text:
The Oxylipin Biosynthetic Pathways in Plants
The Authors: Florian Brodhun and Ivo Feussner
Home Chemistry/Physics
Oxylipins are oxidized fatty acids and metabolites derived therefrom. These lipids are abundant in mammals as well as in flowering plants, mosses, algae, bacteria and fungi [1]. They serve as signal molecules regulating developmental processes like pollen formation and mediate responses to the environment like wound healing and defensive reactions or have direct antimicrobial properties [2]. Oxylipin biosynthesis may may occur in plants at the level of esterified or free polyunsaturated fatty acids. For simplicity we will focus here on the first case. Then oxylipin biosynthesis starts with the release of fatty acids from membrane lipids by the action of a lipase. The next reaction is an initial oxidation reaction by different enzymes at different positions of the fatty acid backbone as indicated in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Overview of the oxylipin biosynthesis pathway in plants (abbreviations are explained in the text).
In the first step the free fatty acid is oxidized by molecular oxygen yielding a hydroperoxy fatty acid. This reaction can either be catalyzed by a lipoxygenase (LOX) or α-dioxygenase (α-DOX). The products of α-DOX decompose nonenzymatically into CO2 and the shortened aldehyde derivatives or, alternatively, are reduced either chemically by (i.e.) glutathione or enzymatically by the action of a peroxygenase (PXG). In contrast, the hydroperoxy products formed by LOXes have been shown to be relatively stable and are further metabolized by other enzymes such as special members of the group of P450 enzymes, the Cyp74-family: allene oxide synthase (AOS), hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) and divinylether synthase (DES), PXG or epoxyalcohol synthases (EAS) as illustrated in Figure 1 [1].
In Arabidopsis several lipases have been described that supply the oxylipin pathway with fatty acid substrate. DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE1 (DAD1) [3] and DONGEL (DGL) [4] have been shown to belong to the family of phospholipases, which primarily may hydrolyze glycerophospholipids at the sn-1 position, but both enzymes may use glycolipids as substrates as well. On the basis of bioinformatic studies, it has been shown that both enzymes contain a putative N-terminal peptide sequence, a characteristic G-X-S-X-G motif and a catalytic triad (S, D and H). Recently, another DAD1-like lipase was identified in Arabidopsis as PLA-Iγ1. In contrast to DAD1 and DGL, this enzyme contributes to the early wound response of the plant and therefore might be involved in the release of preformed jasmonates from arabidopsides [4]. In addition, pPLA-I, a so-called patatin-related lipase, was also shown to play a role in regulating basal (but not pathogen-induced) production of jasmonates [5].
α-Dioxygenase (α-DOX)
α-DOX catalyzes the oxygenation of fatty acids at the C-2 atom by abstraction of the proR-hydrogen and stereoselective insertion of molecular oxygen yielding the respective 2R-hydroperoxy derivative [6]. The resulting compound is very unstable (with a half-life time (T1/2) of approximately 3 min at 23°C) and decomposes nonenzymatically into CO2 and the corresponding chain-shortened fatty aldehyde. Alternatively the hydroperoxy fatty acid may be reduced to corresponding 2-hydroxy fatty acid. Interestingly, α-DOX shows high homology towards both mammalian prostaglandin-synthase isoforms (PGHS-1 and PGHS-2) and both enzymes share common catalytic features [7]. Both enzymes contain heme as a co-factor that is crucial for catalytic activity. In both cases it is bound via two distinct His-residues that are placed on the distal and proximal site of the heme plane. Furthermore, both enzymes use a highly conserved tyrosine residue for the catalytic activity [8,9]. During the initiation process of the reaction a radical may be formed at this particular tyrosine, which in turn stereoselectively abstracts hydrogen from the respective C-atom of the fatty acid substrate yielding a carbon centred radical (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Enantioselective dioxygenation of a long-chain fatty acid by α-DOX.
Molecular oxygen may then attack this radical, and a fatty acid hydroperoxyl radical is formed. It has been additionally shown that the Cα-H cleavage displays the first irreversible and turnover controlling step of the reaction. Due to a large weakly temperature-dependent kinetic isotope effect that was observed for this step, it is proposed that the homolysis of the C-H bond accomplished by quantum-mechanical nuclear tunnelling [10].
Lipoxygenase (LOX)
Plant LOX is a monomeric non-heme iron enzyme with a molecular weight of 90-110 kDa consisting of two different protein domains. The N-terminal region of approximately 25-30 kDa consists of a β-barrel domain with a yet unknown function. The C-terminal part of the enzyme harbours the catalytic domain, which is primarily formed by α-helices and has a molecular weight of approximately 55-65 kDa. The catalytic iron in the active site of a LOX is coordinated via 5 amino acid residues and a water molecule as the 6th ligand (Fig. 3). In a plant LOX, the iron is complexed via the N-atoms of three conserved histidines, the O-atom of one asparagine and the carboxy terminus of the C-terminal isoleucine [11].
Figure 3. Reaction cycle of LOX catalyzing the dioxygenation of a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
While most LOXes have been reported to catalyze dioxygenase reactions (i.e. bis-oxygenation of fatty acids) there are also a few LOXes known catalysing secondary conversions of hydroperoxy fatty acids and yielding epoxy-(alcohol)-derivatives [12] or lyase products [13].
The dioxygenase reaction of the LOX activity is characterized by five different key events mainly that are discussed in Figure 3:
Enzyme activation
Hydrogen abstraction
Radical rearrangement
Oxygen insertion
Peroxyl radical reduction
The catalytic mononuclear iron centre of LOX enzyme exists in two different oxidation states – the ferrous (Fe(II)) and the ferric (Fe(III)). The resting enzyme contains ferrous iron and is inactive with any fatty acid substrate. However, upon reaction with hydroperoxides the iron becomes oxidized yielding ferric iron. This process known as the LOX activation is a single turnover process in which the once oxidized enzyme does not react with any hydroperoxide. The iron redox state cycles during catalysis between the inactive Fe(II)-H2O and the active Fe(III)-OH [14].
Fe(III)-OH functions as a base that stereospecifically abstracts a bisallylic pro-S hydrogen of a pentadiene system. It is now established that this reaction occurs via a proton-coupled electron transfer (PECT) mechanism in which the electron and the proton are transferred simultaneously from the substrate to the product. This reaction step is rate limiting and is also accompanied by a very large and weak temperature-dependent deuterium kinetic isotope effect. Thus, hydrogen abstraction is thought to follow a quantum-mechanical tunnelling mechanism in which the electron is not located on the proton but tunnels from the fatty acid to the catalytic Fe(III)-centre directly [15].
The abstraction of a bisallylic hydrogen leads to the formation of a carbon-centred radical that is delocalized via π-type electron system. Thus oxygen can be introduced at two different positions on the fatty acid backbone, either position [+2] or [-2]. In considering linoleic acid as substrate, where hydrogen abstraction takes place at C-11, the two positions for oxygen incorporation would be at C-9 or C-13 leading to the formation of 9-hydroperoxy- or 13-hydroperoxy derivatives, respectively (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. The regio- and stereospecific formation of linoleic acid hydroperoxides during LOX reaction.
Although much effort has been made to explain the structural basis for the regiospecificity of LOX enzymes, until now there is no general unifying concept for this purpose. However, over the last two decades different critical amino acid residues have been identified, which determine the regiospecificity of LOX enzymes probably by shielding a particular position at the fatty acid backbone from molecular oxygen attack (the so-called space-related model). Another model that can explain the regiospecificity of LOX enzymes is the so-called substrate orientation model. According to this hypothesis the site of specific oxygen insertion is dependent of the substrate orientation within the active site of the LOX. In the case of, for example, linoleate 13-LOXes the fatty acid penetrates the active site with the methyl-end ahead, while for linoleate 9-LOXes an inverse substrate orientation modus is proposed where the fatty acid enters the enzyme with the carboxy-terminus first ("head-to-tail orientation") [16].
On the other hand, oxygen insertion occurs always stereospecifically either leading to an R- or S-isomer. In all LOX enzymes analyzed so far, this specificity is mainly due to one particular amino acid residue in the active site of the enzyme – the so-called "Coffa-site". While in S-specific LOX enzymes an alanine residue is located at this position, R-specific LOX enzymes contain a glycine residue.
Upon reaction with dioxygen a fatty acid peroxyl radical is formed that is highly reactive and can undergo secondary transformations like β-fragmentation, cis to trans double bond isomerisation or 5-exo-cyclisation. In order to circumvent these unspecific site reactions, the fatty acid peroxyl radical is efficiently trapped by reduction, yielding the corresponding hydroperoxy fatty acid derivative [17]. In the case of LOX enzymes, it is proposed that the peroxyl radical is reduced by accepting an electron from the catalytic iron centre via a PECT-mechanism and thus reactivating the enzyme.
Cyp74 Enzymes
The conversion of LOX-derived hydroperoxides displays a branching point in the metabolic pathway that is mainly catalyzed by enzymes belonging to the Cyp74 family, namely AOS, HPL, DES and EAS [18]. The Cyp74 family itself belongs to the superfamily of cytochrome P450 (P450s) enzymes that contain a cysteine-thiolate coordinated heme as cofactor and show a characteristic absorption maximum of 450 nm upon reduction and upon binding of CO. Common P450s catalyze monoxygenation reactions via a mechanism that involves binding of oxygen to the heme iron, sequential reduction, protonation of intermediary complexes and dissociation of water. Hence external electron donors are essential for the activity of classical P450-dependent monoxygenases [19]. In contrast to these classical P450 enzymes, the enzymes of the Cyp74 family do not require molecular oxygen and an external electron donor (e.g. NAD(P)H-dependent cytochrome-P450 reductase) for their catalytic activity as they use acyl hydroperoxides as substrate as well as electron donor. Furthermore, these enzymes catalyze isomerisation rather than monoxygenation reactions. As a consequence it is proposed that these types of enzymes use a short-circuited catalytic reaction cycle, which resembles that of classical P450s [20].
These functional differences of Cyp74 enzymes and classical P450 enzymes are also reflected by structural discrepancies in the active site architecture that preclude monoxygenase reactions in Cyp74s [21]:
The signature heme binding loop of Cyp74 enzymes, that harbours the 5th heme-iron ligand, the conserved cysteine, has an additional nine amino acid insertion. This unique structural modification alters the active site topology and also the enzyme surface area that is known to be responsible for redox partner interactions.
An important threonine residue that is in classical P450 enzymes crucial for generation of the highly activated iron-oxo species (compound I) is replaced by isoleucine or other hydrophobic alkane residues.
The amide group of an essential asparagine residue is located directly above the heme group in a way that it can form hydrogen bonds with the hydroperoxy group of the substrate.
As shown in the Figure 5, the reaction mechanism of Cyp74 enzymes starts with the homolytic cleavage of the O-O-bond by oxidizing the heme centre to an iron-oxo species known as compound II from classical P450 chemistry. The alkoxyl radical produced undergoes cyclisation yielding an epoxy allylic radical derivative that displays the branching point in Cyp74-reaction. In the case of the AOS reaction, this intermediate is oxidized by compound II yielding an epoxy allylic carbocation derivative from which, upon elimination of the β-proton, the allene oxide is formed. In an alternative reaction, the epoxy C-C bond is cleaved resulting in the formation of a vinyl ether cation. This intermediate is either deprotonated, yielding the divinyl ether product (DES-reaction), or it is attacked by OH- at the cationic C-atom, yielding a hemiacetal derivative. The latter is unstable and decomposes into a short-chain aldehyde and an ω-oxo fatty acid (HPL-reaction). On the other hand, the above-mentioned allylic radical derivative can also rearrange by cleavage of the epoxy C-C bond forming a vinyl ether radical derivative. Upon reaction with compound II the hemiacetal derivative is formed via a classical oxygen rebound mechanism. Notably, this hemiacetal derivative is identical to the one formed via the "cationic pathway" and decomposes yielding the same products [20].
Figure 5. Reaction pathways of Cyp74 enzymes involving cationic or radical intermediates.
The close interconnection of the catalytic pathways of AOS and HPL is also mirrored by the fact that a single amino acid residue in the active site of the Cyp74-enzymes determines the respective catalytic activity, i.e. AOS activity or HPL activity. This amino acid residue is positioned in the active site of the enzyme facing the substrate carbon atom on which the centred radical or the positive charge is formed. In the case of AOS, the particular amino acid residue is a conserved phenylalanine that is thought to stabilize the carbon-centred radical via its aromatic site chain (cation-π interactions) and thus promoting oxidation of the radical by compound II resulting in allene oxide formation. On the other hand, in HPL the phenylalanine is replaced by a leucine. This residue cannot stabilize the carbon-centred substrate radical and thus no electron transfer to compound II can occur. Consequently, this leads to the formation of a vinyl-ether radical that is further oxidized by compound II to the hemiacetal derivative and thus this leads to the formation of HPL products [21].
Allene Oxide Cyclase
The allylic allene oxide formed by the AOS and 13-HPOTE (vide supra) has a very short half-time in water and is, in the absence of AOC, nonenzymatically converted to α- and γ-ketols or cyclized to racemic mixture of both cis(+)- and cis(-)-12-oxo phytodienoic acid (OPDA)-enantiomers. In the presence of AOC, however, the allene oxide is transferred towards the enantiomeric cis(+)-OPDA in a coupled reaction with the AOS [22,23].
The AOC is a homotrimeric enzyme with a molecular weight of approximately 20-25 kDa per subunit and belongs to the lipocalin protein family. Each subunit consists mainly of an eight-stranded anti-parallel β-barrel domain that forms a central hydrophobic cavity or barrel in which the reaction takes place. Notably, this region of the protein is very rigid and upon substrate binding no induced fit mechanism takes place [24]. Once the substrate is bound in the active site, one particular glutamate residue induces a partial charge separation leading to a delocalization of the Δ15-double bond. Thus, a positive charge is formed that is delocalized between C-13 and C-16 and opens the epoxy-ring. The oxyanion formed is stabilized via hydrogen bonding by one particular water molecule, which itself is tightly bound in a polar cavity formed by asparagines and a serine residue. In order to facilitate the ring closure that will form the cyclopentanone moiety, a conformational reorganisation from the cis to trans geometry around the C-10 – C-11 bond is necessary as shown in Figure 6. Notably, due to the steric limitations within the active site, the cis-trans isomerisation around the C-10 – C-11 bond leads to a further conformational change of the C-8 – C-9 bond which is also transferred from the cis- to the trans-geometry. The subsequent cyclisation is performed according to the rules of Woodward and Hoffmann [25,26].
Figure 6. Schematic overview of the reaction of AOC with 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11,15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid
The tendency of the allene oxide to cyclise spontaneously in water yielding an enantiomeric mixture of OPDA points to the low energy barrier of this reaction. Thus, in terms of lowering this energy, AOC does not need much of an enzyme. It rather seems that the spontaneous cyclisation reaction proceeds in a stereoselective way that is controlled by steric active site determinants [26].
12-Oxo Phytodienoate Reductases (OPR)
In plants 12S,13S- or cis(+)-OPDA is reduced to the corresponding cyclopentanone derivative by an enzyme known as OPDA reductase isoenzyme 3 (OPR3). This enzyme is a FMN-dependent oxidoreductase and belongs to the old yellow enzyme family – enzymes that are generally known to reduce double bonds of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls. OPR enzymes consist of an (α/β)8 barrel fold, in which eight α-helices surround eight parallel β-sheets forming a cylindrical architecture. The FMN cofactor is located in the centre of the enzyme, where it is noncovalently attached to the end of one particular β-barrel. Above the cofactor substrate specific amino acids are forming the active site cavity of the enzyme, in which the carbonyl-group of the substrate is attached and oriented via two strong hydrogen bonds to a His/His pair. In addition to substrate binding,this His/His pair is responsible for activating the α,β-double bond for hydride transfer to the β-C-atom of the substrate by polarizing it. The reduction of OPDA takes place via a so-called ping-pong bi-bi mechanism: In a first reaction step the FMN-cofactor is reduced by NAD(P)H followed by the release of NAD(P)+ (Fig. 7). In a second step OPDA binds to the enzyme and is reduced via hydride transfer to the β-C-atom [27-29].
Figure 7. Reaction mechanism for the reduction of 9S,13S-OPDA by OPR3.
Peroxygenase (PXG)
A further enzyme that uses LOX-derived fatty acid hydroperoxides as substrate is PXG. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of a hydroperoxide derivative to the respective alcohol by transferring an oxygen atom to a substrate which in turn will be oxidized [30]. Like the members of the Cyp74 family this enzyme is also membrane bound in planta and contains heme as cofactor leading first to the misassumption that PXG also belongs to this enzyme family. However, in contrast to the Cyp74 enzymes that contain a thiolate-coordinated heme, in PXG, heme is bound via a conserved histidine residue that serves as the axial ligand. Its reaction is summarized in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Reaction pathway for the sequential reduction and oxidation of a fatty acid hydroperoxide by PXG yielding the corresponding fatty acid hydroxide as intermediate and an epoxy alcohol as end product.
Interestingly, PXG was shown to belong to the caloleosin family [31]. These enzymes are associated with oil bodies or lipid droplets via a hydrophobic central domain. This domain forms a hairpin-like structure that is deeply embedded into the lipophilic core of the droplet. The C- and N-terminal protein regions are located on the surface of the droplet and contain a putative protein kinase phosphorylation site at the C-terminus and a calcium binding EF-hand motif at the N-terminus.
During last decades, several enzymes involved in plant oxylipin metabolism have been identified and characterized. Elucidation of some their 3D-structures as well as biochemical and biophysical studies on the respective reaction mechanisms not only contributed to the current status of a general understanding of enzymatic catalysis but also shed light on the evolutionary history of some of these enzymes. In addition to the enzymes showing "classical" catalytic activity (as they are mainly described in this review), further enzymes have been identified in recent years with an unusual or even an additional catalytic activity. In order to fully understand the mechanisms of oxylipin formation, it will be an important task to analyze these enzymes further.
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Trading Stock Trading
What is a BRIC nation?
By Jean Folger
BRIC is an acronym for the combined economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China. The economies of these four nations are collectively called "BRIC," "the BRIC countries," "the BRIC economies" or the "Big Four." The countries currently represent about 25% of the world's land mass and 40% of its population. Economist Jim O'Neill, chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management, introduced the acronym in his 2001 paper, "Building Better Global Economic BRICs." The paper drew attention to the importance of BRIC and the growth of these emerging market economies.
O'Neill's paper theorized that India and China will grow to become the world's leading suppliers of manufactured goods and services, respectively, and Brazil and Russia will become dominant raw materials suppliers. In addition, O'Neill surmised that by 2050, the combined economies of BRIC would surpass those of the world's current wealthiest countries.
It should be noted that O'Neill grouped these nations together because they have the potential to form an influential economic bloc, not because they represent a political alliance or a formal trading association. The nations, however, have met at an international relations summit annually since 2009. The first two conferences were referred to as the 2009 BRIC Summit and 2010 BRIC Summit. In 2010, South Africa was officially admitted as a BRIC nation following an invitation from China and the other BRIC nations, making the current acronym BRICS, for Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. As a result, since 2011, the annual conference has been referred to as the BRICS summit.
(For related reading, see: Understanding the Risk in the BRICs.)
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History and Criticism of Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC)
BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) refers to the idea that China and India will, by 2050, become the world's dominant suppliers of manufactured goods and services, respectively, while Brazil and Russia will become similarly dominant as suppliers of raw materials.
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS)
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) is an acronym for the combined economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, which were poised to dominate world economy by 2050.
MINTs (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey)
MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey) is an acronym that refers to a group of countries with the potential to realize rapid economic growth.
Group of Five – G5 Definition
Group of Five (G5) is a designation that has been used to refer to different groupings of countries.
Group of 20 (G-20)
The Group of 20, or G-20, is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 19 of the world's largest economies and the European Union.
Middle-Income Countries (MICs) Definition
Middle-income countries (MICs) is one of the income categories that the World Bank uses to classify countries' economies for operational and analytical purposes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


SouthernJourneys - A Guide to driving in New Zealand.
Driving in New Zealand is pretty easy, but may be different than what you are used to. Distances between towns are relatively short, traffic is light (except for Auckland), and the roads are usually in good condition, though there are few multi-lane highways in the country. There are brief stretches of motorway around the major cities, but elsewhere the highways are single-lane in either direction and pass through the towns.
Generally the roads are hilly and windy, so do take this into consideration as it may slow you down a little. The speed limit on the highways is 100km/h, but count on averaging around 80km/h as you may get stuck behind a truck. As the weather is also very changeable - and when it rains in New Zealand, it pours - , driving conditions may become difficult, so do take care.
Kiwis drive on the left hand side of the road, and for those used to driving on the right, take care. Every year serious and fatal accidents happen involving foreign drivers, many of them driving on the wrong side of the road!
it's illegal to use a phone while driving.
Make sure you allow plenty of time and take regular breaks. The trip may be slower, but the scenery is amazing so take your time and enjoy your journey.
A good resource for an introduction of the road rules for visitors who want to drive in New Zealand is provided by the New Zealand Transport Agency and can be found here.
you haven't been granted a New Zealand driver license since you last entered New Zealand.
If you don't meet all of these requirements, you must apply for a New Zealand driver license to drive in New Zealand.
To ride a motorcycle you must have a valid motorcycle license or special endorsement on your home country driver's license.
All drivers must know the road rules, what the road signs mean and how to drive safely. Picking up a copy of the NZ road code is a wise investment that will tell you all you need to know. It's available at the NZ Automobile Association (AA) offices and bookshops.
A valid, unrestricted driver's license from your home country is required to rent and drive a car in NZ. Usually you must be at least 21 years old to rent a car in NZ and under 26 often incurs a larger insurance excess.
If you're tired you're much more likely to have a crash. Before driving, allow plenty of time to rest when you first arrive in New Zealand and then make sure you get plenty of rest before each long drive. Ensure you allow enough time to drive safely between your destinations. If you find your attention wandering when driving, pull over to the roadside and have a rest.
Excessive speed is one of the biggest killers on our roads. If there is a line of traffic behind you, find a safe place to pull over and let them go past.
Many requirements for driving a motorhome are the same as for car drivers, such as the road and licensing rules, but there are other things you need to know, such as where to dispose of your waste at dump stations.
Alcohol and drugs, including some drugs given to you by a doctor, can seriously affect your driving. They can slow your reaction times and affect your senses. You risk causing death and serious injury to yourself and other people if you drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs.


Encaustic painting is an ancient and highly permanent technique in which the vehicle or binder is beeswax. Unlike linseed oil or synthetic resin (e.g. acrylic) binders which dry to harden, the beeswax is heated until molten, mixed with dry pigments to make paint, and, when applied to the painting, cools and hardens instantly. When the painting is completed, the entire surface is reheated to fuse the layers and bond them to the support. This is called burning-in, which is the literal meaning of encaustic.
Although the surface is not as tough as an oil film, encaustic paintings do not darken or yellow with age. Portraits made in the Fayoum district of Egypt as early as the 1st century A.D. are as fresh as if they were painted yesterday. The most famous contemporary painter to revive the use of this technique is Jasper Johns. Some painters combine wax with linseed oil binders; this is known as cold wax encaustic. Encaustics should not be exposed to extremes of temperature; cold may make the surface brittle and extreme heat may cause the paint to soften or even melt. Yet encaustics are free from problems of moisture and atmospheric impurities that can damage oil and tempera paintings. When properly cared for encaustic paintings will remain unchanged for centuries. Sometimes when encaustic paintings are exposed to cold temperatures, a whitish "bloom" may appear on certain portions of the surface, caused by small amounts of moisture or impurities in the wax. This will disappear when the painting is "reheated" and can also be removed by a light touch from a warm finger.
In 2005 and 2006, I made a series of encaustic paintings that are linear abstractions of trees seen close-up. They are entitled Tree Glyphs because the lines are grooves in layered surfaces, "carved" by heat, and because the imagery is a distilled essence, like a pictograph.
I made digital photographs trees and then translated a selected image from my laptop computer into a line image and transfered it to a panel using transfer paper and drawing on Japanese paper. Then I made a representational oil or pastel painting and covered it with two separate differently colored layers of hot-wax encaustic.
The original drawing was placed on the painting in the same orientation and the lines were traced with the heated tip of a soldering gun or wood-burning tool. The underlayer of encaustic rose to the surface making graphic-looking lines in paint and the encaustic also transfered to the paper.


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Michigan Officials Debunk Trump Dead Voter Claim
November 12, 2020by Beth LeBlanc, The Detroit News
DETROIT — President Donald Trump's campaign filed a second lawsuit in Michigan on Tuesday seeking to stop the state's canvassing and certification of ballots, but the state's chief elections official and attorney general defended the election results.
The Trump campaign filed the case in federal court, where the campaign is alleging "irregularities" in the Detroit absentee ballot counting process and concerns over a software glitch in Antrim County in northern Michigan.
Unlike the campaign's filing in the state Court of Claims last week, Tuesday's filing includes more than 230 pages of affidavits, some handwritten, attesting to the irregularities, said Mark "Thor" Hearne, a St. Louis lawyer for the campaign.
The campaign announced the suit Tuesday evening, roughly five hours before actually filing the case in U.S. District Court Western District of Michigan.
The campaign was denied emergency relief in Michigan Court of Claims Judge Cynthia Stephen's courtroom Thursday in a separate case and was told Monday that its appeal in the state Court of Appeals was missing several attachments. Hearne said he was working to obtain some of those filings, such as transcripts, from the Court of Claims and planned to continue to pursue the state case.
Tuesday's federal lawsuit, filed on behalf of seven Republican poll challengers in Michigan, alleges equal protection violations of the challengers as well as violations of federal and state laws guaranteeing the "purity of the election."
Many of the claims in Tuesday's suit were similar to those alleged in other lawsuits in the last week, including ballot entry irregularities, barriers preventing Republican poll challengers from observing at the TCF Center in Detroit and issues with the Dominion Voting Systems in Antrim County.
"This case simply repeats the baseless claims that have been made in four separate lawsuits and that already have been refuted by each court that has ruled so far," said David Fink, a lawyer for the city of Detroit. "Those judges are in agreement that these claims lack any credible evidence to support them. This latest suit is no different."
Democratic Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel noted the lawsuit's focus on Detroit — despite Trump's additional losses in outlying, white communities — doubles down on what she said was the Trump campaign's narrative that "Black people are corrupt, Black people are incompetent and Black people can't be trusted."
"If I ever walked into court with claims that were this baseless and this frivolous, I would be sanctioned and I would likely be looking at a loss of licensure," Nessel said Wednesday. "That's how baseless these claims really are."
Detroit has had a pattern of voting troubles over at least 15 years — including in the August primary — that have included judicial intervention and recounts of ballots by state election officials. From outdated voter rolls to special deliveries of absentee ballots to obsolete equipment to mismatched poll book numbers, Detroit's voting irregularities haven't resulted in widespread voter fraud but have raised questions about the counting of ballots.
When asked whether the Trump campaign believed its lawsuit would overcome the 146,000-vote margin in Michigan between Trump and Democratic President-elect Joe Biden, Trump campaign communication director Tim Murtaugh said the campaign does not file a lawsuit if it doesn't believe it has merit.
"Every filing and every action that we are taking are getting us closer to the goal of seeing the president reelected," Murtaugh said. "We do not think we are going to eat the apple in one bite, but a large part of these lawsuits is to gather further information."
For example, he said, with Tuesday's lawsuit the campaign hopes to research the software issue in Antrim County at greater length to determine if it affected other counties using the same software.
Antrim County pulled its unofficial results off its website last week after officials found a discrepancy that showed Biden leading in the GOP-leaning county. Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson's office has said it was an error by the Antrim County clerk, who failed to update the software used to collect data from voting machines.
The issue was corrected and likely would have been discovered in the canvassing process if media and other GOP officials hadn't drawn the county's attention to it first, officials said.
Republicans raised concerns about the glitch, noting that 47 other counties have the same software. Republican Kent County Clerk Lisa Posthumus Lyons noted last week the Michigan Republican Party also has used the software in the past for its nomination process.
Michigan Secretary of State Jocelyn Benson said Wednesday she's "confident" that election result reporting problems in Antrim County were "limited to human error" and didn't occur in any other counties. Election officials at the county and state level are canvassing the results, which involves double-checking the processes that were used on Election Day.
In August, the Wayne County canvass revealed that nearly three-quarters of absentee precincts in Detroit would have been eliminated from any potential recount because vote totals were at least one off from the poll books without explanation. The complaints by the Wayne County Board of Canvassers prompted the state to send Detroit help for the Nov. 3 election.
Benson said Wednesday that due to the changes, "this was a much efficient, secure, by-the-book election in Detroit than we've perhaps seen in recent years."
The lawsuit also alleges poll challengers were forced to stay 6 feet away from poll workers, making it difficult to observe in a meaningful way, and kept away from the ballot duplication process at the TCF Center.
One of the affidavits came from Mary Shinkle, the wife of Norm Shinkle, a Republican member of the Michigan Board of State Canvassers responsible for the final certification of results in Michigan.
Elections officials have argued that at least 134 Republican poll challengers observed the absentee ballot counting process at the TCF Center before a surge of other challengers demanded entrance that was barred because of COVID-19 capacity restrictions.
Among the affidavits included in Tuesday's lawsuit were several alleging ineligible ballots, "backdated" ballots, ballots that were run through tabulators multiple times, ballots for whom the individual was recorded with a birthdate of Jan. 1, 1900, if they weren't found in the poll book and ballots recorded without any signature or postmark.
The lawsuit also alleges workers "corrected" overvotes and undervotes on some ballots.
Another affidavit came from a woman who claimed her deceased son, who would have been 42 this year, was recorded as voting in the Nov. 3 election but did not say where the ballot was cast.
The deceased individual alleged to have voted — Mark D. Chase, who was born in 1978 — had his record canceled in 2016 in the state's qualified voter file and has not had voting history since 2014, Benson spokeswoman Tracy Wimmer said.
Two other Mark D. Chases in Michigan are in the qualified voter file, one who does have an active voting record and another who does not, Wimmer said. Those individuals were born in 1964 and 1952.
Responding to some claims of ballot backdating last week, city officials have explained that the receipt date of some absentee ballots was entered into the qualified voter file at the absentee counting board because some Detroit satellite clerks' office stamped the date on the absentee envelope but forgot to enter the information into the electronic voter file. None of the ballots entered into the system was received after Election Day, officials said.
In a Tuesday statement, Benson's office said ballots of voters who have died between casting an absentee ballot and Election Day are rejected. The state department sampled some of the lists circulating claiming dead people had voted in Michigan and found they contain too little information to even compare with the state's qualified voter file.
"We are not aware of a single confirmed case showing that a ballot was actually cast on behalf of a deceased individual," the statement said.
The lawsuit was filed against Benson and the Wayne County Board of Canvassers. Benson's office and Antrim County are located in the Western District of Michigan, while Wayne County is located in the Eastern District of Michigan.
All five judges in the Western District of Michigan were appointed by Republican presidents. The vast majority of the judges in the Eastern District of Michigan were appointed by Democratic presidents. The judge in a federal lawsuit is selected by random draw.
___Detroit News staff writer Riley Beggin contributed to this story.
(c) 2020 The Detroit News
Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC
A model of the U.S. Supreme Court chamber. (Photo by Dan McCue)
Supreme Court Holds Trial Court Erred in Child Killing Case
Gang Chen in 2013 when he was named head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at MIT. (Massachusetts Institute of Technology photo by David Sella)
Case Dismissed Against Professor Charged With Spying for China
The U.S. Treasury Department. (Photo by Dan McCue)
Treasury Department Sanctions Russian-Backed Actors for Activities in Ukraine
A hiring sign is placed at a booth for prospective employers during a job fair Wednesday, Sept. 22, 2021, in the West Hollywood section of Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Marcio Jose Sanchez)
Survey Reveals New Findings About Drug Affordability
CBO Releases Report on Nationwide Spending on Prescription Drugs
Rep. Terri Sewell, D-Ala., wears a pin honoring John Lewis while standing alongside other members of the Congressional Black Caucus speaking in front of the Senate chambers about their support of voting rights legislation at the Capitol in Washington, Wednesday, Jan. 19, 2022. (AP Photo/Amanda Andrade-Rhoades)
Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., speaks to the media after Senate Democrats met privately with President Joe Biden, Jan. 13, 2022, on Capitol Hill in Washington. (AP Photo/Jose Luis Magana, File)
'Eye of Nation Watching' as Voting Rights Bill Appears Headed for Defeat
Sinema, Manchin Slammed as Senate Begins Voting Bill Debate
In The States
California Oil Spill Renews Calls to Ban Offshore Drilling
by California Oil Spill Renews Calls to Ban Offshore Drilling
SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) — California has been a leader in restricting offshore oil drilling since the infamous 1969 Santa Barbara... Read More
SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) — California has been a leader in restricting offshore oil drilling since the infamous 1969 Santa Barbara spill that sparked the modern environmental movement, and the latest spill off Huntington Beach is prompting fresh calls for an end to such drilling. That's easier... Read More
State and Local Governments Will Drive Broadband Deployment Success
by Victoria Turner
States will be at the helm of the $42.5 billion in block grants designated in the historic $65 billion proposed... Read More
States will be at the helm of the $42.5 billion in block grants designated in the historic $65 billion proposed for nationwide high-speed broadband within President Biden's infrastructure bill. The broadband-related funding of the bill itself shows the federal government recognizes broadband as essential as a... Read More
New Caucus Aims to Bring Main Street Priorities to Capitol Hill
by TWN Staff
Eighteen members of Congress on Wednesday announced the formation of a new Congressional Caucus whose intent is to ensure that... Read More
Eighteen members of Congress on Wednesday announced the formation of a new Congressional Caucus whose intent is to ensure that the priorities and concerns of cities and counties across America are heard on Capitol Hill. The bipartisan Congressional Caucus of Former Local Elected Officials was formed... Read More
35 States at Extreme Risk of Partisan Gerrymandering
Thirty-five states are at extreme or high risk of partisan gerrymandering, according to an in-depth report by the nonpartisan RepresentUs... Read More
Thirty-five states are at extreme or high risk of partisan gerrymandering, according to an in-depth report by the nonpartisan RepresentUs organization. The Gerrymandering Threat Index rates all 50 states, and its authors argue their findings underscore the urgent need to pass the redistricting reforms within the... Read More
Plan Afoot to Extend PPP Deadline to May 31
by Plan Afoot to Extend PPP Deadline to May 31
WASHINGTON - A bipartisan bill to extend the Paycheck Protection Program to May 31 is gaining support in the House... Read More
WASHINGTON - A bipartisan bill to extend the Paycheck Protection Program to May 31 is gaining support in the House and the Senate and will likely be voted on before lawmakers head back to their districts at the end of the month. The proposal to extend... Read More
Cherry Blossom Peak Bloom Date Announced
WASHINGTON - It's hard to believe it's almost that time of year again, but on Monday came word that the... Read More
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The first in a series of exhaustively comprehensive woodworking and metalworking sound effects libraries. All of the machining includes the full startup and slow down cycles, simultaneously recorded in closeup and distant perspectives.
Excalibur 60" side slide table. Three different blades: the iconic two-toned whine of a combination blade, the energetic whirr of a fine-toothed plywood/laminate blade, and the softer growl of a dado kit. Hardwood, plywood, softwood, crosscuts and rip cuts, switch hits, fence, gauge and blade adjustments; its all covered.


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Q: How do you efficiently decrypt information with no noticeable lag time? My computer has a program called Bit Locker which encrypts the entire hard drive.  The hard drive is about 500 gigabytes.  However I don't notice any real lag time at all between this computer and another (unencrypted) one when performing the same read action (say, for example, loading a large file).
I'm curious how this is possible.  If everything on the disk is heavily encrypted, shouldn't it take a noticeable process time to decrypt everything before you can read or view it?  Obviously everything on the disk isn't automatically decrypted at boot time, because decrypting 500 gigabytes of data every time would cause a ridiculous wait time at start up.  I suppose there could be a local, decrypted cache somewhere, but wouldn't that defeat the purpose of the encryption to begin with?
Note: I'm not asking how this specific program accomplishes it; that's just an example.  Rather, I'm curious as to how an encrypted disk can still read and write efficiently without much -- or any -- human-noticeable lag time, because apparently it is possible.
Thank you!
CLARIFICATION: I know that individual blocks of data can be encrypted/decrypted separately from one another.  However, it seems that if every time you perform a read (by opening a PDF or a Word file or whatever) that you also have to run the decryption algorithm on the data being read then this would produce a noticeable lag time (e.g., a much "slower" computer).  This doesn't seem to be the case, though.  Why and how?

A: When you read a block from disk, the CPU spends a lot of time doing absolutely nothing, waiting for the I/O to complete.
Assuming that the CPU isn't busy with other things, you can fit quite a lot of processing of the previous block into the time spent waiting for the next block. The overall time to read a reasonable amount of data is barely affected by the decryption, provided that the decryption is fast enough. "Fast enough" depends on CPU speed relative to I/O speed, and how many idle cores the CPU has during the read.
I guess BitLocker's decryption is fast enough - in the case of opening a PDF there's a second possibility, that the cost of decryption might be trivial compared with the cost of rendering the page. So even if the overall time to read the file is increased, you wouldn't necessarily notice.

A: Instead of encrypting the entire drive as a single stream, one can encrypt individual blocks of data. This works because the encryption does not change the size of the data, but rather only its content. These blocks can then be read separately and then decrypted on the fly.

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Dendritic Arbor- Romantic Love
By Chris Dahlberg
Published on Thursday, May 21, 2015
Grimoire Records has primarily been focused on releasing noteworthy metal from Maryland and Virginia areas, but occasionally has ventured a little further north to find some killer bands. Last year they introduced me to Pittsburgh's Wrought Iron, whose debut full length left a strong impression. Now the label has put out another album from a Pittsburgh group in the form of Dendritic Arbor's Romantic Love, and it may just be one of the most off the wall and terrifying releases they've put out yet. It's sure to take a few times through to make sense of the band's spastic, unpredictable attack but those with a taste for the grimier underbelly of the metal world will want to take note.
There are elements of black metal, grind, and noise/dark ambient present on Romantic Love but Dendritic Arbor never really falls squarely into either category. If anything, black metal is where they end up closest to in tonality and those with an interest in the genre are likely to find the abrasive, almost suffocating layers of sound to be quite appealing. But this is hardly your average USBM act attempting to capture the older Norwegian sound or the sprawling Cascadian sound, instead opting for constantly changing razor sharp riffs that feel like they're going to rip out of your speakers and stab you in the throat. This is where the grind element comes in, as like some of the better bands in that genre there's a lot of sudden shifts in tempo and all-out blasts that hit without warning. Dendritic Arbor is unrelenting in their intensity, and never let the listener get a handle on a particular riff for too long before they switch things up and put things off balance again. In between all of this madness there are some noise/dark ambient interludes contributed by Topon Das of Fuck the Facts, and they've been integrated perfectly in with the rest of the music. While they're far more minimalistic than the rest of Romantic Love, Das' contributions maintain the same amount of dread and grime that the rest of the album has to offer.
Though the instrumentals may go a long way in creating that unsettling, abrasive feeling, the vocals are what put this album completely over the top. Three of the four band members contribute vocals at various points throughout the recording, and the screaming styles are about as harsh as you can get. Quite frequently they start off as an ear piercing scream that goes into a full on wail, and the intensity level is completely off the charts. At times some of the performance reminds me of Gnaw Their Tongues, as Dendritic Arbor's members are just as capable at sending chills down your spine with their abrasive screams and howls. It's worth mentioning that the vocals maintain the same unpredictability as the instrumentals, which is important because if they used the same exact style for the entire album it would lose some of its edge and not be quite as unsettling.
Romantic Love incorporates elements of black metal and grind together in a way that never falls completely into either genre, and its ability to constantly shift gears and keep the listener on edge helps it to stand out quite a bit. It's a lot to take in all at once, and for quite a few people I think it's going to take a few times through to start to get a handle on what exactly Dendritic Arbor has put together. But that is what makes it so appealing to me, as there are dense layers of grime and razor sharp edges to explore with each listen. Grimoire's secured another standout band, and considering this is only the group's first full length record it seems likely they'll only continue to push boundaries in the future.
http://www.grimoirerecords.com/
Romantic Love by Dendritic Arbor
Dendritic Arbor- Sentient Village / Obsolescent Garden
Wrought Iron- Rejoice and Transcend
Tetragrammacide- Typhonian Wormholes: Indecipherable Anti-Structural Formulæ
Downfall of Gaia/set and setting/Sannhet/Barbelith at Metro Gallery
Snakefeast- The Pythoness
Tags: black metal, dendritic arbor, grimoire records, grindcore, noise, pittsburgh
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Copyright © 2005-2021 Cosmos Gaming


/ Modified sep 18, 2018 2:26 p.m.
The high-resolution scans are being used to help doctors treat patients with cerebral palsy.
A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine.
University of Arizona biomedical researchers are working on ways to make a dynamic diagnostic tool even better.
Scientists began using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, on live patients 40 years ago. Now, University of Arizona professor Ted Trouard and his students are investigating how the once-groundbreaking technology can help today's medical scientists answer important questions.
MRI scans reveal high-resolution images of the brain and other internal tissues. It's commonly used to track cancer and Alzheimer's, but Trouard and his team are looking at ways MRI images can help doctors treat young patients with cerebral palsy.
"Pediatricians are coming up with fascinating new types of therapies that are given early when children are very young," said Trouard.
Trouard's group includes physicists, electrical engineers and biomedical students. MRI scans use magnetic fields to see inside the body. Trouard says the non-invasive nature of MRI continues to make it a vital tool for medical research and therapy.


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App Description: Champions aren't born. They're made.


text:
Das Urteil – Jeder ist käuflich (Originaltitel: Runaway Jury) ist ein US-amerikanischer Thriller aus dem Jahr 2003. Der Film basiert auf dem Roman Das Urteil von John Grisham.

Handlung
In einem Bürogebäude werden elf Menschen von einem Amokschützen erschossen; dabei benutzt der Schütze eine illegal gekaufte, halbautomatische Waffe. Nach zwei Jahren verklagt Celeste Wood, die Witwe eines der Getöteten, Vicksburg Firearms, den Hersteller der Waffe, mit Hilfe des Anwalts Wendell Rohr. Der Prozess ist für die Waffenlobby von größter Bedeutung, und so heuern die Waffenhersteller den skrupellosen Rankin Fitch als sogenannten Geschworenenberater an. Fitch soll helfen, eine für die Waffenlobby manipulierbare Jury zusammenzustellen. Zu diesem Zweck schüchtert er Geschworene ein und überwacht sie, um sie nach Bedarf subtil zu erpressen.

Mit in der Jury ist Nick Easter, der über seine Freundin Marlee beiden Prozessparteien anbietet, ihnen zum Preis von zehn Millionen Dollar das Urteil zu "verkaufen", also eine für die jeweilige Seite günstige Juryentscheidung herbeizuführen. Tatsächlich erweist sich Nick gemeinsam mit Marlee als sehr geschickter Manipulator. Es entwickelt sich dabei ein Katz-und-Maus-Spiel zwischen den Parteien.

Fitch und Rohr stehen unter großem Druck, diesen wegweisenden Prozess zu gewinnen. Rohr verliert unverhofft seinen Hauptzeugen und verdächtigt Fitch, dass er hieran einen Anteil hat. Er stellt Fitch zur Rede, doch der verspottet ihn zynisch wegen seiner Moral. Rohr kommen Zweifel, ob er wirklich gewinnen kann, und er bittet seine Firma um zehn Millionen Dollar aus der Notfallreserve. Fitch teilt Nick bei einem Treffen mit, dass er auf den Deal eingehen werde. Zeitgleich versucht auf Anweisung Fitchs sein Mitarbeiter Janovich, Marlee "als Rückversicherung" zu entführen. Diese kann sich jedoch erfolgreich zur Wehr setzen und erhöht daraufhin die Forderung an Fitch auf 15 Millionen. Rohr überdenkt seine Haltung und entscheidet sich, dieses illegale und unmoralische Angebot nicht anzunehmen. Fitch steht jedoch unter großem Druck durch seine Auftraggeber und überweist das Geld im letzten Moment, als sich die Jury schon zur Beratung zurückgezogen hat. Nick erhält eine Bestätigung der Zahlung, argumentiert aber bei den Beratungen der Jury mit großem Geschick und Engagement zugunsten der Klägerin.

Zur selben Zeit durchleuchtet Doyle, einer der Angestellten von Fitch, Nicks Vergangenheit. Er findet dessen wahren Namen – Jeff Kerr – heraus und dass dieser ein talentierter Jurastudent war und wie seine Freundin Gabby ursprünglich aus Gardner in Indiana stammt. In Gardner erfährt er, dass Gabbys Schwester bei einem Amoklauf an ihrer Schule vor vielen Jahren durch Schusswaffen ums Leben kam. Deshalb verklagte die Stadt Gardner den Pistolenhersteller, doch der Prozess ging vor allem durch die Tätigkeit von Fitch verloren, und die Stadt war danach bankrott. Doyle kommt zu dem Schluss, dass Nick und Marlee sich rächen wollen, und will Fitch warnen, doch es ist bereits zu spät.

Letztlich werden der Klägerin Celeste Wood gesonderter Schadensersatz in Höhe von einer Million Dollar und allgemeiner Schadensersatz von 110 Millionen Dollar zugesprochen.

Nach dem Prozess treffen Nick und Marlee in einer Kneipe auf Fitch. Sie zeigen ihm eine Kopie der Quittung für die 15 Millionen Dollar Bestechungsgeld und erklären Fitch, dass er sich von nun an im Ruhestand befinde: Wenn er irgendein Mandat annehme, und sei es wegen Falschparkens, würden sie ihn anzeigen. Auf die Nachfrage von Fitch, was beide jetzt mit dem Geld anfangen wollten, antworten diese, dass sie mit dem Geld die Opfer der Schießerei in der Stadt Gardner unterstützen würden.

Ausstrahlung in Deutschland
In Deutschland lief die Free-TV-Premiere am 12. November 2006 auf ProSieben. Diese verfolgten insgesamt 2,59 Millionen Zuschauer bei einem Marktanteil von 7,6 Prozent. In der werberelevanten Zielgruppe lag der Marktanteil bei 13,0 Prozent.

Trivia
 Der Film basiert auf einem Buch von John Grisham, in dem es jedoch um die Klage gegen einen Tabakhersteller geht. Um sich von der vier Jahre zuvor entstandenen Produktion Insider abzuheben, wurde die Handlung abgeändert und die Waffenindustrie als beklagte Branche inszeniert.
 John Cusack und Jeremy Piven stehen in diesem Film zum zehnten Mal gemeinsam vor der Kamera. Gene Hackman und Dustin Hoffman sind in dieser Produktion jedoch erstmals gemeinsam zu sehen, obwohl sie bereits seit 1956 Freunde sind und Klassenkameraden im Pasadena Playhouse waren – einem historischen Theater im kalifornischen Pasadena, wo sie beide als "Least Likely to Succeed" (in etwa: "wahrscheinlich erfolglos bleibend") bewertet wurden.
 Ursprünglich waren alternative Besetzungen der Rollen geplant. So sollte Edward Norton als Nick Easter, Sean Connery als Rankin Fitch und Gwyneth Paltrow als Marlee auftreten, für die ebenso Bridget Moynahan und Amanda Peet im Gespräch waren.
 Die Geschworene Lydia Deets (Corri English), die im Gothic-Stil gekleidet auftritt, stellt eine Anspielung auf Winona Ryders Charakter Lydia Deitz aus Beetlejuice dar.
 Obwohl der Film in New Orleans im US-Bundesstaat Louisiana spielt, wird der Prozess nicht nach dem in diesem Staat üblichen kontinentaleuropäischen Civil Law verhandelt, sondern nach dem angloamerikanischen Common Law, was eigentlich auf Grund der Rechtsordnung Louisianas gar nicht möglich wäre.

Kritiken

Auszeichnungen
Der Film war 2004 für einen Edgar Allan Poe Award (Best Motion Picture Screenplay), einen  Golden Trailer Award und einen Political-Film-Society-Award (Democracy) nominiert, konnte aber keine der Auszeichnungen gewinnen. Die Deutsche Film- und Medienbewertung (FBW) in Wiesbaden verlieh dem Film das Prädikat besonders wertvoll.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2003
US-amerikanischer Film
Gerichtsfilm
Filmdrama
Thriller
John-Grisham-Verfilmung

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Wally Swist's books include Huang Po and the Dimensions of Love (Southern Illinois University Press, 2012); The Daodejing: An Interpretation, with David Breeden and Steven Schroeder (Lamar University Press, 2015); and Invocation (Lamar University Press, 2015). Some of his new poems appear in Commonweal and North American Review. Garrison Keillor recently read one his poems on the daily radio program The Writer's Almanac.
since the woods have grown in where there was a back meadow.
and I understand deer come for the salt lick that has been placed there.
which is that hallowed glade.
doglegs guiding the rush of the water through its course over the land.
I know well about being drawn to the earth.
that has delighted me every morning.
moving about, as you do, so harmoniously.
verify my intuition that it is 5:00 a.m.
of himself reflected in the clear glass.
into another part of the farm yard.
was the pot washer and the kitchen's rudimentary prep person.
and the piquant richness of his excellent sauce Hollandaise.
later told Joe that since that day she always wore a slip to work.
while singing, On the wings of angels headed home.
late 19th century romantic style.
require bringing this within one's heart.
only emblematic of the paradigm of love.
that expands our hearts in forgiveness.
the one you wrote that regards Hart Crane.
sturdy with their resonant humanity.
and that white line the horizon holds, then relinquishes.
in wresting away their magnificent hands.


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Vinyl to Pre-Order: The Sparks Brothers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
9th January 2022 16th January 2022
This week's Vinyl Pick is a box set is from my favourite music documentary release of 2021: The Sparks Brothers, directed by Edgar Wright. A Waxwork Records exclusive, The Sparks Brothers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is a 4LP collection pressed onto 180 gram marble vinyl and features 42 tracks spanning the five-decade – and still going strong – music career of LA duo Sparks.
Introducing… Sparks
Photo by Michael Putland/Getty Images
Sparks consist of brothers Ron and Russell Mael. Known for their quirky music, eye-catching live performances and opposite aesthetics, when you see Ron and Russell for the first time on TV you never really forget them. My dad once told me the story of the morning after the band's Top of the Pops debut in 1974, where he discussed 'the keyboard player who looked like Hitler' with his friends at school.
Though once you do delve into their discography, the pay-off is tremendous. They have one of the most prolific discographies in pop music and the utterly inspiring ability to transform while staying true to their creative instincts over their 25-album catalogue. The story of Sparks is the story of constantly striving for commercial success and managing to stay true to oneself over the years, despite the frequent setbacks and pressures from the music industry to commercialise. Yet, as the documentary illustrates, perhaps merely the ability to do what you love for five decades and to be ever-evolving on your own terms is the true pillar of success. And with this measure in mind, Sparks have never been short of successful.
Edgar Wright & The Sparks Brothers documentary
Edgar Wright has directed some of my favourite films, including the Cornetto Trilogy films (Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz and The World's End). With every directing credit, he always ensures the film has an excellent soundtrack. That symbiotic relationship between film and music is a given with any Edgar Wright film. So when it was announced that his next project would be a music documentary about a band as entertaining yet elusive as Sparks, I knew it would be in safe hands.
And I was right. The documentary is a deep dive into every album, along with every moment of joy/tribulation that formed Sparks' five-decade career. With unparalleled access to Ron and Russell Mael for the first time, fans were able to hear their story. And not only that, but the documentary features commentary by famous creatives who are also big fans, such as Flea, Duran Duran, Alex Kapranos, Jack Antonoff, Mike Myers and Neil Gaiman. This approach makes for a truly fitting tribute to a band that has influenced many of our favourite artists today.
The Sparks Brothers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – A Waxwork Records exclusive
Courtesy of Waxwork Records
The Sparks Brothers, along with all of the great music and interviews, is also a very artistic and creative piece of work. It features newly-commissioned artwork, puppet work and animation. In a similar fashion, the Original Soundtrack is full of great artwork and exclusive content, including liner notes by Edgar Wright and Sparks, an eight page booklet and a poster, all housed in a deluxe heavyweight gatefold jacket designed by Matt Needle.
The 42 tracks cover the full scope of Sparks' career, also featuring live performances and their collaborative project with Franz Ferdinand, F.F.S. This includes Sparks classics such as 'This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us', moments of pure experimentation like 'The Number One Song in Heaven', where Sparks got to work with electronic music legend Giorgio Moroder. It also ventures into the duo's musical rough patch in the late 80's/early 90's, ending with their beautiful comeback track 'When do I Get to Sing 'My Way'?' and their formidable offerings in the mid-2010s, such as 'Johnny Delusional' and 'Edith Piaf (Said it Better than Me)'. I also found gems that I had never heard before, like 'Slowboat','When I'm With You' and 'Johnny Delusional'. Sparks were my most-played artist on Spotify in 2021 – that was a big reason why.
In summary, The Sparks Brothers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is an ideal purchase for not just any Sparks fan, but also anyone who likes quirky, multi-faceted and tongue-in-cheek music. It is an offering that is as creative and deluxe as the documentary it comes from. This takes you through the very veins and songwriting mechanics of Sparks, leaving you to love and appreciate them even more than before.
The Sparks Brothers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is available to pre-order on Waxwork Records and Zavvi.
The Sparks Brothers, directed by Edgar Wright, is available to purchase on Blu-ray and to stream on Amazon Prime Video.
To read more about some cool vinyl releases, click here.
Fancy following From Sophia with Love on Instagram and Twitter? Links are below:
Twitter: @fswl_music
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Finally, From Sophia With Love receives tons of emails and it's impossible for me to read them all. To share music with myself and lots of other curators in one easy submission, please submit your music to Musosoup via this link. This will guarantee maximum exposure for your submissions and will help to keep this blog running. Thanks!
alex kapranosamazon prime videobeat the clockbest music documentariescornetto trilogyduran duranedgar wrightedith piaf (said it better than me)f.f.sfilm soundtracksfleafocus featuresgiorgio moroderjack antonoffjohnny delusionalmark gatissmatt needlemike myersneil gaimannew vinyl releasesnumber one song in heavenorigjnal soundtrackron and russell maelslowboatsoundtrackssparksthe sparks brothersthis town ain't big enough for the both of ustop of the popsvinyl 2022 releasesvinyl coming soonvinyl to pre-orderwaxwork recordswhen do I get to sing my waywhen I'm with youzavvi
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The 100 best games ever
By GamesRadar Staff 2015-02-25T20:50:41Z
Here's what we think are the 100 games that should go down as the best in history.
80. Hearthstone
A free-to-play online collectible card game has no right to be this good. But Blizzard pulled all of its best tricks to take Hearthstone from being a fun little diversion for Warcraft fans to one of the most intuitive card games we've ever played. All you need to do is look at the cards in your hand and decide how best to spend your ramping allotment of mana each turn. Sounds simple, and it is: learning how to play is a cinch. But you'll only know true mastery hundreds of hours later.
As you practice with each class and unlock more style-defining cards, you'll find there are so many interesting ways to fill out your deck and crush your opponents. By the time you realize that you can earn booster packs just by completing daily quests - and that you can break down the cards you don't need, to synthesize them into cards you actually want - you're as good as hooked.
79. Tomb Raider
Reboots are dime-a-dozen these days, but few hit a homerun as clear and true as Crystal Dynamics' reinvigoration of a venerable action icon. Emerging from the disproportionate image that first propelled then diminished her on consoles gone by, the new Ms. Croft is younger, fiercer and more resilient than ever. Time to watch your back, Mr. Drake.
The treacherous island that surrounds Croft is everything you could hope for in a reborn Tomb Raider. A vicious tale of survival and the ignorance of youth tempered into adulthood, Lara's reimagined origins build a captivating synergy between environmental puzzles and gunfights that more than stand their ground in a post-Uncharted world. Whether you're battling wolves, bandits, or the elements themselves, this Tomb Raider sets a new standard for captivating adventures.
78. Dragon Age: Inquisition
Sometimes, games are just games. Go in, fight the things, get the best sword, beat the worst thing, save the world, roll credits. That's fine. But sometimes games are more than that: intense, 100-hour-long adventures with intricate details that threaten to immerse you so deep that you'll forget to eat.
Dragon Age has always been about lore and love stories, and Dragon Age: Inquisition perfects the art. Nuance is the key: the characters have personalities, desires, and feelings, while missions require diplomacy and careful, tactical dialogue choices rather than the all-guns-blazing approach. The landscape and story don't just unfold, they radically change based on your unflagging efforts, making it totally ok to play this for 80-something hours rather than focusing on boring things like socializing or personal hygiene.
77. Super Monkey Ball
What's a game about spherical simians doing on this list? Surely there are better options than one which involves rolling around collecting fruit on floating, tilting platforms in a barely-explained premise? Oh, dear friend. You clearly haven't played Super Monkey Ball, the best monkey/ball/banana game on the market, and your life is all the poorer for it.
As a puzzle game, there's plenty to love, hate, or be driven mad by - particularly the low-friction banana frenzy, with levels that twist, turn, and ripple beneath you, threatening to cast you off into the abyss below. Its mini-games, particularly the still-perfect Monkey Target, are the precursor to the kind of colorful point-grabbing you'll find in any number of modern party games. Ergo, Super Monkey Ball is the precursor to all games ever, and that's why it's the best and there's nothing more to say on the matter.
76. Dead Space
Built atop Resident Evil 4's solid foundation, Dead Space takes a fresh approach to the survival horror genre. With more than a little inspiration from Ridley Scott's Alien - not to mention a dash of John Carpenter's The Thing - the developers at Visceral were out to make the game as terrifying as possible, trapping players in quiet corridors with some of the most horrific enemies in gaming. Dead Space's vision of the future is lonely, dark, and bloody.
The original Dead Space lacks the larger conspiracies and action set-pieces that bogged down later entries. Instead we follow one desperate man's lonely, terrified search for his girlfriend on a space station that long ago gave way to madness. The game's HUD-less display and sparing use of sound gives a naturalism to the sci-fi, all of which heightens the terror. And even when the scares might be too much for you, there's always something oddly addictive to shooting off enemy limbs. It's like popping bubblewrap - so satisfying.
75. Civilization 5
Sid Meier's Civilization 5 remains one of the best entry points into the series, as well as a great game in its own right. It skillfully blends the depth and complexity of previous Civ games with the accessibility of Civilization Revolution to create a unified whole that'll get you hooked in under an hour, and keep you playing for a hundred more.
Designing your strategy (maybe absolute conquest with Russia, or a cultural victory with the French) and then adapting that game plan based on the changing geopolitical landscape, is a fun and engrossing challenge every time you play. But Civ 5's greatest strength is its bottomless well of fan-made content. From Game of Thrones to My Little Pony, if there's a feature you hope to see in the game, chances are someone has made it a reality.
74. EarthBound
EarthBound treads where few RPGs dare: modern-day suburbia. Instead of quaffing health potions that you picked up from the local general store, order a pizza and take it to-go. Or better yet, scarf down a cheeseburger you found in a trash can - no one's judging. Beat up on Unassuming Local Guys and New Age Retro Hippies instead of garden-variety goblins and dragons. Hitch a ride to the next town with a band that looks an awful lot like The Blues Brothers. Most games would be lucky to have one or two memorable moments like this. EarthBound has them in spades.
It's a pastiche of American pop culture wrapped up in the wackiest Japanese role-playing game ever made. It's heartwarming yet haunting; playful yet sincere. But most of all, EarthBound proves that the adventure of a lifetime can start right in your own backyard. And there's nothing else like it.
73. Ikaruga
Treasure has crafted so many wonderfully obscure shoot-'em-ups that it seems almost gauche to nominate one of their best-known and most accessible works for this list. But Ikaruga's genius lies in the way it serves as a gateway drug of sorts, teaching shoot-'em-up dabblers how to swoop and swoosh across the screen like a score-chasing fiend.
Almost more puzzler than shooter, Ikaruga is built around a 'black and white polarity' conceit: basically, enemies fire a barrage of monochrome light at your ship, and you can in turn flip polarities at the press of a button to guzzle up like-colored beams for energy. Thus, the screen's entire geometry changes in an instant, leading to countless death-defying, heart-stopping runs through waves of lethal plasma.
72. Fable 2
Fable 2 provides a more literal take on role-playing, letting you shape a hero through behavioral gestures that see you turn from twinkle-in-the-eye Prince Charming to pants-shitting jester with the press of a button. This latter accident - the result of a farting mini-game gone wrong - is funnier than it should be, especially when deployed before a crowd of yokels who've gathered to admire your fine dancing. You'd never see that in a Zelda game.
By putting its focus on silly moment-to-moment decisions in a world where even meat-eating can contribute to your unethical standing, Fable 2 allows your hero to gradually form over a virtual life, rather than defining them at a handful of colossal moral crossroads. Not that the game doesn't do those, too. In fact, such is the general silliness of life in Albion that when those tough calls do arrive, they hit all the harder for it.
71. Sonic the Hedgehog 2
One of the smoothest, slickest platformers ever made, this sequel fixes the few shortcomings of its predecessor. The two-act-per-level structure means the pacing is wonderful - and a perfect fit for the fastest thing alive. The opening sequence of Emerald Hill, Chemical Plant Zone and Aquatic Ruin is magnificent, packing three servings of gorgeous scrolling backgrounds, speed, hardcore platforming, and bosses into some 15 minutes of gaming.
The music is among the finest on any 16-bit machine, despite Mega Drive/Genesis' arguably inferior sound capabilities. And with timeless iconography, an ultra-dramatic final level, and countless opportunities for fun (pinball flippers, launch ramps, slot machines, secret paths, 3D special stages, etc.), this is as close to universal gaming fun as you can get.


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Q: Fixture Creating Going from the last post on Forming a tournament table with LINQ (Fixture List)
When adding a List of numbers e.g.
var fixture = ListMatches(new List<string> { "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "16" });

When I run the code, number 1 is always 2nd. e.g.
Round 1
9 v 1

Round 2
10 v 1

Round 3
11 v 1

I'm struggling to figure out how I would be able to amend the code so that each "Round" the numbers will alternate from "Home" and "Away". So if 1 was 2nd, on the next round it would be 1st. If 16 was 1st in Round 1, it would be 2nd, away, in Round 2.
Round 1
9 v 1

Round 2
1 v 10

Round 3
11 v 1

A: It might be a stupid suggestion, but you could switch the order of games played on even-numbered rounds.
List<List<Tuple<string, string>>> fixture =
  ListMatches(new List<string> { "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10", "11", "12", "13", "14", "15", "16" });

bool switchOrder = false;
foreach (round in fixture)
{
  if (switchOrder)
  {
     foreach (var tuple in round)
     {
         string temp = tuple.Item1;
         tuple.Item1 = tuple.Item2;
         tuple.Item2 = temp;
     }
  }
  switchOrder = !switchOrder
}


text:
waitchild fun
HomeUncategorizedSuch profiling of SSTR subtypes may provide useful informat
Such profiling of SSTR subtypes may provide useful informat
By admin April 19, 2019 Uncategorized 0 Comments
Evidence is presented to support the thesis that these basophilic cells are derived from epidermal interstitial cells. Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BTX-A) amiodarone 200 mg preparations are well established for cosmetic use. Pharmacologic, clinico-pharmacologic and clinical effects of Libexin. In the remaining six patients, the surgeon was unable to locate the nodule without the use of sonography.
Bivariate and logistic regression amiodarone statistical analysis of complications and risk factors was conducted for single step interventions. The wild-type sequence GGGAAAAGAAAAAA showed the highest affinity toward p70, while the mutant sequence GAAAAtGAcAct exhibited a lack of affinity for the protein. These results support further pursuit of this potential assessment tool. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been associated with high levels of prolactin in the circulation of some patients. Anesthetic and paraoperative management of sheep for total heart replacement. A calcium-activated cation current by an alternatively spliced form of Trp3 in the heart.
Recent findings assessing the utility of neuroimaging and biofluid biomarkers are reviewed that help identify patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum abnormality. Intravascular cancer cell adhesion plays a significant role in the metastatic process. L-carnitine supplementation was associated with protein-sparing effects in maintenance haemodialysis patients during hyperinsulinemia. The nursery role in the process of diagnosis, therapy and outcome assessment of the miction disorders in the pediatric age Pyogenic spondylitis and discitis accompanying the prevertebral abscesses were multiple and widespread. Despite trial registration being an accepted best practice, RCTs published in anesthesiology journals have a high rate of inadequate finasteride medication registration.
The accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine in 1986 led to a substantial increase of thyroid cancer among those exposed as children. Application of molecular biology and insights from classic microbiology to TB control have resulted in important innovations in diagnosis and treatment. Overexpression of CASC8 remarkably suppressed the bladder cancer cell proliferation. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) and toll-like receptors cialis generic (TLRs) are involved in innate immune responses.
Further incubation generic cialis studies with recombinant human CES1 and carboxylesterase 2 confirmed that sacubitril is a selective CES1 substrate. A selected panel of experts was asked by electronic mail to rate their level of agreement with each statement. Crystallization of FcpA from Leptospira, a novel flagellar protein that is essential for pathogenesis. The Normal theory, a nonparametric confidence interval approach without adjustment for periods, and a nonparametric bootstrap method were also compared. Open-label phase I clinical trial of Ad5-EBOV in Africans in China. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Follow-up: Role of Remote Monitoring.
The methods for identifying the relationship of peristalsis with the pacemaker and respiratory rate is outlined. Furthermore, AKBR may be of value in determining the fluconazole timing for performing an elective TIPS. This combination of anoxia and clay deposition coupled with a cessation of productivity led to the extinction of specialized groups such as the chalk brachiopods. Medical, social and geographic details were included in the molecular epidemiology database.
Findings are deteriorated operative response system parameters in automobile transport drivers having diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension. Laparoscopic para-aortic lymph node dissection for patients with primary colorectal cancer and clinically suspected para-aortic lymph nodes. The use of electronic health records (EHR) is an essential part of modern health finasteride 5mg care, and electronic data capture (EDC) has become essential for managing clinical trials. EMSA using an ICSBP oligonucleotide probe showed that IFN-gamma treatment increased the formation of DNA-binding complex, which was supershifted with anti-IFN regulatory factor-1 Ab and anti-ICSBP Ab.
Temporal behavior of light emission of dielectric barrier discharges in air ciprofloxacin 500mg at atmospheric pressure Some of these patients are presently treated in the center for adults. A hemolytic episode occurred, caused by anti-A antibodies derived from graft lymphocytes. Epithelialization of the mastoid bowl after CWD tympanoplasty was faster in the postoperative short term when it was dressed with PGA sheet using fibrin glue compared with Kichin sheet.
Effectiveness of olanzapine for systemic lupus erythematosus-related psychosis. The heterogeneity in recommendations suggests that the professional source of information influences the types of support families are directed toward. A method for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis using acridine orange. We searched grey literature: theses/dissertation repositories, trials registers and Google Scholar (searched July 2010). The BTB film has a high refractive index (1.69) and a smooth surface and is transparent to a 633-nm laser beam in air. We enrolled all pediatric patients with tunneled-cuffed central venous catheters ciprofloxacin (CVCs) inserted at the Giannina Gaslini Institute during a 16-month period.
Immunosuppression induced by commonly used chemicals (corticosteroids and alkylating agents) and ionizing radiation is examined briefly. Nepalese and ex-patriot health care professionals staff the hospital. Laboratory data indicate that nucleation diflucan and persistence of metastable HNO(3).2H(2)O may be favored in polar stratospheric clouds over the slightly more stable HNO(3).3H(2)O. A significant correlation was found in univariate analysis between the decrease of hs-CRP and the reduction of IMT.
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Although thyroid dysfunction in neonates associated with mate
Interpersonal control and cardiovascular reactivity: goals, beha
Examples of chromatographs from uri
Effect of several analogs of 2,4,6-triphenyldioxane-1,3
Morbidity of malignant tumours with ocular location in the Bu
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text:
1954 Rugby League World Cup Vintage Olive T-Shirt
The 1954 Rugby League T-Shirt World Cup was led by the French RL President Paul Barrière. Barrière proposed a tournament held in France in 1953. And invitations were sent to Australia, Great Britain, New Zealand and the United States. It followed the sensational 1951 France tour of Australia. It followed when they defeated the Kangaroos in a memorable test series led by the legendary Puig Aubert. The initiative was supported by Bill Fallowfield from Britain, but the Australians were less enthusiastic. Eventually, after a guaranteeing cost of £25,000, the Kangaroos agreed. The tournament was delayed until 1954 and the USA's invitation was withdrawn.
1954 Rugby League World Cup Vintage Olive T-Shirt quantity
SKU: ER-TS-1882-GN- Categories: International Rugby League, New, RLWC Vintage Rugby League World Cup Clothing, Rugby League Challenge Cup, Rugby League Football, Rugby League T-Shirts, Rugby T-Shirts Tags: Ellis Rugby, RLWC, Rugby League, T-Shirt, Vintage
An Introduction to 1954 Rugby League T-Shirt World Cup
Great Britain had toured Australia in the summer of 1954. The tour lasted from mid-May through to the end of August. And it included a gruelling schedule, often paying three matches in the space of seven days. Many of the recognised Great Britain Rugby League internationals declared themselves unavailable for the Rugby League World Cup tournament. Only three of the 1954 tourists accepted the invitation. These were Captain Huddersfield's Dave Valentine, Barrow's Phil Jackson and Warrington's Gerry Helme. Budgets were tight. The team could not afford to pay Coach Joe Egan. So the squad was fully led by Scotsman Valentine.
Dave Valentine leads Great Britain to victory
Besides, the story of Great Britain's triumph in the very first Rugby League World Cup is a true sporting legend. Inspired by their Skipper Dave Valentine, the British team defied all the pre-tournament predictions. Described by critics in the press as 'no-hopers', they crossed the Channel and returned as conquering heroes.
France entertained New Zealand in the inaugural game at the Parc des Princes in Paris. Further, 13,240 spectators were treated to an exceptional game of Rugby League with France winning by 22 points to 13.
Moreover, Jean Audoubert, Raymond Contrastin, Joseph Creeps and Guy Delaye crossed for France. He crossed with Puig Aubert adding four goals and a drop goal. In response, the Kiwis managed three tries through Cyril Eastlake, Jimmy Edwards and Ron McKay with two goals from John Bond. The French were worthy winners. More importantly, the French public had seen a very competitive game featuring some sparkling tries.
The focus was now on Great Britain and Australia. The Aussies were firm favourites having wrestled the Ashes back from the British earlier in 1954. Staged at the Stade de Gerland in Lyon, the match drew a crowd of 10,250. The crowd had no disappointment by a rousing game. Britain's 28 points to 13 victory greeted with great enthusiasm. The new look team, superbly led by Valentine against all the odds had defeated the firm favourites.
Rugby League Cares
With every sale, Rugby League Cares receives donations as a charity that helps players transition out of the sport. And supports players' past and present who are enduring poor health or hardship.
Manufactured from 100% cotton, the Ellis Rugby 1954 Rugby League World Cup T-Shirt Olive features a classic print. And celebrates the history of the inaugural tournament held in France. Also, this garment includes a decorative woven label.
This T-Shirt is available in sizes S – 5XL.
As well as the 1954 Rugby League World Cup T-Shirt Olive, we also offer this style in Navy and our 1972 Rugby League T-Shirts in Navy or White.
Please Note: DELIVERY WILL BE 23rd SEPTEMBER 2020.
1895 Rugby League T-Shirt Vintage Red
1972 Rugby League World Cup Vintage White T-Shirt
1972 Rugby League T-Shirt World Cup Vintage Navy
Rugby League 1895 T-Shirt Vintage Grey
World Rugby League T-Shirt Vintage Red
1954 Rugby League World Cup Vintage Navy T-Shirt
Vintage Australia Rugby T-Shirt Retro Style
Vintage France Rugby T-Shirt Retro Rugby Union
Vintage Wales Rugby T-Shirt Retro Style
Vintage England Rugby T-Shirt Heritage Style


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Listing courtesy of TRIAD / TMR Realty, Inc.
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Listing Courtesy of: TRIAD and TMR Realty, Inc..


Dan Ariely shares with his readers the results of dozens of experiments where he tested people's decision making ability. Not only are people much less logical than they think they are, but they are predictably and repeatedly irrational! He finds out that we are easily swayed by emotions, social norms and even words we read!
This fun light hearted introduction to behavioral economics is a fun read and a fantastic complement to The Logic of Life, Freakonomics and The Undercover Economist.


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