Basically USB token is a hardware device used for storing Digital Signature Certificate in order to ensure its safety. Certified by FIPS, it is a secure device. FIPS is an international standard that is used to measure USB token's security level.
What are the benefits of USB Token?
eToken PRO is the USB device that you can carry easily with you wherever you go. Digital credentials are safely stored and thus easily available everywhere it is needed.
For verifying with eToken PRO, you just need to plug the device into USB port and enter your eToken password. Thus, it is very easy and simple to use.
All of the eToken PKI and password management applications are supported by eToken PRO. Along with this software development tools for seamless integration with third-party applications are also supported by eToken PRO. Also eToken PRO can be customized for including RFID, logo printing, and unique colors for branding purposes.
Easy integration with your organization's current infrastructure as well as security strategy is ensured by eToken PRO USB device by supporting industry standard security interfaces and systems.
Strong user authentication is allowed by the eToken PRO USB device. Even without the need of any special readers or complex back-end infrastructure, a variety of flexible security solutions are also allowed by the eToken PRO USB device.


Owning a thriving piece of coral reef has never been easier than with Red Sea's new MAX S-650 aquariums.
The Red Sea MAX S-650 is an innovative plug & play, complete, full size coral reef aquarium system. It is designed to allow you to focus on the beauty and diversity of your own piece of coral reef, rather than worrying about component selection, suitability and compatibility.
Red Sea MAX S-650 aquariums are fully equipped with everything you need including features such as ultra clear glass,REEF-SPEC® lighting and filtration, customizable fascia and a one-plug control panel. Choosing the Red Sea MAX S-650 will make reefkeeping easier than ever before.


Hosted by Ruth, this section is for those brand new to the menu. We won't teach you HTML, but we will help get your menu experience off to a good start.
Style is what your menu will look like, sort of like laying out the clothes you will wear.
There are 3 areas that style parameters can be applied.
3. The item which will apply the listed parameters to that item.
Not every property will be applicable or usable in each section. These documents provide more detailed information on which properties can be applied in each. They can be found on the milonic home page under Support - Menu Quick Reference Guides.
This post will focus on the Style section. If you don't have any trouble creating a single style, you might want to go to Part II which references multiple styles, or Part III which show how to use a shortcut to create two or more styles.
PART I. Setting one style for all menus and submenus.
The term menuStyle is the name given to the style in the file you downloaded, but you can name it anything you want. Many use terms that give a reminder of just where the style is used i.e. mainStyle, subStyle, linksStyle, searchStyle etc.
The following is what I am including as the minimum design for a menu.


on February 1st the launch of their Heart Month campaign, as a part of the larger effort to raise critical awareness of congenital heart disease (CHD) and lifelong care from childhood to adulthood.
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect, and 1 in 100 babies are born with the disease each year in the United States. The successes in treating pediatric patients with CHD has led to a growing, complex adult population, which is now larger than the pediatric population. It is estimated that 20,000 adolescents enter adulthood with CHD each year, adding to the 1.4 million adults currently living with CHD in the U.S.
Christy was diagnosed with a complex CHD–Tricuspid Atresia, Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) and Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)–at birth. She had open heart surgery in 1978 at five years old and received ongoing heart care until she was 18 years old. After that, because Christy had no complications, she did not see a congenital heart disease doctor again until her late 20s. She was finally referred to an adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) clinic at that time. This brought her successfully back into care.
The Adult Congenital Heart Association (ACHA) is a national not-for-profit organization dedicated to improving the quality of life and extending the lives of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). ACHA serves and supports the more than one million adults with CHD, their families and the medical community, working with them to address the unmet needs of the long-term survivors of congenital heart defects through education, outreach, advocacy, and promotion of ACHD research. For more information about ACHA, contact (888) 921-ACHA or visit www.achaheart.org.


Surgery that opens the abdomen is called a laparotomy.
The abdomen contains many vital organs: the stomach, the small intestine (jejunum and ileum), the large intestine (colon), the liver, the spleen, the gallbladder, the pancreas, the uterus, the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder, and many blood vessels (arteries and veins).
Exploratory laparotomy is done while you are under general anesthesia. This means you are asleep and feel no pain.
The surgeon makes a cut into the abdomen and examines the abdominal organs. The size and location of the surgical cut depends on the specific health concern.
A biopsy can be taken during the procedure.
Laparoscopy describes a procedure that is performed with a tiny camera placed inside the abdomen. If possible, laparoscopy will be done instead of laparotomy.
Your health care provider may recommend a laparatomy if imaging tests of the abdomen, such as x-rays and CT scans, have not provided an accurate diagnosis.
Do a complete physical exam.
Make sure other medical conditions you may have, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart or lung problems are under control.
Perform tests to make sure that you will be able to tolerate the surgery.
If you are a smoker, you should stop smoking several weeks before your surgery. Ask your provider for help.
What medicines, vitamins, herbs, and other supplements you are taking, even ones you bought without a prescription.
You may be asked to temporarily stop taking blood thinners. Some of these are aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), vitamin E, warfarin (Coumadin), clopidogrel (Plavix), or ticlopidine (Ticlid).
Prepare your home for your return from the hospital.
Take medicines your provider told you to take with a small sip of water.
You should be able to start eating and drinking normally about 2 to 3 days after the surgery. How long you stay in the hospital depends on the severity of the problem. Complete recovery usually takes about 4 weeks.


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News Feb 7, 2008
CounterIntel: OlyIntel
Adopt-a-Legislator
by Josh Feit
Seattle lost 1,315 affordable apartments in 2006. We lost 1,274 in 2007. It's probably not a coincidence that there were 3,854 condo conversions at the same time—average price: $250,000 for a one-bedroom.
So, it was nice to report just four days into this year's legislative session in Olympia that the state house passed a bill guaranteeing fair compensation for renters who get displaced by conversions and giving tenants a set amount of time to move out.
Bill sponsor Representative Maralyn Chase (D-32, Shoreline) upped the compensation from $500 to the equivalent of three months' rent, and increased the time from three months' notice to four months'. She also had an amendment to give local governments the right to stop landlords from converting units affordable to low-income tenants into condos. Since 2005, 4,500 affordable units have been lost to condo conversions in Seattle.
But I must say: I'm annoyed about having to report this. Why is Shoreline's Representative Chase playing Jack Bauer when the condo attack is threatening Seattle? Sure, Seattle senator Jeanne Kohl-Welles (D-36, Ballard) is sponsoring the state senate version, but the meaty amendments are being shipped over from Chase, and more important, it remains to be seen if Kohl-Welles—like Chase—can usher it through.
In fact, Chase is sponsoring a parade of bills that seem like no-brainers for Seattle's 12-rep contingent in the house.
Why, here's one: House Bill 2424 would ban climate-killing plastic grocery bags and authorize a fine of up to $500 per day for providing prohibited bags. This is the kind of common-sense legislation that your Seattle reps—Sharon? Jamie? Phyllis?—should be leading on. Good luck. Not one Seattle rep—Jim? Eric? Helen?—has even signed on to Chase's timely bill against plastic bags. Nor have any Seattle reps—Frank? Mary Lou? Sharon?—signed on to Chase's attempt to snuff out plastic water bottles. And only one—thanks Zach!— has signed on to Chase's bill to ban bad-for-the-environment leaf blowers. Bob? Eileen?
Nor did anyone jump onboard when, last year, Chase submitted a cap-and-trade bill to limit carbon emissions. The bill quietly died last year. This year, the governor kicked off the session with a press conference in Seattle announcing, yep, a cap-and-trade bill.
Seattle politicians stood with Governor Gregoire that day. It's troubling, though, that they don't choose to stand with Representative Chase. And more important, that she seems to be standing in for them.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Law of Conscious Action: What is it and How Can It be Appllied?
The Law of Conscious Action or law of attraction action is the basic premise that you cannot want to be without action. It could also be called the law of attraction action.
In applying conscious action, you know that to be a wonderful pianist requires practice. To be a great public speaker will take practice and experience.
Even though great pianist are unconsciously competent, they still practice. Great surgeons will practice a surgery in their mind, even if they have done it hundreds of times before.
Great public speakers practice their speech before they give it. Unlike the pianist, they need to use caution to not over practice.
In every type of practice, we can do it mindlessly. Or we can practice consciously. By doing the practice consciously, we tap into our mind and the power of the law and using conscious action.
With rare exception, anything we want in life requires effort. On the average, to become an expert in any field or endeavor will take about 10 years. Using the law of attraction action can speed up that time curve.
Use this law to improve your public speaking, start being conscious of what you are doing. Even if you have unconscious competence, start being aware of what you are doing and speaking.
Then, when you want to make changes in your life or speaking skills, you can focus your conscious thoughts on the improvement and have the power of conscious action work for you.
Can you think of actions that you do almost unconsciously? Would you like to change in yourself? Start tapping into the law of conscious action.


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Tag Archives: "announcement"
in News	| tagged: announcement awards DMC events india meetings MICE news
Pacific World's 24 Key Team Members Qualified with SITE's Certified Incentive Specialist (CIS) Recognition SINGAPORE (May 23rd, 2018) Pacific World is proud to share that 24 of its team members have received the Certified Incentive Specialist (CIS) certification from the Society for Incentive Travel Excellence (SITE). The program is exclusive to SITE members who have been in the incentive travel industry for at least five years and provides a broad comprehension of the industry to reach higher levels of professionalism. The initiative is...
Pacific World Continues to Strengthen US Sales Presence: Appoints Two Additional Sales Directors for the US - Cherryl Brazier and Patricia Perez-Sahin SINGAPORE (April 10th 2018) – Pacific World is proud to announce the appointment of Los Angeles-based Cherryl Brazier and Miami-based Patricia Perez-Sahin as Sales Directors for the United States. Brazier and Perez-Sahin will work with Chicago-based Ruby Serra, Pacific World's Director of Sales, to continue to expand growth in the US market by providing insights into the unique destination experiences that...
Pacific World Partners with Food Experience Company NOSHtrekker to Enhance Destination Experiences and Connections Pacific World – one of the world's leading global destination and event management companies – is delighted to announce a new partnership with NOSHtrekker, a cultural food experience company that connects cultures and people through local cuisine and storytelling. With the partnership, Pacific World and NOSHtrekker will offer exclusively designed itineraries for incentives and events that will feature the most unique destination experiences to fully engage and...
Global Destination Management Company Recognized as "Best Strategic Business Unit" SINGAPORE (January 29, 2018) – Pacific World India is proud to be recognized as the "Best Strategic Business Unit" at the prestigious India MICE Awards 2017. The award was presented by Mr. Suman Billa, Joint Secretary of the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India during its debut at The Lalit New Delhi on November 27, 2017. "It is a proud moment for Pacific World India to be recognized by the Indian MICE...
in News	| tagged: announcement awards DMC events malaysia meetings news site
Pacific World Malaysia Wins Best Incentive Programme at the RAWR Awards for the Third Time "Connecting Young Leaders" Event Chosen by a Panel of Industry Experts SINGAPORE (December 15, 2017) – Pacific World – one of the world's leading global destination and event management companies – recently won Best Incentive Programme at the rAWr Awards - for its "Connecting Young Leaders" event in Malaysia. The rAwr Awards is a biennial recognition and tribute to outstanding achievements in the Meetings, Incentive, Convention and...
in News	| tagged: announcement DMC events meetings news site
SINGAPORE (September 5, 2017) – Pacific World – one of the world's leading global destination and event management companies – is proud to announce that Selina Chavry, global managing director of Pacific World, has been appointed to the Board of Trustees of the Society for Incentive Travel Excellence (SITE). Selina will bring her experience as a thought leader in the business events industry to advocate for the use of incentives as a motivator for driving business growth and performance. "I...
in News	| tagged: announcement DMC events meetings news
SINGAPORE (July 3rd, 2017) – Pacific World is thrilled to announce the appointment of Head of Sales Erica Hegarty to Regional Vice President for South East Asia for the Incentive Conference & Event Society Asia Pacific (ICESAP). Erica Hegarty will draw on her industry experience and strong industry network across South East Asia to group member engagement in the region. "Through her vast professional connections and expertise across South East Asia, Erica will help to drive more awareness for ICESAP's...


The last Broadwater waterfront home sale was one of our listings on 6-6-09 at a high for the year of $410,000. One waterfront home has gone to contract since then, a renovated 3 bedroom pool home with 2,338 sq ft – it has been on the market for over 100 days, but when the listing price dropped to $449,999 it went to contract. Four waterfront homes in Broadwater are currently under contract, with list prices ranging from $420,000 to $499,000.
The MLS shows 13 active listings, ranging from $414,900 to $1,250,000. There are other offerings from unrepresented sellers and signs on some homes whose listings expired long ago.
Broadwater just had its 5th waterfront closing for 2009 – The Simms Team sold it in one day. Sharon listed the home and Rob brought the buyers. The $410,000 sale is a high for the year in Broadwater, topping an April sale of $405,000. The highest list price was $450,000. Home prices have been $125 to $224/sq ft. The highest list price of the 4 homes currently under contract is $499,000. Sharon's sold over 100 homes in Broadwater over the last 18 years. The sellers we represented who closed in December at $590,000 are pretty happy (now, looking back) that they took our advice to accept the offer.
As for available waterfront homes in Broadwater, there are 21 ranging from $414,900 to $1,250,000. Price per sq ft is $210 to $432.


The Artsnova Art Library is where I share with you my thoughts and views on art, computer graphics and related topics.
Articles Writings on art, digital art, digital photography, space art and related subjects.
Art Links Links to art museums, art essays, online art databases, digital art and photography sites I've found interesting.
Art Quotes A collection of quotations about art.
Art Videos A collection of my YouTube videos.
Art Tutorials Tutorials I've written on computer art.
Software Reviews Articles about computer graphics software.
A self portrait of the artist on the rim of the Grand Canyon.


The Fluke Networks 1T-3000-CSA OneTouch AT 3000 Ethernet Network Tester features copper, fiber LAN, Wi-Fi, inline and capture options. It easily taps into relevant traffic and streamlines collaboration by utilizing inline packet captures, remote control and AutoTest reports. Analyze Wi-Fi infrastructure and troubleshoot wired/wireless networks, measure twisted pair cable wire map and length, plus optical power from fiber optic cables - and more. ClearSight™ Analyzer Software on CD decodes packet captures on a Microsoft Windows PC.


We rent our theatre and jazz stage out too and had hosted diffrent kind of partys, weddings, book and record releasing events!
We take in 220 persons max.
Price is set for 1200 euro´s rent and with that we´ll charge for staff and services as catering.
Now our theatre stage and jazz stage share the big space and we hare the room by curtains.


We can offer ASP enabled web hosting on our server where all our ASP components are installed and available for use.
The components installed are csImageFile, csASPUpload, csDrawGraph, csASPZipFile, csFileDownload, csASPGif, csFTPQuick and csIniFile. Email can be sent from ASP using the CDO component or a simple email component of our own. We also have the Ciansoft PDFBuilderASP component installed for dynamic creation of PDF documents.
The basic hosting package costs 120 GB Pounds per year* and this includes up to 200 MB disk space and a monthly data transfer of up to 5 GB. Incoming and outgoing email is provided, including a webmail interface.
Web sites can be monitored in real time using the WhosOn (Web Access) software. No historical statistical analysis software is installed but we can make the log files available on request.
If you have any aditional requirements, let us know and we will try to help if we can. Additional features may cost extra. If you require hosting for more than one site we may be able to offer some discounts.
We can offer technical support to developers using our components in the same way that we do for developers buying the components. We can also provide some web site design and bespoke development to integrate our components into your web site.
* VAT will be added at 20% for UK customers and EU customers who are private (non-business) users. We can provide prices in Euros or US Dollars on request.


Donald J. Trump and his team have now openly declared that he is above the law rather than, as our Constitution provides, a public servant whose duty is to faithfully execute the law.
This article first appeared at DCReport.
His administration is taking numerous steps that move us in the direction of a Trumpian dictatorship by defeating the rule of law, something I've warned about since 2016. We'll look at one aspect of this today: Trump family taxes.
Trump and his team insist that no one is ever going to see his tax returns, which he promised voters he would make public as every president has done back to Richard Nixon.
Now his sister, Maryanne Trump Barry, has scurried away from the investigative spotlight of her fellow federal judges, who were looking into whether she was a tax cheat in black robes. By resigning from the federal bench, Trump's older sister ends that inquiry, the kind of legal favor our system affords those in positions of power to escape scrutiny.
As for defiance of the law, Trump, his personal lawyers and the White House acting chief of staff all declared in recent days that they will defy a 1924 anti-corruption statute that gives certain members of Congress, and one Congressional employee, the unqualified authority to examine any tax return.
Trump claims that "the law is 100% on my side" in refusing the turn over the documents. In fact, the law is 100% against Trump. When I asked a half dozen former top Congressional tax-writing staffers about Trump's claim some of them laughed out loud, while others said in sober turns that there is no legal argument on Trump's side – none.
The most direct Trump declaration that he is above the law is his directing the Treasury Department and the Internal Revenue Service to keep his federal income tax returns locked up. No previous president has defied this statute and no document request has ever been refused, a host of people who worked for the tax-writing committees on Capitol Hill told me.
Trump's arguments are mere political rhetoric. But it gets worse than that.
Mick Mulvaney, the acting White House chief of staff, declared on Fox News Sunday that the Trump administration will "never" comply with the law.
Mulvaney's words show how the political party that once sold itself as the party of law and order has, under Trump, become the party of lawlessness, at least for those in power.
"They knew they are not going to get these taxes," Mulvaney said, referring not to the Democratic chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee who alone would receive the documents, but Democrats as a whole.
These declarations require diligence by Congress and the federal courts, as well as by New York state and Manhattan authorities if we are to preserve the rule of law. The duty of these officials, under law and the oaths they swore, is to thoroughly investigate Trump's business dealings, taxes and other matters to see how they affect his fitness for office, whether he committed tax and other crimes and whether the IRS is properly auditing the tax returns of the president.
Think of judge Trump Barry's resignation as one of the many ways American government is infected by institutionalized corruption, an issue explored deeply by Zephyr Teachout in her revealing and concise book Corruption in America: From Benjamin Franklin's Snuff Box to Citizens United.
While the federal judiciary is letting Judge Trump slither away, the prosecutorial authorities still have the power to investigate whether she and her siblings engaged in years of calculated tax cheating, as The New York Times persuasively demonstrated last October.
There is no statute of limitations on criminal tax fraud and there is reason aplenty to believe Trump family tax cheating has continued up to this day.
At issue are Trump's last six years of tax returns and related "tax information." Representative Richard Neal (D-Mass), who is chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee requested the returns and related information in an April 3 letter.
Steve Mnuchin, the Treasury secretary, called the request "unprecedented" – it's not – and said he needed time to consult the law. Treasury posted the letter on Twitter.
The law is crystal clear that the Treasury secretary or his designee, the IRS commissioner, "shall" produce the returns "on written request." Every request has been honored until now.
Presidents take an oath to faithfully execute their office, which includes complying with all federal laws, while dictators are by definition above the law.
Trump's declaration should alarm all American, but especially those Republicans who claim to support strict interpretations of the clear meaning of both statutes and Constitutional principles.
Even Richard Nixon complied with this law during Watergate more than four decades ago, resulting in a second IRS audit of his returns as well as scrutiny by Congressional tax experts.
That second audit turned up a fraudulent tax deduction which saved Nixon $500,000 in taxes, about $3.4 million in today's money. Chairman Neal's request specifically cites the quality of IRS audits of presidential tax returns as a justification for examination of them by his committee, which oversees the IRS.
Actually, he was a crook, but his handpicked successor Gerald Ford pardoned him.
Trump takes a different approach, asserting that voters have no interest in his tax returns.
Mulvaney takes a similar tack, ignoring the law in favor of presumed political passions.
Of course, the voters chose Trump's opponent by three million votes. It was the Electoral College that chose Trump. But only the enablers of a tyrant would argue that popular passions, not law, govern official conduct.


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History in the Making: The Interreligious Breakthrough Paralleling the UAE-Israel Accord – AJC Advocacy Anywhere
Following this week's dramatic ceremony at the White House, we hear the compelling story of UAE interreligious initiatives, particularly for the Abrahamic faiths -- Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Lebanon's Future: Crisis Management, Hezbollah, and Where We Go From Here - AJC Advocacy Anywhere
On August 4, a massive explosion rocked Beirut, killing hundreds, wounding thousands, leaving hundreds of thousands homeless, and causing billions of dollars in damage. Join us for a conversation with Ambassador Ryan Crocker and Pierre Ghanem as we seek clarity on Lebanon's immense challenges and future options.
A Conversation with Dr. Anwar Gargash, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, United Arab Emirates
In a historic public dialogue, Dr. Anwar Gargash, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Emirates, details his nation's efforts to promote regional stability and interfaith cooperation.
The Future of the West Bank: Two Israeli Perspectives - An Israeli Policy Debate
Watch Member of Knesset Merav Michaeli and veteran Israeli diplomat Dr. Dore Gold, President of the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, debate this hot-button issue in an AJC Virtual Global Forum session moderated by Avi Mayer, AJC Managing Director of Global Communications.
The Harriette Levine Memorial Program: Israeli Alternate Prime Minister and Defense Minister Benjamin Gantz
Alternate Prime Minister and Defense Minister of Israel Benjamin Gantz in conversation with Avital Leibovich, Director of AJC Jerusalem, on the challenges and opportunities facing the Jewish State in AJC Virtual Global Forum's Harriette Levine Memorial Program.
(-) Videos (23)
(-) Israel


Carpeaux - TripImprover - Get More out of Your Museum Visits!
Who is Carpeaux? Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (1827-1875) was born in Valenciennes in France and died in Paris. In 1854 he moved to Rome, where he got inspired by the Renaissance artists such as Donatello, Michelangelo, and Verrocchio. He suffered a lot during his life, both mentally and physically, and you can see that back in some of his extreme works. His sculptures are known for the emotions they evoked among the viewers and he clearly distinguished himself with his style from his contemporary colleagues. He is considered one of the greatest sculptors of his time, though most people consider Antonio Canova (who was born before him) and Auguste Rodin (who was born after him) to be even better.


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Anti-corruption training for prosecutors, investigators, and judges
The CEELI Institute in Prague is offering an anti-corruption training program for prosecutors, investigators, and judges.
The 5-day course was originally scheduled for early December but will now happen in March. The faculty includes some of the best-known anti-corruption prosecutors, forensic accountants, and practitioners from Europe and the United States — Mark Mendelsohn, Billy Jacobson, and Homer Moyer among them,
The program is intended to provide a 'comprehensive framework for investigating and prosecuting corruption.'
The keynote speaker will be Richard Boucher, the Deputy Secretary General of the OECD in Paris.
The venue is the CEELI's Villa Gröbovka in Prague (above).
See the program website for additional details.
The CEELI Institute was founded in 1999. It's an independent, not-for-profit, international provider of post-graduate, professional legal education.
It works with judges and legal reformers in countries in transition to support the continuing development of market economies and democratic institutions, in addition to building a respect for human rights.
Founder of the FCPA Blog and Editor at Large. He has been named multiple times as one of the 100 Most Influential People In Business Ethics by Ethisphere Magazine and is a Trust Across America Top Thought Leader. He's a member of the DC, Virginia, and Florida bars. His At Large column is a regular feature of the FCPA Blog and his Chat Large videos are shown on FCPA Blog+.
Post Tags: Billy Jacobson, CEEI Institute, Homer Moyer, Mark Mendelsohn, Prague, Richard Boucher


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Chapter 2: Secret Assignment (1939-1940)
The embryo research establishment I joined in Bawdsey was called simply the Bawdsey Research Station, because of its location in Bawdsey Manor on the Suffolk coast. Its name was later changed a couple of times, but it eventually acquired the title Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE). Because it became universally known by these initials for many years we might as well use them from the start. It was here that I became a "boffin", a term the RAF coined for the scientists who worked and flew (and sometimes died) with them in the early years of the war.
Bawdsey Manor
In August 1939, the research group was still very small. It had been formed in Orfordness, on the Suffolk coast, a few miles to the north of Bawdsey, in the early 1930s, under a considerable cloak of secrecy. It was there, in 1935, that a handful of scientists, (the very first boffins in the world), headed by Watson-Watt, demonstrated to the Tizard Committee their ability to detect and measure the range of an aircraft up to a distance of 40 miles. This was accomplished by transmitting very short high-power pulses of high-frequency electromagnetic ('radio') waves, and by picking up the minute amount of energy reflected back from the aircraft to a sensitive receiver in the vicinity of the transmitter. The range of the aircraft could be obtained by measuring the time taken for each pulse to make the round trip from the transmitter to the aircraft and back. Radio waves travel a mile in about 5 millionths of a second (microseconds), so a round trip of 10 microseconds represents a range of one mile. The direction of the aircraft could be determined roughly by using the directional properties of the antenna. The time-base was displayed as a line on the face of a cathode-ray tube and the 'echo' as a deflection of the line, known as a 'blip'. The range of a target aircraft was measured by the delay between the transmission of a pulse and its reception as displayed on the time-base. This was the basis for the first systems of Radio Direction Finding (RDF), or Radiolocation as it later came to be called, or "Radar" – the name that was universally adopted after the war.
Once the Tizard Committee had convinced the Cabinet of the potential of Radiolocation, events moved quickly. Money was made available to expand the research and, in May, 1936, the research group moved from Orfordness to Bawdsey Manor. This 250-acre property lay on the north bank of the estuary of the Deben River, just north of Felixstowe in Suffolk. It was owned by Sir Cuthbert Quilter, who sold it to the Government to house the new laboratories and provide space in which to construct the transmitting and receiving antenna towers which, at the frequencies used, needed to be at least 240 feet in height.
I arrived in Bawdsey on August 11th, 1939, a week after my 22nd birthday. The first man I met was A.B. Jones, the chief (and practically the only!) administrator at the time. I recall climbing the stairs of Bawdsey Manor with him to his office where I signed the Official Secrets Act and then, for the first time, learned what this secret research establishment was doing. And now I was a part of it thanks to the foresight of Professor Blackett. It was all tremendously exciting.
I obtained 'digs' in Felixtowe, which was reached by ferry across the Deben estuary, followed by a bus ride. I don't remember much about those digs which, in the event, I only occupied for a couple of weeks. I was assigned to work with a Professor Oliphant, who was temporarily in charge of the IFF group. "IFF" stands for "Identification, Friend or Foe". The idea was that an aircraft could identify itself to radar by picking up the radar pulse, amplifying it and sending it back to the originator on the same frequency. By interrupting the amplification at regular intervals, the echo of a friendly aircraft seen on the detecting screen would be caused to 'flash' (i.e. the blip would lengthen) repeatedly and could easily be recognized as friendly. IFF Mark I had already been designed to respond to the Chain Home (CH) radars on a frequency of about 23 MHz. The first airborne trials of IFF Mark I were just taking place when I joined TRE in August 1939. I was put to work on the design of IFF Mark II which was to respond on the frequencies of the Chain Home Low (CHL) radars (200 MHz) as well as the CH radars. IFF Mark II was the first airborne IFF set ever to go into regular service. We coined the word "transponder" to describe these and later devices. They were the forerunners of the Air Traffic Control and satellite transponders of years to come.
It was during these first days at Bawdsey Manor that I met some of the members of the small original pioneer RDF team who were in Orfordness and Bawdsey during those crucial few years before the war. Among them were 'Skip' Wilkins, Taffy Bowen [1], Hanbury Brown, D.H. Priest and a senior technician, R.H.A. (Nick) Carter. Hanbury Brown later captured the spirit of those early years in his inspiring book with the appropriate title of "Boffin" [2].
1. Author of Radar Days, Adam Hilger, 1987.
2. Boffin – a personal story of the early days of radar, radio astronomy and quantum optics, by R. Hanbury Brown; Adam Hilger, 1991.
Several scientists from universities and other sources had already joined the Bawdsey group. Notable among them was Dr. W.B. (Ben) Lewis from the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, who was to have a great influence on my future. During the first two weeks at Bawdsey I also met Sidney Jefferson (with whom we corresponded for 50 years in spite of being 3500 miles apart) and Harold Larnder, the father of Operational Research, who emigrated to Canada after the war, as we did, and there established the first operational research group in the Defence Research Board of Canada.
I also met Joe Airey – a remarkable, practical man, small in stature but tall in wisdom. Joe, one of the original Orfordness group, was responsible for workshops and transportation at TRE throughout the war. He soon became a friend and essential ally and I remember him with affection.
It very soon became clear that the government expected an early air attack on Bawdsey. The head of TRE from 1938 to 1945, A.P. Rowe (One Story of Radar by A.P. Rowe; Cambridge University Press, 1948) wrote, after the war:
"The first day of September, 1939 found Bawdsey Research Station with packing cases waiting alongside laboratories. All arrangements had been made for the journey north and only word from Headquarters was awaited. In our conceit, it was felt probable that the enemy would bomb the Manor in the first hours of the war and perhaps even before war was declared; but Bawdsey Manor still stands."
At the end of August, after I had been there barely two weeks, we were suddenly told that we would have to pack up the establishment and leave Bawdsey within a day or so. We packed all the apparatus into crates and, on the night of September 1st. loaded them on a train in some rural station in pitch darkness. I am not sure I ever knew where it was, exactly. I just remember that we all stripped to the waist and worked like navvies for the whole of that night, until the train departed for Dundee.
My first boss, Professor Oliphant, drove three of us from Felixtowe to Dundee on Saturday the 2nd of September, 1939. This was not the Oliphant of Ogden Nash's clever poem (The Face is Familiar, by Ogden Nash; J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1943), although his face is indeed still familiar in my memory after all these years. We stopped over at his home in North Berwick. It was there that we heard Neville Chamberlain announce that we were at war with Germany. It was Sunday morning, September 3rd, 1939.
We arrived in Dundee later that fateful day. The following morning, Rowe scolded Oliphant for not arriving earlier. However, in his book (see above), Rowe admits that he too was still en route to Dundee "in a little cottage in Northumberland" at the time of Chamberlain's announcement. It was a case of the pot calling the kettle black.
We were to set up our new laboratories on one floor of the Teachers' Training College in Dundee. The lower floor was occupied by the college. As it was peopled largely by eligible young women, it is not surprising that a number of TRE scientists married Scottish teachers. Other than that it was not very suitable accommodation for the research establishment on which the future conduct of the war would largely depend.
I found 'digs' at 93, The Nethergate, in a boarding house run by Mr. and Mrs. Myles. "Masterpiece Theatre" could hardly have presented a more intriguing set of characters than those I met at number 93. The entrance was through a 'close', or passage and an interior flight of some 56 stone steps to the front door. The Myles's were likable, friendly, and very Scottish. You couldn't help feeling they were rogues, but their dealings always seemed to be impeccably honest. 93, The Nethergate was not far from the Dundee Palais, where dances were held at least three times a week. Most of the members of the Palais dance band were in our digs. Andy Lothian, the conductor and leader was an excellent violinist. He was handsome with the quiet authority, integrity and charm that make a natural leader. His brother Jimmy was the pianist. He was a wild one and it took Andy all his time to keep Jimmy out of trouble. Sunday was our only day off, so I saw quite a bit of the band members on Sundays, when Andy and I would often play chess.
I was working very hard on IFF Mark II at the time. Work occupied all my waking (and some of my sleeping) hours, except for visiting the Palais two or three evenings a week. Hugh Tuckerman would come even though he was unable to dance. Hugh was a teacher who also lived at the Myles's. He had been afflicted with polio and had a shriveled leg. He was a strong-willed, rugged character who only occasionally became bitter about his disability. He must have been a marvellous teacher. We shared a room for a time and often talked into the small hours on every subject under the sun. He had no idea what was going on at TRE and had the good sense not to ask.
In addition to Hugh Tuckerman, another friend – a colleague from TRE – Derek Ritson, also came to the Palais without any intention of dancing. Hugh and Derek would sit at the bar all evening, and as we passed we would buy them pints of draft beer. Derek, a dour Northumbrian , would only drink at his own speed and I remember him best with a line of some eight pints lined up in his methodical way, ready to be consumed. He would get through them all before the evening was over.
Derek Ritson and I used to conduct ground tests of IFF Mark II between equipment on the roof of the Teachers' Training College and a hook-up in a van parked at Broughty Ferry, along the north bank of the Tay. By this time Oliphant had disappeared and F.C. (Freddie) Williams was in charge of IFF, inter alia. He had been with Moullin, on the staff of the Engineering Department at Manchester University while I was an undergraduate in the Physics Department. Like Moullin, he was already well known for his brilliant work on circuit noise. Also, like Moullin, he was a heavy, chain smoker. He was to die of lung cancer soon after he was knighted in 1976.
F.C. was to have a great influence on me over the next two or three years. As we were both Lancastrians, whenever he could get away for the weekend he would offer me a lift to my parents' home in Great Harwood on his way from Dundee to Manchester so we quickly got to know each other very well. It was, perhaps, through this that I found myself being given more and more responsibility for the airborne IFF transponder, even at the Mark II stage. The Mark II production was in Manchester, at Ferranti Ltd, so it worked out rather well for both of us.
In order to identify itself to radar, every aircraft would have to have not only an IFF set (transponder), but a suitable antenna. As we were then dealing with wavelengths of 13 metres or so, the aircraft antenna had to be a compromise – a cut and try sort of thing of dimensions comparable to those of the aircraft itself. A small, compact antenna was out of the question because it would not collect enough energy from the radar signal. We first used an airfield at Scone, near Perth and did some of the early antenna experiments on a Fairey Battle. The Battle was a single-engined two-seater aircraft (fore and aft seating) and looked something like an overgrown Hurricane fighter.
I drilled holes in the tailplane, put bolts through and connected wires which went forward to the mid-section of the fuselage to form a sort of triangle with the tailplane itself. I flew in the Battle to ensure that the IFF transponder was operating correctly and to measure the received strength of the irradiating radar pulse at various ranges and in various orientations. It was my first flight ever; it was to start a love-hate relationship with aircraft that has dogged me all my life, as I reckon I have by now spent the equivalent of several months, 24 hours a day, off the ground.
Scone airfield had no runway and neither fuelling nor service facilities. I remember the take-off from Scone in a Hampden bomber aircraft one day to do an IFF flight test over the North Sea, in conjunction with the radar station at Douglas Wood, near Dundee. The pilot was an RAF officer called Jacklin. He was about 19 years old but already held quite a senior rank and had competence and leadership qualities to match. They were sorely tested on this flight. The aircraft was low on fuel, so he had to fly it straight to Leuchars, a few miles away, to refuel, before the trial. We rumbled over the grass at Scone and took to the air. We were still below 1000 ft. with a few miles to go and already we were running out of fuel. The starboard engine began to cough. Jacklin ordered us to standby to bale out. I was seated in the lower gun blister, under the fuselage, facing aft, with my hand on the jettison lever. While I was screwing up the nerve to turn it, Jacklin countermanded the order saying that we were too low and he was going to try to fly it in. By this time the port engine was also spluttering. Jacklin was braced in his seat, fighting the aircraft into the direction of the Leuchars runway. We just cleared the fence at a steep angle, the lower wingtip almost brushing it. Jacklin managed to wrench the aircraft level and bang it down on the runway, just as number two finally died. We had to be towed in and refuelled and we were on our way to the test within half an hour. It transpired that the fuel gauges were faulty. Soon after that we moved to Leuchars near St. Andrews for all our flying.
Hampden Bomber
Just before Christmas 1939, I had to go to Pembroke Dock at the extreme South-west corner of Wales to prototype the huge Sunderland 4-engined flying boat for IFF. I arrived late at night and I remember literally feeling my way down the pitch-black unfamiliar street of the small town to find my digs. I rose early and was delighted to be able to buy the day's Manchester Guardian in one of the most remote areas of the British Isles at 7-30 am. I reflected at the time that wartime Britain had got at least one of its priorities right.
As usual, I was alone on the job; we lacked the personnel to allow the luxury of assistants or technicians. I was taken out to a Sunderland riding at anchor about a mile offshore. There were many others, all turned into the wind. The RAF Coastal Command launch dropped me off saying they would pick me up later in the day when they saw my signal. I completed the job by mid-afternoon. It was a bit nauseating, riding at anchor, now that the wind had changed and the sea was lively. Besides, I hadn't eaten anything since breakfast. So I climbed up to the cockpit, wielding an Aldis Lamp, and sighted on the jetty for the RAF launches. Or tried to. Because of the change of wind, the other Sunderlands had turned round at anchor like mine, and were effectively blocking my view of a wide stretch of shoreline. I spent the next three or four hours watching launches make pickups from other Sunderlands while I was trying to attract attention. It was not until well after dark that a launch saw a glint of light from my direction and finally picked me up. I enjoyed a huge dinner that evening.
Short Sunderland of the RAF
That Sunderland was to fly from Pembroke Dock to Calshot in the Solent on Christmas Eve. I believe the Captain lived in Southampton and looked forward to Christmas at home. I wanted to get home to Lancashire for Christmas, which was easier by rail from Southampton than from Pembroke Dock. So I cadged a lift on the Sunderland. The weather was foul and we flew down the West coast at no more than 1000 feet. I was downstairs in the ward room feeling queasier and queasier. The second pilot happened to drop in and, seeing that I was slightly green, suggested I take his seat up front, while he kipped down. I did so and, once installed, the pilot suggested I would feel better if I got the feel of the controls. Within a few minutes I had forgotten the queasiness and was able to keep the craft on course at the specified altitude quite comfortably until we were ready to descend towards Southampton. It was the first time I had been allowed to get the feel of the controls of a large aircraft and it was an exciting experience.
We landed on the Solent and were ferried to shore in an RAF launch. I took the first train from Southampton to Manchester, then the bus to Great Harwood. The radio shop in the town centre in which my parents lived and where I had worked through grammar school and university was locked and there was no sign of anyone at home. It was getting late on Christmas eve and I did not relish the idea of spending Christmas alone in an empty house. I made several wrong guesses as to where my parents had gone, but, eventually, by ringing the police in Halifax, I found that my parents were staying with a cousin there – something they had never done before. So I crossed the Yorkshire moors by bus, late on Christmas eve, to spend my first wartime Christmas in Yorkshire.
Back in Dundee, after Christmas, I continued to prototype different types of aircraft for IFF. "Prototype" is not a great verb but we used it to describe the marrying of a new system to a particular type of aircraft. That involved designing an IFF antenna to suit the aircraft, deciding where to install the IFF transponder in the body of the aircraft and the control unit in the cockpit; then carrying out the installation and flight testing the result against the nearest operational radar. At that time our flying was mostly done on aircraft borrowed from operational units. Later, TRE developed a Test Flight Unit of its own, which grew steadily throughout the war to include a very large number of military aircraft, of many types.
The purpose of these flight tests was twofold. Primarily they served to confirm that features of the airborne equipment conceived and tested in the laboratory performed as expected during actual operation. Secondly they served to expose the equipment to experienced air crews and to radar operators on the ground who could be relied upon to give their frank criticism from an operational point of view.
Working with operational aircraft and pilots had its own peculiar qualities. When we borrowed a Spitfire, it arrived with a flourish in a low roll and an archetypal fighter pilot got out. He refused to let anyone else fly the aircraft and refused to let us do anything to it without his participation. So it was that we drilled holes in the tail, stuck bolts through (he wielded the wrench) and mounted the IFF unit amidships. We were all worried about the shift in balance, but there was no time for all the bureaucratic complexity of consulting the designers or bringing in aeronautical engineers. So the pilot, who claimed to know the exact location of the centre of balance, took out the lead ballast, weighed it, calculated moments about the centre, allowing for the weight of our 'box', took a hacksaw and he cut a slice off the lead weight. Once it was replaced he took the Spitfire up for a test flight and pronounced it perfect.
After lunch the pilot took his Spitfire up again to show it off to of some of the local RAF types (there were no Spitfires around Leuchars). He ended his show of aerobatics with a fierce loop that he only just pulled out of in time. I met him as he climbed out of the cockpit. "That was a tight one" he said "it must have been 7g the way it felt." I remarked that the Spitfire had evidently felt the same way, pointing to a crease in the stressed skin behind the cockpit. He had almost broken its back. I believe it was a write-off.
About that time, which was before the fall of France, we undertook to prototype a couple of types of French aircraft for IFF – the Potez 63, two-seater fighter and the Liore bomber. These arrived at Leuchars piloted by unilingual French test pilots. We installed IFF antennas on both aircraft and mounted the cradles for the IFF transponder. The first test was on the Potez 63, a twin-engined fighter with high wing loading, i.e. a high take-off and landing speed. We cruised out over the North Sea in a pattern that was becoming routine, completed the tests and turned for home.
By this time it was very misty and we could only see a very limited circle below us. We flew on and on until time said we were well past our landfall on the coast of Fife; but we were still over water. The pilot reduced height a little and we both peered through the murk for a sight of land. Suddenly a bunch of girders flashed underneath us; we had flown down the centre of the Firth of Forth and had just missed hitting the Forth Bridge. So we climbed and turned north for Leuchars.
The excitement was not over. Fortunately, at Leuchars, the weather was relatively clear. Nevertheless, instead of landing, the pilot circled the airfield about six times, working vigorously in the cockpit all the time. I was seated directly behind him in the aft cockpit of the two-seater and I assumed that he was pumping up the hydraulic system. He turned and shouted something in French against the buffeting noise of the slipstream, which only those who have flown in similar types of aircraft will appreciate. I guessed that he was trying to tell me that he couldn't get the wing flaps (air brakes) out, (neither, in the event, power to the wheel brakes), because of a fault in the hydraulic system. So I shouted 'flaps?' and he repeated "oui, flaps, flaps, flaps" but indicated that he was going to attempt a landing. I don't remember much fear, but I remembered his mentioning the very high wing-loading of the Potez 63 before we took off. It was no comfort to me that he had said that the stalling speed was about 245 km/h, without flaps.
So we came in to land at more than 250 km/h without flaps or wheel brakes. Leuchars airfield was on the coast and the landing path at that time came in over the sea and the runway headed for the sea at the other end.
The airfield was being upgraded and, in particular, new airfield buildings and control tower were under construction at the opposite end of the runway from the old ones. We approached the runway like a bullet, but the pilot set the Potez 63 down more like a feather and right on the marker. Our colleagues who were standing near the buildings at the beginning of the runway, saw us flash past and disappear along the runway. It was obvious that we would still be doing at least 100 km/h, without brakes, when we headed into the sea at the other end of the runway, so I braced myself for a bath (I couldn't swim). But the Capitaine had other ideas; perhaps he couldn't swim either. He ground-looped the aircraft just before we ran out of runway, turning off to the right towards the new hangar under construction. We hit a pile of constructional material. I can still see the steel beam being flipped up like a piece of Meccano, slicing through the fuselage a couple of feet behind me and chopping off the tail section. The wheels collapsed and the props curled up and we slid over a concrete floor into the middle of the new hangar, where we thankfully came to rest.
In spite of a bump on the knee, I got out pretty smartly, fearing fire. The pilot was a bit slower as he was a little dazed by a bump on the head. However, within a couple of minutes we limped down the runway in our Sidcot (flying) suits, carrying our 'chutes' and I carrying also the precious 35-pound prototype IFF transponder. We were very glad to see a Land Rover come over the horizon to collect us. But we couldn't waste time. We drove straight to the Liore bomber, where I clipped in the IFF transponder and we took off (with the other French pilot at the controls) within 15 minutes for another test flight.
It was about this time that I was first flown in a Skua dive bomber.
Skua Dive Bomber
I had made one abortive attempt to make the IFF tests on this type of aircraft earlier. On that occasion, I was flown to Wick in the North of Scotland in an Anson. The Skua was ready for a flight in the general direction of the Orkneys. The weather was perfectly foul, with heavy cloud and Scotch mist which always seems to wet everything from the inside. I clambered into the aft cockpit and the mechanics lifted the canopy into place over my head and proceeded to bolt it down. This didn't look like much fun to me, sitting there wondering what I would do if I had to bail out. (I think I learned later that the Skua canopy had explosive bolts). Fortunately, on that occasion the pilot decided the weather was too bad and cancelled the exercise. So the Skua tests were transferred to Leuchars.
One of our pilots (I don't remember which) took me up on a particularly successful test in a Skua, using the coastal CH (Chain Home) radar at Douglas Wood, north of Dundee. He was so exuberant when I told him that all had gone so well, that he decided to make a low pass on Douglas Wood. Like all CH Stations, Douglas Wood had four 240' wooden towers and four 350' steel towers in a row. The steel towers had cantilevered platforms, like shelves sticking out from each side at the 100' and 250' levels, with the outer edges of the platforms on adjacent towers quite close together. We dived towards the towers, banked and went between two of the towers between the platforms. From my point of view the lattice of steel girders sweeping across my field of vision were spectacular, to say the least.
CH Transmitter Towers
On landing, the pilot was told to report to Flight Commander Rayment. I went with him. Rayment tore him off a strip (to use RAF slang) then dismissed him with a caution. But before we reached the door Rayment said: "Oh, by the way, they're putting up a curtain array between those two towers tomorrow." A curtain array consists of a veritable spider's web of heavy wire which, had it already been there, would have cut our aircraft to ribbons. Moreover it would have been impossible to see it until it was too late. The pilot was suitably chastened. I just shook a little.
Incidents like this were not uncommon. Perhaps it was not surprising, as we were all working near the limits of our capabilities and endurance and enjoyed a little light relief. In the early days at Leuchars, I designed the IFF installation for a Hudson bomber and arranged a flight test from Leuchars. As we took off to fly over the North Sea we were treated to the sight of some six or seven carcasses of Hudsons in the fields of Fife. Apparently the aircraft had a special, small fuel tank containing high-octane fuel for the take-off. The pilot had to switch manually to the main tank within, I think 90 seconds after take-off. Perhaps the first Hudsons destined for the RAF arrived without instruction manuals.
Our IFF trials were usually completed on the outward leg of the flight and while circling over the most distant point from the radar at which we could still receive the radar signal (usually about 60 miles). I could relax on the return flight.
The Hudson was luxurious compared with some of the military aircraft and I would lie on the cot and the pilot would set the aircraft to fly on 'George', the automatic pilot. On one trip, with a USAF crew, I dropped off to sleep and was awakened by a lot of shouting. My first instinct was to look ahead to the cockpit. It was empty. The Captain and the two crew members were sitting on the floor of this roomy aircraft playing 'craps', while 'George' (the autopilot) looked after the flying. As soon as they saw that I was awake, the Captain was back at the controls. The only other time I slept on a test flight was in an Anson with a pilot, no crew and no 'George'. I was wakened by a tap on the shoulder. Again I looked ahead at the cockpit. No pilot. He was at my side saying " For God's sake take over for a minute – I have to have a pee" and he headed for the funnel near the tail which was the nearest the Anson had to toilet facilities. I struggled into the pilot's seat, taking great care not to touch the controls. By the time he returned I was getting a tentative feel of the thing. I had time to reflect that C.P. Snow and Watson-Watt had hardly prepared me for this sort of thing when they interviewed me for the job.
While we were in Dundee, over the winter of 1939-40, new accommodation was being built for us on the South coast of England, near Swanage, in Dorset. We moved there on the 5th. of May, 1940. We were sorry to leave Dundee, because of the friends we had made there, but we were happy at the prospect of having an establishment of our own.
We spent the last night in Dundee at the Palais. It was the habit of the band not to break for a rest as a whole, but to allow the players to 'take five' individually in rotation. That night, as each one arrived at the bar Hugh Tuckerman (my polio-afflicted roommate) and I bought him a drink. I nursed my drinks but, even so, for the first and only time in my life I almost became tight. I hate to lose coordination and I become irritable rather than merry if I have even one drink too many. Hugh, on the other hand had no such inhibitions. He welcomed the occasional chance to drown the pain of his affliction. After we had said our farewells, Andy Lothian and I escorted Hugh the hundred yards or so back to the digs. He was fiercely independent when he was drunk and insisted on climbing the stairs of the close without assistance. He literally crawled up them, dragging his withered leg, with its heavy boot, behind him while relieving his feelings, as he often did, by shouting "damn and blast this bloody leg." It helped him a lot and he was grateful that we never pitied him. He was a true philosopher and a very strong and wise man. Much to my regret, I never saw him again after we left Dundee. Once we had moved to Swanage, we were so preoccupied with fighting the radar war 24 hours a day that our Dundee friendships became another casualty of war.


Prescription drugs, non-prescription (over-the-counter) drugs, street drugs, herbal products and supplements can potentially cause drug interactions.
It is important that healthcare providers know about all the drugs or products a patient is taking to help avoid drug interactions.
The types of prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter) drugs that are likely to cause interactions with antiretroviral therapy (ART) include certain antifungal drugs and antibiotics, acid-reducing agents and some anti-seizure drugs. Other drugs that may cause interactions include drugs used to treat depression, antihistamines, drugs to control heart rhythm, painkillers derived from opium, sedatives, drugs to thin the blood, drugs used to treat opiate addiction (such as methadone and buprenorphine), drugs to treat erectile dysfunction (such as Viagra, Cialis and Levitra) and some drugs used to treat tuberculosis, especially rifampin. Also, some HIV drugs can affect the effectiveness of other medications, such as the birth control pill; this drug interaction could result in unwanted pregnancies.
Use of street drugs may also cause interactions with HIV drugs. There are few studies of these types of interactions, but there have been reports of overdoses and deaths when people have taken street drugs and ART.
There has been very little research on interactions between herbal products and HIV drugs. Treatment guidelines indicate that St. John's wort should not be taken with any protease inhibitor or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. The impact of this herb on other drug classes is not known, so the use of St. John's wort when taking ART is best avoided. Other herbs, such as milk thistle, may also interact with HIV drugs or other prescription medicines.
Healthcare providers need to know all the drugs – prescription, over-the-counter and street drugs – that people with HIV are using, as well as any herbs and supplements, to advise them about avoiding drug interactions. The routine inclusion by the physician of non-judgemental questions about the use of any other drugs, herbs or supplements in the patient consultation may be a simple method of encouraging such disclosure. Pharmacists also play an important role in avoiding drug interactions.
Furler M, Einarson T, Walmsley S, et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine by HIV-infected outpatients in Ontario, Canada. AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2003;17(4):155–168.


Many of us have a deep-seated memory of edging around the sidelines of a baseball stadium, waiting for batting practice to end so that we can catch the attention of that one player walking back to the dug out. These memories often begin when we're seven or eight, old enough to remember but young enough to feel the awe of standing before a legend suited in team whites.
How many young boys have dreamed of one day standing on the other side of that fence? To be the player at the plate, waiting on a Clayton Kershaw fastball? Nothing could be purer, it would seem, than being a major league baseball player.
But the purity of the dream is often far afield from the reality of the rigors a major league lifestyle affords. One of the deepest challenges professional baseball players face is the sporadic, unconventional schedule they must keep. It is a schedule that does not stop for a sabbath rest on Sunday, a reality that can force many Christian players to abandon regular church attendance.
This dilemma was the motivating factor for Detroit sports writer Watson Spoelstra to approach baseball commissioner Bowie Kuhn and ask permission to organize a chapel program for every major league team. With Kuhn's approval, Baseball Chapel was created in 1973.
Today, chapel services are held on Sunday mornings at every major league and minor league stadium throughout professional baseball. Most teams also conduct mid-week Bible studies, as well. These services are available not only to players but also to umpires, coaches, managers, trainers, office staff, and members of the media.
Current Baseball Chapel president Vince Nauss expresses the benefit of Baseball Chapel being an official organization.
In a world of inconsistencies, the consistent fabric of Baseball Chapel is a vital touchstone for many players.
In Anderson's case, he started attending Baseball Chapel in 2012 after the sudden death of his father. This moment in his life proved to be a major turning point in his faith.
A major league pitcher is perhaps most familiar with the challenge of letting go of things he cannot control. The weather, the noise from the crowds, the ache in his left calf, his wife's frustration with a child, his ability to throw strikes—these are factors he cannot control when he takes the mound. Instead, he sticks to the things he can control—how he thinks about these factors, how much he practices, how to breathe to calm himself down.
The same is true of our lives, with death being the most punctuated example of how little we are able to control our circumstances.
By turning to Christ, he realized that even though he couldn't control the circumstances of his life (nowhere between his fastball and his father), God was in control of his life. This truth brought tremendous hope and solace to his life.
Although painful to walk through the season of his father's death, Anderson also became more profoundly aware of the tremendous impact his father had on his life.
Now that Anderson is a father to son Hunter, and he and his wife Anna are also expecting a daughter during spring training, he has a new appreciation for the role his father played in his life and in helping him establish his career.
The pain he experienced has ultimately brought him a richer love for his father and a deeper appreciation for his wife and children.
This means that she takes a road trip with Anderson at least once a month, and that includes bringing along Hunter and all of the accouterments that come along with a toddler.
"You've got strollers, bags, it's tough," Anderson laughs.
His wife also chose to retire from her job so that the family could be together more consistently.
Still, the Andersons are separated throughout the baseball season, and this is again where the support of Baseball Chapel can strengthen players.
Nauss explains that the team chaplains are available to players for any number of scenarios.
For many players, just gathering regularly with a group of 15-20 guys who love the Lord can be the encouragement they need to stay focused on Christ and cope with the challenges of their career.
With the accountability of 15-20 other like-minded guys, however, players like Anderson are spurred on to stay the course and honor the Lord.
Next Story → Does church belong at the ball park?
Kelly Landry has taught high school and college English for fifteen years. Currently, she is staying home with her boys Hank (3) and Oscar (2). She also helps her husband Phil on a part-time basis with his land surveying business. The Landrys previously made their home in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Phil's place of origin) but currently reside in Brookfield, Wisconsin.Although Kelly's first love is literature (some of her favorite authors include Ernest Hemingway, Joyce Carol Oates, and C. S. Lewis), she also has a special affection for baseball. In 2012 she published The Mental Road to the Major Leagues, a book which she wrote based on extensive interviews with major league players, coaches, and sport psychologists to explain what it takes to become a major league baseball player. She enjoys using the arena of sports to analyze human nature, relationships, and particularly people's faith in Christ.


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Untertainment Weakly (6-29-12)
There's a "Think Like a Man" sequel in the works. All of the characters read "The Great Gatsby."
Chevy Chase is remaining on "Community."
B.J. Novak has quit "The Office."
Tyler Perry is working on a science fiction screenplay. Greatest news of all time.
Ryan Reynolds will star in the "Highlander" reboot.
Nora Ephron has passed on from this plane of existence.
Kristin Chenoworth will have a recurring role on the upcoming season of "The Good Wife." Maura Tierney also joins.
There is going to be another "Child's Play" movie!
The subject of the next Comedy Central roast will be Roseanne.
Marilyn Manson will guest star on an upcoming episode of "Californication."
Matthew Perry will finally be on the Hollywood Walk of Fame! Congrats, Matty P.
Ted - Seth Macfarlane's new film about a talking teddy bear that hangs out with Marky Mark. The trailers to this look funny and I sometimes find Macfarlane's shows funny. I hate "Family Guy," but I really enjoy "American Dad." I am going to see this today.
Magic Mike - Steven Soderbergh's male stripper movie. It has a high rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Soderbergh is pretty great. Plus, you might get to see Channing Tatum naked.
People Like Us - I have no idea what this movie is about, but if it's about people like you and me it is probably really fucking boring.
Drillbit Taylor 6/10
Date Night 6/10
6/29/2012JakeJake, matthew perry watch, untertainment weakly1 comment
Glenn July 2, 2012 at 11:07 AM
Ryan Reynolds is also playing Chuckie in the live action Child's Play reboot.


Luis Enrique, head coach of "Barcelona" Catalonia answered journalist's questions in the press conference hall of "Dinamo Arena". Spanish specialist said that his team will not have an easy trip and "Barcelona" should deserve victory.
Unai Emery: "We Will Play Our Game"
Unai Emery, "Sevilla" head coach, said at the press conference that "Barcelona" is favourite, but will try to achieve the highest result against Catalonians.


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Risk Factor for Vital Signs Fluctuation during Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation Consisting of Midazolam and Meperidine
Shigeo Banno, Motohiko Kato, Yukie Sunata, Yuichiro Hirai, Yoko Kubosawa, Keiichiro Abe, Yoshiaki Takada, Tetsu Hirata, Yusaku Takatori, Michiko Wada, Satoshi Kinoshita, Hideki Mori, Kaoru Takabayashi, Masahiro Kikuchi, Toshio Uraoka
Background: Sedatives or analgesics are widely used to relieve a patient's discomfort during colonoscopy (CS). Although cardiopulmonary adverse events are sometimes experienced during the examination, the risk factors for vital signs fluctuation (VSF) have not been fully elucidated. This study thus aimed to identify the risk factors for VSF during the examination, as well as to evaluate the frequency and the degree of VSF. Summary: A total of 755 consecutive subjects who received CS under endoscopist-administrated sedation using midazolam, meperidine, or combination of both were retrospectively analyzed. We assessed the distribution of vital signs during the procedure and frequency of VSF. To identify independent risk factors, we analyzed the association between VSF and subjects' characteristics and procedure information using the multivariate logistic regression model. Consequently, VSF was observed in 17% of all; hypotension and oxygen desaturation was observed in 13 and 5%, respectively. However, we could achieve the purpose of all procedure and, no one required hospitalization or extension of hospital stay. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (OR 1.05 [95% CI 1.04-1.07]), being female (OR 1.78 [95% CI 1.19-2.70]), and use of midazolam (OR 5.06 [95% CI 3.18-8.08]) were independent risk factors for VSF.
Published - 2018 Feb 1
Dive into the research topics of 'Risk Factor for Vital Signs Fluctuation during Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation Consisting of Midazolam and Meperidine'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Conscious Sedation Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Meperidine Medicine & Life Sciences 95%
Midazolam Medicine & Life Sciences 83%
Vital Signs Medicine & Life Sciences 82%
Colonoscopy Medicine & Life Sciences 75%
Logistic Models Medicine & Life Sciences 12%
Hypnotics and Sedatives Medicine & Life Sciences 9%
Hypotension Medicine & Life Sciences 8%
Banno, S., Kato, M., Sunata, Y., Hirai, Y., Kubosawa, Y., Abe, K., Takada, Y., Hirata, T., Takatori, Y., Wada, M., Kinoshita, S., Mori, H., Takabayashi, K., Kikuchi, M., & Uraoka, T. (2018). Risk Factor for Vital Signs Fluctuation during Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation Consisting of Midazolam and Meperidine. Digestive Diseases, 36(2), 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1159/000481343
Risk Factor for Vital Signs Fluctuation during Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation Consisting of Midazolam and Meperidine. / Banno, Shigeo; Kato, Motohiko; Sunata, Yukie et al.
In: Digestive Diseases, Vol. 36, No. 2, 01.02.2018, p. 113-117.
Banno, S, Kato, M, Sunata, Y, Hirai, Y, Kubosawa, Y, Abe, K, Takada, Y, Hirata, T, Takatori, Y, Wada, M, Kinoshita, S, Mori, H, Takabayashi, K, Kikuchi, M & Uraoka, T 2018, 'Risk Factor for Vital Signs Fluctuation during Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation Consisting of Midazolam and Meperidine', Digestive Diseases, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1159/000481343
Banno S, Kato M, Sunata Y, Hirai Y, Kubosawa Y, Abe K et al. Risk Factor for Vital Signs Fluctuation during Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation Consisting of Midazolam and Meperidine. Digestive Diseases. 2018 Feb 1;36(2):113-117. doi: 10.1159/000481343
Banno, Shigeo ; Kato, Motohiko ; Sunata, Yukie et al. / Risk Factor for Vital Signs Fluctuation during Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation Consisting of Midazolam and Meperidine. In: Digestive Diseases. 2018 ; Vol. 36, No. 2. pp. 113-117.
@article{d85b707b440343e48b5e668276d31023,
title = "Risk Factor for Vital Signs Fluctuation during Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation Consisting of Midazolam and Meperidine",
abstract = "Background: Sedatives or analgesics are widely used to relieve a patient's discomfort during colonoscopy (CS). Although cardiopulmonary adverse events are sometimes experienced during the examination, the risk factors for vital signs fluctuation (VSF) have not been fully elucidated. This study thus aimed to identify the risk factors for VSF during the examination, as well as to evaluate the frequency and the degree of VSF. Summary: A total of 755 consecutive subjects who received CS under endoscopist-administrated sedation using midazolam, meperidine, or combination of both were retrospectively analyzed. We assessed the distribution of vital signs during the procedure and frequency of VSF. To identify independent risk factors, we analyzed the association between VSF and subjects' characteristics and procedure information using the multivariate logistic regression model. Consequently, VSF was observed in 17% of all; hypotension and oxygen desaturation was observed in 13 and 5%, respectively. However, we could achieve the purpose of all procedure and, no one required hospitalization or extension of hospital stay. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (OR 1.05 [95% CI 1.04-1.07]), being female (OR 1.78 [95% CI 1.19-2.70]), and use of midazolam (OR 5.06 [95% CI 3.18-8.08]) were independent risk factors for VSF.",
keywords = "Colonoscopy, Meperidine, Midazolam, Risk factor, Sedation",
author = "Shigeo Banno and Motohiko Kato and Yukie Sunata and Yuichiro Hirai and Yoko Kubosawa and Keiichiro Abe and Yoshiaki Takada and Tetsu Hirata and Yusaku Takatori and Michiko Wada and Satoshi Kinoshita and Hideki Mori and Kaoru Takabayashi and Masahiro Kikuchi and Toshio Uraoka",
note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel. Copyright: Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
journal = "Digestive Diseases",
T1 - Risk Factor for Vital Signs Fluctuation during Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation Consisting of Midazolam and Meperidine
AU - Banno, Shigeo
AU - Kato, Motohiko
AU - Sunata, Yukie
AU - Hirai, Yuichiro
AU - Kubosawa, Yoko
AU - Abe, Keiichiro
AU - Takada, Yoshiaki
AU - Hirata, Tetsu
AU - Takatori, Yusaku
AU - Wada, Michiko
AU - Kinoshita, Satoshi
AU - Mori, Hideki
AU - Takabayashi, Kaoru
AU - Kikuchi, Masahiro
AU - Uraoka, Toshio
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel. Copyright: Copyright 2018 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
N2 - Background: Sedatives or analgesics are widely used to relieve a patient's discomfort during colonoscopy (CS). Although cardiopulmonary adverse events are sometimes experienced during the examination, the risk factors for vital signs fluctuation (VSF) have not been fully elucidated. This study thus aimed to identify the risk factors for VSF during the examination, as well as to evaluate the frequency and the degree of VSF. Summary: A total of 755 consecutive subjects who received CS under endoscopist-administrated sedation using midazolam, meperidine, or combination of both were retrospectively analyzed. We assessed the distribution of vital signs during the procedure and frequency of VSF. To identify independent risk factors, we analyzed the association between VSF and subjects' characteristics and procedure information using the multivariate logistic regression model. Consequently, VSF was observed in 17% of all; hypotension and oxygen desaturation was observed in 13 and 5%, respectively. However, we could achieve the purpose of all procedure and, no one required hospitalization or extension of hospital stay. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (OR 1.05 [95% CI 1.04-1.07]), being female (OR 1.78 [95% CI 1.19-2.70]), and use of midazolam (OR 5.06 [95% CI 3.18-8.08]) were independent risk factors for VSF.
AB - Background: Sedatives or analgesics are widely used to relieve a patient's discomfort during colonoscopy (CS). Although cardiopulmonary adverse events are sometimes experienced during the examination, the risk factors for vital signs fluctuation (VSF) have not been fully elucidated. This study thus aimed to identify the risk factors for VSF during the examination, as well as to evaluate the frequency and the degree of VSF. Summary: A total of 755 consecutive subjects who received CS under endoscopist-administrated sedation using midazolam, meperidine, or combination of both were retrospectively analyzed. We assessed the distribution of vital signs during the procedure and frequency of VSF. To identify independent risk factors, we analyzed the association between VSF and subjects' characteristics and procedure information using the multivariate logistic regression model. Consequently, VSF was observed in 17% of all; hypotension and oxygen desaturation was observed in 13 and 5%, respectively. However, we could achieve the purpose of all procedure and, no one required hospitalization or extension of hospital stay. Multivariate analysis revealed that age (OR 1.05 [95% CI 1.04-1.07]), being female (OR 1.78 [95% CI 1.19-2.70]), and use of midazolam (OR 5.06 [95% CI 3.18-8.08]) were independent risk factors for VSF.
KW - Colonoscopy
KW - Meperidine
KW - Midazolam
KW - Risk factor
KW - Sedation
JO - Digestive Diseases
JF - Digestive Diseases


text:
Thin Man : Murder Over Cocktails
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Publisher : Bear Manor Media


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Authors: Butnor, John R.; Johnsen, Kurt H.; Maier, Chris A.
Soil C02 efflux is a major component of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of forest systems. Combining data from multiple researchers for larger-scale modeling and assessment will only be valid if their methodologies provide directly comparable results. We conducted a series of laboratory and field tests to assess the presence and magnitude of soil CO2 efflux measurement system x environment interactions. Laboratory comparisons were made with a dynamic, steady state C02 flux generation apparatus, wherein gas diffusion drove flux without creating pressure differentials through three artificial soil media of varying air-filled porosity. under these conditions, two closed systems (Li-6400-2009 and SRC-1) exhibited errors that were dependent on physical properties of the artificial media. The open system (ACES) underestimated C02 flux. However, unlike the two other systems. the ACES results could be corrected with a single calibration equation that was unaffected by physical differences in artificial media. Both scale and rank changes occurred among the measurement systems across four sites. Our work clearly shows that soil C02 efflux measurement system x environment interactions do occur and can substantially impact estimates of soil COz efflux. Until reliable calibration techniques are developed and applied, such interactions make direct comparison of published rates, and C budgets estimated using such rates, difficult.


I participate, therefore I am.
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