What is the Young Scot National Entitlement Card?
The Young Scot National Entitlement Card is a voluntary scheme that allows access to different services using one card.
It has replaced the Young Scot card and incorporates the Young Scot branding which entitles you to the Young Scot discounts and benefits.
Which services can be accessed?
Transport, leisure, library and cashless catering in schools.
The Young Scot National Entitlement Card is for young people aged 11-25 inclusive.
What do I get if I am aged 11-15?
A Young Scot National Entitlement Card.
When you reach your 16th birthday you will automatically qualify for concessionary travel with your National Entitlement Card.
What do I get if I am aged 16-18 inclusive?
16-18 year olds will receive a Young Scot National Entitlement Card, which will allow you one third off your bus journeys (in Scotland) and discounts on rail travel.
What do I get if I am aged 19-25 inclusive (non-volunteer)?
When you reach your 19th birthday, your entitlement to the concessions will stop. You can still use your card for services other than the Transport Concession.
What do I get if I am aged 19-25 inclusive (volunteer)?
19-25 year olds who volunteer will receive a Young Scot National Entitlement Card, which will allow you one third off your bus journeys (in Scotland) and discounts on rail travel.
What am I entitled to if I am disabled?
If you think you may be entitled under any other disability, please call 01259 452583 or 01259 452543 for further information.
What are the benefits and discounts?
1,800 discounts across Scotland on shopping, eating out, cinema and lots more. Check out YoungScot.org/discounts for full details.
You can also use the card in 42 European countries and get as many as 2,000,000 discounts. Visit Euro<26.org for more information.
Can I use the Young Scot National Entitlement Card as proof of age?
Yes. It can be used for proof of age as it has the PASS hologram that is the recognised British Retail Consortium Scheme.
Credit card size, displaying photo, name and PASS Hologram and a microchip to allow services to be added.
How do I get the train travel concession?
- One third off most single or return rail fares.
- 50 % off all weekly or monthly tickets.
- One third off most advance purchases.
How do I get the bus travel concession?
You would simply scan your Young Scot National Entitlement Card or show it to the bus driver when buying your ticket and you will be able to get one third off of the adult fare (in Scotland).
What does the National Entitlement Card cost?
It''s FREE. There is no cost for the Young Scot National Entitlement Card. However, you will be asked to supply a recent colour passport photo at your own expense.
We need your consent under data protection, to share your personal details with other departments and agencies of the council, other Scottish councils, Young Scot and the Scottish Executive in order to provide you with the services you maybe entitled to (ie transport, leisure and cashless catering).
Please be assured your personal information will never be sold or transferred.
Non-transferable. The cards and vouchers are for the named card-holder''s use only.
The Young Scot National Entitlement Card will be valid to the day before your 26th birthday.
The Travel Concessions will expire on your 19th birthday, but you can continue to use your Young Persons'' National Entitlement Card for other services.
If you are a volunteer the travel concession will be valid for one year but you can continue to use your Young Scot National Entitlement Card for other services.
When will I get my card and when can I start to use it?
Your application form is sent to a central processing bureau and can take up to 14 days to process. You can use your card immediately after you receive it.
The details on my card are incorrect, eg name spelt incorrectly.
If you live in Clackmannanshire, contact us using the details at the bottom of page, and we will request a re-issue.
What if my card is lost in the post?
We can reissue cards that have been lost in the post 14 days after despatch. Contact us using the details at the bottom of this page.
What if my card is lost, stolen, damaged, or I change my address?
There is a telephone number on the back of your card you can call, but if you have lost your card, please contact us using the details at the bottom of this page.
What does the National Entitlement Card look like?


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HomeNewsEducation Support Workers accept new collective agreement with Ontario
Education Support Workers accept new collective agreement with Ontario
Monday, Dec. 5th, 2022
(Supplied by Vista Radio Staff)
The vast majority of the province's education support workers have voted in favour of a new collective agreement with the province.
CUPE says a record 76 per cent of its members chose to vote and 73 per cent accepted the offer.
It was a particularly rocky 170 days of negotiations to reach the agreement that saw 55,000 school workers walk off the job and shutter many schools across Ontario. It also saw the Ford government legislate a contract that included a notwithstanding clause, which was quickly repealed when the union agreed to go back to work and continue negotiations.
The new collective agreement sees education support workers, including administrators, custodians, librarians and early childhood educators, receive a 3.59 per cent wage increase or $1 an hour, over the four years of the contract.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Best National Parks in Vietnam
Posted bymustseeinvietnam December 7, 2021 December 7, 2021 Posted inCulture, Dishes, Culture & Social
Wildlife – Vietnam's national park system is a treasure of the region. Here are the 10 best locations.
Vietnam's national park system is a treasure of the region. Here are the 10 best locations.
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park
Photo by: nld.com.vn
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park is often called the heart of Quang Binh tourism.
This location's pristine natural landscape is like an ink painting that captivates visitors. It is located adjacent to the Hin Namno National Park of Laos.
Giant limestone mountains reach up to the sky containing hundreds of meters of underground labyrinths. The flora and fauna system is rich, but the cave system has cemented this location's status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The park is millions of years old and features nearly 300 caves and underground rivers. Hundreds of rare precious flora and fauna species exist on the site inspiring tourists and scientists to come here to explore.
April to August is a great time to take a cave exploration trip. The temperature inside the cave is always a cool 20 to 21 degrees celsius.
Phu Quoc National Park
Photo by Focus Asia Travel
This is a jewel in the western portion of Phu Quoc island. It is home to more than 200 kinds of animals and 1,000 species of plants. Phu Quoc National Park is a complex of rare, old-growth forests with dipterocarp trees up to 30 meters high. You can easily go hiking and camping in the garden from Ganh Dau village.
Besides rich flora and fauna, Phu Quoc National Park also contains about 60 km of coastline and its beautiful views. This is where visitors find beautiful coral reefs and unique sea creatures.
After, make time to explore the top of Nui Chua, known as the "roof" of Phu Quoc. The peak has an altitude of 565 meters in the Ham Ninh range. Visitors can take pictures with the green of the forest, and blue of the sea and the sky.
The ideal time to visit Phu Quoc National Park is from February to June. When it is less rainy and sunny, many flowers bloom and it's convenient for trekking and admiring the beauty of the vegetation.
Nui Chua National Park: A Unique Ecological
Located on the eastern edge of the Truong Son range, Nui Chua National Park is bordered by one of Vietnam's most impressive coastal roads. Here, guests can watch primates, bears roaming the hillsides, bats, and birds flying in the blue sky.
Primates and bears roam the hillsides within the semi-arid park grounds, and bats and birds fly in the sky. The shoreline is of special importance: it is the nesting ground for several endangered species of turtles.
The time from about mid-August to late October of the year provides the best weather for your visit to Nui Chua National Park in Ninh Thuan.
Cat Tien National Park
Cat Tien is considered a precious gem just a short distance from Ho Chi Minh City. Cat Tien stretches over the three provinces of Dong Nai, Lam Dong, and Binh Phuoc with more than 80,000 hectares and a 90 km-stretch of the Dong Nai river at its border.
Cat Tien National Park has among the most valuable and diverse biological resources in Vietnam. According to wildlife statistics, in Cat Tien National Park, there are 1,610 species of plants and 1,568 animals. This is the habitat of deer, gibbons, and wild boars.
In the park, the comprehensive nature trails are still preserved. A guest can visit and explore the forest without a guide. The park features a wide range of beautiful places to stay, from campsites to riverside wooden cottages, making Cat Tien National Park the perfect place to get close to nature.
The most suitable time to visit is from about December to May because there is little rain and the forest is dry, so it is more convenient to travel and explore the beauty of the woods then.
Cat Ba National Park: A Green Tourist Destination
This is a special-use forest in Vietnam and a world biosphere reserve. Many marine ecosystems, terrestrial forests, submerged forests, and rare species of flora and fauna are currently preserved in Cat Ba National Forest.
It is located in Cat Hai district in Hai Phong. Cat Ba National Park deserves a stop on your excursion to the north. Cat Ba National Park looks like part of "Jurassic Park" with old-growth forests shrouded in mist. Cat Ba National Park contains some beautiful trails of moderate difficulty for trekking lovers.
The ecosystem in Cat Ba national forest includes more than 282 plants and nearly 800 animals living in the woods and under the sea. Cat Ba National Park is home to most of the world's white-headed langurs.
The most suitable time to travel to Cat Ba is from April to October. At this time, Cat Ba is very pleasant. There isn't much rain, so it is very suitable for climbing and exploring the area.
Ba Be National Park
Ba Be National Park is home to Tay, Dao, and H'mong ethnic groups in Bac Kan province. Going to Ba Be National Park, you can enjoy nature and have the opportunity to experience life in traditional homestays.
Ba Be National Park is famous for its towering limestone mountains and poetic waterfalls flowing down Ba Be Lake, one of the county's largest natural freshwater lakes.
This place contains more than 1,000 species of plants and about 80 species of rare animals.
Hike through the forest or take a boat ride to explore hidden limestone caves along the water's edge. If you want to enjoy the fantastic atmosphere and admire the poetic natural landscape, summer is always the best suggestion for tourists to Ba Be Lake.
Yok Don National Park
This park is located between the two provinces of Dak Nong and Dak Dak. It is the only known natural forest in Vietnam that still preserves the dipterocarp tree growth.
As the national park with the largest special use forest in Vietnam, Yok Don is also home to some of the country's last remaining wild elephants and leopards.
Over the years, poaching and illegal logging have decimated the populations of these species and visitors are no longer able to see them. However, the park still retains a pristine appearance.
From November to April (the dry season), the sun in the Central Highlands is hot, but the forest is still very cool inside. But in the rainy season from May to October every year, this is the time when the vegetation inside Yok Don becomes rich and fresh.
Cuc Phuong National Park
Cuc Phuong is a special-use forest, also known as a nature reserve, located on the territory of three provinces, Thanh Hoa, Hoa Binh, and Ninh Binh. Therefore, when referring to the Thanh Hoa tourist map, visitors will also see that this is a prominent local destination.
Cuc Phuong forest area is 22,408 ha. This is one of the national parks with vibrant flora and fauna ecosystems. In addition, there are also many rare animals that visitors can freely explore and experience.
This area was recently honored by the World Travel Awards (WTA) in the Asia-Pacific region as Asia's Leading National Park 2021. This is the third consecutive year that Cuc Phuong has won this title (2019, 2020, and 2021).
Cuc Phuong has a very cool climate with tropical rain and green vegetation all year round, especially in summer.
Coming here, visitors will be greeted by the green and new space of the mountains and forests where they can admire nature's beauty.
Bach Ma National Park
Bach Ma is located about 40 km from Hue. This is the only ancient forest in Vietnam. This national park still has traces of ruined French-style villas hidden in the pine forests along the trails, relics of a golden, bygone era.
Bach Ma Mountain is nestled within Truong Son range. Bach Ma National Forest has a total area of nearly 37,500 hectares. It is a large ancient forest, with 2,373 plants and 1,715 diverse animals, including many rare species.
The ideal time to travel here is the dry season, from December to April every year. At this time, the climate of Bach Ma National Park is quite remarkable. It is dry, with little rain, and convenient for traveling and participating in outdoor activities such as trekking and swimming.
Tam Nong Tram Chim National Park
This park is a site of international and national importance.
The ecotourism area of the Dong Thap Muoi region is an ideal destination for domestic and foreign tourists. With a total area of 7,313 hectares, the park has 130 plants belonging to 47 families and six distinct biomes. It also has 231 species of water birds, including 32 rare species including red-crowned cranes.
If you go in the fall (August to November), you can enjoy a lot of Tram Chim's specialties such as braised water lily, fish, grilled rats, etc. To see the birds, you should go in spring (February to March).
Let's Go See the Parks
Here are the top 10 best national parks in Vietnam. Each national park has its outstanding beauty, so you can't go wrong when you visit any of these.
By Locals for http://www.Local-Insiders.com
Are you planning a trip to Vietnam ? We invite you to contact us at MustSeeInVietnam@Gmail.com and to visit the No 1 Vietnam Travellers Podcast website https://www.whataboutvietnam.com and https://www.Local-Insider.com
Red Dao Herbal Baths in Vietnam : A Complete Guide
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Indeed !


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Stupid question #.... ah heck.. I forgot what I am up to now.
So I have been doing a bit more research and it appears that I might be able to get one of the Etek originals from Brigg's and Stratton for a reasonable cost.
But from what I can tell, folks have mixed feelings about them. I did a brief walkthrough through EVablum.com and found out that some folks blew up a few of them. At a couple hundred bucks a pop, I'd like not to have them die on me.
Another person said that if they run CCW, they "self destruct." That doesn't leave me with a good feeling either. I intend to run it CCW.
Still yet another site mentioned something about a "low inductance" that caused the controller to think that it's a short circuit and fry the controller. I'd like to have that not happen too. I am using a Curtis 24-48 volt 275 amp controller, and even though I got it from Ebay on the SUPER CHEAP, I'd like not the throw money away.
Since no one has piped up...... The Original ETEKs are not at strong as the new and improved Mars version.
I have run The Mars version both CW and CCW with no issues.
Thanks for the response Ed. Odd thing is... I've heard folks say the opposite too, and that they are still available on some sites for like $600. I figured that since they were more expensive there must be something awesome in there somewhere. Guess not.
I've been using an original Etek on my bike for a few years, on and off: http://www.evalbum.com/1161. I've only covered around 1500 miles in that time as I recently rebuilt the bike. The motor is running counterclockwise and the first set of brushes are almost worn out now. Otherwise I've had no problems with the motor. The current limit is set at 250-300A, as I'm more interested in durability than performance. During the rebuild I also rotated the magnet plates a few millimetres in an attempt to advance the timing and reduce brush wear. It's too soon to say if this has made any difference yet. If you can get this motor cheap I'd recommend it, but get a spare set of brushes (or two) at the same time.
@ Malcolm - What is your total amp hours of the pack?
I have heard a few good stories as well, but some real horror ones too. My concern is really getting what you pay for since there were several different versions out there. There was a "Super ETEK" that was built from some project and many of them ended up in some warehouse. That might be a cool one to get, but how could you tell?
Just 2.25 kWh (30Ah x 75V). More would be nice, but I like to keep things light.
"Super ETEK" LOL. Sounds like it has magical powers or something.
I did get it, cost me about $275 which fits comfortably within my price range. I got it off of Ebay and the seller sent me a couple of videos of it spinning and working.
I think the ones that you're referring to were the "Manta Motor" ones sold on Ebay. The usually go for about $350. As I am to understand it, they were Etek motors that they tried to use for wind generators out in California. That didn't work, so they reconditioned the lot of them and sold them as "manta motors."
Please keep us posted on the progress. It is always better to get an up to date first hand opinion.
The Mars version in action....Fun stuff.
If I can get ANYWHERE NEAR that kind of power from this Etek, I will be a happy man.
Thats the Mars version. I think he is looking at an orginal ETEK?
Yup. I have a Briggs and Stratton one.
Now I am going back to my motor mount theories and drving myself nuts. My original idea works, but now I am playing with different permutations of it to try to get maximal stability, and make sure it doesn't fly off if a bolt fails.
You know that you're EV addicted when you get up at 4am out of a pleasant dream just to investigate motor mount ideas.


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Encyclopedia Astronautica Index: J
J - Alternate designation for Energia.
J (SI abbreviation) - joule (SI abbreviation)
J-1 - Japanese all-solid orbital launch vehicle. Original version. Because of the high cost, the original J-1 design was superseded by an alternate J-1 F2 with a different booster stage. Status: Retired 1996. First Launch: 1996-02-11. Last Launch: 1996-02-11. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 88,580 kg (195,280 lb). Payload: 850 kg (1,870 lb). Thrust: 1,550.00 kN (348,450 lbf).
J-1 - Alternate designation for Zenit-2.
J-1 F2 - Japanese all-solid orbital launch vehicle. Lower cost alternate to the original J-1 design. Uses the SRB-A of the H-2A vehicle as the first stage, the second and third stages of the J-1, with updated avionics. Status: In development. Gross mass: 91,500 kg (201,700 lb). Payload: 850 kg (1,870 lb). Thrust: 1,800.00 kN (404,600 lbf).
J-1-1 - Alternate name for H-2-0.
J-1-2 - Alternate name for M-23-J.
J-1e - Alternate designation for Zenit-3SL.
J-1e - Alternate designation for Zenit-3SLB.
J-2 - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Used in the Saturn IVB stage in Saturn IB and Saturn V, and the Saturn II stage in the Saturn V. First flight 1966. Sea level versions with reduced expansion ratio were proposed for Saturn II first stage use. Upgraded toroidal aerospike versions (J-2T-200K and J-2T-250K) were developed for upgrades to Saturn upper stages. The modestly improved J-2S was tested and provided basis for X-33 linear aerospike engine thirty years later. After 30 years the J-2 was resurrected again for use in boosting NASA's new Orion manned capsule to orbit. In the event, NASA was unable to resist 'improving' the J-2S, and by early 2007 the engine for the second stage of the Ares 1 Crew Launch Vehicle was the redesignated and substantially different J-2X. Status: First flight 1966. Date: 1960. Number: 87 . Unfuelled mass: 1,438 kg (3,170 lb). Thrust: 1,033.10 kN (232,250 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2
J-2S - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Developed 1965-1969. J-2 version proposed for Saturn follow-on vehicles, using results of the J-2X technology program. The engine was simplified while offering improved performance. Status: Developed 1965-1969. Date: 1967. Unfuelled mass: 1,400 kg (3,000 lb). Thrust: 1,138.50 kN (255,945 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2
J-2S Linear Aerospike - Alternate designation for XRS-2200 LOx-LH2 rocket engine.
J-2-SL - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Study 1966. Sea level version of J-2 with reduced expansion ratio proposed for Saturn II first stage use. Status: Study 1966. Unfuelled mass: 1,360 kg (2,990 lb). Thrust: 996.70 kN (224,067 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2
J-2T-200K - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Study 1965. Proposed for later versions of Saturn V. Toroidal aerospike plug nozzle version of J-2. Status: Study 1965. Thrust: 889.30 kN (199,923 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2
J-2T-250K - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Study 1967. Proposed for later versions of Saturn V. Toroidal aerospike plug nozzle version of J-2. Status: Study 1967. Thrust: 1,111.60 kN (249,898 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2
J-2X - Rocketdyne LOx/LH2 rocket engine. Ares I launch vehicle second stage. In development 2006-2016. Began as an update to the J-2 engine of the 1960s, but final design was all-new, 20% more thrust, but double the weight. Status: In development 2006-2012. Date: 2012. Thrust: 1,310.00 kN (294,490 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2
J40 - Alternate designation for XJ40-WE-1.
J57 - Pratt and Whitney turbojet engine family. Used on B-52 launch aircraft for X-15A and other US rocketplanes.
J57-19 - Pratt and Whitney turbojet engine. Out of production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Used on B-52 launch aircraft for X-15A. First flight 1959. Status: Out of production. Number: 2712 . Thrust: 53.80 kN (12,095 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene
J57-8 - Pratt and Whitney turbojet engine. Out of production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Used on Caleb launch vehicle. First flight 1960. Status: Out of production. Number: 7 . Thrust: 45.40 kN (10,206 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene
J58 - Pratt and Whitney turbojet engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. More at: Air/Kerosene
J75-17 - Pratt and Whitney turbojet engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. Thrust: 71.60 kN (16,096 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene
J79 - GE turbojet engine family, used on the F-104, F-4, and B-58 aircraft.
J79- 5 - GE turbojet engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. Thrust: 45.80 kN (10,296 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene
J79-17 - GE turbojet engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. Thrust: 52.80 kN (11,870 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene
J85-GE-5 - GE turbojet engine. Carries SpaceShipOne to release point 65 km from Mohave Airport base, then releases it at 15 km altitude at 215 kph. Wing area 43.5 sq m. Thrust: 34.30 kN (7,711 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene
J93-3 - GE turbojet engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. Thrust: 86.70 kN (19,491 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene
Jabal Hamzah - Missile launch site. First Launch: 1962-07-21. Last Launch: 1973-10-06. Number: 6 .
Jabiru 1 - Communication satellite built by Lockheed Martin for NewSat Corporation. Used the A2100AXS bus. Gross mass: 5,900 kg (13,000 lb).
Jabiru 2 - Alternate name of MEASAT 3b (Jabiru 2).
Jabiru 2 - The Rook motor was 0.43 m in diameter and 5.28 m long. It contained a case-bonded charge of 846 kg of non-aluminized plastic propellant giving a total impulse of 1760 kN-seconds in 5.6 seconds; with a maximum thrust of 323 kN and a specific impulse of 213 seconds. The motor was capable of withstanding the 40g acceleration it provided during firing. It was employed as the first propulsion stage of the Leopard and Jaguar (Jabiru) supersonic test vehicles, and by itself in single-stage test applications. Status: Retired 1971. First Launch: 1964-10-02. Last Launch: 1971-12-04. Number: 13 . Gross mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb).
Jabiru 3 - Two stage version consisting of 1 x Rook IIIA + 1 x Rook IIIB Status: Retired 1974. First Launch: 1973-11-14. Last Launch: 1974-11-20. Number: 5 . Gross mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb).
Jabiru-3 - Alternate name of Gosling stage.
Jackson, Henry M - American politician. Powerful Congressman, serving from 1940-1986. In the 1950's a leading advocate of greater attention to the development of the U.S. missile program. Born: 1912. Died: 1983-01-01.
Jacobi, Walter - German engineer in WW2, member of the Rocket Team in the United States thereafter. Born: 1918-01-13. Died: 2009-08-19.
Jaehn, Sigmund Werner Paul 'Sig' - German pilot cosmonaut 1976-1978. First German astronaut. Flight record: 1 spaceflight, 7.9 days in space. Flew to orbit on Soyuz 31 (1978).. Status: Inactive; Active 1976-1978. Born: 1937-02-13. Spaceflights: 1 . Total time in space: 7.87 days.
JAESat - Used the AMSAT-NA Microsat bus.
Jaffke, Heinz - German architect. Member of German Rocket Team in the Soviet Union after WW2. Building engineer; worked in the Soviet Union after WW2. Born: 1907.
JAG Mars Flyby 1966 - American manned Mars flyby. Study 1966. Final NASA attempt to mount a manned Mars flyby mission by 1975 using Apollo hardware. It took the best elements of the NASA Huntsville and Douglas concepts of 1965, requiring only four Saturn V launches. Status: Study 1966. Gross mass: 400,000 kg (880,000 lb).
JAGSAT 1 - Technology satellite for University of South Alabama, USA. Cubesat 2U bus. Gross mass: 0 kg (0 lb).
Jaguar - Alternate designation for RAF Jaguar.
Jaguar 1 - Three stage version consisting of 1 x Rook II + 1 x Gosling IIN + 1 x Lobster I Status: Retired 1964. First Launch: 1960-08-17. Last Launch: 1964-02-12. Number: 10 . Gross mass: 1,680 kg (3,700 lb).
Jaguar 1-2 - Alternate name of Gosling stage.
Jaguar 1-3 - Alternate name for Lobster.
Jaguar 2 - Three stage version consisting of 1 x Rook IIIA + 1 x Goldfinch II + 1 x Gosling IV Status: Retired 1966. First Launch: 1966-08-10. Last Launch: 1966-08-10. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 2,040 kg (4,490 lb).
Jaguar B-57 - American air-launched test vehicle. Three stage vehicle air launched from a B-57A Canberra. The rocket consisted of consisting of 3 x Recruit + 1 x Recruit + 1 x Baby Sergeant Status: Retired 1961. First Launch: 1960-01-01. Last Launch: 1961-01-01. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 800 kg (1,760 lb). Thrust: 440.00 kN (98,910 lbf).
Jaguar RTV - British test vehicle. The Jaguar was designed by the RAE Supersonics Department as part of the HRV (Hypersonic Research Vehicle) program. This was a joint project with the Australian Weapons Research Establishment for testing of re-entry vehicles at high speeds. Regardless of the variant, the Rook first stage would propel the upper stages and subscale RV to a high altitude. The upper stages would then fire downward to push the RV into the atmosphere at speeds of up to 5 km/s. After the conclusion of the HRV project in April 1970, tests continued using the Jabiru 3 with other aerothermal experiments until November 1974. Status: Operational 1960. First Launch: 1960-08-17. Last Launch: 1974-11-20.
Jaguar-3 - Alternate name for RM-3141.
Jahnke - German expert in rocket motors during World War II. Stayed in Germany after the war.
Jahns, Walter - German expert in high frequency long range rocket during World War II. Stayed in Germany after the war.
JAK - Alternate name of Artemis Picosats (Thelma, Louise, JAK).
JAK - American technology satellite, launched, 2000.01.27. Three picosatellites (JAK, Thelma, and Louise), developed by the Artemis team of women undergraduates at Santa Clara University, were deployed from the OPAL satellite. Status: Operational 2000. First Launch: 2000-01-27. Last Launch: 2000-01-27. Number: 3 . Gross mass: 1.00 kg (2.20 lb).
James Webb Space Telescope - Alternate name of JWST (James Webb Space Telescope).
James, Larry Dean - American engineer military spaceflight engineer astronaut, 1982-1987. Status: Inactive; Active 1982-1987. Born: 1956-08-08.
James, Lee B - American Army officer, assigned to ABMA Huntsville 1956-1960. Seconded to NASA 1962-1971, where he oversaw NASA Huntsville, except for a stint 1962-1968 as Deputy Director for the Apollo program. Born: 1920-04-16. Died: 2006-02-12.
Jankowski, Zenon 'Zden' - Polish pilot cosmonaut, 1976-1978. Graduated from General Staff Academy "Karol Swierczewski", 1969 Fighter pilot, Polish Air Force. Commander, Deblin Air Force School. Later retired from all duties. Status: Inactive; Active 1976-1978. Born: 1937-11-22.
Janus - American manned spaceplane. Study 1965. This TRW design of 1965 used a unique concept - a lifting body main stage, that provided both ascent propulsion and re-entry protection. Status: Study 1965. Gross mass: 7,300 kg (16,000 lb).
Japan - Japan
Japan Satellite Systems Inc - Alternate name for JSAT.
Japan TBS astronaut group, 1989 - Requirement: Japanese astronauts for commercial mission to Mir. Date: 1989.
Japanese Earth Resources Satellite - Alternate designation for JERS earth land resources satellite.
Japanese Ionosphere Sounding Satellite - Alternate designation for JISS earth ionosphere satellite.
Japanese Space Plane - Japanese winged orbital launch vehicle. NAL / Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. 1995 design for a single stage to orbit spaceplane. Crew of ten, empty mass 110 metric tons. LACE / Scramjet engines, 29 m wingspan. Status: Design 1995. Gross mass: 350,000 kg (770,000 lb). Payload: 20,000 kg (44,000 lb).
JARL - Japanese agency overseeing development of spacecraft. Japanese Amateur Radio League, Japan.
Jarvis launch vehicle - American orbital launch vehicle. Launch vehicle planned for Pacific launch based on Saturn V engines, tooling. Masses, payload estimated. Status: Study 1985. Gross mass: 1,154,000 kg (2,544,000 lb). Payload: 38,000 kg (83,000 lb). Thrust: 13,495.20 kN (3,033,842 lbf).
Jarvis, Gregory Bruce - American engineer payload specialist astronaut 1984-1986. Died in Challenger accident. Flight record: 1 spaceflight.. Status: Deceased; Active 1984-1986. Born: 1944-08-24. Died: 1986-01-28. Spaceflights: 1 . Total time in space: 0.0008 days.
Jarvis-1 - LOx/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. . Status: Study 1985. Gross mass: 950,000 kg (2,090,000 lb). Unfuelled mass: 60,000 kg (132,000 lb). Thrust: 15,481.26 kN (3,480,326 lbf). More at: Lox/Kerosene
Jarvis-2 - LOx/LH2 propellant rocket stage. . Status: Study 1985. Gross mass: 145,000 kg (319,000 lb). Unfuelled mass: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb). Thrust: 1,031.98 kN (231,999 lbf). More at: Lox/LH2
Jarvis-3 - N2O4/MMH propellant rocket stage. . Status: Study 1985. Gross mass: 13,400 kg (29,500 lb). Unfuelled mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). Thrust: 3.92 kN (881 lbf). More at: N2O4/MMH
JAS - Japanese Amateur Satellite. Renamed Fuji after launch. Amateur satellite communications in the Oscar series.
JAS 1a, 1b, 2 - Amateur radio communication satellite for Japan Amateur Radio League, Japan. Launched 1986-1990. First Launch: 1986-08-12. Last Launch: 1990-02-07. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 50 kg (110 lb).
Jasman - German expert in rocket engines during World War II. Stayed in Germany after the war.
Jason - French earth sea satellite. Jason was a joint mission between CNES (the French space agency) and NASA/JPL, carrying the same type of sea surface altimeter used on NASA's Topex satellite. Altimetry, Radar satellite built by Alcatel Space for NASA, CNES, France. Launched 2001. Used the Proteus Bus bus. Status: Operational 2001. First Launch: 2001-12-07. Last Launch: 2001-12-07. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 485 kg (1,069 lb).
Jason 2, 3 - Altimetry, Radar satellite built by Alcatel for NOAA, Eumetsat, NASA, CNES, France. Launched 2008 - 2016. Used the Proteus Bus bus. First Launch: 2008-06-20. Last Launch: 2016-01-17. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 553 kg (1,219 lb).
Jason sounding rocket - American sounding rocket. The five-stage Jason rocket was developed by the US Air Force for monitoring of radiation in near-earth space (700-800 km) after high altitude nuclear explosions. Originally known as the Argo E-5, it consisted of an Honest John plus Nike plus Nike plus Recruit plus T-55. First used in 1958. Status: Retired 1958. First Launch: 1958-07-11. Last Launch: 1958-09-02. Number: 22 . Gross mass: 3,330 kg (7,340 lb). Payload: 57 kg (125 lb). Thrust: 365.00 kN (82,055 lbf).
Jason-CS - Altimetry, Radar satellite built by Airbus Defence and Space (prime); Thales Alenia Space (instrument) for NOAA, Eumetsat, NASA, CNES. Gross mass: 1,000 kg (2,200 lb).
Jasper, Alois - German rocket technician in WW2; worked in the Soviet Union after WW2. Born: 1912.
JASSM AGM-158 - Lockheed Martin air-to-surface missile. Joint air-to-surface standoff missile, US Air Force & Navy.. Gross mass: 1,021 kg (2,250 lb).
JASSM AGM-159 - Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) air-to-surface missile.
Jastrow, Robert - American physicist, headed NASA space studies 1961-1981. Born: 1925-09-07. Died: 2008-02-08.
JATO - American sounding rocket. JATO (Jet Assisted Take-Off) rockets came in many types and were used to shorten the takeoff of aircraft in short field or overload conditions. They were among the first practical applications of rocketry, and much early development of rocket technology by JPL, Aerojet, Goddard, and others was devoted to JATO applications. Status: Active.
Jauernick, Rolf - German engineer. Member of German Rocket Team in France after WW2.
Javelin - American sounding rocket. The four-stage Javelin rocket was originally known as the Argo D-4 and was developed by the Air Force to replace its Jason rocket with the mission of measuring radiation in space after high-altitude nuclear explosions. It was subsequently used by NASA for a variety of high-altitude near-space scientific experiments. Status: Retired 1978. First Launch: 1959-07-07. Last Launch: 1976-07-18. Number: 85 . Gross mass: 3,385 kg (7,462 lb). Payload: 57 kg (125 lb). Thrust: 365.00 kN (82,055 lbf).
Javelin 3 - American sounding rocket. Single stage vehicle. Status: Retired 1968. First Launch: 1965-01-01. Last Launch: 1968-03-11. Number: 4 . Gross mass: 165 kg (363 lb). Thrust: 47.60 kN (10,701 lbf).
Javelin FGM-148 - Raytheon/Lockheed Martin surface-to-air missile. In production for US Army, US Marines.. Gross mass: 22 kg (49 lb).
Javelin SAM - British surface-to-air missile. Man-portable, shoulder-launched; multi-round. Gross mass: 15 kg (34 lb). Payload: 3.20 kg (7.00 lb).
JAWSAT - American technology satellite. The JAWSAT/FalconSat payloads are being developed as a joint effort between the Air Force Academy and Weber State University. Experimental satellite built by One Stop Satellite Solutions (OSSS) (structure) for Air Force Academy, Weber State University Satellite, USAF STP (Space Test Program), USA. Launched 2000. Status: Operational 2000. First Launch: 2000-01-27. Last Launch: 2000-01-27. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 191 kg (421 lb).
JAXA - Japanese agency overseeing development of spacecraft. JAXA, Japan.
JAXA SDS - Japanese technology satellite. SDS-1. JAXA Small Demonstration Satellite, a microsatellite with a camera, GPS receiver and sun sensor. Technology satellite operated by JAXA, Japan. Launched 2009. Status: Operational 2009. First Launch: 2009-01-23. Last Launch: 2012-05-17. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 100 kg (220 lb).
JAXA-5 astronaut group, 2009 -
JB-1 - Alternate name of Bat JB-1.
JB-10 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation. Launched from Taiyuan by the CZ-4B launch vehicle into 490 km, 97 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2008. Built by CAST. Reported to carry the XIOPM (Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics) optical imaging system. Status: Operational 2008. First Launch: 2008-12-15. Last Launch: 2014-09-08. Number: 3 . Gross mass: 1,200 kg (2,600 lb).
JB-10 1, 2, 3 - Alternate name of Yaogan 5, 12, 21 (JB-10 1, 2, 3).
JB-10 missile - Northrop US Army Air Force WWII guided missile; JB-1 modified with pulsejet.
JB-11 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation using a BISME (Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electronics) imaging sensor with an 0.8 m resolution. Built by CAST. Launched from Taiyuan by the CZ-4B launch vehicle into 470 km, 97 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2012. Status: Operational 2012. First Launch: 2012-05-10. Last Launch: 2015-11-08. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 1,200 kg (2,600 lb).
JB-11 1, 2 - Alternate name of Yaogan 14, 28 (JB-11 1, 2).
JB-12 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation using a BISME (Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electronics) imaging sensor with an 0.8 m resolution. Built by CAST. Launched from Taiyuan by the CZ-4B launch vehicle into 470 km, 97 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2012. Status: Operational 2012.
JB-12 1 - Alternate name of Yaogan 26 (JB-12 1).
JB-13 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation using the 1.3-m aperture CIOMP (Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics) XX-13 optical imaging system. Built by CAST.
JB-1A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - Alternate name of FSW-1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (JB-1A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
JB-1B 1, 2, 3 - Alternate name of FSW-2 1, 2, 3 (JB-1B 1, 2, 3).
JB-2 - Alternate name of Buzz Bomb LTV-A-1.
JB-2 1, 2, 3 - Alternate name of FSW-3 1, 2, 3 (JB-2 1, 2, 3).
JB-3 - Chinese sun synchronous orbit military reconnaisance satellite. Built by CAST, it used a BISME (Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electronics) optical sensor. Status: Operational 2000. First Launch: 2000-09-01. Last Launch: 2004-11-06. Number: 3 .
JB-3 1, 2, 3 - Alternate name of ZY-2 01, 02, 03 (JB-3 1, 2, 3).
JB-4 - AAF US Army Air Force WWII guided missile; modified GB-4 with pulsejet, ASM.
JB-4 1, 2 - Alternate name of FSW-4 1, 2 (JB-4 1, 2).
JB-5 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation. Launched from ?Jiuquan by the CZ-4C launch vehicle into 630, 98 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2006. Built by SAST. Reported to carry an IE (Institute of Electronics, CAS) side-looking radar system. Status: Operational 2006. First Launch: 2006-04-26. Last Launch: 2010-08-09. Number: 3 . Gross mass: 2,700 kg (5,900 lb).
JB-5 1, 2, 3 - Alternate name of Yaogan 1, 3, 10 (JB-5 1, 2, 3).
JB-5 missile - American US Army Air Force WWII guided missile; cancelled rocket.
JB-6 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation. Launched from ?Jiuquan by the CZ-2D launch vehicle into 650 km, 98 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2007. Built by CAST; reported to carry a BISME (Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electronics) optical imaging system. Status: Operational 2007. First Launch: 2007-05-25. Last Launch: 2014-11-20. Number: 5 . Gross mass: 1,300 kg (2,800 lb).
JB-6 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - Alternate name of Yaogan 2, 4, 7, 11, 24, 30 (JB-6 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
JB-7 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation. Launched from Taiyuan by the CZ-2C launch vehicle into 510 km, 97.5 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits beginning in 2009. Built by SAST. Reported to carry an IE (Institute of Electronics, CAS) side-looking radar system. Status: Operational 2009. First Launch: 2009-04-22. Last Launch: 2014-11-14. Number: 4 . Gross mass: 1,200 kg (2,600 lb).
JB-7 1, 2, 3, 4 - Alternate name of Yaogan 6, 13, 18, 23 (JB-7 1, 2, 3, 4).
JB-7 missile - American US Army Air Force WWII guided missile; reserved for jet-powered cruise missile; cancelled.
JB-8 - Alternate name of GAPA SAM-A-1.
JB-8 - Chinese military surveillance satellite. Each launch consisted of a primary satellite and two sub-satellites. Three sets of these triplets were launched from ?Jiuquan by the CZ-4C launch vehicle into 1090 km, 63.4 deg inclination orbits beginning in 2010. Reported to have a naval surveillance / sigint mission similar to those of the US PARCAE/NOSS system. This utilized a group of satellites flying in loose formation to locate radio emitters using the difference in time of arrival of the radio signals at the different satellites. Built by DFH. Status: Operational 2010. First Launch: 2010-03-05. Last Launch: 2014-12-27. Number: 16 . Gross mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb).
JB-8 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 - Alternate name of Yaogan 9, 16, 17, 20, 25 (JB-8 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
JB-9 - Chinese military surveillance satellite constellation.Launched from Taiyuan by the CZ-4C launch vehicle into 1200 km, 100.4 deg inclination sun synchronous orbits. The first was launched in 2009, followed by annual launches beginning in 2012. Built by SAST. Reported to carry a CIOMP (Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics) optical imaging system, believed to be a low resolution mapping and area surveillance mission. Status: Operational 2009. First Launch: 2009-12-15. Last Launch: 2015-08-27. Number: 5 . Gross mass: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb).
JB-9 missile - American US Army Air Force WWII guided missile; reserved for short-range SSM; cancelled.
JCM AGM-169 - Lockheed Martin air-to-surface missile.
JCR - Japanese sounding rocket. Two stage vehicle. Status: Retired 1974. First Launch: 1969-09-15. Last Launch: 1974-02-01. Number: 10 . Gross mass: 2,300 kg (5,000 lb).
JCR engine - Nissan solid rocket engine. JCR first stage. Status: Retired 1974. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb). More at: Solid
JCR-1 - Alternate name for JCR engine.
JCSAT - Japanese domestic communications satellite network.
JCSat 1, 2 - Communication satellite built by Hughes for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 1989 - 1990. Used the HS-393 bus. First Launch: 1989-03-06. Last Launch: 1990-01-01. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 2,280 kg (5,020 lb).
JCSat 10, 11, 12 - Communication satellite built by Lockheed Martin for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 2006 - 2009. Used the A2100AXS bus. First Launch: 2006-08-11. Last Launch: 2009-08-21. Number: 3 . Gross mass: 4,048 kg (8,924 lb).
JCSat 110A - Alternate name of JCSat 15 (JCSat 110A).
JCSat 13 - Communication satellite built by Lockheed Martin for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 2012. Used the A2100AXS bus. First Launch: 2012-05-15. Last Launch: 2012-05-15. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 4,528 kg (9,982 lb).
JCSat 14 - Communication satellite built by Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 2016. Used the SSL-1300 bus. First Launch: 2016-05-06. Last Launch: 2016-05-06. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 4,696 kg (10,352 lb).
JCSat 15 - Communication satellite built by Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 2016. Used the SSL-1300 bus. First Launch: 2016-12-21. Last Launch: 2016-12-21. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 3,407 kg (7,511 lb).
JCSat 17 - Communication satellite built by Lockheed Martin for SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation, Japan. Used the A2100 (modernized) bus.
JCSat 18 - Communication satellite built by Boeing for Kacific Broadband Satellites Pte Ltd, SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation, Singapore, Japan. Used the BSS-702MP bus.
JCSat 1B, 4A - Alternate name of JCSat 5, 6 (JCSat 1B, 4A).
JCSat 2 - British military communications satellite series using the ECS/OTS bus.
JCSat 2A - Alternate name of JCSat 8 (JCSat 2A).
JCSat 2B - Alternate name of JCSat 14 (JCSat 2B).
JCSat 3A, RA - Alternate name of JCSat 10, 11, 12 (JCSat 3A, RA).
JCSAT 5A - Alternate name of JCSat 9 (JCSAT 5A, N-Star d).
JCSat 8 - Communication satellite built by Boeing for JSAT Corporation, Japan. Launched 2002. Used the BSS-601 bus. First Launch: 2002-03-29. Last Launch: 2002-03-29. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 2,460 kg (5,420 lb).
JCSat 85 - Alternate name of Intelsat 15 (JCSat 85).
JCSat 9 - Communication satellite built by Lockheed Martin for JSAT Corporation, NTT-DoCoMo, Japan. Launched 2006. Used the A2100AXS bus. First Launch: 2006-04-12. Last Launch: 2006-04-12. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 4,401 kg (9,702 lb).
JD - Alternate name for NOSS-Subsat.
JDA - Japan Defense Agency
JDAM - American air-to-surface missile. Joint Direct Attack Missile, Range: about 25 km, price: $40,000 - $50,000
Jebel Himreen - Missile launch site.
JEM - Japanese Experiment Module (for SSF)
Jemison, Mae Carol - American physician mission specialist astronaut 1987-1993. Physician. First African-American woman to fly in space. Flight record: 1 spaceflight, 7.9 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-47 (1992).. Status: Inactive; Active 1987-1993. Born: 1956-10-17. Spaceflights: 1 . Total time in space: 7.94 days.
Jena - German manufacturer of spacecraft. Karl Zeiss Jena, Jena, Germany.
Jens-Goercke, Paul - German engineer in WW2. Member of the German rocket team in Egypt 1960-1963.
JEO - Jupiter / Europa lander operated by NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA. Gross mass: 5,040 kg (11,110 lb).
Jericho - Alternate designation for MD-620.
Jericho - First Israeli ballistic missile. Developed by Dassault in France as the MD-620. Test series included both one and two stage prototypes. Follow-on versions used all-solid propellant configurations. Gross mass: 6,700 kg (14,700 lb).
Jericho 1 - Alternate designation for Jericho-1.
Jericho 2 - Alternate designation for Jericho II.
Jericho II - Alternate name of Shavit.
Jericho II - Israeli intermediate range ballistic missile. Tactical ballistic missile. Probably corresponds to first two stages of Shavit launch vehicle. Status: Active. First Launch: 1987-05-01. Last Launch: 2001-06-27. Number: 5 . Gross mass: 22,000 kg (48,000 lb). Thrust: 610.00 kN (137,130 lbf).
Jericho II engine - Sud solid rocket engine. Jericho II first stage. Status: Active. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 300 kg (660 lb). Thrust: 20.00 kN (4,496 lbf). More at: Solid
Jericho II-1 - Alternate name for Jericho II engine.
Jericho III - Modernized version of Jericho IRBM. Status: Active. First Launch: 2008-01-17. Last Launch: 2013-07-12. Number: 3 .
Jericho-1 - Israeli short range ballistic missile. Follow-on version differed from original French-derived Jericho. Probably used a single 4500 kg solid-propellant motor. Status: Active. First Launch: 1990-12-21. Last Launch: 2000-04-06. Number: 3 . Gross mass: 4,500 kg (9,900 lb). Payload: 500 kg (1,100 lb).
Jericho-1-1 - N2O4/UDMH propellant rocket stage. Status: Active. Gross mass: 2,000 kg (4,400 lb). More at: N2O4/UDMH
Jernigan, Tamara Elizabeth 'Tammy' - American astronomer mission specialist astronaut 1985-2001. Astronomer. Was married to astronaut Jeff Wisoff. Flight record: 5 spaceflights, 63.1 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-40 (1991), STS-52, STS-67, STS-80, STS-96.. Status: Inactive; Active 1985-2001. Born: 1959-05-07. Spaceflights: 5 . Total time in space: 63.06 days.
Jerry - Alternate name of CANYVAL-X 1, 2 (Tom, Jerry).
JERS - Japanese earth land resources satellite. JERS-1 (Japanese Research Satellite-1; FUYO-1) was Japan's second Earth observation satellite. Earth Observation, radar & optical satellite built by Mitsubishi Electric (MELCO) for NASDA, Japan. Launched 1992. Status: Operational 1992. First Launch: 1992-02-11. Last Launch: 1992-02-11. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 1,340 kg (2,950 lb).
Jett, Brent Ward Jr - American test pilot astronaut 1992-2007. Flight record: 4 spaceflights, 41.8 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-72 (1996), STS-81, STS-97, STS-115.. Status: Inactive; Active 1992-2007. Born: 1958-10-05. Spaceflights: 4 . Total time in space: 41.75 days.
JGR - Abbreviation for Journal of Geophysical Research
JHU-Applied Physics Lab - Alternate name for APL.
Jian Bing - Alternate name for Jianbing
Jianbing - Series of Chinese military surveillance satellites, abbreviated as 'JB'. These were:
JB-1: FSW-0,1,2 film recoverable optical satellites
JB-2: FSW-3 film recoverable optical satellites
JB-3; Clark Designation: Optical-1; Manufacturer: CAST; Sensor: BISME; Launches: Ziyuan-2 1, 2, 3
JB-5; Clark Designation: Radar-1; Manufacturer: SAST; Sensor: IE; Launches: Yaogan 1, 3, 10
JB-6; Clark Designation: Optical-2; Manufacturer: CAST; Sensor: BISME; Launches: Yaogan 2, 4, 7, 11, 24
JB-7; Clark Designation: Radar-2; Manufacturer: SAST; Sensor: IE; Launches: Yaogan 6, 13, 18, 23
JB-8 ELINT; Manufacturer: DFH Launches: Yaogan 9, 16, 17, 20, 25 (triplets)
JB-9; Clark Designation: Optical-4; Manufacturer: SAST; Sensor: CIOMP; Launches: Yaogan 8, 15, 19, 22, 27
JB-10; Clark Designation: Optical-3; Manufacturer: CAST; Sensor: XIOPM; Launches: Yaogan 5, 12, 21
JB-11; Clark Designation: Optical-5; Manufacturer: CAST; Sensor: BISME; Launches: Yaogan 14
JB-12; Clark Designation: Optical-6 Launches: Yaogan 26
JB-13; Clark Designation: Optical-7; Manufacturer: CAST; Sensor: CIOMP; XX-13 camera.
Jianbing 10 - Alternate name for JB-10.
Jianbing 3 - Alternate name for JB-3.
Jianshui - First Launch: 1970-11-23. Last Launch: 1971-11-15. Number: 2 .
JIC - Aerojet rocket engine. JIC. Classified application Date: 1972. Thrust: 10.68 kN (2,401 lbf).
JIDF - Japanese agency. JIDF, Japan.
Jikiken - Alternate name of Exos B (Jikiken).
JILA - Abbreviation for Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics
Jilin - One of two 'smart video imaging' satellites in the Jilin cluster. Status: Operational 2015. First Launch: 2015-10-07. Last Launch: 2015-10-07. Number: 4 . Gross mass: 95 kg (209 lb).
Jilin 1A - Chinese commercial remote sensing satellite. First Launch: 2015-10-07. Last Launch: 2015-10-07. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 450 kg (990 lb).
JIMO - Jupiter, Callisto, Ganymede and Europa lander operated by NASA, USA.
Jindai - Alternate name for MABES.
Jindivik - Australian aerial target drone.
Jing Haipeng - Chinese pilot taikonaut 1998-on. First taikonaut to fly more than once in space. Flight record: 3 spaceflights, 47.8 days in space. Flew to orbit on Shenzhou 7 (2008), Shenzhou 9, Shenzhou 11.. Status: Active 1998-on. Born: 1966-10-24. Spaceflights: 3 . Total time in space: 47.76 days.
Jingyu - Chinese ICBM missile test site. Not used for satellite launches to date.
JISS - Japanese earth ionosphere satellite. JISS - national name "Ume". Spin-stabilized; Ionospheric Sounder, Radio Noise Receiver, Plasma Measuring Equipment, Ion Mass Spectrometer, and other instruments. Status: Operational 1976. First Launch: 1976-02-29. Last Launch: 1978-02-16. Number: 2 . Gross mass: 141 kg (310 lb).
Jissho eisei - Alternate name for IGS.
Jiu Peng - Jiu Peng air base, Pingtung, Formosa
Jiuquan - China's first launch center, also known as Shuang Cheng Tzu. Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre, situated at 100 degrees East, 41 degrees North, is located in the Jiuquan Region, Gansu province, north-western China. It was China's first ballistic missile and satellite launch center. First Launch: 1960-09-01. Last Launch: 2014-08-09. Number: 128 .
JL-1 - Chinese submarine-launched ballistic missile based on DF-21 IRBM. Status: Active. First Launch: 1982-04-30. Last Launch: 1988-09-27. Number: 4 . Gross mass: 14,664 kg (32,328 lb). Payload: 600 kg (1,320 lb).
JL-1-1 - Alternate name for DF-21-1.
JL-2 - Chinese submarine-launched intercontinental ballistic missile. DF-23, DF-31 were land based versions. Status: Active. First Launch: 2004-07-01. Last Launch: 2012-08-16. Number: 4 . Gross mass: 20,000 kg (44,000 lb). Payload: 700 kg (1,540 lb).
JL-3 - Chinese third-generation solid propellant intercontinental-range submarine-launched ballistic missile. First test flight 2018-11-24. First Launch: 2018-11-22. Last Launch: 2018-11-22. Number: 1 .
JMA - Japanese agency. Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan.
JMAPS - Astrometry satellite built by AeroAstro, Ball for USNO. Used the Astro-200AS bus. Gross mass: 200 kg (440 lb).
JMSDF - Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force
Joachim, Carl - German expert in guided missiles during World War II. Stayed in Germany after the war.
Johnson Space Center - Second name of NASA Houston.
Johnson, Caldwell Christian - American designer, at NASA 1937-1972, second part of the creative pairing with American "chief designer" Max Faget. He laid out the basic design for the Mercury and Apollo spacecraft. Born: 1919-10-16. Died: 2013-05-26.
Johnson, Clarence L 'Kelly' - American engineer, at Lockheed 1933-1975, headed 'Skunk Works' design shop, responsible for F-80, F-104, Suntan, U-2,, and SR-71 designs among many others. Born: 1910-02-27. Died: 1990-12-21.
Johnson, Gregory Carl 'Ray J' - American test pilot astronaut 1998-2001. Flight record: 1 spaceflight, 12.9 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-125 (2009).. Status: Inactive; Active 1998-2001Ret. ?. Born: 1954-07-30. Spaceflights: 1 . Total time in space: 12.90 days.
Johnson, Gregory Harold 'Box' - British-American test pilot astronaut 1998-2013. Flew 34 combat missions in Operation Desert Storm. Flight record: 2 spaceflights, 31.5 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-123 (2008), STS-134.. Status: Inactive; Active 1998-2013. Born: 1962-05-12. Spaceflights: 2 . Total time in space: 31.49 days.
Johnson, John Alvin - American lawyer serving with the State Department, USAF, and NASA 1946-1963; followed by senior management positions and then CEO at Comsat, 1963-1980. Born: 1915-08-30. Died: 2005-08-21.
Johnson, Lyndon B - American politician, Senator 1949-1961, Vice President 1960-1963, President 1963-1969; huge supporter of civilian space flight, instrumental in creating NASA, and providing the political and budgetary support for the Apollo moon landing program. Born: 1908-08-27. Died: 1973-01-22.
Johnson, Nicholas L - American NASA Historian. Nicholas L. Johnson was NASA's chief scientist for orbital debris 1996-2014 at the Johnson Space Center. Previously, he worked in private industry and was considered an expert on the Soviet space program. Retired from NASA in 2014.
Johnson, Richard Lowe - American test pilot. Flew the XS-1 # 1 and X-4 # 2. Status: Inactive. Born: 1917-09-21. Died: 2002-11-09.
Johnson, Roy W - American manager at GE, first director of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, 1958-1959, headed DoD's initial space efforts. Born: 1906. Died: 1965-01-01.
Johnson, Vincent L - American engineer, at USN 1947-1960, NASA 1960-1974. Program manager for Scout, Delta, and Centaur. Born: 1918-10-26. Died: 2005-05-11.
Johnston Island - US military base on this island in the Pacific Ocean. Used for rocket-launched nuclear tests in the 1950's. In the 1960's it was the site for the operational AFP-437 anti-satellite system. The system was retired in 1975. Several sounding rockets were also launched over the years, either in support of nuclear tests or in experiments related to anti-satellite technology. First Launch: 1958-08-01. Last Launch: 1975-11-06. Number: 148 .
Johnston, Alvin M - American test pilot. Flew the XS-1 # 2. Later a test pilot for Boeing, and manager in the Dynasoar, Minuteman, and Lunar Orbiter programs. Status: Inactive. Born: 1914-08-18. Died: 1998-10-29.
Johnston, Curt - American engineer. Test conductor of earliest Atlas launches; Convair base manager at Vandenberg. Born: 1927. Died: 2009-02-09.
Johnston, Mary Helen - American engineer payload specialist astronaut, 1983-1985. Status: Inactive; Active 1983-1985. Born: 1945-09-17.
Johnston, Samuel Paul - American Engineer. S. Paul Johnston was director of the Institute for Aeronautical Sciences. He was also a member of the Purcell Panel that assessed space flight capabilities for the U.S. government in 1957-1958. Born: 1899-08-03. Died: 1985-08-09.
Jones, Charles Edward 'Chuck' - American engineer military spaceflight engineer astronaut, 1982-1987. Killed in 9-11 hijacking. Status: Deceased; Active 1982-1987. Born: 1952-11-08. Died: 2001-09-11.
Jones, Robert 'RT' - American engineer, credited by NASA as inventor of the swept-back and oblique wing concepts. Born: 1910-05-28. Died: 1999-08-11.
Jones, Thomas David - American astronomer mission specialist astronaut 1990-2001. Flight record: 4 spaceflights, 53.0 days in space. Flew to orbit on STS-59 (1994), STS-68, STS-80, STS-98.. Status: Inactive; Active 1990-2001. Born: 1955-01-22. Spaceflights: 4 . Total time in space: 53.03 days.
Jones, Walter P - American test pilot, flew the D-558-1, D-558-2, X-4, and X-5. Died in crash of the YF-89D prototype interceptor. Status: Deceased. Born: 1924-08-24. Died: 1953-10-20.
Joos, Georg - German chief physicist at Zeiss during World War II. Stayed in Germany after the war.
Joseph, Daryl James - American engineer military spaceflight engineer astronaut, 1979-1985. Status: Inactive; Active 1979-1985. Born: 1949-12-17.
Journeyman - American sounding rocket. Five stage vehicle of the Argo series consisting of 2 x Recruit + 1 x Sergeant + 1 x Lance + 1 x Lance + 1 x Altair Status: Retired 1965. First Launch: 1960-09-19. Last Launch: 1965-06-30. Number: 8 . Gross mass: 6,300 kg (13,800 lb).
Journeyman-0 - Alternate name for 1.5KS35000.
Joy of Flying - Poem: Turbines roar, their rush surges through us...
JP-5/H2O2 - Notional H2O2/Kerosene rocket engine. Study 1993. Engine for Black Horse winged, single stage to orbit launch vehicle using aerial refueling. Status: Study 1993. Thrust: 63.00 kN (14,162 lbf). More at: H2O2/Kerosene
JPL - American agency; manufacturer of rockets, spacecraft, and rocket engines. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA.
JPSS 2 - Meteorology satellite built by Orbital ATK for NASA, NOAA. Used the LEOStar-3 bus. Gross mass: 2,930 kg (6,450 lb).
JPSS Free Flyer 1 - Alternate name of SIDAR (JPSS Free Flyer 1).
JP-X - The addition of approximately 40 per cent of UDMH to JP-4 resulted in a formulation (JP-X) which solved both the combustion and the ignition difficulties experienced with WFNA/ JP-4 and IRFNA/JP-4.
JSAT - Japanese agency. Japan Satellite Systems, Japan.
JSC - Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas (NASA)
JSC Moon Base 1984 - American manned lunar base. Study 1984. In 1984 a Johnson Space Center team lad by Barney Roberts took NASA's first look at a return to the moon after the shuttle was in service. Status: Study 1984.
JSCC - Japanese Communications Corporation, Japan.
JSE - Alternate name for IGS.
JSOW - Raytheon (Texas Instruments) air-to-surface missile. Joint Stand-Off Weapon. Can be loaded with many different loads (warheads from 230 to 450 kg) and different seekers.. Gross mass: 482 kg (1,062 lb).
JSSW - Chinese military surveillance satellite. Mysterious early Chinese satellite, orbited by the cancelled FB-1 launch vehicle. Technology, Reconnaissance? satellite, China. Launched 1973 - 1976. Status: Operational 1973. First Launch: 1973-09-18. Last Launch: 1976-11-10. Number: 6 . Gross mass: 1,100 kg (2,400 lb).
JT9D-3A - Pratt and Whitney turbofan engine. Out of Production. Thrust is maximum sea level thrust; specific impulse is sea level value at that thrust. Status: Out of Production. Unfuelled mass: 4,013 kg (8,847 lb). Thrust: 208.80 kN (46,940 lbf). More at: Air/Kerosene
JUAV-LR - American drone missile. Joint Unmaned Aerial Vehicle - Long Range
JUAV-MR - Alternate name of Peregrine BQM-145.
Judi-Dart - American sounding rocket. Single stage vehicle. Status: Retired 1972. First Launch: 1964-03-18. Last Launch: 1972-06-01. Number: 720 . Thrust: 9.00 kN (2,023 lbf).
Judi-Dart-1 - Alternate designation for Judi-I 1.9KS2150.
Judi-I 1.9KS2150 - RPI solid rocket engine. Status: Retired 1972. Gross mass: 9.00 kg (19.80 lb). Unfuelled mass: 2.00 kg (4.40 lb). Thrust: 9.00 kN (2,023 lbf). More at: Solid
Judi-III 1.9KS2100 - RPI solid rocket engine. Kisha Judi second stage. Status: Retired 1963. Gross mass: 9.00 kg (19.80 lb). Unfuelled mass: 2.00 kg (4.40 lb). Thrust: 9.03 kN (2,030 lbf). More at: Solid
Jugnu - Technology, Earth observation satellite for Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India. Launched 2011. Micro-imaging system, near infrared camera to observe vegetation, and GPS Receiver to aid tracking. Successful. Cubesat 3U bus. First Launch: 2011-10-12. Last Launch: 2011-10-12. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 4.00 kg (8.80 lb).
JUICE - Jupiter / Ganymede lander built by Airbus Defence and Space for ESA. Gross mass: 5,300 kg (11,600 lb).
Julang-1 - Alternate designation for JL-1.
Jules Verne - Alternate designation for ATV space station logistics spacecraft.
Jules Verne Launcher - American gun-launched orbital launch vehicle. Following the failure of the US government to fund further development of the SHARP light gas gun, John Hunter founded the Jules Verne Launcher Company in 1996 in an attempt to fund commercial development of the concept. Status: Design 1996. Payload: 3,300 kg (7,200 lb).
Jules Verne Moon Gun - French gun-launched orbital launch vehicle. Jules Verne's moon gun, as described in his 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon, was located in Florida. Although some errors were made, Verne used real engineering analysis to arrive at the design of his cannon and manned moon projectile. As a result, at the time of Apollo 8 and 11 missions it was noted that Verne had made an astonishing number of correct predictions about the actual missions.... Status: Design 1856.
Jumbo - German anti-ship missile. Cancelled 1975 Status: Operational 1979. Gross mass: 1,066 kg (2,350 lb). Payload: 500 kg (1,100 lb).
Jumpseat - American military signals intelligence satellite. Jumpseat signals intelligence satellites were launched by Titan 3B or 34B into highly elliptic Molniya-type orbits.Built by Hughes for USAF, USA. Launched 1971 - 1983. Used HS-318 bus. Status: Operational 1971. First Launch: 1971-03-21. Last Launch: 1983-07-31. Number: 7 . Gross mass: 700 kg (1,540 lb).
Jumpseat-2 - American military signals intelligence satellite. 2 launches, 2006.06.25 (USA 200) to 2008.03.13 (USA 200). Status: Operational 2006. Gross mass: 4,500 kg (9,900 lb).
Jung - German expert in chemical warfare during World War II.
Jungert, Wilhelm - German engineer in WW2, member of the German rocket team, went to America with the first group of seven, but returned to Germany a year later.
Junkers 'Junior' - German manned rocketplane. Flown 1936. Early German rocketplane. Status: Operational 1936.
Juno - Alternate designation for Soyuz TM-12 Juno.
Juno - NASA Jupiter polar orbiter with the mission of studying the planet's composition, gravity field, magnetic field, and polar magnetosphere. Launched 2011.08.05, the planned 33-orbit mission at Jupiter was to last from arrival on 2016.07.04 to termination with braking of the spacecraft to burn up in the Jovian atmosphere in October 2017. First NASA outer planet mission to use solar panels (3 x 2.7 m x 8.9 m). Jupiter polar lander built by Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver for NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA. Launched 2011. Status: Operational 2011. First Launch: 2011-08-05. Last Launch: 2011-08-05. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 3,625 kg (7,991 lb).
Juno 1 (retrospectively) - Alternate designation for Jupiter C stage rocket stage.
Juno I - Alternate designation for Jupiter A.
Juno I - Alternate designation for Jupiter C.
Juno II - American orbital launch vehicle. Satellite launcher derived from Jupiter IRBM. Basic 4 stage vehicle consisted of 1 x Jupiter + 1 x Cluster stage 2 + 1 x Cluster stage 3 + 1 x RTV Motor Status: Retired 1961. First Launch: 1958-12-06. Last Launch: 1961-05-24. Number: 10 . Gross mass: 55,110 kg (121,490 lb). Payload: 41 kg (90 lb). Thrust: 667.20 kN (149,993 lbf).
Juno II (3) - American intermediate range ballistic missile. Three stage version consisting of 1 x Jupiter + 1 x Cluster stage 2 + 1 x Cluster stage 3 First Launch: 1959-08-15. Last Launch: 1959-08-15. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 55,300 kg (121,900 lb). Payload: 50 kg (110 lb). Thrust: 667.00 kN (149,947 lbf).
Juno II-3 - Aerojet solid rocket stage. 22.00 kN (4,946 lbf) thrust. Mass 100 kg (220 lb). Status: S. Gross mass: 100 kg (220 lb). Unfuelled mass: 63 kg (138 lb). Thrust: 22.00 kN (4,945 lbf). More at: Solid
Juno test vehicle - 2 stage vehicle consisting of 1 x SR19AJ1 + 1 x M57A1. Status: Active. First Launch: 1998-11-06. Last Launch: 2015-12-10. Number: 5 .
Juno V - Alternate designation for Saturn I.
Juno V-A - American orbital launch vehicle. By 1958 the Super-Jupiter was called Juno V and the 4 E-1 engines were abandoned in favor of clustering 8 Jupiter IRBM engines below existing Redstone/Jupiter tankage. The A version had a Titan I ICBM as the upper stages. Masses, payload estimated. Status: Study 1958. Gross mass: 549,820 kg (1,212,140 lb). Payload: 10,000 kg (22,000 lb). Thrust: 6,690.00 kN (1,503,970 lbf).
Juno V-B - American orbital launch vehicle. A proposed version of the Juno V for lunar and planetary missions used a Titan I ICBM first stage and a Centaur high-energy third stage atop the basic Juno V cluster. Masses, payload estimated. Status: Study 1958. Gross mass: 539,480 kg (1,189,340 lb). Payload: 12,500 kg (27,500 lb). Thrust: 6,690.00 kN (1,503,970 lbf).
Juno-1 (5 stage) - American orbital launch vehicle variant. First Launch: 1958-10-23. Last Launch: 1958-10-23. Number: 1 .
Jupiter - The Jupiter IRBM was developed for the US Army. By the time development was complete, the mission and the missile was assigned to the US Air Force, which had its own nearly identical missile, the Thor. Jupiters were stationed in Turkey and Italy in the early 1960's, but withdrawn in secret exchange for the withdrawal of Soviet R-5 missiles from Cuba. The Jupiter was used as the first stage of the relatively unsuccessful Juno II launch vehicle, and proposed for the Juno III and Juno IV. Jupiter tooling and engines were used to build the much larger Juno V / Saturn I launch vehicle. Gross mass: 54,400 kg (119,900 lb). Thrust: 74,800.00 kN (16,815,700 lbf).
Jupiter (stage) - LOx/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. . Status: Retired 1963. Gross mass: 54,431 kg (119,999 lb). Unfuelled mass: 5,443 kg (11,999 lb). Thrust: 758.71 kN (170,565 lbf). More at: Lox/Kerosene
Jupiter 1 - Communication satellite built by Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) for EchoStar, Hughes Network Systems, USA. Launched 2012. Used the SSL-1300 bus. First Launch: 2012-07-05. Last Launch: 2012-07-05. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 6,100 kg (13,400 lb).
Jupiter A - American orbital launch vehicle. The Jupiter A was a modified Redstone missile fitted with Jupiter inertial navigation and control system elements. It also tested Hydyne fuel and other engine modifications for the Jupiter C re-entry vehicle test booster. Status: Retired 1958. First Launch: 1955-09-22. Last Launch: 1958-06-12. Number: 23 . Gross mass: 29,060 kg (64,060 lb). Payload: 11 kg (24 lb). Thrust: 369.00 kN (82,954 lbf).
Jupiter A stage - LOx/Alcohol propellant rocket stage. . Status: Out of production. Gross mass: 28,440 kg (62,690 lb). Unfuelled mass: 3,125 kg (6,889 lb). Thrust: 414.34 kN (93,147 lbf). More at: Lox/Alcohol
Jupiter C - American orbital launch vehicle. Re-entry vehicle test booster and satellite launcher derived from Redstone missile. The Jupiter A version of the Redstone missile was modified with upper stages to test Jupiter re-entry vehicle configurations. Von Braun's team was ordered to ballast the upper stage with sand to prevent any 'inadvertent' artificial satellites from stealing thunder from the official Vanguard program. Korolev's R-7 orbited the first earth satellite instead. The Jupiter C was retroactively named the 'Juno I' by Von Braun's team. Status: Retired 1958. First Launch: 1956-09-20. Last Launch: 1958-10-23. Number: 9 . Gross mass: 29,060 kg (64,060 lb). Payload: 11 kg (24 lb). Thrust: 369.00 kN (82,954 lbf).
Jupiter C Juno I - American short range ballistic missile. Four stage orbital launch version consisting of 1 x Redstone + 1 x Cluster stage 2 + 1 x Cluster stage 3 + 1 x RTV Motor. The fourth stage allowed the Explorer payload to be placed into orbit. Gross mass: 28,500 kg (62,800 lb). Payload: 11 kg (24 lb). Thrust: 357.00 kN (80,256 lbf).
Jupiter C stage - LOx/Hydyne propellant rocket stage. Redstone missile, stretched, modified with different propellants to serve as first stage of IRBM nose cone/orbital test vehicle. Status: Retired 1967. Gross mass: 28,430 kg (62,670 lb). Unfuelled mass: 3,890 kg (8,570 lb). Thrust: 416.18 kN (93,562 lbf). More at: Lox/Hydyne
Jupiter C-2 - Aerojet solid rocket stage. 80.00 kN (17,985 lbf) thrust. Mass 500 kg (1,102 lb). Status: S. Gross mass: 500 kg (1,100 lb). Unfuelled mass: 223 kg (491 lb). Thrust: 80.00 kN (17,984 lbf). More at: Solid
Jupiter Cluster - LOx/Kerosene propellant rocket stage. Masses estimated (cluster of four Jupiter IRBM stages). Status: Study 1959. Gross mass: 226,716 kg (499,823 lb). Unfuelled mass: 27,205 kg (59,976 lb). Thrust: 3,034.29 kN (682,134 lbf). More at: Lox/Kerosene
Jupiter IRBM - American intermediate range ballistic missile. The Jupiter IRBM was developed for the US Army. By the time development was complete, the mission and the missile was assigned to the US Air Force, which had its own nearly identical missile, the Thor. Jupiters were stationed in Turkey and Italy in the early 1960's, but withdrawn in secret exchange for the withdrawal of Soviet R-5 missiles from Cuba. The Jupiter was used as the first stage of the relatively unsuccessful Juno II launch vehicle, and proposed for the Juno III and Juno IV. Jupiter tooling and engines were used to build the much larger Juno V / Saturn I launch vehicle. Status: Retired 1963. First Launch: 1957-03-01. Last Launch: 1963-01-23. Number: 36 . Gross mass: 54,400 kg (119,900 lb). Payload: 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). Thrust: 734.00 kN (165,009 lbf).
Jupiter Mercury - American intermediate range ballistic missile. Version of Jupiter IRBM designed for launch of Mercury manned capsules on long suborbital flights. Cancelled early in the program, with the decision being to proceed from Mercury Redstone suborbital flights directly to Mercury Atlas orbital missions.
Jupiter nose cone - American re-entry vehicle technology satellite. Saturn 5. Launch vehicle test. Status: Operational 1964. First Launch: 1964-01-29. Last Launch: 1964-01-29. Number: 1 . Gross mass: 17,100 kg (37,600 lb).
Just - German rocket engineer in WW2; later worked in France at LRBA on radio beam guidance in the automated control loop department 1947-1952.
JV-LOTUSat 1, 2 - Earth observation satellite built by NEC, Vietnam.
JWS 1 - Alternate name of TacSat 4 (JWS 1).
JWS D2 - Alternate name of TacSat 3 (JWS D2).
JWST - Astronomy (IR) satellite built by Northrop Grumman (ex TRW) (Prime), Ball Aerospace for NASA, ESA. Gross mass: 5,400 kg (11,900 lb).
JY1-Sat - Technology, amateur communication satellite built by ISISpace (bus), Jordan. Cubesat 1U bus. Gross mass: 1.00 kg (2.20 lb).


text:
Q: How to plot a portion of a 3D surface How can I restrict the PlotRange such that the gray patch (above z=1) is not in the following plot
 z[x_, y_] = 1/(2 Sqrt[2] x y);
Plot3D[{z[x, y]}, {x, 0, 1}, {y, 0, 1}, ImageSize -> 200,
 PlotRange -> {0, 1}]

A: Try RegionFunction
Plot3D[{z[x, y]}, {x, 0, 1}, {y, 0, 1}, ImageSize -> 200,PlotRange -> {0, 1}, RegionFunction -> (#3 < 1 &)]

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Floods in Bangladesh: An unprecedented emergency where emergencies are the precedent
Written by Alimul Islam, Project Manager for Emergency Response, Concern Bangladesh
The 2021 rainy season in Bangladesh has affected 30 of the 34 Rohingya refugee camps in Cox's Bazar. Having worked with Concern's Bangladesh team for the last four years, project manager Alimul Islam describes this year's flooding as the worst that he's seen — in terms of both physical and emotional impact.
The 2021 monsoon rains have caused chaos this week for the 900,000 Rohingya refugees living in the hilly, muddy camps at Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Day after day, the rains have continued, and we've witnessed drains become streams become raging torrents.
And then last week, these rains sparked powerful floods, which have washed away people's homes, food and livelihoods, and landslides, which have killed 20 people (including six children). For the Rohingya who fled conflict in the Rakhine State in 2017 and in just the last year have experienced raging camp fires and the COVID-19 pandemic, this is just the latest challenge.
People in Lalmonirhat District, Bangladesh, move to the nearest flood shelter during the 2017 monsoon season. (Photo:Kazi Altab, Concern partner ASOD)
An unprecedented emergency in an area where emergencies are the precedent
Floods in this country are nothing new: 75% of Bangladesh sits below sea level. Last year's floods submerged more than 25% of the country. But in the last two weeks, the rains have been even heavier than usual. For the last four years, I've worked in Cox's Bazar with Concern and I've not seen anything like this before — it's by far the worst.
"I've not seen anything like this before — it's by far the worst."
We are now in an emergency situation. The refugee camp is built on hills, and due to this terrain flash floods have caused landslides. Shelters built on the hills were brought down in the landslides; sadly, people died. In one camp where Concern works, we lost five people in just one family. The flood waters have been very high: Around some people's homes in the lowlands, it has reached four or five feet over their homes.
Abdul* (left) and Sobeda (right) in Sundarganj, Bangladesh show the level of the flood water from 2019 monsoons on their home. In 2021, floods have been recorded as going as high as five to six feed over homes. (Photo: Finola Mohan / Concern Worldwide *name changed for security purposes
A quick recession, but a long recovery
While the floodwaters recede reasonably quickly in some areas because of the closeness to the river and sea, the damage has been done. Family shelters and belongings have been destroyed by the water. They've lost cooking utensils, blankets, clothing, and dry food that they've been storing (including rice, pulses, and lentils). These items are not easily replaced.
Learn more about our Rohingya crisis response — and how you can help
In some areas, the water doesn't recede as quickly. Here, landslides have caused water-logging, as the fallen soil from the hills creates a dam. For these communities, it means that water gets stuck and can't drain away easily. Worryingly, fresh water points and toilets were also damaged by the floods. There's now a real risk of water-borne diseases such as diarrhea.
As part of Concern's work with people in the Rohingya camps and host communities, we provide support in the form of home gardens. These allow people to grow food that they couldn't otherwise afford; occasionally enough is even left over for them to sell at market to create an income for themselves. It's heartbreaking to see 70% of these gardens damaged in the wake of rains, floods, and water logging, especially in the harvest season as many have lost crops that they had yet to pick.
Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh move through a camp in the rain during the 2018 monsoon season. (Photo: Concern Worldwide)
Gone from the headlines, but not from reality
Concern is responding to the July 2021 floods in Bangladesh, providing emergency dry food items such as rice cakes, sugar, biscuits, bread, honey, and bottled water. We're also providing people with hygiene and health kits, and non-food items as requested by local authorities in response to the floods.
But we need additional funds to assist more people. Like so many protracted crises, funding often drops as these emergencies shrink from the headlines. But just because they are no longer on Page One of the newspaper doesn't mean that they no longer pose a threat. In many cases, they get worse.
The people of Cox's Bazar are frustrated; all of this is tough on them. There was a massive fire in the refugee camp earlier this year, which caused many Rohingya to lose their shelters and (very modest) belongings. Most were not able to rebuild their shelters in time to prepare for the rainy season, so they've had no protection against these floods, and are almost entirely dependent on organizations like Concern for basic necessities.
There's a further complication in all of this with the growing numbers of COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh. As of this writing, we are in the middle of a two-week, nationwide lockdown mandated by the government. On Monday, July 26, Bangladesh registered the highest number of new coronavirus cases and deaths within a single day.
Like so many protracted crises, funding often drops as these emergencies shrink from the headlines. But just because they are no longer on Page One of the newspaper doesn't mean that they no longer pose a threat. In many cases, they get worse.
These lockdowns have also affected people in the local host community, who haven't been able to work. Cox's Bazar is a tourist area, and many of its inhabitants depend on tourism for their livelihoods. Those who didn't lose their livelihoods to COVID-19 have lost them with lost livestock, poultry, and fish — or in their rice fields, which have been flooded during cultivation season. Not only does this threaten income, but it also means that the security that comes from knowing that there will be food on the table in the coming months has been wiped out.
We know the rains come each year, but this year has been like no other. Having overcome so much in the last several years, the Rohingya are beginning to rebuild once again, supported by organizations like Concern. We need to work together to make sure people are able to prepare in time for increasingly severe rains, support them in doing so, and help them recover when the unexpected happens.
Support Concern's Work
More on Bangladesh
With nearly 75% of Bangladesh underwater, is…
With nearly 75% of Bangladesh underwater, is the country facing a humanitarian crisis?
In 2004, Concern warned of a growing humanitarian crisis in Bangladesh as flooding increased. Now, the country known as "ground...
From tragedy to recovery: A refugee story…
From tragedy to recovery: A refugee story from Bangladesh
There are over 70 million forcibly displaced people worldwide — nearly a million of them Rohingya people who have sought...
The Rohingya Crisis, explained: Five things to…
The Rohingya Crisis, explained: Five things to know, five years on
Here's what you need to know about the Rohingya crisis in 2022.


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Stellar turnaround from Robbie - Clyde West 2015
Nico- Lloyd
Robbie, who's from one of the most deprived areas in Renfrewshire, returned to the Street League Academy in Linwood for a second chance after not completing the programme the first time round.
During his first experience with us, Robbie struggled with his attendance. He would arrive late or not at all. When he did attend the Academy, Robbie proved himself to be a young person with great potential, progressing with his Stage 2 and then an external Stage 3, which he unfortunately didn't end up finishing.
When the Stage 3 course was due to begin, Robbie contacted us again as he was keen to come back and finish the Academy programme. We were concerned about the level of commitment Robbie would give to the course, however, when we met him for the taster sessions he showed himself to be a young person who was really motivated to find work and he was really open minded about what type of work he would be prepared to do.
While he was on Stage 3, Robbie's attendance and commitment was great. Robbie secured interviews with McDonald's, Rearo Laminates and Webhelp to name a few. Unfortunately, Robbie wasn't successful at these interviews and we could see that he was starting to become disheartened. Robbie continued to send off job applications which paid off! He secured an interview with Stellar, a contact centre in Paisley, and found out he was successful the following week.
Robbie is really excited to start work and is grateful for the help he received from Street League. He said: "My time with Street League is the best thing I've done. I had so much fun, met lots of good people and discovered loads of opportunities. Street League is the best thing you can do if you're unemployed."
Updated: 7th July, 2016
Clyde West
Leah's comeback after being failed by school system - Lanarkshire
Leah has faced several difficult barriers in her life thus far. She left school aged 13 without sitting any of her exams and in the 3 years that followed her exit from school, she hadn't made any meaningful contact with agencies that could have helped her get back on track. Having been unemployed for three years, Leah's confidence was significantly affected.
Oliver, 17 overcame bullying to a bright and confident future - Kirkintilloch
Oliver, 17 from Kirkintilloch, joined Street League after being out of work for over a year. Oliver was bullied at school, which greatly affected this ability to communicate with other. He found it hard to job due to his lack of confidence and social skill. Working with his coaches to build his confidence and pushing him to achieve. Oliver applied to college with the help of his progressions coordinator. After completing the football programme, Oliver was offered a position at College.
Full speed ahead for Emma, 17 - Kirkintilloch
Emma, 24 from Kirkintilloch, joined Street League after being a full-time carer for her father and claiming benefits. She was keen to find employment and improve her confidence and social skills since she was out of work for almost 9 months. After completing the dance fit programme, Emma was offered a full-time job doing bar work. She said: " the part I enjoyed the most about the programme was dance fitness because it gets you motivated to go into work and help you gain more strength.
6 week turn around for Faizan - Sheffield
Faizan attended his first appointment with Graeme on the 23/01/2017 and conducted an initial assessment to identify his strengths and areas for development He opened up to Graeme very early on highlighting his parents separation as impacting on him hugely and being the eldest sibling the pressure was on him to help his mum support his younger brothers and sisters. His confidence was at an all-time low especially knowing his mum was working 3 different jobs to make ends meet.
Brandon became more self-aware and enthusiastic about his future - Birmingham
Brandon first encountered Street League Birmingham through his support worker. Despite having a good level of work experience within the hospitality sector, Brandon had struggled to find work as he faced various personal and employment barriers.
Street League Fitness Infographic 2017
In 2017, Street League launched a pilot of a fitness-based sport programme with the objective of increasing the diversity of the young people we support to get #movingintowork through sport. We want to keep innovating our programmes to ensure we're attracting and progressing the most young people possible.
Chloe, from lack of confidence to Full Time position with The Hilton Grosvenor - Glasgow
Chloe joined Street League in September 2016 as a 16-year-old having left school after 3rd year with no qualifications or work experience who severally lack confidence and had no idea what she would like to achieve in the future. After attending an information session regarding the structure of the programme which was a Certificate of Work Readiness in partnership with the Hilton Hotel, along with 2 taster sessions with a multi-sport/fitness theme, and a 121 discussion with Street League staf
Moses win battle with Tuberculosis & weed smoking with the help of Street League - London
Moses had been out of work and education for almost a year and a half. He had heard about Street League through the Getmyfirstjob website and had been contacted by Jack, the North London Youth and Community coach, in October 2016. He did not respond well to our first phone call as he was keen to go straight into a construction course or apprenticeship. He then went to the job centre to apply for a construction course but was frustrated at the lack of progress.
Enthusiasm for dance pushes Toyin 23 with autism, to performs at the O2 - London
Toyin, 23, from Hackney had been out of work for over 2 years. A keen dancer that heard about Street League through her support worker at Young Hackney, Hackney Council's youth support team. Street League were a new partner at Forest Road youth hub and our Dance Teacher, Sophia was attending an evening youth session to tell the group about our new programme in Hackney. Sophia explained that we are able to support 16-24 year olds with employability skills alongside free dance classes.
Sport injury brought focus and determination for Len, 20 - Middlesbrough
Len (20) is from Middlesbrough. There had been a number of difficult situations in his family that had left him unfocused and he felt that emotionally he wasn't in the right frame of mind to work. Len was refereeing in local leagues and after a few weeks of being with Street League, he broke his ankle while taking part in a charity match. This injury brought into focus how important it was for Len to find a job and how far away he felt from being ready for work.


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Lyric Theatre Singers return to Oscar Peterson Concert Hall
The award-winning Lyric Theatre Singers have confirmed their return to the Oscar Peterson Concert Hall for four performances on June 13, 14 and 15, 2013.
Musical theatre fans are invited to save these dates and be there to witness a cast of over 40 performers take to the stage with this high-energy musical revue!
Hallelujah Broadway! is a joyful tribute to cherished classics as well as more recent and beloved songs from the musical theatre stage. "It is a wonderful challenge to find just the right collection of songs to engage and entertain our audiences every year." says musical director Bob Bachelor "thankfully, there is much to choose from!" Bachelor also mentions the contributions of new assistant musical director Chris Barillaro "Chris is as a wonderful addition to the Lyric Theatre team. He brings a wealth of experience, a fresh outlook and huge talent to the table. It is a pleasure to collaborate with him".
Together, Bachelor and Barillaro have conceived an outstanding show designed to delight. From the unforgettable compositions of George Gershwin that inspired the hit show Crazy For You, the hauntingly beautiful melodies of Kismet and Phantom's triumphant Masquerade to selections from Anything Goes, Once on this Island, Cabaret, Titanic, Spamalot, How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, The Book of Mormon and much more – there is truly something for everyone in this show!
Musical Direction and Staging BOB BACHELOR,
Assistant Musical Director CHRIS BARILLARO, Choreographer MARY SARLI,
Costumes KAREN PEARCE, Lighting Design PAUL LUDWIG TEICHGRABER
Only four performances!
June 13 @ 8PM
Oscar Peterson Concert Hall, Concordia University
Loyola Campus, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West.
TICKETS AVAILABLE AS OF APRIL 1ST – RESERVED SEATING
Regular: $32 – Students and seniors: $28; Children 12 and under: $16;
Group rate – 25 tickets min. $24
LYRIC BOX OFFICE 514-743-3382


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Home Fossil Energy Saipem 1Q revenue, profit down
Saipem 1Q revenue, profit down
Italian oilfield services contractor Saipem recorded a drop in revenue and profit in the first quarter of 2017, however it said the drop was in line with expectations.
Revenue fell to 2.26 million euros, from 2.84 million a year ago. Net profit was 47 million euros, a decrease from 61 million in the first quarter of 2016.
In a conference call on Friday, Giulio Bozzini, Saipem, Chief Financial and Strategy Officer said the 1Q 2017 decrease was across all the business segment due to lower activity levels across the board.
The company said revenue fell 20 percent mainly due to a contraction in Offshore E&C and Drilling sectors.
Stefano Cao, Saipem CEO, said the relative stability of oil prices of around 50 a barrel, has not translated yet into a change in investment approach by the upstream oil and gas player, and the oilfield services market is expected to remain depressed in 2017, especially in offshore EP.
In the offshore engineering and construction business segment revenues for the first quarter 2017 amounted to €1,205 million, down by 25.1% compared to the first quarter of 2016. This was mainly attributable to lower volumes recorded in Kazakhstan, Central South America and West Africa, which was partly offset by higher volumes registered in North Africa.
Revenues for the first quarter of in the offshore drilling segment amounted to €162 million, representing a 33.3% decrease compared to the first quarter of 2016, mainly attributable to reduced revenues from the semi-submersible rig Scarabeo 9, which underwent class reinstatement works in the quarter, and from the semi-submersible Scarabeo 7, which was temporarily contracted out at stand-by rate.
The decrease in revenues was slightly offset by increased revenues from the full-scale operations of the jack-up Perro Negro 5, which had undergone upgrading works in the first quarter of 2016.
The CEO said negotiations were underway to extend Scarabeo 8 rig contract until the end of the year.
While negotiating contract extensions for some of its rigs, CEO said there might be no opportunities for its rigs currently stacked. On that note, Cao said Saipem would shortly make a decision on whether to scrap Scarabeo 6 semi-submersible rig.
Saipem has affirmed its full year guidance expecting revenue of around €10 billion, net profit of more than €200 million and capex of around €0.4 billion.
Offshore Energy Today Staff
View post tag: Italy
View post tag: Scarabeo 6
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