledge and experience. The ability to analyse, assess and diagnose effectively is the difference between an effective repair first time, quickly and an expensive job that drags out. We learnt that lesson the hard way before we set up our workshop.
We offer the full range of mechanical and servicing work. Most of our work is done in-house, with specialist work (such as gearbox repairs and exhaust system fabrication) outsourced to specialists we know and trust.
To find out more call 01527 893733.


Registration opens on July 6, 2018 and will close on August 4, 2018, or when the event is full. You can register online, ahead of time, and get a $5 discount. Online registration is highly encouraged and save you from waiting in line! Or, if it's a last minute decision, you can still walk-up. Walk-up registrations will be for PM session only! Again, Registration closes on August 4, 2018, or whenever full.


Can I Give Up Now?
What's the Value of Truth?
Why Don't You Just Get A Life?
And Who Shall Train the Little Ones?
You Mean Guns Don't Kill People…?
When the Kids Take Over . . .
But, What If the System Is Completely Broken?


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Live Updates Teachers Strike at UCLA Lab School
News Career servicesStudent life
Fewer Job Offers for the Latest Class of COVID-19
A new survey from the National Association of Colleges and Employers found that graduates from historically marginalized populations benefited from virtual job recruiting but were still less likely to get paid internships or jobs.
Maria Carrasco
Graduating seniors received an average of 0.83 job offers in 2021, down from 0.93 for the Class of 2020.
(iStock/Getty Images Plus)
Students who graduated during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 reported fewer job offers and less access to university career centers than the previous class, according to a new survey out today from the National Association of Colleges and Employers.
Graduating seniors received an average of 0.83 job offers in 2021, down from 0.93 for the Class of 2020. And students visited their institution's career center an average of 1.19 times in 2020-21, compared to 1.55 visits in 2019-20, which NACE says is likely due to the pandemic.
The pandemic also robbed college students of internship opportunities. NACE found that last year about 22 percent of employers revoked internships and 41 percent delayed their start dates, reducing the length of many internships, which traditionally run 10 to 12 weeks. To make up for the lost internships, career centers at many institutions developed new virtual programming to give students job experience.
Seeking fiscal transparency for public colleges
The survey this year was completed by more than 15,000 bachelor's degree students -- including over 2,300 graduating seniors -- from February to May.
A reader has submitted
a response to this article.
You can view the letter here,
and find all our Letters to
the Editor here.
It found a big uptick in virtual job recruiting, which provided historically marginalized populations -- female, Black, Hispanic and first-generation college students -- a better job-search experience than traditional, in-person recruiting, the report noted. NACE executive director Shawn VanDerziel said virtual recruiting can make hiring practices much more equitable.
"The move to virtual recruiting marks a momentous improvement in the job-search experience," VanDerziel said. "The way that companies have had to rethink the way they hire has created more equity in the recruiting and hiring process, and this leads us to believe that employers should consider utilizing virtual recruiting as a viable tool for developing a wider and more diverse pool of candidates."
VanDerziel said marginalized students, including 71 percent of Black students and 61 percent of Hispanic students, indicated in the survey that they learned more about employers virtually than in person; only 49 percent of their white peers said the same. Additionally, marginalized students reported better virtual interactions with employers or their representatives and got a more "authentic view" of a workplace virtually than through in-person encounters, VanDerziel said.
Multiple studies have shown that white Americans still disproportionately outnumber their Black and Latino counterparts when it comes to obtaining good jobs, regardless of their education level. And because employers shifted to using virtual career fairs, virtual information sessions and virtual one-on-one interviewing to reach students during the pandemic, VanDerziel said that could help them diversify their pool of applicants and pursue equity within their workforce.
Career-readiness initiatives are missing the mark (opinion)
Survey Finds Recent Grads Emotionally Unprepared for Work
Mental Health Is the Top Student Stressor
"We know that employers have been looking to diversify their workforce," VanDerziel said. "And in order to diversify the workforce, they need to start with their entry-level positions. That is the future of businesses and that is the pipeline."
Another important finding in the survey, VanDerziel said, is that marginalized populations were less likely to have paid internships. The survey found that paid interns received an average of 1.12 job offers, compared to 0.85 offers for unpaid interns and 0.64 offers for students who had no internships. That means students who had paid internships received 30 percent more job offers than those with unpaid internships, and 75 percent more job offers than those who never had an internship.
VanDerziel noted that the disparity emphasizes the need to establish more equitable recruiting and hiring practices for interns, since internships often lead to full-time employment opportunities. He recommended institutions work with different employers to set up paid internships for students.
"In order to provide equity, we need to increase the numbers of marginalized students who have access to and actually obtain paid internships," VanDerziel said.
The survey also asked students what they sought in a job or employer. The most desirable trait was the opportunity to develop specific job skills, VanDerziel said. Other top factors included job security, friendly co-workers and a good insurance and benefits package. Graduating seniors named a high starting salary as the eighth most important attribute of a job, according to the report, with more than 20 percent saying salary would serve as the tiebreaker in choosing between two competing job offers.
A separate survey from Universum, an employer branding specialist, found that students cited a preference for working remotely, with 75 percent of students saying they would consider remote work, including internships during the school year and full-time jobs after graduation. However, 56 percent of students said they feared being isolated from co-workers and missing social connections due to remote work.
The Universum survey, taken by more than 51,000 students from 310 U.S. institutions between October 2020 and March 2021, also found 43 percent of students worried that even an employer who permitted remote work might have a bias for in-person workers, and the same share was concerned that remote work might pay less.
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A Dozen Years of Decline


Every year I buy two of the largest poinsettias I can find and put them out on the front steps. I love seeing them as I come and go and they came in handy today as a subject for my sketches.
Yesterday I got discouraged about my understanding and control of color as I tried to paint the boats in the marina. I just kept adding colors to the painting, and ended up with a jumbled mess. So today I got out my books, read up on color theory and thought about how to better select and mix watercolor. This is a huge subject but I did read enough to know I should rearrange the colors on my palette and then practice a lot so I know my colors well.
This is a pencil, watercolor and pastel sketch on multimedia paper.
This entry was posted in Deliberate Practice and tagged Color, Learning, San Diego. Bookmark the permalink.


The Big E Circus Museum diorama. Canon 5D2, EF 50/1.4. 1/250s, f/1.4, ISO 800. Cropped 16x9, Adobe Lightroom adjustments.
Canon 5D2, EF 100/2.8 Macro. 1/80s, f/16, ISO 800. Adobe Lightroom adjustments.
Canon 5D2, EF 100/2.8 Macro. 1/80s, f/8, ISO 100. Cropped 1x1, Adobe Lightroom adjustments.
Canon 5D2, EF 100/2.8 Macro. 1/250s, f/11, ISO 800. Cropped 5x4, Adobe Lightroom adjustments.
Canon 5D2, Sigma 18-50 @50mm. 0.3s, f/4.5, ISO 3200. Adobe Lightroom adjustments.
Canon 5D2, Takumar 50/1.4, extension tube. 1/50s, f/8, ISO 800. Adobe Lightroom adjustments.


Mohawk Raceway is an amazing harness racing track located in Campbellville of Canada's Ontario. Easily accessible, boasting a fantastic live racing calendar, convenient facilities and an impressive slot machine area, Mohawk Raceway truly offers racegoers a unique and enjoyable experience.
Mohawk Raceway began its path to success back in April 1963. It opened with a dramatic race between then renowned steeds like Cam Fella, Artsplace, Odies Fame and Moni Maker as well as brilliant drivers such as Steve Condren, John Campbell, Doug Brown and Ron Waples. Originally owned by the Ontario Jockey Club, Mohawk had Canada's top 5/8 mile oval raceway. In 1998 it underwent extensive improvements, resulting in a stunning 7/8 mile track, much to the delight of the racing community. Today, Mohawk is owned by Woodbine Entertainment Group.
Mohawk Raceway's 7/8 mile oval features a homestretch of 1,095 feet with a breadth of 85 feet. The racetrack base is crushed limestone with a cushion of traprock. Ten starters can be accommodated behind the gate. Mohawk's harness racing calendar runs from June through to October with a number of thrilling racing events scheduled. Amongst the most popular races are the Canadian Pacing Derby, Campbellville Trot, Milton Stakes, Harvest Stakes, Metro Pace, Canadian Trotting Classic and Maple Leaf Trot. Races are held 5 nights of the week with dark Wednesdays and Sundays. Post time is typically 7:40 pm. The record for the fastest mile of 1:48.1 at Mohawk Raceway was set by BuckeyeOne.
Ontario's Mohawk Raceway is every racegoers dream come true. Admission and parking is free of charge and facilities are top-notch. Enjoy the thrill of harness racing whilst eating a delicious meal at the Terrace Dining Room which features a television monitor on every table. For the convenience of patrons wagering windows are scattered throughout the establishment and there are also self-service terminals. More than enough seating ensures everyone gets plenty of elbow-room. In fact, there is sufficient seating for 5,000 spectators. Monitors around Mohawk update visitors with betting odds, payoff tips, replays and other big events.
Mohawk Raceway is open all through the year. With 730 stables and a training center, the area is always abuzz with horses and riders. Then of course there is the relatively new slot machine zone with about 750 slots. Beautifully set on a 450 acre plot amidst woodlands and offering the best racing action around, Mohawk Raceway is a sure bet.


Keyword(s): Electroactive polymer actuators, Linear actuation, Kinematic design.
Abstract: The objects of this study are (i) to establish a linear actuation system based on the bending movement of conducting polymer actuators, which operate in air, and (ii) to develop a model to predict the linear displacement and force output of the actuation system, and employ the model to characterise the optimum values of the system design parameters. The linear actuation system is based on a five bar parallel mechanism with equal link lengths and a zero-length ground link, which is articulated through two bending type polymer actuators. Kinematic and force analyses of the mechanism including numerical results are presented, and its payload handling ability was experimentally evaluated. Experimental results presented demonstrate that the linear actuation system can generate linear movement accurately and a rectilinear force as a result of two bending type polymer actuators. This mechanism is offered as a lightweight, low power consuming motion and force transmission system.


FAQ > General > Do you offer tours at the brewery?
We do not offer official tours. However, visitors will quickly notice that our brew house and retail areas are within the same walls, so visitors will certainly have no problem seeing from where the beer originates! During our normal business hours—every Wednesday through Saturday, 12 to 5 p.m.—we are happy to answer any of your questions, of course.


Bringing together the best local ingredients in Santa Barbara, Coastal Vine Shampoo intertwines the nourishing bounty of the sea and vineyard in a gentle, nutrient rich waterless formula for all hair types. Experience how the volumizing power of sea kelp blended with nourishing grapeseed & coconut extracts leaves your hair shiny, bouncy and with the delightful lingering scent of the surf... every time you wash your hair!
USE: Wet hair completely and work through hair, sudsing from roots to ends. Rinse thoroughly. Follow with Coastal Vine Conditioner.


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Home Perspectives A Banana Republic?
A Banana Republic?
Francis A. Boyle
(The author served as Legal Advisor: to the Palestine Liberation Organization on Creation of the State of Palestine (1987-1989), to the Palestinian Delegation to the Middle East Peace Negotiations (1991-1993) and sometime to the Provisional Government of the State of Palestine. The viewpoints expressed here are his own.)
George W. Bush was never elected President by the People of the United States of America. Instead, he was anointed for that Office by five Justices of the United States Supreme Court who themselves had been appointed by Republican Presidents. Bush Jr.'s installation was an act of judicial usurpation of the American Constitution that was unprecedented in the history of the American Republic. Had it occurred in a developing country, such a subversion of democratic process would have been greeted with knowing derision throughout the West. What happened in America could only be likened to a judicial coup d'état inflicted upon the American People, Constitution, and Republic. There should now be no doubt that the United States Supreme Court is governed by raw, naked, brutal, power politics. Justice has nothing at all to do with it. This Supreme Court's constitutional sophistry proved a harbinger of the new administration's disrespect for the Rule of Law, whether domestic or international.
BUSH JR.'S CONSTITUTIONAL COUP D'ETAT
From the Supreme Court's installation of Bush Jr. as President to the Ashcroft/Federalist Society post-September 11 regime of police state "laws," the politico-legal functioning of America is increasingly resembling that of a Banana Republic. Since September 11th, we have seen one blow against the U.S. Constitution after another. For example, Attorney General John Ashcroft unilaterally instituted the monitoring of attorney-client communications despite the Fourth Amendment ban on unreasonable searches and seizures and the Sixth Amendment right to representation by Counsel in criminal cases. He just went ahead and did it, without even bothering to inform anyone.
Over 1100 aliens have been picked up and "disappeared" by Ashcroft and his Department of Injustice. The American People have no idea where most of these people are. They are being held on the basis of immigration law, not criminal law, for a period of detention which has not been defined.
Ashcroft proclaimed another ukaze that these immigration proceedings must be held in secret. The phenomenon of "enforced disappearances" is considered to be a crime against humanity by Article 7(I)(i) of the Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court.
It appears that many of these aliens have been deprived of their basic human rights to consular notification and access as set forth in the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, to which the United States is a contracting party and which even the U.S. State Department concedes constitutes binding customary international law. Apparently Bush Jr.'s left hand does not care about what his right hand does. Yet another international convention set at naught.
The one characteristic these detained foreigners have in common is that they are mostly Muslims, Arabs, and Asians. Everyone needs a scapegoat for the 11 September tragedy, and it looks like we have one, both at home and abroad. Thousands more such aliens are being moved into the pipeline for the Ashcroft gulag by the FBI.
Ashcroft is now planning to reinstate the infamous COINTELPRO Program, whose atrocities against the civil rights and civil liberties of the American People have been amply documented elsewhere.
It is just a matter of time before the Bush Jr. Leaguers unleash the newly-augmented powers of the FBI, CIA and NSA directly against the American People. And we already have 2 million Americans rotting away in prison — the highest rate of incarceration in the world, a disproportionate majority of whom are Americans of Color, victims of the Nixon/Ford, Reagan/Bush, and Clinton administrations' racist "war on drugs," which is really a war against People of Color. The American Police State has already arrived for People of Color!
ASHCROFT'S POLICE STATE
This brings the analysis to the Ashcroft Police State Act. There are no other words to describe it. While Bush failed to get a formal declaration of war that would have rendered him a constitutional dictator, clearly Attorney General John Ashcroft and his right-wing Federalist Society lawyers took every piece of regressive legislation off the shelf, tied it all into what they called an anti-terrorism bill, and then rammed it through Congress, giving it the appropriately Orwellian name of the U.S.A. Patriot Act.
According to one report, Ashcroft's first draft would have had Congress suspend the ancient Writ of Habeas Corpus – the necessary prerequisite for imposing a police state in the United States of America.
Many Members of Congress publicly admitted that they did not even bother to read the Ashcroft Police State Act. Another Congressman said basically:
"Right, but there's nothing new about that." Interestingly enough the so-called liberal Democrats in the House and the Senate were willing to give Bush Jr. and Ashcroft more police state powers than the conservative Republicans in the House. But there are no real differences that matter between Republicans and Democrats when it comes to promoting America's self-proclaimed "Manifest Destiny" to control the World and now Outer Space too.
BUSH'S KANGAROO COURTS
It would take an entire law review article for me to analyze all the legal and human rights problems with the Bush Jr.'s proposed military commissions. Here a cabal of Federalist Society Lawyers in the White House got President Bush to sign an Executive Order on 13 November 2001 which, when implemented, will be widely recognized to constitute a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions and establish a prima facie case of criminal accountability against the President himself.
It is emblematic of this particular war that right towards its very outset President George W. Bush personally incriminated himself under both international criminal law and United States domestic criminal law.
The Bush Jr. administration has severely undermined the integrity of the Four Geneva Conventions of 1949. By doing this, the Bush Jr. administration has opened up U.S. Armed Forces and civilians around the world to similar reprisals, which has already happened.
As a licensed attorney for 25 years, a law professor for 23 years and someone who has done a good deal of criminal defense work in U.S. Federal Courts, I am appalled by the insinuation of these Federalist Society Lawyers that America's Federal Courts established by Article III of the U.S. Constitution cannot hold accountable those responsible for the crimes of 11 September 2001. This is an insult to all Federal Judges, Federal Prosecutors, Federal Public Defenders and all the Lawyers who are Officers of these Courts.
In one fell stroke these Federalist Society lawyers have besmirched and undermined the integrity of two Branches of the United States Federal Government established by the Constitution – the Presidency and the Judiciary. So far the U.S. Congress has supinely gone along with the Bush Jr. police state agenda. If and when these Bush/Ashcroft police state practices make their way to the U.S. Supreme Court, many of them will probably be upheld. After all, a 5 to 4 majority of the Supreme Court already gave the Presidency to Bush Jr. We need to seriously consider whether they would strike down laws and practices that would give Bush Jr. a Police State as well.
Philosophers have taught that a People get the type of government they deserve. If the American People permit the Bush Jr. Leaguers to impose a Police State at home in the name of furthering Pax Americana abroad, we will have deserved it by abnegating our responsibilities as Citizens living in what is supposed to be a constitutional Republic with a commitment to the Rule of Law. The same thing happened to the Romans and to the Athenians. The United States of America is not immune to the laws of history.
Sic transit gloria mundi!
Mr. Francis A. Boyle is a Professor in International Law.
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When the leadership of the Community College of Allegheny County (CCAC) in Pennsylvania began searching for a new platform for campus payments, they knew that student success relies on great technology in the business office as well as the classroom. They also knew that with the right payment options and plans, they could ensure that the college's affordable, quality education was even more accessible to members of the community.
Attend this prerecorded webcast to learn from the bursar from CCAC, who will describe the approach they took for selecting a new payment platform, highlight how they combine software, processing and services to create a complete, integrated and efficient user experience for both students and staff, and provide some tips for doing the same at any institution.
Who will benefit: Higher ed leaders interested in business, finance or payments. Anyone may attend.


The most common way energy is transmitted through a city is by overhead energy transmission network lines. A major benefit of overhead power lines is that it has much lower costs than undergroud transmission. Some of the disadvantages is that overhead transmission lines are likely to be affected by adverse weather conditions, which can lead to power outages.
This FACT indicates the total length of energy transmission networks (overhead lines) in kilometres in each state. This number is represented in thousands. The state with the largest amount is New South Wales at 254,601 km of overhead network lines. The state with the fewest thousands of kilometres is the Northern Territory at 5,167 km of network lines. The data is from the years 2014 to 2015.


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Home Eco-Art Bird Eco-Art in Hong Kong: inspiring a new audience
Up to 3000 Common Shelduck used to overwinter in Hong Kong, but there have been no recorded sightings since 2014 © Hong Kong Bird Watching Society / Cheung Wai Lok, Matthew Kwan
Bird Eco-Art in Hong Kong: inspiring a new audience
For thousands of years, nature has inspired artists across the world to create works of breathtaking beauty. And by encouraging people to observe and appreciate nature, we can inspire them to help conserve it. That's why the Hong Kong Birdwatching Society has introduced an innovative programme which combines conservation and creativity to bring our message to a wider public than ever before.
Art and nature have always gone hand in hand. In recent decades, movements like Land Art, Earth Art and Environmental Art have swept across Europe, the USA, Japan and Taiwan. These artists use creativity to demonstrate their love of nature and to raise awareness, with some even deploying natural materials and creating their works in the wild.
Since the 1990s, artists have gone one step further and joined forces with conservationists, combining their knowledge to create a new genre, Eco-Art. Eco-Art spans the media, using visual art, installation, music, dance and drama to deliver messages across the whole community, reaching audiences who might not have been interested in hard science.
Over the past 60 years, we at the Hong Kong Birdwatching Society (BirdLife in China (Hong Kong)) have been working hard to realise our vision: People and Birds Together, Nature Forever. Last year, we launched Hong Kong Birds Eco-Art after observing how many artists of all genres had been inspired by the vivid colour and beauty of birds.
We believe that art isn't just for artists, but for everyone, as everyone has the unique ability to be creative. So we invited members of the public of all backgrounds to join in this innovative education programme, combining birdwatching with art creation. We hoped that the experience of creating art in nature would not only enthuse participants about the birds that inspired them, but also stimulate support for the habitat that they live in.
Our first programme, supported by Hong Kong Railway Company Limited, provided a series of workshops exploring the following skills:
Light Stencils
Many birds overwinter in Hong Kong, or pass by the city on their yearly migration. Factors like climate change and habitat loss mean that some are now rarely seen or have even disappeared. Such species include the Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus, Spoon-billed Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus, Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna and Black Stork Ciconia nigra.
Hong Kong supported 15 Black Stork in 1967. Their last recorded sighting was in 2015 © Hong Kong Birdwatching Society / Cheung Wai Lok, Matthew Kwan
By cutting out silhouettes and using a flashlight with long exposure photography, workshop participants allowed the soul and spirit of these lost birds to return to Hong Kong in the form of light.
Floating Platforms
A large number of fishponds in northern Hong Kong fall within a Ramsar site. Due to its ample supply of food, this is an important refueling stop for migratory birds. We selected a fishpond in San Tin as the project site.
A floating platform created by the participants © Hong Kong Birdwatching Society / Cheung Wai Lok, Matthew Kwan
The floating platforms were intended as a place for visiting birds to forage, or simply to rest during their long migration. Participants practiced associative thinking in a range of exercises, including writing letters to the birds. They then interpreted their feelings and wishes for the birds into floating platform designs, drawing inspiration from surrounding habitat.
Birds in motion
When we mention bird photography, most people's thought jump straight to nature documentaries. But bird photographers are also experts at capturing form, colour and the distinctive behavior and unique personalities of the different bird species. In fact, it's easy to compare bird species to different humans: some act like busy blue-collar workers, some like retired old men, and some are vain and beautiful, captivated by their own reflection!
Participants used continuous shooting and time-lapse photography to capture the quirks and foibles of each bird species. The photographs were then made into flipbooks with a title that encapsulated the character of that particular bird.
Previous articleNew Partnership to Promote Global Conservation of Migratory Birds
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CSK has taken a big decision and has extended its support to the family of CRPF jawans who were martyred in the Pulwama terror attack. CSK director Rakesh Singh said that the entire income from tickets for the first match between Chennai Super Kings and Royal Challengers Bangalore will be donated to the martyred families in the terror attack.
IPL 2019: The first match of IPL 2019 will be played between Chennai Super Kings and Royal Challengers Bangalore. The CSK took a big decision about the match played on the CSK home ground. CSK has taken a big decision and has extended its support to the family of CRPF jawans who were martyred in the Pulwama terror attack. CSK director Rakesh Singh said that the entire income from tickets for the first match between Chennai Super Kings and Royal Challengers Bangalore will be donated to the martyred families in the terror attack.
This first match of the IPL season will be played on Saturday, March 23. This collision between Virat Kohli and Dhoni's team will take place at Chennai's MA Chidambaram Stadium. It is noteworthy that Kings XI Punjab also provided assistance of 5 lakh rupees to the families of five CRPF soldiers (Punjab and Himachal) who were killed in the Pulwama attack.
On February 14, a suicide attack on the convoy of 2500 soldiers aboard 78 CRPF vehicles, in which 40 jawans were martyred. The responsibility of the attack was taken by Jaish-e-Mohammad. After the martyrdom of the soldiers, expressing condolences for their families, many people came forward to help. In the third match of the five match series between India and Australia, the Indian team expressed their grief over the soldiers wearing an Army cap. Apart from this, players of the team had deposited their match fees in the National Defense Fund. Tell us that this is the 12th season of the Indian Premier League, which starts on March 23, the IPL.