text:
In computing, a server is a piece of computer hardware or software (computer program) that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients." This architecture is called the client–server model. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called "services," such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients or performing computations for a client. A single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device. Typical servers are database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers.

Client–server systems are usually most frequently implemented by (and often identified with) the request–response model: a client sends a request to the server, which performs some action and sends a response back to the client, typically with a result or acknowledgment. Designating a computer as "server-class hardware" implies that it is specialized for running servers on it. This often implies that it is more powerful and reliable than standard personal computers, but alternatively, large computing clusters may be composed of many relatively simple, replaceable server components.

History
The use of the word server in computing comes from queueing theory, where it dates to the mid 20th century, being notably used in  (along with "service"), the paper that introduced Kendall's notation. In earlier papers, such as the , more concrete terms such as "[telephone] operators" are used.

In computing, "server" dates at least to RFC 5 (1969), one of the earliest documents describing ARPANET (the predecessor of Internet), and is contrasted with "user", distinguishing two types of host: "server-host" and "user-host". The use of "serving" also dates to early documents, such as RFC 4, contrasting "serving-host" with "using-host".

The Jargon File defines "server" in the common sense of a process performing service for requests, usually remote, with the 1981 (1.1.0) version reading:

Operation

Strictly speaking, the term server refers to a computer program or process (running program). Through metonymy, it refers to a device used for (or a device dedicated to) running one or several server programs. On a network, such a device is called a host. In addition to server, the words serve and service (as verb and as noun respectively) are frequently used, though servicer and servant are not. The word service (noun) may refer to either the abstract form of functionality, e.g. Web service. Alternatively, it may refer to a computer program that turns a computer into a server, e.g. Windows service. Originally used as "servers serve users" (and "users use servers"), in the sense of "obey", today one often says that "servers serve data", in the same sense as "give". For instance, web servers "serve [up] web pages to users" or "service their requests".

The server is part of the client–server model; in this model, a server serves data for clients. The nature of communication between a client and server is request and response. This is in contrast with peer-to-peer model in which the relationship is on-demand reciprocation. In principle, any computerized process that can be used or called by another process (particularly remotely, particularly to share a resource) is a server, and the calling process or processes is a client. Thus any general-purpose computer connected to a network can host servers. For example, if files on a device are shared by some process, that process is a file server. Similarly, web server software can run on any capable computer, and so a laptop or a personal computer can host a web server.

While request–response is the most common client-server design, there are others, such as the publish–subscribe pattern. In the publish-subscribe pattern, clients register with a pub-sub server, subscribing to specified types of messages; this initial registration may be done by request-response. Thereafter, the pub-sub server forwards matching messages to the clients without any further requests: the server pushes messages to the client, rather than the client pulling messages from the server as in request-response.

Purpose

The role of a server is to share data as well as to share resources and distribute work. A server computer can serve its own computer programs as well; depending on the scenario, this could be part of a quid pro quo transaction, or simply a technical possibility. The following table shows several scenarios in which a server is used.

Almost the entire structure of the Internet is based upon a client–server model. High-level root nameservers, DNS, and routers direct the traffic on the internet. There are millions of servers connected to the Internet, running continuously throughout the world and virtually every action taken by an ordinary Internet user requires one or more interactions with one or more servers. There are exceptions that do not use dedicated servers; for example, peer-to-peer file sharing and some implementations of telephony (e.g. pre-Microsoft Skype).

Hardware

Hardware requirement for servers vary widely, depending on the server's purpose and its software. Servers are more often than not, more powerful and expensive than the clients that connect to them.

Since servers are usually accessed over a network, many run unattended without a computer monitor or input device, audio hardware and USB interfaces. Many servers do not have a graphical user interface (GUI).  They are configured and managed remotely. Remote management can be conducted via various methods including Microsoft Management Console (MMC), PowerShell, SSH and browser-based out-of-band management systems such as Dell's iDRAC or HP's iLo.

Large servers
Large traditional single servers would need to be run for long periods without interruption. Availability would have to be very high, making hardware reliability and durability extremely important. Mission-critical enterprise servers would be very fault tolerant and use specialized hardware with low failure rates in order to maximize uptime. Uninterruptible power supplies might be incorporated to guard against power failure. Servers typically include hardware redundancy such as dual power supplies, RAID disk systems, and ECC memory, along with extensive pre-boot memory testing and verification. Critical components might be hot swappable, allowing technicians to replace them on the running server without shutting it down, and to guard against overheating, servers might have more powerful fans or use water cooling. They will often be able to be configured, powered up and down, or rebooted remotely, using out-of-band management, typically based on IPMI. Server casings are usually flat and wide, and designed to be rack-mounted, either on 19-inch racks or on Open Racks.

These types of servers are often housed in dedicated data centers. These will normally have very stable power and Internet and increased security. Noise is also less of a concern, but power consumption and heat output can be a serious issue. Server rooms are equipped with air conditioning devices.

Clusters

A server farm or server cluster is a collection of computer servers maintained by an organization to supply server functionality far beyond the capability of a single device. Modern data centers are now often built of very large clusters of much simpler servers, and there is a collaborative effort, Open Compute Project around this concept.

Appliances
A class of small specialist servers called network appliances are generally at the low end of the scale, often being smaller than common desktop computers.

Mobile
A mobile server has a portable form factor, e.g. a laptop. In contrast to large data centers or rack servers, the mobile server is designed for on-the-road or ad hoc deployment into emergency, disaster or temporary environments where traditional servers are not feasible due to their power requirements, size, and deployment time. The main beneficiaries of so-called "server on the go" technology include network managers, software or database developers, training centers, military personnel, law enforcement, forensics, emergency relief groups, and service organizations. To facilitate portability, features such as the keyboard, display, battery (uninterruptible power supply, to provide power redundancy in case of failure), and mouse are all integrated into the chassis.

Operating systems

On the Internet, the dominant operating systems among servers are UNIX-like open-source distributions, such as those based on Linux and FreeBSD, with Windows Server also having a significant share. Proprietary operating systems such as z/OS and macOS Server are also deployed, but in much smaller numbers.

Specialist server-oriented operating systems have traditionally had features such as:
 GUI not available or optional
 Ability to reconfigure and update both hardware and software to some extent without restart
 Advanced backup facilities to permit regular and frequent online backups of critical data,
 Transparent data transfer between different volumes or devices
 Flexible and advanced networking capabilities
 Automation capabilities such as daemons in UNIX and services in Windows
 Tight system security, with advanced user, resource, data, and memory protection.
 Advanced detection and alerting on conditions such as overheating, processor and disk failure.

In practice, today many desktop and server operating systems share similar code bases, differing mostly in configuration.

Energy consumption
In 2010, data centers (servers, cooling, and other electrical infrastructure) were responsible for 1.1-1.5% of electrical energy consumption worldwide and 1.7-2.2% in the United States. One estimate is that total energy consumption for information and communications technology saves more than 5 times its carbon footprint in the rest of the economy by increasing efficiency.

Global energy consumption is increasing due to the increasing demand of data and bandwidth. Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) states that data centers used 91 billion kilowatt hours (kWh) electrical energy in 2013 which accounts to 3% of global electricity usage.

Environmental groups have placed focus on the carbon emissions of data centers as it accounts to 200 million metric tons of carbon dioxide in a year.

See also
 Peer-to-peer

Notes

References

Further reading

Server hardware


Welcome to the Sugar Land Middle School Titan Choir Program! We are looking forward to an awesome year together!
For the most updated information and calendar, please check the Charms Web page! Each student will have a personalized Charms account where students/parents/guardians can track student finances and the choir schedule. Students and parents will share a sign in and password. Please find the link below!


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Shop our selection of Semi Transparentretaining wall 6x6 timbers prices Wood Deck Stain in the Paint Department at The Home Depot.
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Accent and enhance wood s natural patterns while providing increased protection from the elements with BEHR s Semi Transparent Waterproofing Wood Stain.


yes they are in sea surface, yes they are blue, no you couldn't see them straight. Nice welcome from blizz.
(Probably just for the launch) These had about a 20-30second respawn rate that I found, so the best way (right now, for me) was to just camp one. Preferably one sort of surrounded by corpses so nobody else notices it before you. The one I found had a giblin scavenger spawn right next to it, would have made for easy farming, if I hadn't already finished the breastplates and shields.
The helm of Mankrik's Wife.
Just to clarify, the helms are found on the sea floor (along with the rest of the items), not at the surface of the water. They are however relatively small and easy to miss in comparison.
You can also loot these from Gilblin Scavengers, which roam around the areas where the Helms spawn on the sea floor, so it's worth pulling a couple while you're searching.


text:
Q: Trouble with my first latex document Just downloaded Protex, downloaded TexStudio, and i'm trying to create a document, and i have
\documentclass{article}
\begin[12pt]{document}
\section{Executive Summary}

\end{document}

and its giving me 3 errors on the last line about it can't find the file. did i save in the wrong folder? does this work like matlab where it needs to be in a set directory first?

A: The [12pt] is an option which belongs to the preamble of the document:
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\begin{document}
 \section{Executive Summary}
 This is only test text.
\end{document}

This compiles without problems.

A: When compiling a document, you do need to call latex (or pdflatex, xelatex, etc.) by giving it a filename that it can see, that is

*

*an absolute file name, like C:\Users\Victor\Documents\summary.tex

*a relative file name, like summary.tex if you're already in your Documents folder, or perhaps Documents\summary.tex if you are in your user folder (Victor).

TeXStudio should be taking care of this for you by default, provided you are clicking the green arrow in the toolbar.  However, your document isn't correct; \begin doesn't take an optional argument there.  You probably want
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\begin{document}
\section{Executive Summary}

\end{document}

which will compile without issues.

A: \documentclass[12pt]{article}

\begin{document}
\maketitle
\section{Executive Summary}

\end{document}

I think you also need to insert the
     \maketitle
 as I did in the above tex

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home > South Wales > World-class rail centre will transform area says Leader of Neath Port Talbot Council
World-class rail centre will transform area says Leader of Neath Port Talbot Council
THE GLOBAL CENTRE for Rail Excellence (GCRE) at the head of the Dulais and Swansea valleys will have a transformational effect on the area and the wider region, the Leader of Neath Port Talbot Council, Cllr Ted Latham, said on a visit to the site on Friday (Aug 6).
Accompanied by Deputy Leader Cllr Leanne Jones and the council's Chief Executive Karen Jones and Director of Environment and Regeneration Nicola Pearce, Cllr Latham said the GCRE would create high quality jobs and help attract new investment.
Speaking at the site of the planned rail testing centre on the former Nant Helen open cast coal mine, Cllr Latham said: "After granting planning permission for this important project this council is now gearing up to support the GCRE as it moves towards its next phase of development.
"When completed, this centre will provide a unique capability in the UK and Europe to support innovation in the British and international rail industry.
"Very much in line with this council's Decarbonisation and Renewable Energy Strategy (DARE) the centre will involve the testing of cutting-edge technologies making future rail transport cleaner and greener.
"It will have a transformational effect on the surrounding area and also the region as a whole, creating high quality new jobs and opening the way for further investment."
Economy Minister, Vaughan Gething said: "I'm delighted the new Global Centre of Rail Excellence in Onllwyn has been granted planning permission by Councillors at Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council and Powys County Council.
"The new centre will help create the next generation of high quality jobs, attracting new investment and opportunities for local people, driving new technologies and innovation, and helping us to realise our ambition of creating a stronger and more prosperous economy, in a greener, cleaner and stronger Wales.
"The Welsh Government's commitment to developing this world-class facility is clear. We've have made £50m available to bring this important facility to the Dulais and Swansea valleys, as part of wider plans to transform valley communities.
"I'm very much looking forward to seeing the project progressing at pace over the coming months."
A planning application for the construction of the was GCRE approved by Neath Port Talbot Council's Planning Committee on 27th with Powys County Council approving the application two days later.
The Welsh Government has been working in partnership with Neath Port Talbot and Powys councils to develop proposals for the GCRE. The Welsh Government has pledged £50m to the project with £30m funding announced by the UK Government. Other funding will come from private investors.
The GCRE will cover an area of around 475 hectares and will consist of two looped test tracks, one being an electrified high speed rolling stock track (6.9km long) and the other being a low speed infrastructure test track (4.5km).
There will also be a dual platform test environment, operations and control offices, staff accommodation, shunter cabins and facilities for research and development, education and training.
Neath Port Talbot Council Chief Executive Karen Jones said: "This project will provide invaluable support to our recovery post Covid and it will also offer further economic development opportunities in the field of sustainable technologies associated with the rail sector such as electric, battery and hydrogen powered trains."
Vaughan Gethin with project leaders at the site (Pic WAG)
The Welsh Government says it has been working in partnership with Neath Port Talbot County Borough Council and Powys County Council to develop proposals for the GCRE for some time. A joint venture was established in 2019 between Welsh Government and both Powys and Neath Port Talbot councils to support project development and delivery. The proposals are the result of collaborative working with partners and extensive engagement and consultation with stakeholders and local communities.
Herald.Wales understands that a land option deal has been completed for the sites at the Nant Helen surface mine and Onllwyn coal washery, which will see Celtic Energy gift all the land necessary for the project.
The Welsh Government says on its website that it wants to deliver a world class train testing facility in the UK. We are confident this will be a significant attraction to investors. This will provide a vital service to UK and international train manufacturers, network operators, the wider industry, and the supply chain. For decades to come it will:
fast-track improved services for passengers and freight operators
deliver significant efficiencies for the rail industry and the delivery of major projects
accelerate the throughput of innovation and support Wales and UK exports
provide high quality jobs and training opportunities locally.
Special future for historic corn mill after it's saved for the community
Compulsory purchase authorities' act unethically
Retail premises now required to take extra measures to minimise the spread of coronavirus
Luke Sinclair, 12 months ago 2 min read
Paedophile sent explicit photos to decoy posing as 14-year-old
Innovative Welsh business set to spearhead Connected Fitness revolution
Business leaders share best practices to create more diverse workforces
Andy Chandler, 7 months ago 2 min read
Monmouthshire Building Society Working on Welsh Community Bank Possibilities
Cerys Lafferty, 1 month ago 2 min read
Cardiff Rugby set to leave South Africa Thursday morning following COVID troubles
Owen Harries, 2 months ago 2 min read

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


More and more cities and towns across New England are instituting stricter rules when it comes to trash pickup and recycling. Those rules don't always sit well with people, who can't figure out why things need to change from the good ole days. Others are willing to do their part, but if they feel like they're being squeezed, need a place to vent. That may be the case here. World, say hello to Charles Valentino.
Velentino took to Facebook last week about a situation in where his trash was not properly placed on the roadside which caused him to then launch into an incredible foul-mouthed rant that featured commentary on liberals, male genitalia, and the mental stability of trash collectors.
If we're being fair, we can see points on both sides. To Mr. Valentino's rage, it does seem to be a bit ridiculous to place a sticker on ONE BAG, when it probably would have taken less time to dispose of that bag. On the side of the anonymous trash collectors, rules are rules, and they're probably bound by their higher ups to enforce them.
So if you're feeling some frustration from your weekly trash removal, live vicariously through Mr. Valentino. It's like therapy, with A LOT of F bombs.


Yes, really Laura Trott and Boris Johnson – not an obvious partnership! – are working to promote the Mayor's Ridelondon Festival – UK's largest festival of cycling marks first anniversary of 2012 Games Gold Rush.
The Mayor's RideLondon is a new two-day event that will form a key strand of the post 2012 Olympic and Paralympic legacy. Sponsored by Prudential, RideLondon will be the largest mass-participation cycling festival ever held in the UK, with over 70,000 cyclists, including some of the world's top professionals, taking part across four separate events.
To be held on 3-4 August 2013, one year on from Team GB's gold rush on the road and in the velodrome, the festival is expected to give a major boost to the number of active cyclists in the UK, while attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors to London and Surrey.
The exciting events will also help encourage people of all ages and abilities to take to two wheels. Children and families are encouraged to get involved via the Freecycle event, an eight-mile mass-participation ride which is free to enter and open to everyone.
The Prudential RideLondon Grand Prix, to be held on Saturday 3 August, which will feature the world's best women, junior and hand cyclists in action on a circuit in and around St James's Park.
The Prudential RideLondon-Surrey Classic for elite men's professional riders brings the drama of a classic one-day style of racing back to Britain for the first time in 16 years. To be held on Sunday 4 August, the 140 mile route includes all the highlights of the Prudential RideLondon-Surrey 100 route plus the testing challenge of three ascents of Leith Hill, the highest point in Surrey and even steeper than Box Hill.
The Prudential RideLondon Freecycle to be held on Saturday 3 August, an approximately eight-mile mass-participation ride which is free to enter and open to cyclists of all ages and abilities. It aims to encourage anyone inspired by the London 2012 Games to take up cycling as part of an active and healthy lifestyle.


text:
Le Cadre noir est un corps de cavaliers d'élite français, instructeurs à l'École nationale d'équitation (ou ENE) près de Saumur en Maine-et-Loire. La doctrine du Cadre noir, fixée par le général L'Hotte au , est « le cheval calme, en avant, et droit ». L'équitation de tradition française, exercée principalement au Cadre noir, a été inscrite en 2011 par l'UNESCO sur la liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité.

Origine du nom

Dans la terminologie militaire, due aux guerres napoléoniennes, les cadres sont un ensemble de gradés chargés de l'encadrement de la troupe. Les sous-lieutenants formés à l'école de cavalerie de Saumur portent, à partir de 1876, un uniforme aux tons bleus, sombre en grande partie, plus ou moins défini : on les surnomme le . En 1888, est évoquée la possibilité d'appeler l'école le , suivant les caractéristiques colorées des éperons, viroles de cravaches et les décorations du képi et de la tunique. Le chef d'escadron de Contades change la tenue en 1898 pour imposer le noir, autant par facilité d'intendance que pour suivre un effet de mode des plus fortunés parmi les élèves. Le nom de  s'impose alors comme nom d'usage.

Jusque récemment, le Cadre noir s'appelait pour l'armée française  : c'est le  que le Cadre noir gagne officiellement son nom en devenant un organisme officiel. Jusque-là, le nom n'était pas déposé ni protégé, seulement un usage : pour illustration, en 1986, l'école demande à deux entreprises locales de lui verser des subsides pour leur utilisation de ce nom, ce qui lui est refusé. L'utilisation du surnom est ancienne, sa première mention remonte à 1900, où un chroniqueur de la revue Sport Universel Illustré utilise le terme de . L'usage militaire est officialisé par le lieutenant-colonel de Saint-André, écuyer en chef de 1964 à 1972, qui fit son papier à en-tête au nom de  en lieu et place de  ou .

.  a dit en repartant d'une visite du Cadre noir en 1812 :

Histoire
Le Cadre noir a toujours été associé historiquement à la ville de Saumur, le groupe de cavaliers d'élite a fait connaître son nom dans le monde entier.

Prémices

La première école à Saumur

À la fin du , Henri  missionne Philippe Duplessis-Mornay à Saumur pour y fonder une « université Protestante » au sein de laquelle une académie d'équitation est établie. L'académie d'équitation est dirigée par Monsieur de Saint-Vual, formé à l'Académie catholique d'Angers selon les principes d'Antoine de Pluvinel. L'académie accueille alors des  étudiants venus d'Anjou, d'Angleterre, de Hollande et d'Allemagne.

Après la révocation de l'édit de Nantes, monsieur de Malverne remplace monsieur de Saint-Vual au poste d'écuyer professeur. Soutenu par Gabrielle de Rochechouart-Mortemart, abbesse de Fontevraud, il arrive le  à Saumur avec dix chevaux destinés aux exercices. Cependant, le succès n'est pas au rendez-vous : trois ans plus tard le manège ferme faute d'élèves, la concurrence de l'école des Tuileries et celle des Grandes écuries du château de Versailles étant rude.

La nécessité d'une cavalerie militaire
Les défaites de la cavalerie française lors de la guerre de Sept Ans incitent  à réorganiser la cavalerie française par l'intermédiaire du duc de Choiseul. Celui-ci s'efforce de développer  : les cavaliers sont entretenus par le Roi et les chevaux fournis par les haras nationaux. Le corps des carabiniers, déclaré le moins mauvais, est chargé de former les autres corps de cavalerie de l'armée royale. Cinq écoles sont prévues : Douai, Besançon, Cambrai, Metz et Angers. Les carabiniers de Monsieur affectés à Angers, sont rapidement déplacés à Saumur par l'évêque, Monseigneur Arnauld : pour celui-ci, les militaires, biens vêtus et dissipés, sont un risque pour la moralité des paroissiens. Le , Saumur accueille les  dirigés par le marquis de Poyanne.

Le succès des méthodes d'enseignement des carabiniers de Monsieur fait que le duc de Choiseul oblige les autres écoles à adopter la technique saumuroise en 1766. En 1771, l'École d'équitation de Saumur est définitivement constituée et forme l'élite, chaque école ayant pour obligation d'y envoyer tous les ans quatre officiers et quatre sous-officiers .

Les carabiniers gérèrent l'école jusqu'en 1788. Ils sont remplacés par les Dragons de Penthièvre et le Royal-Roussillon, et l'école fermée. Liée à l'histoire des monarques et des cours, à la fois prestige et privilège presque exclusif de la noblesse, la haute équitation subit par la suite les effets des conspirations et des guerres de l'Empire. Une école nationale d'équitation est organisée à Versailles en 1796, puis une école spéciale de cavalerie est créée le  par  à Saint-Germain-en-Laye, école que l'Empereur critique pour sa qualité d'enseignement.  fait fermer l'école par décret, le .

L'Empire et la Restauration

Le ,  crée à Saumur, par ordonnance, l'École d'instruction des troupes à cheval, en la transférant depuis Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Angers et Saumur étaient en concurrence, mais les édiles de la ville angevine refusèrent, en remplacement, sur le site de Saumur, du régiment de chasseurs à cheval du Roi. L'école fonctionne à partir du , le temps de revoir les bâtiments. Le général Levesque de La Ferrière est appelé à diriger l'école. Chaque régiment détache à l'école de Saumur deux lieutenants et deux sous-officiers pour une période d'un an. Les principes équestres de Jacques d'Auvergne, c'est-à-dire la recherche d'une équitation utilitaire sur un cheval droit, y sont appliqués sous l'influence du marquis Ducros de Chabanne, ancien officier revenu au civil chargé de l'instruction de la . Jean-Baptiste Cordier, également officier repassé au civil, issu de l'école de Saint-Germain-en-Laye et remarqué par Napoléon à l'époque, est responsable de la . L'enseignement est extrait des ouvrages de François Robichon de La Guérinière et Montfaucon.

La conspiration du général Breton, bonapartiste, touche l'école de Saumur : lors de l'incendie urbain du 24 décembre 1821, plusieurs sous-officiers qui se portaient à la rescousse des civils sont tués par la chute d'un mur. Une liste de conspirationnistes est trouvée dans la poche de l'un d'eux. Quarante sous-officiers de l'école sont arrêtés et le dirigeant de l'école, le Maréchal Gentil-Saint-Alphonse est tenu à des explications par le pouvoir royal. Suivant Jacques Perrier, l'importance de la conspiration était  ; elle aboutit néanmoins au transfert de l'école à Versailles le 5 novembre 1823.

L'école est régénérée par , par ordonnance du , sous le nom d'École royale de cavalerie. Le général Oudinot est responsable de l'école. Il commande alors des chevaux irlandais, des selles anglaises, et nomme Jean-Baptiste Cordier , premier du titre.

Un manège militaire et un manège d'académie composent l'essentiel des structures. Constitué d'écuyers civils, le manège académique est destiné à parfaire la formation équestre des officiers. Le premier carrousel est présenté en 1828. Les écuyers exécutent les reprises de Sauteurs et d'Instructeurs. Lors de cette présentation, les écuyers sont déjà coiffés du Chapeau de Manège, aussi appelé Lampion ou Bicorne. Cordier introduit l'entraînement aux sauts tels qu'ils sont pratiqués à Versailles, et le travail aux piliers, d'abord réservés aux cavaliers les plus doués de l'école, les sauts s'imposent dans l'instruction comme test pour la solidité en selle. À partir de 1830, avec la disparition de l'École de Versailles, Saumur devient la seule école dépositaire de la tradition équestre française. En 1847, la forme des sauts est fixée et ne changera plus jusqu'à nos jours.

Bauchéristes et auristes

La méthode Baucher, présentée par François Baucher en 1842 dans sa Méthode d'Equitation, fait son apparition dans l'école, popularisée par le commandant Jean Jacques Delherm de Novital, écuyer de première classe. Baucher vient faire cours à Saumur le , pour trois mois. Face à des pressions hostiles de la part du camp des opposants à sa méthode, le comte d'Aure, chef de file des auristes en tête, le stage fut écourté de moitié. Baucher conserva une profonde rancœur de la non-introduction officielle de sa méthode dans les rangs de la cavalerie française. Le comte d'Aure intrigua longtemps et réussit à devenir écuyer en chef de 1847 à 1854. Protégé du duc de Nemours, il a alors pour charge de chasser le bauchérisme de Saumur. Il met alors en avant la polyvalence du cheval : .

Le , Marie Isabelle, femme du prince Jérôme Napoléon, écuyère et bauchériste, vient à Saumur donner la leçon de sa méthode de dressage à pied. Habillée en homme, cette  comme d'Aure la  nommait, est la première femme admise au Manège de Saumur. Elle y reste cinq mois, dont une semaine de présence dans le manège. L'évaluation de la méthode par un envoyé du Ministère de la guerre sera mitigée, mais les relations de Marie Isabelle lui permettant de rester jusque fin avril. Les méthodes de dressage, décriées et débattues publiquement dans plusieurs journaux, auront raison de la santé du comte d'Aure : après un malaise cardiaque, celui-ci démissionne définitivement le .

La définition du Cadre noir actuel

À son arrivée comme écuyer en chef, le 16 mars 1864, Alexis L'Hotte, inspiré par les méthodes bauchéristes et auriste, prend une décision redoutable : l'interdiction du travail de haute école, excepté pour ses chevaux personnels. Militaire avant tout, son but est de former prioritairement des cavaliers et des montures aptes au combat. En 1865, la création de la Société hippique française marque la naissance de l'équitation de sport et l'année suivante, Alexis L'Hotte présente pour la première fois une reprise de manège et des sauts en liberté en dehors de Saumur (au palais de l'Industrie), dans le cadre d'un concours avec des cavaliers de l'école.

En 1870, son successeur est sommé d'orienter l'école de Saumur vers davantage de pratiques sportives et en extérieur. Un nouveau règlement du Manège est défini en 1876 par les généraux du Barail et L'Hotte : . L'Hotte prend la direction de l'École en 1875, avec pour écuyer en chef le commandant Duthil. Celui-ci ne peut presque pas agir, sous les ordres de son supérieur. Lui succède le commandant Pietu, qui fait passer le nombre d'écuyers de douze à quatorze et achète de nombreux terrains, dont celui de Terrefort, où se trouve aujourd'hui l'École nationale d'équitation. L'orientation devient beaucoup plus sportive, Pietu gagnant la première course sur le nouvel hippodrome de Saumur.

Le Manège effectue une sortie officielle à Paris devant le président du Sénat Jules Ferry en 1886, Félix Faure se déclarant  de sa visite à Saumur en 1895. Les ministères, n'ayant pas de réelles nouvelles du fonctionnement du Manège, diligentent le ministre de la guerre, le général André, pour une inspection qui s'avère tout à l'honneur des écuyers. La couleur bleue des uniformes est remplacée en 1898 par le noir, à l'initiative du chef d'escadron de Contades. Le nom de  s'impose alors comme nom d'usage. À partir de cette époque, l'école est le cadre presque exclusif des instructeurs d'équitation de l'École de cavalerie plus tard devenue l'École d'application de l'arme blindée et de cavalerie.

La Première guerre mondiale, un tournant dans l'orientation du Cadre noir
Au début du , le Cadre noir, sous l'impulsion du lieutenant-colonel Blacque-Belair, s'intéresse aux compétitions équestres récemment introduites aux Jeux olympiques, ses cavaliers vont peu à peu s'illustrer dans chacune des trois disciplines : dressage, saut d'obstacles et concours complet d'équitation, autrefois nommé . La Première Guerre mondiale dissout le Manège, les écuyers sont alors répartis dans les différentes unités ; dix-neuf périront au champ d'honneur. La guerre de tranchées a raison de l'emploi de la cavalerie : un sixième des officiers sont détachés dans d'autres armes (majoritairement l'infanterie), quelques-uns pilotant avions et chars. L'École et le Manège rouvrent en décembre 1918.

Suivant la note qui accompagne sa nomination d'écuyer en chef, le commandant Wattel est chargé de . La tâche est difficile : les bâtiments de l'école de cavalerie ont servi de baraquements à des artilleurs américains qui y ont construit des baraquements supplémentaires. Les écuries sont insalubres, et une des carrières est devenue un stade. En octobre 1919, la remise en état de l'École est effective : elle abrite alors . Wattel donne alors au Cadre noir une nouvelle tenue (tunique fendue noire) et une nouvelle orientation plus moderne et sportive, trois ans plus tard, un centre de préparation aux épreuves sportives y est créé. Il multiple également les sorties du Cadre noir afin de montrer le travail des écuyers.

Le Cadre noir engage alors ses écuyers dans les compétitions. Lors des jeux olympiques de 1928 à Amsterdam, le Cadre noir aligne le commandant Pierre Danloux. Faisant une reprise de dressage trop longue, celui-ci est éliminé. Lors des jeux olympiques de 1932 à Los Angeles, où l'or et l'argent sont décrochés par deux écuyers.

La tenue des Cadres et des élèves du Cadre Noir sera décrite en 1935 par le Commandant Bucquoy dans l'ouvrage Les Uniformes de l'Armée française – Terre – Mer – Air

Seconde guerre mondiale
Le déclenchement du second conflit mondial mobilise à nouveau les troupes de l'École.  partent au front pour la drôle de guerre. Après le passage des Ardennes par les troupes allemandes, la stratégie de repli se met en place. Le 15 juin 1940, très peu armés, les  de l'École de cavalerie, dont  aspirants de cavalerie, ont pour mission de tenir un front de quarante kilomètres sur la Loire face à la première division de cavalerie allemande(article Défense de la Loire). Les combats sur la Loire cessent le 22 juin.

Le 16 juin, le lieutenant-colonel de Laissardière et une quarantaine de palefreniers se chargent d'emmener en train et en camion, les  restants vers la future zone libre. Rattrapés à Poitiers, Laissardière négocie et peut s'installer à Montauban, puis, une fois l'armistice signé, à Tarbes. À Tarbes, l'instruction des officiers reprend dès le 10 octobre 1940. Un nouvel écuyer en chef est nommé le , les cadres du Manège étant comptabilisés comme sportifs et non comme militaires ; leurs galons étant noirs et non dorés. Les selles à piquer, utilisées pour le saut en liberté et oubliées lors de la retraite, sont remplacées par des selles classiques ; la tenue d'avant celle définie par Wattel réapparaissant, faute d'un accès aux nouvelles tenues.

En novembre 1942, l'armée allemande envahit la zone libre, ce qui dissout de fait l'armée française d'armistice. Le Manège est maintenu après négociations comme  sous la responsabilité du commissariat aux sports et est déménagée au Carrousel de Fontainebleau. Durant tout ce temps, l'École de cavalerie à Saumur est devenue une prison, le , le manège étant devenu un garage.

Saumur est libérée le . Le , le colonel Préclaire rouvre l'École, qui devient, le  l'.  sont alors disponibles, contre  au début de la guerre. Le changement dans les méthodes de guerre fait que les régiments ne fournissent plus de cavaliers pour être instruits. La reconstruction s'annonce alors difficile.

L'après-guerre

Avant les années 1970, l'école de Saumur n'est pas une école d'équitation pure comme l'est l'École de Versailles ou comme l'École de Vienne. C'est une école de cavalerie, où le cheval est utilisé surtout à des fins militaires. Le Cadre noir devient civil . En 1972, l'École nationale d'équitation est créée par décret (elle doit l'édification de sa doctrine à l'influence de deux chefs d'école du milieu du ) et le Cadre noir est rattaché au ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports, il commence à former les cadres enseignants d'équitation.

Au milieu des années 1970, il est envisagé de supprimer le Cadre noir, « jugé anachronique, inutile et trop coûteux ». L'État développe alors sa vocation diplomatique et promotionnelle, qui lui vaut d'être sauvé.

En 1984, deux femmes font leur entrée au Cadre noir : Florence Labram, lauréate du cours de formation des instructeurs, et Mireille François, professeur au cercle parisien de « l'Étrier ». Elles sont les premières femmes à pouvoir bénéficier de l'enseignement du Cadre noir.

Le 21 janvier 1986, le Cadre noir devient un organisme officiel et le nom apparaît pour la première fois dans un document officiel. Jusque-là, l'armée française nommait le Cadre noir .

Depuis 1989, le directeur de l'école a toujours été un civil. Depuis 2010, cette école fait désormais partie de l'Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation. Ses membres sont composés majoritairement de civils mais aussi de militaires, neuf écuyers en 2006. Depuis 1996, le Cadre noir est décrit comme « l'ensemble du corps enseignant de l'école nationale d'équitation », ses membres sont sélectionnés sur leurs performances en équitation sportive et l'obtention du brevet d'état d'éducateur sportif du deuxième degré.

Fin 2011, alors que la crise financière rend l'octroi de subventions à la filière équestre française de plus en plus difficile, l'équitation de tradition française, exercée principalement au Cadre noir, est inscrite par l'UNESCO sur la liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité.

Écuyers

Rôle et missions
Les écuyers forment un corps de cavaliers enseignants et formateurs, experts en techniques équestres, auprès de l'École nationale d'équitation (ENE). Leur rôle principal est la transmission technique et théorique aux élèves-stagiaires de l'ENE, formant ainsi les futurs cadres, managers et enseignants civils des centres équestres. En parallèle de leur mission d'enseignement, les écuyers s'occupent du dressage des chevaux de l'école. De plus, ils tiennent un rôle de chercheurs de par leurs recherches et approfondissement des connaissances équestres.

Enfin, ils ont également pour rôle la tenue des événements et des représentations publiques, et participent aux compétitions nationales et internationales afin de contribuer au maintien et au rayonnement de l'équitation de tradition française et à la mise en valeur de leurs savoir-faire. Ils soutiennent et participent au développement du haut-niveau dans les trois disciplines olympiques : dressage, saut d'obstacles et le concours complet d'équitation. Ils s'impliquent également dans la formation de l'équipe de France d'Handisport.

Le ministère des Armées détache sept militaires pour intégrer le corps des . Le ministre des Sports, après consultation de son homologue de la Défense, nomme l'écuyer en chef. Fin 2011, les écuyers du Cadre noir sont quarante, parmi lesquels trois femmes. Ils revêtent la tenue noire, avec laquelle l'écuyer en chef leur remet aussi une cravache à trois viroles qu'ils sont les seuls à posséder.

Recrutement

Outre les écuyers détachés par le ministère de la Défense, la plupart des écuyers sont des civils, recrutés sur concours.

Les conditions d'entrées au concours sont un âge inférieur à trente ans, la qualification d'instructeur et la justification de résultats significatifs en compétition de niveau national ou international. De fait, la plupart des postulants proviennent de la compétition équestre civile.

Les personnes recrutées deviennent des élèves-écuyers pendant une période probatoire d'un an, et n'ont pas encore droit de porter la tenue des écuyers. Au terme de la période probatoire, ils intègrent le Cadre Noir en tant qu'aspirant-écuyer et portent la tenue noire. Ils ne deviennent écuyers qu'au terme d'une période de trois ans. Si un écuyer dispose d'un palmarès de compétition suffisamment prestigieux, il peut accéder au titre de « Maître écuyer ».

Écuyers en chef

À la fin du , l'écuyer en chef était surnommé le « grand dieu », parce que les écuyers étaient surnommés « les dieux » et la reprise des écuyers « la reprise des dieux ».

Il est le directeur technique de l'école, et est le garant de l'éthique de la formation, qu'il dirige et supervise, en veillant à la qualité de l'enseignement dispensé. Il est directeur adjoint de l'Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation.

Lors des galas, il porte sous la selle un tapis de couleur amarante doublement galonné d'or. Les aciers de son mors et les rênes de son filet sont d'or. Son cheval porte une natte couleur amarante et or.

Chevaux

Le Cadre noir compte , dont 272 appartiennent au site en lui-même, et 66 sous-contrats. (140 pour l'écurie Manège/ Dressage/ CSO, 128 pour les formations équestres et 52 pour les compétitions).

Choix
Les chevaux du Cadre noir sont achetés chez des éleveurs de toute la France. Ils sont choisis à l'âge de trois ans et généralement sur des concours régionaux, grâce à une subvention. À la différence de l'École espagnole de Vienne, où ne sont montés que des Lipizzans, le Cadre noir fait appel à plusieurs races de chevaux, principalement des Selle français ainsi que des Anglo-arabes, mais également des Pur-sangs, en fonction des disciplines demandées. Tous sont de robe alezane ou baie, afin d'obtenir des reprises homogènes. Le Cadre noir renouvelle environ 10 % de son effectif chaque année.

Des morphologies spécifiques sont recherchées, les chevaux sauteurs sont plus forts et trapus que ceux de la reprise de manège, plus longilignes et près du sang.

Dressage des chevaux

Les chevaux sont dressés après leur achat, ce dressage dure six à huit ans, trois ans sont consacrés au dressage classique et trois à cinq ans au dressage spécifique, celui des chevaux sauteurs étant plus long puisqu'ils sont âgés de dix à douze ans lorsqu'ils sont présentés en reprise. Les chevaux de manège peuvent être aptes dès huit ans.

Retraite

Les chevaux âgés ou fatigués sont réformés chaque année, généralement à l'âge de seize ans. Ils sont vendus de 500 à , leur nouveau propriétaire doit s'engager à « ne pas les utiliser à des fins lucratives ».

Dressage et sauts d'école

Les écuyers, outre le travail de dressage traditionnel, travaillent aussi les sauts d'école, montés ou à pied. Ces sauts sont au nombre de trois :

 La courbette : « Préparé par un équilibre sur les hanches, le cheval élève l'avant-main (les membres antérieurs) en prenant appui sur les postérieurs. » Cette position doit durer quelques secondes. Ce faisant, le cheval se dresse vers le ciel, avec ses antérieurs ployés. Le cavalier garde sa position et se retrouve en arrière de la verticale du cheval,
 La croupade : « Touché par la cravache, le cheval détache une ruade énergique en étendant complètement ses membres postérieurs. »
 La cabriole : combinaison presque simultanée d'une courbette et d'une croupade.

Les sauts montés sont effectués sans étriers.

En complément des airs relevés, les écuyers travaillent également les airs près de terre, tel que :
 le terre-à-terre : galope en deux temps, imitant le mouvement d'un cheval à bascule.
 l'épaule en dedans : les épaules du cheval sont orientées vers l'intérieur. Le déplacement se fait latéralement, dans le sens contraire de son incurvation.
 l'appuyer : le cheval se déplace latéralement, dans le sens de son incurvation
 la pirouette : le cheval galope sur place, en tournant autour de ses hanches.

Le travail aux piliers y perdure, notamment pour le travail des sauteurs et le perfectionnement de leurs cavaliers. Dans le travail du jeune sauteur, il permet à l'écuyer d'intervenir à n'importe quel endroit du cheval en se déplaçant tout autour. Dans une deuxième phase de son apprentissage, la sauteur dans les piliers est monté afin qu'il s'habitue au poids de son cavalier lors de l'exécution des sauts d'école. Ils sont ensuite utilisés pour assurer l'assiette des cavaliers aux mouvements que l'on provoque chez les sauteurs. Le Cadre Noir est la seule école avec l'École Espagnole de Vienne à toujours utiliser cette pratique de la Renaissance

Représentations publiques

Le Cadre noir présente pendant l'année des galas et des présentations publiques. Les présentations publiques au « Grand manège » d'avril à octobre présentent le travail de dressage du cheval aux longs rênes, à l'obstacle ainsi que des sauts d'écoles et sont accompagnés des commentaires d'un écuyer. Les Galas sont une mise en spectacle des présentations publiques. Parmi eux, le Carrousel de Saumur au mois de juillet impliquait jusqu'en 2017 des écuyers du Cadre noir aux côtés de la section équestre de l'école de cavalerie de Saumur ainsi qu'une présentation des véhicules motorisés et blindés des Écoles militaires de Saumur.

Dans le cadre de ses Galas, le Cadre noir se déplace régulièrement à l'étranger, notamment en Suisse (Genève, Lausanne), à Londres, à Vienne invité par l'école espagnole d'équitation ou à Lisbonne invité par l'école portugaise d'art équestre. En 1998, trente-trois chevaux et quarante-six employés (dont vingt-et-un écuyers) s'envolent pour le Japon où ils effectuent trois représentations.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Persival, programme de recherche et simulateur équestre.
 Équitation de tradition française
 École de cavalerie de Saumur
 École nationale d'équitation (ENE)

Liens externes

 Site officiel du Cadre noir et de l'ENE
 Le Cadre noir, document vidéo de la Radio télévision suisse, de 8 min 56 s, daté de 1959, avec le colonel Patrice Lair.
 La Doctrine équestre du colonel Margot en PDF.
 Site officiel des Amis du Cadre noir de Saumur : participer au rayonnement du Cadre noir en France et à l'étranger

Bibliographie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
The Courtroom is a British legal drama created by Phil Redmond, which aired between June and December 2004. Music was composed and performed by Steve Wright.

The programme was notable for starring many former British soap stars, particularly those who starred in Redmond's other productions Brookside and Hollyoaks.

References

External links

Channel 4 television dramas
2004 British television series debuts
2004 British television series endings
2000s British drama television series
2000s British legal television series
English-language television shows


text:
Schurtz ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Cornelius Nicolaus Schurtz (17. Jh.), deutscher Zeichner und Kupferstecher
 Heinrich Schurtz (1863–1903), deutscher Ethnologe und Historiker

Siehe auch:
 Schurz


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Segments 1 to 6 are each about 90 minutes long. All other videos are very short.
Segment 1 Watch on Youtube & Watch on WMV Format Marketing Plan Concepts and examining a members membership for material defects. You should have the marketing plan printed out and you can also follow along with the printed version.
Sample 30 minute workshop Recorded Webinar Session Material Defects in listings, web site, etc. January, 2012 (Starts at the 4 minute 30 second mark - have not had a chance to edit and convert this movie yet.) See this video in Youtube format.
Segment 3 Watch on YouTube & Watch on WMV Searching Database 1 and 2, entering information, how to place photos, key word searching, EMail List Services, linking - one of the true powers of the Internet.
We would like to know, do you like version 1 or version 2 better. They are the same material but in version 2 you can hear the attendees.
Advanced - It is what we do to set your site up.
Getting Started Guide - Not sure where to start? The new Getting Started Guide is a perfect way to get started with your Point2 Agent website immediately. Find it online under the Document Downloads area on www.Point2Agent.com or a direct link here.
Training Videos for Web Site - Visually goes through the instructions and information that is found in the User Manual. Find the corresponding video on each page of the User Manual, or view the entire list of videos. They will answer questions you have not even thought to ask. Many of them are short. Then if you have a problem . . . call us.
Resource Links - Every web site should have one. When someone moves to your area whether it is residential or a commercial building, it is helpful to provide information to the new buyers. Here are sample links you find for your area and provide them from your web site. Resource Link Ideas.
Comments of those who have attended.
Go to www.iciworld.net, click on Log In Member Management, click on Resource Center on the left and look for HOW TO BUILD TRAFFIC TO YOUR WEB SITE. This is not only a good article but there are resources for more advice.
Log in to YOUR web site, click on contact support, click on User Manual. Search for How To Market Your Website. This is the advice from Point2 on how to build traffic.
Once per year let us Search Engine Optimize your web site or consult with you on how to do it.
All this takes a little time. Never let your web site domain name lapse or you can lose it. It takes time to be search engine indexed and you will lose all that investment of time and placement in the search engines. Set your domain name to automatically renew so you do not accidentally forget to renew it.
Content for your web site article.
a. Segment 6 Information Tune-Up You can not hear attendees speaking. FULL VERSION on YOUTUBE and Full WMV Format Single voice, clear sound.
b. Segment 6 Information Tune-up. You can hear attendees speaking. Would appreciate your opinion of the sound.
We are using different techniques with all segments. Is a. or b. preferable for future recordings?
A domain name points to a unique place on the Internet, a Web address, where customers, clients, and vendors can find your business.
Acquiring your business domain name is the first step to take in getting your business online.
The domain name protects your business brand from competitors and also reserves a customized address for a future Web site or e-mail accounts.
Differences between a standard web site and professional web sites and Premium.Here are the differences Click here for a summary. You can try the Professional Web Site for two weeks free.
Four Ways To Make A Connection Watch on YouTube WMV Format (For Download) otherwise you can miss doing a deal and not realize it.
How to use the Links Bar in Internet Explorer to save you time. How To Use The Links Bar Watch on YouTube WMV Format In later versions of Internet Explorer and other browsers you can sometimes click on a Star and it will automatically be added to your favourites bar. No one on ICIWorld should ever have to type www. etc. for their top 10 web sites that you visit on a daily or weekly basis. Just place them on your favourites bar and click on it and presto it appears on your screen.
For Canadian Commercial Real Estate Brokers and . . .
Real Estate Salespeople who are not members of ICIWorld.
Watch on Youtube - Watch in WMV Format A promotional information video.
E) You will need speakers to listen as well as a windows computer to watch the video.
Your feedback would be appreciated about the format and suggested topics as well.
Apps for your iPhone, iPad, Blackberry and shortcuts you can add as an icon to your desktop on any and all your devices.
If you like these apps and our asssitance in building this for you, click on Like below. We appreciate it.
Send an EMail service @ iciworld.net for any recommendations.


Visit Tunefind for music from your favorite TV shows and movies. The – 14 network television schedule for the five major English- language commercial broadcast networks in the United States covers primetime hours from September to August. J' ai bien aimé les saisons 1 à 3 mais les saisons 4 et 5 sont vraiment mauvaises selon moi, ont dirait une scripted reality. NATURA : AMORE: ARTE: ANIMALI: CITTÀ: NATALIZI: RICORRENZE: PAESAGGI: FIORI: VARIE: Conchiglie - Estate : Per impostare come sfondo desktop: Cliccare sull' immagine con il tasto destro del mouse e seleziona " Imposta come sfondo".
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, extrait de l' album Out of Time, sortie en 1991. Guide episode saison 6 de la serie Beverly Hills 90210. The series black comedy, which also incorporates elements of crime drama, focuses on " McNamara/ Troy", psychological thriller, family drama, satire, controversial plastic surgery center follows the personal. Watch series 90210 Season Five episode 9 watchseries arawatch tv free online 123movies video stream arawatch tv with fast stream hosts.
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Premieres next Monday, October 15th.
Download FXNOW to watch blockbuster movies. Starring a memorable and appealing cast that portrayed privileged youth taking on the challenges of adolescence and young adulthood, the collection features every love triangle, personal triumph and soul- crushing crisis from all 10 seasons.
Nip/ Tuck is an American serial medical drama television series created by Ryan Murphy that aired on FX in the United States from July 22,, to March 3,.


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Massively Multiplayer »
50 Best Games Like Quake Champions You Should Try in 2022
Trying to find games like Quake Champions? Try these 50 great games that are similar to Quake Champions, but stand out in their own awesome ways. This is a comprehensive list of best games like Quake Champions that have been tried, tested and recommended.
Best Games Like Quake Champions
50 Best Games Like Quake Champions You Should Try in 2022 Tomb Raider (2013),Far Cry 3,For Honor,Prey (2017),Assassin's Creed Freedom Cry,Dishonored 2,Assassin's Creed Unity,Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare,Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel,BioShock Remastered
1. Tomb Raider (2013)
Platform: PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, macOS, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3,
A cinematic revival of the series in its action third person form, Tomb Rider follows Lara in her least experience period of life – her youth. Heavily influenced by Naughty Dog's "Uncharted", the game is a mix of everything, from stealth and survival to combat and QTE action scenes.
Young Lara Croft arrives on the Yamatai, lost island near Japan, as the leader of the expedition in search of the Yamatai Kingdom, with a diverse team of specialists. But shipwreck postponed the successful arrival...
2. Far Cry 3
Far Cry 3 is absolute madness. Being the third instalment of the franchise, it has a unique plot. Playing as Jason Brody, you will understand what it is like, to be a Rambo. Vacation on Rook Islands with your friends and family quickly turned into a complete nightmare after Vaas Montenegro kidnapping everyone from the party. Jason manages to escape the cruel pirate lord with a little help from a native supporter called Dennis. Now Brody has to save all his friends and get out of the island.
To help...
3. For Honor
Genre: Action, Massively Multiplayer,
For Honor is an action game developed by Ubisoft Montreal. The game mixes the element of fighting and hacks and slashes with a heavy focus on multiplayer.
The game takes place in the medieval fantasy world and follows the conflict between three factions: the Iron Legion, the Chosen, and the Warborn. Each fraction represents a specific medieval culture: knights, samurai, and Vikings respectively.
The gameplay incorporates elements of the hack-and-slash and fighting game....
4. Prey (2017)
Prey (2017) is a single-player sci-fi first-person shooter developed by Arkane Studios Austin and published by Bethesda Softworks. While it is technically a reboot of the 2006 game of the same name developed by Human Head Studios, of which the sequel suffered a fall into development hell before the license was sold to Bethesda Softworks, there is no relation between the stories and universes of the two games.
The game is set in the near future of an alternate reality. You find yourself stranded on...
5. Assassin's Creed Freedom Cry
Assassin's Creed Freedom Cry is a standalone expansion for Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag and set 12 years after its events. The game introduces a brand new character - a pirate called Adéwalé who joins the Order of Assassins in order to stop slavery in Haiti. He confronts the local government and starts to sabotage their actions.
Freedom Cry, like the original game, is a pirate-themed title with an accent on sea battles. The story is split into nine missions. You can explore an open-world...
6. Dishonored 2
Dishonored 2 is an action-adventure game based on players' stealth skill. The game is played from the first-person perspective and includes several RPG elements. It is a sequel to the original Dishonored game, so the story takes place in Dunwall and mostly in Karnaca 12 years after the ending of the previous part. To start the action, the player has to decide whether he wants to assume the role of deposed Empress Emily or the role of her father and the Royal Protector Corvo, the protagonist of...
7. Assassin's Creed Unity
The game takes place in Paris, during the Great French Revolution, from the capture of the Bastille in 1789 to the Thermidorian coup. Behind all action, there is an intrigue connected with the change of the Great Master of the Order of Templars. The game has a new assassin, Arno Victor Dorian.
The setting provides an abundance of locations - from Versailles to the Parisian multi-level catacombs.
The mission system is entirely different from the previous games of the series. In this game, there is...
8. Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare
9. Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel
Platform: PC, PlayStation 4, Android, macOS, Linux, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3,
The game belongs to the Borderlands game line, its action takes place between the events of Borderlands and Borderlands 2.
Everything happens on the moon of Pandora - Elpis. The story tells about the formation of Hyperion Corporation and the fate of its head - Handsome Jack, whom we meet while in the role of a simple programmer who dreams to find some valuable artifact. In the game there are various innovations - in the plot, in the characters, in the scenarios of missions and in the setting. For...
10. BioShock Remastered
Genre: Shooter,
BioShock is set in an alternate dimension in 1960. Our main protagonist Jack is the sole survivor of a plane crash in the Atlantic Ocean. With help, he gets to the Rapture - underwater city created by Andrew Ryan that wanted to create a utopia. After arriving in the city, however, he discovers Little Sisters and Big Daddies, and it is clear to Jack that there is something not okay with the city.
Being a first-person shooter, BioShock works with an active weapon and a plasmid, on the other hand,...
11. Thief
Platform: PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, iOS, macOS, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3,
Thief is a stealth-action game, the 4th installment in the Thief series and the first game since 2004 Thief: Deadly Shadows. The game was made as an attempt to reboot the franchise.
Just as previous entries, the game takes place in the dark fantasy world with notable steampunk and Victorian era influence. You play as Garrett, the master thief who awakens after one-year slumber caused by accident in one of his missions. He finds out that his hometown is plagued by a mysterious disease "The Gloom."...
12. Half-Life 2: Lost Coast
Essentially a tech demo, "Half-Life 2: Lost Coast" sole purpose was to show off the new high-dynamic-range-rendering of the Source engine, it was a welcome addition to the franchise. It's a free addition to the game that can be downloaded through Steam by the owners of Half-Life 2. Gordon Freeman founds himself near a group of decaying piers, fully armed and ready to explore the monastery above him, fighting through the Combine forces.
High-dynamic-range-rendering introduced realistic lighting...
13. Kingdom Come: Deliverance
You're Henry, the son of a blacksmith. Thrust into a raging civil war, you watch helplessly as invaders storm your village and slaughter your friends and family. Narrowly escaping the brutal attack, you grab your sword to fight back. Avenge the death of your parents and help repel the invading forces!...
14. Lords of the Fallen
Platform: PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, iOS, Android,
Lords of the Fallen is an action RPG, which is set in the fictional world abandoned by Gods and occupied by supernatural hostile power. Players assume the role of Harkyn, a human hero seeking to defeat threatening villains. According to the storyline, the main character is released from prison, where he was held for his sins, in order to protect the world. While wandering around the in-game world, the protagonist, controlled by players, eliminate bosses and earn experience points. As far as Harkyn...
15. Dark Souls II: Scholar of the First Sin
New take in the Souls series. This time players are offered to overcome the immense difficulties in the kingdom of Drangleic. On the way to becoming human again, the hero must obtain a few greater souls. Gamers will experience player versus environment as well as player versus player gameplay using dedicated server technology. Invite your friends, fight your foes and survive your way through harsh medieval fantasy land.
The game shares with the first installment in the series the engine and game...
16. Ryse: Son of Rome
The action of Ryse: Son of Rome is set in the capital of the Roman Empire, which is besieged by the Celtic barbarians led by Boudica. Emperor Nero says from the balcony of the Palace that the defenders of the city should protect him. Marius, the General of Rome (you will play for him) and the commander of the defenders, gives a small sack to a subordinate with the instructions to display it, saying this is the key to victory. Then he secures the ruler in the secret room and begins his story.
17. BioShock 2 Remastered
Bioshock 2 is a shooter with RPG elements, centered around resource-management to a great extent: more like an RPG than a shooter. The game is made by 2K studios and represents the final part of a dystopia dilogy — preceded by the original Bioshock. Its successor is Bioshock Infinite.
You play as Big Daddy — a giant mech with a drill replacing one of the hands. The game, while they both are telling the story of a charming Rapture — the city descended from Orwell's and Zamyatin's pages...
18. F.E.A.R. 2: Project Origin
F. E. A. R. 2: Project Origin is a first-person shooter with elements of horror, the sequel to the game F. E. A. R.
The game has an abundance of scenes of violence and anatomically detailed images of dead bodies, what makes the atmosphere oppressive.
You play as a Delta Force operator Michael Becket during your most common mission, which is gradually turning into a struggle for survival against the wrath of Alma. After the terrible power of Alma is out of control, your squad is forced to break through...
19. The Surge
A catastrophic event has knocked you out during the first day on the job… you wake up equipped with a heavy-grade exoskeleton, in a destroyed section of the complex. Robots gone haywire, insane augmented co-workers and rogue AI - everything wants you dead.Defy deadly enemies and huge bosses in tight, visceral melee combat. Target and slice specific limbs off your foes, with a next-gen loot system where you loot what you dismember. Equip, upgrade and craft new weapons and armors sliced from enemies,...
Genre: Action, Sports, Fighting,
Tekken 7 is a fighting game developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment. It is the ninth installment in the series.
An unnamed journalist investigates the Mishima family history after his family got killed in a war that was started by Jin Kazama. In his investigation, the journalist tries to find out why did Jin's grandfather kill his own wife and threw his son Kazuya down the cliff. At the same time, Jin goes into hiding after defeating an ancient demon named Azazel while his grandfather takes...
22. Warhammer: End Times - Vermintide
This multiplayer-only game based on the popular Warhammer Fantasy franchise is set in the End Time era of this setting. The plot is centered around the city of Ubersreik that was recently taken over by a horde of rat-like monsters called Skavens. The players, who can team up in groups of up to four, are tasked with cleaning the streets from the dirty invaders. There are thirteen levels with different objectives, some of which involve collecting certain items or protecting a city well from being poisoned.
23. Styx: Master of Shadows
Styx -- is a foul-mouthed two-century-old goblin that's seen it all.
He sticks to the shadows to survive and reach for his goal -- a rare magic artifact that lays deep in the miles-long, multilayered Akenash tower. But the story is not that straightforward as it may seem at first and has couple twists that will keep a player interested until the end credits. Help Styx uncover secrets of his origin and grab all the goodies on the way!
Embark into the dark world of Akenash tower with unforgettable...
24. ENSLAVED: Odyssey to the West Premium Edition
ENSLAVED: Odyssey to the West Premium Edition is one of those unexpected surprise games which one could call a forgotten gem. It tells a story about two characters who go to the journey and try to survive in a post-apocalyptic America. The game takes place in the future, about 150 years from now, war has destroyed the world and left it in ruins, and only a small amount of characters survived and yet they are imprisoned in slave ships who takes them to the west without turning back.
There are two...
25. Quake Live
Platform: PC, Web,
Previously free-to-play, Quake Live is an updated version of the classic multiplayer first-person-shooter Quake III from id Software. In 2015, developers abandoned the free-to-play model and now users must pay for the full version of the game. It is available on Steam and players can log in using it. After the release on the site, the developers refused to pay a subscription. Previously, it cost $ 10.
The gameplay is as simple as possible - players compete for the number of frags in each match. There...
26. Killer Instinct
A famous series of fighting games, that for a long time, remained an exclusive for consoles. In 2013, the game got a reboot on the Xbox One, and in 2017 the game moved to the PC.
Killer Instinct of 2017 is all the same one on one melee fights. The developers got inspiration from other legendary games in the genre: attack set was borrowed from Street Fighter series and finishing moves from Mortal Kombat. In the reboot, the Combo Breaker mechanic has been changed a little - now it is necessary to coincide...
27. Hard Reset Extended Edition
In the only remaining human city of Bezoar, Major Fletcher, an Army Combat Veteran and soldier of the CLN, is dragged into a conflict between two of mankind's greatest enemies. He is to discover that nothing is what it seems to be. Hard Reset is an action-packed, single-player shooter for the PC. With over-the-top destruction, loads of enemies, great weapon variety and a beautifully realized cyberpunk setting, Hard Reset is sure to shake up the shooter scene. Key features: A haunting...
28. Natural Selection 2
Natural Selection is a unique blend of RTS and first-person shooter that is complex enough it takes some time to master.
Two teams -- elite marines Frontiersmen and vicious alien Khaara -- compete against each other on robust maps. The number of them is limited only by the play imagination: the game features compelling level editor, scripting and graphical tools to sculpt a unique adventure. FPS mechanic is simple -- you just point and shoot. The beauty of the game mechanics truly shines in intense...
29. Marvel Ultimate Alliance
Genre: Adventure , Action, Role Playing, Arcade,
Platform: PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2, PSP, Wii, Game Boy Advance,
Marvel Ultimate Alliance is an action, adventure, RPG and arcade game developed by Raven Software, Zoë Mode and Vicarious Visions. It was originally released in 2006. Activision Blizzard published the game. The game is rated as "Recommended" on RAWG. You can play Marvel Ultimate Alliance on Xbox, Game Boy Advance, Wii and Xbox One. The game is sold via Nintendo eShop, Steam and Xbox Store. Dan Vondrak directed the game. Chance Thomas, Cris Velasco and Mark Griskey scored the game. ...
30. Agents of Mayhem
Agents of MAYHEM is the latest open-world, third-person action game from the creators of the Saints Row franchise!
In Agents of MAYHEM, you run a no-holds barred operation against a shadowy super-villain organization known only as LEGION and their mysterious leader, the Morningstar.
Following the global attacks on Devil's Night, cities of the world are held by the LEGION's Ministries, bands of powerful villains named for the Seven Deadly Sins.
Seoul is the personal domain of LEGION's mad scientists,...
31. Devil May Cry HD Collection
The popular stylish action games Devil May Cry, Devil May Cry 2, and Devil May Cry 3 Special Edition return in one collection! As Dante, the ultimate devil hunter, you'll join forces with appealing characters such as Trish, Lady, and Lucia and enjoy incredible action for the first time in blistering 60fps.
Devil May Cry: The first appearance of Dante, the ultimate devil hunter! With the blood of a legendary demon warrior flowing through his veins, Dante takes on the king of the underworld, Mundus.
Devil...
32. Hard Reset Redux
The acclaimed First-Person Shooter returns fully upgraded, and more beautifully challenging than ever. Hard Reset Redux is a brand new version of the cyberpunk classic that includes all the content of previous editions, and adds new improved gameplay, enhanced visuals and additional content to make this the Definitive Edition of Hard Reset.Hard Reset Redux is an action-packed and hardcore single-player shooter which embraces the best qualities that the genre has it offer. It includes over-the-top...
33. LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game
Genre: Adventure , Action, Arcade, Family,
Platform: PC, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo DS, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, PS Vita, PSP, Wii,
LEGO® Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game is an action adventure game that brings the Pirates of the Caribbean world and all its colorful characters to life in LEGO Brick form. Players will experience all the memorable scenesall four films in the humorous and quirky LEGO Video Games style.
Experience the swashbuckling adventure, irreverent humor, memorable characters and amazing creatures of the Pirates of the Caribbean universe (content from all 4 films), through action-adventure...
34. Umbrella Corps /Biohazard Umbrella Corps
Umbrella Corps /Biohazard Umbrella Corps is a shooter game, a spin-off of the Capcom's Resident Evil series.
In Umbrella Corps you take a role of mercenary working for Umbrella Co.
The player can switch between first-person and third-person perspectives. The game features both multiplayer and single-player modes although the game was primarily marketed as a multiplayer title. The single-player part consists of than 24 missions most of which task you with collecting DNA samples from killed...
35. DEAD OR ALIVE 6
Genre: Action, Fighting,
[Introduce DOA Series]
The Dead or Alive franchise is a AAA fighting game series produced by Koei Tecmo Games' Team NINJA. Composed of fast-paced 3D fighting games that began with the original Dead or Alive in 1996, Dead or Alive 6 will be the sixth entry in the series. This game features fighting entertainment with multi-tiered stages that are now both dynamic and critical parts of the competitive experience.
[Story]
The story will follow that of Dead or Alive 5, shedding light on 2 main narratives;...
36. Onimusha: Warlords
Platform: PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Xbox, PlayStation 2,
Capcom's riveting samurai adventure returns! This version includes the original game's intense swordplay and dramatic revenge story, plus a host of enhancements. Improved controls allow players to move and fight with analog-stick precision. The crisp, high-definition visuals support 16:9 widescreen as well as the original 4:3 resolution display. A new soundtrack brings the feudal Japan setting to life with an air of authenticity and intrigue. Experience this enhanced version of the best-selling...
37. The Void
The Void is a game about supernatural adventures in a grotesque world. The game was also released under the names Turgor (the original Russian title) and Tension.
The main protagonist of the story is dead. His soul is trapped in the Void, a world beyond life and death that serves as a sort of Purgatory. Two factions inhabit the Void: the monstrous Brothers and the lovely Sisters. They live in the world almost devoid of color. The Color exists in this world as a liquefied substance that is very...
38. Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath
Unprecedented Multi-decade Campaign – Kane returns as the centerpiece of an epic new single-player campaign. Experience a new story that spans 20 years – from the rebirth of the Brotherhood of Nod after the Second Tiberium War through the dramatic events of the Third Tiberium War and beyond. Facilitate the rise of the Brotherhood leading up to and beyond the events of Command & Conquer 3 Tiberium Wars. Global Conquest – Fight the Third Tiberium War your way. Take command in an all new...
39. Might & Magic X - Legacy
Genre: Role Playing,
After a decade, a Might & Magic® RPG is back with both the unique core formula and a new set of improved and fine-tuned features. The best RPG of its class!In the wake of the spectacular events in Might & Magic® Heroes® VI, you will play in a party of four adventurers entangled in intrigue and political machinations unfolding in and around Karthal. The city, on the verge of secession, is prey to competing factions vying for its control. Your actions will determine the fate of the city.Might...
40. Brothers in Arms: Earned in Blood
Platform: PC, PlayStation 2, Wii,
With its unprecedented combination of authenticity, compelling story and squad-based action, the Brothers in Arms franchise has established itself as a benchmark for military action games, receiving the highest average review scores of any console WWII game to date (www.gamerankings.com).
Brothers in Arms Earned in Blood adds new features and game modes and builds upon the elements that made Brothers in Arms Road to Hill 30 a runaway success.
Featuring a new single player narrative, new multiplayer...
41. Chaser
Genre: Adventure , Action, Arcade, Casual, Shooter,
Mars, 2044. The UN establishes MARSCORP (Martian Security and Economics Committee) under the leadership of Samuel Longwood. In the years that follow, the UN gradually loses control of MARSCORP, mainly due to the non-transparent licence policy of its director. Longwood uses his autonomous status to create vassal relations between the corporations and MARSCORP. The unshakable power position of MARSCORP is supported by the companies and thus they acquire additional rights and licenses. Longwood and...
42. Damnation
Evolving the shooter genre with its unique and exhilarating combination of fluid action and combat, Damnation features huge, open environments, frenetic combat, daredevil acrobatics and high-octane vehicle-based stunts. Presenting players with an intense test of reflexes, quick thinking and rapid-fire conflict, Damnation will feature vast, breathtaking landscapes, each covering miles of distance and thousands of vertical feet.
Billed as a "shooter gone vertical" and visually inspired by iconic...
43. God Eater 3
Platform: PC, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch,
All of sudden, unknown life forms called "Oracle cells" begin their uncontrolled consumption of all life on Earth. Their ravenous appetite "devour" and remarkable adaptability earn them first dread, then awe, and finally the name "Aragami". In the face of an enemy completely immune to conventional weapons, urban civilization collapses, and each day humanity is driven further and further toward extinction.
One single ray of hope remains for humanity. Following the development of "God...
44. Conflict: Denied Ops
Platform: PC, Xbox 360,
*This is a single player only title*Venezuela is left in a state of civil war after the government was brutally overthrown by a military coup. With factions fighting to reinstate democracy, the U.S. government has offered their assistance, though the new government regime has threatened to deploy nuclear weapons if the U.S. meddles in Venezuelan affairs. The threat needs to be neutralized, and the U.S can't risk nuclear war.The CIA Special Activities Division operates in isolation and secrecy....
45. INSOMNIA: The Ark
INSOMNIA is a dieselpunk sci-fi RPG about the slowly degrading remnants of human society attempting to survive on an abandoned space metropolis. Develop your character, explore lovingly handcrafted locations, interact with peculiar NPCs and factions, craft equipment and try to stay alive in this brutal world.
Welcome to Object 6 - a colossal space station set on a dismal 400-year journey in search of a new home. Your character wakes from cryogenic sleep — stricken with a rare psychological disease...
46. Fear The Wolves
Genre: Adventure , Action, Massively Multiplayer,
Fear the Wolves is a competitive Battle Royale FPS by Vostok Games, bringing a nuclear aftermath to the brutal 100-player arena. The game drops players, in squads or as lone wolves, into the oppressive environments of a radiation-ravaged Chernobyl spread across a 25km2 map. The classic Battle Royale mode forces them to fight to be the last man standing out of 100 fighters. while another, to-be-unveiled mode brings an exciting twist to the genre.To secure the top spot, players will need to worry about...
47. In Verbis Virtus
Use your real voice to cast spells in In Verbis Virtus, a fantasy adventure unlike any other.Step into the shoes of a wizard in search of an ancient power. Explore a lost temple, making your way through forgotten chambers brimming with unspeakable beauty and terror. Unlock spells and use them to solve the temple's enigmas and battle the monsters that lurk in its depths.Built on the Unreal Engine, lose yourself in the breathtaking world of In Verbis Virtus, possibly the most unique and immersive...
48. TRANSFORMERS: Rise of the Dark Spark
Platform: PC, Xbox One, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, Wii U,
Includes Over 40 playable characters from two different universes!Change Form Anytime: Effortlessly switch between robot and vehicle form!Beyond the Movie: Weave your way through Earth and Cybertron universes in an unforgettable battle to secure the Dark Spark.Epic Multiplayer Battles: Expanded four-player co-op online escalation mode with new upgradeable defenses and challenging Power Foes!New Unlock System: Leveling system spans campaign and escalation, allowing players to unlock rewards that will...
49. Wickland
Wickland is an indie arena shooter heavily inspired by classic FPS games of the 90's. Morph into eight deadly beasts and use their own unique abilities, blaze through maps at insane speed to pick up power-ups, and fight your friends or foes in classic maze-like arena maps, just like the good old days. Wickland is an arena FPS dedicated to PC Gamers.Main ObjectiveWickland revolves around the unique arena FPS mechanic of morphing, fighting, and killing your opponent's beasts until their human character...
50. Visage
Genre: Adventure , Action, Simulation, Indie,
WARNING: This video game may potentially trigger seizures for people with photosensitive epilepsy. Player discretion is advised.IMPORTANT NOTE: The game focuses on exploration and builds tension slowly to create a deeper and more meaningful experience. Its story is unveiled through surreal imaging and subtle environment details. Be mindful that it is a difficult game in unconventional ways.Visage is a first-person psychological horror game.Explore a mysterious ever-changing house in a slow-paced,...
What is the plot of Quake Champions?
Developer: id Software
Publisher: Bethesda Softworks
Platforms:PC,
Genre: Massively Multiplayer,
Quake Champions is a multiplayer competitive FPS developed by Id Software.
The gameplay resembles the same arena shooter mechanics as the previous installments. For the first time in the series, the so-called champions appear in the game. Each champion has a different amount of health, top speed and a unique ability that can be used once in 20-45 seconds depending on the champion and needs to be recharged after usage. The abilities are designed using the rock-paper-scissors principle with each ability serving as a counter to another. This was done in order to put emphasis on a player's skill and not the chosen character. The game also features character customization system which allows changing the look of any selected champion.
There is no loadout system in the game whatsoever. Players have to pick up the weapons scattered on the map.
Players can download the game for free, yet they will have access to only one Champion, Ranger. The players have to either rent new champions using the in-game currency or by the so-called champions pack that will unlock every in-game character for an unlimited amount of time.
Arena Shooter Difficult e-sports Early Access exclusive Fast-Paced First-Person FPS Free to Play Gore Horror Multiplayer Online multiplayer Steam Achievements true exclusive Violent
PC Xbox One PlayStation 4 iOS Android macOS Linux Nintendo Switch Nintendo DS Xbox 360 PlayStation 3 PlayStation 2 PS Vita PSP Wii