text:
Great Saxophone Solos In Pop Music
March 18, 2019Dance Listen LoveComments: 0
adding 2018 showcase breakout Nubya Garcia on additional sax. Back-burning his main band's Afrobeat in favor of dub reggae and adding guest vocalists, including young songsmith Oscar Jerome, the.
The cumbersome and often unwieldy baritone saxophone. great bands over the years, it is important not to forget the players who have made such an important contribution to this music on this.
The South Bronx transplant swings into town with his Latin Jazz Sextet — Brian McCarthy (alto saxophone), Mike Hartigan (piano), Giovanni Rovetto (bass), Caleb Bronz (drums) and Scott Dean (congas and.
All of the tenor sax sheet music contained in this collection is written to be playable by most beginner musicians having completed or nearly completed their first year of instruction on the tenor sax.
Twenty years on from The Beatles—with synth-pop, dance music and hip-hop still largely niche affairs. The same year brought the solo debut by The Band's Robbie Robertson, who worked with producer.
"In the Woodstock, N.Y., community where they live, they're surrounded by great. short solos, and the chemistry of musicians who play like brothers." Since their debut album, the band has expanded.
Lucious Spiller Blues Band The Lucious Spiller Band will perform Saturday night. Admission is $5. The Locust Honey String Band will perform at 8 p.m. Sunday. Admission is $5. The Locust Honey String Band is an old-timey. Clarksdale Mississippi is a cultural center in the Mississippi Delta where America's original music, the blues, began. We are THE Birthplace of
Great Popular Instrumental Solos: Tenor Sax [Alfred Music] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. These 15 new arrangements can be played alone, or as duets or trios in any instrumental combination.
Alto Saxophone | Sheet Music & Songbooks. When people think of the sax, they often think of jazz – Charlie Parker, Ornette Coleman and more. Our selection of jazz saxophone music is sure to include something to suit everyone's taste. The sax isn't all about jazz, though, we also have a range of popular alto saxophone sheet music,
But Grace didn't let the lack of exposure to popular American music stop her from pursuing her calling. was an acoustic-heavy, solo act that was very much of "an activist band" that was the.
The Pop Culture Information Society. These are the messages that have been posted on inthe00s over the past few years. and out of those Raphael Ravenscroft's sax solo on "Baker Street" wins!. Subject: Re: Great Sax Songs of The 70's. Written By: whistledog on 12/14/09 at 5:05 pm. Downchild Blues Band – Flip, Flop and Fly (1973)
Enjoy our list of saxophone wedding songs by great saxophonists. Saxophones are a reed instrument in the woodwind family. Reed instruments produce sound by forcing air into a mouthpiece which then causes a reed, or reeds, to vibrate.
Easy Popular Movie Instrumental Solos is an accessible selection of movie hits for the beginning student, with simple notation and a play-along CD. Available for flute, clarinet, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, trumpet, horn in F, trombone, violin, viola, cello and piano accompaniment.
Since selling out the McCallum in 2016, audiences have eagerly awaited their return.With a repertoire ranging from Lady Gaga to "The Ride of the Valkyries," The Ukulele Orchestra of Great Britain.
I only studied jazz in college because that's mostly the only music program available for drummers. There's very few 'rock' or 'pop' drum schools. James: I played jazz saxophone from a young age.
Channel 9 Bpl Live Concert #EXTM3U #EXTINF:0, (RS) CIVIJAS (Rad.) http://87.118.85.56:8000/ #EXTINF:0, (RS) MERAK (Rad.) http://94.23.38.225:8030/ #EXTINF:0, (RS) NOVI SAD 1 (Rad.) Fox averaged 0.9 in adults 18-49 and just over 3 million viewers — both above the network's recent Thursday averages — with its first broadcast of the iHeartRadio Music Awards. (They aired on TNT, TBS. Where Can I
But it would be a couple more years before they formed their groovy minimalist-pop. solo-loop project called Jenny Junior. So the combination of those two projects is where Summer came from. The.
Beginner Alto Saxophone Sheet Music/Level 1 Free beginner alto saxophone sheet music arrangements with piano accompaniment for first year elementary school students. For music lesson study, public performance, or just for fun.
He's part of Travis Scott's pop star breakthrough "Astroworld. "It feels like there's a team rather than a solo effort." Blake produced, wrote and co-mixed the album.
Sam Moore Inaugeration Singer Milo Ventimiglia and Mandy Moore. music to beat the flu. (N) 11 a.m. KCOP The Talk Avril Lavigne. (N) 1 p.m. KCBS The Real Quincy Brown ("Star"). (N) 1 p.m. KCOP Dr. Phil (N) 3 p.m. KCBS The Dr. Oz. Sam Moore to play Donald Trump's inauguration concert. 2015 photo shows Sam Moore at the
Seungri is a 13-year veteran of the K-pop industry, debuting with BIGBANG in 2006. His lavish lifestyle earned him the nickname "Korea's Great Gatsby" — and he even named his 2018 solo album The.
served as music director for Al Jarreau, Anita Baker and Bette Midler, and released 15 jazz albums under his own name. To celebrate his 75th birthday, Lyle will return to his hometown this weekend to.
How to play a rock and roll saxophone solo. Tips on sound, attitude and technique. How to Play a Great Rockin' Solo. In fact the same criteria that apply to any piece of music (from Purcell to Bird) can be used. A good solo can, but doesn't necessarily need to, have some elements of jazz (more specifically elements of swing or jump.
These are the greatest songs with the greatest saxophone solos. Enjoy.
9 Classic Saxophone Solos for Transcription Newbies. Bebop plus pop music doesn't always make for a winning combination, but in this case, Phil Woods scores a home run with this tasteful and lyrical classic solo on a hip tune with pretty chord changes. A great solo over a familiar tune that should be a staple for jazz players. A.
I think this is a great loss. The light, breathy tones of the flute could provide a perfect textural counterpoint to power chords. But the flute can also swing, and deliver a lively, jazzy spring to any song. For this list, I looked at all flute parts, not just solos, and I looked desperately for songs post-1980, and I.
Ray Colombo 1920s Singer The Three Jovial Huntsmen—Sing a Song for Sixpence—The Queen of Hearts— The Farmer's. Capefigue, M. (Jean Baptiste Honoré Raymond), 1802-1872 ¶. Carryl, Charles E. (Charles Edward), 1841-1920 ¶. Colombo, Cristoforo. A 1920s New Orleans style music. Let The Good Times Roll: The Music of Ray Charles — The Gaslight Music Hall, 13005 N. Oracle Road,
The Saxophone: 8 Songs That Show Off Rock's Underappreciated Horn. While some critics aren't fans of its appearance, I've never really had a problem with the sax solo in this song. Sure, the live version that replaces the sax with a guitar solo is just as good, but that doesn't make the studio version bad.
Best known for being an important part of the jazz and pop music scenes, the mighty saxophone is often overlooked when it comes to classical music. However, here too its expressive, fluid tone and surprising amount of repertoire means that it has a major role to play.
Download and Print top quality Easy Duets sheet music for trumpet and alto saxophone by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Originally written by Mozart for either two french horns or two basset horns with Mp3 music accompaniment tracks. High Quality PDF to download.
Popular Songs: Funk, Bossa Nova, Swing, Slow Blues, Jazz Calypso, Gospel, Rhythm & Blues (Lehrmaterial) (Teaching material). Saxophone Sheet Music Fentone Music AMA Verlag Jazz Sheet Music Dowani International Flute Sheet Music Clarinet Sheet Music Voggenreiter Leu Verlag Violin Sheet Music Advance Music Piano sheet music. Your specialist.
Why don't you come up and play the solo from 'St. Elmo's Fire'? We play it. it'll be fun'. President Clinton is in the audience [and] I'm blowing on [the saxophone], but nothing is coming out.
He is sectional leader and is the principle player in both ensembles as well as a 'Best in Site' winner at Solo/Ensemble. clarinet and saxophone. "I'm trying to learn them all so it will be easier.
Saturdays are for fresh and original music Dedicated to underground artists, your original compositions, and new releases by known artists. Well known tracks will be removed at mod discretion. Well known tracks will be removed at mod discretion.
"It was a strange place but had great music." There was an out-of-tune piano in the front room that was presided over on most nights by a woman known as Broadway Rose. She sang popular songs of the.
Nov 23, 2014 · Best Steely Dan saxophone solos: Steely Dan Sunday. It's no secret that Walter Becker and Donald Fagen love tasty guitar licks and we earlier sized up what we thought were the best Steely Dan guitar solos on record. But along with their fondness for traditional jazz comes an appreciation for the emotive sounds of a saxophone, too.
By the time we put it out, in that specific style of music, we had said exactly what we wanted to say and it was time to move on and challenge ourselves in a new way. We all love pop music.
Chapman, one of the most popular and successful musicians in contemporary Christian music, finds himself revisiting his roots each night of his solo show: growing up in. then finding his life.
Free Intermediate Level Free Alto Saxophone Sheet Music sheet music pieces to download from 8notes.com
For anyone growing up in America in the last century, 4/4 meter has been the core of popular music — rock. "[W]e created a 4/4 progression for the guitar solo and made the poor saxophone player.


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© 2018 Broadmoor Residents' Association. Baton Rouge, LA. All Rights Reserved.
Broadmoor subdivision was established in 1950 and began with Broadmoor 1st, 2nd & 3rd filings which were bounded by Airline Highway and Florida Boulevard which was called the Baton Rouge-Hammond Highway at that time. These first filings consisted of Broadmoor Avenue, Wynnewood Street, Meadowood Street, Vine Street, Woodbine Street, Redbud Street and Riveroaks Drive.
At that time in Baton Rouge, there were no interstate highways, no malls, no cloverleaf at Florida and Airline, and not much traffic. The few existing residents of what is now Broadmoor were long time resident landowners, a few farmers and lot's of birds, squirrels, deer and other animals. There was a sugar mill here and part of Cortana Plantation was in Broadmoor, too.
Today, 52 filings encompass over 2000 residences in an area bounded by Florida Boulevard to the north, Airline Highway to the west, Sharp Road to the east, and Old Hammond Highway to the south. We are in "The Heart of Baton Rouge" and close to everything - malls, Interstates, downtown, colleges and university, and have local schools, churches and shopping areas, too. Our beautiful homes, lush landscapes, mature trees along with many varieties of birds make Broadmoor a very pleasant place to live.
Many first generation Broadmoor residents are no longer with us and new families and single persons have discovered our wonderful neighborhoods over the years. These new residents have made Broadmoor their home and our property values continue to be among the best in the parish, through boom and bust real estate markets. With the price of gasoline at all time high and highways full at rush hour, living in "The Heart of Baton Rouge" has become even more popular.
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written by Avery Sloan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Baseline;
using BaselineTypeDiscovery;
using Jasper.Util;
using LamarCodeGeneration.Frames;

namespace Jasper.Http
{
    public partial class JasperHttpOptions
    {
        private readonly CompositeFilter<MethodCall> _callFilters = new CompositeFilter<MethodCall>();
        private readonly IList<Type> _explicitTypes = new List<Type>();

        private readonly ActionMethodFilter _methodFilters;
        private readonly CompositeFilter<Type> _typeFilters = new CompositeFilter<Type>();
        private bool _disableConventionalDiscovery;

        public AppliesToExpression Applies { get; } = new AppliesToExpression();

        /// <summary>
        ///     Controls which .Net methods are considered to be HTTP action methods
        /// </summary>
        public CompositeFilter<MethodInfo> MethodFilters => _methodFilters;

        internal async Task<MethodCall[]> FindActions(Assembly applicationAssembly)
        {
            if (applicationAssembly == null || _disableConventionalDiscovery)
            {
                return _explicitTypes.SelectMany(actionsFromType).ToArray();
            }

            var assemblies = Applies.Assemblies.Any() ? Applies.Assemblies : new[] {applicationAssembly};

            var discovered =
                await TypeRepository.FindTypes(assemblies, TypeClassification.Concretes, _typeFilters.Matches);

            return discovered
                .Concat(_explicitTypes)
                .Distinct()
                .SelectMany(actionsFromType).ToArray();
        }

        private IEnumerable<MethodCall> actionsFromType(Type type)
        {
            return type.GetMethods(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static)
                .Where(_methodFilters.Matches)
                .Select(m => buildAction(type, m))
                .Where(_callFilters.Matches);
        }

        protected virtual MethodCall buildAction(Type type, MethodInfo method)
        {
            return new MethodCall(type, method);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Find Actions on classes whose name ends on 'Controller'
        /// </summary>
        public JasperHttpOptions IncludeClassesSuffixedWithController()
        {
            return IncludeTypesNamed(x => x.EndsWith("Controller"));
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Find Actions on classes whose name ends with 'Endpoint'
        /// </summary>
        internal void IncludeClassesSuffixedWithEndpoint()
        {
            IncludeTypesNamed(
                x =>
                    x.EndsWith("Endpoint", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
                    x.EndsWith("Endpoints", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
        }

        public JasperHttpOptions IncludeTypesNamed(Func<string, bool> filter)
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            return IncludeTypes(type => filter(type.Name));
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        /// <summary>
        ///     Find Actions on types that match on the provided filter
        /// </summary>
        public JasperHttpOptions IncludeTypes(Func<Type, bool> filter)
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            _typeFilters.Includes += filter;
            return this;
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        /// <summary>
        ///     Find Actions on concrete types assignable to T
        /// </summary>
        public JasperHttpOptions IncludeTypesImplementing<T>()
        {
            return IncludeTypes(type => !type.IsOpenGeneric() && type.IsConcreteTypeOf<T>());
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Actions that match on the provided filter will be added to the runtime.
        /// </summary>
        public JasperHttpOptions IncludeMethods(Func<MethodInfo, bool> filter)
        {
            _methodFilters.Includes += filter;
            return this;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Exclude types that match on the provided filter for finding Actions
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        public JasperHttpOptions ExcludeTypes(Func<Type, bool> filter)
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        /// <summary>
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            return this;
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        /// <summary>
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        /// <typeparam name="T"></typeparam>
        public JasperHttpOptions IncludeType<T>()
        {
            return IncludeType(typeof(T));
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Explicitly add this type as a candidate for HTTP endpoints
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="type"></param>
        /// <exception cref="NotImplementedException"></exception>
        public JasperHttpOptions IncludeType(Type type)
        {
            _explicitTypes.Fill(type);
            return this;
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        /// <summary>
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Iterating over a concatenated array alters the items in the original arrays. Why? I encountered some unexpected behavior with Ruby arrays:
array1 = ["a"]
array2 = ["b"]
array3 =  array1 + array2

puts "array1 before array3.map!: #{array1}"
puts "array2 before array3.map!: #{array2}"
puts "array3 before array3.map!: #{array3}"

array3.map! { |item| item << "_modified" }

puts "array1  after array3.map!: #{array1}"
puts "array2  after array3.map!: #{array2}"
puts "array3  after array3.map!: #{array3}"

The terminal outputs:
array1 before array3.map!: ["a"]
array2 before array3.map!: ["b"]
array3 before array3.map!: ["a", "b"]
array1  after array3.map!: ["a_modified"]                #Unexpected
array2  after array3.map!: ["b_modified"]                #Unexpected
array3  after array3.map!: ["a_modified", "b_modified"]  #Expected

First Question: Why are the items in array1 and array2 different despite only iterating over array3? Concatenating two arrays returns a new array, so why are there lingering effects to array1 and array2?
Second Question: How can I change the items in array3 by iteration without changing the items array1 or array2?
Third Question: When .map and .each are used in place of .map!, the output is identical. So it would seem that .each and .map are changing the items in the array. Why does this occur?

A: array1 and array2 are not modified. Strings "a" and "b" are modified.
Look at it this way:
string = "a"
array = [string, string, string] # ["a", "a", "a"]
string << "b"
array # ["ab", "ab", "ab"]

The array did not change. It is still [string, string, string]. But string is different.
EDIT To clarify, and repeat from comments, you did not modify the array. This is modifying the array:
array3.each_index { |index| array3[index] = item + "_modified" }

as you replace each element with another one. When you execute this, array1 and array2 print unchanged - their elements are kicked out of array3 and replaced by something else. What you did:
array3.map! { |item| item << "_modified" }

appended "_modifier" to each item (without messing with its identity), then map! replaced each element in array3 with that same element. Thus, array3 still had the same elements as array1 and array2, and any change in one was reflected in the other.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Mufasa is the record-setting riding steer we raised who now lives on the island of Maui. At last measurement in 2005, he was 95" TTT and still growing.
A true trophy steer and a traffic stopping pasture ornament. He has a lot of tourists stopping on the highway to try and get his photo. Eat from you hand gentle. One of the most colorful Longhorns you will ever run across. His horns measured 73" ttt on last June 18th, but with a heavy base and high twist, they look much bigger in person.
Photo at just a few days over a year old. Sirius is going to have some serious horns.
Spot has been in our family since he was a weanling in '96. He is our Grand Ambassador, Master Greeter, Receiver of Children's Hugs, Protector from Coyotes & Manager of the Female herd. As you can see, he has a lot of jobs & is quite valuable even though he's not from registered parentage.
Colorful young brindle trophy steer. Eat out of your hand gentle. Measured 72" ttt on June 18th.
Another eat out of your hand gentle trophy steer prospect. His dam is by far the gentlest cow I've ever raised.


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text:
McCollough effect: what is this illusionary phenomenon?
Optical illusions can be very curious. Generally, they occur when we are exposed for a time to very specific patterns of shape and/or color; altering the conventional way we perceive lines, curves and even more complex stimuli (the human face, for example).
Illusions are also phenomena that are expressed in completely healthy people, and generally revert in just a few seconds. This is what distinguishes them precisely from hallucinations, which usually persist and are not derived from objects within the perceptual frame.
In this article we will deal with what is one of the most relevant optical illusions in the history of science, the McCollough effect, whose peculiarities have surprised the entire research community for decades. In fact, we still do not have a theoretical model that can explain it in its entirety.
What is the McCollough effect?
The McCollough effect was discovered in 1965 by Celeste McCollough, a psychologist who was already studying other perceptual phenomena in the first decades of the last century, although it was defined more comprehensively in subsequent years.
This is an optical illusion included in the category posteffect, i.e. post-images that require a previous period of exposure to a specific pattern of stimuli in order to unfold. In these cases, very specific colours or shapes are often used, which only affect the most superficial aspects of visual processing and last a few seconds.
The effect at hand, however, is somewhat more complex and has been seen as a potentially explanatory mechanism for the way in which visual stimuli are usually integrated at the central level. For this reason, for many years, since it was first described, it has motivated varied research in which the original methodology has changed in order to explore the exact origin of the phenomenon. However, there is still a lack of definitive knowledge on the subject, although there are some clues that guide where to look next.
Next we will see how to perform the procedure or, which are the "effects" that can be foreseen after it and the mechanisms that are at its base. However, it is essential to point out at this point that we are not dealing with a game, but with a methodology that favours changes in brain structures and that can be maintained for quite some time (depending on how it is carried out). Everything that is described below comes from the scientific background on this issue and it is interesting to know it, but it should not be carried out without the corresponding information and always under the full responsibility of whoever decides to do so.
The McCollough Effect (like the rest of the illusions in its category) requires a prior induction stage, in which the person must be exposed to two colored grids alternately. Specifically, this is a pattern of red horizontal lines (on a black background) and another of green vertical lines (with the same background). Both are shown to the subject for about three seconds, oscillating from one to the other for a period of time that generally extends three minutes (although this may vary according to the intention of the person carrying out the study).
After this adaptation period, the person is shown a figure made up of black/white lines, arranged both horizontally and vertically. It is a complex grid that includes the patterns described above, but at this stage it lacks any chromaticity (it only retains the direction of the lines). This new stimulus is presented to the subject in a contingent manner (at the end of the induction phase), and over it the first evidence of perceptual alteration is manifested. Sometimes, this monochrome figure is also shown before the induction, so that it can be seen that it really lacks colour and the effect is more evident.
The illusionary effect
After exposure to the coloured grids, the person will notice that the originally monochrome grid will take on different shades in the white spaces. More specifically, it will be seen that the horizontals will take on a greenish hue and the verticals a reddish/pinkish hue. That is, the "inverses" to those shown during the previous period of induction (their negatives). Up to this point it is nothing too striking or novel, since there is a great variety of "tricks" to reproduce the same effect, but in the one that concerns us there would be a particularity: it can last many days, up to three months and a half in the case of very long periods of induction.
The effect has also been reported with different coloured lines, such as blue and orange , with results whose duration is directly related to the induction time. Thus, it has been tested with periods of just a few seconds and up to 150 minutes, being in the latter cases where a greater persistence of the post-image is referred to. In any case, there were many people who used computer monitors (green phosphorus) in the 60s and 80s who could offer a pioneering testimony on this matter, since they referred to reading books with a pink or soft red background.
Furthermore, it has been proven that the intensity of the post-image colours is also linked to the total time of previous exposure, so that those who only see the original green/red frames for a few minutes will only be able to distinguish pale negatives from both (light green and pink shades), but those exposed for ten minutes or more will appreciate them much more vividly and clearly . Thus, both the intensity and the duration will depend closely on the previous period of induction.
Another very curious fact about the McCollough effect is that what is known as an interocular transference occurs: even if the test is carried out using only one eye, its consequences extend to both eyes. Many of our readers may be able to evoke the experience of exposing their eyes (unwillingly) to different levels of light, so that one eye perceives darker tones and the other lighter ones. In such a case there would be no interocular transference, since the effect is in the retinal cells related to light perception (rods/cones), but then… what happens in this case? Let's continue to investigate.
Why does it happen?
Many different theories have been put forward over the years to explain why the McCollough effect occurs, but we still have only partial knowledge of the issue. The first hypotheses were based on the possibility that it was a phenomenon based on the principles of classical or Pavlovian learning (remodelling of the nervous system based on the continuous presentation of the stimulus), but this was rejected because it only occurred with linear figures, and not with curves or other more complex forms.
The second hypothesis was related to the activity of retinal cells associated with colour : the cones, since they have photopigments for blue (cyanolabe), red (erythrolabe) and green (chlorolabe); which tend to decline due to chromatic antagonism resulting from simple overexposure. This is what usually happens during a conventional post-image illusion. However, in these cases the change is only maintained for a few seconds (a few minutes at most), and there is never a transmission from it to both eyes, so it is a line that was ruled out for the McCollough effect.
On the other hand, it is clear that in a natural environment the green/red linear pattern that forms the stimulus that triggers this illusion can rarely be seen, so it is possible that the brain interprets it as a kind of sensory aberration and provides mechanisms to "compensate" for it during the processing of visual information. In this case, for its explanation we should resort to the substrate of the central nervous system, ignoring the learning and sensory theses. Is it possible that the answer is found, precisely, in this mysterious organ?
The brain and the McCollough effect
When we are exposed to a stimulus for a long time, the brain stops trying to pay attention to it and simply "understands" that it is like that, and then "ignores" it and leaves its resources available to perceive the rest of the things in the environment. The same thing could be happening to you right now if you're reading this article from a mobile phone: even though you're holding it in one hand, your brain is isolating everything that is accessory to the experience (its feeling of weight, for example), and is only making an effort to understand the text. A similar phenomenon occurs with the illusion at hand.
When the eyes are exposed to the green/red lines constantly, the brain comes to understand that this pattern (very rare in nature) will always be so in any of the possible situations. For this reason, will anticipate it in the presence of stimuli that harbour a similar relationship with it, such as monochrome horizontal and/or vertical lines . This will also occur during the first phases that follow as part of the visual processing, but beyond what occurs before reaching the retina (due to the aforementioned interocular transference effect).
Thus, the primary visual cortex, which is located in the posterior region of the parenchymal brain (occipital lobe), is the focus of attention in recent years. This area (V1) is specialized in the perception of static and moving objects, but above all in pattern recognition (such as those that occur during the induction phase of the McCollough effect). It is also the point where the images of both eyes merge , forming integrated and coherent scenes (binoculars).
The hypothesis that is currently under consideration implies alterations in this area, which is basic to understanding the way we represent colors and shapes at a cortical level. Despite this, they are still uncorroborated models, heuristics that serve to guide research activity (based on neuroimaging techniques and comparative studies that include subjects with very diverse brain injuries).
Although this effect tends to become diluted over time, there is also a supposed method for dealing with it. In such a case, new grids would be presented (but with their color lowered) to help the brain relearn that the previous pattern is no longer valid (and to recover a "normalized" perception). The McCollough effect is considered a method of "modifying" brain structure through exposure to an image, and although its effect is not permanent, it should not be carried out without precise knowledge of what it is and its extent.
Bibliographic references:
Ans, B., Marendaz, C., Herault, J. and Séré, B. (2010). McCollough Effect: a Neural Network Model based on Source Separation. Visual Cognition, 1(6), 823-841.
Ramachandran, V. and Zeve, M. (2017) Synesthesia and McCollough Effect. i-Perception, 8(3), 201-211.
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text:
Why do Haters Have to Hate? Newly Identified Personality Trait Holds Clues
"The dispositional attitude construct represents a new perspective in which attitudes are not simply a function of the properties of the stimuli under consideration, but are also a function of the properties of the evaluator"
New research has uncovered the reason why some people seem to dislike everything while others seem to like everything. Apparently, it's all part of our individual personality – a dimension that researchers have coined "dispositional attitude."
People with a positive dispositional attitude have a strong tendency to like things, whereas people with a negative dispositional attitude have a strong tendency to dislike things, according to research published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. The journal article, "Attitudes without objects: Evidence for a dispositional attitude, its measurement, and its consequences," was written by Justin Hepler, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Dolores Albarracín, Ph.D., the Martin Fishbein Chair of Communication and Professor of Psychology at Penn.
"The dispositional attitude construct represents a new perspective in which attitudes are not simply a function of the properties of the stimuli under consideration, but are also a function of the properties of the evaluator," wrote the authors. "[For example], at first glance, it may not seem useful to know someone's feelings about architecture when assessing their feelings about health care. After all, health care and architecture are independent stimuli with unique sets of properties, so attitudes toward these objects should also be independent."
However, they note, there is still one critical factor that an individual's attitudes will have in common: the individual who formed the attitudes. "Some people may simply be more prone to focusing on positive features and others on negative features," Hepler said.
To discover whether people differ in the tendency to like or dislike things, Hepler and Albarracín created a scale that requires people to report their attitudes toward a wide variety of unrelated stimuli, such as architecture, cold showers, politics, and soccer. Upon knowing how much people (dis)like these specific things, the responses were then averaged together to calculate their dispositional attitude (i.e., to calculate how much they tend to like or dislike things in general). The theory is that if individuals differ in the general tendency to like versus dislike objects, attitudes toward independent objects may actually be related. Throughout the studies the researchers found that people with generally positive dispositional attitudes are more open than people with generally negative dispositional attitudes. In day-to-day practice, this means that people with positive dispositional attitudes may be more prone to actually buy new products, get vaccine shots, follow regular positive actions (recycling, driving carefully, etc.)
"This surprising and novel discovery expands attitude theory by demonstrating that an attitude is not simply a function of an object's properties, but it is also a function of the properties of the individual who evaluates the object," concluded Hepler and Albarracín. "Overall, the present research provides clear support for the dispositional attitude as a meaningful construct that has important implications for attitude theory and research."
Category(s):Personality problems
Source material from University of Pennsylvania
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This course aims to put your skills in analysing and evaluating performance and providing interventions within the traditional (including exercise physiology, psychology, biomechanics and nutrition) and the contemporary sports science disciplines (such as performance analysis and strength and conditioning).
Our choice of pathways allows you to specialise in the final year and ensures the best preparation for a range of career choices, including sports science support, teaching, coaching, performance analysis and strength and conditioning.
Learn in state-of-the-art facilities, including human performance laboratories, performance analysis facilities, and our strength and conditioning suite for testing, analysis and training.
Learn how to assess a client's fitness and performance needs to design an appropriate exercise programme.
Improve your knowledge and skills in practical environments and through our organised placement module.
Be able to work with all levels, from the recreational exerciser to the elite athlete.
Have the chance to work in a range of applied settings including; local sports clubs and their athletes, in schools and in the wider community.
In year one, you will study modules that introduce you to all of the Sports Science disciplines and lay the academic knowledge and practical skills foundations that will underpin later years. The second year builds upon the first year with more targeted modules that advance your knowledge and applied skills across all of the disciplines. In year three, you really get the opportunity to specialise. You choose from our three pathways with their specific modules and undertake a placement and dissertation that allow you to focus on the area of sports science or career path that most interests you. This year gives you the in-depth knowledge and advanced skills and practice, to enhance your employability when you graduate.
In this pathway, you will study the Applied Human Performance module where you will develop and integrate your knowledge of physiology, nutrition, biomechanics and psychology towards the improvement of sports performance in an athlete. There will be additional opportunities to provide sports science support for local teams and athletes, which are integrated into the final year modules.
In this pathway, you will study the Advanced Performance Analysis module, that develops the theoretical background of biomechanics and performance analysis, and applies these concepts to the analysis of sports performance using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This pathway provides you with the knowledge and expertise to actively practice the discipline of Performance Analysis within an elite setting. You will utilise industry standard equipment to assess, monitor, review and improve performance in athletes/teams. You will use multiple methods to increase performance productivity in your clients.
In this pathway, you will study the Advanced Strength and Conditioning module. This module will provide you with an extended understanding of the principles governing the training of elite athletes. This module, along with a specific work placement opportunity in a strength and conditioning setting (Placement module) allows you to develop competencies that are closely aligned to the UK Strength and Conditioning Association (UKSCA) and permits progression to individual accreditation after graduation.
The aim of this module is to encourage an awareness of the physiological nature of life in humans and develop an understanding of form, function and adaptation in organ systems central to the maintenance of life and interaction with the environment.
This module aims to present foundation knowledge which is fundamental to the study of energy metabolism and nutrition for human performance.
This module aims to provide you with the necessary understanding of human anatomical structure and function, with a specific focus on movement and exercise analysis. You will learn the principles underpinning the development of cardiovascular fitness, strength, power, speed and flexibility, and apply these to performance in specific sports. You will be encouraged to use a practical approach to this learning and apply your knowledge to movements related to common sporting activities.
This module introduces you to the field of sports science and the competencies required as a Sport Scientist. You will be introduced to the concepts of research in sports science through hands-on practical experience. This module will also develop your academic, personal and professional skills to facilitate a successful progression through university and into employment in sports science.
This module introduces you to psychological factors that are important for athletic and team functioning in sport. You will explore key theories and research across a range of psychological topics relevant to athletes and teams. You will examine relationships between psychological factors and how psychological factors influence sports performance.
This module will introduce you to the fundamental principles of mechanics and biomechanics. You will learn how to collect and analyse, and interpret basic biomechanical data in relation sports performance.
This module examines the theoretical and practical aspects of the physiological responses to exercise.
This module provides you with an applied understanding of the theoretical principles of training to enhance athletic performance.
Introduces you to research design and analysis to allow you to critically appraise evidence and to plan your own research.
This module aims to develop a good theoretical and practical understanding of sports nutrition. The module presents the general principles, concepts and underpinning theory in sports nutrition necessary for the development of nutritional strategies for those engaged in recreational through to elite sport.
This module develops the theoretical background of biomechanics and performance analysis, and helps you to apply these concepts and analyse sports performance using both qualitative and quantitative methods.
Explores the practical application of psychological skills and group-based interventions for psychology and performance. This module introduces you to the importance of evidence-based practice when working with athletes and teams in a consultancy role. You will examine different methods of needs analysis, measurement, intervention, and evaluation when applying sport psychology principles in practice.
Allows you to conduct an in-depth, evidence based study on a topic of your choice (quantitative, qualitative or review) and analyse, synthesis and evaluate the outcomes of the study.
This module provides you with a vocational opportunity aimed at developing personal transferable skills and work specific skills, thus enhancing future employability. By gaining experience of sport and exercise science in a real world setting you will be challenged to link theory with practice. The module will also provide you with the opportunity to reflect upon evidence-based practice within a vocational setting.
This module will provide you with an extended understanding of the principles governing the training of elite athletes focusing on application of the latest research to a real world environment.
This module aims to integrate your knowledge of physiology, nutrition, biomechanics and psychology towards the improvement of sports performance in an athlete. You will apply this knowledge to develop a critical understanding of the practical needs of the athelete.
This module aims to provide you with the knowledge and expertise to actively practice the discipline of Performance Analysis within an elite setting. You will utilise industry standard equipment to assess, monitor, review and improve performance in athletes/teams. You will use multiple methods to increase performance productivity in your clients.
Explores advanced psychological topics that are considered as current or emerging themes within sport. This module focuses on critical thinking in relation to psychological themes, theories, research, and interventions. You will critically appraise the current state of sport psychology to suggest applied and theoretical implications and avenues for future research that would advance the discipline of sport psychology.
This module will provide you with a critical understanding of physiological and environmental factors that influence exercise performance for a diverse range of athletes and people engaged in physical activity, including special populations. You will also learn to present and demonstrate the principles of test construction and methods of assessing physical performance and develop the ability to interpret data pertaining to physical performance.
This module will evaluate the use of nutritional strategies to maximise adaptation to training as well as before, during and after sport and exercise events. You will then examine the importance of individualising nutritional strategies for specific clients/athletes, and practice the skills necessary to translate sports nutrition principles into practical professional advice in a range of sporting settings.
Looks at how athletes modify technique and movement skills for performance and injury prevention and how this can be assessed using video-based technology.
In the School of Health and Society, we are focused on enhancing the health and wellbeing of patients, service users and athletes and our commitment to public involvement help us retain our strong focus on real-world issues.
Our world-class human performance laboratory is one of the best equipped in the country and contains almost every type of physiological, performance analysis and biomechanical testing equipment, including a 30-metre sprint track with inbuilt force platforms, motion capture systems, blood and gas analysis equipment and speed guns.
We also have a separate physiological testing laboratory and fully equipped strength and conditioning suite, which includes an isokinetic dynamometer and portable force platforms.
10 dedicated PowerLift lifting platforms for both students and athletes alike to learn advanced training techniques.
Biodex isokinetic dynamometer to assess muscle function/ asymmetries.
FT700 Power Cage with integrated force platform and linear position transducer to assess force and power output during a variety of athletic performances, plus a portable isometric mid-thigh pull station.
Portable and static online gas analysis systems for breath-by-breath cardiopulmonary exercise testing, including VO2 max tests.
A Lode Cycle Ergometer to provide isokinetic testing conditions within cycling.
An Analox G37 Multi-Assay Blood Analyser to study blood lactate concentration. We also have a range of field-based Lactate Pro analysers, which have been used to test professional athletes as part of our partnerships.
The University is also home to three gait labs, which, together with the human performance lab, are used to conduct ground-breaking research by the Centre for Health Sciences Research that underpins your learning.
The sports science market is currently undergoing significant growth in the UK and has a wide range of career opportunities in areas including sports science support, sports development, health and fitness, coaching, teaching, postgraduate study and research. The Strength and Conditioning pathway can lead to a number of opportunities for employment as a strength and conditioning coach or internships at our sports partnerships (e.g. Sale Sharks, Manchester Storm, the English Institute of Sport), which have noticeably increased in the last few years. The Performance Analysis pathway can open many doors within elite sport, to enable students the chance to become match analysts, scouting and recruitment analysts, Talent Identification Specialists or Technique Analysts.
Previous graduates of this programme have gone on to work for Manchester City Football Club, Salford Red Devils Rugby League Football Club, Quintic Consultancy, Fitness First, and the NHS. Some students go on to further study or research, while others use their degree as a stepping stone to a career in teaching or higher education.
Graduate roles include health professionals, teaching professionals, sports science support and sports coaches.
We have strong working links with top sports clubs in the north-west such as Sale Sharks, Salford Red Devils and Manchester Storm. The performance analysis strand has also allowed us to develop strong links with elite sporting clubs outside the north-west with opportunities to provide remote support for clubs up and down the country. You will have opportunities to conduct data collection for your final year research projects on these athletes.
We are looking for students with a keen interest in sport and sports performance, matched with good academic skills and an application for science. Students may come from sporting, coaching and personal training backgrounds.
Typical sports science students are keen, hard-working, and committed with good interpersonal and communication skills. Entry may be directly from school at 18 or after a period of gaining experience in the workplace.
Five subjects grade C/ grade 4 or above including English Language and Mathematics and Science.
BBC - At least one of the following subjects: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Human Biology, Psychology, PE, Sport Studies.
The University offers two routes for entry under the scheme and applicants will be directed to the one appropriate for their course. As this course is part of the School of Health Sciences you will only be considered under Entry Route 1.
Part-time 2019 Your annual fee will be calculated pro-rata to the full-time fee according to the number of credits you are studying.
In addition to course fees, students can opt to purchase a course uniform which costs approximately £70. In addition, students may incur other expenses during placements. An optional cost may be incurred to undertake a First Aid qualification should the student wish to do so. Costs are approximated based on the current academic year.


Official site covers the town government, the departments, agendas and minutes, employment, parks and facilities, and offers news and announcements.
A guide for people with dogs in Mammoth Lake or visitors that bring their dogs. Includes grooming, vets, restaurants, boarding, and pet-friendly lodging.
Gives the location of MLPD, the department history, the divisions, the services they provide, crime files, news, and the business office hours.
Arts council that takes responsibility for connecting people in the community with art appreciation via festivals and events.
Includes the club hours, details about physical therapy, the spa, fitness classes, the adult and children's programs, personal training, and events.
Offers guide services and a fishing stores. Gives details about the shop and products, a newsletter, a fishing report, and trout fly news.


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Macbeth (New York Classical Theatre)
Macbeth (New York Classical Theatre) NYC Reviews and Tickets
Clever, Entertaining, Ambitious, Profound, Absorbing
New York Classical Theatre presents a free outdoor production of Shakespeare's dark tragedy about a Scottish lord's lust for power.
Ambition goes unchecked by moral restraint, and destruction befalls all but a lucky few. This classic story of the perils of ultimate power is fueled by the supernatural forces that haunt the castles and forests of early Scotland. The audience follows the actors from place to place as the play moves from scene to scene. The show covers approximately three city blocks over two hours, so wear comfy shoes and clothes that can get dirty. 'Macbeth' plays The Battery (July 31-August 20) and Brooklyn Bridge Park (August 22-27).
Jill 24
Clever, Entertaining, Great acting, Great staging, Thought-provoking
See it if You are a fan of Macbeth and want to see a performance of it in a unique venue. Like the way New York Classical Theatre does things.
Don't see it if You don't like moving from scene to scene, or don't like see outsiders wonder what is going on. Read more
Bones R 7233
1 Review | 0 Followers
Ambitious, Clever, Great writing, Entertaining
See it if You like an "experience" added onto a well-known script, good performances, and a get-to-the-point cut of Macbeth. Jenny Strassburg slays.
Don't see it if You can't move around much, have no patience for a roving piece, and are looking for small performances.
TheaterBuff
During previews
Ambitious, Intelligent, Inventive, Distracting venue, Well staged
See it if you want to see well-done Shakes. Staging is terrific (great 3 Sisters) and acting mostly strong. Fun Battery Park site (see lit-up Liberty)
Don't see it if you want to hear every word. Noisy venue! Roving takes time, so script is trimmed (intelligent cuts). Actors must shout, thus losing nuance. Read more
Gwen 7205
6 Reviews | 3 Followers
Absorbing, Clever, Riveting, Profound, Must see
See it if You want to see a thought-provoking and effective staging.
Don't see it if You don't like tragedies.
Pete Hempstead
"There's something thrilling about watching a Shakespearean battle scene enacted in an open field...This new production is a terrific choice for those who want to take in some of the city's quality outdoor theater. Director Stephen Burdman keeps the play to a manageable two hours while leaving the story largely intact...The audience moves around from scene to scene with the players...It's refreshing to see Shakespeare performed well without expensive bells and whistles."
Erin Kahn
"This production integrates with the landscape of Battery Park, taking full advantage of the park's many unique features...There's also something to be said for theatre in which the audience doesn't just sit and watch the stage for several hours, but instead gets up and follows the actors...The Witches are delightfully imagined and acted in this production...After the Witches, McLean's Macduff, with a booming voice and impassioned acting, may be the most arresting figure in this production."
Megan Wrappe
"A full and colorful interpretation of the Bard's text, allowing it to feel newly alive and quite visceral in the moment. While the entire concept of locating the action throughout the various playing areas of Battery Park deserves credit, many of the accolades rest on the shoulders of the performers themselves...The many issues associated with power with which Macbeth struggles remain relevant today...Do yourself a favor and check out this amazing production."
New York Classical Theatre
Stephen Burdman
Will Dixon


Budapest, March 20 (MTI) – German Schaeffler's Hungarian ball bearing unit will undertake a 12 billion forint (EUR 39m) investment in Debrecen in eastern Hungary, the foreign minister said on Friday.
The government is contributing 772 million forints to the investment which will create 72 jobs, Peter Szijjarto said.
The unit, FAG, will add production and warehouse capacity as well as install new equipment, he said.
The Schaeffler group is one the largest family-owned businesses of Germany, and of Europe, Szijjarto said, adding that it employs a total of 4,000 people in Hungary.
The investment also signals that the German economy, Europe's largest, has remained committed to Hungary and German companies acknowledge the skills and diligence of Hungarian workforce, he added.
There are altogether 6,000 German-owned businesses operating in Hungary and they provide livelihood to 300,000 families, the minister said.
Peter Szabo, managing director of FAG, said the new investment production annual capacity at the Debrecen unit will be increased from the current 20 million pieces to 30 million.


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The Leader in Small Groups on the Road Less Traveled
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Jutting into the icy waters of the Weddle Sea, the Antarctic Peninsula and surrounding South Shetland Islands are the northern-most part of the Antarctic territory—and therefore, the most easily accessible. It's here that some of the few examples of mankind's presence on the continent can be found, in the form of scientific research bases and 150-year-old whaling stations rusting from disuse. But sites like these are relatively rare in this untamed wilderness. The islands and peninsula are nature's realms: guarded by icebergs and humpback whales, crisscrossed by jagged mountain ranges, and ruled by leopard and Weddell seals.
Mother Nature's might is on display at every turn: On legendary Deception Island—the caldera of a still-active volcano—white clouds of steam rise up from thermal hot springs, and hundreds of thousands of chinstrap penguins nest on the black-sand beaches. And on the mainland, hardy Antarctic pearlwort and hair grass bloom implausibly between bare rocks, and gentoos and Adélies waddle to and from their rookeries along the "penguin highways" they've carved in the snow.
Where Penguins Fly Produced by Richard Sidey
Observe the magnificence of Gentoo penguins in their natural habitat—Antarctica.
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It's hard to imagine life thriving in this desert realm, but Antarctica is filled with fascinating creatures impervious to Mother Nature's impulses. And it's during the short summer months that wildlife activity reaches its peak. Penguin chicks are hatching, and adults are busy tending to their offspring. What's more, the warmer waters are rich with fish and krill, attracting throngs of hungry whales, seals, and seabirds. Depending on conditions, you may be accompanied by an impressive variety of sea birds—such as the magnificent Wandering Albatross, spot whales and dolphins, visit vast penguin rookeries, land on beaches ruled by fur seals, and observe wallowing southern elephant seals.
Spanning 600 miles between Cape Horn in Chile and Antarctica's Livingston Island is one of the world's most infamous waterways: the Drake Passage. Named after the 16th-century navigator Sir Francis Drake, this passage is the shortest route to Antarctica from any other landmass. It is within this wide open stretch of sea that the relatively warm waters of the Atlantic and Pacific converge with the polar conditions of the Southern Ocean, setting the stage for some of the most turbulent conditions on Earth.
In spite of its aggressive reputation, the passage actually has a split personality, making it impossible to predict which Drake travelers will encounter en route to the seventh continent. Occasionally the waters are calm, making for a relatively placid ride across "Drake Lake." More often than not, however, "Drake Shake" is waiting, with winds whipping at up to 63 miles per hour, and 30-foot waves swallowing anything in their path. But there is a benefit to this chaos: The churning waters toss fish to the surface, attracting an array of dolphins, whales, and seabirds that seem to glide in and out of the roiling waves with ease. Travelers may envy this aptitude as their ship pitches and rolls, but ultimately, the challenge of crossing the Drake is part of the adventure—and making it to the other side is a thrilling achievement for any Antarctic visitor.
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There's no better way to learn about Antarctica than from people who've dedicated their lives to understanding this unique environment. To that end, you'll be joined by an Expedition Team, an enthusiastic group of explorers, researchers, and naturalists, many of whom travel to the Antarctic every year. Your Expedition Team will be present throughout your voyage to provide insights into Antarctic history, ecology, and research, and to accompany travelers on all Zodiac expeditions and landings.
Watch this video showcasing what makes this country so unforgettable
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Explore the magnificent peaks of Tierra del Fuego before boarding a small ship to see the icebergs, penguins, and white landscapes of Antarctica with travelers June and Dan D.
22:11 | 921 views
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ReelEarth: Antarctica: A Love Story Produced by Anthony Powell, Christine Powell, and Peter Young
Meet a couple who met, got engaged, and were married in Antarctica—and see how the stark landscapes inspire their respective artistic endeavors.
Antarctica with Trip Experience Leader Sebastian Lescano Submitted by Sebastian Lescano
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Expedition Cruise to Antarctica Submitted by Jim Guerra, 10-time traveler from Castle Pines, Colorado
Follow traveler Jim G. on his unforgettable journey through icy Antarctica.
Penguins with Punk Looks Produced by Vanessa Stephen and Kirsten Horne
Join two South African filmmakers as they brave the extreme Antarctic climate to observe quirky rockhopper penguins.
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Follow along with a team of South African explorers as they finally reach the seventh continent—Antarctica—and marvel at its stark beauty.
Featured Reading
Immerse yourself in Antarctica with this selection of articles, recipes, and more
At Home in the White Wilderness
When it comes to distinguishing penguins, it's never as simple as black and white. See why for yourself.
Extreme Antarctica
The continent has turned into a playground for athletes strong and determined enough to challenge its pristine wilds.
Antarctica's path to preservation required a unique international agreement that was decades in the making.
Distinguishing Antarctica's favorite denizens
by Magdalena Zoroza, Regional General Manager, South America & Antarctica
It's an old joke among explorers that there are only two kinds of penguins: the white ones coming toward you, and the black ones walking away. But these flightless birds are more diverse than you might think, with 17 species found around the world, including six in the Antarctic alone. Travelers cruising to the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula are likely to see four distinct species of penguins. All of these species wear the "tuxedo" you've come to expect—but one wears a turban, another a helmet, and a third sports a "strap" across its chin.
First and foremost among Antarctic penguins is the Adélie, whose solid black head and white front most invoke the look of an old English butler. Unlike the majority of penguins, which inhabit the region only seasonally, Adélies live here year-round, with a population of two million ringing nearly the entire continent. During the winter, they huddle together to share body heat, rotating in and out of the cluster so those on the outside of the huddle get a chance to warm up.
The Adélies were named by 19th-century French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville for his wife, who was left behind in Paris while her husband went exploring for up to a year at a time. Adélie penguin couples rarely endure such lengthy separations, at least during mating season, when males and females share incubation, parenting, and foraging duties. Gentoo penguins are even more dramatically faithful than Adélies. They stay with their mates throughout the entire year, sometimes even reusing the same nesting site, which is rare among penguins. They use the same path to and from the sea so routinely that they wear a beaten path into the Antarctic landscape. Like a mini-highway, these clearly defined routes become the paths for other gentoos, who are easily spotted by their two defining features: an orange beak and their "turbans," the white swaths on their glossy dark heads.
Chinstrap penguins have a different kind of headgear. Beneath their beaks, their white faces boast slender black markings resembling straps, making it appear that the birds are wearing helmets. Maybe they should be, as chinstraps are among the most aggressive species. Fast, strong, and not concerned with politeness, they'll fight over the best spot, steal each other's rocks, and even force other penguins off their nests.
Once you've explored Antarctic waters, you'll find the differences in species easy to spot—and know that when it comes to distinguishing penguins, it's never as simple as black and white.
NEXT Extreme Antarctica
Athletic achievements at the "end of the world"
by Megan Mullin from Currents
At the bottom of the globe there is a land of ice and snow—a vast continent inhabited not by humans, but chinstrap, Adélie, and gentoo penguins, as well as seals, whales, and seabirds. While the polar sun never sets in the summer, the winter is six months of endless, frozen night. Antarctica, the seventh continent, seems like the (literal) last place on Earth to find recreation of any kind. But the realm once known only to explorers like Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton has not only become a popular vacation destination during its milder austral summer, it has also turned into a snowy playground for those athletes strong enough—and determined enough—to challenge its pristine wilds.
Scattered throughout Antarctica's rugged landscape, there are a handful of research stations. The primary U.S. base, McMurdo Station, houses the largest community on the continent. Working here year-round is, as one might imagine, a challenge in and of itself. Its remote location and harsh winters can make working conditions extremely difficult. Relaxation seems impossible, yet the landscape actually plays a huge role in keeping everyone on base healthy and entertained.
For people stationed in Antarctica, work-life balance is very different from what the rest of us are used to. Without homes to manage, children to raise, and gardens to tend to, the researchers have substantially more down time and energy. Sports play an important part of filling this time and expending this energy. Therefore, McMurdo Station was outfitted with first-rate sports facilities where people can enjoy playing basketball, soccer, volleyball, and even dodge ball. Gyms with weights, stationary bikes, and other cardio equipment also provide a healthy outlet at the end of a long day.
Once Antarctica's summer arrives, the activities move outdoors. Softball games are very popular—and more fast-paced—as ground balls zoom over the ice with no green grass to slow them down. Rugby is a favorite too: New Zealand's Scott Base research center is just a truck ride from McMurdo Station, and every year the two stations get together for a much-anticipated grudge match between McMurdo's Mount Terror Rugby Club and the Scott Base Rugby Club.
The Ice Marathon
Extreme athletes are always on the lookout for the next seemingly-unsurmountable challenge. Antarctica's annual Ice Marathon provides an exceptional outlet for these adventurous souls. The first and only organized footrace in the interior of Antarctica, the Ice Marathon is significantly more formidable than your average race. Runners must contend with snow, ice, an average wind chill of -4 degrees Fahrenheit, and the possibility of strong Katabatic winds—winds that carry high-density air from a high elevation down a slope under the force of gravity, and can sometimes rush down at hurricane speeds. Not exactly ideal race conditions.
Yet, determined runners from around the globe convene at Union Glacier every year to take part in a 26.2-mile race across of one of the last truly wild places on Earth. An event of this magnitude requires intensive organization, of course. Snowmobiles monitor runners along the course and keep track of each racer as he or she passes through marathon checkpoints. This doesn't just offer runners their split times, but it ensures the athletes aren't lost in the wilderness.
That wilderness itself is vast and hushed, for not even penguins venture as far inland as the route will take its participants. But for those intrepid runners, the profound stillness and breathtaking scenery make the experience all the richer.
Cycling the White Continent
After imagining marathon runners braving Antarctica's icy terrain, cycling may not sound as extreme. But when you're pedaling 500 miles through snow drifts, white-out conditions, and the threat of crevasses to contend with, it is quite an epic undertaking indeed—an undertaking that 35-year old British adventurer Maria Leijerstam not only welcomed, but achieved. She earned a world record by being the first person to cycle to the South Pole from the edge of the continent in just 10 days.
A born adventurer—her childhood dream was to become an astronaut—Leijerstam is no stranger to extreme sports in harsh environments, having taken part in the Marathon des Sables, a seven-day run across the Sahara Desert. But her training for that event did not prepare her for the challenge of pedaling her customized recumbent bike, the PolarCycle, across Antarctica. Instead of burning carbohydrates, she had to train her body to burn fat instead, and to get used to running longer on an emptier stomach. During the 10-day trek, Leijerstam heated freeze-dried food by melting snow on a small stove inside her tent. But despite her meager rations and the harsh conditions, Leijerstam persevered and earned a well-deserved place in the record books.
Modern-day expeditions
Antarctica has attracted adventure-seekers and record-breakers as far back as the 1800s. Many lives were lost in man's quest for the South Pole. Today's expeditioners have the benefit of technology on their side, but that still doesn't make the journey any less physically challenging.
Just this past January, Welshman and former international rugby player Richard Parks became the 19th person to reach the South Pole solo. The 36-year-old made the harrowing 715-mile journey from the coastline to the pole in 29 days, 19 hours, and 24 minutes—a new British record.
The grueling trek pitted Parks against the harsh Antarctic terrain, weather, and icy emptiness. Against all odds, he put one foot in front of the other—even after one of his skis was damaged, two days before he reached the South Pole marker—to achieve his goal. And achieve it he did, completing the second-fastest unsupported solo trek to the South Pole in history.
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The politics of preservation in Antarctica
by Laura Chavanne from Currents
Long before humans laid eyes on Antarctica, early explorers were convinced of the existence of a vast, southern continent—Terra Australis Incognita, the "Unknown Southern Land." When Captain James Cook circumnavigated Antarctica between 1772 and 1775, he never actually sighted the peninsula. He did, however, conclude that the world was probably not missing much: The landmass was most likely small and uninhabitable, rendering it of little use to anyone.
Mariners first began sighting Antarctica in rapid succession beginning in 1820—but it was not the "Unknown Southern Land" they were seeking. Rather, it was the next stop on a journey further and further south in search of untouched seal colonies, as hunters had decimated all they'd encountered between Cape Horn and the South Sandwich Islands—a story that would repeat itself with whalers in the 1870s.
While exploitation led to the age of Antarctic discovery, science would eventually prevail. And while today we refer to Antarctica as "the last pure place on Earth," the path to preservation required a unique international agreement that was decades in the making.
Governing a land with no population
Once the extent of Antarctica's seal and whale populations became known, James Cook would be the last to dismiss the continent as worthless to humankind. He was correct, however, in assuming that the land was unfit for permanent habitation. Antarctica would have no settlements, no population, and no government. How, then, would various world leaders stake and protect their claims upon the barren land?
Argentina boasts the longest continuous occupation in the region, with a weather station in the South Orkney Islands built in 1903. It was actually established by a Scotsman, Dr. William S. Bruce, whose expedition team was forced to spend a winter there when their ship, the Scotia, was damaged and became icebound. The party constructed a 20-square-foot stone building called Ormond House (after the director of Edinburgh Observatory), which served as living quarters for six researchers who remained at the station when the Scotia eventually broke free. Upon reaching Buenos Aires, where the Scotia underwent repairs, Bruce persuaded the Argentine government to assume responsibility for the station, which they dubbed Orcadas Base and have operated ever since.
The United Kingdom, however, made the first official claim to a portion of the continent, which included the South Orkneys and several other island chains in the South Atlantic, as well as a portion of the continent itself. The British crown laid further claims on behalf of its colonies of Australia and New Zealand, on the grounds of these being the nearest occupied territories to Antarctica. Between 1923 and 1942, France, Norway, Chile, and Argentina followed suit. The United States, despite having its own "Little America" Antarctic research station founded by Admiral Richard Byrd in 1928, pursued no official claims on the continent. It did, however, establish the U.S. Antarctic Service in 1939, placing all American exploration under government control. The Service's first expedition sent Admiral Byrd back to Antarctica to establish two additional bases.
Despite the fact that three different nations—Great Britain, Argentina, and Chile—claimed sovereignty over Antarctica, and certain portions of the seven territorial claims overlapped, activities on the continent were generally peaceful … until the onset of World War II, when the German Navy infiltrated the peninsula and attacked Allied shipping vessels. In retaliation, the British set up secret military bases. Almost immediately following the war, the United States launched "Operation Highjump" in 1946, which brought 13 ships, 23 aircraft, and more than 4,700 men to the continent for military training—with the overarching goal of establishing an indisputable U.S. presence in Antarctica. It remains the largest single operation in Antarctic history.
In general, however, scientific activities took precedence on Antarctica—with the unfortunate exception of whaling, which would continue in earnest until the 1970s. But with more and more countries establishing permanent, continuously occupied bases, the race to control the continent was on—which set the stage for a unique international agreement, all in the name of science.
The International Geophysical Year and the Antarctic Treaty
The year was 1957, and top-ranking scientists from 12 countries descended upon Antarctica for an unprecedented period of research and collaboration. The occasion was known as the International Geophysical Year (IGY), a worldwide event that actually involved 18 months of gathering and sharing data concerning the earth's natural phenomena. While studies took place all over the world, Antarctica received special attention because of its remoteness and unique characteristics—and the dozens of permanent research stations scattered throughout the continent certainly didn't hurt either.
The IGY was an undisputed success, with research in Antarctica contributing to advances in meteorological prediction, glacier analysis, and the understanding of seismologic phenomena. The spirit of cooperation, however, had another lasting effect on the international community.
Still basking in the afterglow of the IGY, the United States initiated a global discussion surrounding the governance of Antarctica. With the Cold War still underway, could all nations work together toward a common goal of preserving this pristine wilderness—peacefully and without territorial claims? On December 1, 1959, representatives from twelve nations signed the Antarctic Treaty—a truly unique document that would legally bind these countries to cooperate, rather than compete, with regards to Antarctic research and exploration. It officially took effect in 1961.
In the words of the treaty itself, each participating country recognized "that it is in the interest of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord." To that end, the treaty effectively internationalized Antarctica, suspending all territorial assertions and forbidding further claims to sovereignty. It stated that the area would be used for peaceful purposes only, with no military exercises or weapons testing allowed.
Of the 49 nations that have signed the treaty since its inception, 28 have the right to actively make decisions during consultative meetings, which are held yearly to ensure the articles of the treaty are being upheld. Beyond the original terms of the treaty, some 200 new agreements have been added over the years, in response to evolving environmental concerns. These have included waste management—which was largely ignored until as late as the 1980s—and the protection of plants and animals. The mining of natural resources was banned in 1991.
Modern-day challenges
There is no doubt that the Antarctic Treaty has had an enormous impact on the preservation of Antarctica. But the concerns of conservationists are ever-evolving. While seal populations have recovered to the point where they are no longer endangered, whales have seen no such resurgence; due to their long lifespan (up to 80-100 years, depending on the species) and low reproductive rates, it will take considerably longer to see marked improvement.
In recent years, researchers have become concerned that depleted stocks of krill could pose new threats to the Antarctic ecosystem. These small, shrimp-like crustaceans are the primary food source for whales, penguins, and seals—and while humans don't consume krill, they do value its oil, rich in omega 3 fatty acids; and its effectiveness as a food source in fish farms when ground into meal. Today, a number of scientific and charitable organizations have joined forces under the Antarctic Krill Conservation Project, devoted to understanding and managing changes in krill population.
Of even greater concern is the fact that Japan continues to practice whaling in Antarctica—despite the fact that commercial whaling has been banned since 1986. Due to a controversial loophole, killing whales for scientific purposes is still technically legal, provided the participating country can prove that the data they collect cannot be otherwise obtained by non-lethal methods.
Not surprisingly, the practice is surrounded by international controversy from both government and environmental groups.
The impact of tourism, too, has been constantly monitored since Antarctica first became a popular destination in the early 1990s. The International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO) enforces strict regulations that govern behavior both on the water and on the ice. In 2009, an addendum to the Antarctic Treaty banned ships carrying more than 500 passengers from landing in Antarctica (meaning that large cruise liners can explore by sea only). In 2011, further legislation required ships to burn lighter-grade fuels that have less impact upon the environment. By remaining ever vigilant, the ultimate goal of the IAATO is to ensure that responsible tourism can continue well into the future, and that Antarctica's purity will be preserved for future generations.
A look toward the future
While much has been done to minimize the impact of activities contained within Antarctica, some of the most troubling concerns involve factors far beyond the continent's borders. Namely, climate change—which is currently the biggest question facing scientists as they look to the future of research. The melting of the Antarctic ice sheet would significantly impact the level of the world's oceans, and scientists predict that certain species, including the Emperor penguin, would suffer negative consequences from even a slight increase in average air temperature.
In April of 2012, the U.S. Antarctic Program conducted a thorough review of its current program in hopes of mapping a research trajectory over the next two decades. To fully understand how Antarctica is reacting to climate change, their findings suggest that large-scale robotics projects—which allow for remote research—will be greener and more cost-effective than the deployment of additional human researchers. The U.S. also plans to install its first solar panels on Antarctica. While the review panel likened Antarctic research to the space program due to the harshness of the environment, all agree that their investments there are crucial to the understanding of climate change worldwide.
A new environmental organization called the Antarctic Ocean Alliance (AOA)—which has garnered some celebrity clout with the support of actor Edward Norton and business magnate Richard Branson—petitioned to increase the protected marine area around Antarctica from 210,000 square miles to 1.36 million square miles.
While preserving the world's "last pristine wilderness" in this day and age will always require special vigilance, the world—at least for now—seems united on at least this one front: Antarctica is a land to be respected, rather than exploited. And as travelers fortunate enough to actually set foot on the former "Unknown Southern Land," we, too, can do our part to protect it. After all, those who visit this part of the world don't just return home with memories and photographs; they become, as the IAATO maintains, "ambassadors of goodwill, guardianship and peace."
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Antarctica: Month-by-Month
There are pros and cons to visiting a destination during any time of the year. Find out what you can expect during your ideal travel time, from weather and climate, to holidays, festivals, and more.
December-January February-March April-September October-November
Antarctica in December-January
In December and January, Antarctica is at its warmest and daylight hours are at their longest, making this the best time of the year to visit the ice continent. Antarctica is considered warm in December and January—which is warm by Antarctica's standards with average temperature highs in the 30s. December and January also have the longest daylight hours with nearly 20 hours of light each day—perfect for maximizing your daytime discoveries and wildlife viewing opportunities. Witness newborn penguin chicks waddle alongside adult penguins and seal pups bounce across the frozen landscape. You may even see adult, male bull elephant seals fighting to prove their strength as the dominant seal of their colony.
Watch this film to discover more about Antarctica
Friendliest Seals Ever? Produced by Vanessa Stephen and Kirsten Horne
Discover trusting elephant seal pups lounging by the water and a massive King penguin rookery.
Antarctica in February-March
February is an ideal time to visit Antarctica when there are fewer vessels visiting the continent, plenty of wildlife-viewing opportunities, and the weather remains warm (by Antarctica standards) with the average high reaching up to around 37 degrees.
As a result of the warmer weather during the previous months, the ice leading up through the Antarctic Circle begins to melt, making this the best time for ships to cross the circle. As you navigate the circle's icy waters, it's possible that you'll spot whales, and while seal pups and penguin chicks are likely to be almost fully grown, there are still ample opportunities to see penguin rookeries and seal colonies.
The snow in February and March develops a soft shade of pink and is known as red snow or "watermelon snow," but don't be fooled by the name. This snow may look pretty enough to eat, but there's a natural phenomenon that occurs that explains the snow's watermelon coloring. Red snow appears when the weather starts to warm up and the ice starts to melt. Algae, that was frozen under the snow during the colder months, reacts to the warm weather and sunlight by changing from a shade of green to red.
Antarctica in April-September
It's not possible to travel to Antarctica during this 6-month period due to the dangerously cold temperatures, harsh winds, and strong storms. It's also impossible for ships to travel through the regions due to the thick ice that coats the water. Although travelers aren't permitted to venture to the ice continent during this time, professionals do live in bases on Antarctica from April to September and endure less daylight hours and harsh weather. Due to Antarctica's location on the globe, there are days in June that don't see sunlight at all—sometimes the darkness lasts for up to a couple of weeks.
The people who stay here during the winter are joined by emperor penguins who are the only warm-blooded animals that don't migrate during this time of the year because this is their breeding season. The female penguins meet their partners and lay their eggs at the beginning of the winter. They then leave the eggs for the male penguins to watch over during the peak of winter. The male penguins keep the eggs, and themselves, warm by huddling together with other penguins until the end of winter when the female penguins return in time for their eggs to hatch.
Antarctica in October-November
Antarctica at the beginning of October is in pristine condition as a fresh blanket of snow covers the continent and smooth layers of ice coat the water. This icy landscape remains frozen through October due to the bitter cold temperatures that the continent is still experiencing—temperatures in the middle of the continent can dip to as low as -60 degrees. Because the ice off Antarctica's coasts and along its waterways is set and strong, it's still difficult for ships to break through and travel to the region. Ships typically start making their way to Antarctica at the end of October when a slight warm-up occurs and the ice is easier for the ships to break through.
The end of October and beginning of November are great times to visit Antarctica when the snow is still fairly fresh and wildlife starts to make its way back to the ice continent. There are plenty of wildlife viewing opportunities at the end of October and throughout November as it's breeding season for Adélie penguins, Chinstrap penguins, and elephant seals.
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The year is 1819. While attempting to round Chile's Cape Horn, the English cargo ship Williams is caught in a fierce wind that sends it hurtling southward into uncharted waters. At the helm, Captain William Smith is beginning to course correct when, suddenly, shouts of "land!" ring out. In the distance, a snow-covered island breaks the horizon line—the first landmass within Antarctic territory ever sighted by mankind. The discovery of this island (eventually named in honor of King George III) inspires hundreds of voyages to the White Continent—including fearless explorers like Ernest Shackleton and Robert F. Scott yearning to learn more about this far-flung wilderness.
Today, Antarctica's appeal is just as strong, attracting intrepid travelers who are eager to set foot on their seventh continent. But this pursuit requires patience and determination. For most of the year, the continent is off-limits to all but penguins, seals, and a smattering of scientific researchers. But from November to March, when the icy ocean has thawed and the summer sun shines for 24 hours each day, visitors may approach its remote shores. These intrepid travelers will witness the continent come to life with a variety of wildlife, including humpback whales feasting on krill, sleek hourglass dolphins leaping in the wake of cruising vessels, lolling seals, and curious penguins. For those who make it, the most incredible reward of all awaits: the satisfaction of having explored one of the world's last great frontiers.
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