text:
maschinenbau.sr.Zum Inhalt maschinenbau.sr.Zum Inhaltsverzeichnis maschinenbau.sr.Zur Hautpnavigation
Back Technology Innovations
Film Production Methods
Back Technology Centers
Pilot Line Contact Form
Back Sustainability
Initiative "Yes, we care"
Mission &Vision
BB Engineering
Brückner Servtec
Suppliers and Business Partners
Brückner Group worldwide
Platform Companies
Brückner Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG
Königsberger Str. 5-7
management@brueckner.com
Members of Brückner Group
A family-owned group of companies active in mechanical and plant engineering, striving for technology leadership of the highest quality for the benefit of customers.
Service and plant modernization to increase the efficiency and value of film stretching lines.
Design and manufacture of machines for processing plastics in the medical technology, refrigerator and packaging industries.
One of the world's leading technology companies for packaging equipment in the cosmetics, beverage and pharmaceutical industries.
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Brückner Maschinenbau
60 years Brückner Maschinenbau
The success story of the present Brückner Group began six decades ago
In October 1960, exactly 60 years ago, Gernot Brückner started the "Brückner-Trocknerbau owner Gernot Brückner, Tittmoning", named after him. Originally founded as a supplier for textile machines, the focus was quickly shifted to plastics. The market for the initially small company from Bavaria was already then the whole world. Since 1969, the company has been located in Siegsdorf as Brückner Maschinenbau and can now look back on an impressive company history: Brückner Maschinenbau is the world's leading supplier of machines and lines for the production of oriented plastic films.
The company's huge, more than 150m long lines guarantee international film manufacturers a highly efficient and reliable production of a wide range of film types, which are used as high-quality packaging material and in technical applications. At present a good 800 film production lines from Brückner Maschinenbau are in operation worldwide. Future topics of technological development include new film types for a circular economy or for electromobility, sustainability in film production and intelligent packaging.
Brückner Maschinenbau's range of services includes the planning, construction and commissioning of film production lines, the realisation of complex industrial projects as well as all process and mechanical engineering developments for film production. The range of services also includes consulting in project initiation, feasibility studies and financing solutions.
In the highly competitive, very narrow market for film stretching lines, it is not least the technological lead that counts. For this reason, Brückner works on research and development projects in its Technology Centre in Siegsdorf, which was inaugurated in 1998, together with raw material manufacturers, film producers and processors on the basic development of film technologies.
With the world's first simultaneous stretching lines with linear motor drive, the first line with a production width of ten metres or with production speeds of over 600 m/min, Brückner Maschinenbau has repeatedly set new standards.
"Applied research has been carried out from the very beginning, laboratory and pilot lines have always been part of our DNA. Our motto 'Stretching the Limits', also stands for the continuous development of our technologies, but also for the untiring commitment and motivation of our employees", says Helmut Huber, Managing Director for Sales and Project Management at Brückner Maschinenbau.
Over the past 17 years, Brückner Maschinenbau has become a veritable group of companies with a good 2,600 employees at 23 locations in 14 countries and a turnover of around €700 million. Dr. Axel von Wiedersperg, Managing Director of Brückner Group GmbH, the strategic management holding company, says: "The Brückner Group combines the world market and technology leaders in the plastics and packaging industry to form an extremely powerful international group of companies. The nice thing is that our group is still solely family-owned, which has a decisive influence on the corporate culture. As a family business, Brückner is not interested in short-term turnover, but in long-term relationships with customers, partners and above all with our employees".
Brückner location in Siegsdorf in 1970.
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On site and live on stage
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BOPET film is extremely versatile in use
Packaging – optical – technical – medical – and now very up-to-date: face shields
Latin America's film production flagship is taking shape
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Packaging made from polyethylene is currently a widely discussed topic
Discover the Members of Brückner Group
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© Copyright 2021 Brückner Maschinenbau GmbH & Co. KG

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Discussion in 'Apple Music, Apple Pay, iCloud, Apple Services' started by reese2147, Oct 21, 2014.
To give it a try, I enabled iCloud photo library on both my ipad and iphone. On the iphone, I have photos set to "download and keep originals". On my ipad, I have the setting as "optimize ipad storage"
When I view how much space photos are using on my devices (general-usage-manage storage) both devices are showing the EXACT SAME storage space for photos and camera. Shouldn't the storage on my ipad be less because I have "optimize" selected?
Yeah I'm having a terrible time understanding this as well.
Give OneDrive a try. From the sounds of things, its a solution you are looking for.
There are probably several solutions for what I am looking for, but I wanted it to integrate in with the Photos app.
Does this refer to new photos or current ones? I think once they're uploaded as originals, copies of smaller photos are then downloaded to the device.


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Before we can start any Forex trading, there needs to be a certain amount of knowledge about the currencies in use. There is a large list to choose from, but the four most popular and liquid currency pairs traded are known as "the majors". These are "euro", EUR/USD, "gopher", USD/JPY, "cable", GBP/USD and "swissie" USD/CHF.
The classifying and categorisation of currencies into different groups can occur in many ways, depending on the chosen criteria. Generally, the policies of central banks, the country's current account position (the surplus or deficit amount), and interest rates are the primary values used.
You will find reserve, or anchor currency, in significant quantities in any country's foreign exchange reserve. The US Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen and the Swiss Franc are four of the most dominant in the global economy.
If you consider the Japanese Yen, you can see it has been diminishing in value since the 90's, whereas, the Euro has grown continuously since its launch. The USD, however, has remained constant as one of the major currencies around the world and holds the highest prevalence in central bank currency allocations. The USD holds around two-thirds of the global Forex reserve, making it the world's leading reserve currency.
There is a 'rule of thumb' that most traders adhere to. This is that when countries are experiencing a period of economic troubles, the reserve currencies as a group, tend to appreciate. The opposite also occurs, as in a period of economic boom the reserve currency tends to depreciate. As with any 'rule of thumb', it is a generalisation as many variations will affect the behaviour of world currencies. It is important to note that in a period of robust economic growth an increase in the supply of reserve currencies can be seen.
Certain countries have abundant natural resources that they can trade in, such as Brazil, South Africa, Australia, Russia or Canada, to name a few. Commodity currencies are the monetary units of these countries, that is Brazilian Real, Australian or Canadian Dollars, Russian Ruble and South African Rand. The sale of these natural resources is the main export for these countries and, as such, the strength of the country's economy can be dependent on their trade. This dependency can create a degree of diversity concerning trade balance or economic sophistication, as many are amongst the developing nations. Forex trading in commodity currencies is very dependent on the resilience of the global commodity market.
As the name suggests, these currencies can frequently change as they are the currencies of nations with high budget or trade deficits, and most also have a significant USD debt. These currencies appreciate when the economy is booming, as they receive capital from developed countries to add to their assets. When there is an economic depression, the currencies then begin to depreciate, as global capital withdraws from risky assets. Currencies such as the Romanian Lew, Iranian Rial or the Turkish Lira are amongst this group.
A Forex trader needs to be able to evaluate available data thoroughly, and while the above descriptions are simply stated, they do contain basic concepts that every trader should understand. All traders need to establish a strategy that is both simple and disciplined, and one that can utilise the information gathered for making a profit. In the next part of the course, Forex analysis is discussed, which explores how to make sense of the highly variable, complicated information which is available. Which tools will aid the most in helping to generate trading signals on which currency pair to trade on at a specified time and price? Another question is how to trade austraila currencys.
Part 2: What Are Forex Pips, Leverage, Lots, And Margin?


text:
Europe: What about cooling?
Demand for cooling is surging as temperatures hit a record 40°C in Europe, but there is a long way to go before carbon-free cooling becomes law.
Nour Ghantous
Sunburst With Lens Flare. (Photo by Nora Carol Photography via Getty Images)
Temperatures have hit record highs across the European continent as the EU wraps up its work before the summer break. On 20 July, the European Commission proposed a gas demand reduction plan to get the EU through a winter with potentially very little or no Russian gas. On 13 July, the European Parliament's industry and energy committee voted to further raise 2030 targets for renewable energy and energy efficiency, in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Whether for heating or cooling, energy is increasingly a scarce and expensive commodity, and the current heatwaves suggest the latest acceleration towards climate neutrality cannot come too soon.
In 2020, the UK MET office modelled what temperatures would look like in 2050, but that forecast has already become reality. In accordance with those predictions, studies warned that global cooling demand would increase fivefold and the number of cooling appliances would quadruple to 14 billion. With the arrival of record temperatures three decades early, experts are concerned that the world is ill-prepared to cope.
Cooling makes the world hotter
Cooling technologies remain overwhelmingly powered by fossil fuels.
The production and use of refrigerant gases called hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) also threatens to exacerbate global warming by as much as 0.4°C by 2100.
In 2016, Montreal Protocol signatories agreed to the Kigali Amendment, pledging to restrict the production and use of HFCs from 2019. One alternative is natural refrigerants, which are naturally occurring substances like CO2 or ammonia. While natural refrigerants cause negligible carbon emissions and do not damage the ozone layer, they can be controversial for their potential chemical footprint. The European FluoroCarbons Technical Committee, which represents HFC suppliers and producers, warns that ammonia can lead to changes to soil and water quality, for example.
"Refrigerants are a true dilemma," says Kristian Strand, president of commercial compressors at Danish energy company Danfoss. "On the one hand, if we use natural refrigerants then we eliminate global warming potential. On the other hand, there is a discussion on the chemicals and what [environmental] impact they have. But they are not supposed to [leak], so it is thinking about how we build systems that are tight," he adds.
Rita Tedesco, head of energy transition at Environmental Coalition on Standards (ECOS) takes a different view. "The overwhelming majority of natural refrigerants used for household and commercial cooling appliances pose very few environmental risks, definitely far fewer than fluorinated refrigerants," she says. "Ammonia is subject to stringent safety standards and is almost entirely used in industrial refrigeration. Leakage emissions of ammonia used as a refrigerant are very small compared to fluorinated gases: even the smallest leaks can be easily detected because of its smell," she adds.
"[Refrigerants] are a non-issue if time and resources are invested," says Thomas Nowak, head of the European Heat Pump Association. "If tight timelines are applied, [they become a less secure option]."
What is clear is that if rising global temperatures continue to be countered with current cooling practices, their high emissions risk making the world an even hotter place.
The case for more energy-efficient cooling is not just environmental but a necessity given the increasing volatility and scarcity of energy, says Strand. "We will not be able to serve the growing population with air-conditioned offices, buildings or even enough food [if we do not use energy more efficiently]," he notes.
Propelled by Europe's race to find an alternative to Russian gas come wintertime, much of the decarbonisation conversation has been dominated by clean heating technology. However, across Europe, unbearable heatwaves are exposing countries' ill-preparedness to meet surging demand for clean cooling.
A University of Birmingham study predicts that demand for cooling will soon overtake that for heating, a prospect European countries' climate and energy targets have not yet accounted for. The European Commission's current proposal to revise the EU's energy efficiency directive names clean cooling technology as a priority, but it is far from becoming law. The EU Parliament's full plenary will discuss the proposal in September and then negotiations with member states will begin.
"It is a massive task," says Strand. "If you look at all the figures [for cooling demand and supply] you can get a little depressed. Looking towards 2050, we think, how are we going to make it? That is why we are so persistent on energy efficiency, it is often overlooked [as a solution]."
By 2030, Danfoss aims to produce 80% of its products using the circularity approach and create circularity collaborations with its top 25 clients.
Efficiency and standards
Doubling the energy efficiency of cooling by 2050 would reduce the need for additional electricity generation capacity to meet peak demand by 1,300GW, calculates the International Energy Agency (IEA) – equivalent to all the coal-fired power generation capacity in China and India in 2018. It could also save up to $2.9trn on electricity generation, transmission and distribution costs.
Together with natural refrigerants, the IEA says improved efficiency could abate between 210 and 460 billion tonnes of CO2-equivalent emissions from cooling over the next four decades.
While high efficiency air conditioners (ACs) are available on the market, most customers choose to buy two to three times less efficient models, the IEA notes. It estimates that, by 2030, energy efficiency regulations could increase AC energy efficiency by around 50%, putting cooling on track to its Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario. Efficiency standards in product design and production are a crucial safeguard against the potential surge in inefficient cooling technology over the next few decades.
"We need to think about circularity," adds Strand. "To what degree is your product reusable and recyclable? What is the lifetime of your product?"
Heat pumps: not just heat
Nowak believes the solution lies in switching to different technologies such as heat pumps. Heat pumps are more effective than air conditioning during heatwaves, suggested a study by US non-profit RMI last year. Nowak says: "[We need to] ban the worst-performing products. A label is not enough. […] We have no cooling problem. We have a technology selection problem. End users choose the cheapest solution and rarely consider both heating and cooling together."
Heat pumps operate by sucking heat from the natural environment – the ground, air or water – and concentrating it into a building to provide heating. The mechanism can be reversed in warm weather to provide cooling. When powered by renewable electricity, heat pumps are carbon neutral.
A 2021 IEA report on cooling notes that energy use for space cooling has more than tripled since 1990, which has had a substantial impact on power grids, particularly during times of high demand or extreme heat. This trend has continued over the past year, in part prompted by increased home cooling as Covid-19 confined people to their homes. Space cooling accounted for nearly 16% of the building sector's final electricity consumption globally in 2020, more than triple what it was in 1990, according to the IEA.
"It is about more efficient systems but also rethinking how we use the energy we already put out there," says Strand. He suggests using heat pumps to channel waste heat from big energy consumers such as data centres or supermarkets into cooling.
Nowak agrees. "Instead of discharging [waste heat] into the environment as "thermal waste," we should use it [for energy]," he says.
One of the greatest barriers to a large-scale heat pump roll-out is that they require expert installation, and the number of experts that would be required to meet surging cooling demand is far more than is currently available.
"We in the industry have an obligation to work together and to provide training and education," says Strand. "Otherwise, when you look at the demand, we will have no chance. We need to get more people interested to work [in the field]," he adds. Strand also suggests that heat pump component design can be further improved, "so that our customers don't need a refrigeration technician or electrician to install [the technology]".
Editor's note: This piece was updated on 2 September 2022 to include a quote from Rita Tedesco, head of energy transition at Environmental Coalition on Standards (ECOS).
@nourghantous Nour Ghantous is a reporter based in London. She is a graduate of the MSc in Humanitarian Engineering at Warwick University, where she authored a consultancy report investigating the feasibility of installing wind turbines on campus. She has previously written for Lacuna magazine and the Boar. Contact Nour at: nour.ghantous [at] globaldata.com
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text:
Lanzkron - Larahmore
Lapoint
Alyssa - Avery
Augusta Lapoint
Augusta Lapoint (1888 - 1970)
Kenosha, Kenosha County, Wisconsin 53140
Augusta Lapoint of Kenosha, Kenosha County, Wisconsin was born on August 4, 1888, and died at age 82 years old in August 1970.
Augusta Lapoint Augusta Lapoint (1888 - 1970)
Augusta Lapoint's Biography
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Augusta Lapoint passed away at age 82 years old in August 1970. Augusta Lapoint of Kenosha, Kenosha County, Wisconsin was born on August 4, 1888.
Augusta Lapoint lived 11 years longer than the average Lapoint family member when she died at the age of 81.
The average age of a Lapoint family member is 70.
Who is Augusta Lapoint to you? Share memories and family stories, photos, or ask questions.
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Refresh this page to see various historical events that occurred during Augusta's lifetime.
In 1888, in the year that Augusta Lapoint was born, Irishman John Robert Gregg published a pamphlet in the U.S., teaching his first version of shorthand - Gregg shorthand. When he improved on the first version and published it 5 years later, Gregg shorthand became popular.
In 1907, by the time she was 19 years old, the Monongah coal mining disaster occurred on December 6th, happening at the Fairmont Coal Company's No. 6 and No. 8 mines.. Over 361 miners were killed. Because there was no breathing apparatus at the time to help rescuers, recovery efforts were greatly hampered. It is considered the worst mining disaster in American history and led to government oversight in mining practices.
In 1949, she was 61 years old when comedian Milton Berle hosted the first telethon show. It raised $1,100,000 for cancer research and lasted 16 hours. The next day, newspapers, in writing about the event, first used the word "telethon."
In 1963, Augusta was 75 years old when on November 22nd, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became the 36th President of the United States when President John Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas, Texas. Johnson was sworn in on the plane carrying Kennedy's body back to Washington D.C.
In 1970, in the year of Augusta Lapoint's passing, on May 4th, four students at Kent State University in Ohio were shot and killed by National Guardsmen. The students were at a peaceful demonstration protesting the invasion of Cambodia by US forces. There had been precedent for the killing of American college students. The previous year, on May 15th, Alameda County Sheriffs used shotguns against U.C. Berkeley students at a protest for People's Park. One student died, one was blinded, 128 were injured.
Other Lapoint Family Biographies
Annette Lapoint
Oct 12, 1904 - Oct 1974
John Lapoint
Jan 17, 1885 - Aug 1963
Catherine Lapoint
Dec 30, 1900 - Aug 1969
Philip S Lapoint
Doris M Lapoint
Jun 5, 1922 - Oct 1995
Elizabeth Ruth Lapoint
Apr 24, 1952 - Sep 8, 2005
John Arthur Lapoint
May 23, 1925 - Feb 6, 2011
Ernest Lapoint
Mar 23, 1929 - Nov 1985
Juanita Lapoint
Jul 24, 1939 - Sep 1974
Richard D Lapoint
Dec 18, 1970 - Jul 30, 2007
Herbert Lapoint
May 11, 1925 - Sep 29, 1996
Eunice Lapoint
Raymond Lapoint
Oct 8, 1927 - Aug 1986
Maurice Lapoint
Viola Lapoint
Sep 20, 1927 - Jan 24, 2002
Aug 17, 1900 - Feb 1970
James E Lapoint
Mar 25, 1929 - Sep 13, 1982
Ralph Lapoint
Nov 4, 1929 - Jun 1968
Joan E Lapoint
Apr 19, 1935 - Sep 10, 2009
Help paint a picture of Augusta so that she is always remembered.
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The Middlebury Field Hockey Team is one win away from successfully defending their NCAA National Championship after a 4-2 win over Rowan in Saturday's national semifinal. Meanwhile the Midd Women's Soccer team advanced to the regional finals with a 2-0 win over Swarthmore on South Street Field.
Stories on both games follow.
MANHEIM, PA> — Second-ranked Middlebury advanced to the NCAA Championship game for the eighth time after a 4-2 win over third-ranked Rowan (22-1) at the Spooky Nook Dome in Manheim, Pennsylvania. The Panthers (20-1) will face Tufts in an All-NESCAC final on Sunday at 1:00 p.m. Middlebury defeated Tufts 2-1 in overtime on October 6, before earning a 1-0 win over the Jumbos in the NESCAC Championship game.
Rowan jumped on top just 2:52 into the game on a goal that began on a penalty corner after an initial shot by Rachel Galante. Julie Johnson collected the rebound just inside the circle and made a pass down low to Bridget Guinan, who redirected the ball into the left side of the net for the 1-0 advantage.
Middlebury answered when Grace Jennings put home her own rebound from point-blank range at the 6:14 mark.
With the game tied at 1-1, the Profs had a chance to regain the lead 10 minutes into the contest, but Krystyna Hovell's breakaway bid was denied by Middlebury goalkeeper Megan Collins.
Jennings had another opportunity on the other end of the field, carrying the ball 60 yards on her own before her shot went just wide of the right goal post. Marissa Baker had a strong bid with 12:40 remaining in the half, but after beating a defender and driving to the goal, her shot was saved by Rowan keeper Morgan Novak.
Middlebury took a 2-1 lead when Jennings netted her team-leading 16th tally of the season at the 26:26 mark. After carrying to ball in from the left side, Jennings centered a pass to Baker, who returned it to Jennings at the left post for the goal.
The Panthers made it a 3-1 game 5:47 into the second half when Danielle Brown scored her 11th goal of the season. Baker split a pair of defenders and carried the ball up the field before finding Brown on the right wing. After taking a few strides forward, Brown blasted a shot into the far side of the cage for the two-goal lead.
Rowan maintained possession for much of the next 12 minutes, but was unable to muster up any quality scoring chances. With 17 minutes remaining, Jennings nearly increased the lead when her shot breaking in on the left wing hit the post.
Galante had a chance to cut the deficit to one, but her shot went just wide on a penalty corner with 12:00 left, before Erin Nicholas' blast also went wide at the 9:30 mark.
Rowan made it a one-goal game when Galante converted a penalty stroke with a shot to the top-left corner of the cage with 4:40 remaining. The goal was her 30th of the season.
Just 1:02 later, the Panthers regained a two-goal advantage on a great passing play, resulting in the 12th goal of the season for Brown. Jennings and Baker worked a give-and-go, before Jennings found Brown on a nice crossing pass from five yards out.
Middlebury finished with a slim 15-14 advantage in shots, while Rowan led in penalty corners, 7-2. Collins finished with a season-high six saves in goal, including five in the first half. Novak made five stops for the Profs.
The Panthers tied a school record with their 20th win and are now 10-1 against ranked opponents this season. With her assist, Jennings moved into second place on the school's all-time assists record with 46. Rowan had not allowed more than two goals in a game this season.
MIDDLEBURY — The Middlebury women's soccer team scored twice in the second half, as the Panthers advanced to the NCAA Quarterfinals for the third time in school history with a 2-0 shutout over #12 Swarthmore in a sectional match-up on Saturday. Middlebury (17-1-3) tied a program record for wins in a season, tying the 2013 squad. The third-ranked Panthers move into Sunday's sectional final at 1:00 p.m., facing Misericordia, which topped Hardin-Simmons 4-2 in a shootout after the two sides battled to a 1-1 double overtime standoff. Swarthmore finished its season at 17-3-2.
The teams combined for nine shots in the opening 45 minutes, with the Garnet getting the best opportunity. Martin McCoy carried the ball down the left side and fired a rising shot on goal, but Panther goalie Ursula Alwang punched the attempt wide with 33:40 shoeing on the clock. Middlebury's defense cleared the ensuing corner kick keeping the game scoreless.
The hosts had a good chance in the final 10 minutes of the frame, as Olivia Miller headed a shot on goal from the right side of the net that Garnet keeper Amy Shmoys collected.
In the second stanza, Middlebury had an opportunity with 15 minutes expired, as Ellie Greenberg put a shot just wide of the right post. Greenberg didn't miss on her next chance just over a minute later, rolling a low shot from the right side into the bottom corner of the net for a 1-0 Middlebury lead with 28:33 on the clock.
The Garnet began to press for the equalizer in the final 15 minutes, but it was the Panthers that gained some breathing room with an insurance goal. After a quick give-and-go by Miller and Eliza Van Voorhis, Eliza Robinson touched in a cross by Van Voorhis for a 2-0 cushion with 6:17 remaining.
Swarthmore appeared to have cut the margin in half with 4:58 left in the game when McCoy directed the ball into the Panther net, but the visitors were flagged for offside, negating the score. The Garnet had two more opportunities to spoil the shutout in the final minute, but a block by defender Rose Evans and a save by Ulwang secured the 2-0 victory.
In goal for the Panthers, Alwang finished with a pair of saves for the shutout, tying Adele Plunkett ('05-'08) for fifth on the program's career shutout list with 30. Shmoys had seven stops for Swarthmore.
Middlebury held a 13-9 edge in shots and each team had two corner kicks.


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text:
Husajnidzi – dynastia bejów sprawująca władzę w Tunisie w latach 1705–1957.

Historia

Założycielem dynastii był Husajn Ibn Ali, wojskowy, poddany sułtanowi tureckiemu, który ogłosił się bejem Tunisu w 1705 roku. Formalnie jego władza zależała nadal od sułtana, faktycznie pozostawał niezależny. Husajn Ibn Ali opierał się na zislamizowanych i zarabizowanych chrześcijanach, byłych niewolnikach. Bejowie husajnidzcy rozwijali niezależne kontakty z dworami europejskimi. Znaczącymi przedstawicielami dynastii byli reformatorzy: Ahmad I oraz Muhammad II. Władcy ci reformowali państwo na wzór europejski. Władza Husajnidów została uszczuplona, gdy ustanowiony został Protektorat francuski Tunezji po zawarciu układu w Bardo 12 maja 1881 roku. Muhammad VIII przyjął w 1956 roku tytuł króla, jednak Tunezyjskie Zgromadzenie Konstytucyjne ogłosiło 15 lipca 1957 republikę.

Zobacz też
 Historia Tunezji
 Prezydenci Tunezji

Przypisy

Historia Tunezji
Władcy Tunezji
!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
August 1, 2021 Human Network Contributor
Women Advancing in STEM Industries, However Gender Gaps Remain
Human NetworkManagement & MotivationProfessional Development/Leadership
Women make up only 28% of the workforce in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM), and men outnumber women majoring in most STEM undergraduate majors.(1)
Women entering highly male-dominated places have always had to learn new ways of communicating to be effective. In past roles, I've had to learn how to communicate in a masculine culture in ways that I was not socialized for. Even [STEM] courses for young people use problem sets and projects more appealing to young men, so we need to start at the very beginning to improve diversity.
In the short term, we can teach young women and girls to communicate effectively in STEM environments, so they can achieve the same status as men in the fields. Longer-term, balancing and diversifying the STEM fields themselves will create cultures that are more welcoming to young women and underrepresented minorities.
I believe that constant discussions in the media about how male-dominated STEM fields are can actually make the problem worse, and that instead positive messages and role models need to be shown to young women and girls. By constantly discussing these stereotypes, young girls can develop further insecurities. I want the next generation to experience normalcy and confidence in STEM, with fewer gender stereotypes attached.
STEM and the Challenges Females Face
Statistically, "women are still vastly underrepresented in the STEM workforce. However, women have made gains — from 8% of STEM workers in 1970 to 27% in 2019."(2)
I hope this statistic will continue to increase, as we address the major factors contributing to these gaps: gender stereotypes, imposter syndrome, male-dominated cultures, fewer role-models, and a lack of confidence girls develop in their own leadership abilities.
[It's important to] find women and hire them, and to make sure they have resources and support. You have to build relationships. Letting college women and schoolgirls know that they have a future in these industries is a huge piece of this. More importantly, if girls seem hesitant to enter a STEM field, it's imperative they receive positive mentoring.
A critical step to help more women and minorities succeed in this industry would be recognizing this issue early and bringing it forward in elementary and middle school. With more girls feeling confident and proud of their interest in STEM at a younger age, their transition into collegiate and career-based STEM programs would be more pleasant and less stressful.
It's really important to me how we [communicate this concern]. I worry about how society talks about STEM and how to get more girls to participate because when one focuses on the gap, girls will internalize it. Be careful not to imply that these are predominantly male areas. Telling your daughter that she's smart and capable is really important.
More Women and Minorities in Tech are Needed
Workplace diversity has become a pivotal subject, so intertwining the normalcy of women and minorities in STEM programs is crucial. Whether this be incorporated into early education or simply parents supporting their daughters as they show genuine interest in STEM, it is a focus educators and parents should advocate.
I have experienced these industry challenges as a female mechanical engineer and I want to help prepare young women for STEM fields. I am devoted to being a mentor and a role model for the younger generation so they can push forward and accomplish their science, technology, engineering, or mathematics, goals without facing discrimination, or anxiety along the way.
Seeing more women in the field can be a source of inspiration. Girls have to be shown what women can do. The key is to foster their drive with mentoring and the opportunity to follow that dream.
SUMMARY OF TOP TAKEAWAYS
To recap, here are the top takeaways for fostering more women and girls in STEM:
Make efforts to find and attract more women to STEM — think outside the box.
Build relationships with colleges, as well as elementary and middle schools to attract more women in STEM.
Provide resources for women and girls to succeed in STEM fields.
Provide mentoring.
Put more attention on advocating, rather than focusing on the gender gap narrative.
1. American Association of University Women (AAUW), "The STEM Gap: Women and Girls in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math." aauw.org/resources/research/the-stem-gap/ | Accessed 2 APR 2021
2. Cheridan Christnacht and Anthony Martinez. United States Census Bureau, "Women Making Gains in STEM Occupations but Still Underrepresented." census.gov/library/stories/2021/01/women-making-gains-in-stem-occupations-but-still-underrepresented.html | 26 JAN 2021
About the Author: Caitlin Kalinowski earned her BS in Mechanical Engineering from Stanford University in 2007, where she is a guest lecturer at Stanford's School of Engineering and the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design. Currently, Caitlin is Hardware Director for Facebook Reality Labs' Oculus VR products — including 2020's Oculus Quest 2, Oculus Quest, Oculus Go, and Oculus Rift. Previously she was a technical lead for Mac Pro and MacBook Air products, and was part of the original unibody MacBook Pro team. Caitlin has also been instrumental in her support for the arts in California and her work blazing paths to encourage girls to enter STEM. For more information visit https://caitlinkalinowski.com/
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If you're interested in placing an article in the Human Network section, please email Karen Adolphson, Managing Editor, ISE magazine at kadolphson@isemag.com.
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> > Yes but this ocaml code use array ?
> Lists and arrays.  Each where it's appropriate.
> > the resulting code is no more "functionnal".
> To which, I'd assume the majority response would be, "So?"
we could continue a long moment that way.
Well not trying to define stuff is better ?
> (a  polymorphic comment, indeed).
> he's very much an OCaml newbie.
He is far better than most of my students.
It all depends on what you call a newbie.
We are all the newbie of someone else (except perhaps xavier leroy, eijiro sumii and company).
> > make the community bigger and bigger.
yes but there is also full of friendly helpful folks.
> "You've got Rita Marlowe in the palm of your hand."
> "Palm of my hand?  You haven't seen Rita Marlowe..."
> 		-- Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?


text:
Home / Sale / Hockney Drawing From Life Tote Bag
Hockney Drawing From Life Tote Bag
Cotton Tote Bag featuring Drawing From Life text, the current David Hockney exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery.
National Portrait Gallery logo printed on reverse.
Exclusive to the National Portrait Gallery.
Material:100% cotton
Care Instructions: Wipe clean only, do not tumble dry
The first major exhibition devoted to David Hockney's drawings in over twenty years, David Hockney: Drawing from Life, explores Hockney as a draughtsman from the 1950s to the present by focusing on depictions of himself and a small group of sitters close to him: his muse, Celia Birtwell; his mother, Laura Hockney; and friends, the curator, Gregory Evans, and master printer, Maurice Payne.
Featuring around 150 works from public and private collections across the world, as well as from the David Hockney Foundation and the artist, the exhibition will trace the trajectory of his practice by revisiting these five subjects over a period of five decades. Highlights include a series of new portraits; coloured pencil drawings created in Paris in the early 1970s; composite Polaroid portraits from the 1980s; and a selection of drawings from an intense period of self-scrutiny during the 1980s when the artist created a self-portrait every day over a period of two months.


I'm trying really hard not to be a smug Minnesotan here. I can't remember it ever being that hot in these parts .. although surely it has been. I know New England heat is a special level of hell though - stay cool and drink lots of water!


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Drug testing in the workplace has been around for decades and is used in different industries. The reason why employers drug test job applicants or current employees is SAFETY. Safety is the biggest reason to test people who are at risk of injury to themselves or others. People who drive a vehicle or work in a safety-sensitive position. Drug testing is required in the United States military, many law enforcement agencies test their officers and private companies drug test employees all to discourage the use of drugs in the workplace. The purpose of drug testing is to discourage drug use, thus reducing accidents. Because people know they are in a drug-testing program that is required by their work they are discouraged from the use of drugs.
This guide explores the different types of drug tests conducted in the workplace and how you as the employer should prepare and set up drug-testing programs in a disciplined and structured approach to having an effective program.
Start with a written policy, a policy that applies to all workers equally. This policy is a tool and a guide for you to follow. It states who is covered under the policy, what drugs will be tested for, and how often testing will occur. The policy is a tool to educate your workers that your company is serious about safety, their safety, and that you are going to the expense of making the workplace as safe as you can. You can give your workers a copy of the policy and sign that they have received it.
Using the US Government Department of Transportation Anti–Drug Program as an example is a good model to follow. Positive rates for drug use and accidents have fallen dramatically.
Decrease in truck accidents as measured by the death of truck drivers.
Which Drugs Do We Usually Test For?
The workers donate samples of urine or saliva for drug testing. Saliva has been accepted by the US Department of Transportation as a valid body fluid for a drug test. Saliva is available, doesn't need a bathroom for collection. The collection is so easy that companies can have a person trained to do the observed collection right in their offices.
Drugs for Drug Testing
Marijuana is a substance that affects awareness, focus, coordination, and thus safety. Twenty-five percent of fatal accidents show the driver in the fatal accidents had marijuana in their body fluids.
Cocaine affects attention too. A person is too alert, pays too much attention, and may not see or respond to an emergent situation properly.
Amphetamines and Methamphetamines have similar effects as cocaine
Opioids have a calming effect. The make a person relax The person may relax so much they go to sleep. And they may sleep so deeply they do not breathe.
When do we test for drugs in our drug program?
Pre-Employment Drug Test. At hire. A pre-employment drug test
Random Drug Test or Alcohol Test. Testing the workers throughout the work year
For Cause Drug Test or Alcohol Test If a supervisor who has been trained can identify and can articulate in writing behavior that may be caused by drug use.
Post-Accident Drug or Alcohol Test. If there has been an accident significant in the eyes of the company that may have been caused by Drugs or Alcohol. Then we should do a Post-Accident Drug Test for Drugs and a Breath Alcohol test for alcohol.
Drug tests come in two parts: screening and confirmatory tests. The screening test looks for traces of drugs in the body, while the confirmatory test uses techniques like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to take a chemical fingerprint of the atoms that make up the drug and this test has no equal for accuracy and is evidential in a court of law.
Why Employers Use Drug Tests in Workplaces
Drug and alcohol tests are used in workplaces for safety. The following are why employers may conduct drug & alcohol tests in the workplace.
Drug tests help ensure that employees are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol, which seriously affect cognitive function and have adverse effects on their work performance.
Employers can identify substance abusers to take appropriate action before it becomes a bigger problem.
The presence of a random drug testing program discourages the use of drugs because a worker can be asked to provide a sample at any time.
Drug tests are also used to prevent accidents through timely detection of substance abuse that can lead to accidents or to fatalities at work sites.
Statistics show that about 9% of employees struggle with substance abuse. Hence, employers also use drug tests to screen employees with substance abuse problems as part of their hiring process.
Employers are required to conduct these tests to comply with state regulations.
What is the incidence of Drug use in the United States?
Twenty-Five Percent of Americans over the age of 12 have used Drugs last month.
Which Substances Do Drug Tests Detect?
Drug tests in the workplace will generally look for the following substances.
DOT US Department of Transportation Required
Opioids Including codeine, morphine  heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone
Prescription drugs (oxycodone, hydrocodone fentanyl heroine
THC, Marijuana
Cocaine/crack
Amphetamines, Methamphetamine, ecstasy, methadone, speed
Companies not regulated by the United States Department of Transportation may test for these drugs also.
The substances below can be tested for if the worker's behavior suggests
Inhalants (glue, paint)
Prescription drugs (oxycodone, Vicodin)
Hallucinogens such as magic mushrooms, peyote, and LSD
Some of these substances can be detected by a drug test only after a limited amount of time following use. But others are detectable even months following last usage depending on the type of test.
When Employers Require Drug Tests?
For Cause- If a supervisor suspects drug use
Pre-employment Drug Testing
Pre-employment drug testing is conducted by employers who want to know if an applicant is a user of illegal drugs before hiring. Drug use is a major issue in the workplace, and employers want to make sure that they don't hire a potential addict or someone who would endanger other employees.  The pre Employment drug test is a test you can study for and it is a bad sign if a worker has a positive pre-employment test.
Random Testing
Random testing is not to catch a person using drugs, but to discourage the use of drugs.  A worker who knows they may be drug tested at any time will generally not use drugs.
Post-accident Drug Testing
Post-accident drug testing is conducted an employee has been involved in an accident at work and there is the possibility of substance abuse. Employers want to ensure that their employees were not under the influence when the accident occurred. If a worker has a positive drug test after an accident, the required workman's compensation insurance may not cover the worker, and the company may be held liable for the accident the worker caused.
For Cause Testing
If the employee has come to the attention of a supervisor because of observable behavior or work performance that indicates drug or alcohol use, the supervisor should document his observations in writing and have the worker taken for a probable cause test.  Safety is the chief concern.  If the worker does not have the substance, other reasons for the change in performance should be considered such as his health, does the worker has a brain tumor, diabetes, or social stresses such as problems at home that interfere with sleep.
How to Prepare For an Employee Drug Test
One of the most critical steps in preparing for a drug test is to stop using drugs or alcohol at least two weeks before the test. The best way to do this is to get support from friends, family, and other people who are not using drugs such as a 12 step program as AA Alcoholic Anonymous, Marijuana Anonymous, Cocaine Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous.
If you have an addiction alcohol anonymous, cocaine anonymous, narcotics anonymous are free programs that offer tremendous support.  Then test yourself with a drug test from the drug store or drug testing service so that you know you are clean before you present for a Pre-Employment Test.
What Happens After a Positive Drug Test Result?
The consequence of a positive drug test result is that they are taken off the safety-sensitive position. In the case of a US Department of Transportation worker, the worker must be referred to a Substance Abuse Professional, who is trained to evaluate the worker for the extent of the problem and who then referrers the worker to an organization for assistance. The referral to the Substance Abuse Professional begins the Return to Duty Process. The worker then returns to the Substance Abuse Professional with evidence of his completing the referral process and the Substance Abuse Professional can then write a Return to Duty letter for the worker. This return to duty letter and a clean observed drug test or breath alcohol test allows the worker to reenter the workplace to do his covered job. The person may not be hired until the worker has completed the return to Duty process and had a negative observed Return to Duty Drug Test or Alcohol Test
In the case of a non-DOT covered worker, the employer will take the worker off the covered job. The worker can go through a company return to duty process or the worker can be fired.
Drug testing in the workplace can give workers a heads up that drug use has to stop or working at this company has to stop. But if the worker wants to work the worker must not use drugs until the body has excreted the drugs and the worker will pass a drug test. The worker may test himself with a test purchased at the drug store to know when the worker will pass the Employment Tests. Safe and responsible workers are what the company wants.
Nevertheless, the most common type of drug test is urinalysis. This is because it's the least invasive and easy to conduct. Saliva Testing is even easier and will soon be approved by the United States Department of Transportation for the transportation industry. If you have any questions about a given Dot drug test, it's always better to seek clarification beforehand.


text:
Publisher - ALL ABOUT DAILY WINDSOR NEWS
Cab crash sparked Barbara Windsor's dementia, says husband
By Letitia Mooney Last updated Oct 11, 2022
Barbara Windsor and Scott Mitchell (Dave Benett)
Dame Barbara Windsor's widower Scott Mitchell traces her struggle with dementia back to a black cab ride gone wrong.
He recalls that, when he and Windsor were traveling through London by black cab in 2002, the driver was star-struck by the EastEnders legend. Attempting to dodge a van, he braked too late and sent Babs "headfirst into the partition."
"I always believed that was the very start of Barbara's ill health," he said. "She was never quite the same." Windsor died aged 83 in 2020.
Mitchell, 59, married Windsor in 2000 and cared for her through much of her illness. He recalled the black cab story last night to an audience at the Wimbledon BookFest. The occasion was a "celebration" of Windsor's life which he co-hosted with David Walliams.
Mitchell spoke about Windsor's early illness. "The main symptoms were forgetfulness, it started getting more so, I'd find objects in the wrong place, the TV control in the fridge or in the sink, repetitive and confused conversation, it would come and go… but within this time after the diagnosis she went back to Eastenders a couple of times."
Reactions to the news were mixed. Mitchell said: "I remember after we went public her friend Christopher Biggins, who she'd known forever and a day, they had this have-a-go-at-eachother relationship. She always retained that little bit of humor even on days when it wasn't good. I remember one day we were going out for dinner. She was being made up by her makeup artists. Biggins walked in and we'd just gone public with it and he went: "Hel-lo-oo Barrr-bara, my-yy name is Chris-to-pher." Without moving she went: "f*** off Biggins!"
"David Baddiel was the one who told me, we bumped into him at a party in 2019, and his father, who he'd spoken about very publicly had Alzheimer's as well, and David said to me 'don't worry, Scott. Whatever happens, there will always be a little part of her in there,' and he was right, he was right until the very end.
"When we did go public, the charities were referring to it as "the Barbara Windsor effect", because what happened was all those people who were living with it who didn't want to talk to their families about it suddenly, they were saying "You know Barbara, Barbara Windsor, she's got that thing I've got, and she talks about it" and it kind of made it ok.
"There was this incredible surge of awareness to do with dementia, the word dementia and Alzheimer's was written in the press in an unprecedented way after Barbara went public."
Mitchell had kind words for former prime minister Boris Johnson, who met with him and Windsor to discuss dementia and Alzheimer's care. Johnson launched the Barbara Windsor Dementia Mission, a research funding commitment.
"We were talking to him about the lack of social care, the problems of social care and the underfunding of it, and they'd already known each other when he was mayor. Barbara was his street party ambassador.
"He had this meeting with us that was fantastic, I know a lot of people don't really want to talk about the good things Boris Johnson has done. But I have to say one thing: he has put a reform plan in place, he is the first prime minister out of 14 over the last 70 years to have actually done something about social care funding where there will be a cap on it, where people won't have to be selling their houses."
Letitia Mooney 1127 posts 0 comments
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This page is dedicated to the OT Fieldwork Educators who provide placements to our students. Below you will find the fieldwork forms needed for OTD and MSOT Level I and Level II Placements. All are available except for the Level II AOTA Student Evaluation form that will be sent to the facility.
If you have questions about fieldwork forms, please contact Caitlin Haskell, Program Assistant at 615-460-6700 or caitlin.haskell@belmont.edu.


text:
Not to be confused with Media access control.
In cryptography, a message authentication code (MAC), sometimes known as a tag, is a short piece of information used to authenticate a message—in other words, to confirm that the message came from the stated sender (its authenticity) and has not been changed. The MAC value protects both a message's data integrity as well as its authenticity, by allowing verifiers (who also possess the secret key) to detect any changes to the message content.
3 Message integrity codes
4 Implementation
6 An example of MAC use
6.1 One-time MAC
Definitions[edit]
Informally, a message authentication code system consists of three algorithms:
A key generation algorithm selects a key from the key space uniformly at random.
A signing algorithm efficiently returns a tag given the key and the message.
A verifying algorithm efficiently verifies the authenticity of the message given the key and the tag. That is, return accepted when the message and tag are not tampered with or forged, and otherwise return rejected.
For a secure unforgeable message authentication code, it should be computationally infeasible to compute a valid tag of the given message without knowledge of the key, even if for the worst case, we assume the adversary can forge the tag of any message except the given one.[1]
Formally, a message authentication code (MAC) system is a triple of efficient[2] algorithms (G, S, V) satisfying:
G (key-generator) gives the key k on input 1n, where n is the security parameter.
S (signing) outputs a tag t on the key k and the input string x.
V (verifying) outputs accepted or rejected on inputs: the key k, the string x and the tag t. S and V must satisfy the following:
Pr [ k ← G(1n), V( k, x, S(k, x) ) = accepted ] = 1.[3]
A MAC is unforgeable if for every efficient adversary A
Pr [ k ← G(1n), (x, t) ← AS(k, · )(1n), x ∉ Query(AS(k, · ), 1n), V(k, x, t) = accepted] < negl(n),
where AS(k, · ) denotes that A has access to the oracle S(k, · ), and Query(AS(k, · ), 1n) denotes the set of the queries on S made by A, which knows n. Clearly we require that any adversary cannot directly query the string x on S, since otherwise a valid tag can be easily obtained by that adversary.[4]
Security[edit]
While MAC functions are similar to cryptographic hash functions, they possess different security requirements. To be considered secure, a MAC function must resist existential forgery under chosen-plaintext attacks. This means that even if an attacker has access to an oracle which possesses the secret key and generates MACs for messages of the attacker's choosing, the attacker cannot guess the MAC for other messages (which were not used to query the oracle) without performing infeasible amounts of computation.
MACs differ from digital signatures as MAC values are both generated and verified using the same secret key. This implies that the sender and receiver of a message must agree on the same key before initiating communications, as is the case with symmetric encryption. For the same reason, MACs do not provide the property of non-repudiation offered by signatures specifically in the case of a network-wide shared secret key: any user who can verify a MAC is also capable of generating MACs for other messages. In contrast, a digital signature is generated using the private key of a key pair, which is public-key cryptography[2]. Since this private key is only accessible to its holder, a digital signature proves that a document was signed by none other than that holder. Thus, digital signatures do offer non-repudiation. However, non-repudiation can be provided by systems that securely bind key usage information to the MAC key; the same key is in the possession of two people, but one has a copy of the key that can be used for MAC generation while the other has a copy of the key in a hardware security module that only permits MAC verification. This is commonly done in the finance industry.[citation needed]
Message integrity codes[edit]
The term message integrity code (MIC) is frequently substituted for the term MAC, especially in communications,[5] to distinguish it from the use of MAC meaning MAC address (for media access control address). However, some authors[6] use MIC to refer to a message digest, which is different from a MAC – a message digest does not use secret keys. This lack of security means that any message digest intended for use gauging message integrity should be encrypted or otherwise be protected against tampering. Message digest algorithms are created such that a given message will always produce the same message digest assuming the same algorithm is used to generate both. Conversely, MAC algorithms are designed to produce matching MACs only if the same message, secret key and initialization vector are input to the same algorithm. Message digests do not use secret keys and, when taken on their own, are therefore a much less reliable gauge of message integrity than MACs. Because MACs use secret keys, they do not necessarily need to be encrypted to provide the same level of assurance.
RFC 4949 recommends avoiding the term "message integrity code" (MIC), and instead using "checksum", "error detection code", "hash", "keyed hash", "message authentication code", or "protected checksum".
Implementation[edit]
MAC algorithms can be constructed from other cryptographic primitives, like cryptographic hash functions (as in the case of HMAC) or from block cipher algorithms (OMAC, CBC-MAC and PMAC). However many of the fastest MAC algorithms like UMAC-VMAC and Poly1305-AES are constructed based on universal hashing.[7]
Intrinsically keyed hash algorithms such as SipHash are also by definition MACs; they can be even faster than universal-hashing based MACs.[8]
Additionally, the MAC algorithm can deliberately combine two or more cryptographic primitives, so as to maintain protection even if one of them is later found to be vulnerable. For instance, in Transport Layer Security (TLS), the input data is split in halves that are each processed with a different hashing primitive (MD5 and SHA-1) then XORed together to output the MAC.
Standards[edit]
Various standards exist that define MAC algorithms. These include:
FIPS PUB 113 Computer Data Authentication,[9] withdrawn in 2002,[10] defines an algorithm based on DES.
FIPS PUB 198-1 The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC)[11]
ISO/IEC 9797-1 Mechanisms using a block cipher[12]
ISO/IEC 9797-2 Mechanisms using a dedicated hash-function[13]
ISO/IEC 9797-1 and -2 define generic models and algorithms that can be used with any block cipher or hash function, and a variety of different parameters. These models and parameters allow more specific algorithms to be defined by nominating the parameters. For example, the FIPS PUB 113 algorithm is functionally equivalent to ISO/IEC 9797-1 MAC algorithm 1 with padding method 1 and a block cipher algorithm of DES.
An example of MAC use[edit]
[14]In this example, the sender of a message runs it through a MAC algorithm to produce a MAC data tag. The message and the MAC tag are then sent to the receiver. The receiver in turn runs the message portion of the transmission through the same MAC algorithm using the same key, producing a second MAC data tag. The receiver then compares the first MAC tag received in the transmission to the second generated MAC tag. If they are identical, the receiver can safely assume that the message was not altered or tampered with during transmission (data integrity).
However, to allow the receiver to be able to detect replay attacks, the message itself must contain data that assures that this same message can only be sent once (e.g. time stamp, sequence number or use of a one-time MAC). Otherwise an attacker could – without even understanding its content – record this message and play it back at a later time, producing the same result as the original sender.
One-time MAC[edit]
Universal hashing and in particular pairwise independent hash functions provide a secure message authentication code as long as the key is used at most once. This can be seen as the one-time pad for authentication.[15]
The simplest such pairwise independent hash function is defined by the random key key = (a,b), and the MAC tag for a message m is computed as tag = (am + b) mod p, where p is prime.
More generally, k-independent hashing functions provide a secure message authentication code as long as the key is used less than k times for k-ways independent hashing functions.
Hash-based message authentication code (HMAC)
MMH-Badger MAC
Poly1305
UMAC
SipHash
^ The strongest adversary is assumed to have access to the signing algorithm without knowing the key. However, her final forged message must be different from any message she chose to query the signing algorithm before. See Pass's discussions before def 134.2.
^ a b Theoretically, an efficient algorithm runs within probabilistic polynomial time.
^ Pass, def 134.1
^ IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications (PDF). (2007 revision). IEEE-SA. 12 June 2007. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2007.373646. ISBN 978-0-7381-5656-9.
^ Fred B Schneider, Hashes and Message Digests, Cornell University
^ "VMAC: Message Authentication Code using Universal Hashing". CFRG Working Group. CFRG Working Group. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
^ Jean-Philippe Aumasson & Daniel J. Bernstein (2012-09-18). "SipHash: a fast short-input PRF" (PDF).
^ FIPS PUB 113 Computer Data Authentication
^ Federal Information Processing Standards Publications, Withdrawn FIPS Listed by Number
^ The Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC)
^ ISO/IEC 9797-1 Information technology — Security techniques — Message Authentication Codes (MACs) — Part 1: Mechanisms using a block cipher
^ ISO/IEC 9797-2 Information technology — Security techniques — Message Authentication Codes (MACs) — Part 2: Mechanisms using a dedicated hash-function
^ "Mac Security Overview", Mac® Security Bible, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2011-11-01, pp. 1–26, doi:10.1002/9781118257739.ch1, ISBN 9781118257739
^ Simmons, Gustavus (1985). "Authentication theory/coding theory". Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of CRYPTO 84. Berlin: Springer. pp. 411–431. ISBN 0387156585.
Goodrich, Oded (2001), Foundations of cryptography I: Basic Tools, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-511-54689-1
Goldreich, Oded (2004), Foundations of cryptography II: Basic Applications (1. publ. ed.), Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press, ISBN 978-0-521-83084-3
Pass, Rafael, A Course in Cryptography (PDF), retrieved 31 December 2015 [1]
RSA Laboratories entry on MACs
Ron Rivest lecture on MACs
Cryptographic hash functions & message authentication codes
Known attacks
Common functions
BLAKE2
SHA-3 finalists
Grøstl
Keccak (winner)
CubeHash
ECOH
HAS-160
Kupyna
LM hash
MDC-2
N-Hash
RIPEMD
RadioGatún
SWIFFT
Snefru
Streebog
VSH
Key derivation functions
Argon2
Lyra2
Makwa
PBKDF2
MAC functions
CBC-MAC
NMAC
OMAC/CMAC
encryption modes
EAX
Collision attack
Preimage attack
Birthday attack
Brute-force attack
Rainbow table
Side-channel attack
Length extension attack
Avalanche effect
Merkle–Damgård construction
Sponge function
HAIFA construction
CRYPTREC
NIST hash function competition
Hash-based cryptography
Key stretching
Merkle tree
Proof of work
Outline of cryptography
Symmetric-key algorithm
Block cipher
Stream cipher
Public-key cryptography
Cryptographic hash function
^ 11-12-20C8
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Despite SMA patients being generally protected from severe pain, younger SMA patients do experience pain at heightened rates. A study on pain in adolescents with SMA or muscular dystrophy found that 69 percent of people with these muscular disorders had experienced pain in the previous three months and that 50 percent experienced chronic pain.3 The pain was most commonly felt in the neck, back, and legs, and affected both general activity and mood. Pain was exacerbated by physical exertion, sitting, and being lifted or transferred.
4. Willig TN, Bach JR, Rouffet MJ, Krivickas LS, Maquet C. Correlation of flexion contractures with upper extremity function and pain for spinal muscular atrophy and congenital myopathy patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1995;74(1):33-38.


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Matchstick: Mozilla's $25 Chromecast alternative
Firecast? Foxcast? Firefox Dongle? Actually, Matchstick will be the name of the Firefox OS open-source take on the Chromecast. The Matchstick streaming Internet and media dongle will be available first through a Kickstarter project, Mozilla and Matchstick announced Tuesday.
Originally reported last June to be in the works, the Matchstick dongle is an HDMI-streaming stick similar in shape and nearly identical in function to Google's Chromecast. However, it runs on Firefox OS, the open source mobile operating system built by Mozilla on Firefox's underlying engine. It's the first Firefox OS-powered device that's not a smartphone.
Both the hardware and software for Matchstick are open-source, and the device is available today through Kickstarter on a tiered preorder system. Through the promotional material, it appears the Matchstick will be available in black or white, although that hasn't been confirmed by the company.
Jack Chang, the US general manager of Matchstick and the chief operating officer of its sister company9x9tv, which makes apps for televisions and is also known as Flipr, said that developer interest in Matchstick will drive consumer adoption.
"Due to Matchstick's unique openness, we believe it will lead to a greater number of cool apps and lower price. These are tangible benefits a consumer will readily embrace," he told CNET. Matchstick has its headquarters in San Jose, Calif., with an engineering team located in Beijing.
Chang said that people will be able to use Matchstick not only to stream video and audio to their TVs from the Internet, but to enjoy a fuller Web experience that includes online shopping, voting, and participating in in surveys.
Prototype of the Matchstick, first tweeted by a Mozilla developer in June.Christian Heilmann via Twitter"The possibilities are endless," he said. The Matchstick will work with Android, iOS, Firefox, and Chrome. The process by which apps are sent to the receiver dongle, by the way, is called "flinging."
The Matchstick starts at $12 for the first 500 consumers who pre-order through the Kickstarter, to be delivered in January 2015. An unlimited number of consumers will be able to preorder the Matchstick for $18, also to be delivered in January.
If you miss the Kickstarter window, you'll be able to buy one at retail for $25, $10 cheaper than a Chromecast, at some point after the preorders have been shipped. Neither Mozilla nor Matchstick confirmed at the time of writing whether the dongle would be available in retail stores, or online only.
"This is exactly what Firefox was and is built for," said Mozilla's Chris Lee, the Firefox OS director of product. He added that Mozilla didn't have to make any changes to Firefox OS to get it to work with the Matchstick hardware.
The Matchstick dongle is so similar to the Chromecast that its makers are making a central part of their pitch to developers that it's the anti-Chromecast.
"It's better than Chromecast," extols the promo video on the Kickstarter page, which humorously shows Matchstick testers getting thrown out of an Ikea furniture store for using the Ikea living room sets to test the Matchstick -- and asks for money so they can "shoot a real commercial."
Matchstick has made its hardware schematic available to all developers for free, part of its open platform promise.MatchstickAs for other competitors, Chang dismissed the idea that the Matchstick will have to compete with Roku's streaming media stick.
"There is no 'casting' capability in a Roku dongle," he said. "A Roku dongle is essentially a Roku box packed into a USB stick."
But for most consumers, what matters most is seeing their favorite services supported. And that's not a done deal for Matchstick.
Matchstick's appeal for appsMatchstick and Mozilla are going to great lengths to get developers on board with their new dongle, which is essential given that they're going up against Google's popular Chromecast. A developer giveaway program will deliver around 300 Matchstick prototypes to app developers, Chang said, and will be followed by a developer event in November at Mozilla's San Francisco office.
Up to another 250 developers can order a prototype through the Kickstarter for a minimum pledge of $24 to be shipped in November, two months before everybody else can get one. It includes early access to the Matchstick Software Development Kit and Application Programming Interfaces required to build apps for the dongle, and Matchstick developer support.
Most existing Chromecast apps, Chang said, should take about an hour to recompile for the Matchstick. Matchstick is fully compatible with all Chromecast 1.0 apps, such as YouTube, Photowall, and This Week in Tech, and code compatible with Chromecast 2.0 apps, which means that developers can recompile the app after changing "only a few lines of code," said the Kickstarter page.
Matchstick is built on a dual-core Rockchip 3066 processor, has 4 gigabytes of onboard storage, 1 gigabyte of DDR3 memory, and supports Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n. The Kickstarter page claims that this is better hardware than the Chromecast to ensure better video playback and game support, although the open nature of the Matchstick schematics means that if you have the technical background, you can roll your own Matchstick.
Matchstick is promising to support many popular online media services at launch that already work with the Chromecast, but if it's got partners lined up, Matchstick isn't talking.MatchstickOn its Kickstarter page, Matchstick promises that it will have major content partners lined up by the time the dongle is shipped to consumers in January. Chief among them is Netflix, which makes up around one-third of all North American Internet traffic by some metrics.
Although Chang did not respond directly to a question about Netflix support, the Netflix logo appears three times in the same Matchstick promotional image for supported services, the only one to do so. If Matchstick isn't talking to Netflix yet, they ought to be.
"We got this!" the Kickstarter description cheers coming support for existing, popular streaming media services.
Given that Chang promises it will be easy for developers to adapt apps with existing Chromecast support to the Matchstick, for his sake he better be right or consumers won't care. Check out their Kickstarter video below.
Authored by Seth Rosenblatt via cnet.com.


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Content is the critical element in a successful social media strategy. We know how to create engaging content and drive the conversation with your customers. But great content only engages your consumers when you have a well-planned content and scheduling plan. While most marketers understand that they should be doing social media marketing, few do it correctly.
We were early adopters of the major social channels and have been exceeding the normal engagement levels of brand social channels for years. Where a typical Facebook brand page post may reach .03 to 1% (that's right, three-tenths of one percent to one percent!) of the fans who have "Liked" that page, we regularly drive engagement of 20% to 30% of a brand's Facebook community. We've created proprietary content and posting matrices that drive reach and engagement. Social media includes listening to what's being said about you and your brand in social spheres, and quickly reacting to it.
There is a digital tsunami of information flooding social channels. Brands must have unique content to cut through the noise and clutter so that consumers want to comment or share it in their own communities. We create dialogue between your brand and your current and potential customers by developing targeted content that drives consumer notice and engagement. Video has become king of the major social channels, driving engagement three to seven times greater than non-video content. We strategize, and can write, produce and post video content that gets noticed, engages and is shared.
Some brands prefer to execute their social media strategy in-house. Others prefer that we manage their social communities to maximize consumer engagement. Our social media managers are adept in immersing themselves in your brand's channels and fostering conversations with current and potential customers as well as identifying and encouraging brand evangelists.
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We're members of the Social Media Marketing Society, a group composed of the very best social media marketers in the world. We were selected for this honor in 2015 as part of the inaugural class of selectees. Not only are we honored to be part of this prestigious industry group, we also have the peer resources of hundreds of the best social media marketers in the world. We participate in ongoing training and discussions that keep us at the forefront of the ever-changing social media marketing industry.
Read our Success Story on Progressive Voice's Social Media Success.
Read our Success Story on Frederick Brown Amphitheater's Social Media Success.


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EU leaders in Covid-19 talks as Merkel issues lockdown exit warning
Countries discuss Europe-wide recovery fund while German chancellor urges caution
Angela Merkel has said the coronavirus pandemic is still at the beginning and parts of Germany may be rushing their exit from lockdown, as divided EU leaders held a video conference to try to agree a desperately needed Europe-wide recovery fund.
Worried that Germans were relaxing physical distancing efforts amid the reopening of smaller shops this week, the chancellor said some of Germanys 16 states were moving too fast and the country remained on the thinnest ice despite its early achievements.
Germany has the fifth highest number of confirmed coronavirus cases in the world, but has managed to keep its death toll down to just over 5,000, a far lower tally than in many other countries, mainly through early and extensive testing.
It is precisely because the figures give rise to hope that I feel obliged to say that this interim result is fragile, Merkel told parliament. We are still far from out of the woods. We are not in the final phase of the pandemic, but still at the beginning.
Merkel sets out clear explanation of how coronavirus transmission works video
Christian Drosten, the director of the Institute for Virology at Berlins Charit hospital, said reopening shopping malls and larger stores could trigger a second wave in May and June, and the country risked gambling away its early advantage. Schools in Germany are due to reopen from 4 May and Merkel and state leaders are due to meet again on 30 April to review how to proceed after that.
In France, president Emmanuel Macron said on Thursday a detailed plan to exit lockdown will be unveiled early next week. Pupils will be returning to French schools from 11 May and the finance minister, Bruno Le Maire, said he hoped retailers other than restaurants, bars and cafes could reopen from the same date.
We want all retail outlets to be able to open in the same way, out of fairness, said Le Maire. Bars and restaurants were unlikely to reopen before mid-June because they are places of mixing, he added.
Retailers will need to limit the number of people in their shops at one time, Le Maire said, and the hardest-hit regions, such as eastern France and greater Paris, may have to wait longer for shops to reopen. Older peoples movements may also be restricted.
Avoiding a second wave of infections remains a priority, the public health authority chief, Jrome Salomon, said. Frances goal is not to create collective immunity by creating a second and then a third wave, he told a parliamentary hearing.
That seems too dangerous to us. The goal is to prevent the circulation of the virus, and to create favourable conditions allowing us to gain time before the arrival of effective drugs or vaccines.
More data
Companies have been told they should encourage employees to continue working from home if they can to limit public transport use, and the government aims to raise its testing programme to about 500,000 tests a week. France has the worlds fourth highest death toll at more than 20,000.
In Italy the northern region of Lombardy, at the centre of Europes worst outbreak, began an antibody testing programme as it prepared to start opening up its economy. Blood tests which aim to establish whether someone has had rather than currently has the disease will be carried out in 14 of the worst-hit areas before being extended to the whole region next week.
As EU leaders haggled over a rescue package that has reignited a bitter north-south divide between member states, Merkel also said Germany was ready to make significantly higher EU budget contributions to help the bloc cope with the fallout from the pandemic.
She added, however, that calls from some EU countries for common debt with common liabilities were not the way to go. That would be a very difficult process, cost time and wouldnt even help anyone in the current situation, since we need rapid-fire instruments to tackle the crisis, she said.
With the bloc standing on the brink of an economic slump unparalleled since the Great Depression of the 1930s, its 27 national leaders were set to debate a variety of 1tn-plus proposals to resuscitate the single market.
Some European commission officials have suggested a 2tn plan combining loans and grants and an agreement on the EUs next seven-year budget. Spain wants a 1.5tn programme of grants for the worst-hit countries, funded by perpetual (ie non-maturing) bonds, while France wants a special fund outside the EU budget.
But any big-spending plans are likely to face resistance from self-styled frugal member states such as the Netherlands and Austria, which feel the EU has already taken big steps to stave off economic hardship, such as by relaxing state aid rules and through the European Central Banks 750bn bond-buying programme.
Guardian graphic
Leaders are expected to endorse a 540bn rescue package agreed earlier by finance ministers. Part of that agreement gives countries the right to borrow from the eurozone bailout fund, the European Stability Mechanism. But Italy is reluctant to turn to the fund, and Spain has said it has no need to do so.
They should also sign off on guidance from Brussels on lifting the lockdown, with three criteria for judging how and when member states should end restrictions: real decline in the spread of the disease, health system capacity, and availability of testing and tracing systems to monitor future outbreaks.
In other developments:
Global infections passed 2.6 million, according to the Johns Hopkins University tracker, with nearly 185,000 deaths.
The latest US jobless figures confirmed that 26.5 million Americans have sought unemployment benefits over the past five weeks.
The number of new coronavirus cases in Russia fell for a second day. The figure has remained below record levels for four days, raising hopes that the outbreak there may have reached a plateau.
Greece is extending lockdown measures by a week, to 4 May.
Spain clarified that children aged 14 or under would be allowed out to walk and play in the streets for an hour a day from Sunday as long as they stay within a kilometre of their homes and are accompanied by an adult.
Vietnam eased physical distancing measures, with experts pointing to a decisive response involving mass quarantines and expansive contact tracing for its success in recording just 268 cases and zero deaths.
China said it would give another $30m to the World Health Organization, days after the US said it would freeze funding.
Read more: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/23/german-states-lifting-lockdowns-too-quickly-warns-merkel-coronavirus


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Q: Why does git pack protocol only negotiate what commit to send during packfile negotiation? From what I can gather from git-scm docs, packfile negotiation ends when the client think the server know what commits to send, and then packfile is sent immediately. Well even if the commit is new, some of the content might already exist on the client, why not negotiate down to what files need to be sent as well? Is it because negotiating down to this level of detail is not worth the effort?

A: If the file is unchanged between the commit being sent, and one which was discovered to be common, this can be handled without further negotiation: if the client has commit X, it must also have all the blobs in the tree of commit X.
If a blob with the same hash happens to exist in a commit which was not part of the negotiation, it would be possible to negotiate not to send it. In practice, though, this would probably be rare: you'd need a file on the server and a file in the client which were identical, but which had not appeared in the history which was already shared.
More common is that the file to be sent can be described by some delta from a previous version of the file. That's handled by the pack format - the server can send a delta with a base object it knows the client has.
If the server had a perfect view of the client's list of objects, it could optimise both the blobs it sent and how to deltify them, but the bandwidth to transmit that complete list would often be higher than the bandwidth saved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Blog post50 communication body language
7 Ways To Impress People In 60 Seconds Or Less
No matter what income level they've achieved, some people still don't have a clue as to how to draw others to them. They don't know what to say to put others at ease or how to act in order to electrify a room. But by the time you reach 50, you should know a thing or two about how to impress those around you.
Shelley Emling, Guest Writer
Jun 5, 2013, 07:52 AM EDT | Updated Aug 5, 2013
No matter what income level they've achieved, some people still don't have a clue as to how to draw others to them. They don't know what to say to put others at ease or how to act in order to electrify a room. But by the time you reach 50, you should know a thing or two about how to impress those around you. People can tell when you feel comfortable in your own skin. And when you feel comfortable in your own skin, you'll give others the confidence they need to be themselves as well. And that's pretty impressive.
Famous folks usually included on lists of the world's most impressive people include Hillary Clinton, Taylor Swift and Chris Christie. What do they have in common? All are smart and supremely self-confident.
After consulting with a few very impressive friends, here are seven ways to wow people in 60 seconds or less. Have your own ideas? Tell us about them in comments.
1. Treat your spouse well.
Few things impress me LESS than someone who talks poorly about their spouse (or children for that matter). Marital fidelity/loyalty is becoming increasingly rare, especially among my 50-something friends. Those who stay faithful to their partner -- and who also don't cut them down -- impress me. And certainly they impress their spouses as well. So take your partner's hand, or say something nice about them.
2. Look people in the eye
If you can hold someone's gaze, you are more likely to connect with them on a personal level. If someone can't look me in the eye, I tend to think they are either hiding something or are simply not very confident about what they have to say. I'm impressed when people have the confidence to really focus on me.
3. Give compliments freely to those who deserve it
I have a friend who always -- without fail -- says something nice to me as soon as she sees me. It's always something simple like "I love those earrings" but it always makes me feel good and it always makes me want to be around her. People may not always remember what you say, but they will remember how it feels to be around you. Obviously, don't overdo it. But a simple, genuine compliment goes a long way.
4. Do what you say you're going to do
I have another friend who, if she says she's going to meet you at 7 p.m., she's going to meet you at 7 p.m. and not a minute after. I have other friends who are habitually late or who make promises they can never deliver on. I'd rather have a friend tell me "no" than to tell me "maybe" and then renege on me later on. Be reliable and people will respect you for it.
5. Stand up for your beliefs in a respectful, intelligent manner
There are few things more impressive to me than someone who doesn't shy away from standing up for their beliefs -- and then who can back up what they say with intelligent research while also keeping an open mind and listening to what others have to interject. By the time you're 50, you should definitely have a pretty clear idea of where you stand on issues. Impress people by speaking out without sounding arrogant.
6. Ask about a person's kid or grandkid
I'm always impressed when someone remembers something pertaining to one of my three kids. When someone asks me about, say, my daughter's audition for the lead in the school play, it shows me they are paying attention to what's going on in my life. And that's very impressive.
7. Know what's going on in the world
Even those who have a cursory knowledge of current events are impressive. (And this doesn't just mean knowing who won "Dancing With The Stars" the night before.) If you don't have a lot of time, try at least scanning the headlines or catching up on the news during the weekend.
Earlier on Huff/Post50:
7 Ways To Make Friends Post 50
post50 communication body languageself confidencefifty
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If you have been injured in an accident or hurt on the job in the Shelton area, our experienced personal injury and workers' compensation attorneys can help you pursue the compensation to which you are entitled. Our Shelton law office serves the communities of Bridgeport, New Haven, Milford, Trumbull, Shelton, Monroe and the surrounding areas.
We believe that your legal services should conform to your schedule and your needs. That is why we offer evening and weekend appointments to all clients upon request, as well as home and hospital room visits. Spanish translation services are also available. Call our law firm at any time of the day or night to schedule your free initial consultation.
Our Shelton law office is located on Nells Rock Road, just southeast of Shelton Ave. (Route 108) and northwest of Bridgeport Avenue (Route 714).
To reach our law office from Oxford or one of the other communities north of Shelton, head south on CT-67 E toward Seymour. In Seymour, take a right to merge onto southbound CT-8. Follow CT-8 for 12 miles, then take Exit 13. At the top of the exit, turn left onto Bridgeport Avenue. Follow Bridgeport for approximately half a mile, then turn right onto Nells Rock Road. After 1.2 miles, our office will appear on your right.
To reach our office from New Haven or the surrounding area, take CT-34 west toward Derby. When you reach Derby, turn left onto Main Street, cross the bridge over the Naugatuck River, and then turn left again onto the CT-8 southbound ramp. Follow CT-8 south for 1.2 miles, then take Exit 13 for Bridgeport Avenue. Follow Bridgeport for approximately half a mile, then turn right onto Nells Rock Road. After 1.2 miles, our office will appear on your right.
To visit our office from Milford, take the Milford Parkway/Daniel S. Wasson Connector northwest. Take the exit for CT-15 South. Follow CT-15 south for one-third of a mile, then take Exit 53 for State Route 110. Turn right at the top of the exit and follow State Route 110 north for one-third of a mile. Then, turn left onto Long Hill Avenue. Follow Long Hill Avenue for 2.3 miles, then turn left onto Platt Road. Follow Platt Road for half a mile and continue straight through the Bridgeport Avenue intersection, where Platt Road will become Nells Rock Road. Follow Nells Rock Road for 1.2 miles, and you will see our office on the right.
To reach our office from Monroe or another nearby community, take Shelton Road (CT-110 S) to travel east toward Shelton. Follow CT-110 for 3.6 miles, then turn right onto Maple Avenue. Follow Maple Avenue south past the White Hills Shopping Center, then take the first left onto Meadow Street. Follow Meadow Street south for 1.7 miles, then turn right onto Shelton Avenue (CT-108). Follow Shelton Avenue southwest for half a mile, then turn left onto Nells Rock Road. Our office will appear on your left.
To schedule a free consultation at our law office in Shelton, Connecticut, call 800-658-1245 or fill out our online contact form. Our legal team is ready to take your call 24 hours a day, seven days a week.


Our new how to game 'How to: Drink the Beer?' is live. The game is completely free, printable and can be downloaded right now! Check it out in the Ages 18+ Games section above.
'How to: Drink the Beer?' is a new adult party game for people who love conversation, out of the box thinking and problem solving. The game has a very simple concept with 1 player asking how to do something, and the other players being tasked to create three-step guides.
The game comes with 44 question cards. Each question begins 'how to' and has been written from the perspective of a drunk person searching for answers online.
I know that seems like a strange choice, but lets face it. We've all been up late at night, searching something on google, and grammar just doesn't seem as important as finding out 'How to lick elbow'. I know I'm not alone on this.
Questions vary from the often asked, like 'How to Find Love?' to the more specific, like 'How to Enable Cookies?' to the downright bizarre, like 'How to smell colours?' Of course, whether anyone can actually answer these questions is of little importance. Usually you'll find the player who used their answer cards most imaginatively will be the winner.
The game comes with 160 'You Need' cards, each listing a unusual, and often seemingly useless item.
It's then up to the players to draw these cards, each time describing how the item listed can be used to attain the question askers goal. The players draw 3 cards per question, with each card representing 1 step in a 3 step plan.
This may sound easy, but trust me it's harder (and crazier) than you think. Using the sample cards of the sledgehammer, bath tub and studio audience above, do you think you could explain how to get fired using those 3 things? If so this is the game for you!
Everyone here at Curious Dreamer Games has been hard at work on not just a how to game of course. This week we've put the final touches to the website and made checking out in the store much easier. We've also been hard at work on our next game, Champions Showdown. We were hoping that title would be up this week but sadly perfection takes time. Hopefully 'Champions Showdown' will be live next week.
That's all the news from us here.
Enjoy our How to game and enjoy your weekend.