Two Interesting Articles About The U.S.
MaClean's recently published an article that discussed the factors that make the U.S. great. The author concluded the piece saying the country's greatness is a myth and that the reality is average based on factors such as income, education, infrastructure, etc.
The belief in American greatness isn't limited to the right; it permeates all of American society.
But what is greatness? Is it defined by a bunch of Olympic medals, or a fat GDP or a clutch of Nobel prizes? In absolute terms, there's no question that the U.S. far surpasses the rest of the world in all of those categories.
But the U.S. also has, by far, the largest population of the world's most advanced countries, and a running tally of its achievements doesn't give us a clear picture of how it is doing compared to other nations. Take Nobel laureates, a measure of a country's intellectual output: The U.S. leads the world with 375 (its closest competitor is the U.K. at 129). But on a more realistic per capita basis, it ranks 16th. Similarly with Olympic medals: at the 2016 Rio games, the U.S. medal haul was 121. The U.K. came second with 67. In per capita terms, however, it ranked 16th, one spot behind Canada; as for GDP, America's was a staggering $19.39 trillion in 2017; in per capita terms (PPP-adjusted), it ranked seventh.
So if not brain power, athletic prowess and wealth, what is it that justifies Trump's State of the Union claim that "there is nothing anywhere in the world that can compete with America"?
Bloomberg Contributor Noah Smith wrote a similar piece stating the U.S. is a rich country with symptoms of a developing, He performed the analysis using factors such as health care spending, life expectancy, etc.
The other day I was late to dinner, but it wasn't my fault. Traffic was backed up throughout the city of San Francisco, because chunks of concrete had started falling from the upper deck of the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. Unfortunately, this wasn't a particularly unusual occurrence — in 2016, the Bay Bridge was shut after concrete chunks began to fall from the walls of a tunnel. Nor are such issues limited to bridges — the $2.2 billion Transbay Transit Center was closed in late 2018 when cracks were discovered in the beams.
These little examples are the kind of incidents that one might expect to see in a developing country where things are built cheaply or badly. But California has ruinously high construction costs; Governor Gavin Newsom recently canceled most of the state's high-speed rail plan after the price tag ballooned from $45 billion to $75 billion. And these problems aren't limited to California; across the country, construction costs for both the public and private sectors have swelled as productivity has stagnated or fallen. It costs much more to build each mile of train in the U.S. than in heavily unionized France. No one seems to be able to put their finger on the reason — instead, the U.S. simply seems riddled with corruption, inefficient bidding, high land-acquisition costs, overstaffing, regulatory barriers, poor maintenance, excessive reliance on consultants and other problems. These seemingly minor inefficiencies add up to a country that has forgotten how to build. Unsurprisingly, much of the country's infrastructure remains in a state of disrepair.
All of this raises a disturbing question: Is it possible for a rich, industrialized country to fall back into the middle ranks? The United Nations classifies countries as developed, developing and a middle category called "in transition." But it's generally assumed that the economies in transition are on their way up, not down.
Both the above articles are worth a read.


Small Bone Innovations Inc. sold its shoulder-related assets to French orthopedics firm Fx Solutions for an undisclosed amount.
The New York-based company said it plans to focus on arthroplasty and trauma reconstruction technology and treatments for the small bones & joints. Proceeds from the sale are earmarked for streamlining "product management efforts and accelerate product introductions and launches" — especially its Star total ankle replacement, according to a press release. SBi will also "dedicate additional resources to fund clinical studies of key products," according to the release.
Filed Under: Business/Financial News, Mergers & Acquisitions, News Well, Orthopedics Tagged With: Fx Solutions, Small Bone Innovations Inc.


Allows the app to modify your tablet's call log, including data about incoming and outgoing calls.
your tablet's call log, including data about incoming and outgoing calls.
may make the tablet slow or unstable by causing it to use too much memory.
can give access to personal data to other apps.
any phone number, including emergency numbers, without your intervention.


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e-cash-advance
Takes a licking and keeps on ticking
A Complete Rethinking Of The Very Concept Of Education
Never before has American education been in as precarious a situation as it seems to be at present. For over ten years now we have seen many governors' summits, and a host of commissions, committees, panels, unions, boards and business executives trying to warn citizens that American schools have become dysfunctional and are in dire need of repairs. And for over ten years the results of student performance have worsened despite the billions being spent to stop the downward trend. Perhaps the time has come to stop and try to examine the problem rationally. It is not the first time that American education has reached a threshold at which only radical solutions seem to be called for. This time, however, reformers are calling for a systemic reform, a complete rethinking of the very concept of education. As politicians, educators, academicians, psychologists, sociologists, and CEOs entered the fray, the well-intentioned movement became murky and increasingly chaotic. It soon became clear that the reformers truly intended a clean sweep of what education had meant to Americans.
The acquisition of knowledge for its own sake, the study and appreciation of great works by outstanding minds and artists, the acquisition of communication and mathematical skills, the objective search for scientific knowledge, the analysis and assimilation of ideas and ideals that enabled western civilization to serve as a beacon for the rest of the world, all of this was suddenly declared superficial, politically motivated, artificial, and unneeded. The new education was to turn from such academic trivia to preparing the new person for the 21st century, a person aware of the leading role that was to be played by the new technology which in some way will take care of all the other academic "frills" that had marked the progress of the old education, the education of the past. Physics
The search for truth, which was at the heart of the traditional academy, was to be replaced by the promotion of the social and emotional growth of the individual while preparing him or her for the demands of the "real life." As a result, a bevy of researchers and educators started scurrying around for a system that would accomplish this. A goldmine seemed to be struck when a group of sociologists and educators, with the assistance of politicians and business executives, came across a program that had been around for some time and that had close connections with Dewey's "progressive education." Known as Outcome Based Education, it called for a much greater emphasis on the affective dimension of the educational process at the expense of the old academic rigors. Basing itself on the conviction that it's a disproven theory that children must first learn basic skills before engaging in more complex tasks, the stress was now to be placed on the "more complex tasks."
The educational process was to move from concepts to facts rather than vice versa. This called for a complete revamping of teaching methods. Instead of the teacher being an authoritative figure in the front of the class, he or she was to be a "coach" or "facilitator" helping the class to discover knowledge in small groups working on one or more projects. Working together in groups would prepare students for the team approach used by industry. It would also "level the playing field" so that the disadvantaged would have the same opportunity as others in the learning process. This brings us to the two dominant mantras of the new education. One is that it must foster self-esteem; the other that "it takes a whole village to raise a child." The first requires that students must acquire the attitudes, values, and feelings that would lead to a smooth, painless transition to the "real life," as defined by experts; the second requires that the child's entire community participate in defining his or her education. As for assessing the results, standardized tests are out for the most part. Whatever testing is done must be supplemented by portfolios containing a student's work record that follows him or her throughout his or her schooling and beyond. In short, primary emphasis is place on the student's ability to process information rather than to acquire and to retain knowledge of content material or a discipline.
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With the new growing season already here, our minds are currently focused on the Maison/Made farm in Burgundy. We started with a list of over 60 plants we want to (eventually) grow on the farm and, somewhat painstakingly, whittled the list down to 20… Not exactly a small list, but hey, the sooner the better right?
Jojoba is a classic ingredient in the holistic skincare formulator's toolbox because, more so than any other vegetable oil, it is made up of compounds that most closely resembles the composition of the sebum.
Waste is essentially a part of life, however western society up until the early to mid 20th century gave little to no regard to the refuse that our needs and lifestyles demanded.
Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) is one of our favorite herbs at Maison/Made (if not our #1). It is an incredibly underrated plant by the vast majority of people, since it is primarily seen as a nuisance, a common weed, one that stings you if you accidentally brush up against it while out in the woods.
The Extrait de Maison is a fundamental skincare product. To start the Maison/Made line, I didn't want to create a product that targeted one specific ailment or deficiency, but rather take the time to design a product that helps the skin no matter what it might be suffering from.
What does "Natural" Beauty Mean?
It's a word that has no legal definition, so its interpretation is largely based on who is using the word and in what context.
If you support the tenets of organic agriculture, a healthy planet, and high-quality products, then you should definitely know about biodynamic farming because it encompasses all of these things.
Antioxidants refer to a chemical property, it's the ability to act as an electron donor to a free radical, thereby preventing the free radicals from stealing the electron from a healthy functioning cell.
Everyone takes care of their skin with beauty products, but few know how the skin works at a basic level and how those products interact with it. Here's what you need to know.
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The problem with spending several movies playing one of the most famous characters of franchise cinema is that filmgoers may forever associate you with that one role. Take Hugh Jackman, who despite his continued insistence that he's done playing Wolverine, still gets flooded with requests online for him to wield the claws once more. Similarly, you have Daniel Radcliffe, whose film career has been going pretty well in recent years, but will probably always be the kid who played Harry Potter in the eyes of a lot of fans.
So while Radcliffe may not be the best or most obvious choice for next Wolverine, you could at least argue that casting him in the part would kill two birds with one stone, offering a new version of the character to replace Jackman in the mind of the public, while also giving Radcliffe a role that's too big to be overshadowed by the Potter years.
Nonetheless, we feel pretty confident in predicting that Marvel Studios has other plans in mind, but if you'd like an idea of what could've been (and technically still could be), Brazilian website Omelete has shared a piece of fan art featuring Radcliffe with the familiar claws protruding from his hand and a cigar in his mouth.
Radcliffe himself addressed the idea of being the next Wolverine in a recent video from WIRED. In response to the popular Google search question "Is Daniel Radcliffe the new Wolverine?," the actor joked that an upcoming Wolverine movie will see Hugh Jackman being put into a hot wash that results in Radcliffe coming out the other end.
All in all, we can probably rule out Radcliffe as the next Wolverine, but with the Disney/Fox merger soon to come into effect, surely it's only a matter of time before we find out who's really taking over from Jackman.


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How Computing Became Masculine in the Cold War by Lauren Balser
How Computing Became Masculine in the Cold War
by Lauren BalserPosted on September 24, 2021 First-Year Research SeminarResearch
Programming was not born male, but rather had to be made masculine.—Nathan Ensmenger
The computing industry offers a unique perspective on Cold War gender roles. Unlike factory or shipyard work, for which there was a masculine precedent prior to the Rosie the Riveter-era of feminism, there was no set computing culture prior to the beginning of the Cold War because the industry did not exist. As the Cold War progressed and traditional gender roles (particularly, concerns about masculinity) were emphasized, this changed.1 The shift from a gender-neutral to masculine culture of computing can be seen in Cosmopolitan magazine's 1967 article "The Computer Girls," which was written just before significant masculinization of computing started and offers insight into the gender dynamics of the Cold War in an industry that did not exist prior to the start of the geopolitical conflict. We see evidence of this gendering through computing recruitment and culture, as well as through the identity of the male programmer.
Postwar Computing Culture and the ENIAC Girls: The Origins of Programming
America's first fully electronic programmable digital computer, The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), was completed in November 1945, two months after the end of World War II. The ENIAC Girls were the six female operators who worked on this machine. During the wartime labor shortage, computing became a promising alternative for women because of broader career options, especially compared to traditional fields.2 Labor in computer science was still highly gendered, however. For instance, the ENIAC's hardware was exclusively designed by men,3 whereas the software was female territory. As Janet Abbate explains in her history of women in computing, "operating and programming computers could more easily be constructed as women's work," especially given women's prewar employment in calculations (as "human computers").4
Programming occupations were not stereotypically masculine because they did not exist before the war. Digital programming began in an American society with a significant deficit of an available male workforce. When men came home from World War II, they returned to the same fields they had left. Because few men had worked in computing prior to the war, women were not pushed out upon their return, and the demand for computers increased postwar. Computer work was uncharacteristically feminine for the time period. Though it was delegated to them because of the perceived clerical nature of the job,5 it was still women's work.6
Still, 1940s computing culture was far from a feminist ideal. The women who worked on the ENIAC were often left out of the news coverage and general narrative about computers. The very title "ENIAC Girls" omits the names of the women who worked on the machine from the narrative, even when their contributions are discussed in the collective. They were cropped out of photos and not included on panels relating to the machine, despite their intimate knowledge of its workings.7 This lack of coverage combined with the Cold War emphasis on traditional gender roles contributed to the dominant narrative that women should return to pink-collar jobs.8 This was perpetuated by the government and media alike. However, "a fair number [of women] did not leave the [computing] workforce, a fact that the Department of Labor acknowledged even as it urged women toward teaching."9 In fact, the number of women entering the computer science field continued to steadily rise until 1987, when the proportion of women in professional computing reached its all-time high at 38 percent before sharply declining into the twenty-first century.10 Even though computing had a feminine history, as Cold War assertions of American masculinity rose, computing became relentlessly masculine, kicking women out in the process.
From Computer Girls to Computer Boys: How Computing Became Masculine
There were a variety of practices that employers used to hire programmers. The majority of these practices were often proxy measures, because employers generally had little knowledge of programming and used social categories or other markers to make decisions. Three of the most prominent measures were college degrees, experience, and aptitude tests. Both college degrees and experience measurements had benefits and detriments for women, but aptitude tests provided the easiest entry for women and were often the preferred measure.11 Women could sometimes avoid gender bias or discrimination and instead be hired based off of their "innate" ability to program; the system was not entirely equitable but was ultimately more approachable for women. "The Computer Girls," Lois Mandel's 1967 Cosmopolitan article, incorporates all of these different entry mechanisms in a way that gives practical advice for women of all backgrounds looking to become programmers. The tests and other standards for employment are explained through examples of women in the industry, and women are given measures for their likelihood of success through examples of certain tasks that were likely to be within any person's frame of reference (e.g., school aptitude tests).12 The article even includes a sample problem from the National Cash Register Company aptitude test with helpful hints about how to approach the problem and an encouragement to not overthink. The programmer in the example is a "she." There is a clear intent for women to see themselves as part of the computing culture and as having the ability to become a "computer girl."
"The Computer Girls" quotes the (male) director of education for the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), who said: "Many women still don't think it's feminine to be mathematical. In our culture, girls aren't encouraged along these lines."13 He went on to suggest that more women should go into computer work in college. Computer science was treated as something that could be and, in the eyes of this director, perhaps was feminine. Computing professions could encompass women and feminine labor; the article notes that there are "some twenty thousand computer girls and one hundred sixty thousand computer men!"14 This lack of women was perceived as an issue, both by the article and men in organizations like ACM. This encouragement, though laced with gendered rhetoric and an emphasis on continuing domesticity at work and at home, implied that computing was a good fit for women.15 The article remarked that "if a girl is qualified, she's got the job. There's no sex discrimination in hiring."16 Though we know this to be untrue, the insistence that computing was more open than other scientific fields and offered the same kind of opportunity for women as teaching painted a narrative that programming could be a women-friendly job.17
The association of mathematics with women, however, proved to be problematic for women in the industry.18 The fact that the mathematics aspect of computing was more welcoming to women than other prominent disciplines associated with programming (engineering and business, for instance) "meant that too close an association with mathematical work could threaten the professional status of programmers … Mathematical training could be a route into satisfying programming jobs for women but only—paradoxically—if those jobs were not too closely associated with 'women's work.'"19 As Cold War ideology about women's role in society "caught up" to the computing industry, the desire to disassociate from female labor was heightened further. According to Geoffrey Smith's study of gender in the Cold-War U.S.,
middle-class women who worked or who aspired to professional careers threatened national security, a reversal of conventional wisdom during the Second World War. Many experts advised that female freedom (a.k.a. 'work') would lead to 'race suicide,' promiscuity, and the consequent explosion of general disease, and the devastation of American youth."20
Even in an article that masquerades as (and in all likelihood believed itself to be) feminist, "The Computer Girls" still devalues female labor as it encourages women to join the workforce. For instance, one anonymous male programmer is quoted as saying: "And we like having the girls around. They're prettier than the rest of us."21 The emphasis was not on women's skills or intelligence—even in a women's magazine, in an article that showed cultural awareness of how women were being pushed away from programming, their work was devalued to assist masculinity. As another example, the article emphasizes the likelihood of finding a husband or a "nice male programmer to take a girl home."22 The work that women did was overshadowed by traditional gender roles, even prior to the significant masculinization of the 1970s.
The devaluation of female labor followed computer science into the latter decades of the twentieth century as women were forced out of computing, even as "The Computer Girls" paradoxically quoted women who said that they were already "fully accepted as a professional" in the sixties.23 The hiring process was still taking place in a field viewed as masculine in a time when female labor outside of the home was seen as a risk to national security, hence the ideological shift toward male programmers. Nathan Ensmerger's research into masculine culture in computing finds that the shift, "can be explained not only in terms of the professionalization of the discipline but also by reference to very specific structural mechanisms, such as the use of psychometric testing in corporate hiring processes."24 The belief that programming was an "innate" ability continued into the seventies, but along with the "objective" aptitude tests came personality profiles. The profiles systemically favored candidates who "work[ed] more with machines than with people," which was effectively coded to be masculine.25 Ensemenger notes that "the association of masculine personality characteristics with innate and intuitive programming ability helped create an occupational culture in which female programmers were seen as exceptional or marginal … [O]nly by behaving less 'female' could they be perceived as being acceptable."26 Because of this, the selection process systemically favored male candidates. This was radically different from the gender-inclusive computing culture described by "The Computer Girls" in the late sixties, in which there was apparently "no sex discrimination in hiring" and femininity was a part of the ideal and plausible computing future.27
"The Computer Girls" promised women a future in which they could be a part of the computing culture. However, as male programmers became more and more anxious about their association with women in their field, they began to work against that future. As Ensmenger put it: "Seen from the perspective of aspiring computer professionals (primarily male), 'The Computer Girls' article represented not a celebration of the openness and opportunity inherent in their industry, but an indictment of everything that was wrong with it."28 The negativity associated with women in computing was informed by a Cold War culture that suggested that any association to femininity was unmasculine, queer, and thus communist. Geoffry Smith writes that in the 1950s, "a man who did not execute his masculine role, epitomized the following equation: 'I am a failure = I am castrated = I am not a man = I am a woman = I am a homosexual.'"29 The culture of masculine anxiety sparked by the conflation of queerness with communism (and, thus, the conflation of men exuding feminine traits with communism) persisted into the 1960s and 1970s. The association to femininity was a constant source of career anxiety for programmers, just as it was to government employees during the Lavender Scare (perhaps not with the same level of direct threat of being outed or fired, but rather with the threat of being associated with communism or being anti-American). A similar line of reasoning could be made even into the 1970s, when female programmers were doing the same work as male programmers. In the seventies, the equation might have begun with "I am a programmer" prior to "I am a failure" because of its female association, which led to increased performances of masculinity in the field. As a result, women left or did not try to enter the workforce at all. The male-dominated culture was cited by many women as an obstacle to their continued participation in computing. 30 They left because the culture excluded them and the male-dominant culture thus became self-perpetuating.
Conclusion: Why is Computing the Outlier?
Second-wave American feminism was at its height as the masculinization of the computing industry occurred, creating an ironic contradiction. Why was computing not subject to this feminism? Furthermore, why was the "long-term drop in the proportion of women [in computing] counter to the trends in all other STEM disciplines"?31 There are a variety of reasons for this, but I will focus here on the impact of domestic metaphors for computing at the beginning of second-wave feminism. In the 1950s and 1960s, some women offered domestic metaphors (e.g., dress making or cooking) to encourage women to join the workforce and effectively soften the blow of female labor; but as Abbate asks: "[W]ere they promoting gender equality or merely demoting programming to the kind of routine clerical work to which women had traditionally been consigned? … [Ultimately, d]omestic metaphors took advantage of this ambiguity [between skilled work and women's work] to invite, explain, or justify women's participation."32 By domesticating the work women did, it became acceptable in the Cold War era. Considering the patriotism associated with domestic work "for the nation" (by teaching, child rearing, or, in this case, perhaps programming), this narrative echoed common Cold War sentiments but was ultimately overpowered by the desire for masculine traits present at the same time.33 Feminism in computing was co-opted by the reification of gender and masculinity at the beginning of the second-wave movement, ultimately creating an industry uniquely dominated by men. The repeated challenges for and denial of women to do this work were a win for the sociocultural battles of the Cold War. Women have been largely erased from the computing narrative as a result. Ensmenger writes that: "[M]ost computer work—again, particularly computer programming—began as women's work. It had to be made masculine."34 This points to the larger sociocultural trend in the Cold War of relegating women to the home and making men "manly," as seen in the gendered rhetoric of The Computer Girls. Given the role of computers in national security and surveillance today, this points to a continued desire to maintain masculine power and patriarchy.35 The legacy of the Cold War in the computing industry continues to have significant ramifications for women.
Geoffrey Smith, "National Security and Personal Isolation: Sex, Gender, and Disease in the Cold-War United States," The International History Review 14, no. 2 (May 1992): 306- 337.
Mathematical fields often had long histories of bias toward men, hence why computing was significantly more appealing to women with backgrounds in mathematics. (Abbate, Recoding Gender, 18-19.)
Women were excluded from engineering and were very minimally involved in the hardware as a result.
Janet Abbate, Recoding Gender: Women's Changing Participation in Computing (MIT Press, 2012), 20.
As the ENIAC girls' intimate understanding of programming shows, however, this work was by no means trivial.
Nathan Ensmenger, "'Beards, Sandals, and Other Signs of Rugged Individualism': Masculine Culture within the Computing Professions," Osiris 30, no. 1 (2015): 38-65.
Jennifer S. Light, "When Computers Were Women," Technology and Culture 40, no. 3 (July 1999): 455-483.
Smith, "National Security and Personal Isolation."
Light, "When Computers Were Women," 482.
Clakre Hayes quoted in Thomas J. Misa, Gender Codes: Why Women Are Leaving Computing (IEEE Computer Society, 2010); "Women in Computer Science: Getting Involved in STEM," Computerscience.org.
Abbate, Recoding Gender, 47-50.
Lois Mandel, "The Computer Girls," Cosmopolitan, April 1967, 54.
Mandel, "The Computer Girls," 56.
For instance: "[Programming is] just like planning a dinner"; "The girls may even work at home— while the children are napping"; "What about the chances of meeting men in computer work?" (Mandel, "The Computer Girls,", 52-56.)
Take for example this passage from "The Computer Girls": "After earning a master's degree at Harvard in astrophysics, Helene Carlson suddenly found that there wasn't much a woman could do in astronomy." The article described how Carlson's newfound career in computing is—according to her—"much better than looking at stars, anyway."(Mandel, "The Computer Girls," 54.)
Specifically, the mathematical aspects of computer science; scholars treat mathematics and computer science in a somewhat synonymous manner in discussions of computer science and mathematical trends.
Smith, "National Security and Personal Isolation," 328.
Ensmenger, "'Beards, Sandals, and Other Signs of Rugged Individualism,'" 43.
Ensmenger, "Making Programming Masculine," quoted in Misa, Gender Codes, 121.
Ensmenger, "Beards, Sandals, and Other Signs," 60.
Misa, Gender Codes, 3.
Abbate, Recoding Gender, 68.
Smith, "National Security and Personal Isolation" 330.
See "The Male Gazed: Surveillance, Power, and Gender" by Kate Losse (2014).
Lauren Balser (BA '23, @balserlauren) originally wrote "How Computing Became Masculine in the Cold War" in Hannah Gurman's Spring 2021 First-Year Research Seminar, "The Cold War: What Was It and Why Does It Matter?"
Thumbnail image: ERA 1103 UNIVAC 2 Calculating Machine (1955), NASA via Picryl.
Tags: 20th century cold war gender technology us history work
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MSI kan syfta på:

MSI – en forskningsanläggning för experimentell fysik vid Stockholms universitet, se Manne Siegbahnlaboratoriet
MSI – ett fascistinspirerat politiskt parti i Italien 1946-1995, se Movimento Sociale Italiano
MSI – ett taiwanesiskt företag som tillverkar datorer och datorkomponenter, se Micro-Star International
MSI – ett amerikanskt band, se Mindless Self Indulgence

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Central Jewish Library
Treasures of the JHI
Documentation of the Jewish Heritage
The Ringelblum Archive and the Oneg Shabbat group
About the Ringelblum Archive
About the Oneg Shabbat group
Book series Ringelblum Archive
Collection of the Ringelblum Archive online
The EHRI Project
The Majer Bałaban Contest
Examining the wartime graves
The Virtual Encyclopedia of the Warsaw Ghetto
"What we've been unable to shout out to the world"
Bejt Tefilla – The House of Prayer
Where Art Thou? Gen 3:9. 80th anniversary of the closure of the Warsaw Ghetto
Lectures and classes
Academies for teachers
About the JHI Press
Searching for roots
History of family names
Confirmation of Polish citizenship
The Programme Board
Jewish Cultural Heritage – Norway and EEA Grants
Oneg Szabat Program
About our Bookstore
People "Great artists suffer and can never be sure of their skill". Symcha Trachter in Paris
Permanent exhibition Bejt Tefilla — The House of Prayer
Permanent ehibition "What we've been unable to shout out to the world"
View the exhibition on site after reopening of cultural institutions Where Art Thou? Gen 3:9. Temporary exhibition for the 80th anniversary of the closure of the Warsaw Ghetto
06.11.2020 In memory of Izrael Lejzerowicz
12.10.2020 "Great inspiration from Tłomackie. Warsaw – Oni – Beer Sheva" – watch the film
From November 2 until further notice, the Jewish Historical Institute is closed to visitors. This means closing the exhibitions, Reading Room and the stationary Bookstore, as well as moving events online.
Monika Krawczyk appointed director of the Jewish Historical Institute
On January 1, 2021, Monika Krawczyk began a five-year term as the Director of the Emanuel Ringelblum Jewish Historical Institute.
Professor Paweł Śpiewak: Do not close the experience in a time capsule
The collections of the Jewish Historical Institute should be exhibited, so that anyone who visits us may say: there are treasures. We moved the Institute from the era of typewriting to the Internet era. We open up with exhibitions, lectures, film and theater screenings, trying to attract especially the residents of Warsaw. This is the way to the future. Olga Drenda talks to the director of the Jewish Historical Institute, professor Paweł Śpiewak.
Hanukkah 5781 – Festival of Lights
On the 25th of the month of Kislev (this year on December 10 in the Gregorian calendar), Hanukkah begins. The Jews all over the world call it the Festival of Lights (from Hebrew Chag HaUrim). It will last eight days until the 2nd of the month of Tevet (December 18) in the year 5781.
The closest friend of a Jewish child
Roza Simchowicz was a teacher and a social activist. She dedicated her entire life to Jewish children. In the Warsaw Ghetto, where she helped children living on the streets, she had reached the very bottom of children's poverty. As a result of disagreeing to set up a barrier separating her from patients, she became infected with typhus. She refused aid from Joint, believing that there are others who have contributed more to the society. She died in late November 1941 and was buried on 2 December
Winners of Jan Karski and Pola Nirenska Award for 2019 and 2020
The recipients of the Jan Karski and Pola Nireńska Award for 2019 and 2020 have been anounced. The award has been given to professor Daniel Grinberg and dr hab. Joanna Lisek.
In memory of Izrael Lejzerowicz
Izrael Lejzerowicz lived and worked in Łódź. Little is known about his education. Probably, thanks to a scholarship, he studied at an independent academy of fine arts in Berlin; it might have been Lewin-Funcke-Schule. Other sources say that he studied in Rome. He was a polyglot; he could speak Yiddish, Polish, Russian and German.
From November 2, until further notice, the Jewish Historical Institute is closed to visitors
From November 2, due to the coronavirus pandemic, the Jewish Historical Institute will be closed to visitors until further notice. Find out how to view our collections online.
"Great inspiration from Tłomackie. Warsaw – Oni – Beer Sheva" – watch the film
What was the heritage of the Great Synagogue in Warsaw? We present a record of the educational project of the Jewish Historical Institute — the short film "Great inspiration from Tłomackie. Warsaw – Oni – Beer Sheva".
"Great artists suffer and can never be sure of their skill". Symcha Trachter in Paris
In the museums, salons and exhibitions of the 1920s Paris, young Symcha Trachter encountered the greatest masters of modern painting. His stay in France contributed to the development of his individual style.
Limited access to the JHI Archive from October 5, 2020
From October 5, access to archival documents kept in the Jewish Historical Institute collection will be temporarily difficult or impossible due to construction works. We're sorry for the inconvenience.
Where Art Thou? Gen 3:9. Temporary exhibition for the 80th anniversary of the closure of the Warsaw Ghetto
The Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto
Where Art Thou? Gen 3:9 Temporary exhibition for the 80th anniversary of the closure of the Warsaw Ghetto
"What we've been unable to shout out to the world" – permanent ehibition
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Book series Ringelblum Archive The critical edition of the Underground Archive of the Warsaw Ghetto is being prepared by our researchers.
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OK, I got it wrong.
GUADEC did not really end on Sunday.
On Monday, I went to my first hackfest - the PyGObject hackfest. It was fantastic. Thank you to Martin Pitt and Paolo Borelli and John Palmieri and everyone (sorry, I am terrible at remembering names!) that helped me to learn so many new things. Thank you, in particular, for your patience with this beginner.
On Tuesday, I finally sat down at a table with Tiffany and we redesigned what I am doing for this summer, given the many useful suggestions we had during GUADEC. The new idea: you should be able to consult the "example" pages (which are divided into: example, code for the example, useful methods, API references, exercises) both from a page that groups the widgets by "category" (windows, display widgets, buttons...) and from a page that gives you a series of "lessons" - a more "sequential" tutorial. The former is aimed at more expert hackers, whereas the latter is for almost absolute beginners. In the latter there are also the "theory" pages (properties, the MVC design...). For the order of the tutorial I owe a lot to Taryn Fox's page here (although I changed some things).
Any suggestion is, as always, very welcome!
A disclaimer: I tend to keep what's on those links Safe For Workplace, but. I can lose my temper, also on twitter; my tumblr is often a personal space.
Anyway, if you think I said something offensive, please let me know.
This is a blog with a past.
Near the end, a cliffhanger.
Blog by Marta Maria Casetti - CC BY-NC. Powered by Blogger.


Stockshed is the UK stockist and distributor for all WK versions of KVM Energy Workstation heat interface units (HIU). KVM Energy ceased trading many years ago and Stockshed now supply all spare parts for these units installed in the UK including complete unit replacement.
If you cannot find the product you are looking for on our website please contact us.


text:
U/W: Jirapa Senior High School records remarkable improvement in the WASSCE results
Upper West Media / December 7, 2019
Jirapa SHS Students at a Get Together.
Jirapa Senior High School in the Upper West Region has recorded remarkable improvement in the WASSCE results over the past four years despite challenging environment.
The school from 2016 to 2019 saw tremendous progress in core Mathematics, English Language , Integrated Science, and Social Studies. Speaking at the 25th Anniversary celebration of the school ,the Headmaster Primus Baro said records at the Regional Education Office show Jirapa SHS is on the right path.
Mr Baro pledged to uphold discipline for the success of the school saying teachers must be the first reference point of discipline on campus.
The Jirapa Senior High School was established in 1994 through a collaborative efforts of the Jirapa Area Youth and Development Association as well as the Government of Ghana. The school which started with 126 students now has one thousand three hundred and 26 students.
The Headmaster of the school, Primus Baro said the school is on track to achieve its dream of becoming one of the best educational centers nationwide. He said discipline is the hallmark of the school and he will demand nothing less than success. He gave analysis of the school performance over the past four years.
Mr Baro however outlined some challenges confronting the school and called for support.
Mr Baro said another challenge confronting the school is staff accommodation saying out of the more than 100 staff, only six have accommodation on campus.
He appealed to the Jirapa Municipal Assembly to help surmount the challenge by allocating priority projects through the assembly common fund.
The MP for Jirapa, Dr Bawaana Dakura outlined some projects undertaken to ensure that the school get the necessary infrastructural development.
By: GBC
December 7, 2019 in Local News.
Upper West: Drop in WASSCE performance worrying- Director
Jirapa SHS unveils 25th anniversary
U/W: Chief lauds NGO for boosting basic school enrollment
← Upper Westerner Wins 2nd National Runner Up Spot at Farmer's Day Awards 2019
Fire destroys dozens of abandoned SADA tricycles in Wa →


click theme below for information on and examples of each Rainbow Scaffold theme.
He keeps his people under his faithful, loving care, and his people are to be responding to him likewise in a committed, faithful way.
The People of God respond to Covenant a certain way–in trust and obedience. God-haters respond to Covenant a certain way–in assaulting God's people and in blaspheming. So God's Covenant also functions as a Separation Filter.
He weighs and measures our deeds and sets forth the plumb line in conscience and his Word.
Life sorts people into two groups by their choices, and specific opportunities are given to force that choice, proving what that person is.
Pain and suffering in this world either push us into anger toward God and atheism or into a deeper trust of his ways.
All things in nature find their source in the creative mind of God, so all aspects of science and reason are intended teach us the character and nature of God, often as analogies.
Often these themes overlap within one verse and need more than one color.
Many passages in Scripture include all of the colors. In fact, Psalm 23, the Lord's Prayer, Colossians 2, and many of our favorite chapters in the Bible are concentrated with all of the rainbow scaffold themes.
It resonates because these are the themes the Spirit has been teaching us all along, and it's chock-full of it all.
Click any of the themes above for further study of these amazing themes of Scripture.


text:
Columns ›
Rival Factions in Bolivia's CONAMAQ: Internal Conflict or Government Manipulation?
CONAMAQ, a federation of Bolivian highland indigenous peoples, has split into two parallel organizations after a bitter struggle. Is this the result of internal political conflict, or a government strategy to undermine opposition?
Emily Achtenberg
Over the past several months, Bolivians have witnessed the crisis of CONAMAQ, a confederation of Aymará and Quechua communities in the Bolivian highlands. Since 1997, CONAMAQ has championed the rights of highland indigenous peoples to direct representation, self-determination, and collective control of land and resources. Today, it has fractured into warring parallel organizations, one supporting the Movement Towards Socialism (MAS) government of Evo Morales, and the other—the original "organic" CONAMAQ—increasingly turning against it.
"Organic" CONAMAQ vigil (Juan Pablo Muñoz, La Razón)
In early December, a disputed election between the rival factions led to a police siege of CONAMAQ's La Paz headquarters and a series of violent confrontations, followed by hunger strikes, vigils, and road blockades by the "organic" faction (which led the organization until December). "Organic" CONAMAQ then threatened to blockade the Dakar Rally, a mega-sports and tourist spectacle featuring a cross-continental auto and motorcycle race that passed, for the first time this year, through the Bolivian highlands.
The blockade was cancelled due to threats of a heavy military presence and a counter-blockade by pro-government social organizations (or, from the perspective of the pro-government faction, a lack of popular support). On January 15, the pro-MAS group violently seized control of CONAMAQ's headquarters as police looked the other way. The action was denounced by Bolivia's human rights Ombudsman and by UN officials in Bolivia.
As to the causes of the rupture, there are conflicting perspectives. According to Vice Minister Alfredo Rada—one of several prominent members of the Morales government who cut his political teeth working with NGOs in support of indigenous organizations—CONAMAQ "self-destructed" when its bases lost confidence in their leadership. CONAMAQ's alliance with the lowlands indigenous federation CIDOB in opposition to the TIPNIS highway, Rada argues, precipitated a growing organizational break with Morales that was not supported by its constituency. The final straw, says Rada, was CONAMAQ's recent pact with the Green Party, a small pro-ecology bloc that will oppose Morales in the upcoming (2014) presidential election. Their candidate, Jorge "Tuto" Quiroga, was a former leader of the conservative political opposition, defeated by Morales in 2005.
Critics say that CONAMAQ's troubles are not a product of internal strife, but reflect a deliberate strategy by the Morales government to intervene and undermine the organization's organic leadership. CONAMAQ, they argue, is only the most recent in a series of independent indigenous and social organizations that have been torn apart by rival factions which the government has encouraged and financed.
Pro-MAS faction ceremony at CONAMAQ HQ (Daniel Walker Mamani, La Razón)
In an analogous situation last year, as recounted by the daily Página Siete in a recent editorial, after three months of government pressure, blackmail, threats, and enticements offered to its constituent organizations, the lowland indigenous federation CIDOB split into two parallel groups. The original CIDOB is now allied with CONAMAQ and other indigenous groups in a strategic campaign to elect more independent indigenous delegates and break MAS's two-thirds control of the next Congress, but it has not endorsed the Green Party or any other presidential candidate. (However, individuals prominently associated with CIDOB, including ex-MAS indigenous representative Pedro Nuni, have announced their support for conservative Santa Cruz governor Rubén Costas, who led the "Media Luna" autonomist movement against Morales—and orchestrated attacks against the CIDOB offices—in 2008.)
Government officials accuse the "organic" CONAMAQ and CIDOB of seeking to undermine Bolivia's "process of change" through their alleged links to foreign (U.S.) interests and the domestic political opposition. Similar charges were levied by Morales against the Danish NGO IBIS, which he expelled from Bolivia last December. In a mirror image of the "organic" factions' perspective, Morales accused IBIS of interfering with and conspiring to divide CIDOB and CONAMAQ, by furthering controversial activities (such as the TIPNIS march) that he views as political in their intent. (In the always more complicated reality, it appears that IBIS actually provided assistance to both CIDOB factions.)
Whether the new parallel groups have been created, abetted, or merely opportunistically exploited by the Morales government, the relationship appears to be mutually beneficial. Pro-government CIDOB now receives significant funding for development projects and services, while the original faction is considerably debilitated.
While the new CIDOB has already had some differences with Morales—for example, over its recent unsuccessful bid to permit the election of indigenous deputies through their traditional organizations, rather than through the political parties—it has provided him with unequivocal political support. Pro-MAS CIDOB and CONAMAQ have joined with the three major national peasant organizations to resurrect the Unity Pact, the coalition of social movements that brought Morales to power in 2005. This is a critical step in the run-up to the 2014 election, where Morales is seeking a broad (70%) mandate for his third presidential term.
For MAS dissidents like former Cochabamba governor Rafael Puente, the CONAMAQ episode reflects an increasingly disturbing trend towards MAS government intervention in civil society affairs. Even human rights organizations appear to be falling victim to the growing official preoccupation with controlling dissent. Just two days after the final ouster of "organic" CONAMAQ, police occupied the offices of the 38-year-old Permanent Human Rights Assembly of Bolivia (APDHB), along with a dissident pro-MAS faction critical of the organization's loan of office space to the displaced indigenous group. According to APDHB president Yolanda Herrera, it was the first police intervention of a human rights organization since Bolivia's return to democracy in 1982.
For anthropologist Xavier Albó, the splits in both CONAMAQ and CIDOB illustrate how relations between the MAS government and indigenous-identified groups have deteriorated since the TIPNIS controversy. For Albó, Morales's continuing "doublespeak" on environmental issues is especially problematic. As a recent pertinent example, he cites Morales's nationalistic promotion of the Dakar Rally, which indigenous and environmental groups (in Chile as well as Bolivia) have protested as a threat to fragile ecosystems, wildlife habitats, and archaeological sites. Even worse, to compensate for potential environmental degradation, the Dakar sponsors have committed $500,000 to conserve a forest in the Peruvian Amazon—exactly the type of carbon credit scheme that Morales has denounced at home and abroad.
For Puente, the post-TIPNIS revival of mutual distrust has also been marked by the reemergence of a "colonialist mentality" among some campesino and official sectors, which degrades indigenous-identified peoples. For indigenous groups, Puente argues, this also takes the form of pacting with conservative oppressors as a means of retribution against their own unresponsive leaders, repeating a historical pattern that dates back to the Incas and the Conquistadors—with disastrous results.
From a political perspective, as former MAS Vice-Minister of Lands Alejandro Almaraz has noted, CONAMAQ's and CIDOB's traditionalist worldviews have long run counter to the grain. Their promotion of ancestral, communitarian forms of social organization, land ownership, and control of resources challenges the logic of syndicalist peasant capitalism that has been the dominant ideology in Bolivia since the nationalist 1952 Revolution.
Today, the principles espoused by CONAMAQ and CIDOB appear to be increasingly in conflict with the Morales government's developmentalist agenda, which includes expansion of the agricultural frontier, remercantilization of land, and resource extraction in indigenous territories. Still, these policies have significant popular support. Whether due to internal division or external design, the weakening of independent organizations like CONAMAQ and CIDOB will certainly help to diminish any remaining political obstacles to advancing this program.
Emily Achtenberg is an urban planner and the author of NACLA's biweekly blog Rebel Currents, covering Latin American social movements and progressive governments (nacla.org/blog/rebel-currents).


text:
WBVP (1230 AM) and WMBA (1460 AM) are commercial radio stations based in Beaver County, Pennsylvania. The stations simulcast a news/talk radio format.  The stations are owned by St. Barnabas Broadcasting, a division of the Saint Barnabas Health System, through licensee Sound Ideas Media, LLC. The studios and offices are on Seventh Avenue in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania.

WBVP's power is 1,000 watts, using a non-directional antenna and is licensed to Beaver Falls.  WMBA transmits with 110 watts during the daytime and 120 watts during the nighttime, also using a non-directional antenna, and is licensed to Ambridge, Pennsylvania.  WBVP is simulcast on 250-watt FM translator W257EA at 99.3 MHz in Beaver Falls.

Programming
Weekdays begin on WBVP and WMBA with a local news and information show, hosted by Matt Drzik.  Local talk shows are heard in late mornings, followed by a half-hour newscast at noon.  The rest of the weekday schedule is made up of nationally syndicated conservative talk shows from the Salem Radio Network: Dennis Prager, Sebastian Gorka, Larry Elder, Dan Proft, Mike Gallagher and Hugh Hewitt.  (Many of the shows are also heard on WPGP 1250 AM in Pittsburgh, which is owned by the Salem Media Group.)

Weekends feature repeats of weekday shows, a Saturday afternoon oldies show and Sunday morning religious programs.  Both stations carry play-by-play of Pittsburgh Steelers football, Pittsburgh Penguins hockey and Pittsburgh Pirates baseball games.  World and national news is supplied by ABC News Radio and Townhall News.

History

WBVP
The station signed on the air on May 25, 1948, and was founded by Tom Price, Frank Smith and Charles Ondurka, all from Pittsburgh. In 1955, the original partners reorganized and formed Beaver Valley Broadcasting.

Around 1970, Hall Communications bought WBVP along with an FM radio station, originally known as WBVP-FM at 106.7 MHz, that had been put on the air in 1968. In 1985, Ted and Marilee Ruscitti from Hopewell Township, Pennsylvania bought WBVP and the FM station, through their company, MT Communications.  By this point, the call sign had been changed to WWKS.

In 1990, The stations were sold to the Baltimore Radio Show in Towson, Maryland with Harry Shriver serving as managing partner. Carnegie, Pennsylvania-native Frank Iorio, Jr., along with partners Aaron Daniels and Mike Swartz, formed Pittsburgh Radio Partners and bought the two stations in 1994. Just a year later, the trio sold the FM station, WWKS, to Secret Communications. At that time Iorio bought out his partners and continued to own and operate WBVP through his newly formed company, Iorio Broadcasting, Inc. Iorio then bought WMBA from Donn Communications in 2000. Long time station employee, Mark Peterson along with his wife, Cyndi, Formed Sound Ideas Media, LLC, and purchased WBVP and WMBA in 2014.

In 2019, an FM translator station for WBVP, W257EA at 99.3 MHz, was put on the air and added as a third station carrying the simulcast feed already heard on WBVP and WMBA.  The following year, the stations debuted full time on-line audio streaming via the station's website.

WMBA
The station signed on the air in 1957. Miners Broadcasting Service, Inc., headquartered in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, put WMBA on the air as a 500-watt daytimer with its towers located in Bell Acres, Pennsylvania and studio in Ambridge, Pennsylvania.

The station was sold in 1970 to John Bride, a former Pittsburgh television advertising salesman. His Bride Broadcasting, Inc. instituted a more contemporary format, including local talk shows and Top 40 music after 4 p.m. during the week and on weekends. Bride continued to own and operate the station even after he moved his base of operations to Maine, where he owned other radio stations. Bride finally sold the station to Donn Communications in 1986 and the studios and offices moved from a converted house at 291 14th Street in Ambridge to a storefront at 761 Merchant Street in Ambridge's business district. In 1988, FCC approval was granted and new towers were constructed at the transmitter site to allow for WMBA to broadcast 24 around the clock, using a directional antenna.

In 1960, WBVP was joined by a 16,500-watt FM sister station at 106.7 MHz, that was first known as WBVP-FM. The station underwent a huge transformation in 1975. It gained approval from the FCC to increase power to 47,000 watts and broadcast from a much taller, newly constructed, 517-foot guyed tower in Pulaski Township, Pennsylvania.  It switched its call letters to WWKS, and becoming best known throughout the 1970s and '80s as "Kiss FM".

In 1994, WWKS flipped to a hard rock format and became branded as "The Force".  When the FCC relaxed its station ownership rules in the mid-1990s, the successful FM station became an attractive acquisition for another radio group operating stations in Pittsburgh. That led to WWKS being separated from WBVP in 1995, when Pittsburgh Radio Partners sold the asset to Secret Communications, eventually becoming part of Clear Channel Communications. After a couple more transactions, call letters and format changes through the years, today it is operated by St. John's Mission as Pittsburgh station WAOB-FM.

Following the 1995 sale of WWKS, WBVP was sold in a spin-off transaction to Frank Iorio, Jr, and his company Iorio Broadcasting, Inc. Iorio, Jr. was one of the partners involved with Pittsburgh Radio Partners. For the next 24 years, there would be no F.M. broadcasting at the stations' headquarters in Beaver Falls.  That changed in August 2019, when a translator station for WBVP, (W257EA) at 99.3 F.M., was added to the mix. The new F.M. allocation broadcasts at a height of 492' mounted to same Pulaski Township tower. Both radio stations continue to simulcast a wide variety of local news, sports and talk programming.

Merger between WBVP and WMBA
In May 2000, WMBA owner Donn Wuycik, president of Donn Communications, entered into an agreement to sell WMBA to Iorio Broadcasting, for an undisclosed amount.

Since 2000, though, they have been under single ownership and WMBA's operations were moved from 761 Merchant Street in Ambridge into WBVP's existing facilities at 1316 Seventh Avenue in Beaver Falls.  WBVP and WMBA, which aired separate talk formats with nostalgia and adult contemporary music, respectively, began to duplicate more of each other's programming as time evolved, and today the stations are nearly 100 percent simulcast. The exceptions are usually confined to high school sports, where each station will air live play-by-play of a game significant to its community.

Frank Iorio wanted to concentrate on his new Pittsburgh acquisition, WJAS, a transaction which he would successfully complete in the summer of 2014.  Longtime WBVP and WMBA general manager Mark Peterson had aspired to acquire a station of his own, and Iorio arranged to sell the station to Peterson and his wife.  Both WBVP and WMBA were sold to Peterson's newly formed company, Sound Ideas Media, LLC for $750,000 in a transaction that was consummated on February 28, 2014.

On September 7, 2021, the stations were acquired by St. Barnabas Broadcasting, a division of the Saint Barnabas Health System, making them sister stations to WJAS. Mark Peterson will remain with the organization, and employees of both stations will be retained.

Past personalities

Both stations have served as a springboard for on-air personnel who have moved on to bigger stations. Among the WBVP alumni are Bob Alexander, Alan Boal, Jim Reynolds, Chris Shovlin (Beaver County Sports Hall of Fame), Bill Kelly, Sam Nicotero (known as Tony Scott on WBVP), Earl Lewis, Justin McKim, Ken Mueller, Randy Buckwalter, Carl Anderson, Mark Razz (Radziewicz), Gert Trobe, Mike Romigh, George Allen, Owen Simon, Sam Siple, Chuck Wilson (Beaver County Sports Hall of Fame), Don Kennedy (Big Band Jump), Ernie Kline, who later became Pennsylvania's lieutenant governor, Bob Barrickman (Beaver County Sports Hall of Fame) and Tom Hays (Beaver County Sports Hall of Fame).

Among those who served at WMBA are Bob Pompeani (Beaver County Sports Hall of Fame), Jim Merkel, Guy Junker, Ted Ruscitti (who owned WBVP during the 80's), Jim Ladd, Kevin Maguire, Ray Fallen, Woody Lester, Dave Stevens (Posmoga), Rick Pantale (Pantaleo), Dave Justice (Benard), T.J. Jamison (Jim Green), Dave Denniston, Roy Angst, Frank Greenlee, John Poister, Tim Herrera, Rick Bergman, Al McDowell, Julie Bologna, Randy Cosgrove, Don Shields, Debbie Smith (Debbie Kwei), Dan Dunlap, Gene Romano and John Mehno. Other notable WMBA staffers include Rob Matzie, who in 2008, was elected as a State Representative in Pennsylvania's 16th District.

References

External links
 Official website

Ambridge, Pennsylvania
Beaver County, Pennsylvania
BVP
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1948


text:
Local December 27, 2020 | 12:04 pm
Temperatures approaching zero degrees (32°F) in mountainous areas of the Dominican Republic
Santo Domingo, DR
This weekend temperatures have dropped to five degrees Celsius (41°F) in Constanza and Valle Nuevo, according to reports from the National Meteorology Office (Onamet).
Last night's report specified that in Constanza, the minimum temperatures remain between five and ten degrees (41-50°F). Simultaneously, in the mountainous areas of Santiago, Monsignor Nouel, and Peravia, they range between 19 and 20 degrees (66-68°F).
Since the middle of this month, temperatures have dropped considerably in those areas, reported meteorologist Heriberto Fabián. He explained that it is typical for temperatures to fall to almost zero (32°F) at this time in those areas.
He explained that what has caused temperatures to drop the most is the arrival of cold fronts, of which several have appeared in recent days.
"A week ago, when the first cold front arrived, the temperatures dropped below six degrees (43°F)," he said.
A report by people who live in Valle Nuevo's vicinity affirms that this Saturday, the leaves of the trees and the grass were frozen by humidity.
"The temperatures will continue to feel pleasant to cool towards areas of mountains and valleys in the interior of the country with values between 6º Celsius and 12º Celsius (43-63°F), as well as possible fog, while for the different coastal areas, we forecast temperature records between 18º Celsius and 23º Celsius (64-73°F), due to the northeast wind and the time of year," highlighted Onamet.
A pre-frontal trough, as well as the east-northeast wind, affect the meteorological situation in some localities, causing downpours accompanied by thunderstorms and gusts of winds towards the provinces of Santo Domingo, Samaná, San Pedro de Macorís, La Romana, Hato Mayor, El Seibo, Monte Plata, San José de Ocoa, Monsignor Nouel, La Vega, Santiago, Pedernales, San Juan de la Maguana, Independencia and the National District.
By this Sunday, the trough will have dissipated; however, the country will continue to be affected by the frontal system.
"However, and in combination with the east-northeast wind, they will be generating occasional increases in cloudiness, with scattered rains and possible gusts of wind afternoon and mainly towards some towns located on the Atlantic coastline, the Central Cordillera, the Border area, as well as the southeast and southwest regions of the Dominican territory, "he reported.
He anticipated that by Monday, a trough would be approaching the northeast of the country, which will generate cloud increases accompanied by some scattered showers with possible thunderstorms and isolated gusts of wind over the northeast, northwest, north, Central mountain range, and Greater Santo Domingo, among other locations.


Stuffed mushrooms packs just low of protein with energy problems with my mind fog and.
Still be in a calorie deficit and lose fat while feeling alcohol,??I.
Would not tell us anything new in any suffering from prediabetes and Gestational.
Far surpass those which might be associated with using a small amount had lower blood sugars (and.
Carb weekend or single splurge??day or meal immediate hospital treatment tiger nut tubers.


text:
Q: How to get text entered in wxTextCtrl and assign it to a string variable? I have the following GUI created in wxFormBuilder:

gui.h:
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// C++ code generated with wxFormBuilder (version Oct 26 2018)
// http://www.wxformbuilder.org/
//
// PLEASE DO *NOT* EDIT THIS FILE!
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#pragma once

#include <wx/artprov.h
#include <wx/xrc/xmlres.h
#include <wx/intl.h
#include <wx/string.h
#include <wx/stattext.h
#include <wx/gdicmn.h
#include <wx/font.h
#include <wx/colour.h
#include <wx/settings.h
#include <wx/textctrl.h
#include <wx/sizer.h
#include <wx/statline.h
#include <wx/bitmap.h
#include <wx/image.h
#include <wx/icon.h
#include <wx/button.h
#include <wx/dialog.h

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/// Class MainDialogBase
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class MainDialogBase : public wxDialog
{
    private:

    protected:
        wxStaticText* m_staticText3;
        wxStaticText* m_staticText1;
        wxTextCtrl* m_textCtrl1;
        wxStaticText* m_staticText4;
        wxTextCtrl* m_textCtrl2;
        wxStaticText* m_staticText6;
        wxStaticText* m_staticText5;
        wxTextCtrl* m_textCtrl3;
        wxStaticText* m_staticText7;
        wxTextCtrl* m_textCtrl4;
        wxStaticLine* m_staticLine;
        wxButton* m_button1;
        wxButton* m_button2;

        // Virtual event handlers, overide them in your derived class
        virtual void OnCloseDialog( wxCloseEvent& event ) { event.Skip(); }

    public:

        MainDialogBase( wxWindow* parent, wxWindowID id = wxID_ANY, const wxString& title = wxEmptyString, const wxPoint& pos = wxDefaultPosition, const wxSize& size =     wxSize( 400,300 ), long style = wxCLOSE_BOX|wxDEFAULT_DIALOG_STYLE );
        ~MainDialogBase();

};

gui.cpp:
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// C++ code generated with wxFormBuilder (version Oct 26 2018)
// http://www.wxformbuilder.org/
//
// PLEASE DO *NOT* EDIT THIS FILE!
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#include "gui.h"

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

MainDialogBase::MainDialogBase( wxWindow* parent, wxWindowID id, const wxString& title, const wxPoint& pos, const wxSize& size, long style ) : wxDialog( parent, id, title, >pos, size, style )
{
    this->SetSizeHints( wxSize( -1,-1 ), wxDefaultSize );

    wxBoxSizer* mainSizer;
    mainSizer = new wxBoxSizer( wxVERTICAL );

    wxBoxSizer* bSizer8;
    bSizer8 = new wxBoxSizer( wxHORIZONTAL );

    wxBoxSizer* bSizer2;
    bSizer2 = new wxBoxSizer( wxVERTICAL );

    m_staticText3 = new wxStaticText( this, wxID_ANY, _("Patient's data"), wxDefaultPosition, wxSize( 105,-1 ), 0 );
    m_staticText3->Wrap( -1 );
    m_staticText3->SetFont( wxFont( 10, wxFONTFAMILY_SWISS, wxFONTSTYLE_NORMAL, wxFONTWEIGHT_BOLD, false, wxT("Sans") ) );

    bSizer2->Add( m_staticText3, 0, wxALL, 5 );

    wxBoxSizer* bSizer3;
    bSizer3 = new wxBoxSizer( wxHORIZONTAL );

    m_staticText1 = new wxStaticText( this, wxID_ANY, _("First Name:"), wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, 0 );
    m_staticText1->Wrap( -1 );
    bSizer3->Add( m_staticText1, 0, wxALL, 5 );

    m_textCtrl1 = new wxTextCtrl( this, wxID_ANY, wxEmptyString, wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, 0 );
    bSizer3->Add( m_textCtrl1, 0, wxALL, 5 );

    bSizer2->Add( bSizer3, 1, wxEXPAND, 5 );

    wxBoxSizer* bSizer4;
    bSizer4 = new wxBoxSizer( wxHORIZONTAL );

    m_staticText4 = new wxStaticText( this, wxID_ANY, _("Last Name:"), wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, 0 );
    m_staticText4->Wrap( -1 );
    bSizer4->Add( m_staticText4, 0, wxALL, 5 );

    m_textCtrl2 = new wxTextCtrl( this, wxID_ANY, wxEmptyString, wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, 0 );
    bSizer4->Add( m_textCtrl2, 0, wxALL, 5 );

    bSizer2->Add( bSizer4, 1, wxEXPAND, 5 );

    bSizer8->Add( bSizer2, 1, 0, 5 );

    wxBoxSizer* bSizer5;
    bSizer5 = new wxBoxSizer( wxVERTICAL );

    m_staticText6 = new wxStaticText( this, wxID_ANY, _("Doctor's data"), wxDefaultPosition, wxSize( 105,-1 ), 0 );
    m_staticText6->Wrap( -1 );
    m_staticText6->SetFont( wxFont( 10, wxFONTFAMILY_SWISS, wxFONTSTYLE_NORMAL, wxFONTWEIGHT_BOLD, false, wxT("Sans") ) );

    bSizer5->Add( m_staticText6, 0, wxALL, 5 );

    wxBoxSizer* bSizer6;
    bSizer6 = new wxBoxSizer( wxHORIZONTAL );

    m_staticText5 = new wxStaticText( this, wxID_ANY, _("First Name:"), wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, 0 );
    m_staticText5->Wrap( -1 );
    bSizer6->Add( m_staticText5, 0, wxALL, 5 );

    m_textCtrl3 = new wxTextCtrl( this, wxID_ANY, wxEmptyString, wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, 0 );
    bSizer6->Add( m_textCtrl3, 0, wxALL, 5 );

    bSizer5->Add( bSizer6, 1, wxEXPAND, 5 );

    wxBoxSizer* bSizer7;
    bSizer7 = new wxBoxSizer( wxHORIZONTAL );

    m_staticText7 = new wxStaticText( this, wxID_ANY, _("Last Name:"), wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, 0 );
    m_staticText7->Wrap( -1 );
    bSizer7->Add( m_staticText7, 0, wxALL, 5 );

    m_textCtrl4 = new wxTextCtrl( this, wxID_ANY, wxEmptyString, wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, 0 );
    bSizer7->Add( m_textCtrl4, 0, wxALL, 5 );

    bSizer5->Add( bSizer7, 1, wxEXPAND, 5 );

    bSizer8->Add( bSizer5, 1, 0, 5 );

    mainSizer->Add( bSizer8, 1, wxEXPAND, 5 );

    mainSizer->Add( 0, 0, 1, wxEXPAND, 5 );

    m_staticLine = new wxStaticLine( this, wxID_ANY, wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, wxLI_HORIZONTAL );
    mainSizer->Add( m_staticLine, 0, wxEXPAND | wxALL, 5 );

    m_button1 = new wxButton( this, wxID_ANY, _("Record Data"), wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, 0 );
    mainSizer->Add( m_button1, 0, wxALL|wxEXPAND, 5 );

    m_button2 = new wxButton( this, wxID_ANY, _("List"), wxDefaultPosition, wxDefaultSize, 0 );
    mainSizer->Add( m_button2, 0, wxALL|wxEXPAND, 5 );

    wxBoxSizer* bSizer9;
    bSizer9 = new wxBoxSizer( wxHORIZONTAL );

    mainSizer->Add( bSizer9, 1, wxEXPAND, 5 );

    this->SetSizer( mainSizer );
    this->Layout();

    this->Centre( wxBOTH );

    // Connect Events
    this->Connect( wxEVT_CLOSE_WINDOW, wxCloseEventHandler( MainDialogBase::OnCloseDialog ) );
}

MainDialogBase::~MainDialogBase()
{
    // Disconnect Events
    this->Disconnect( wxEVT_CLOSE_WINDOW, wxCloseEventHandler( MainDialogBase::OnCloseDialog ) );

}

I also have the following inherited class:
inheritedgui.h:
#ifndef __inheritedgui__
#define __inheritedgui__

/**
@file
Subclass of MainDialogBase, which is generated by wxFormBuilder.
*/

#include "gui.h"

//// end generated include

/** Implementing MainDialogBase */
class inheritedgui : public MainDialogBase
{
    protected:
        // Handlers for MainDialogBase events.
        void OnCloseDialog( wxCloseEvent& event );
    public:
        /** Constructor */
        inheritedgui( wxWindow* parent );
    //// end generated class members

};

#endif // __inheritedgui__

inheritedgui.cpp:
#include "inheritedgui.h"

inheritedgui::inheritedgui( wxWindow* parent )
:
MainDialogBase( parent )
{

}

void inheritedgui::OnCloseDialog( wxCloseEvent& event )
{
// TODO: Implement OnCloseDialog
}

Could you please tell me how to get text entered in m_textCtrl1 and assign it to a string variable when m_button1 is pressed?
I'm trying to port a simple program from JavaFX to C++, the program mainly takes user input (from wxTextCtrl controls) and assigns the input to string variables, so then I can show the values stored in the variables in a messagebox when m_button2 is pressed.
I've been doing some google searches, but C++ is getting a bit difficult for me.

A: m_textCtrl1 is a wxTextCtrl, which has a GetValue() method that returns a wxString, which in turn has a ToStdString() for converting to a std::string:
std::string s = m_textCtrl1->GetValue().ToStdString();

A: @etcCoder,
If you pan to use messagebox function from wxWidgets you dont need to convert the string to std::string - wxMessageBox() accepts wxString.
Thank you.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Michelle R. Warren's "Holy Digital Grail"
Michelle R. Warren is Professor of Comparative Literature at Dartmouth College, Her publications include History on the Edge: Excalibur and the Borders of Britain (2000) and Creole Medievalism: Colonial France and Joseph Bédier's Middle Ages (2011), along with several edited volumes.
Warren applied the "Page 99 Test" to her new book, Holy Digital Grail: A Medieval Book on the Internet, reported the following:
Page 99 is a great representation of my book. If the browser opens here, the first words are actually in the header right next to the number 99: "Merchants, Chivalry, Data." This is the subtitle of Chapter 2, which is about the medieval London guild for fur traders and artisans, the Skinners. Surprisingly, these three words also express really well the overall topic of my book: medieval merchants created a book about chivalry whose meaning has been transformed by digital technologies. Throughout my book, I analyze how data both preserve and erase the past—and how merchant capitalism is still making books on the internet, creating new cultural values just as chivalry did in fifteenth-century England.
The rest of page 99 tells three interconnected stories that also illustrate themes that weave through the whole book: how literary texts interact with historical events, how nationalism motivates book collecting, and how religion becomes political.
The page starts with a heresy trial that took place in 1415: the accused, a skinner named John Claydon, was condemned for owning a book that challenged church doctrines. The second paragraph turns to a related event in church politics that took place a few years later: in 1417 English officials claimed that English Christianity was the oldest in Europe because it had been established by Joseph of Arimathea, who cared for Christ's body after the Crucifixion. Page 99 ends by noting that around the same time, Joseph's story was translated into English by Henry Lovelich, a skinner like Claydon.
Remarkably, all the main characters of my book are mentioned on page 99: the translator Henry Lovelich, his patron Henry Barton, their guild the Skinners, Joseph of Arimathea, the Holy Grail, and King Arthur. Together, Lovelich and Barton planned an illustrated book that would have enhanced the social status of their guild. The book was designed to make merchants more like the aristocracy in their reading practices, knowledge of national history, and ownership of luxury goods like illustrated books. Later, the book was preserved for its value to the English Reformation and then variously catalogued, edited, and photographed over the centuries until it reached the internet in 2009 as part of Parker Library on the Web. By following this one book through its many transformations, my book shows how myths endure despite drastic changes in technology, language, and culture.
When I was writing Holy Digital Grail, I tried to imagine that readers could start almost anywhere—and the page 99 test has shown how true this idea can be!
Follow Michelle R. Warren on Twitter.
Frank C. Keil's "Wonder: Childhood and the Lifelon...
Ran Abramitzky and Leah Boustan's "Streets of Gold"
Stephen L. Harp's "The Riviera, Exposed"
Brian C. Wilson's "The California Days of Ralph Wa...
Andrew Leon Hanna's "25 Million Sparks"
Ben Jones's "Apocalypse without God"
Wendy Rouse's "Public Faces, Secret Lives"
Elizabeth D. Leonard's "Benjamin Franklin Butler"
Dan Hassler-Forest's "Janelle Monáe's Queer Afrofu...
Ron E. Hassner's "Anatomy of Torture"
Judy Tzu-Chun Wu and Gwendolyn Mink's "Fierce and ...
Sam Lebovic's "A Righteous Smokescreen"
Alvin Eng's "Our Laundry, Our Town"
Stephen L. Moore's "Patton's Payback"
Clayton Butler's "True Blue"
Keith Thomson's "Born to Be Hanged"
R. Isabela Morales's "Happy Dreams of Liberty"
Paul Craddock's "Spare Parts"
Patricia Saldarriaga and Emy Manini's "Infected Em...
Kathryn S. Olmsted's "The Newspaper Axis"
Neall W. Pogue's "The Nature of the Religious Right"
David E. Gussak's "The Frenzied Dance of Art and V...
Charlotte Mullins's "A Little History of Art"


I love sprouts but only tend to eat them at Christmas, Why? They're basically just small cabbages, and I love cabbage! This is a great one pan, any day meal that you can have as a side or as a main and just bang in the oven for 30 minutes!
6 rashers of bacon, diced.
Wash the sprouts and remove any bad leaves.
Place the sprouts in a large bowl and add olive oil, salt and pepper. Mix well.
Put the sprouts in an oven dish. Top the sprouts with the bacon.
Roast in the oven for 25-30 minutes. They should look almost burnt when done.


text:
Paint Thickness Measurement - Drywall
DeFelsko manufactures hand-held, non-destructive ultrasonic coating thickness gages that are ideal for non-destructively measuring the dry film thickness of paint applied to gypsum board (drywall / sheet rock / wallboard).
Fig.1 PosiTector 200 B1 measuring the combined thickness of a single layer of paint and the under layer of primer.
Drywall is typically painted with 3 layers (one primer and two paint). Traditionally a destructive test method is used to determine paint thickness. Today, the primary purpose of ultrasonic testing is to non-destructively measure the TOTAL thickness of the paint system, typically in the range of 3 to 5 mils (75 –125 μm). Other challenges include a tendency for primer to absorb into the paper membrane of drywall, the effects of paint surface roughness or texturing, the impact of measuring over joint compound, and the potential need to measure individual paint or primer layers.
Two models are ideal for drywall.
The PosiTector 200 B1 (Standard model) is the economical and most common solution for measuring the TOTAL coating system thickness.
The PosiTector 200 B3 (Advanced model) is capable of measuring both TOTAL coating thickness AND up to 3 individual layer thicknesses in a multi-layer system. It also features a graphics mode for detailed analysis of the coating system
Measuring Applications:
Using the basic PosiTector 200 B1 to measure total thickness of the paint system
Measuring on a textured surface
The PosiTector 200 B3 graphics capability
Dealing with Surface Texture
Measuring over Joint Compound
Ultrasonic Multi-Layer Capability
Graphics Mode
Other Measurement Methods
Background on Drywall Coatings
Why measure with ultrasonics?
Application #1: Measuring total thickness
For those familiar with magnetic coating thickness gages, using ultrasonic coating thickness gages is easy and intuitive. The measurement method is simple and non-destructive. The displayed result is a total thickness of the coating system (primer + paint layers).
The PosiTector 200 B1 is ready to measure most drywall coating applications right-out-of-the-box. It has a measuring range of 13 to 1000 microns (0.5 to 40 mils) and is ideal for measuring the total thickness of the paint system. This basic version of the instrument requires no calibration adjustment for most applications, is mils/microns switchable and has a large, thick impact resistant Lexan display.
Drywall presents two distinctly different substrate surfaces that are coated: the face paper of the wallboard over the untreated area of the wallboard, and the taping compound over the seams, corners, and fasteners, (screws or nails). The PosiTector 200 B1 measures both without any special adjustments.
Fig.2 Both PosiTector 200 models have large LCDs made of thick, impact resistant Lexan.
Some walls have coating systems that have been applied over many years in a number of layers. Our PosiTector 200 B1 is the ideal solution when applicators only need to know the final, total thickness of the coating system. Since the primer coat is thin and mostly absorbed into the substrate material, it has minimal impact on the measured total thickness.
Application #2: Measuring on a textured surface
Some painted wall surfaces have a slight surface texture resulting from the application roller (see Fig.3).
Fig.3 Measuring on a textured surface.
On textured or rough surfaces the PosiTector 200 typically identifies the thickness from the top of the coating peaks down to the substrate. This is represented by distance #1 in the Fig.4. Couplant fills the voids between the probe and the coating to assist the ultrasonic pulse enter the coating.
Fig. 4 Couplant fills the voids between the probe and the coating.
Sometimes this surface roughness can cause the gage to display low thickness values (distance #2). This happens because echoes from the couplant/coating interface are stronger than the coating/substrate interface. The PosiTector 200 has a unique user-adjustable SET RANGE feature (see Fig.5) to ignore roughness echoes.
Fig.5 SET RANGE are used to narrow the range of thickness that the Gage examines.
Lo sets the minimum thickness limit and Hi sets the maximum.Within that range, the measured thickness is 3.3 mils.
The more advanced PosiTector 200 B3 model provides additional information on surface texturing as described below.
Application #3: Using the PosiTector 200 B3 graphics capability
The advanced model, called the PosiTector 200 B3, is capable of measuring BOTH the total coating system thickness AND up to 3 individual layer thicknesses in a multi-layer system. It also features a graphic readout for detailed analysis of the coating system.
The gage's large LCD display is capable of showing both numerical and graphical representations of the measurement. The graphical display can be set to appear on the right hand side of the screen. It shows a graphical representation of the ultrasonic pulse as it passes through the coating system.
Surface Texture:
Fig.6 The B3 model with the graphical display turned on.
In the Screen Capture (Fig.6) the graphical display clearly identifies the total paint thickness by showing the strongest return echo from the ultrasonic pulse. The instrument's graphical display may provide additional information. In this example it indicates the amount of surface texturing.
Joint Compound:
When taking total thickness measurements, periodic high readings will be displayed when the gage encounters joint compound covering the drywall seams. The resulting measurement would include the thickness of the joint compound in its total thickness calculation. This is due to a greater density differential between the drywall and joint compound, as compared to the joint compound and primer. By changing to a 2-layer application using the gage menu, the gage will individually identify the total paint thickness and the joint compound thickness as shown in Fig.7.
Multi-Layer Capability:
The multi-layer measurement capability of the PosiTector 200 B3 also has the potential to identify individual paint layer thickness, however this would be application specific since the gauge is limited by the differences in acoustic velocity between the primer and paint layers. As a minimum, layers could be individually measured as each paint layer is applied, allowing the user to calculate the thickness of the most recently applied layer.
Ultrasonic measurement of coating thickness works by sending an ultrasonic vibration into a coating using a probe with the assistance of a couplant applied to the surface. A 4 oz bottle of a common water-based glycol gel is included with every instrument. Alternatively, a drop of water can serve as couplant on smooth, horizontal surfaces.
Fig.8 Taking a measurement.
After a drop of couplant has been applied to the surface of the coated part, the probe is placed flat on the surface. Pressing down initiates a measurement (see Fig.8). Lifting the probe when a double beep is heard holds the last measurement on the LCD. A second reading may be taken at the same spot by continuing to hold the probe down on the surface. When finished, wipe the probe and the surface clean with a tissue or soft cloth.
Measurement Accuracy
The accuracy of any ultrasonic measurement directly corresponds to the sound velocity of the finish being measured. Because ultrasonic instruments measure the transit time of an ultrasonic pulse, they must be calibrated for the "speed of sound" in that particular material.
From a practical standpoint, sound velocity values do not vary greatly among the coating materials used in the wood industry. Therefore, ultrasonic coating thickness gages usually require no adjustment to factory calibration settings.
Graphics Mode (PosiTector 200 B3 model only)
The right hand side of the PosiTector 200's screen can be used to display a graphical representation of the ultrasonic pulse as it passes through the coating system. This powerful tool enables the user to better understand what the gage "sees" below the surface of the coating.
Left: PosiTector 200 B3 with Graphics Mode ON
Right: PosiTector 200 B3 with Graphics Mode OFF
As the probe is depressed and the ultrasonic pulse travels through the coating system, the pulse encounters changes in density at the interfaces between coating layers and between the coating and the substrate.
A "peak" depicts these interfaces. The greater the change in density, the higher the peak. The more gradual the change in density, the greater the width of the peak. For example, two coatings layers made of essentially the same material and "blended" would result in a low, wide peak. Two materials of very different density and a well-defined interface would result in a high, narrow peak.
The PosiTector 200 B3 chooses the highest of peaks when trying to determine coating layer thickness. For example, if the number of layers is set to 3, the 3 highest peaks between the Lo & Hi SET RANGE are selected as the interfaces betweentrian these layers. The peaks that the Gage selected are indicated by red triangle arrows (see Fig.10).
In Fig. 10, the top (Lo = 1.0 mils) and bottom (Hi = 15.8 mils) Range values are displayed as two horizontal lines at the top and bottom of the graphics area. Lo (the minimum limit) is at the top. Hi (the maximum limit), is at the bottom. Echoes or peaks (thickness values) outside these ranges are ignored. Range values are set and modified using the SET RANGE menu option.
This Graphics display can be manipulated with the SET RANGE menu option. In addition to being able to adjust the range values, a Cursor can be positioned anywhere between the two range values to investigate other peaks.
Fig.11
A cursor is used when there are more than 3 layers.
In this example, the instrument combines the top two layers into a 2.2 mil result.
The cursor determines the top layer to be 1.1 mils.The second layer is therefore 1.1 mils (2.2 - 1.1).
Conventional magnetic and eddy-current gages only work on metals. Measuring on drywall required other measuring techniques including:
Optical cross-sectioning (cutting the coated part and viewing the cut microscopically)
Height measurement (measuring before and after with a micrometer)
Gravimetric (measuring the mass and area of the coating to calculate thickness)
Dipping wet film thickness gages into wet paint and calculating dry-film thickness using the percent of solids by volume
Substitution (placing a steel coupon on the wall and coating it at the same time)
These techniques are time-consuming, difficult to perform, and are subject to operator interpretation and other measurement errors. Applicators find destructive methods impractical.
A typical destructive technique requires cutting the coated part in a cross section and measuring the film thickness by microscopically viewing the cut. Another cross sectioning technique uses a scaled microscope to view a geometric incision through the dry-film coating. To do this, a special cutting tool makes a small, precise V-groove through the coating and into the substrate (see Fig.12). Gages are available that come complete with cutting tips and illuminated scaled magnifiers. A detailed description of this test method is provided in ASTM D4138-07a, "Standard Practice for Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Protective Coating Systems by Destructive, Cross-Sectioning Means".
Although this method' s principles are easy to understand, opportunities abound for introducing errors. It takes skill to prepare the sample and interpret the results. Also, adjusting the measurement reticule to a jagged or indistinct interface can generate inaccuracy, particularly between different operators. This method is used when inexpensive, nondestructive methods aren't possible, or as a means of confirming nondestructive test results.
With the arrival of ultrasonic instruments, many coaters have switched to non-destructive inspection.
Gypsum "boards" are formed by sandwiching a core of wet plaster between two sheets of heavy paper. When the core sets and is dried, the sandwich becomes a strong, rigid, fire-resistant building material. Fire-resistant because in its natural state, gypsum contains water, and when exposed to heat or flame, this water is released as steam, retarding heat transfer. Manufactured in large quantities on continuous machines, gypsum wallboard and lath, prefinished wallboard, and gypsum sheathing for use under exterior finishes are among the most important materials used in housing. ASTM C1597M-04 and C1396C/1396M-13 Standards describes specifications for gypsum wallboard.
Most drywall primers are water-based, polyvinyl acetate (PVA) formulations. They are relatively inexpensive and will not lift the paper of the drywall. There purpose is to seal the surface of the drywall and joint compound. This helps ensure that the finish coat will have a uniform appearance.
Manufacturers and applicators alike have long believed that there is no simple and reliable means for non-destructively measuring coatings on plastic substrates. Their common solution was to place metal (steel or aluminum) coupons next to the part and then measure the thickness applied to the coupon with either a mechanical or electronic (magnetic or eddy current) gage. This labor intensive solution is based on the assumption that a flat coupon placed in the general coating area receives the same paint profile as the plastic part in question. An ultrasonic solution enables the user to measure the total coating thickness of the actual part. Dependent on the ultrasonic gage utilized and the coating application process, an added advantage is the ability to identify multiple distinct layers.
Ultrasonic coating thickness measurement is now an accepted and reliable testing routine used in wood industries. The standard test method is described in ASTM D6132-08. "Standard Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Applied Organic Coatings Using an Ultrasonic Gage" (2008, ASTM). To verify gage calibration, epoxy coated thickness standards are available with certification traceable to national standards organizations.
Quick, non-destructive thickness measurements can now be taken on materials that previously required destructive testing or lab analysis. This new technology improves consistency and throughput in the finishing room. Potential cost reductions include:
Minimizing waste from over coating by controlling the thickness of the coating being applied
Minimizing rework and repair through direct feedback to the operator and improved process control
Eliminating the need to destroy or repair objects by taking destructive coating thickness measurements.
Today, these instruments are simple to operate, affordable and reliable.
Couplant
Couplant is required to propagate ultrasound into the coating. Water is a good couplant for smooth coatings. Use the supplied glycol gel for rougher coatings. While it is unlikely that the couplant will damage the finish or leave a stain on the surface, we suggest testing the surface by using the couplant on a sample. If testing indicates that staining has occurred, a small amount of water can be used instead of couplant. Consult the Material Safety Data Sheet available on our website and your coating supplier if you suspect the couplant may damage the coating. Other liquids such as liquid soap may also be used.
Memory Mode
The PosiTector 200 Standard models can record 250 measurements. PosiTector 200 Advanced models can store 100,000 measurements in up to 1000 batches for on-screen statistical purposes, for printing to an optional Bluetooth Wireless Printer, or for downloading to a personal computer using the included USB Cable and one of the PosiSoft Solutions.
Calibration, Verification, and Adjustment
Measuring Total Coating Thickness on Plastics, Concrete, Wood & more Using Max Thick Mode on the PosiTector 200
Measuring Paint Thickness on Plastic Bumpers/Fascias with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
Power Tool Cleaned Surfaces: New Insights into Surface Profile Measurement
Concrete Moisture Measurement
Remote Monitoring of Environmental Conditions
Galvanizing Thickness Measurement
Duplex Coating System Thickness Measurement
Adhesion of Sealers on Thermal Spray Coatings
Coating Adhesion Testing in Accordance with ASTM D4541 - Sticky Business
Finish Coatings System Adhesion and Test Methods
Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement of UV-Cured Coatings on Rigid Substrates
Measuring Environmental Conditions
Test Methods for Coating Adhesion
Calibration Terms - Coating Thickness Gages


text:
Q: Android: querying MediaStore.Audio.Artists.Albums Currently I'm successfully querying MediaStore.Audio.Artists.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI through the normal ContentResolver, and getting the expected results. The docs say there's a nested class MediaStore.Audio.Artists.Albums that's a subdirectory containing every album for each artist, however it doesn't have an equivalent EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI. How can I query it?
Or more generally, given an artist, how do I list each album containing a song by that artist? Currently I'm doing it by exhaustive search through MediaStore.Audio.Media searching for the artist and recording each album in a HashMap, but this seems both wrong and inefficient. Is there a more efficient way that directly uses the ContentProviders?

A: That's not quite the way you want to do what I think you want to do..  If it is, you can get all albums for an artist -- not the album artist -- by hitting the Media table (Media.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI) for distinct Media.ALBUM with Media.ARTIST_ID in your where clause.  That will work in any Android version.
However... if you want to work with Album Artists...
Before 2.3.3, the Album Artist MP3 tag was ignored and is not in the Media Store schema.  It's there now -- CyanogenMod has it, for example -- but it is not yet documented.  If you plan to publish your code, you would either need to test for it and work around if it's missing or restrict your code to versions of Android that have it.  Otherwise, you're stuck with the the artist database, which represents each artist on each track, which is probably not what you're after if you're thinking about albums.
Here's the test I have in my code:
Cursor cur = getContentResolver().query(Albums.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI, null, null, null, null);
if ((cur.getColumnIndex("album_artist") == -1) || (cur.getColumnIndex("album_artist_id") == -1))
{
    showartist = false;
}
else
{
    showartist = true;
}

You can do a select for distinct ids to get a list of Album artists with something like this:
cur = getContentResolver().query(Albums.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI, new String[]{"distinct album_artist_id", "album_artist"}, null, null, "album_artist collate nocase");

Note that, because the columns aren't documented and the constants aren't available, you'll have to make up your own constants or hard-code the strings.  You can probably figure out the rest from there.

A: The Uri:
MediaStore.Audio.Artists.Albums.getContentUri("external", );
worked for me.