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Rigid Sigmoidoscopy
Author: Iman Bayat, MBBS, MRCS(Eng), FRACS(Vasc); Chief Editor: Vikram Kate, MBBS, PhD, MS, FACS, FACG, FRCS, FRCS(Edin), FRCS(Glasg), FIMSA, FFST(Ed), MAMS, MASCRS
Rigid sigmoidoscopy is usually performed in an outpatient or theater setting in conjunction with a digital rectal examination (DRE) to help facilitate the diagnosis and the management of rectal and anal pathology.
Rigid sigmoidoscopy may produce lesser diagnostic yield than flexible sigmoidoscopy does. In one study, 33.9% of the examinations declared normal by rigid sigmoidoscopy were found to include significant lesions when the examination was performed with flexible sigmoidoscopy.[1] Rigid sigmoidoscopy has been found to be a good tool for assessing patients with ulcerative colitis in remission,[2] and it can serve as an alternative to conventional flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy in this setting.
Indications for rigid sigmoidoscopy include the following:
Presence of symptoms that suggest anorectal pathology, including colorectal neoplasia; however, some have questioned the diagnostic accuracy of rigid sigmoidoscopy for rectal cancer [3]
Prior to anorectal procedures in the clinic or operating theater - A study by Chon et al reported using rigid sigmoidoscopy to manage anorectal stricture with the help of an insulated-tip knife [4]
Biopsy of any bowel condition within the reach of the instrument
Assessing the true height (distance from anal verge) of rectal cancers [5] - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been studied as an alternative to rigid sigmoidoscopy for this purpose [6] ; Han et al reported the use of two anal verge markers after rectal filling with gel, followed by MRI, to accurately measure the distance of the rectal cancer from the anal verge and found this newer method to have a good correlation with rigid sigmoidoscopy [7]
Conservative treatment of sigmoid volvulus [8] - Rigid sigmoidoscopy has been safely employed as a bridge procedure to surgery for acute sigmoid volvulus [9]
Gauging the lower resection margin during anterior resection of the rectum
Contraindications for rigid sigmoidoscopy can be divided into absolute and relative. Relative contraindications can be further divided into surgical and medical groups.
Absolute contraindications include the following:
Suspected or known bowel perforation
Anal stenosis (technical consideration) [10, 11]
Relative surgical contraindications include the following:
Acute peritonitis
Colonic necrosis
Fulminant colitis
Toxic megacolon
Acute severe diverticulitis
Diverticular abscess
Recent colonic surgery
Anal fissure [10, 11, 12]
Relative medical contraindications include the following:
Severe coagulopathy
Severe thrombocytopenia
Severe neutropenia [12]
Rigid sigmoidoscopy may also be contraindicated in patients who are highly uncooperative, agitated, or particularly anxious.[10, 13]
In some cases, sigmoidoscopy after colonic surgery may be necessary for evaluation of bleeding or obstruction. This procedure appears to be relatively safe in stable patients; however, it is best deferred until at least 1 week after the operation and reserved for clinically important indications.[12, 14, 15]
Technical Considerations
The rectum lies in the sacrococcygeal hollow and changes to the anal canal at the puborectal sling formed by the innermost fibers of the levator ani. The rectum has a dilated middle part called the ampulla. The rectum is related anteriorly to the urinary bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, and urethra in males and to the uterus, cervix, and vagina in females. Anterior to the rectum is the rectovesical pouch in males and the rectouterine pouch in females.
The anal canal is related to the perineal body in front and the anococcygeal body behind; both of these are fibromuscular structures.
For more information about the relevant anatomy, see Large Intestine Anatomy, Colon Anatomy, and Anal Canal Anatomy.
Complication prevention
High-risk patients such as those with valvuloplasties need appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis.[10, 16] Sigmoidoscopy is safe in patients with even advanced HIV infection.[14]
If sigmoidoscopy following colonic surgery is judged necessary for evaluation of bleeding or obstruction, it should be postponed until at least 1 week after the operation.[12]
Periprocedural Care
The equipment required to perform rigid sigmoidoscopy includes the following items (see the image and video below):
Stylet (obturator)
Water-based lubricant
Protective clothing as indicated (eg, gloves, apron, face mask, goggles)
Equipment needed for rigid sigmoidoscopy. Photo courtesy of Vicki Adams, Senior Medical Photographer, Mater Health Services Multimedia team.
Equipment for performing rigid sigmoidoscopy.
Sherwinter reported on a novel introducer constructed from available operating room supplies that converts a standard laparoscope into a high-definition rigid sigmoidoscope.[17]
If a light source fails—an event that is not uncommon—a temporary solution is to remove the bulb and mains supply unit from the light source and insert a disposable pen torch in its place.[18]
A study by Lewis et al (N = 50) described the use of a novel digital rigid sigmoidoscope to assess rectal disorders.[19] This device was able to facilitate the clinical diagnosis in 96% of cases and was useful in outpatients irrespective of bowel preparation method. The technology provided good audiovisual output that could be recorded and employed in a "watch-and-wait" policy for some disorders. The authors found the digital rigid sigmpoidoscope to have significant potential for proctoring and training.
Rigid sigmoidoscopy is most often performed without sedation.
The left lateral (Sims) position, in which the patient lies on his or her left side with the hips and knees flexed and parallel (see the image below), is probably the position most commonly used for rigid sigmoidoscopy.
Rigid sigmoidoscopy. Sims position.
In this position, the buttocks must overhang the edge of the bed, with the patient's trunk angled obliquely across the bed, to permit the full maneuverability of the scope (see the video below); the more transverse across the bed, the easier the examination. A small sandbag may be placed under the left thigh or hip to provide elevation. This ensures that the head of the sigmoidoscope can be depressed below the level of the bed.[10, 11, 12, 20, 21]
Rigid sigmoidoscopy. Proper positioning and anatomy of patient.
An alternate position is the prone knee-elbow or jackknife position, in which the patient lays prone in an inverted position on a specialized table. These positions are particularly helpful for allowing the scope a considerable degree of maneuverability. When this position is desired but only a normal examination bed is available, a cooperative patient can still be placed in the knee-chest position.[10, 11, 12, 20, 21]
With the patient in position, assemble the rigid sigmoidoscope (see the video and image below). Check that the light source is functioning by connecting it to a power source. Connect the bellows' tubing to an intercepting disposable air filter. Remove the stylet from the scope. Connect the light source, bellows–air filter, and scope to the eyepiece. Open the eyepiece window and insert the stylet through the eyepiece into the scope, ensuring that the tip of the stylet protrudes through the tip of the scope. Apply generous amounts of a water-based lubricant to the scope.
Assembly of rigid sigmoidoscope.
Assembled rigid sigmoidoscope. Photo courtesy of Vicki Adams, Senior Medical Photographer, Mater Health Services Multimedia team.
Inspect the anus and surrounding areas for any abnormalities. Next, perform a digital rectal examination (DRE; see the video below). A DRE must always be done before rigid sigmoidoscopy. Make special note of the general anatomy of the distal rectum, any palpable lesions, and the contents of the rectum. If the rectum is found to be loaded with feces, an attempt should be made to empty the rectum with the aid of a laxative suppository or enema before performing rigid sigmoidoscopy.
Digital rectal examination preceding sigmoidoscopy.
Hold the scope with the thumb, pushing on the base of the stylet to hold it in place (see the video below). Insert the scope 4 cm into the anus in the direction of the patient's umbilicus. At this point, remove the stylet, and seal the eyepiece with the glass window.
Insertion of rigid sigmoidoscope and removal of stylet.
Once the stylet is removed, advance the scope under direct vision, using the bellows to gently insufflate air into the rectum intermittently as the scope advances. Knowledge of the three-dimensional anatomy of the rectum is important.
At 4 cm from the anus, the rectum angulates posteriorly over the puborectalis sling into the hollow of the sacrum (see the image below).
Basic anatomy of rectum.
Therefore, when the scope reaches this point 4 cm from the anus, its general direction should change from pointing anteriorly to pointing posteriorly (see the video below).
Gently insufflate air into the rectum to expand the rectum in front of the scope. Under direct vision, advance the scope into the middle of the expanded segment. Repeat the insufflate-advance steps as the scope moves along. Note any abnormalities. A slight lateral angulation of the scope is used to maneuver through the rectal valves (see the image below).
Maneuvering through rectal valves.
At the 12 cm level, the sacral promontory produces a sharp angulation of the rectum anteriorly. At this point, the direction of the scope is changed to point anterosuperiorly.
The usual distance that can be examined comfortably is 15-20 cm. Any significant pain is an indication to terminate the examination. Further examination may be performed using a flexible scope.
As the scope is withdrawn, follow the above steps backward. Insufflate air and change directions while maintaining direct vision of the lumen of the rectum. Small circular motions allow a more complete examination and may reveal lesions missed during insertion of the scope.
Upon complete removal of the scope, wipe off the perianal area and return the patient to a more comfortable position.
Concerns have sometimes been expressed that because rigid sigmoidoscopy involves insufflation of air into the rectum, with the sigmoidoscopist's face 5-20 cm from the patient's anus, the air escaping from the anus may contaminate the examiner's face with fecal flora; however, a small study by Skittrall et al found there to be no clinically significant contamination in this scenario.[22]
Rigid sigmoidoscopy performed by trained clinicians is tolerated by most patients and has a low incidence of serious complications. However, some adverse effects and complications do occur.
Among patients who undergo rigid sigmoidoscopy, 60% report adverse effects. Most of these reported adverse effects are of low magnitude.[23] As many as 30% of patients experience moderate-to-severe discomfort during rigid sigmoidoscopy.[24] The following types of discomfort are commonly reported:
Pain (33%)
Discomfort from rectal preparation (13%)
Uncomfortable desire to defecate (8%)
Discomfort associated with patient positioning (4%) [23]
Negotiating the rectosigmoid angle as the rigid sigmoidoscope is inserted to a depth of 20 cm is the most likely cause of major patient discomfort, though insufflations of the rectum may also contribute to discomfort.[1]
Significant bleeding that necessitates transfusion or further procedural intervention occurs in approximately 1 out of 9400 rigid sigmoidoscopies.[25] This complication is usually related to concomitant rectal biopsy.[25]
Bacteremia occurs in 5% of patients during rigid sigmoidoscopy, which justifies the precaution for its use in patients with neutropenia.[26]
Why is rigid sigmoidoscopy performed?
What is the accuracy of rigid sigmoidoscopy compared to flexible sigmoidoscopy?
What are the indications for rigid sigmoidoscopy?
What are the contraindications for rigid sigmoidoscopy?
What anatomy is relevant when performing a rigid sigmoidoscopy?
How are possible complications of rigid sigmoidoscopy prevented?
What equipment is needed to perform a rigid sigmoidoscopy?
How is anesthesia administered for rigid sigmoidoscopy?
How is the patient positioned for rigid sigmoidoscopy?
How is rigid sigmoidoscopy performed?
What are the possible complications of rigid sigmoidoscopy?
Iman Bayat, MBBS, MRCS(Eng), FRACS(Vasc) Head of Vascular Surgery Unit, Department of Vascular Surgery, Northern Health, The Northern Hospital; Consultant Vascular and Endovascular Surgeon, Northern Health and Austin Health; Visiting Consultant Vascular Surgeon, Bendigo Health, Australia
Iman Bayat, MBBS, MRCS(Eng), FRACS(Vasc) is a member of the following medical societies: Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Royal College of Surgeons of England
Peter W Gourlas, MD Consulting Staff, Colorectal Unit, Princess Alexandre Hospital, Mater Adults Hospital and Greenslopes Private Hospital
Peter W Gourlas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
Jodi Hirst, MBBS Specialist Registrar in General Surgery, Mater Misericordiae Adult Hospital
Brian J Miller, MBBS, LRCP, MRCS, FRCSC, FRACS Associate Professor in General Surgery and Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital
Brian J Miller, MBBS, LRCP, MRCS, FRCSC, FRACS is a member of the following medical societies: Colorectal Surgical Society of Australia and New Zealand, Gastroenterological Society of Australia, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Vikram Kate, MBBS, PhD, MS, FACS, FACG, FRCS, FRCS(Edin), FRCS(Glasg), FIMSA, FFST(Ed), MAMS, MASCRS Professor of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery and Senior Consultant Surgeon, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), India
Vikram Kate, MBBS, PhD, MS, FACS, FACG, FRCS, FRCS(Edin), FRCS(Glasg), FIMSA, FFST(Ed), MAMS, MASCRS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Fellow of the Faculty of Surgical Trainers (RCSEd), Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Royal College of Surgeons of England, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract
Luis M Lovato, MD Associate Clinical Professor, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Director of Critical Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center
Luis M Lovato, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
The Chief Editor would like to acknowledge the assistance of Dr Gurushankari Balakrishnan, Surgical Oncology Resident, Cancer Institute (WIA), Adyar, Chennai, India; and of Dr Mohsina Subair, former Senior Resident, Department of Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India, in updating the review of this article.
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Canine reproduction is the process of sexual reproduction in domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes and other canine species.

Canine sexual anatomy and development

Male reproductive system

Erectile tissue
As with all mammals, a dog's penis is made up of three pieces of erectile tissue. These are the two  corpora cavernosa and the singular  corpus spongiosum  which continues in the glans. A notable difference from the human penis is that the visible part during an erection consists entirely of the glans.

The Retractor muscle is attached at the shaft of the penis. It is a paired smooth muscle that is used to retract the penis back into the sheath.

Glans
A dog's glans consists of two sections: Behind the lower, long part (pars longa glandis) lies the "knot" (Bulbus glandis) which expands only after penetrating the vagina and causes the male dog to remain inside the bitch ("Tie") for some time after ejaculation (typically between 15 and 30 min). This increases the chance of fertilisation and prevents, albeit for a short time, other suites from mating with a particular female.

Behind the knot the penis is very flexible in the horizontal direction allowing the male to unmount while remaining tied.

Shaft
The shaft of a dogs penis is not visible, even during an erection; however its pathway can be felt starting at the knot passing between the hind legs and carrying on up to the anus.

Baculum and Urethra

Inside the corpus spongiosum lies the baculum. This allows the male dog to enter into the vagina before the erectile tissue is swollen. The urethra is located inside of a downward facing groove on the baculum and ends at the tip of the penis (urethral process).

During an erection a small dip just above the urethral process can be seen. This is because the skin at the tip of the penis is connected via cartilage to the baculum. When the erectile tissue swells, the size of the baculum and connective tissue remains constant, pulling back the skin at the tip.

Sheath
The penile sheath entirely surrounds the glans while not erect. The back part is intergrown with the abdominal skin. The front part, almost reaching to the navel, is free. The inner sheath, just like the glans, is covered with a mucous membrane and the outer sheath is covered with normal, hairy epidermis.

Female reproductive system

Development
In domestic dogs, sexual maturity (puberty) occurs between the ages of 6 to 12 months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years of age for some large breeds. Pregnancy is possible as soon as the first estrus cycle, but breeding is not recommended prior to the second cycle. As with other domesticated species, domestication has selectively bred for higher libido, and earlier and more frequent breeding cycles in dogs than in their ancestors.

The female reproductive cycle

Female cycle
The average length of the reproductive cycle for females is 2–4 weeks. Females reach sexual maturity (puberty) between 8 and 18 months of age. There is a tremendous variability in the maturation age between breeds, and even within a breed of dog.

1. Proestrus, in which eggs in the ovaries begin to mature and estrogen levels begin to rise, is the first stage of the reproductive cycle. During this stage females, though non-receptive, attract males. Initial changes include swelling of the vulva lips, which become pliable, small amounts of bloody vaginal discharge, frequent urination, and signs of restlessness. Proestrus generally lasts nine days.

2. Estrus follows, in which estrogen levels are high, mature eggs are released from both ovaries, and females become receptive both physically and mentally to copulation. Only during estrus will copulation result in pregnancy.

During proestrus and estrus, females may have a clear, blood tinged, or bloody discharge. Dogs during these stages are often informally referred to as being in heat. The length of these cycles varies greatly among breeds and even between individuals of the same breed. Proestrus and estrus can last anywhere from 5 days to 21 days.

3. Diestrus is the period following mating. Diestrus lasts approximately 56 to 60 days in a pregnant female, and 60 to 100 days in a non-pregnant female. During both of these periods, progesterone levels are high. Because the hormonal profile of a pregnant female and a female in diestrus are the same, sometimes a non-pregnant female will go through a period of pseudo-pregnancy.  At that time she may gain weight, have mammary gland development, produce milk, and exhibit nesting behaviours.

4. Anestrus is the remaining period, the time of reproductive quiescence. The female has no attraction to mating. Anestrus generally lasts four to five months.

Copulation

As with most tetrapods, canine copulation involves the male mounting the female from behind, a position that is colloquially referred to as "doggy style" but does not have a specifically known origin. When a male canine is interested in mounting a female, he will sniff the female's  vulva. If the female is unreceptive, she may sit, lie down, snap, retreat, or otherwise be uncooperative. If the female is receptive, she will stand still and hold her tail to the side, a stance referred to as "flagging". The male will often continue examining the female's rear, before mounting her from behind while attempting penetration with his penis.

Unlike human sexual intercourse, where the male penis commonly becomes erect before entering the female, canine copulation involves the male first penetrating the female, after which swelling of the penis to erection occurs, which usually happens rapidly. At the time of penetration, the canine penis is not erect, and only able to penetrate the female because it includes a narrow bone called the "baculum", a feature of most placental mammals. When the male achieves penetration, he will usually hold the female tighter and thrust deeply. It is during this time that the male's penis expands and it is important that the bulbus gland is sufficiently far inside for the female to be able to trap it.

Male canines are the only animals that have a locking bulbus glandis or "bulb", a spherical area of erectile tissue at the base of the penis. During copulation, and only after the male's penis is fully inside the female's vagina, the bulbus glandis becomes engorged with blood. When the female's vagina subsequently contracts, the penis becomes locked inside the female. This is known as "tying" or "knotting". While characteristic of mating in most canids, the copulatory tie has been reported to be absent or very brief (less than one minute) in the African wild dog, possibly due to the abundance of large predators in its environment.

When the penis is locked into the vagina by the bulbus glandis (when the stud is "tied"), thrusting behavior stops and the male will usually lift a leg and swing it over the female's back while turning around. The two stand with their hind ends touching and the penis locked inside the vagina while ejaculation occurs, decreasing leakage of semen from the vagina. After some time, typically between 5 and 20 minutes (but sometimes longer), the bulbus glandis disengorges, allowing the mates to separate. Virgin dogs can become quite distressed at finding themselves unable to separate during their first copulation, and may try to pull away or run. Dog breeders often suggest it is appropriate for handlers to attempt to calm the mating dogs if they show anxiety once this stage is reached. After mating, the male usually licks his penis and prepuce.

Gestation and litters

Gestation in a dog is 63 days in length, if measured from the day of ovulation. Since it is difficult to determine the exact date of ovulation, errors are often made in calculating gestation period. Canine sperm can live for 10 to 11 days   in the uterine tubes (fallopian tubes) so if a female is bred 10 days before the oocytes (eggs) can be fertilized, she will appear to have a gestation length of 70 days. If she is bred on the day the oocytes can be fertilized, her gestation length will appear to be 60 days long.

A rule of thumb is that a mammal will produce half as many offspring as the number of teats on the mother. This rule is altered in domesticated animals since larger litters are often favoured for economic reasons and in dogs, particularly, the great range of sizes and shapes plays a role in how many healthy puppies a female can carry. A female dog usually has 10 teats, though this does not mean she can necessarily provide sufficient nutrition for 10 puppies in one litter.

An average litter consists of about five to six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. Size of the breed is correlated with litter size. Miniature and small breeds average three to four puppies in each litter, with a maximum litter size of about 5–8. Large and giant breeds average 7 puppies per litter but can have a maximum litter size of about 15. In one study, the Rhodesian Ridgeback had the highest average litter size with 8.9 pups per litter while the Pomeranian and Toy Poodle had the lowest with 2.4 pups per litter.

The number of puppies also varies with the mother's age. In smaller breeds, both young and old age are associated with smaller litter size. In larger breeds, only old age is associated with smaller litter size. Use of artificial insemination is also associated with smaller litter size, with frozen semen having a stronger effect than fresh semen.

The largest litter size to date was set by a Neapolitan Mastiff in Manea, England on November 29, 2004; the litter was 24 puppies.

Some breeds have been developed to emphasize certain physical traits beyond the point at which they can safely bear litters on their own.

A large scale study in Norway showed that across all breeds, about 4% of pups will be stillborn and a further 4% will die within the first week (early neonatal mortality). Between 8 days and 8 weeks, 1% will die. Litter size, breed size and age of the female is associated with increased risk. High risk breeds for stillborn includes the Dogue de Bordeaux (14.2%), St. Bernard (12.3%), Chow Chow (12.1%), Pembroke Welsh Corgis (11.7%) and Dalmatian (10.6%). The Basenji, Italian Greyhound, Australian Terrier, Irish Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier and the Bichon Havanais had few to no stillborns (0-0.6%). High risk breeds for early neonatal mortality includes the Rhodesian Ridgeback (11.6%), Dogue de Bordeaux (10.4% ), Dalmatians (8.8%) and Icelandic Sheepdog (8.7%) while the Basenji and Tibetan Terrier had no early neonatal mortality and the Border Terrier and Danish-Swedish Farmdog had <1% early neonatal mortality.

Common causes of early neonatal mortality are bacteria infection, fetal asphyxia and fading puppy syndrome. Other causes may include elective euthanasia because of congenital defects or failure to meet breed standards.

Other multi-breed studies have put stillborn rates at 6.5-7% and early neonatal mortality at 11.5-19.8%.

Inbreeding depression

On the basis of an analysis of data on 42,855 dachshund litters, it was found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression.  Inbreeding depression is a reduction in progeny fitness due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive mutations.

Inbreeding avoidance

Because the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) largely exists in fragmented small populations, its existence is endangered.  Inbreeding avoidance via mate selection is characteristic of the species and has important potential consequences for population persistence.  Inbreeding is rare within natal packs.  Computer-population simulations indicate that all populations continuing to avoid incestuous mating will become extinct within 100 years due to the unavailability of unrelated mates.  Thus the impact of reduced numbers of suitable unrelated mates will likely have a severe demographic impact on the future viability of small wild dog populations.

Red wolves primarily live in packs composed of a socially monogamous breeding pair and offspring of different ages.  Using long-term data on red wolf individuals of known pedigree, it was found that inbreeding among first-degree relatives was rare.  A likely mechanism for avoidance of inbreeding is independent dispersal trajectories from the natal pack. Many of the young wolves spend time alone or in small non-breeding packs composed of unrelated individuals. The union of two unrelated individuals in a new home range is the predominant pattern of breeding pair formation.

Among Ethiopian wolves, most females disperse from their natal pack at about two years of age, and some become "floaters" that may successfully immigrate into existing packs.  Breeding pairs are most often unrelated to each other, suggesting that female-biased dispersal reduces inbreeding.

Grey wolves and Arctic foxes also exhibit inbreeding avoidance.

Inbreeding is ordinarily avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (inbreeding depression) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles.  Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.

Clinical issues

Female dogs are at risk for endometritis and pyometra in the postpartum period and after estrus or vaginitis. Signs and symptoms include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, excessive thirst, restlessness, a foul smelling vaginal discharge which may or may not be bloody, infertility, or they may be asymptomatic.
 Uterine infections should be treated expeditiously if suspected. Contrary to common belief, uterine infections can strike any intact female, whether she has been bred or not, and whether it is her first season or not although it is more common as dogs become older.

Dog breeding

Semen collection
An artificial vagina is prepared, which is a conical thin latex sleeve ending in a sterile collection tube. The inside of the latex sleeve is lightly lubricated.  The male is allowed to sniff a female in estrus. Experienced studs cooperate readily in the process. New studs often require encouragement in the form of manual stimulation. Generally the male will mount the female, and the collector quickly directs the male's penis into the latex sleeve. The male ejaculates and the semen is collected in the tube. The semen is then drawn up into a long thin pipette.

Cross breeding
Designer breed dogs are Mixed-breed dogs that are intentionally bred from parents of two established breeds. Studies have shown that cross-bred dogs have a number of desirable reproductive traits.  Scott and Fuller found that cross-bred dogs were superior mothers compared to purebred mothers, producing more milk and giving better care.  These advantages led to a decreased mortality in the offspring of cross-bred dogs; however, the qualities of cross bred dogs are not predictable.  For example, Labrador x Poodle ("Labradoodle") can inherit the coat of either a Labrador, a poodle, or a remix.

Spaying and neutering

Spaying (females) and neutering (males) refers to the sterilization of animals—usually by castration (removal of the male's testicles) or ovariohysterectomy (removal of the female's ovaries and uterus)—to eliminate the ability to procreate, and reduce sex drive. Castration has also been known to reduce aggression in male dogs (in some cases), but spaying has been shown to occasionally increase aggression in female dogs.

Animal control agencies in the United States and the ASPCA advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be spayed or neutered so that they do not have undesired puppies.  Spaying and castrating can decrease the risk of hormone-driven diseases such as mammary cancer, as well as undesired hormone-driven behaviors.  However, certain medical problems are more likely after neutering, such as urinary incontinence in females and prostate cancer in males.

Dogs shown in the conformation ring are not allowed to be either neutered or spayed. It disqualifies them from being shown as they must be intact and unaltered.

Female cats and dogs are seven times more likely to develop mammary tumors if they are not spayed before their first heat cycle.

Studies have shown that spaying or neutering may be associated with increasing some serious health and behavioural consequences while reducing others. The American Veterinary Association (AVMA) position provides no single recommendation to spay or neuter nor for one single age for spay or neuter that is more or less optimal than another. Rather, the AVMA position is that spay or neuter be determined on a case-by-case basis to assess risks for orthopedic disease, neoplasia, reproductive disease, longevity, and population control for each individual.

Altered females:

Increased aggression can be shown in altered females if they have previously displayed aggression prior to surgical alteration. In a study by O'Farrell and Peachy, female dogs less than 11 months of age that had previously shown signs of aggression are more likely to have an increase in aggression after being spayed. These increases in aggression may be due to the sudden change in hormone concentrations that are the result of alteration. While spaying female dogs does not "induce" aggression, it can increase aggression and facilitate indiscriminate appetite in young altered females and can include them rapidly eating meals or eating food-associated items such as trash.

Altered males:

In nearly 2/3 of the cases that involve inter-dog aggression, castration can help decrease aggression. Castration also decreases other male-typical behavioral traits such as mounting, roaming, and urine marking. But a few studies have shown that male behavioral issues of mounting, roaming and urine marking still exist in altered males.  Some people have reported after altering their male dogs that behavior such as roaming, mounting and urine marking has not changed the behavior.  Aggression may increase, as the decrease in testosterone may lead to emotional issues and become more likely to react aggressively when feeling under threat. Male puppies that are neutered between 7 and 10 weeks are three times less likely to display behavioral problems, compared to canines neutered at 6 months or older. Most dominantly aggressive dogs are male, which causes many people to neuter their male canine companions. Removing testosterone can decrease the intensity of a canine's reaction to stimulus. Testosterone does not cause a behavior to occur, but its absence may decrease the occurrence of a "bad" behavior.

See also

Canine reproductive behavior
Canine transmissible venereal tumor
Animal husbandry
Puppy mill
Sexual behavior of coyotes
Sexual behavior of golden jackals
Sexual behavior of red foxes

References

Further reading

External links
Canine Gestation Calculator

Dog breeding
Reproduction
Dogs
Reproduction in mammals
Theriogenology

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Objective – Increase brand awareness of Nabisco's official partnership with the NASCAR and Stewart-Haas Racing while incentivizing consumers to purchase Nabisco products and securing additional retail space in c-store chains.
Solution – Develop a sweepstakes specific to convenience stores and offer a VIP race experience to the Daytona 500. Consumers were provided a first-class hospitality including a skybox suite, pit and garage tour and driver meet-and-greets.


Why Bearded Men Are The Most Attractive Dudes?
What Are The 13 Useless Things Wealthy People Do Not Buy?
Learn how to improve your private life easily and effectively.
Ourlifeinbrief is your perfect place on the internet to improve your private life easily and effectively. If you are going on a date (or going through a breakup), getting married (or divorced), or in a long serious relationship (or still single), we offer expert tips and advice on dating, conflict resolution, break up survival, dealing with your ex, marriage problems, and much more.
© 2018 Our Life In Brief . All rights reserved.


Masked gunmen bundled Taha, editor-in-chief of the private daily Al-Wifaq, into a car outside his home in east Khartoum late on September 5. Police found his severed head next to his body in an area south of the capital the following day. His hands and feet were bound, according to a CPJ source and news reports.
Taha had angered Islamists by running an article about the Prophet Muhammad. He had also written critically about the political opposition and armed groups in Sudan's western Darfur region, according to press reports. No group claimed responsibility for the killing, Reuters reported.
Taha, 50, was an Islamist and former member of the National Islamic Front. But in May 2005, he was detained for several days, fined 8 million Sudanese pounds (US$3,200), and his paper was closed for three months after he offended the country's powerful Islamists by republishing an article from the Internet that questioned the ancestry of the Prophet Muhammad. Demonstrators outside the courthouse demanded he be sentenced to death for blasphemy. Sudan is religiously conservative and penalizes blasphemy and insulting Islam with the death penalty.
Six months before the slaying, unidentified assailants set fire to the offices of Al-Wifaq, badly damaging the building. The perpetrators were never identified, a CPJ source said.
Several Sudanese journalists gathered at the Khartoum morgue to protest the murder and demand government protection for the press. The Arabic-language satellite news channel Al-Jazeera said Taha had fought many battles with the government and opposition parties over his writings and had made many political enemies.
In April 2009, the Sudanese government executed nine men found guilty of involvement in the assassinatio. Many press freedom and human rights observers saw the prosecution as a miscarriage of justice, spurred by a thirst on the part of President Omar al-Bashir's regime for settling scores with the rebellious region of Darfur.
All nine men were from this oppressed and poverty-stricken region of Sudan, which al-Bashir's power base held responsible for the International Criminal Court's March 2009 indictment accusing the leader of crimes against humanity.


A mantra is a word or phrase that is used to impart a state of well-being and happiness in a person. The word translates as mind (man) projection (tra) and is akin to the idea that what you think about is what you become. This is similar to an affirmation which is a sentence aimed to affect the conscious and the subconscious mind.
The use of mantras originated in India centuries ago and is now used by people throughout the world. A recent study indicates that using mantras can prove beneficial in helping people handle a wide range of conditions, and is particularly helpful in reducing stress and anxiety.
Researchers studied 66 people who participated in a five-week program, during which the subjects chose a mantra and learned how to use it to manage stress. Participants chose their own mantra, and then were taught how to repeat it silently during the day or evening to interrupt unwanted thoughts or create a state of relaxation. Approximately three months after the program ended, 83 percent of veterans and hospital staff told researchers from the US Department of Veterans Affairs that they found the technique which involves silently and continuously repeating calming words or phrases throughout the day - useful on a number of occasions. These included better handling of traffic and work-related stress, less insomnia, and less unwanted thoughts.
Your beliefs and attitudes can and do materialize in your body, based upon what you think about all day long and how optimistic or pessimistic you are.
Remember that no two things can occupy the same space at the same time. Similarly, in your mind, no two thoughts can occupy the same space at once. So when your negative mind tells you you're awful, down, depressed, or going to catch a cold, displace the negative thought with the positive mantra (affirmation) above.


The quality you expect. The luxury you deserve. Every Wildwood X-Lite is filled with all the comforts of home to ensure a pleasant stay at your favorite camping destinations. Start camping, today!!
Check out Stock # 5957 - 2019 Forest River Wildwood X-Lite 230BHXL on forestriverrvsource.com!


Knowing which organisations are worth your time and money is tricky. Organisations with the glossy brochures, smart staff and great looking Expo display may be all smoke and mirrors.
If you don't know about careers opportunities the Careers Expo can be a minefield. Yet, you go to the Expo BECAUSE YOU DON'T KNOW ABOUT CAREERS!! So beware as you the sophisticated sales people tell you how great they are. Consult careers advisors before you sign away your future.
At least Careers Australia wasn't there this year. They went broke last week after paying their shareholders $40m!!! Thousands of students turned up to classes last week to be told, by a now unemployed teacher, that Careers Australia had closed down. Students have been left out of pocket and without a qualification.
McDonald's has always delivered world class training.
Given cutbacks on government funding for retail training McDonald's is a lighthouse for people who understand the excitement and satisfaction that comes from offering excellent sales service.
Students get paid as they learn by taking on a McDonald's School Based Traineeship in Certificate II in Retail Services or Certificate III in Retail. For more information go to McDonald's Regional Training Organisation.
The women at the WA Aviation College told me that their Open Day on 10 June is going to be "Quite a day".
There will be aircraft displays, discounted trial flights, industry pilots and Learn to Fly seminars.
Find out more at the Royal Aero Club Open Day.
There was lots of interest in construction careers. The construction industry trainers offer pre apprenticeship courses, scholarships and try a trade days to help school students to get into a construction trade.
The Australian Maritime College (AMC) has linked up with ECU so that you can start your maritime studies in WA before going to Tassie to use their high tech equipment.
Categories: Career Advice | Tags: Careers Expo | Permalink.


Microsoft laptop touchscreen. Touch interface: 17-inch. Core i3 processor. Ronin monitor mount. Speaker driver 2. 0.292mm. B9702. 4k280-9hsd-co. 869gl-80np/c/t. 60°.
Afstandsbediening lcd-scherm. 100 rm. Ssd64gb. 12 inch ordinary led screen. 16ms(typical). 15 inch touch  pure screen. Rubber. Monitor oor draadloze. Dunhuang erhu. Dvi/usb/vga. Capacitive touch screen. Wholesale monitor draagbare. Split adapter.
Video recording: Vfd usb. Lcd 15 inch. Video, audio, dc. Hdmi, rs232c, vga. Ddriii 1066/1333*1  4gb. Asynchrone usb-poort led display. Normale. Wall mount touch screen monitor. Indoor camera. Model: China(shenzhen). Screen film 5.5 inch.


A simple walk down the street isn't always simple. Broken sidewalks, construction barricades, tree roots and many more hazards can trip up pedestrians, especially those with impaired mobility or vision. Now a new project by researchers in Computer Science uses crowd sourcing, Google Street View, and computer vision to find and identify accessibility obstacles in streets and sidewalks. The project, which combines the efforts of undergraduate Victoria Le, graduate student Kotaro Hara and assistant professor Jon Froehlich, is featured this week in New Scientist.
Froehlich explains the project can provide information to municipalities so they can fix problem areas. It can also become a data source to build new accessibility-aware navigation tools for mobility and/or vision impaired persons so they can find out about potential obstacles in their path before they set out.


Cast: Shanthanu Bhagyaraj, Aindrita Ray, Satya Prakash, M.S. Narayana, SayajiShinde, Brahmanandam Kanneganti, Nagendra Babu, Kota Srinivasa Rao, Sudhakar, Annapoorna, Sudha, K. Bhagyaraj.
Produced by: Ramesh Reddy, Amudala Devesh, Gooduru Jeevith eddy.
Love In Hyderabad is a Telugu romance movie, directed by Chandra Mahesh,featuring Shanthanu Bhagyaraj,Aindrita Ray in the lead roles.
Purchasing mKoops are so easy! Simply follow these steps and in no time, pre-book Love In Hyderabad.
Buy Love In Hyderabad Coupons to get discounts on Movie Tickets.
Make use of the mKoop coupon code at BookMyShow to book Love In Hyderabad movie tickets.


text:
Q: Bootstrap - list-group to take entire width of the div I have a div which is 200px in height. How do I divide the ul items in equal rows? They always align on top. I have colored the div green to make it obvious. Eventually I would be using ngFor in my ul, so I do not know how many rows are going to be there

        test

        test1

A: If you want to divide the content of your div then its best you should use table

           {{hero.name}}

This is another way by which can give height to li

        test

        test1

A: Would a flexbox solution work for you?
https://codepen.io/panchroma/pen/ExWpdeK
HTML

1

2

3

CSS
.wrap ul {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: space-around;
  height: 200px;
}
.wrap {
  background-color: green;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
/*global defineSuite*/
defineSuite([
        'DataSources/EntityView',
        'Core/BoundingSphere',
        'Core/Cartesian3',
        'Core/Ellipsoid',
        'Core/JulianDate',
        'DataSources/ConstantPositionProperty',
        'DataSources/Entity',
        'Specs/createScene'
    ], function(
        EntityView,
        BoundingSphere,
        Cartesian3,
        Ellipsoid,
        JulianDate,
        ConstantPositionProperty,
        Entity,
        createScene) {
    'use strict';

    var scene;
    var defaultOffset = EntityView.defaultOffset3D;

    beforeAll(function() {
        scene = createScene();
    });

    beforeEach(function() {
        EntityView.defaultOffset3D = defaultOffset.clone();
    });

    afterAll(function() {
        scene.destroyForSpecs();
    });

    it('default constructor sets expected values', function() {
        var view = new EntityView();
        expect(view.ellipsoid).toBe(Ellipsoid.WGS84);
        expect(view.entity).toBeUndefined();
        expect(view.scene).toBeUndefined();
    });

    it('constructor sets expected values', function() {
        var entity = new Entity();
        var ellipsoid = Ellipsoid.UNIT_SPHERE;
        var view = new EntityView(entity, scene, ellipsoid);
        expect(view.entity).toBe(entity);
        expect(view.scene).toBe(scene);
        expect(view.ellipsoid).toBe(Ellipsoid.UNIT_SPHERE);
    });

    it('can set and get defaultOffset3D', function() {
        var sampleOffset = new Cartesian3(1, 2, 3);
        EntityView.defaultOffset3D = sampleOffset;
        var entity = new Entity();
        entity.position = new ConstantPositionProperty(Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0.0, 0.0));
        var view = new EntityView(entity, scene);
        view.update(JulianDate.now());
        expect(EntityView.defaultOffset3D).toEqualEpsilon(sampleOffset, 1e-10);
        expect(view.scene.camera.position).toEqualEpsilon(sampleOffset, 1e-10);
    });

    it('uses entity viewFrom', function() {
        var sampleOffset = new Cartesian3(1, 2, 3);
        var entity = new Entity();
        entity.position = new ConstantPositionProperty(Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0.0, 0.0));
        entity.viewFrom = sampleOffset;
        var view = new EntityView(entity, scene);
        view.update(JulianDate.now());
        expect(view.scene.camera.position).toEqualEpsilon(sampleOffset, 1e-10);
    });

    it('uses entity bounding sphere', function() {
        var sampleOffset = new Cartesian3(-1.3322676295501878e-15, -7.348469228349534, 7.3484692283495345);
        var entity = new Entity();
        entity.position = new ConstantPositionProperty(Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0.0, 0.0));
        var view = new EntityView(entity, scene, undefined);
        view.update(JulianDate.now(), new BoundingSphere(new Cartesian3(3, 4, 5), 6));
        expect(view.scene.camera.position).toEqualEpsilon(sampleOffset, 1e-10);
    });

    it('uses entity viewFrom if available and boundingsphere is supplied', function() {
        var sampleOffset = new Cartesian3(1, 2, 3);
        var entity = new Entity();
        entity.position = new ConstantPositionProperty(Cartesian3.fromDegrees(0.0, 0.0));
        entity.viewFrom = sampleOffset;
        var view = new EntityView(entity, scene, undefined, new BoundingSphere(new Cartesian3(3, 4, 5), 6));
        view.update(JulianDate.now());
        expect(view.scene.camera.position).toEqualEpsilon(sampleOffset, 1e-10);
    });

    it('update throws without time parameter', function() {
        var entity = new Entity();
        entity.position = new ConstantPositionProperty(Cartesian3.ZERO);
        var view = new EntityView(entity, scene);
        expect(function() {
            view.update(undefined);
        }).toThrowDeveloperError();
    });

    it('update throws without entity property', function() {
        var view = new EntityView(undefined, scene);
        expect(function() {
            view.update(JulianDate.now());
        }).toThrowDeveloperError();

    });

    it('update throws without scene property', function() {
        var entity = new Entity();
        entity.position = new ConstantPositionProperty(Cartesian3.ZERO);
        var view = new EntityView(entity, undefined);
        expect(function() {
            view.update(JulianDate.now());
        }).toThrowDeveloperError();
    });

    it('update throws without ellipsoid property', function() {
        var entity = new Entity();
        entity.position = new ConstantPositionProperty(Cartesian3.ZERO);
        var view = new EntityView(entity, scene);
        view.ellipsoid = undefined;
        expect(function() {
            view.update(JulianDate.now());
        }).toThrowDeveloperError();
    });

    it('update throws without entity.position property.', function() {
        var entity = new Entity();
        var view = new EntityView(entity, scene);
        expect(function() {
            view.update(JulianDate.now());
        }).toThrowDeveloperError();
    });
}, 'WebGL');

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In October 2018, Domo formed the Domo Enterprise Advisory Board, a new advisory group of six former global CIOs, brought together to help shape new solutions and go-to-market strategies that meet the dynamic needs of large organizations worldwide at all stages of their digital transformation journey. Domo also started to package new business applications built on top of the platform to help customers with common business challenges better leverage data to stay competitive.
Founded in 2010, Domo is shaking up the business intelligence market by offering users easy access to real-time data for improving operational performance and processes in each business function. Domo is a cloud based platform that leverages more than 500 pre-built data connectors and its Workbench tool to connect to data wherever it resides, including cloud-based or on-premises software solutions, spreadsheets and databases. It is suitable for company sizes ranging from small businesses to large enterprises, and is compatible on Windows or Mac platforms, iPad tablets, and on mobile devices. Domo enables users to easily connect to a broad range of data sources, without needing to pay a third party to do the integration work and because the Domo does the hard work of collecting and preparing large amounts of data, Domo makes it easy to build and deploy business applications that solve unique business challenges on top of its platform. Its Magic ETL feature allows non-technical users to do ETL via drag-and-drop functionality within the platform. With a focus on end user self-service, the Domo Appstore provides hundreds of business apps (pre-packaged content and advanced visualizations) built by an expanding publisher ecosystem to help users get up and running quickly with their data in the platform, providing context to what the data means. Buzz is Domo's native instant collaboration feature that enables departments and teams to have conversations around the data and share insights. With Domo Mobile, users get dynamic access to their business information anytime, anywhere while maintaining desktop features such as Buzz, notifications data exploration tools, org directory, and much more on iOS, Android and Mobile Web. Domo helps all employees – from the CEO to the front-line worker – optimize business performance by connecting them to all the data, systems and people. The company went public on Nasdaq (DOMO) in June 2018. Domo's cloud platform continues to extend beyond its business intelligence core competency with new offerings in security such as BYOK and embedded capabilities with Domo Everywhere. Domo has also adding advanced analytics features with Analyzer, a smart Alert Center, and Data Lineage to name a few. Domo's developer toolkit makes it easy for customers or partners to quickly build and deploy complex apps on top of the Domo platform.


The Lean Startup Methodology is a business approach which aims at creating and managing start-ups. The Lean Startup Methodology trains you to run a startup on when to preserve and grow the business or when to turn it around. This concept suits best for technologies or internet context.
The concept of Lean Startup Methodology starts with the redefinition of what a startup is. It is a business organization that is formed to research for a scalable business model. The methodology describes what areas you should focus on the startup and also helps in describing a viable business model that helps in dealing with the extreme uncertainties in the business.
Framing your startup with such a methodology helps you to focus on the most approaches that undertakes the activities that will view some tests to validate your assumptions. Following are some benefits of Lean Startup Methodology.
A lack of planning your business management process has hit many startups by abandoning all the processes. Poor planning can put your business in trouble in the uncertain days. Wrong approaches for the management affect the forms of your business management.
By using Lean Startup Methodology the organizations can create a system that helps the organization by providing them tools to test the vision consistently. This methodology is not just about spending less; it is also about a methodology that helps the development of the product. This feature will surely boost your business and enhance the revenues.
Smart work is always better than hard work. Hard work may also waste your time if it is not done in the right way. The Lean Startup Methodology offers the premises that every startup can experiment with various key points. The approach saves you from the doing donkey work. Besides this, it helps the experts to put their efforts on more productive things.
Management can focus more on how the product can be built, whether it is work introducing, is it possible to build a sustainable business that is useful for the products and the businesses. The methodology will also offer some smart alternatives for your business products.
The measurement of progress in the manufacturing is calculated by the production and high-quality goods. With the help of Lean Startup Methodology, the progress in the business is validated with learning a rigorous method of demonstrating the progress. This will make your business prepared for all the uncertainties and also increase your business minute by minute. It is an ideal approach to have a successful and growing startup.
We at SODIO, understand the pain of startups very well and thus believe in LEAN Startup methodology. Helping startups in building MVP for their products is what we are good at. We are a Mobile app development company and have worked with more than 50 Startups.
Is Pivoting the business model of your Startup a great idea?
The Future of Retail It was sometime in the late 90s that Amazon first came into existence….
I'm really impressed with your writing skills as well as with the layout on your weblog. Is this a paid theme or did you customize it yourself? Either way, keep up the excellent quality writing, it is rare to see a great blog like this one these days.


The best place in India to experience the original medieval culture of the Royal families and at the same time traditional life of the people in the remote areas is the Rajasthan. Warm hospitality for the guests is deep routed in the culture of Rajasthan and you will feel this during your travel to the different regions of Rajasthan. The tour packages for Rajasthan are planned to cover the geographical diversity of Rajasthan, rich natural treasure including the Royal Bengal Tigers, majestic forts, palaces and havelis and most importantly a contact with the local population of Rajasthan without which it will not be possible to experience the original culture of Rajasthan.
You can also plan your own tailor made tour to India.
The land of Rajas or Princes is the literal meaning of Rajasthan. But here this is not limited to forts and palaces, infact it is applied for every small part of the state. The land of Rajasthan is still crown holder as far as Traditions and culture is concerned. You will not find so many colors and experiences at any other place. Most of the forts and Palaces of Rajasthan are still perfectly in shape as they were hundreds of years back, so the travelers visiting Rajasthan can experience & feel the lifestyle & traditions of royal families. Most of these palaces are converted into museums displaying rich heritage of Rajastan like armoury, artifects, paintings, luxury articles and antique books. So the Rajasthan is still true to its name, whether its Royal lifestyles of princes or art and culture, Rajasthan is king of Tourist destinations in India.
How to Plan Rajasthan travel ?
Rajasthan is largest state in India and also having highest number of travel destinations, so it is practically impossible to visit all tourist places. If you have already decided on the destinations, we have complete tourism information about all places of Rajasthan including guide to hotel bookings. If you are new to the state please contact our tour planner with your interests and number of days and be ensured that you will be replied with best tour package having most comfortable itinerary covering places best suitable to your choice.
Rajasthan is located in western part of India with tropic of cancer passing nearby, so the climate is hot during summer months that is from April to June. About half of Rajasthan is covered with Aravali mountains so once the monsoon arrives in july, this area becomes pleasant with picturesque landscapes. From july onwards you can plan travel to Rajasthan. However the best time to visit western Rajasthan mainly desert are is from september to March.


text:
Bindmans LLP
All articles about Bindmans LLP.
Bindmans launches legal action in the United Kingdom on misuse of Pegasus spyware
Bindmans LLP CrowdJustice Digital Freedom Fund Global Legal Action Network Matrix Chambers
UK law firm Bindmans LLP, in partnership with the Global Legal Action Network, a UK-based NGO, is pursuing potential claims relating to the alleged misuse of Pegasus spyware in the UK by foreign governments. Funding for the pre-litigation work was sourced through crowdfunding and the Digital Freedom Fund, and Bindmans is now seeking to crowdfund the future costs of the case using CrowdJustice, a community fundraising platform.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Canada Border Services Agency ("CBSA") recently announced that it was proposing changes to its Trusted Traveller Programs ("TTPs"), which include CANPASS, Free and Secure Trade ("FAST"), and NEXUS. In furtherance of this proposal, CBSA intends to amend the Presentation of Persons (2003) Regulations (the "POP Regulations"), which were implemented under the Canadian Customs Act. A summary of these proposed amendments appears below.
Failing to provide complete personal information, supporting documents, and/or attend interviews (if required) with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or the Canadian Security Intelligence Service will render an applicant ineligible.
The exportation of items on the Export Control List.
All foreign convictions will be assessed by determining its Canadian equivalent under the Canadian Criminal Code.
In the case of pending criminal charges (which would render the applicant ineligible if a conviction resulted) and any outstanding criminal warrants relating to such offenses, an applicant will be ineligible until a court decision is made on the charge(s)/warrant(s) or the warrant(s) have expired.
Violations of program legislation (such as legislation and regulations administered or enforced by CBSA) can result in ineligibility. For example, multiple minor seizures would result in a ten-year ban and any contraventions in relation to the border enforcement priorities listed above would result in a lifetime ban.
National security concerns may render a person ineligible if there are sufficient grounds to suspect that the person constitutes a threat to the security of Canada as defined in Section 2 of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act.
Other security threats such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, and transnational crime such as trafficking of persons/human smuggling, money laundering, or terrorism financing are also grounds to deny, cancel or suspend an authorization.
The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act ("IRPA") currently authorizes the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada ("IRCC") to declare a foreign national ineligible (who is otherwise admissible) to enter Canada for a period of up to three years based on public policy considerations, as outlined in Subsection 22.1(1). CBSA's proposal will also make such persons ineligible for TTPs.
Where a person is required (i.e. by court order) to surrender their travel documents (such as a passport under the Family Orders and Agreements Enforcement Assistance Act), this person will also become ineligible for a NEXUS or FAST authorization (or their existing authorization may be suspended).
Although this proposed change may be significant for CANPASS or FAST participants, its effect on NEXUS participants may be less so. This is because NEXUS is a joint initiative of the United States and Canada. As a result, failure to satisfy the eligibility criteria of either country renders an applicant ineligible for NEXUS.
The NEXUS eligibility criteria used by United States Customs and Border Protection ("USCBP") are already stricter in many ways than CBSA's proposed eligibility criteria. For example, CBSA's proposed criteria still allow an applicant who has been convicted of a criminal offence to remain eligible if they have received a Canadian Pardon or Record Suspension. However, USCBP does not recognize a Canadian Pardon or Record Suspension when considering an applicant's eligibility to participate in NEXUS.
If the person is a family member of a person who is serving at a Canadian or American diplomatic mission or consular post in a foreign country, that foreign country.
The proposed amendments will clarify that applicants must legally reside in the above countries during the required period.
Having more than $10,000 in Canadian currency, monetary instruments, or equivalent (even if it is properly declared).
Only goods imported by pre-approved companies and carriers authorized under the Customs Self-Assessment program are allowed in the trailer of a commercial highway conveyance.
No longer meeting any of the listed eligibility criteria may lead to membership cancellation.
Pending criminal charges, outstanding criminal warrants, or court orders to surrender travel documents would lead to a suspension but not a cancellation. A single lack of compliance with a program condition could result in membership suspension for one year.
Repeated lack of compliance with program conditions within a twelve-month period could result in membership cancellation and a period of ineligibility for six years.
The CBSA announcement states that it will accept comments relating to these proposed changes by email until August 19, 2016. It also states that CBSA intends to update its internal policies to reflect these amendments until implemented by regulation. In other words, CBSA is expected to implement these changes even before the POP Regulations are formally amended.


Been eyeing to try this restaurant and luckily I was able to give it a try. Everytime we would dropped by, the place is always crowded.
Maybe because their time is only during the night and also the place cannot accomodate many customers. Good thing they extended their tables in the garage.
The steak that they offer is around a hundred and fifty box. Not bad, right?
Here are some of their offerings with prices.
I tried the T-Bone Steak and I must say it's good and very affordable. I'll try the mushroom burger next time.
Reicin's Kitchen is located along Balagtas Road, San Pablo City. They are open from 6 o'clock until eleven, sometimes extends more 'til midnight.
HOW TO GO TO REICIN'S KITCHEN?
If you are coming from Manila, just drive going to SLEX (South Luzon Express Way) until you reach San Pablo City.
You can do a left turn when you reach 7-11 Maharlika Highway then look for directions going to Balagtas boulevard. Straight then right turn, you will see Goldilucks and Red Ribbon then turn left after reaching the SSS San Pablo Branch (Social Security System) then head straight and you will see the sign "Reicin's Kitchen.
If you are just in San Pablo, just stroll around Balagtas boulevard and you will see it. The place is at the corner of De Roma St.


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Q: Gulp critical css not working with Laravel When I run the gulp critical command, elixir is left loading for a while and then gives an error in the console:
var elixir      = require('laravel-elixir');
var BrowserSync = require('laravel-elixir-browsersync');
var gulp        = require('gulp');
var critical    = require('critical');

gulp.task('critical', function() {
  critical.generate({
    src: 'http://regalospersonales.local',
    css: 'public/css/style.css',
    width: 1280,
    height: 600,
    dest: 'public/css/critical.css'
  });
});

elixir(function(mix) {

    BrowserSync.init();

    mix.BrowserSync(
    {
        proxy           : "regalospersonales.local",
        logPrefix       : "Laravel Eixir BrowserSync",
        logConnections  : false,
        reloadOnRestart : false,
        notify          : false,
        files           : ["app/**/*",
                           "public/**/*",
                           "resources/views/**/*",
                          ]
    });

    mix.sass([
        "main.scss",
    ],'public/css/style.css');

    mix.task('critical');

});

I have correctly installed the package with node npm.

What's the problem?


As we are a specialized internet retailer and warehouse products nationally in logistics centres we do not have dedicated customer showroom's.
However as most of the products we supply are well recognised brands you will be able to view most of these same products at normal retailers and then purchase them from us at a discount with free delivery in most cases. Alternatively many of our suppliers have showroom you can visit then purchase from us.
What if I cannot view the product anywhere else?
We do sometimes make exceptions to this so please contact us if you are unable to view the products at other retailers.
What if I order the wrong item?


Is there any way to determine if a script is run on an iPhone or an iPad?
I'm creating a game and I want it to be able to run both on an iPhone and an iPad.
Why not base the size of your alien on the x/y dimensions of the screen, which you can get from the Scene module, instead of a specific device model?
You could use the size property of your scene. Have a look at the bundled "Clock" script for an example. It uses different margins, line widths, etc. depening on the type of device (iPad/iPhone).
The bundled "Cascade" game uses a similar approach to determine the number of tiles that fit on the screen.
Thanks guys! I used the same approach as the one used in the "Cascade" game.


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Home • Interviews • INTERVIEW: Hail the Sun chats Mental Knife, their Warped Tour Experience and much more!
INTERVIEW: Hail the Sun chats Mental Knife, their Warped Tour Experience and much more!
In the aftermath of the last Warped Tour being finished this summer, it's been sad to think about how it will no longer be a thing. Considering how many bands were given their big break, the relationships that were developed during it between artists and just the community it provided. So while it's been a frequent topic, it's also I think reenergizing bands to keep touring and work even harder to make an effort to be on the road and keep that community going.
One of those bands that jumped on the road pretty quickly again right after Warped were Chico's Hail the Sun who are fresh off the release of their latest record, "Mental Knife", and found themselves on tour with Polyphia. I was able to sit down with guitarist Shane Gann and bassist John Stirrat to talk everything from that Warped experience to how the album has been going over in their eyes and much more. Read through our chat below and keep your eyes peeled for much more from this talented group!
You guys have had a really crazy year. The new album came out this summer but you did a lot of the Warped Tour. You were out with Circa Survive all spring, how have these last few months been? Maybe the songs in particular on this album, how do you think they've been performing?
John Stirrat: Yeah the album, Mental Knife, it's been getting a great response I think. With fans, old and new, we've heard a lot of newcomers coming in especially on this tour. Polyphia's doing so well and bringing out so many people that maybe have never heard of Hail the Sun. We're getting great responses from them. We're playing four or five songs off the new album which is great for the first time going through it. And I think each and every one of the songs is doing great. So the last two months have been busy, just preparing for this tour and now we're here and doing it. Couldn't be happier!
And then just from speaking to a lot of bands recently that are on their next tours after the final Warped Tour, like Story Untold was in Boston last night. A lot of bands are making their returns to the places they hit on Warped. Maybe an experience that stood out on your Warped Tour dates, maybe friends you made on the run, bands people should be looking for?
JS: Yeah, definitely! Not, unfortunately, but we only had the first half of Warped Tour. We didn't hit Boston which date we love. We hopped off in Houston but this year's Warped Tour was great. We got to make friends with different bands on our stage, the White Lightning. Every Time I Die, we got to meet those guys who are so sweet.
Shane Gann: Senses Fail.
JS: Senses Fail, those guys were great.
SG: They were very influential for Donovan (lead vocalist) and a bunch of us.
JS: Everybody was really stoked to be on the last Warped Tour so the vibes were good. A lot of good conversations were had.
SG: Yeah everyone was taking advantage of just the moment. Every moment that we had. I think because we had done Warped two years ago, it was very immediately apparent that we had stepped up to the next stage. Literally, it was a bigger stage but we stepped up to it. But shows like Denver and I mean really everywhere, St. Louis, Kansas City, all the California shows, there were just more people, more excitement. More fun! It was absolutely a memorable, amazing tour.
There were moments on the date I covered in Hartford where there were bigger crowds for the Lightning stages then there were at the main stages.
JS: Definitely some big bands that have been around for twenty years. A lot of the diehards that have been going to Warped Tour or maybe they had been going earlier and stopped, and they came out. So those crowds were huge on some of the dates so that was really cool for us. Really fun.
That's awesome! Then quickly right after the Warped Tour, the album dropped, 'Mental Knife'. Obviously a pretty heavy album, not necessarily in the music but the messages that were brought in that album. Maybe when did "Mental Knife" start coming together? I know it hadn't been too long prior since the EP.
SG: Honestly yeah! It was very shortly after the EP. We still had some riffs in our back pockets. We had some stuff we had held on to, out of "Secret Wars". But I don't think we really had a lyrical direction or a motive or anything going in at all. And for it to come together the way it did, it's kind of a testament to Donovan's lyrical ability to again be very in this moment and in this stage of his life. Those were all the words that he came up with for this album. So it was very personal and it was very timely. It's just another footprint of where we are at as a band and it wasn't exactly the same as "Secret Wars". Five, six months later writing wise so the thoughts were different. The music is just slightly a little more ahead, more today.
JS: Yeah, we recorded "Mental Knife" in January and February of 2018. So the album was done but we were sitting on it for a while. Eager to put it out but in that time, we had a lot of good tours. We did a tour with Circa Survive and Foxing and then that went right into Warped Tour. Which was great and now we're here so keeping busy! And trying to just get the music out there.
And I know it's kind of a unique position where the lead singer is on drums versus the guitar or bass. So maybe when it comes to these songs besides the lyrics when writing these songs, is it something where you all write your own parts, do you collaborate in the studio? How does it really come about?
JS: It's kind of a mesh pot when it comes to writing.
SG: A little bit of everything.
JS: Shane and Aric come up definitely with all the guitar parts. Ninety percent I'd say, maybe 98%, and that's a pivotal skeleton of our songs. And then Donovan will come in with some drums and we also had help from our touring drummer, Alan Cancias, this album. He's an engineer/producer himself so it was nice to have his help in pre-production for the album. It's always different. It's usually not one person doing everything. I'd say Donovan takes care of the lyrics for the most part but all of us get into it and put our own influence into it. Come up with something interesting, something different.
SG: Yeah we all had homework from Beau. Beau Burchell who did the record down in Hollywood. He would literally have us go one song at a time and it would be two to three days we would spend just on that one song. Making sure we had all the guitars in, bass, completely finalized. Make sure the structure was sound. So that gave us time to go home and work on our parts individually. So even though we met up before we went into the studio and we had hashed out basic structures where we had enough to go into the studio, we had songs, we still had time to finalize and finesse our parts. Which I think was very, very helpful. An idea of just focusing on one at a time was much more manageable then any of our other studio experiences.
Just sort of going song by song and putting all of your time into it?
SG: It was nice! It was like a song a day or a song every other day. So it was enough time for us to see it in it's own essence, see if we had to change something up. Another thing we did differently this album was that we saved drumming for the last part of recording. Where usually drumming would go first, like normally it's once the drums are on, it's these album parts that become a whole section. So it was kind of different with bass and guitar going first because then during it, we could come up with different parts being like 'Oh maybe change this here' then Donovan could change the lyrics. It was a fun process.
Yeah definitely a different approach to it. It's always this traditional process.
SG: Oh yeah, all of our albums had been like that before.
JS: Always the drums first. That's been the way for 70 years, switching that shit up.
SG: We weren't first but we went first.
Let's just say that you were first.
SG: Your words.
My words here. Then you've been on this run since early October, you only have about ten days left on this. I'm sure a little break with the holidays maybe.
SG: Little bit!
I'm sure you can't say much at all about 2019 because it's under wraps but focuses or goals for Hail the Sun these next few months? Like maybe something you really want to work on or maybe something exciting?
SG: Well, we'll say we do have four shows planned in December before Christmas. Our old record label, Blue Swan Records, they've been putting on a 'Night Of the Blue Swan' , I believe this is the fourth year. It will be our third time playing it. Other bands are The Fall of Troy, Icarus the Owl, a lot of bands so that's really fun because it's at the end of the year. We know all those bands.
JS: Feels like a holiday party.
SG: Yeah, it's like the office holiday party! It's a lot of fun and the people who show up just love music. So that's always something to look forward to. Maybe we'll do something special for those shows or something like that. But I think after this tour, slowly as these months go on, we're going to try to continue to write music I'd like to say. So we're not trapped in a corner before our next recording. So hopefully yeah a little bit of that, we'll be playing shows. A little bit of relaxing at home of course. I got some cats to play with. Some very cool cats and my fiancee I guess I'll hang out with her too. She'll be there…but the cats.
JS: We definitely don't have any plans to do any recording or anything. Since we put out an album this year and last basically. But we do continue to do more -er's, adjectives with -ers. Bigger, harder, faster, stronger, better, sillier. Just pick a word. There will be much more in 2019. Stuff to come!
SG: There will be lots to come. I think we can expect more touring because we had to take a year off in our nine years of touring. So we're just going to keep going.
JS: Keep pushing.
I feel like you've been in Boston so many times.
SG: Probably…like a dozen. At least ten.
JS: We've been touring nationally since 2012.
Well if you include Worcester.
SG: Yeah I would include that in the count. Boston, it's actually newer like maybe five or six times.
Boston's starting to get these shows here more.
JS: Middle East we've been at three times by itself.
SG: It's a good city though, we like it. It seems to get better each time. And tonight I heard is almost sold out.
JS: Wherever I am in Boston tonight.
SG: Is this Cambridge?
This is Boston officially. Tours are starting to come here more often I think there are just more venues where it's just the one.
SG: The Palladium yeah.
JS: Well we go wherever the people go. And people have been coming. Playing Boston now instead of Worcester is testament. It's bigger though now, we have a chance to come to the real city. Keep coming to shows and we'll keep being able to come.
Worcester's still a good place, I like Worcester.
JS: Yeah definitely!
#2018 #Hail the Sun #Interview #John Stirrat #Mental Knife #Shane Gunn #Warped Tour
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Each day with children is an adventure, but when you've got one that's not of your biological issue, then it's a mini-psychology experiment in nature vs. nurture.
I discovered something today. Emetophobia (that is the fear of or anxiety around vomiting) is inherited. I have a nonchalant barfer. That doesn't even compute in my mind. How could you not care, or even notice? Apparently it involves sitting up briefly, rolling to the other side of the bed, and going back to sleep. It didn't even warrant a mention. Luckily it was laundry day. Well, not lucky for me.
I don't see how it's even possible. My post-purge involves highly specialized rituals of intermittent sobbing and wailing, bathing, gargling, disinfecting, laying just so with a hot water bottle, propping my head up with extra pillows, and lying ever-so still.
I am a sympathetic vomiter, too. Just writing about it is making me nauseous.
It must be nice not to be impacted by it at all, but I do wonder if lack of trepidation in this area will make shots of Creme de Menthe seem like a good idea?
This entry was posted in Ramblings and tagged aloof vomiting, blase barfing, indifferent to vomit by blmilhizer. Bookmark the permalink.
ummm, we are soul sisters in this area! 🙂 Thanks for the laugh!
You are so funny – start my day off with a big laugh. I'm a big Sympathetic Barfer — can't be within viewing distance or its all over for me.


text:
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Home > Vol 19, No 1 (2020) >	Morsünbül
Identity dimensions and self-esteem as predictors of school attachment in adolescence period
Ümit Morsünbül, Pınar Çetiner
The aim of this study is to investigate whether identity dimensions and self-esteem significantly predict the level of school attachment. The study group consisted of 185 female (62.7%) and 110 male (37.3%) who were studying at High School in Uşak province and they accepted to participate in the study as voluntary. Utrecht-Management of Identity Commitments Scale, School Attachment Scale for Children and Adolescents and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale were used to collect data. According to regression analysis results identity dimensions and self-esteem significantly predicted attachment to school, attachment to teacher and attachment to friend. Cultural, educational, artistic and sportive activities should be planned to enable students to realize their potential for a healthy identity development and self-esteem.
School attachment; Self-esteem; Identity dimensions
Anderman, E. M. (2002). School effects on psychological outcomes during adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 795–809.
Blum, R. (2005). School connectedness: Improving the lives of students. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. http://cecp.air.org/download/MCMonographFINAL.
Can, Y., & Polat, M. (2004). Kayseri ili ilköğretim öğrencilerinde kayak sporuna yönelik fiziksel uygunluk normlarının araştırılması. Erciyes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 48- 54.
Cemalciler, Z. (2010). Schools as socialisation contexts: Understanding the impact of school climate factors on students' sense of school belonging. Applied Psychology, 59, 243.
Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., Luyckx, K. ve Meeus, W. (2008). Identity formation in early and middle adolescents from various ethnic groups: From three dimensions to five statuses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 983-996.
Crocetti, E., Schwartz, S., Fermani, A., & Meeus, W. (2010). The utrecht management of identity commitment scale (U-MICS): Italian validation and cross national comparisons. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 169–183.
Crocetti, E., Sica, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Meeus, W. (2013). Identity styles, dimensions, statuses, and functions: Making connections among identity conceptualizations. Revue européenne de psychologie appliquée, 63, 1-13.
Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Dotterer, A. M., McHale, S., & Crouter, A. C. (2007). Implications of out-of-school activities for school engagement in african American adolescents. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 36, 391-401.
Erikson, E. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Fredricks,J.A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potentialof the concept, state of the evidence. Rewiev of Educational Research, 74, 59-109.
Grotevant, H. D., & Cooper, C. R. (1986). Individuation in family relationships: A perspective on individual differences in development of identity and role taking skill in adolescents. Human Development, 26, 82-100
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Abbott, R., & Hill, K. G. (1999). Preventing adolescent health-risk behaviors by strengthening protection during childhood. Arch Pediatric Adolescence Medicine, 153(3), 226-234.
Hawkins, J. D., Guo, J., Hill, K. G., Battin-Pearson, S., & Abbott, R. D. (2001). Long-term effects of the Seattle Social Development Intervention on school bonding trajectories. Applied Developmental Science, 5, 225–236.
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press. http://www.sagepub.com/upmdata/36812_5.pdf.
Kading, M. (2014). School connectedness: an analysis of students' relationship with their school. Winona State University.
Karakuş, Ö. (2012). Ergenlerde bağlanma stilleri ve yalnızlık arasındaki ilişki. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 23(2), 33-46.
Klem, A. M., & Connell, J. P. (2004). Relationships matter: Linking teacher support to student engagement and achievement. Journal of School Health, 74(7), 262– 273.
Kuzgun, Y. (2002). İlköğretimde rehberlik. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
Lim, Y., & Lee, O. (2017). Relationship between parental maltreatment and adolescents' school adjustment: Mediating roles of self-esteem and peer attachment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(2), 393-404.
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp.159–187). New York: Wiley.
Yörükoğlu, A. (2000). Gençlik çağı ruhsal sağlığı ve ruhsal sorunları (11. bs.). İstanbul: Özgür Yayınları.
Yuen M., Patrick S. Y. Lau, Queenie A. Y. Lee, Norman C. Gysbers, Raymond M. C. Chan, Ricci W. Fong, Y. B, Peter M. K., & Shea, Y. (2012). Factors influencing school connectedness: Chinese adolescents' perspectives. Asia Pacific Education Review, 13(1), 55-63.
Elementary Education Online is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


Editor's Note: Course closed for business. See West, South Course at Fountains Country Club listing.
Had heard the Fountains was very nice, and this time we heard right. The course was in very good condition and the design was both challenging and fair. Water was in play but not overly invasive to higher handicappers. I would recommend the course and look forward to playing it again.
Some staff they very rude and not pleasant to deal with them!


I understand that this command attempts to write to nowhere or a null device but what does 2>&1 mean here?
2 refers to the second file descriptor of the process, i.e. stderr.
&1 means the target of the redirection should be the same location as the first file descriptor, i.e. stdout.
So > /dev/null 2>&1 first redirects stdout to /dev/null and then redirects stderr there as well. This effectively silences all output (regular or error) from the wget command.
::edit:: Here is an excellent quick reference for you.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged command-line io-redirection wget or ask your own question.
What does -ar flag mean for cp?
What do the options after a specific command mean?
Uunderstanding the redirections in this command?


text:
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Home Sport News SA sport's debt of gratitude to Mandela
SA sport's debt of gratitude to Mandela
Some of South Africa's leading sports stars, past and present, have been reflecting on the contribution of former president Nelson Mandela to their sports and lives in the wake of the great man's passing last Thursday.
In September, Greg Minnaar thrilled the home crowd's when he wore a Nelson Mandela-themed helmet on his way to being crowned mountain bike downhill champion for a third time in Pietermaritzburg. He spoke about the helmet and Mandela in a recent interview with Kevin McCullum.
'At home in South Africa'
"The idea for the helmet came around the emotion of being back at home in South Africa at the World Champs," Minnaar said.
"His health was poor and the country was thinking of him, but he was the man who defined the nation. He was our leader, and I could think of no better tribute to him - well, apart from winning the World Champs as well, I suppose.
"I told my helmet company what I wanted," Minnaar said. "They always get the concept right. They took the quote I had chosen and wrapped it around the helmet. I chose green, gold and black, more for the colours of Nelson Mandela's party than for the green and gold of the national colours.
"I wanted it to be for him."
The quote on the helmet read: "For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others."
"Those words were, for me, the essence of Madiba," said Minnaar. "He was all about sacrifice and building a new South Africa."
Springboks 'owe thanks to Madiba'
Former Springbok captain John Smit, taking part in the golf Pro-Am at the Nelson Mandela Championship on the Mount Edgecombe Country Club course on Tuesday, spoke to Michael Vlismas about the great man after whom the tournament is named.
"He did a huge amount of work in preserving the Springbok and the emblem, and I think he took a lot of criticism for it from his peers at the time," Smit said. "A large amount of thanks is due to Madiba for what he did for the Springbok team.
"The amount of time and effort he put into us, coming to see us, coming to games with us, flying over to Paris for the 2007 Rugby World Cup to wish us luck, and people will forever remember his part in the 1995 Rugby World Cup and him walking out in the number six jersey – it's that fairytale that he created and made a reality in our country that makes us as sportsman all love him."
'He had that common touch'
Cricket great Shaun Pollock, like Smit a former national captain, also spoke to Vlismas on Tuesday, telling him about a phone call he received from Madiba on his wedding day.
"He phoned me to wish me luck," Pollock said. "It was just after he had married Graca Machel. And when I was relieved of my captaincy duties he called me to congratulate me on how I handled the issue.
"He had that common touch," Pollock said. "He understood you from a personal perspective. He would ask you about your kids and the team and so on. It wasn't just a courtesy call. There was always more depth to it."
'Tremendous thanks'
Former Bafana Bafana striker Shaun Bartlett also had fond memories of Mandela. "As sportsmen we have to give tremendous thanks to him," he said this week. "If it wasn't for him I wouldn't have been able to play in the United Kingdom and further my career.
"And he came and attended my wedding, which remains one of the greatest days of my life," Bartlett said. "I'm privileged and honoured to have lived in an era where Madiba changed a lot, not only for this country but the whole world."
Madiba Magic
Mandela's love of sports was well documented and for a time it seemed that every person or team that came in contact with him derived some "Madiba Magic" from the man as they went on to great successes.
Most famously, in South Africa's early days as a democracy, with his very visible backing, the Springboks won the Rugby World Cup in 1995, and Bafana Bafana were crowned champions of Africa in 1996 when South Africa hosted the Africa Cup of Nations.
'Such a humble man'
"It was amazing when he presented me with the trophy," former Bafana Bafana captain Neil Tovey told Eyewitness News on Friday. He's such a humble man, and I learned a lot from the experience of chatting to him and talking to him."
Remembering another occasion, Tovey added: "On the day he was inaugurated, we were playing Zambia, but he still came down to see the match. He realised how important sport was to help unify the country.
"Words can't express the deep condolences we need to express to the family and to everyone involved," Tovey said.
"Africans have lost their favourite son."
golf mandela 111213
Previous articleIn their own words: leaders and friends remember Mandela
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