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Potato leaf roll virus control
Virus Protection Is A Must to Keep Your Devices Secure. Gain Peace of Mind Today. Secure Your Computer With Confidence Before It's Too Late. See How You Can Save 25% BarkerH. and SolomonR.M. (1990) Evidence of simple genetic control in potato of ability to restrict potato leaf roll virus concentration in leaves Chemical control of potato leafroll virus is aimed at controlling aphids in order to reduce spread of the virus within a field. Apply insecticides from early to mid-season if aphids and potato leafroll virus are present. Late season vector control may offer no economic benefit if the potato variety is not susceptible to tuber net necrosis The concentration of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), measured by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in foliage of plants of cv Maris Piper and clone G7445(1) with secondary infection was 2,700 ng/g leaf and 120 ng/g leaf, respectively
The leaves are tested in the laboratory for PLRV and four other viruses using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . From 2005 to 2015 the level of PLRV detected in the Generation 2 seed potato crops ranged from 0 to 0.5% of total potato plants tested. In 2015 no PLRV was found in the G2 seed potato crop. By P. B. Hamm and C. M. Ocamb. Cause The Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is transmitted by at least 10 species of aphids, in a persistent manner. Once an aphid acquires the virus, it can transmit it for life, but not pass it on to its offspring. The green peach aphid is the most important vector in our area
To thwart potato leafroll virus, use only certified, disease-free, seed tubers. Control volunteer potatoes and pluck out any plants that appear to be infected. The most popular potato varieties do not have any resistance to potato leafroll virus, but there are other cultivars that do not develop the necrosis on the actual tubers Potato leaf roll virus is a persistent virus and can only be acquired by the aphid feeding on an infected plant for several hours. It then passes through the digestive system until it replicates in the salivary glands. The aphid remains a carrier for the rest of its life. Favourable Factors Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV) The bottom leaves may roll (See Image) and the leaves are dry and brittle and have a papery feel. The plant show a slight yellowing and upturning of the upper leaves. Plant growth can be marginally reduced or extremely stunted dependent on variety and conditions. Control . Current flush through seed. Potato leaf roll is the major viral problem observed. Refer to descriptions of green peach aphid, its control and its actions as a vector for PLRV under Insects / Vectors / Green Peach Aphid Curly top is transmitted in potato seed pieces, so one method to control the disease is to use certified seed potatoes. An obvious control method would be to control the leafhopper population but, unfortunately, this has proven to be difficult as insecticides are not effective
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loss in tuber yield, coupled with symptoms such as leaf roll, mosaic, leaf drop, chlorosis, stunted growth and necrosis and production of undersized tubers and some-times death of the whole plant (Jayashige et al. 1989; Beukema and van der Zaag 1990). In addition to being tuber-borne, all six potato viruses ar Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) Severe PLRV symptoms. Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) is transmitted by aphids, primarily, the green peach aphid. When an aphid picks up the virus from an infected plant, the virus circulates through the aphid, entering the salivary glands. It is then transmitted when the aphid probes a potato plant POTATO LEAF ROLL VIRUS IN SEED POTATO FIELDS AT PUKEKOHE By B. B. TILL * (Received 27 October 1970) ABSTRACT In recent years potato seed crops at Pukekohe have shown high levels of leaf roll virus infection, in spite of the use of insecticides. Laboratory and field tests have shown that although insecticides control Resistance to potato leaf roll virus multiplication in potato is under major gene control. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 88 (6/7):754-758 Basky Z, 2002. The relationship between aphid dynamics and two prominent potato viruses (PVY and PLRV) in seed potatoes in Hungary Symptoms associated with sweet potato leaf curl virus. A, B, C and D: Upward curling or rolling on sweet potato leaves. Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus. Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus is a crinivirus transmitted by the whitefly species B. tabaci
Potato leafroll virus (PLRV): its transmission and control
Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is a member of the genus Polerovirus and family Solemoviridae.The phloem limited positive sense RNA virus infects potatoes and other members of the family Solanaceae. PLRV was first described by Quanjer et al. in 1916. PLRV is transmitted by aphids, primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae.PLRV is one of the most important potato viruses worldwide but.
ticide treatments against the aphid vectors of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) in locally-grown seed potatoes. A single sail treatment at planting with the granular insecticides aldicarb or thiofanox and, to a lesser extent, with ethiofencarb or disulfoton eave seamn-Ions control of a~hids and suooressed . . the soread of the virus, even in.
After treating leaf curl, take preventive measures -- such as keeping the area free of weeds and removing fallen plant matter -- to keep the disease from recurring. Fungal Leaf Curl
Like tomato late blight, this pathogen is hard to control. You need to destroy infected tubers and use several applications of fungicides to help slow the spread of this disease. 6. Potato Leaf Roll. Potato leaf roll is one of the most common potato plant diseases; it's a viral disease that causes young leaves to roll and turn yellow or pink
Primary infection, which is caused by aphids, is visible mostly on younger leaves. The margins start to roll upwards and become dry, pale or develop interveinal chlorosis. In plants grown from a contaminated tuber (secondary infection), older leaves are upturned, stiff and brittle with a purple or red underside, while younger ones are upright. The Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) is one of the most devastating virus causing severe yield losses worldwide in potato. The comprehensive observations were made to study the PLRV infestation in major potato growing areas of Bihar (India) and further detailed molecular basis of PLRV aggravation was established. Although aphids population were found comparatively lower with maximum symptomatic. As the aphids disperse (June to August), they can transmit important viruses including potato leaf roll virus and potato virus Y. The easiest way to scout for aphid colonies is to search perimeter vegetable plants for copious amounts of sticky, glistening honeydew coating the upper surfaces of lower leaves of plants An inverted repeat construct corresponding to a segment of the potato leaf roll virus coat protein gene was created under control of a constitutive promoter and transferred into a transformation vector with a heat inducible Cre-loxP system to excise the nptII antibiotic resistance marker gene Leaves roll upward at the margins, have a stiff leathery texture, may be chlorotic, and die prematurely. Potato leafroll virus can also cause necrotic netting in the tuber vascular tissue of some varieties. Life cycle. Potato leafroll virus can be introduced to a potato field by infected seed tubers or by aphids that have fed on infected potato.
Leafroll / Potato / Agriculture: Pest Management
Virus diseases can often be diagnosed by mosaic patterns on leaves, stunting of the plant, leaf malformations, and tuber malformations. Symptoms are not always expressed due to interactions between the virus and the potato plant, growing conditions such as fertility and the weather, or the age of the plant when it is infected
Potato virus Y disease is caused by the virus, potato virus Y (PVY). This virus can cause disease on members of the potato family, pepper, tobacco, datura, dahlia, henbane and goosefoot. The virus may kill plants in severe cases, but may only cause a loss of yield. It is transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner
Chemical Control Of Aphids And The Spread Of Potato Leaf Roll Virus In Scotland. Download full Chemical Control Of Aphids And The Spread Of Potato Leaf Roll Virus In Scotland Book or read online anytime anywhere, Available in PDF, ePub and Kindle. Click Get Books and find your favorite books in the online library
OverviewCode created in: 2001-02-05. Basic information. EPPO Code: PLRV00. Preferred name: Potato leafroll virus. Notes. One of the top twenty viruses in molecular plant pathology. Other scientific names. Name
In an experiment using excised Physalis floridana leaves, twice as many M. persicae settled on virus-infected leaves as on noninfected control leaves. Taken together, the results indicate that arrestment of M. persicae on potato leaf roll virus-infected plants may be due to enhanced nutritional qualities resulting from disease, but not from.
a transformed potato plant genetically engineered to contain a gene which provides resistance from infection by the Potato Leaf Roll Virus and a protein for the control of feeding by the Colorado Potato Beetle respectively. This action involves an end-use product only. There is no technical product
Resistance to potato leaf roll virus multiplication in potato is under major gene control. Abstract The concentration of potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV), as measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in the foliage of the PLRV-susceptible potato. Plant certified disease-free seed potatoes. Remove and destroy diseased plants. Keep the garden clean of plant debris. Control leaf-hoppers. • Lower leaves cup or roll, lose their dark green color and become streaked and leathery; brown speckling at the stem end of tubers. Potato leafroll virus is transmitted primarily by aphids. Control aphids
To reduce the spread of this virus, manage whitefly populations with insecticidal oils and soaps. This group also includes other viruses: the tomato yellow leaf curl virus. chino del tomato virus. tomato leaf crumple virus. pepper huasteco virus. potato yellow mosaic virus. Sinaloa tomato leaf curl virus Progress is being made toward the commercial development of potatoes resistant to insects (such as Colorado Potato Beetle), diseases (such as Potato Leaf Roll Virus and Late Blight). In addition, it has been demonstrated that gene modifications can be used to produce potatoes with higher dry matter, lower sugars and a better ability to store Leaf roll: Nucleorhabdovirus: Yellow dwarf: Phytophthora infestans: Late blight: Giant hill: Curly dwarf: Stem end discoloration: Spinach leaf: Ralstonia solanacearum: Bacterial wilt / Soft rot: Potato virus Y: Mosaic (rugrose) Microplasma: Haywire: Rosette: Potato spindle tuber viroid: Spindle tuber: Potato leaf roll virus: Net necrosis.
Evidence of simple genetic control in potato of ability to
The best way to control this virus, as well as other viruses infecting sweet potato is by establishing propagation nurseries derived from virus-tested mother plants. 2.5. Sweet potato leaf curl virus Genus Begomoviru
Plants of two potato cultivars were transformed with disarmed Agrobacterium rumefaciens (LBA4404) containing a binary expression vector. The vector contained sequences that encode the coat protein of potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV) under the control of the 35s promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus
2.5. Sweet potato leaf curl virus Genus Begomovirus Sweet potato leaf curl virus Genus Begomovirus (SPLCV) has been reported inter alia from the United States, Taiwan, Korea, Argentina, and Japan. Infected plants show upward leaf curling. The disease can be diagnosed on I. nil and I. muricata and by real-time PCR
A virus infecting peppers in Australian glass houses in the late 1980s and named Capsicum yellows virus (Gunn & Pares, 1990), is most likely to have been a strain of Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) (Knierim et al., 2013)
Advanced. Scientific Name. Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) Identification. Symptoms of leaf roll originating from infected seed tubers. Plants are stunted with upright growth habit. Lower leaves are rolled up, pale green and leathery. Eventually lower leaves die and upper leaves turn yellowish. Yield reduction is severe
Sweet potato leaf curl virus is commonly abbreviated SPLCV. Select isolates are referred to as SPLCV followed by an abbreviation of where they were isolated. For example, the Brazilian isolate is referred to as SPLCV-Br. The sweet potato leaf curl virus is one of more than 20 viruses known to infect the sweet potato. It is part of a group of sweet potato-infecting Begomoviruses generally known.
Efficiency of Thuja orientalis and Artimisia campestris extracts to control of Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) in potato plant
Plants can die in a severe case, and potatoes can be seriously affected, especially in storage. Plant certified seed and use a potato dust to guard against late blight. Mosaic Virus. Aphids can spread mosaic viruses, which cause potato leaves to curl and appear almost two-toned (light and dark green) Capsicum Leaf Curl Virus. Controlling,Pepper,Chillis, Cayenne,Mirch,Paprika Green house,poly house.For more updates, Please subscribe to our channel. For mor.. Aphids, Colorado potato beetle, Flea beetles, Leafhoppers, Potato psyllid Suppression of symptoms of: Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), Potato yellows, Net necrosis, Wireworms Sugarbeets Sugarbeet root maggot, Aphids, Leafhoppers, Whiteflies, Flea beetles Suppression of symptoms of: Western yellows, Beet curly top virus The concentration of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), as measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in the foliage of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) of cv 'Maris Piper' with secondary infection was 2900 ng/g leaf, whereas in clones G7445(1) and G7032(5) it was 180 ng/g leaf and 120 ng/g leaf, respectively
Potato leafroll virus in potato crops Agriculture and Foo
Potato virus Y (PVY) is an aphid-borne virus that causes yield losses and tuber quality defects in commercial potato crops. In seed crops PVY infection increases the risk of the seed lot being downgraded or rejected from certification. PVY infects other solanaceous crops including tomato and capsicum. The infection occurs in most potato growing areas Australia and overseas Septoria leaf spot is a soil-borne fungal disease that only infects tomato leaves and stems. The spots enlarge to 1/8-inch in diameter and are distinguished by a dark brown edge with a white or gray center. As the disease develops and more leaf spots develop, the areas surrounding spots will turn yellow causing leaves to wither and die Keywords: potato leaf, roll virus, potato, virus INTRODUCTION Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV, genus Polerovirus, group Luteovirus, family Luteoviridae) is one of the most destructive viruses on potato in Iraq. The virus infects potato plants wherever grown causing heavy reduction in yield, which may reach up to 50 Resistance to Potato Leafroll Virus in Potato Plants Transformed with the Coat Protein Gene or with Vector Control Constructs. Gernot G. Presting, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Prosser, WA 99350; Oney P. Smith(2), and Charles R. Brown(3) Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV) causes devastating effects on potato production. This virus primarily affects the aerial tissues of potato plants, causing the stem and apical leaves to roll. Unlike other viruses, PLRV is exclusively found in phloem tissues and causes necrosis and abnormal callose accumulation in the vascular system
Potato (Solanum tuberosum)-Potato Leafroll Virus (Leaf Roll
Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is more commonly associated with potato, but a tomato-specialized isolate of PLRV has been identified in New York and Florida. Leaf rolling and marginal leaf chlorosis are the typical foliar symptoms seen with this virus . Because this virus is transmitted by aphids in a persistent manner, aphid control should. Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) was identified by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using PLRV polyclonal antibodies. Extracts from virus infected potato leaves was found to react with PLRV antibodies but not with antibodies of PVY, PVX, PVA and PVM. Extracts from Thuja orientalis and Artimisia campestris at 6 g/L was found to inhibit multiplication of PLRV by 81.72 and 63.6%. The Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) was first identified in a greenhouse in California in 2007. Although yellow leaf curl virus was found in other parts of the world, it was not introduced to the Americas until the 1990s and has since had a severe outbreak in Mexico that devastated fruit production during the 2005-2006 growing season
What Is Potato Leafroll: Information About Plants With
Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) This virus was first introduced into Florida in Miami-Dade County in 1997. It is a constant problem in commercial fields throughout Florida. We have observed it in gardens throughout southern Florida, especially in areas with significant commercial tomato production There is no treatment for plants with tomato spotted wilt virus. The only way to control it is to control the thrips, the tiny insects that transmit the virus. Here are the steps to take before, during, and after the gardening season. Leaves wilting and curling as a result of tomato spotted wilt virus Miyuiki Satake /Getty Images
The potato aphid is found especially on young parts of the plant. The aphid is very active and can therefore spread within the crop quite quickly. In potato, the species causes curled tops, the symptoms looking like the potato leaf roll virus. In tomato they can often be found on the lower parts of the plant, on leaves, and on the main stem Bishop GW. 1965. Green peach aphid distribution and potato leaf roll virus occurrence in the seed potato producing areas of Idaho. Journal of Economic Entomology 58: 150-153. Bishop GW. 1967. A leaf roll virus control program in Idaho'sseed potato areas. American Potato Journal 44: 305-308. Bishop GW, Guthrie JW. 1964 Brown Rot or Bacterial Wilt: This disease is caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. Symptoms include wilting, stunting, and yellowing of the foliage. Wilting of leaves and the collapse of stems may be severe in young, succulent plants. In young potato stems, dark, narrow streaks are visible
Leaf Roll (PLRV) - Bayer Crop Science U
Bacterial wilt is one of the most destructive diseases of the potato. The disease has a wide host range. Bacterial wilt is difficult to control and eradicate. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus ; Growers must be aware of these risks and take precautionary measures to prevent the disease and control the spread Primary infection occurs in the growing season and is aphid-borne. Secondary infection is tuber-borne. One of the major threats to the health of seed potato crops is the transmission of viruses by aphids. The viruses may be persistent (e.g. Potato Leaf Roll Virus; PLRV) or non-persistent (e.g. potyviruses such as PVY, PVA)
Purple leaves: Leaves with purple veins and overall purplish tint. Early season, cool temperatures. No insects present: Phosphorus deficiency: Leaflets roll upward and develop a purplish color, especially along the veins: Curly top virus: Yellowed leaves: Slight distortion, purpling of veins. Zigzag stem and branching pattern Potato Leaf Roll Virus Symptoms Upper and inward rolling of leaflet. Leaf turning. Dwarfing. Leaflet thick and dry & lower leaf become brown. Smaller size tuber. Transmission Planting infected seed tuber. Aphid (Aphis gossypii) persistent manner. Primary vector Green peach aphid (myzus persicae). 8 Fifteen potato advance lines were screened against Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV), Potato Virus X (PVX), Potato Virus Y (PVY) under favorable natural field conditions and in vitro by using double antibody sandwich ELISA . On the basis of symptomatology, only two lines FD70-1 (PRI RED), SL15-26 were found free of symptoms to PLRV 1980. Control of the green peach aphid on potatoes with soil systemic insecticides: preplant broadcast and planting time furrow applications, 1973-77. Journal of Economic Entomology 73: 839-843. Powell DM, Mondor WT. 1976. Area control of the green peach aphid on peach and the reduction of potato leaf roll virus. American Potato Journal 53: 123. Mosaic virus causes potato leaves to curl with shades of light green and dark green at the same time. Spread by aphids, most outbreaks won't destroy plants but will reduce yields. Disease resistant potatoes can be sown to prevent mosaic virus. Keep aphids under control with insecticidal spray. Potato Yellow Dwarf Virus
Chilli cultivation in Sri Lanka - How to control Chilli leaf curl virus disease. Chilli is one of the important cash crops in Sri Lanka. Most of the farmer.. Considering aphids also as virus vectors, changes of their behavior could also interfere with the virus acquisition and transmission process. Here, a combination of two aphid species and two potato virus models were selected to test the influence of EβF release on aphid and virus dispersion under laboratory conditions Every area that they feed on will end up resulting in a blackened spot on the leaf, first yellowing and quickly turning into a dead spot. If there are a large number of aphids, then the entire plant will start to wilt. In potatoes, they often cause the potato leaves to roll up as the sap is sucked out from the inside. Honeydew from aphid
The rolled leaves may feel leathery and stiff. Often the condition of leaf roll occurs once the plants are under the stress of a heavy fruit set. Some cultivars are more prone to leaf roll than others. Prevention & Treatment: The symptom of leaf roll does not significantly damage the crop. To help prevent this disorder, tomatoes should be.
122 80 80 2 2 H. Barker R. M. Solomon Scottish Crop Research Institute DD2 5DA Invergowrie Dundee UK Summary The concentration of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), measured by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in foliage of plants of cv Maris Piper and clone G7445(1) with secondary infection was 2,700 ng/g leaf and 120 ng/g leaf, respectively. In experiments to examine the genetic. Hence, a PCR assay was developed for the detection of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus-potato (ToLCNDV-Potato) which is the causal agent of apical leaf curl disease in potato. Primers specific to the coat protein (AV1) and replicase (AC1) gene regions were designed and used for standardization of the PCR potato leaf roll virus into its fiNew Leaffl lineŠ potato varieties which had already been engineered to be resistant to the Colorado potato beetle using another GE technologyŠand dubbed it fiNew Leaf Plus.fl Shortly after that, in 1999, Monsanto added another GE potato, ʺNew Leaf Y,ʺ whic 'Immunisation': controlling virus diseases. The final example illustrates how gene technology can provide an 'immunisation' effect to control virus diseases of plants. Potato leaf roll virus is a serious problem, limiting yield and damaging the product. Because the virus is spread by aphids, it is controlled by insecticide sprays When it comes to the management of tomoto yellow leaf curl virus, almost 90% of the farmers were relying on pesticides to control the disease. Following up, Colvin et al. (2012) interviewed 75 tomato growers in Karnataka (India) involving from seven districts in 2003 and reported that the disease had huge economic impacts upon these farmers as.
Mosaic virus overwinters on perennial weeds and is spread by insects that feed on them. Aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies and cucumber beetles are common garden pests that can transmit this disease. Soil, seed, starter pots and containers can be infected and pass the virus to the plant If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your usernam
Note: S. scabies can survive in the soil for many years in the absence of potato. Treatment. The following control measures have all been proven effective against scab in potatoes. However, in most cases a combination of these techniques will be required. Plant certified, disease-free seed potatoes and resistant varieties whenever possible Leaf blight or botrytis blight (Botrytis spp.)Leaf blight, also known as botrytis blight, attacks a wide variety of ornamental plants. This fungal pathogen can infect the stem, leaves, flowers and underground storage organs (tubers, corms, bulbs) causing them to suddenly yellow and brown, and eventually rot and die Potato Disease Management. Diseases Index; Use the links below to find out more information on the key disease threats to your potato crop. For each disease you will find out the importance of the disease in terms of potential yield penalty, how to identify the disease in its early stages and our advice on the best control strategie The name of the plant disease is often related to the symptoms the disease produces in a particular plant. For example, papaya leaf curl and potato leaf roll are diseases that cause specific types of leaf distortion. Some plant viruses are not limited to one particular plant host but may infect different varieties of plants Weakened plants become susceptible to secondary disease and may be inoculated with viruses carried by aphids. Among the virus diseases transmitted by green peach aphids are potato leaf roll, potato virus Y, beet mosaic, beet yellows, and lettuce mosaic
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Radio Adelaide's Peace of the Action podcast – 11 Sept 2016: Sue and Clayton chat with John Hartley about the First People's First Cultural Foundation, as well as with Eunice Rodgers. Songs from both are included in the podcast….
Miriwoong waniwoogeng! Language is the only way to understand our ancient culture
The following article, including video, can be found here at The Guardian website. Following is an excerpt..
Only a handful of frail elders speak our language. Our youth can save it, but the language can also save our youth and reconnect them with their heritage.
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The symbology of the First Peoples First logo
Here in our logo you will see the four primary colours of humanity – black, yellow, red, and white – all encapsulated with the circle representing mutual exchange, interdependence, connection and reciprocity. And also the universal themes of Country, Culture, Family Future.
Simply stated: In the circle "We All Belong" and "We Are All Responsible".
You will also notice red dots representing a low burning fire. Customarily, in some nations, good manners dictated when entering into another's Country to light a small fire and wait until approached, so right-way relationships were worked out and invitations extended and shelter rest and food offered.
We at the FPF Cultural Foundation Inc. trust that you will see this fire, feel its warmth, invite us in and join with us in the work that needs to be done to ensure First Peoples' cultural values, beliefs and practices continues to enrich all future generations.
The last fluent speaker of the Kuku Thay-Pan tribal language passes.
The loss of one of Australia's ancient Aboriginal languages was mourned yesterday with the burial on Cape York of its last fluent speaker, Tommy George.
A renowned stockman, tracker, land right's activist and co-founder of the Laura Aboriginal Dance Festival, he was the sole custodian of Awu Laya, the language of the Kuku Thaypan people.
He and his brother George Musgrave were awarded honorary doctorates by James Cook University for their help in documenting language and traditional fire management of land...
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Kadıncık is a Turkish word. It may refer to:

Kadıncık, Şereflikoçhisar, a village in Şereflikoçhisar district of Ankara Province, Turkey
Kadıncık 1 hydroelectric power plant, a power plant in Mersin Province, Turkey
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Qualification was done at the 2011 Pan American Championship in Rionegro, Colombia between May 6 and 8, 2011. The top eight athletes will qualify in each weight category. Mexico is guaranteed a full team granted if they compete with a full team at the qualification tournament, but if it does not manage to be in the top eight, the athlete from Mexico will take the slot allotted to the eight place athlete. There are also six wild cards to be distributed. Therefore, there is a total quota of 150 athletes.

Qualification summary

Qualification by category

55kg Men's Freestyle

60kg Men's Freestyle

66kg Men's Freestyle

74kg Men's Freestyle

84kg Men's Freestyle

96kg Men's Freestyle

120kg Men's Freestyle

55kg Men's Greco-Roman

60kg Men's Greco-Roman

66kg Men's Greco-Roman

74kg Men's Greco-Roman

84kg Men's Greco-Roman

96kg Men's Greco-Roman

120kg Men's Greco-Roman

48kg Women's Freestyle

55kg Women's Freestyle

63kg Women's Freestyle

A Mexican athlete did not compete in the weight category and the qualification tournament, therefore Mexico will not qualify an athlete.

72kg Women's Freestyle

There are 6 wild card spots that will be distributed among all weight classes.

References

External links
Final list of qualified countries

P
Qualification for the 2011 Pan American Games


If a loved one has recently died, there is no doubt that this is a very tumultuous and emotional time. Perhaps you are experiencing a mix of sadness, anger and frustration, or even relief that your loved one is no longer in pain or suffering. All of your feelings are valid and completely normal.
You're probably also becoming aware of the number of tasks necessary to close out the affairs of your loved one's life. After you've handled the burial or cremation services, you're likely thinking about where to begin the rest. Managing grief while making sure that the bills are paid on time, cleaning out a house or apartment, negotiating with insurance companies, sending copies of the death certificate to all the right places and getting ready to settle the estate can be overwhelming and confusing. Here are the top 3 mistakes to avoid when completing the affairs of your loved one's life.
Funeral homes are tremendously helpful after a death. Among the many services available, the funeral director will likely offer to make a call to the Social Security Administration on your behalf which will get the ball rolling. However, funeral homes are typically not armed with all of the information to see if there are other benefits you could receive as a result of your loved one's death. Social Security can be an important source of income and benefits even after your loved one has died. Be advised, however, that if your loved one was already receiving Social Security benefits, you will have to return any benefit checks paid in the month that s/he died and any later months. Continuing to cash the checks is fraud.
Fortunately, there are other benefits that could be available to you and your family after a death. How much you will receive depends in large part on how long your loved one worked, how long s/he paid into the system, your age, and your relationship to the deceased. Surviving spouses may be entitled to a $255 lump sum payment and the full benefits at full retirement age, or reduced benefits as early as age 60. Even divorced spouses (provided you were married for at least 10 years) can be entitled to cash benefits. Unmarried children of the deceased can also get benefits, and parents of the deceased are also eligible if they depended on the income of the worker. Even a stepchild, grandchild, stepgrandchild, or adopted child can receive benefits under certain circumstances. Make the call yourself and make the call early. Call toll-free at 1-800-772-1213 (for the deaf or hard of hearing, call the TTY number, 1-800-325-0778). You can also apply for benefits online.
A helpful additional step is to request your loved one's credit report. Request another copy of the credit report in two months and again six months later to ensure that no new accounts have been opened. While neither the family members or the estate will be liable for charges after the date of death, bill collectors are likely to call and you can bet that a lot of time and anguish can be spent filling out paperwork to reverse charges. Additionally, making a list of accounts to close is often the most frustrating part of settling the affairs of a life and you can streamline this process by seeing which accounts are already connected to your loved one's credit along with contact phone numbers. You can get valuable information about student loans, credit cards, and auto loans to name a few. You could save you valuable time and headache by notifying the credit reporting agencies early and requesting a credit report.
Perhaps the greatest mistake people make when starting to settle the affairs of a loved one's life is by trying to do it alone. The two tasks listed above can be handled quite simply, but the amount of responsibilities and tasks as time goes on can quickly get overwhelming, especially in the face of grief. Since grief can feel very isolating, it is important to integrate as many people into the process as possible. Remember the people who told you that they were available to you? Now is time to make a list of those trustworthy and responsible people who can support you through this process.
While you build your team, keep in mind their particular talents and skills. Perhaps your nephew is great with internet research and can track down online accounts and your neighbor has a pickup truck and can move unneeded furniture. Share in the responsibilities of this time and keep track of who is doing what so things do not get overlooked. It is also important to make sure that only certain people have access to the sensitive information, like Social Security numbers.
Additionally, remember that there is professional help available for these tasks. Going with Grace provides guidance through the practical, legal, and emotional needs while contemplating the end of life and after death. They are a team of compassionate, reliable, and organized planners and attorneys, using legal and death midwifery training to support families in these tasks to ease the transition and lessen the unnecessarily painful process of completing the affairs of a loved one's life.


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Having always wanted to explore more of the the North-Eastern part of India, the stories that I heard about the uniqueness of Dzukou valley and the tribal culture of Nagaland made me choose it as my next destination.
I flew from Hyderabad to Dimapur, the only airport and railhead in Nagaland. From the airport, I took an auto to Dimapur railway station, from where you will easily find shared Jeeps to Kohima. Now brace yourselves for a 3 hour long, tiring, bumpy ride on bad roads that will test your fitness and agility, after which you will reach Kohima, the capital city. It was almost sundown by the time I reached there, so I stayed there that night and headed towards a nearby village called Kigwema, the next day. If you are looking for luxurious hotels, Kohima is where you should stay put, because beyond it, in the villages, you will mostly find only basic homestays. I would suggest you to not spend too much time in Kohima and instead explore more of the villages because they are a lot more serene and peaceful.
Kigwema can act as your base camp for the trek to both Dzukou valley and Japfu peak. There are a handful of homestays available here. Unless you go during the peak season (winter/hornbill festival), you should be able to easily find rooms. I would highly recommend Akieno's homestay for their unbelievable hospitality. The heritage village, Kisama, which is also the site for Hornbill festival, is a short hike away from here. The heritage complex, showcasing the different tribes of Nagaland, their architecture and customs, is open all around the year, even when the festival is not on. There is also a museum (closed on Sundays) and a park inside the village.
I then headed to Dzukou valley, which was my primary motivation for the trip. There are two routes to Dzukou valley - the shorter but steeper route starts from Zakhama and the longer but easier route starts from Viswema. Both these places are reachable from Kigwema by a short taxi ride. I chose Zakhama since it was a lot closer to where I stayed, than Viswema. Both the routes are fairly simple and there is already a ton of information out there about the routes that, you can do the trek on your own, but if you are going solo, beware that this is a fairly lesser known trek and during off season you might find few people on the way. If you wish to, you may hire a guide from any of the surrounding villages. It took me about 4 hours to reach the rest house at the top. The temperature drops down rapidly as you go high, so go prepared with sufficient warm clothing and rain gear if you go around monsoon. While it is possible to return back the same day if you are fast enough and start early, I strongly recommend staying there overnight to explore the valley and not miss some of the unforgettable sights of the valley. The rest house has a couple of dormitories, a few rooms and a basic kitchen. I spent the remainder of the day and a good part of the next morning exploring the valley after which I trekked downhill, back again to Zakhama via the same route, and then took a taxi back to Kigwema.
Due to unfavourable weather conditions, I skipped the trek to Japfu peak. My next stop was an Angami village, Khonoma. It is also known as the green village because hunting and cutting down trees are banned here. To reach Khonoma you first need to get to Kohima, and then from there it is an hour's drive by bus or taxi. With its magnificent paddy fields, intriguing architecture and greenery all around, taking a stroll around the village is a pleasant experience by itself, but hiring a guide is recommended if you wish to learn more about it. There is only one bus out of Khonoma, at 5.30 A.M. So, unless you have arranged for your own private vehicle, you need to stay there overnight and take the bus next morning to reach Kohima, which is what I did. While in Kohima, do visit the war memorial.
My next plan was to visit Mon, in the northern part of Nagaland, where the Konyaks live. A bus from Kohima to Mon would take about 14 hours on bad roads, overnight. So I instead chose to go back to Dimapur, and take a train to Bhojo in Assam (the train would take 4-5 hours). From Bhojo take an auto to Sonari, and then you can take a taxi or a bus and reach Mon in 3 hours. I then went to an intriguing village called Longwa, half of which lies in India, and the other half in Myanmar. This is the only part of Nagaland where you can meet headhunters. Other attractions include the Angh's house, through which the international boundary line runs and the border pillar which gives a vantage point to both sides of the village. You can reach Longwa from Mon by a shared jeep, but the seats are limited and you need to book in advance.
To return back to Hyderabad, I did not want to go all the way back to Dimapur to take a flight, so I instead went to Dibrugarh in Assam which is the closest airport to Mon. You can take a shared jeep from Mon to Sonari. Based on when you reach Sonari, you may or may not find a direct bus to Dibrugarh. I could not get one, so I took a bus to Moran, and then another one to Dibrugarh. It takes 3 hours to reach Sonari, and another 2.5 hours from there to Dibrugarh. The earliest public transport out of Mon is at 7 A.M (It may get further delayed based on how may seats fill up) and there is none on Sundays, so you may want to plan accordingly.
All domestic tourists need an Inner Line Permit to visit Nagaland, which can be obtained in person in Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati, Shillong (you may need to check the official site for the latest list) or if you are unable to do so, you can get it done via a private tour operator by sending scanned copies of your ID.


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U.S. announces expanded beef trade with Europe
The American beef sector can triple its duty-free exports to Europe over the next seven years
More hormone-free U.S. beef will enter the European Union (EU) thanks to an expanded deal between the two trading partners.
Under the new agreement, which is subject to approval from the EU, American beef producers will have an initial tariff rate quota (TRQ) of 18,500 metric tons annually, valued at about US$220 million. Over seven years, the TRQ will increase to 35,000 metric tons, valued around $420 million.
Prior to this trade deal, U.S beef exports to Europe totaled about 13,000 metric tons each year, worth about US$150 million.
"Opening markets for our farmers is about more than just an industry, it's about a way of life," President Trump said during the announcement Friday. "Generations of hard work, passion and dedication have gone into making America the largest producer of high-quality beef anywhere in the world by far."
The U.S. beef industry is pleased with the news of expanded access to Europe.
Gaining more access to such a key market has been challenging, said Jennifer Houston, president of the National Cattlemen's Beef Association.
"For years it's been difficult for us to get access to the European Union because of some non-tariff and restrictive tariff trade practices," she said during the announcement. "We want (Europeans) to be able to enjoy the high-quality beef that our American farmers and ranchers produce."
The deal also ends a dispute between the U.S. and the EU.
In 2014, the trading partners ended a memorandum of understanding that provided an interim solution to the use of certain growth-promoting hormones in beef production.
Under that agreement, the EU opened a 45,000-tonne (49,600-ton) quota of non-hormone beef to suppliers, including the U.S.
Friday's announcement closes the book on that trade challenge.
"Thanks to this new arrangement, a very substantive amount of existing quota will be (reserved) for the U.S.A.," Jani Raappana, deputy head of mission for the Finish Presidency of the Council of the EU, said during the presentation. "This provides a solution to our long-standing dispute in the WTO."
To buy or to rent – that is the question
President Trump threatens China with more tariffs


(L to R:) HMTC Chairman Steven Markowitz with honoree Paul J. Bloom, Esq., Community Leader Award winner.
(L to R: ) Honoree Paul J. Bloom, Monika Bloom, Trudy Markowitz and HMTC Chairman Steven Markowitz.
(L to R: ) Werner and Eva Reich with HMTC Chairman Steven Markowitz.
(L to R: ) HMTC Chairman Steven Markowitz with honoree Ari Babaknia, M.D., Bruce Morrell Education and Humanity Award Winner.
(L to R: ) Honorees Paul J. Bloom, Esq., Community Leader Award winner; Thomas C. Krumpter, Public Service Award winner; and Ari Babaknia, M.D., Bruce Morrell Education and Humanity Award winner with HMTC Chairman Steven Markowitz.
Poster describing Objects of Witness: Testimony from Holocaust Artifacts traveling exhibit displayed at the Tribute Dinner.
(L to R: ) Honoree Paul J. Bloom with Nassau County Comptroller George Maragos.
Honoree Paul J. Bloom with Town of North Hempstead Supervisor Judi Bosworth.
Honoree Paul J. Bloom with Town of North Hempstead Councilwoman Anna Kaplan.
(L to R:) Steven Markowitz, Chairman of HMTC; Thomas C. Krumpter, Acting Commissioner of the Nassau County Police Department and Honoree; Paul J. Bloom, Esq., founding partner of Harras, Bloom & Archer, LLP and Honoree; Dr. Ari Babaknia, Author and Honoree; Mitra Damaghi, Tribute Dinner Co-Chair; and Peter J. Klein, CFA, Managing Director and Partner of Klein Wealth Management, Tribute Dinner Co-Chair.
(L to R: ) Honoree Ari Babaknia, M.D. with Nassau County Comptroller George Maragos.
(L to R: ) Jack, Irene and Peter J. Klein, CFA.
(L to R) HMTC Chairman Steven Markowitz and Peter J. Klein, CFA, Managing Director and Parnter of Klein Wealth Management.
Objects of Witness: Testimony from Holocaust Artifacts traveling exhibit.
HMTC Board Members Andrea Bolender and Erika Witover.
(L to R: ) Andrea Bolender, Meryl Menashe and Erika Witover.
Over 400 people attended the 2015 dinner and heard remarks during the program from honorees Ari Babaknia, M.D., Paul J. Bloom, Esq., and Thomas C. Krumpter.
(L to R: ) HMTC Board Member Jack Foley, who was honored for his dedication to HMTC with HMTC Chairman Steven Markowitz.
HMTC Board Member Frank Lalezarian, Honoree Paul J. Bloom, Esq., and HMTC Chairman Steven Markowitz.
HMTC Board Member Mitra Damaghi, Honoree Ari Babaknia, M.D. and HMTC Chairman Steven Markowitz.
(L to R: ) HMTC Chairman Steven Markowitz with HMTC Board Members Neil and Eileen Tanner and Hon. Thomas S. Gulotta.
After the program honoree Ari Babaknia signed copies of his book Humanity, Not.
(L to R: ) Lisa Krumpter, Rabbi Dov Schwartz and Honoree Thomas C. Krumpter.
Mr and Mrs. Henry Holly.
(L to R: ) Survivor Anita Weisbord, HMTC's Director of the Claire Friedlander Education Institute, Tracy Garrison-Feinberg, Survivor Mireille Taub, HMTC Volunteer Sid Waxman and Survivor Asher Matathias.
(L to R: ) HMTC Board Members Jolanta Zamecka and Marcia Posner.
(L to R: ) Trudy Markowitz, HMTC Chairman Steven Markowitz and Susan Gerson.
(L to R: ) Nassau County Legislator Ellen Birnbaum, Adam Haber, and Trudy Markowitz.


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CLEVELAND-HOPKINS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
The CLEVELAND-HOPKINS INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT is located 8 miles southwest of PUBLIC SQUARE at Brookpark Rd. and Riverside Dr. The airport, originally known as Cleveland Municipal, was renamed Cleveland-Hopkins Intl. Airport on 26 July 1951, to commemorate the 82nd birthday of WILLIAM R. HOPKINS, who founded it. A municipal airport for the city was envisioned shortly after World War I, but the airfield did not became a reality until the federal government was satisfied that the city could provide an adequate facility for U.S. Air Mail planes stopping in Cleveland on their coast-to-coast flights. In 1925 City Manager William R. Hopkins obtained the city council's agreement to issue bonds to build the airport on 1,040 acres of land at the Brookpark and Riverside intersection. Clearing and grading took place at record speed so that the U.S. Air Mail could inaugurate night flights on 1 July 1925. Its first terminal building, constructed in 1927, featured the world's first airport control tower. Although the local news media criticized the airfield's distant location, passengers were willing to make the long trek, as well as the general public, who curiously viewed activity at the field. The NATIONAL AIR RACES were first held in Cleveland in 1929 as part of the ceremonies dedicating Cleveland's Municipal Airport.
Through the years, the city has expanded and modernized the facilities at Hopkins to meet increasing passenger demands. A new terminal building was built in 1956, and since then additional concourses and gates have been added—the South Concourse, opened in April 1968, and the North Concourse, opened in Aug. 1978. The baggage-handling and parking facilities also were enlarged and moving sidewalks and escalators were installed. On 15 Nov. 1968, direct rapid transit service to the airport began. The problems of jet noise and the need for more and longer runways have brought the city into conflict with the airport's neighbors as it expanded into population centers adjacent to it. In the wake of airline deregulation in the 1970s, airlines established selected hubs from which to conduct their operations. As a result, United Airlines, once dominant at Hopkins, reduced its 110 daily flights from Cleveland in 1979 to just 13 in 1988. Hopkins enjoyed an increase in passenger traffic in the 1980s and early 1990s, attributed to an improved local economy and the ability of the airport to meet carrier needs quickly. In the interim, both Continental and USAir have increased their airport operations, with Continental using the airport as one of its national hubs. In 1995, based on hopes that Cleveland Hopkins Intl. Airport might become an international hub for the nation's major airlines, expansion plans were well underway for lengthening the airport's runways to accommodate the potential increase in air traffic.
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The American Association of Zoological Parks & Aquariums doing business as the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) publishes financial summary information as a part of its annual reports, financial reports and IRS 990 forms.
Financial information about AZA may be obtained without cost by contacting us at 8403 Colesville Road, Suite 710, Silver Spring, MD 20910 or by calling 1-301-562-0777. In addition, residents of the following states may obtain financial and/or licensing information from their states, as indicated below.
A COPY OF THE OFFICIAL REGISTRATION AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE DIVISION OF CONSUMER SERVICES BY CALLING TOLL-FREE, WITHIN THE STATE, 1-800-HELPFLA or via the internet at WWW.800HELPFLA.COM. REGISTRATION DOES NOT IMPLY ENDORSEMENT, APPROVAL OR RECOMMENDATION BY THE STATE. Florida registration CH47388.
Documents and information submitted under the Maryland Solicitations Act are also available, for the cost of postage and copies, from the Secretary of State, State House, Annapolis, MD 21401. Telephone 410-974-55354.
The official registration and financial information of AZA may be obtained from the Mississippi Secretary of State's office by call 1-888-236-6167. Registration by the Secretary of State does not imply endorsement by the Secretary of State.
A copy of the most recent annual report may be obtained upon request from the New York State Attorney General at: Charities Bureau, 120 Broadway, 3rd Floor, New York, New York 10271.
INFORMATION FILED WITH THE ATTORNEY GENERAL CONCERNING THIS CHARITABLE SOLICITATION AND THE PERCENTAGE OF CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED BY THE CHARITY DURING THE LAST REPORTING PERIOD THAT WERE DEDICATED TO THE CHARITABLE PURPOSE MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY BY CALLING 973-504-6215 AND IS AVAILABLE AT HTTP://WWW.STATE.NJ.US/LPS/CA/CHARFRM.HTM. REGISTRATION WITH THE ATTORNEY GENERAL DOES NOT IMPLY ENDORSEMENT.
The official registration and financial information of AZA may be obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of State by calling toll-free, within Pennsylvania, 800-732-0999. Registration does not imply endorsement.
A financial statement is available from the State Office of Consumer Affairs, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services, 102 Governor Street, P.O. Box 1163, Richmond, VA 23218, upon request.
To obtain additional financial and other information on file with the Secretary of State, contact Charities Division, Office of the Secretary of State, State of Washington, Olympia, WA 98504-0422, 1-800-332-4483, and is available on the internet at www.sos.wa.gov/charities.


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Persson, Kristin. Materials Data on La4Ti9(Si2O15)2 (SG:12) by Materials Project. United States. doi:10.17188/1272385.


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UPROXX Home
The Thread Count: A Fashionable History of Wrestling Hillbillies
by: Danielle Matheson July 10, 2014
Welcome to the inaugural post of The Thread Count. Each week, we here at With Spandex will take a look at the fashionable side of wrestling; be it how wrestling legends evolved their looks over the course of their careers, the effect it's had on their receptions, or the impact of a wrestling gimmick and how that look echoes through other promotions over the years that followed.
This week, I examine the influences of some of wrestling's most notable Hillbillies. Now, it's important to note that by no means is this a comprehensive list. It's also important that we differentiate between what we're deeming as "hillbilly" fashion, and what could be referred to as a "redneck" aesthetic or gimmick. As a Canadian girl from the east coast, my authority on these differences is minimal at best. My origins are country as heck, but while one can infer that my ancestors were a bunch of backwoods hicks (they were!), there's a particular cultural hallmark of the American hillbilly that prevents me from truly identifying with them.
Working with our dear editor here at With Spandex, Official Southerner Brandon Stroud, we've categorized it as someone who is less of a stereotype that covers a swath of the United States, and moreso someone of an isolated ilk. The Wyatts and their creepy swamp cult, the farmer/bumpkin persona who never gets on the wagon and goes to town. The sort you'd find in a movie about West Virginia camping trips that get super murder-y, but not the type you'll see on, say, a CMT reality show.
As always, like this on Facebook, tweet the link, and leave us your thoughts on who you connect with the most, who you think we missed, or how you differentiate between gimmicks that draw from the southern culture.
Haystacks Calhoun can be hailed as one of the true originators of the big man hoss types we know and love today. Standing at 6'4, but weighing over 600 pounds, Calhoun was a big 'ol country boy. Born in Collin County, TX, legend has it that he was discovered by traveling promoters as he was spotted picking up and carrying full-grown cows across a field. That is all sorts of magical, and I wish wrestling origins stories still had that air of legend. "I got hurt playing football in college so I couldn't go pro so wrestling's a thing I do now" just doesn't conjure the same kind of feeling.
Haystacks was a trendsetter in more than just inspiring the uniform of the hillbilly wrestler. Much like Hogan bodyslamming a 7,000-pound Andre the Giant [Hogan citation needed], lifting Haystacks Calhoun was seminal in establishing the strength of all-time great Bruno Sammartino.
Giant Haystacks
Giant Haystacks was The Renegade to Haystacks Calhoun's Ultimate Warrior. The European non-union equivalent of the big man dressed more like the Friendly Giant, but who knows? Maybe overalls and horseshoe necklaces just aren't done across the Atlantic.
Haystacks Muldoon
When Charles Caleb Colton said that imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, he had no idea that he would inspire generations of wrestling promoters to share and share alike in other people's gimmicks. Haystacks Muldoon was Jack Pfiefer's, we'll say, interpretation of Calhoun. Muldoon interpreted the Haystacks persona in the northeast territory much more liberally than his British counterpart. He had the overalls and the horseshoe on a necklace, but also introduced a straw hat and soon to be de riguer cutoff flannel shirt.
Hillbilly Jim
Hillbilly Jim is probably the first person who jumps to mind when you think of a wrestling hillbilly. He continues the overalls trend, but rarely paired them with a shirt, opting for an occasional denim jacket instead. Spoiler alert: that dude is jacked. The real calling card that sets him apart from any other shmoe in overalls is his headsuit. The wild bushy mane shoved under a leather bucket hat is hard to imitate, but totally iconic.
Uncle Elmer
An injury to Hillbilly Jim led WWF to bring in a supporting cast led by Uncle Elmer. Elmer was already an established hillbilly gimmick, previously being known as Pascagoula Plowboy, Plowboy Frazier, Farmboy Frazier, and Giant Hillbilly to name a few. While he remained in the overalls-flannel aesthetic, he also donned an Appalachian-style felt slouch, or "that thing the Scarecrow wore in the Wizard of Oz." The hats are created by wetting a circular piece of felt and stretching it over a a large rock or broom handle or even your fist. Similarly, you could take an existing felt hat (like a men's fedora), wet it down, and distort its shape in the same way. Red Skelton used this method in the sixties to for various tramp and redneck-type characters.
Haystacks Calhoun is from Texas, The Wyatts are swampy Bayou boys, and Jim, Elmer and their cousins in the Hillbillies stable itself adopt the affectations of the Appalachian Mountain range. Manager Uncle Cletus wore a Confederate gray kepi, speaking volumes about the kind of character he was without speaking a word.Differentiation is important to not only shaping the character, but how we react to it as well. We're not going to look at Jay Briscoe and think oh yeah, that jerkoff grew up on Walton's Mountain. It seems like such a simple thing, but the fashion origins and methods are important in establishing the kind of socio-economic and geographical background these wrestlers are supposed to be portraying.
The Godwinns
The Godwinns were hog farmers, initially managed by Hillbilly Jim, then later by Uncle Cletus. They borrowed heavily from hillbilly wrestlers before them, but also became a hybrid of what we know to be both hillbilly and redneck style. The cutoff flannel and trucker hats feature heavily on guys like Scott Dawson, or the Killbillies (who we'll see later in the article). It further brings the hillbilly look into the modern era. Of course, I'm one of those people who still thinks you mean the nineties when you say "the previous decade," but still. Notice the Haystacks Calhoun horseshoe on a chain in the video below. It's a clear evolution from what was to what is, but with more slop buckets than you usually see in fashion.
Also important in that video: BABY TAJIRI.
The Scufflin' Hillbillies
Of course, none of this precedent could have been set without the 1960's tag team, The Scufflin' Hillbillies. The original gun-toting, moonshine jug-swilling Hillbillies contributed heavily to the look we most associate with the hillbillies of the WWF/E. These hillbillies were also popular enough that they created a secondary tag team under the same name, switching out Freebird Rules-style.
Rocky Mt. Thunder
Oh my god, Rocky Mt. Thunder. I wouldn't really include him on the list as he didn't really have much of a personality, but I am utterly fascinated by maybe one of the worst wrestlers ever. The character was supposedly meant for someone else (a football player named Greg Boyd), but when he didn't show, a California indie wrestler took the helm, and went on to live in infamy as the least-searchable motherf-cker of all time. What he should actually be known for, besides maybe nearly killing his opponents by putting the gory in Gory Neckbreaker, is playing a pivotal role in ending the run of Curt Hennig in the AWA. This allowed Hennig to go on two WWE to become Mr. Perfect, one of my very favourite wrestlers, and basically the opposite of Thunder.
I am including him, however, because if you happen to see him on ESPN Classic AWA reruns, his look is glorious. Black tank top, okay. Flowing, shaggy mullet? Beautiful. Greasy mustache to rival AWA Scott Hall's? Incredible. His pants were held up by a rope and he carried a sack on a chain to the ring and it is everrrythiiiiing.
Now for Brandon to take over, because again, The South, and because nobody loves G.L.O.W. more than Brandon.
Babe The Farmer's Daughter (And The Farmer's Other Daughters)
And now, the concept of the "lady hillbilly."
The Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling were into drawing very thick, black lines around its characters; this lady is an evil Russian, this lady is a nerd, this lady loves America, and so on. It was the 1980s so it HAD to have a hillbilly, but there weren't any big fat dudes missing teeth to put in overalls and Country Bears hats.
Via The Beverly Hillbillies came the Ellie May Clampett stereotype, the idea that while the iconic male hillbilly is a bumbling yokel, the iconic female hillbilly is the "mountain beauty with the body of a pinup girl and the soul of a tomboy." You may also know it as the Daisy Duke look. Short, cutoff jean shorts, a flannel shirt tied up just below the boobs, maybe pigtails. It maintains the important "these people don't have culture" touchstone without the troublesome, hard-to-wank-to "these people don't know how to read."
Babe and her partner Tulsa (like the city in … oh you get it) had a recurring segment where they'd discuss their opponents and/or boys with that charming Hee Haw ignorance and inability to understand basic words or phrases you need from your hillbilly lady. The fashion difference between Babe and Tulsa was shirt ruffles. It was like Dolly Parton got split into Dolly Parton Red and Dolly Parton Blue.
Babe was "my" Farmer's Daughter — they're like The Doctor, basically — but there were two others: Sally and Amy.
Maybe GLOW should've given one of them a fez.
The Briscoe Brothers
The Briscoes are…problematic. It's really easy to look at Ring of Honor and pick out all of the horrible things about it: the misogyny, the racism, the homophobia – and those are just the faces. Big picture it's really just kind of a miserable cesspool of negativity and things that are the opposite of what I enjoy in a wrestling promotion. Jay's constant (and sometimes violent) anti-LGBTQ sentiments on Twitter are sad and embarrassing as a representative of wrestling. Despite all of this, I would be remiss if I skipped over the Briscoes in this feature.
The Briscoes kind of straddle the line discussed in the beginning. While not completely isolated from the rest of the world (though their conservative views make you wonder), at the end of the day Dem Boys are chicken farmers from Slower Lower, their wrestling bred in a backyard, their bodies clad in more Confederate flags and camo than a truck I saw once saw in Kentucky near the Creation Museum. It took a long time to understand the appeal of the Briscoes, given that the "Man Up" attitude and (what a polite person would refer to as) "authenticity" their personas carry is very much not for me. Cosby Sweater Mark Briscoe trying to sell his teeth made it a little clearer. Cutoff t-shirt Mark Briscoe doing the weather and struggling to pronounce the word "lightenening" constantly makes me wish that authenticity wasn't just "conservative redneck asshole."
The only time something feels forced or put upon are those pictures of them in full-on Confederate gear (pictured above). The rest of them time, what is, in fact, completely effortless, is what speaks volumes about who they are as people, but to the extension of their full-blown wrestling personas as well. For instance, Winter-variant Briscoes:
Mark's beard and shaggy hair combo make him look like a confused gibbon, but also make him an absolute joy to screencap. Off the rails, sent home to the chicken farm, Adam Cole-hating Jay Briscoe? Maybe less-so:
The important takeaway from this is that after being stripped of the his ROH World Title, Mark went kind of crazy and decided to make his own belt, seeing as he was the true champion because he had never been defeated. Unlike Jeff Hardy's terrifying TNA belts that maybe also look like off-brand Diva's titles, this is about as Briscoe a belt can get without becoming sentient and threatening to murder people who teach that being gay is okay.
The less important takeaway is that authenticity also leads to me spending too much time trying to get a screenshot that doesn't include a great big pile of chicken carcasses. I wonder how they feel about vegan bloggers…
The Killbillies
The Killbillies wrestle out of CWF Mid-Atlantic, which you may know as any one of the following:
– The place with all the flags
– Where Trevor Lee and his weirdo beard wrestle
– The place Chiva Kid wrestled before he took off his mask and everybody stopped caring
– Where hating Cookout gets you the most heat ever
If the Briscoes straddle it, the Killbillies fall strictly on the other side of that line. If their name didn't contain -illbillies, they would have been deemed rednecks and tossed into a future column with the barbecue sauce guy from NXT and Stone Cold or whomever. The funny thing about the Killbilies is that where the Briscoes can wear flannel and cutoff everythings and it appears effortless, the sleeveless flannel and worn-in trucker hats seems much more contrived – an affectation of the gimmick rather than someone whose shirt has 100% come into contact with chicken poop. But, while I feel they'd be more likely to run me over with a pickup truck on a run for more PBR than kidnap me away into a creepy backwoods murder cult, the flannel and ball chain necklaces fit the bill.
The Wyatt Family
Speaking of cults, bringing us fully into the modern era is the look that launched a thousand cosplays. Bray Wyatt's now iconic white slacks/Hawaiian-print shirt/hat combo rates pretty high on the scale of wrestling cosplay comfort (we'll say that scale is ROH Liger Guy to, I dunno, Nailz I guess).
The great thing about this look is that it conjures up everything we're supposed to feel when we think of Wyatt, especially in those first promos. You know, the ones where you could practically feel the kind of inescapable southern humidity that makes everything stick to your skin, and makes you feel like you're walking around underwater. The printed shirt that should be a a tacky souvenir tucked away in someone's closet, or on someone's embarrassingly corny dad, but rather feels…thrifted. Something of another's origins; just not quite right. The Wyatts live in that vein that runs through popular culture focused on the deep, deep south – True Detective, Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, the opening to True Blood (which is infinitely better than the show could ever really be). It's dark and creepy, something born in swamplands and snake oil preacher tents. It's the Bayou's old world magic in a new world's body, like Bray's demon possessing the shell of Husky Harris.
Were one to stumble upon the look without the character, they could assume that he was the most innocuous of them all. Just a schlumpy dude who'd probably tip his hat at you from the friend zone but never tip his waitress. What takes it over the top, however, is the butcher's apron. The apron is…well, it's creepy as f-ck, to be honest. When it debuted, he referred to it (and the accompanying mask) as the "new face of fear," and going "back to his human roots." You can't hurt him, for he's already dead. Jeez.When you swap out the shirt for the apron, it goes from Malibu Barbie to the Barbie that would definitely dismember your body in a West Virginia cabin. Obviously she never made it past the prototype stage.
Luke Harper, another modern disciple of the cutoff flannel set, keeps it simple by never changing his clothes ever. To me, the flannel (or grey camo vest) is just as effective as entrance attire as a flashy robe. The beauty of the Luke Harper lies in his simplicity, his only accessories an unkempt beard and crazy eyes. I'm pretty sure that's the same tank top I saw him murderkill Fire Ant that one time back in Chikara in 2012. But again, it works. It's sweaty and dirty, but in a way that makes you slightly uncomfortable moreso than scuzzed out. It makes you wonder what he did to get it so dirty, and not man, that dude needs Jesus and maybe also some Tide.
I've always felt that the cutoff coveralls were the least successful of the Wyatt looks, but I guess the same thing could be said for Rowan himself. While the coveralls are a vast improvement over his FCW tights that just said NORSE across his dick, what makes Rowan an integral part of the Wyatt fashion machine is the sheep mask. Cheaper versions are sold by the WWE, but his original, more detailed sheep mask is on the level of Bray's butcher apron. There's a really great dissonance created by what should be a fun and lighthearted children's item placed on a grown man with a pickax. It's old, the paint is chipping, and again, it's something that clearly was once owned and loved by someone else but has been co-opted for a much more sinister purpose.
When Daniel Bryan joined the Wyatt Family, he too adopted the coveralls, but it didn't look right. Sure, he had the wild beard and the long hair, but the things that make the Wyatt looks work so well never touched him. The arms on his coveralls weren't torn and frayed, they were freshly sewn. His hair wasn't wild and greasy, it looked downright downy soft. He didn't have that borrowed look, or that sheen of filth and indoctrination. His coveralls were like the WWE Shop masks, just an inauthentic version of something that looks like it's supposed to belong, but doesn't. Just like Daniel Bryan in the Wyatt family, I suppose.
The Wyatts are proof of just how important a look can be to a gimmick. There's a thoughtfulness about them that is more than putting #CULTBROS on their butts and expecting us to get it. It adds further nuance to characters that are already deeply layered, which is illustrated by the ideological uniformity in the three very different looks.
Wrestling fashion is important, kids.
Topics: #Independent Wrestling, #Pro Wrestling, #WWETags: BRISCOE BROTHERS, Fashion, GORGEOUS LADIES OF WRESTLING, HAYSTACKS CALHOUN, HILLBILLIES, Hillbilly, HILLBILLY JIM, INDEPENDENT WRESTLING, PRO WRESTLING, ROCKY MT. THUNDER, ROH, THE GODWINNS, THE KILLBILLIES, THE THREAD COUNT, WWE, WWF
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"Exchanging Culture Shakes: A Teacher Manual for Multilingual and Transcultural School Exchanges" is designed for teachers preparing a school exchange focusing on culture and language sensitive learning objectives for learning groups with different mother tongues. This manual is a ready to use handbook with hands on tasks which can be used right away for a multilingual and transcultural school exchange. Besides this there is a section with the theoretical background for every task.
1) Inclusive education: School exchanges with focus on tourist activities showed an increase instead of a decrease of pupils´ stereotypes. Thus GAPP and others promoted project work instead. "Exchanging Culture Shakes" takes this approach further and applies it to a globalised world beyond nations. This meets the needs of teachers and pupils in a hybrid educational space with a mix of cultures and languages. This intellectual output takes into consideration different cultural and linguistic backgrounds of pupils and their families. Besides the cultural and linguistic inclusion, the manual sets up tasks for inclusive schooling considering different cognitive ability levels. Three categories of differentiation are used for the different learning styles: task, support and outcome.
These approaches can be applied at any inclusive schooling and in particular at schools with refugees, because they are struggling with linguistic and cultural learning barriers. For example, at Baden-Wuerttemberg schools they are taught in special preparation classes (Vorbereitungsklassen). Common practice in the classroom is to use the school language – often times a language not understood by all learners and thus excluding part of the pupils (cf. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002210/221037e.pdf). The solution for this are multilingual methods. In the manual they will be included by strategies to provide multilingual material, the use of language biographies, time for learners in mother tongue groups, etc. In the manual there will also be a part about parents´ involvement to make them active members to ensure that pupils from any educational, linguistic or cultural background have the home resources to take part in school exchanges. Sometimes parents are afraid to put up an exchange student at their place. Strategies for this (e.g. buddies, youth hostel) and other situations are worked out in the manual. Refugee parents become active at an institutional level e.g. in an international board organising exchanges and thus get access to educational tools such as exchanges.
This meets the EU topics "inclusion and equity" and "integration of refugees".
This meets the CUSHA topics "ICT – new technologies and new digital competences".
3) Addressing underachievement in the basic skills of literacy through more effective, innovative teaching methods: School exchanges being an extracurricular activity challenge school schedules. Providing literacy activities this manual helps to integrate school exchanges into curricula and learning objectives, e.g.: the language biography: pupils place and visualize their languages within their bodies, then tell and write about this. This method promotes multilingualism and language learning, writing and speaking skills as well as narrative competences required in history and other social sciences. The local culture approach by Mark Wagler (http://csumc.wisc.edu/WTLC/?q=teaching) is combined with integrative multilingual didactics. Therefore, mother tongues, migrant languages or foreign languages can be mixed in the learning environment. Local culture includes people´s languages, creations, behaviours, beliefs, institutions, and all their interactions with other people. It is a culture approach apart from national or ethnic culture definitions. This opens up culture for anyone including refugees.
This meets the CUSHA topics "inclusion and equity" and "integration of refugees".


text:
My thoughts during Gyalsay's birthday
On February 8, 2017 April 25, 2017 By DorjiWangchukIn Politics & governance, Uncategorized
Royal birthdays should be celebrated as a day of togetherness and as a reiteration of one's commitment towards one's country. The irreversible journey that we have undertaken in democracy will keep us divided more and more. It is only in the institution of monarchy that we will be united towards a common dream, goal and aspiration.
My father was one of Bhutan's first drivers. In fact he had the License No. 4. He was a royal chauffeur for few years before he was sent to the newly established Bhutan Government Transport Service (BGTS) in 1966. In the seventies I spent my childhood school holidays taking free rides with him.
Since his black-coloured BGTS truck was one of the very few vehicles plying on the "highway" (sometimes the only vehicle on the road that day), my father would stop for everyone seeking a ride. After a while the truck would be brimming beyond its capacity that some passengers would protest, "There is no space, driver sahib. Don't stop!" My father would pull his head out of the driver's cabin and shout back, "Let them on board, as we move ahead you will all fit in."
No one dare challenge him. BGTS drivers were very powerful guys those days. As the new entrants climbed on board and before they could settle in properly my father would mischievously zoom off. People would tumble on each other. There would be laughter. There would be laments. There were screams. Someone has his legs trapped while another has lost his slippers. There would also be some discussions over some extra spaces someone is occupying. Everyone would cooperate and slowly things would settle down. The journey would continue.
The rides were long and hazardous. The roads were narrow and slippery. Sometimes landslides and boulders would have blocked the way. Men would jump out and start clearing them with bare hands. While they worked, women would pull out the lunch packs and ara and zow. An ad hoc picnic would be spread on the road itself. Everyone shared or would be invited to eat and drink. The journey would resume. The progress was always slow. Night fell midway into the journey. It was scary. My father would be more focused. To his aid, someone would start chanting a prayer. Everyone would join in. We always got to the end of the journey. Safe and sound, as a cliché goes.
Chukha valley. The view from the air gave me a nostalgic memory of the countless free rides with my father
On 5th February we celebrated the first anniversary of the birth of HRH Gyalsay. I did onboard Bhutan Airlines bound for Bangkok. There was the inflight announcement wishing him "Happy Birthday". Cakes were served. But for me such days, and birthdays in general, are also a time for serious reflection.
Our country has embarked on a journey – the journey of democracy. Notwithstanding the challenges, the ride has been relatively smooth so far. Other countries have gone through much rougher times.
Still, living abroad these days (I am doing my doctoral studies in Macau), I do catch up with my friends when I am back to Thimphu. Between some bar talks here and some whispers there, I am often confronted with laments and lauds, hopes and fear, screams and applauses.
The first defamation suit against a journalist has been withdrawn. A puzzling sigh of relief can be felt in the industry. Its impact will be there for long – or forever. A feature film has been denied certification. Those affected are screaming against invasion into their creativity and against curtailment to the freedom of expression. Some people claim that their feet have been stamped while others feel that their legs are trapped. Reactions are, far too often, knee-jerk.
For me, we are all going through a process – and a steep learning curve. As the truck of our democracy safely negotiate the muddy bends and shake a bit, everyone will ultimately find a space. However, we should never stop dreaming or working towards a better future or system – or prevent or scorn at someone who is doing that. No system is perfect and no laws are cast on stones. We should accept that they are created by imperfect human beings. There will always be room for improvement.
The mass is getting more vocal. New technological platforms are providing unlimited access to information and news to everyone. The so-called digital divide is now a passé. Even my illiterate sister is heavily on WeChat. Information is not a monopoly of the few. New political parties are in the offing. The overall progress is slow – but we are progressing nevertheless. The old power centres, such as the bureaucracy, are figuring out where they stand in the new era. Others who are too old to climb on to the truck will be left behind.
Where we really need to stop is to claim that the grass is green only on the other side. We can take inspirations and best practices from others. I don't argue with that. But scrolling through facebook pictures of our compatriots standing in front of high-rise buildings and exotic shopping malls in foreign lands, many of us seem to fantasize that everything is messy in Bhutan while it is perfect 'out there'. We give up too easily. Or we resign to any issue with a popular phrase, pha lay pha (meaning 'out there in a foreign land'). We say (and some even claim without having been anywhere) that pha lay pha ghi people are better and brighter; and that, out there, the system is just and perfect and that societies are fair and equal. Maybe, in terms of public infrastructure, things are more convenient in some developed countries. But as a saying goes, the world is a just place and life is not fair anywhere. Out there, there are more countries with bad services and systems than there are with good ones. There are challenges everywhere. But, most importantly, in terms of people and sense of humanity, I feel, it is still a blessing to be a Bhutanese. I say, "still", because we are also changing.
Thanks to HRH Gyalsay's birthday we are served with cakes onboard. A day when Bhutanese people come together
Democracy comes with more freedom and choices but also with more challenges and responsibilities. It is slippery, at times. In the confusions and confrontations brought about by the changing times, what we, as Bhutanese from all walks of life, must always remember is that We. Are. In. This. Together.
We are in the same truck – part of the same process. There is no 'us' or 'they'. And no one should feel indispensable, indestructible or immortal. Personal interests or egos should not override our sacred duties or official positions.
If there are boulders blocking our system, we remove them. If there are disagreements we discuss and solve them. If we have extra resources we share. If there are criticisms we accept. If people are screaming we listen. We should never forget that on either side of the so-called rules, policies, systems and fancy designations, we have real human beings with faces and families. That's why GNH is a human-centric development and governance approach.
And whatever happens, remember we have the good fortune of our Golden Throne that has steered us safely along the bumpy and winding road from the not-so-easy historical past. It is an institution that continues to work selflessly for the people. Where in the world do people have such luxury?
Therefore, as we come together to celebrate the first birth anniversary of our Gyalsay, who is a manifestation of our collective moelam, we can make the occasion more meaningful by inner introspection rather than outer displays of posters and advertisements. We can remind ourselves of who we are as people, reflect on how we are doing as a nation and work together towards our common destination as a country. This way our Gyalsay, and our children, will inherit a stronger Bhutan.
This is more than a celebration. It is our sacred duty as citizens.
My belief in collective moelam grew after the birth of our Gyalsay
Our Future.
(I have written an article, titled '2008 and Beyond' in Bhutan Times in 2007, using the same metaphor)
Hema Hema – a Bhutanese Narrative
My life in 50 pictures – Part I
3 thoughts on "My thoughts during Gyalsay's birthday"
Tashi Dendup
A thoughtful article which can collect the scattered ill thoughts of one Bhutanese. Which can assure that Pha ley Pha is no greener pasture than ours.
This big piece can reassemble the broken pieces of faith to our country and system.
Roger Mustoe
A brilaint and much needed reflection upon the realities that face us all in this World today. The story is much needed and much appreciated as acting as it does an inspiration for us all as to how we should work together in harmony to beneft the common good and develop and foster patioism and happiness throughtout the country.
DorjiWangchuk
Thanks for your kind words


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