We desire to correct an error into which some of our readers have fallen, relative to this work, which we hope soon to put in press, and a notice of which appeared in our last issue. We wish you to understand that this work is not a revision of the book called "DAY DAWN, OR THE GOSPEL IN TYPE AND PROPHECY." It will be a totally different book, except that some of the same subjects will be treated, among others. We would have the new work and all our publications judged on their own merits, as in or out of harmony with the Word of God; therefore would not wish to have them confounded with others.
Our object in calling our forthcoming publication, "MILLENNIAL DAY DAWN," is this: The pamphlet "Food for Thinking Christians," published in England and in this country, and circulated to an enormous extent, contains a reference to a book called "Day Dawn." The work we desired to commend to them by that notice was the old "Day Dawn," the edition of which is now almost exhausted. And we now desire that notice to apply to the "MILLENNIAL DAY DAWN." To secure to the readers of "Food" and others, a work in harmony with the teachings of that pamphlet, is the object in publishing our new work; and to associate the advertisement and the book we desire the readers to have, is our object in including in its name the old name.
There is a book published called "DAY DAWNING," and we learn of one soon to be published entitled "DAY DAWN OR GOSPEL IN TYPE AND PROPHECY"—"REVISED EDITION," advanced sheets of which, we have received. Neither of these works are in harmony with the book "Day Dawn," advertised in "Food," nor with any publications issued from this office. We make this statement in order that none shall confound MILLENNIAL DAY DAWN" with any other.
We still have a number of copies of old "DAY DAWN," cloth bound, at the reduced price of 50 cents each.
We have written, suggesting to the Christian brother who is about to call his new work, "Day Dawn," etc., that some change should be made in its title, as it is liable to be confounded with the original work of that name. Since the two works will be fundamentally different, each should stand on its own merit.
We question both the justice and propriety of calling any new work by precisely the same name as an old one from which it so widely differs—the reputation of which name has been built up by those who agreed with the principles of the original.


Our vending cups are standardised and can therefore be used with many common beverage vending machines. Of course, with our vending cups, you'll receive an environmentally friendly product, free of petroleum, with recyclable PLA coating.
Let your own design speak for you. From an order quantity of 25,000 pieces, the automatic coffee cups with environmentally friendly colours can be printed conveniently from the factory. We will advise you as a reliable partner and can also assist with the storage.


Used 2016 GMC Acadia, stk # 19190, key features include: a Heads Up Display, Remote Engine Start, Satellite Radio, Fog Lights, Side Mirror Turn Signals, a Premium Sound System, a Power Lift Tailgate, Keyless Entry, Automatic Climate Control, Steering Wheel Audio Controls, Heated Seats, Power Windows, Blind Spot Monitoring, Multi-zone Climate Control, Leather Seat Trim, a Back-Up Camera, Air Conditioned Seats, an Onboard Hands-Free Communications System, a Premium Bose System, Rear Heat / AC, a Sunroof, Heated Steering Wheel, HID Headlamps, Electronic Stability Control, Lane Departure Warning, Aluminum Wheels, a Dual Moonroof, a Heated Passenger Seat, WiFi Hotspot Capable, All Wheel Drive, a Navigation System, a Roof / Luggage Rack, Rear Parking Aid, Cross Traffic Alerts, a Third Row Seat, a Power Drivers Seat, a Leather Wrapped Steering Wheel, Steering Wheel Controls, an Adjustable Lumbar Seat(s), a Trailer Hitch Receiver, a Electronic Messaging Assistance, an Auxiliary Audio Input, Power Mirrors, Daytime Running Lights, a Compass, Traction Control, Power Locks, Wood Trim, Memory Seats, an Anti Theft System, Power Folding Mirrors, a Fourth Passenger Door, an AM/FM Stereo, a Gasoline Engine, Anti-Lock Brakes, Disc Brakes, a Sunroof Sunshield, a Garage Door Opener, a Cell Phone, a Power Passenger Seat, Air Conditioning, a Drivers Air Bag, an Adjustable Steering Wheel, Bluetooth Connection, Rear Reading Lamps, Privacy Glass, Rear Seat Audio Controls, a Driver Illuminated Vanity Mirror, Memory Mirrors, Tinted Glass, Cruise Control, Bucket Seats, a Tire Pressure Monitoring System, an Auxiliary Power Outlet, an MP3 Compatible Radio, Quad Bucket Seats, a Rear Head Air Bag, an Auto Dimming R/V Mirror, a Center Console, an Auto Headlamp, a Passenger Illuminated Visor Mirror, a Front Head Air Bag, Intermittent Wipers, Child Proof Locks, a Single-Disc CD Player, a Passenger Air Bag Sensor, a Front Side Air Bags, Adjustable Head Rests, a Beverage Holder(s), Power Steering, a Passenger Air Bag, Vanity Mirrors, a Rear Window Defroster, a Center Arm Rest, a Trip Odometer, a Spare Tire (Small Size), a Reading Light(s), a Digital Clock, a Tilt Steering Wheel, and Remote Trunk Release.
This 2016 GMC Acadia AWD 4dr Denali, features a Quicksilver Metallic exterior and has 42,842 miles. Factory equipped with an impressive 6cyl, 3.6l, 288.0hp engine, an transmission, 6-speed automatic transmission and all wheel drive, this GMC Acadia is ready to conquer the roads!
Contact us today to schedule a test drive of this 2016 GMC Acadia AWD 4dr Denali! Or stop in at 2820 North National Road Columbus, IN to check it out in person!
Seating Arrangement: Seating, 8-passenger (2-3-3 Seating Configuration) / (includes 2nd Row 60/40 Split Flat-folding Bench Seat.
Seat Trim: Cocoa Dune, Seat Trim, Perforated Leather-appointed On First And Second Rows / (includes (kb6) Heated And Cooled Front Seats.
Additional Equipment: Lpo, Gmc Interior Protection Package / Includes (vav) First And Second Row All-weather Floor Mats, Lpo, (vkn) Third Row All-weather Floor Mats, Lpo And (vli) All-weather Rear Cargo Mat, Lpo.


Matt 11:12 and from the days of John the Baptist until now the kingdom of heaven sufferth violence, and the violent take it by force.
The verdict after 7 years of agonizing court case, a week from Good Friday, ended with a half successful appeal for stealing 50 million with the maximum sentence reduced from 8 years to 3 years. In court, the accused never fully repented, never admitted their full guilt but it will be a jail term nevertheless. And Kong's sad countenance tells it all as he left the court house. They were really expecting to be let off jail free. The irony is that the vast majority thought the short sentence was just unbelievable. It was grace, really, totally unmerited grace.
Pastor Kong was known in his ministry of preaching the Ten Commandments declaring that without the law we will be lawless and cheap grace. The churches that preached the Gospel of Grace was said to be doing cheap grace in the sermons on antinomianism – the seduction of lawlessness. But the bible tells us that those who preached the law are under a curse if they don't abide fully. It is a curse because our sin is amplified. Pride comes in under works. And if not succesful, they had to make Sun a success by putting in funds as a church purpose despite strong and official denials.
The China Wine could not conceivably be for church purpose. It was really a cross over, belly dancing to pagan seductive tunes. It could be argued that it was for personal gain and status of fame and appearance of success, the premium class flights, the good living, the luxury apartments, they want the appearance of a rock superstar rising up the dance bill boards, the staged/free concerts and the buy back CD sales. They gave themselves big bonuses. At the same time announcing great success in church of making it by her own talent in Hollywood whilst charging to building fund/moving costs repackaged as bonds in a related party transaction to own company.


text:
Passiflora adenopoda je biljka iz porodice Passifloraceae. Raširena je po Srednjoj Americi, Meksiku, Venezueli, Kolumbiji, Ekvadoru i Peruu.

To je lijana koa ima atraktivne bijele i ljubičaste cvjetove koji daju neobične plodove koji sazrijevanjem postaju tamnoljubičasti, ali definitivno nisu jestivi kao mnoge druge pasiflore i sadrže otrovne kemikalije. Listovi s velikim režnjevima pridonose njegovoj privlačnosti, a oni imaju vrlo neobične kukaste trihome koji im pomažu u penjanju.

Kod uzgoja, nakon što je biljka dovoljno velika, cvjetanje se može potaknuti čestim obrezivanjem.

Sinonimi
 Ceratosepalum micranthum Oerst.
 Ceratosepalum parviflorum Mast.
 Dysosmia acerifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) M.Roem.
 Passiflora acerifolia Cham. & Schltdl.
 Passiflora aspera Sessé & Moc.
 Passiflora ceratosepala Mast.
 Passiflora scabra Sessé & Moc.

Izvori
A. S. Ørsted: L'Amérique Centrale. Recherches sur s flora et s géographie physique. Résultats d'un voyage dans les états de Costa Rica et de Nicaragua exécuté pendant les années 1846-1848 par A. S. Ørsted. Planches, cartes, profils etc. avec un texte explicatif. Première livraison., Kopenhagen, 1863.

Passiflora
Flora Srednje Amerike
Flora Meksika
Flora Venezuele
Flora Kolumbije
Flora Ekvadora

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Party Name: Jerry CANNON, Individually and on behalf of the Estate of Phyllis Cannon, Deceased, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GROUP HEALTH SERVICE OF OKLAHOMA, INC., d/b/a Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Oklahoma; GHS Health Maintenance Organization, Inc., d/b/a Blue Lincs HMO, Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma, D.C. No. CIV-94-159-A.
Larry Alan Tawwater (Jo L. Slama and Terry T. Wiens with him on the briefs), McCaffrey & Tawwater, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Mark E. Schmidtke (Page Dobson and J.R. "Randy" Baker, Holloway Dobson Hudson Bachman Alden Jennings Robertson & Holloway, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, with him on the briefs), J.R. Ebenstein Consultants, Valparaiso, Indiana, for Defendants-Appellees.
Jerry Cannon filed this action against Group Health Service of Oklahoma, Inc., d/b/a Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Oklahoma, and GHS Health Maintenance Organization, Inc., d/b/a Blue Lincs HMO (insurers) to recover damages for the death of his wife, Phyllis Cannon. After removal to federal court, the district court granted summary judgment for the insurers, holding Mr. Cannon's claims were preempted by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001 to 1461. The district court also denied Mr. Cannon's motion to amend his complaint, holding his new claims could not withstand a motion to dismiss. Mr. Cannon now appeals. Although moved by the tragic circumstances of this case and the seemingly needless loss of life that resulted, we conclude the law gives us no choice but to affirm.
Phyllis Cannon was diagnosed with acute myeloblastic leukemia in September of 1991. She was treated with chemotherapy, and her leukemia went into remission. The insurers paid for this medical treatment. Mrs. Cannon's treating physician, Dr. Ruben Saez, recommended she undergo an autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT), and on August 10, 1992, sought preauthorization from the insurers.
On August 11, 1992, the insurers denied preauthorization for the ABMT, contending the treatment was experimental during a first remission of leukemia. Dr. Saez requested the insurers reconsider his request and submitted medical literature in an attempt to demonstrate his proposed treatment was not experimental. Dr. Saez also informed the insurers his request needed urgent action because it was critical the ABMT be completed prior to any cancer recurrence.
On August 21, 1992, the insurers again denied preauthorization. The Cannons persisted in their request for reconsideration, and on September 21, 1992, the insurers reversed their decision and agreed to authorize ABMT. Unfortunately, Mrs. Cannon was not notified until October 10, 1992, in a letter dated September 28, 1992. By that time, her leukemia had returned and she could no longer beneficially receive ABMT, and none was ever administered. She was admitted into the hospital on October 12, 1992, and died on November 21, 1992.
The following services or procedures are not covered by BlueLincs HMO: .... (13) Organ transplants other than skin, cornea, bone, bone marrow and kidney.
The insurers claimed the Rider was only a clarification in their policy, not a change in coverage. These facts are not in dispute.
Initially, on December 30, 1992, Mr. Cannon filed suit in Oklahoma state court to recover damages for the death of his wife. He alleged her insurers either negligently or in bad faith refused to authorize the ABMT for seven weeks, at a time when it offered Mrs. Cannon her only chance of a cure for her leukemia. The insurers filed a Notice of Removal to federal court asserting Mrs. Cannon's health insurance plan was an employee welfare benefit plan within the meaning of ERISA providing exclusive federal jurisdiction.
Although Mr. Cannon moved to remand, that motion was denied, and the district court granted the insurers' subsequent motion for summary judgment. The district court concluded Mrs. Cannon's group health insurance coverage was an ERISA plan; and, as such, it preempted all of Mr. Cannon's state common law and statutory claims. Preemption, the court held, was required because the state claims related to the ERISA plan and did not fall within ERISA's savings clause. These conclusions notwithstanding, the district court gave Mr. Cannon the opportunity to file an amended complaint.
Thereafter, the district court denied Mr. Cannon's motion to amend his complaint because his new claims could not withstand a motion to dismiss, making amendment futile. Mr. Cannon's amended complaint stated three claims under ERISA: (1) for benefits under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B); (2) for equitable relief under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3); and (3) for breach of fiduciary duty pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(2). Mr. Cannon's complaint also brought a claim pursuant to the Lanham Trade-Mark Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051 to 1127.
[It] carefully considered plaintiff's argument but stands unpersuaded that he can sue under subsection 1132(a)(1) or (3) to recover anything other than payment for medical expenses actually incurred, when that is the benefit provided by the plan. Plaintiff cites no legal authority for the proposition that a person may sue to recover the value of a service that would have been a benefit of the plan if the plan's terms had been satisfied.


text:
Soundtrack Album for Amazon's 'Carnival Row' to Be Released
Posted: November 7, 2019 by filmmusicreporter in TV Music Albums
Tags: Amazon, Carnival Row, Nathan Barr, score, Soundtrack
A soundtrack album will be released for the Amazon original series Carnival Row. The album features selections of the original music from the show's first season composed by Emmy Award nominee Nathan Barr (True Blood, The Americans, The House with a Clock in Its Walls, Hostel, Hemlock Grove). Also included are two songs by Patty Gurdy. The soundtrack will be released digitally tomorrow, November 8 and will be available to stream and download on Amazon Music. Carnival Row is created by Travis Beacham & Rene Echevarria and starring Orlando Bloom, Cara Delevingne, David Gyasi, Karla Crome, Indira Varma and Tamzin Merchant. The movie is set in a neo-Victorian city, where mythical creatures who have fled their war-torn homeland are gathered, and follows the investigation into a string of unsolved murders.The fantasy drama premiered this past August on Amazon Prime and has been renewed for a second season.
Here's the track list of the album:
1. Main Title (1:15)
2. The Great War (3:49)
3. Sunken Ship (2:40)
4. Scripture and a Meal (1:16)
5. Master Here (1:21)
6. Dark Asher Iq (2:35)
7. Chasing Jack (4:29)
8. Goodnight Vignette (2:03)
9. Like Father Like Daughter (1:30)
10. Hope and Weakness (2:24)
11. No Cheating Death (2:34)
12. March to Mimasery (2:45)
13. Friendly Sweep (3:12)
14. Sacred Library (1:00)
15. Pact Air Raid (3:27)
16. Fatherly Familiarity (2:34)
17. Imogen and Agreus (3:38)
18. Scared of Sophie (2:03)
19. The Halfblood (2:03)
20. Our Common Enemy (5:27)
21. Carnival Row a Cappella (2:36)
22. Love Theme a Cappella (2:14)
23. Lora Lie Low – Patty Gurdy (1:56)
24. Grieve No More – Patty Gurdy (1:22)
What are the names of the instruments played in 'Carnival Row' ? Are they carved os wood, from trees that are only found in Europe (and not in the USA), or are the flutes / pipes forged or manufactured from a metal, designed or engineered specivfically for this film series ? Is sheet music for piano in publication to play these tunes on the piano ?? Songs are slow enough for a beginner to learn piano and flute — an wind instrument. Very interested in this music used in your film.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Musical The 80s Strike Back!
"Sye as Lady Macbeth is bursting with desire, sick, visceral and gritty in the way you hope she'll be delivering lines with authenticity and relishing her power before it finally destroys her."
"I thought that Sye's portrayal of Lady Macbeth was excellent, conveying the power, glee and malice that fit this iconic role so well. Her relationship with Holden's Macbeth was passionate and believable and the two balanced each other perfectly."
*Skills include playing the violin and horse riding.


text:
Home Celebrity Biography Rohit Kumar (Kabaddi Player) Biography, Age, Wiki, Height, Weight, Girlfriend, Family &...
Rohit Kumar (Kabaddi Player) Biography, Age, Wiki, Height, Weight, Girlfriend, Family & More
Biography / Wiki
It takes energy, dedication, and strategy to play Kabaddi, one of the oldest games in the country, and "Rohit Kumar" is one of those players who impressed the audience with his energy, dedication, and strategy.
He is an Indian kabaddi player who represented India internationally and played in Pro Kabaddi League consistently for Bengaluru Bulls from season 4. He became a nightmare for the opponent teams with his dazzling pace and thunderous raids.
Height / Weight / Age
Born on 9 January 1990, this eminent personality has turned 31 years old in the year 2021. He seems very tall with his towering height which is 175 in centimeters and 5'9" in feet & inches. He is very conscious about his physique and maintains himself with a weight of 70 in kilograms and 154 lbs in pounds.
His personality is enhanced by his black eyes and black hair. He seems very fit and healthy with his body measurements which are 42 inches chest, 32 inches waist, and 15 inches biceps approximately.
According to the sources, the estimated net worth of Rohit Kumar is not known as per internet sources.
Education / Family
Rohit was born and raised up in Nizampur, Haryana, and belongs to a Hindu family. He didn't reveal any information with regards to his parents and siblings including their names too. As for his education, he also didn't disclose any information related to his education and educational qualifications. It seems that he keeps his personal life quite private and away from the media.
Rohit Kumar
Nickname Rohit
Birth Place Nizampur, Haryana
Date Of Birth 9 January 1990
Age 31 years old (as of 2021)
Height In centimeters – 175 cm
In feet inches – 5'9"
Profession Indian Kabaddi Player
Sexual Orientation Straight
Home Town Nizampur, Haryana
Debut Pro Kabaddi Season 3
Fathers Name Name Not Known
Mothers Name Name Not Known
Brothers Not Known
Career / Fashion And Style
As of his career, he made his debut at the 2016 South Asian Games in the Indian National Team and won the gold medal for India. He has been part of the 2018 Kabaddi Master Dubai Squad. He made his debut with the Patna Pirates team in season 3 in 2016 in the Pro Kabaddi League.
After that, he impressed everyone by scoring 231 points in 22 matches in season 5 which was the second-highest score of that season. In season 4, he was signed in INR 81 lakhs by the Bengaluru Bulls and also given captaincy in season 6.
Boyfriends, Affairs, Husband, and More
Reflecting on his personal life, he is a married man who got married twice. He got married to his first wife named Lalita Kumar 2012 who committed suicide in 2016. His wife left an audio note behind, blaming Rohit and his family for dowry but during the police investigation, Rohit was proved not guilty. In 2020, he got married again to his second wife named Priya.
Girlfriends Not Known
Wife Lalita Kumar (Commit Suicide in 2016)
Rohit Kumar with his ex-wife Lalita
Priya (Married in 2020)
Rohit Kumar with his wife Priya
Here we are providing you a list of her favorite things.
Favorite Actors Not Known
Favorite Actress Not Known
Favorite Musical Instrument Not Known
Favorite Singer(s) Not Known
Some Interesting Facts About Rohit Kumar
If Rohit is not a Kabaddi player, he would've to become an actor.
He belongs to a place that gifted India kabaddi gems such as Manjeet Chhillar, Mohit Chhillar, and Rakesh Kumar.
He got admitted to the Naval Forces through the sports quota in 2009.
He is a die-hard fan of Bollywood superstar Akshay Kumar and also inked the name 'Akki' below his neck as well as got his face tattooed on his arm
He was adjudged the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Pro-Kabaddi league season 3.
His signature move in Kabaddi is "Frog Jump".
He picked up 32 points against U.P. Yoddha in season 5 and became the first player to do so.
Social Media Profile(s)
Instagram – @rohit.c.akki
Twitter – @Akki091722
Facebook – @RohitKumar
Piper Rockelle Biography, Age, Wiki, Height, Weight, Boyfriend, Family & More
Dalton Gomez Biography, Age, Wiki, Height, Weight, Girlfriend, Family & More


text:
namespace content {

base::FilePath GetTestFilePath(const char* dir, const char* file) {
  base::FilePath path;
  PathService::Get(DIR_TEST_DATA, &path);
  return path.Append(base::FilePath().AppendASCII(dir).Append(
      base::FilePath().AppendASCII(file)));
}

GURL GetTestUrl(const char* dir, const char* file) {
  return net::FilePathToFileURL(GetTestFilePath(dir, file));
}

void NavigateToURLBlockUntilNavigationsComplete(Shell* window,
                                                const GURL& url,
                                                int number_of_navigations) {
  WaitForLoadStop(window->web_contents());
  TestNavigationObserver same_tab_observer(window->web_contents(),
                                           number_of_navigations);

  window->LoadURL(url);
  same_tab_observer.Wait();
}

void ReloadBlockUntilNavigationsComplete(Shell* window,
                                         int number_of_navigations) {
  WaitForLoadStop(window->web_contents());
  TestNavigationObserver same_tab_observer(window->web_contents(),
                                           number_of_navigations);

  window->Reload();
  same_tab_observer.Wait();
}

void LoadDataWithBaseURL(Shell* window, const GURL& url,
    const std::string data, const GURL& base_url) {
  WaitForLoadStop(window->web_contents());
  TestNavigationObserver same_tab_observer(window->web_contents(), 1);

  window->LoadDataWithBaseURL(url, data, base_url);
  same_tab_observer.Wait();
}

bool NavigateToURL(Shell* window, const GURL& url) {
  NavigateToURLBlockUntilNavigationsComplete(window, url, 1);
  if (!IsLastCommittedEntryOfPageType(window->web_contents(),
                                      PAGE_TYPE_NORMAL))
    return false;
  return window->web_contents()->GetLastCommittedURL() == url;
}

bool NavigateToURLAndExpectNoCommit(Shell* window, const GURL& url) {
  NavigationEntry* old_entry =
      window->web_contents()->GetController().GetLastCommittedEntry();
  NavigateToURLBlockUntilNavigationsComplete(window, url, 1);
  NavigationEntry* new_entry =
      window->web_contents()->GetController().GetLastCommittedEntry();
  return old_entry == new_entry;
}

void WaitForAppModalDialog(Shell* window) {
  ShellJavaScriptDialogManager* dialog_manager =
      static_cast<ShellJavaScriptDialogManager*>(
          window->GetJavaScriptDialogManager(window->web_contents()));

  scoped_refptr<MessageLoopRunner> runner = new MessageLoopRunner();
  dialog_manager->set_dialog_request_callback(runner->QuitClosure());
  runner->Run();
}

ShellAddedObserver::ShellAddedObserver()
    : shell_(NULL) {
  Shell::SetShellCreatedCallback(
      base::Bind(&ShellAddedObserver::ShellCreated, base::Unretained(this)));
}

ShellAddedObserver::~ShellAddedObserver() {
}

Shell* ShellAddedObserver::GetShell() {
  if (shell_)
    return shell_;

  runner_ = new MessageLoopRunner();
  runner_->Run();
  return shell_;
}

void ShellAddedObserver::ShellCreated(Shell* shell) {
  DCHECK(!shell_);
  shell_ = shell;
  if (runner_.get())
    runner_->QuitClosure().Run();
}

}  // namespace content

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}

Yield stress of a cement paste, mortar or concrete is a crucial property. For instance, sufficient yield stress can stop bleeding~\cite{2017_Massoussi}. When material is poured in a formwork, yield stress can have negative effects if it prevents proper filling of the mold~\cite{2017_Massoussi} but it helps to reduce the lateral formwork pressure~\cite{2006_Ovarlez}. In the case of mortar sprayed on a vertical support, yield stress dictates the maximum thickness of the layer~\cite{2017_Gorlier_4}. Among cementitious materials, aerated materials raise growing interest. Entrainment of air bubbles  into concrete, up to 10\% by volume, is known to improve its durability in environments exposed to freeze-thaw cycles~\cite{2016_Aitcin_air}. At higher air content, aerated construction materials are promising for various industrial applications thanks to their low densities, low raw material needs, and improved thermal and acoustic properties.

The goal of this paper is to understand the effect of air bubbles on the yield stress of cement pastes containing air below 40\% by volume. These materials will be referred to as "aerated cement paste" or "bubbles suspensions in cement paste" as the word "foams" usually refers to materials with higher air volume content, above 64\%~\cite{2013_Cantat}, where bubbles are densely packed and deformed by their neighbors. In foams, bubble interactions induce specific rheological properties \cite{2013_Cantat}, that are not discussed in this paper.

Various observations have been reported in the literature concerning the rheological properties of aerated cement pastes or mortars. \textit{A\"itcin}~\cite{2016_Aitcin_air} notes that entrained bubbles improve workability of concrete whereas \textit{Rixom and Mailvaganam}~\cite{1999_Rixom} reports a large increase of viscosity with the amount of entrained air. These opposite results may arise from the different experimental protocols and the different paste formulations. Actually, quantifying the effect of air inclusions on cement paste rheology, independently from the paste formulation, requires to determine normalized rheological quantities, e.g. yield stress  $\tau_y$ of the aerated paste  divided by the yield stress $\tau_{ref}$ of the suspending paste. Micromechanical analysis shows that the normalized yield stress is a function of air volume content $\Phi$ and of the deformation of the bubbles when the fluid is yielding~\cite{2008_Chateau,2013_Nguyen}. Deformability of the bubbles is characterized by the Bingham capillary number $Ca_y$, which compares the suspending fluid yield stress $\tau_{ref}$ and the bubble capillary pressure $2\gamma/R$:

\begin{equation}
Ca_y=\dfrac{\tau_{ref}}{2 \gamma/R}
\label{equation_Ca_y}
\end{equation}
where $\gamma$ is the air-liquid surface tension and $R$ is the bubble radius.
Such a behavior has been confirmed experimentally when $Ca_y\rightarrow \infty$ and $Ca_y\rightarrow 0$~\cite{2013_Kogan,2015_Ducloue} for model yield stress fluids, i.e. aerated concentrated emulsions.

The case of aerated cement paste is much more complex due to the potentially strong effect of added surfactants on the suspending fluid yield stress $\tau_{ref}$~\cite{2017_Feneuil}. In order to tackle this issue we prepare aerated cement paste by incorporating aqueous foam into cement paste within conditions where both water and surfactant amounts are controlled. In the first part of the study, the effects of both water and surfactants on the suspending fluid yield stress are quantified. The dimensionless yield stress $\tau_y/\tau_{ref}$ of the prepared aerated cement pastes is then assessed as a function of bubble size and air volume content for two different surfactants.

\section{Materials and methods}
\subsection{Materials}
We use a CEM I cement from Lafarge, Saint Vigor factory. Specific surface area is 0.359~m$^2$/g and chemical composition is given in Table~\ref{table_chimie_ciment_c3}.

\begin{table}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c c c c c c c c c|}
\hline
C$_3$S & C$_2$S & C$_3$A & C$_4$AF & CaO/SiO$_2$ & MgO & Na$_2$O +0.658 K$_2$O & SO$_3$ & Gypsum  \\ \hline
62\% & 16\% &  2.1\% & 15\% & 3 & 1.1\% & 0.34 \%  & 2.6\% & 2.4\% \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Chemical composition of CEM I cement from Lafarge, Saint Vigor}
\label{table_chimie_ciment_c3}
\end{center}
\end{table}

Two surfactants will be used: TTAB (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide) is a cationic surfactant provided by Sigma-Aldrich, its molar mass is 336 g/mol. Bio-Terge$^{\text{\textregistered}}$ is an anionic surfactant provided by Stepan, its molar mass is 315 g/mol.

Interaction of both surfactants with the same cement as used in this paper have been previously studied~\cite{2017_Feneuil}. Adsorption isotherm of surfactants on cement grains have been measured and surfactant Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) have been measured in DI water and in cement synthetic cement pore solution. For TTAB, CMC is 1.5 g/L in water and 0.5 g/L in cement pore solution. Regarding Bio-Terge, its CMC is 2 g/L in water and 0.5 g/L in cement pore solution. The main results of this paper will be recalled in the discussion.

\subsection{Method}

\subsubsection{Preparation of aerated and reference cement pastes}
\label{part_protocol_c3}

As the yield stress of cementitious materials depends on their shear history, the same time schedule has been followed for all samples. First, distilled water and cement at water-to-cement mass ratio $W/C_i$ are mechanically mixed for 3 min. Then, the paste is left at rest for 20 minutes to allow for the formation of sulfo-aluminates \cite{2015_Bessaies}. After 20 minutes, foam is added to the cement paste and carefully incorporated with a spoon. Hand mixing allows us to check visually that the bubbles size is kept constant during incorporation of the foam. Mixing duration is 4 minutes
, and it is carried out always by the same operator in order to be similar in all experiments. 30 minutes after initial cement paste mixing, the rheometer cup is filled and rheometry starts.

Unfoamed samples, the so-called "reference cement pastes", were prepared for comparison purpose with foamed samples. In these cases, the above-described procedure was followed except that pure surfactant solution was added (28 min after initial cement paste mixing) instead of foam.

The weight of water contained into the foam added to the cement paste is measured in order to calculate the new effective water-to-cement ratio, $W/C_f$, which characterizes the suspending cement paste in the aerated sample. Final air content $\Phi$ is assessed by weighting the aerated paste in the rheometer cup. Indeed, the density $\rho$ of the sample is related to the air content by $\rho(\Phi)= \rho_0(1-\Phi)$, where $\rho_0=(W/C_f+1)/(W/C_f/\rho_w + 1/\rho_c)$ is the density of the suspending cement paste, with $\rho_w$ (resp. $\rho_c$) the density of water (resp. of cement). The maximal relative error on the measured air fraction is 4\%.

Note that in the chosen procedure, foam or surfactant solution is added more than 20 minutes after first mixing of cement and water, so surfactant is not expected to interfere in the formation of first hydration products~\cite{2015_Bessaies}.

\subsubsection{Foam production}
Aqueous foam is generated according to the method described in \cite{2019_Feneuil}. In brief, bubbles are created with a small T junction with two inputs: surfactant solution and nitrogen. Within such conditions, foams are made of bubbles having the same diameter, which is set by the flow rates of both nitrogen and surfactant solution. The foam is collected (bubble by bubble) in a column and it is wetted from the top to prevent it from drying and breaking. Once foam is ready to use, it is pushed from the column at constant flow rate.

\subsubsection{Samples}
We study seven sets of samples. For each set, both initial water-to-cement ratio (i.e. before addition of foam) and foam characteristics (surfactant and bubble size) are kept constant.

\begin{table}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
 & Surfactant & Surfactant  & Bubble  & $W/C_i$  & Reference \\
 & &  concentration & diameter & & set \\\hline
Set T1 & TTAB & 4.5 g/L & 475 +/- 10 $\mu$m & 0.382 & R\_T1\\ \hline
Set T2 & TTAB & 4.5 g/L & 270 $\mu$m & 0.335 & R\_T2\\ \hline
Set T3 & TTAB & 4.5 g/L & 475 +/- 10 $\mu$m & 0.325 & R\_T3\\ \hline
Set T4 & TTAB & 4.5 g/L & 475 +/- 10 $\mu$m & 0.305 & R\_T4\\ \hline
Set T5 & TTAB & 4.5 g/L & 780 +/- 20 $\mu$m & 0.335 & R\_T2\\ \hline
Set B1 & Bio-Terge & 30 g/L & 440 +/- 5 $\mu$m & 0.329 & R\_B1\\ \hline
Set B2 & Bio-Terge & 8 g/L & 590 +/- 10 $\mu$m & 0.335 & R\_B2\\ \hline
 - & - & - & - & 0.305 to 0.405 & R\_0\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Characteristics of each set of aerated cement paste samples. The corresponding reference paste for each set contains the same surfactant at the same concentration, and the same initial water-to-cement ratio.Note that sets T2 and  T5 share the same reference R\_T2.}
\label{table_samples}
\end{center}
\end{table}

Sets of reference samples are prepared to match with each set of bubble suspensions, i.e. they are prepared with the same surfactant solution and from the same initial cement paste, but they contain no bubble. In addition, reference set R\_0 refers to yield stress measurement on surfactant-free paste.

\subsubsection{Yield stress measurement}
Yield stress measurements are carried out with a vane-in-cup geometry in Ultra+ Kinexus Rheometer from Malvern. The six-blade vane tool is 5~cm high and 25~mm wide. We use a striated cup to avoid wall slip: diameter is 37 mm and height 62.5 mm. The cup is filled with aerated or reference cement paste with a spoon, then the Vane tool is slowly inserted into the paste. Pre-shear is prevented before measurement in order to avoid material flow and buoyancy-induced bubble migration~\cite{2006_Ovarlez,2008_Mahaut_a,2010_Goyon}.

Yield stress is measured with a start of flow sequence at a constant shear rate $\dot{\epsilon}=0.01 s^{-1}$ for 10 minutes~\cite{2008_Mahaut_b}. For all samples, stress increases up to the yield stress and then decreases. The yield stress is reached for shear strain values between 40 and 45\%. This value is low enough to enable correct measurement of yield stress with a Vane tool~\cite{2011_Ovarlez}.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{Curve_StartOfFlow.png}
\caption{Start of flow curves for yield stress measurement of an aerated cement paste (grey) and the corresponding reference paste (black). Examples correspond to set T3 with air content 31\% and the corresponding reference sample from set R\_T3.}
\label{curves_StartOfFlow}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Results}

\subsection{Reference yield stress}
Yield stresses for reference samples are plotted in Fig.~\ref{curves_results_ref}. As expected, when no surfactant is added, the yield stress decreases when the final water-to-cement ratio increases. For each reference data set containing TTAB surfactant, the yield stress decreases when the amount of added TTAB solution increases. The same trend is observed with Bio-Terge solution at the smallest concentration (R\_B2), even if the decrease is lower than for TTAB. On the contrary, when 30~g/L Bio-Terge surfactant solution is used (R\_B1), the yield stress increases with the amount of added solution.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{Results_reference.png}
\caption{Yield stress of reference cement pastes. Yield stresses for pastes with no surfactant (R\_0) or TTAB surfactant (R\_T1 to R\_T4) are fitted with equation \ref{equation_Yodel_c3} with $\Phi_{perc}=0.32$, $\Phi_{max}=0.545$ and $m_1=65~Pa$. In the case of Bio-Terge surfactant, linear regressions for each set of data are plotted with dotted lines.}
\label{curves_results_ref}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\newpage

\subsection{Aerated cement paste}

Yield stresses measured for each data set at different air contents are given in Figs.~\ref{curves_results_TTAB} and \ref{curves_results_BioTerge}. Evolution of yield stress with increasing air content is not the same for all data sets: it is constant in set T1, it decreases in sets T2 to T5 and increases for B1 and B2.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{Results_T1.png}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{Results_T2.png}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{Results_T3.png}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{Results_T4.png}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{Results_T5.png}
\caption{Yield stresses of aerated cement pastes made with TTAB surfactant. Bubble diameter is 475~$\mu$m for T1,T3 and T4, 270~$\mu$mm for T2 and 780~$\mu$m for T5. Initial water-to-cement ratio is 0.382 for T1, 0.335 for T2 and T5, 0.325 for T3 and 0.305 for T4.}
\label{curves_results_TTAB}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{Results_B1.png}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{Results_B2.png}
\caption{Yield stresses of aerated cement pastes made with Bio-Terge surfactant. For B1, bubble diameter is 440~$\mu$m, initial water-to-cement ratio is 0.329, and surfactant concentration in foam is 30 g/L. For B2, bubble diameter is 590~$\mu$m, initial water-to-cement ratio, 0.335, and surfactant concentration in foam, 8 g/L.}
\label{curves_results_BioTerge}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion}

\subsection{Reference yield stress with surfactant}

Ionic surfactants, mainly anionic, can strongly modify yield stress when they are added to a cement paste~\cite{2017_Feneuil}. At low concentration, adsorbed surfactant monolayer turns cement grains to hydrophobic grains which induces attractive interactions. At macroscopic scale, this results in the increase of the yield stress. At high surfactant concentration, surfactant agglomeration on the surface of the cement grains leads to steric repulsion between them and a drop of the paste yield stress.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{Surfactant_concentration_TTAB.png}
\includegraphics[width=6cm]{Surfactant_concentration_BioTerge.png}
\caption{Effect of surfactant concentration on the yield stress of cement pastes at $W/C_f=$0.5 prepared following the protocol described in~\cite{2017_Feneuil}. Repetition of a reference test in~\cite{2017_Feneuil} showed that the error is about 5\% of the yield stress value. Doted line shows yield stress of the paste with no surfactant (12~Pa). Grey areas show the surfactant concentrations used in the present study. }
\label{curves_concentration}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

As surfactant concentration has a significant effect on the yield stress, let us calculate the final  concentrations $C_{TA,f}$ after mixing foam and cement paste. They depend on the concentration in the foaming solution $C_{TA,i}$, on the initial water-to-cement ratio of the precursor cement paste $W/C_i$ and the final water-to-cement ratio $W/C_f$:

\begin{equation}
C_{TA,f}=C_{TA,i}  \dfrac{W/C_f-W/C_i}{W/C_f}
\label{equation_concentration_TA}
\end{equation}

Calculated values range from 0.03 to 0.2~g/L for samples containing TTAB and between 0.08 and 0.8~g/L for Bio-Terge. In Fig.~\ref{curves_concentration}, yield stress is given as a function of surfactant concentration for cement pastes at $W/C_f=$ 0.5 prepared as in~\cite{2017_Feneuil}, with the same cement as this work, and containing TTAB or Bio-Terge. The figure shows that for both surfactants, the estimated concentrations are well below the concentrations at which maximum yield stresses are expected. Surfactants are therefore in the low concentration regime, where yield stress can be enhanced by hydrophobic interactions, but due to the very low concentrations used, we can expect this effect to be insignificant. Further analysis is made below for each surfactant.

\subsubsection{Reference yield stress with TTAB}
In Fig.~\ref{curves_results_ref}, all yield stresses of cement pastes containing no surfactant or TTAB  follow the same curve. First of all, this shows that TTAB, at the low concentrations we use here, has no effect on yield stress. In addition, yield stress depends only on the total water content in the cement paste, including both initial mixing water and foaming solution added later.

We choose to fit TTAB reference curve with equation \ref{equation_Yodel_c3}~\cite{2006_Flatt}:

\begin{equation}
\tau_{ref}=m_1 \dfrac{\Phi_p^2 (\Phi_p-\Phi_{perc})}{\Phi_{max} (\Phi_{max}-\Phi_p) }
\label{equation_Yodel_c3}
\end{equation}

In this equation, $m_1$ accounts for the intensity of the interactions between cement grains, whose major components are Van der Waals, electrostatic and steric forces~\cite{2006_Flatt}. $\Phi_p$ is the solid volume fraction  and is related to the water-to-cement ratio and to the densities of water $\rho_w$ and cement $\rho_c$:

\begin{equation}
\Phi_p=1/(1+\rho_c/\rho_w  W/C_f)
\label{equation_PhiP_WC}
\end{equation}
$\Phi_{perc}$ and $\Phi_{max}$  are respectively is the percolation threshold and the maximal solid fraction of the cement grains.

This curve is shown in Fig. \ref{curves_results_ref} with parameters $\Phi_{perc}=0.32$, $\Phi_{max}=0.545$ and $m_1=65~Pa$.

\subsubsection{Reference yield stress with Bio-Terge}

When Bio-Terge solution is added to cement paste, yield stress is higher than for samples containing TTAB or for surfactant-free pastes at the same water-to-cement ratio. In fact, addition of Bio-Terge solution into a cement paste has two consequences: solid fraction $\Phi_p$ decreases and the intensity of of the attractive forces between cement grains increases.  As a result, reference yield stress $\tau_{ref}$ cannot be fitted by equation \ref{equation_Yodel_c3}. Therefore, we choose to describe the corresponding data with linear regressions: $\tau_{ref}=1062~W/C-257$ for set R\_B1 and $\tau_{ref}=369-859~W/C$ for set R\_B2.

\subsection{Dimensionless yield stress}

Results for the normalized yield stress, i.e. $\tau_y/\tau_{y,ref}$, are shown in Fig. \ref{curves_dimensionless_YS}.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{Graphe_discussion_all.png}
\caption{Dimensionless yield stress for all samples (see Table \ref{table_samples} for characteristics of the samples).}
\label{curves_dimensionless_YS}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

First of all, data corresponding to the different samples presented in Figs. \ref{curves_results_TTAB} and \ref{curves_results_BioTerge} collapse on two consistent sets characterized by the surfactant used. For Bio-Terge samples, the dimensionless yield stress increases with air content. On the other hand, with TTAB surfactant, all the measured value are below the reference yield stress; the lowest measured dimensionless yield stresses are 0.8 (f.i. set 4 at 30\% air content).

There is no major effect of Bio-Terge concentration nor bubble size on the dimensionless yield stress. During preparation however, we noted that incorporating aqueous foam in cement paste was more difficult for B2, where Bio-Terge concentration is lower, because the bubbles tend to break during hand mixing.

Observation of the bubbles after they have risen at the top surface of the sample has revealed a fundamental difference for the surfactant samples: bubbles in Bio-Terge samples are covered with a layer of cement grains (Fig. \ref{pictures_bubbles}-right) whereas bubbles in TTAB are bare (Fig. \ref{pictures_bubbles}-left). Actually bare bubbles are difficult to observe because they usually break as soon as they reach the sample surface. On the contrary, in Bio-Terge samples at rest, only few bubbles break. The difference observed for the rheological behavior of the two surfactant samples seems to be related to the different nature of the bubbles surface. We consider each case in the following.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{TTAB_1x_g4_bis_2.jpg}
\includegraphics[width=5cm]{1x_g2_bis_5min_2.jpg}
\caption{Left: sample from set T1 containing TTAB. Right: sample from set B1 containing Bio-Terge. Note that bubbles tend to break rapidly when exposed to air, especially for samples containing TTAB, so that the number of the bubbles on each picture is not representative of the air content.}
\label{pictures_bubbles}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Bare bubbles (TTAB)}
The effect of such bubbles are expected to be described by micromechanical models for capillary inclusions~\cite{2008_Chateau,2013_Nguyen}, which are based on the Bingham capillary number $Ca_y=\tau_{y,ref} R / (2 \gamma)$. Theoretical dimensionless yield stress for non-deformable bubbles $Ca_y\rightarrow0$ is given by~\cite{2008_Chateau,2013_Nguyen}:

\begin{equation}
\tau_y/\tau_{ref}=\sqrt{(1-\Phi)  \dfrac{5+3\Phi}{5-2\Phi}}	\text{ when } Ca_y\rightarrow 0
\label{equation_yieldstress_Ca0}
\end{equation}

When the bubbles are fully deformable ($Ca_y\rightarrow \infty$), the relation becomes:

\begin{equation}
\tau_y/\tau_{ref}=\sqrt{(1-\Phi)  \dfrac{3-3\Phi}{3+\Phi}}	\text{ when } Ca_y\rightarrow \infty
\label{equation_yieldstress_CaInf}
\end{equation}

Equations \ref{equation_yieldstress_Ca0} and \ref{equation_yieldstress_CaInf} are plotted in Fig.~\ref{graph_discussion_TTAB}. Both curves have also been obtained experimentally for bubble suspensions in a model yield stress fluid (concentrated oil-in-water emulsion) \cite{2013_Kogan,2015_Ducloue}. In \cite{2015_Ducloue}, experimental results fitted with equation \ref{equation_yieldstress_Ca0} for experimental Bingham capillary numbers within the range $0.0069 \leq Ca_y \leq 0.11$ and with equation \ref{equation_yieldstress_CaInf} for $Ca_y=0.57$.

Let us calculate $Ca_y$ for each TTAB data set. As mentioned previously, reference yield stress $\tau_{ref}$ decreases with increasing liquid content as described by equation \ref{equation_Yodel_c3}. Besides, at low surfactant concentration, surface tension $\gamma$ decreases when concentration increases. Such a variation is reported in~\cite{2017_Feneuil} as a function of TTAB concentration in the interstitial solution of the cement paste.
By assuming that TTAB concentration in solution is close to the total TTAB concentration, i.e. that the amount of adsorbed molecules is negligible, surface tension can be described by $\gamma=31-6.8*ln(C_{res})$ within the range 0.02-0.2 g/L (this formula has been obtained by fitting experiemental results from \cite{2017_Feneuil}, with $\gamma$ in mN/m and $C_{res}$ in g/L). Using those $\gamma$ values and equation \ref{equation_Yodel_c3}, experimental values of $Ca_y$ are calculated and given in Table~\ref{table_Cay_TTAB}. In Fig.~\ref{graph_discussion_TTAB}, dimensionless yield stress results of aerated cement paste with TTAB are plotted for comparison with both theoretical curves.

\begin{table}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|}
\hline
Set & $Ca_y$ \\ \hline
T1 & 0.08\\
T2 & 0.10\\
T3 & 0.21 - 0.23\\
T4 & 0.34 - 0.36\\
T5 & 0.28 - 0.30\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Bingham capillary numbers for experiments with TTAB}
\label{table_Cay_TTAB}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8cm]{Graphe_discussion_TTAB.png}
\caption{Dimensionless yield stress for samples made with TTAB. Theoretical curves, which have been observed experimentally on model yield stress fluid by Ducloué~\cite{2014_Ducloue}, are indicated for non-deformable bubbles (full line) and fully deformable bubbles (dotted line).}
\label{graph_discussion_TTAB}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

At low air content,  experimental dimensionless yield stresses are systematically lower than theoretical values. This behavior is possibly an experimental artifact and shows that despite all our effort to keep the same preparation protocol for aerated and reference samples, shearing of the paste during hand mixing may be influenced by the presence of bubbles.

However, all the results fall within the range of expected values between the two theoretical curves.
Moreover, the dimensionless yield stress values stretch as a function of $Ca_y$. This can be seen mainly at high air content: the higher the capillary number, the lower the dimensionless yield stress.

\subsubsection{Particle covered bubbles (Bio-Terge)}
Yield stress measured for aerated Bio-Terge cement pastes is well above the upper bound predicted by theory based on $Ca_y$ (i.e. equation \ref{equation_yieldstress_Ca0}). The particle layer attached to the bubble surface suggests that the behavior in the case of Bio-Terge lies in the modified surface properties of the bubbles.

Particle covered interfaces have first been reported by \textit{Ramsden}~\cite{1904_Ramsden} and \textit{Pickering}~\cite{1907_Pickering}. Bubbles covered by a dense layer of irreversibly adsorbed particles, called armored bubbles, are known to be very stable compared to surfactant stabilized bubbles: the particle armor can prevent bubble rupture (or coalescence)~\cite{1992_Denkov,2015_Timounay,2006_Kaptay} and volume decrease due gas transfer (ripening)~\cite{2006_Abkarian,2011_Stocco,2014_Maestro,2015_Pitois,2016_Taccoen}.

First requirement to allow solid particle adsorption at air-water or oil-water interface is that the particles must be partially hydrophobic. Then, the electrostatic barrier to particle adsorption must be low enough~\cite{2008_Tcholakova}. Increase of contact angle of water on cement grains has been observed in the presence of low amount of Bio-Terge, so we can assume that the first point is fulfilled. Cement grains have a size comprised between a few micrometers and 100~$\mu$m with average value close to 10~$\mu$m~\cite{2008_Mahaut_b}. Due to their irregular shape, radius of curvature of the edges is several orders of magnitude below the grain size~\cite{2010_Roussel}, which decreases the adsorption barrier~\cite{2008_Tcholakova}. In addition, cement solution contains a high concentration of dissolved ions~\cite{2015_Bessaies}, and this high electrolyte content reduces electrostatic repulsion between charged particles and interface, which also decreases the adsorption barrier~\cite{2008_Tcholakova}. All these aspects show that cement particles covered by a monolayer of Bio-Terge molecules are good candidates to adsorb at air-water interfaces.

In the micro-mechanical model for the bubbles, the stress of the air-fluid interface is characterized by one value, i.e. the surface tension $\gamma$. However, previous studies showed that this simple behavior cannot account for particle stabilized interfaces, where complex behavior arises from the kinetics and irreversibility of the adsorption of the particles at the interface \cite{2008_Tcholakova} and leads to an additional extra stress. In the case of an isotropic interface between two Newtonian fluids, the extra stress can be expressed as a function of to scalars, namely the shear surface viscosity $\mu_{s,s}$ and the dilatational surface viscosity $\mu_{s,d}$ \cite{1960_Scriven}. The resistance of surface viscosity to the shear stress from the bulk around the inclusion can be quantified by the Boussinesq numbers $Bq_s=\mu_{s,s}/(\mu_{ext} R)$ and $Bq_d=\mu_{s,d}/(\mu_{ext} R)$, where $\mu_{ext}$ is the viscosity of the external fluid. Determination of the value of the surface rheological properties of cement covered bubbles is far out of the scope of this paper. Though, the wide literature related to the rheology particle covered interfaces can highlight the behavior of adsorbed cement grains. We will recall here the main literature results. To get a more complete understanding of this complex issue, one can read the recents reviews from \textit{Thijssen and Vermant} \cite{2018_Thijssen}, \textit{Maestro} \cite{2019_Maestro} and \textit{Pitois and Rouyer} \cite{2019_Pitois}.

Adsorption of particles to and interface can enhance both the dilatational \cite{2017_Timounay} and the shear \cite{2014_Barman} surface viscosities. High surface viscosities indicates that under applied stress, deformation of the interface is slow.
 When particle volume fraction is high, surface viscosities diverge and interface exhibits a yield stress behavior \cite{2016_Barman,2013_VanHooghten,2017_Beltramo,2014_Barman}, i.e. as long as the applied stress is below the yield stress, it behaves like a solid membrane. When interactions between particles are weak, yield stress behavior happens for particle surface fractions reaching the so-called \textit{jamming surface fraction} \cite{2017_Timounay}. On the contrary, when attractive interaction between the particles at the interface makes them agglomerate, the critical volume fraction leading to the yield stress behavior can be greatly reduced \cite{2016_Barman,2013_VanHooghten,2017_Beltramo,2014_Barman}. Note that for particle adsorbed at an interface, attractive interactions include capillary forces which are enhanced by the roughness of the particles \cite{2016_Barman,2013_VanHooghten}. Cement-grains covered interfaces are therefore likely to exhibit a surface yield stress.

In addition, the complex rheological properties affect the deformability of the bubbles. Recent numerical work performed on droplets in shear flow has shown that the deformation $D=(L-B)/(L+B)$ (where L and B are the major and minor axes of the deformed droplet) of the inclusion is greatly influenced by the surface viscosities~\cite{2016_Gounley}. For flow conditions which leads to a high deformation $D \geq 0.35$ when $Bq_s=Bq_d=0$, the deformation D is divided by a factor 2 when $Bq_s=Bq_d=10$ or when $Bq_d=0$ and $Bq_s=10$. For our system, the viscosities are expected to diverge, so we can assume that these values of the Boussinesq number are by far exceeded. Therefore, the bubbles must remain spherical during the start-of-flow experiment performed on the aerated cement pastes prepared with Bio-Terge.

Eventually, adsorption of hydrophobic cement grains at the surface of the bubbles leads to two effects: (1) the immobilization of the interface of the  bubbles due to a surface yield stress and (2) the reduction of the bubble deformation. Due to these two effects, armored bubbles are expected to behave as non-deformable solid inclusions.

\bigbreak

In order to compare directly the armored bubbles with solid inclusions, additional measurements were performed with solid beads instead of bubbles. Procedure followed for the tests is the same as described in paragraph \ref{part_protocol_c3}; at 27 minutes after preparation of the cement paste, we added to the paste 500~$\mu$m diameter polystyrene beads or 2~mm diameter glass beads. These additional samples contain no surfactant, so reference yield stress is given by equation~\ref{equation_Yodel_c3}.

The micromechanical analysis for solid inclusions assumes no-slip conditions at their surface~\cite{2008_Chateau}, and the corresponding theoretical dimensionless yield stress is:

\begin{equation}
\tau_y/\tau_{ref}=\sqrt{\dfrac{(1-\Phi)}{(1-\Phi/\Phi_m )^{2.5\Phi_m}}}
\label{equation_bead_suspension_micromechanical}
\end{equation}
where $\Phi_m$ is the maximal packing fraction of the beads within shearing conditions. This curve has been experimentally validated in model yield stress materials~\cite{2008_Mahaut_a} and in cement paste~\cite{2008_Mahaut_b}. $\Phi_m$ value measured in cement paste is 0.56.

\begin{figure}[!ht]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=7cm]{Graphe_discussion_BioTerge.png}
\caption{Dimensionless yield stress for samples made with Bio-Terge. Dotted line correspond to the theoretical curve for a suspension of solid spheres with maximal solid fraction 0.56. Crosses correspond to measurements carried out with 500~µm polystyrene beads or 2~mm glass beads.}
\label{graph_discussion_BioTerge}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

In Fig.~\ref{graph_discussion_BioTerge}, we can see that our experimental results for Bio-Terge bubbles and for beads are consistent with equation \ref{equation_bead_suspension_micromechanical}, showing significant increase of the yield stress as a function of inclusion volume fraction, with no effect of inclusion size. Experimental data are slightly above the theoretical values, which could be related to our experimental method and the difficulty to follow accurately the same protocol for cement paste with and without inclusions. However, experimental dimensionless yield stresses for bead suspensions coincide with dimensionless yield stress of bubbles suspensions prepared with Bio-Terge surfactant. Therefore, armored bubbles behave mainly like solid spheres in the cement paste at the onset of yielding.

\section{Conclusion}

We have investigated the effect of added bubbles with well controlled size and volume fraction on the yield stress of aerated cement paste. Bubbles were stabilized with two surfactants, which are known to have different adsorption behavior with respect to cement grains.

The behavior of the bubbles is strongly affected by the surfactant. When surfactant has low affinity to cement grains, the dimensionless yield stress depends only on the Bingham capillary number $Ca_y$, which accounts for the deformability of the bubbles. For $Ca_y \sim 0.1$, i.e. for small bubbles and/or low cement paste yield stress, the yield stress is almost unchanged with respect to the bubble-free paste. On the contrary, when $Ca_y \gtrsim 0.2$, i.e. for large bubbles and/or high cement paste yield stress, a small decrease of the dimensionless yield stress with air volume content can be observed.

Totally different behavior is observed when surfactant adsorbs on cement grains. Effect of bubbles is comparable to solid inclusions, and no effect of bubble size can be seen. We attribute this effect to the in-situ hydrophobization of the cement grains and their irreversible adsorption at the bubbles surface, which changes completely the surface properties of the bubbles. In such a case, the yield stress of the aerated cement paste increases significantly while its density decreases in proportion of air introduced in the paste.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

The authors want to thank Charles Joudon-Watteau for support to make the experiments.

This work has benefited from two French government Grants managed by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche [Grants number ANR-11-LABX-022-01 and ANR-13-RMNP-0003-01].

\section*{References}
\bibliographystyle{elsarticle-num}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Essay: Swaths of The Wrath of A WASP
October 13, 2019 by 3 Comments
Special Essay by Charles Landis
Protest of a White Anglo Saxon Protestant.
This is the first of several essays I contemplate during the 2020 election process.
In the interest of disambiguation and with a penchant for pithiness, I am proud to say that I am a WASP and I doth protest the prejudice.
In this age of identity politics, I am identified as a conservative white Anglo Saxon protestant. A WASP .This cultural identity is disparaged, deprecated, and used in the pejorative by Progressive Socialist Democrats as deplorable white nationalists/supremacists, racists. sexist, xenophobic …etc. Indeed, even such WASPs as the founding fathers are reduced to this characterization by Socialist Democrat Party presidential Candidates Sanders, Warren, Booker, Harris, Biden.. et al.
My WASP heritage traces back to Germanic tribes in Europe which migrated to England between the 6th and 11th century. While Pepin de Landis ( c 600 AD, Duke of Brabant and governor of Austrasia under Dagobart, King of the Franks) may be the first of my Saxon ancestors, the first of my Anglo Saxon ancestors were the Ligons who came to England in 1066 with William the Conquer. The first of my Ligon ancestors to settle in America was Col. Thomas Ligon who came to Jamestown in 1641 at the age of 16 with his cousin Governor Sir William Berkley.
In " A Landis Family History", which I recently published, I document the lineage of my branch of the Landis family in America from the Landis family that settled near Zurich, Switzerland in 1392 and the genealogy of Hans Landis ( Zurich, 1521-1590) to myself. Because of religious prosecution (they were Mennonites who were pacifist and believed in separation of church and state) they migrated to the Palatine region along the Rhine River in Germany. Descendant Jacob Landis (1685-1749) was first to migrate to America in 1710.
The union of the Landis and Ligon families occurred when my grandfather, Augustus Landis (1833-1892) married Annie Fenner Ligon in 1882. My Anglo Saxon pedigree has been fully documented in the "History of the Ligon Family and Connections" written in collaboration with Sir William Ligon, 7th Earl, Madresfield Court, England, published 1947, in which I was among t the last to be recorded (pg.666). The Landis genealogy was researched in collaboration with the Eastern Mennonite University up to the birth of my great grandfather, Augustine Landis, in Oxford, North Carolina in1806.
Among my WASP ancestors is a member of the Council of Virginia, appointed in1606 by King James, which founded Virginia. Eight generations of Landis and Ligon families have served this country since the War of Independence. WASPS have been involved in the defense of human rights from Magna Charta Libertaum in 1215 to the challenges of today.
In "American Colonies" (2001), acclaimed historian, Professor Alan Taylor, transcends the usual Anglocentric settlement of the Atlantic Seaboard in the early years and explains more fully the diversity of the peoples that colonized the American Continent: Native Americans, African Americans, and the Spanish, French and Netherland empires as well as the English. This is a must read for anyone who wants to understand our heritage and who the American people were that founded these United States.
In "The Development of Constitutional Guarantees of Liberty" Roscoe Pound among the most eminent authorities on the letter and philosophy of law, divides the development of constitution guarantees of liberty into four periods:1) the Norman Conquest of England to the Reformation. 2)From the Reformation to the Revolution of 1688 (English Bill of Rights. 3) The American Colonial Period to the Declaration of Rights of the Continental Congress (1774). 4) The era of the Declaration of Independence, written Constitution(s) and the Federal Bill of Rights. One could as well also consider these divisions as dividing WASP involvement in the development in the Constitutional guarantee of Liberty and human rights.
The Charters of English (WASP) colonies included guarantees of the rights of Englishmen. These rights were fundamental in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.The Founders did not simply assemble at Philadelphia and figure out what rights they wanted. WASPS such as Jefferson, Madison, Adams, Franklin, Hamilton.. et al were all well read in the political philosophies and writings of other WASPS such as John Locke (concept of civil liberties). Sir William Blackstone ( Commentaries on the Laws of England), John Stuart Mill (advocate of progressive liberalism and against despotism of all kinds), and the failures of democracy in Greece and Rome. One could say the founding documents was a WASP thing and unique among the colonizing models.
The first time I was called a WASP (more than 50 years ago) was by a very liberal friend who was editor of the National Education Association Journal. While still a pejorative, one did not consider this as anything like today where it is tantamount to being considered fascist white supremist. I mark this change from the time Obama was elected, vowed to fundamentally change America, and on day one ordered the removal of bust of Winston Churchill from the White House and returned to the British Embassy. To Obama, Churchill was a symbol of white imperialist power in Africa.
In front of the British Embassy is a statute of Churchill with one leg forward in American soil and the other to the rear on British soil. This symbolizes the relationship between the two countries from the founding to today. In this age of political correctness, I suspect the usual protests will someday be made and the leg of Churchill in America will be cut off! l
Res Publica.
Thomas D. Giese says
I would be very concerned, if I were you, regarding the political correct secret police and it's leader AOC. There may be a call for a flash mob to descend on the Eastern Shore to re-educate the non believers (like me) who write essay like this. The current PC police make the KGB and the Gestapo look like Cub Scout troops. If you dare risk their wrath, please write more of your essays. A suggestion for future essays, begin with a trigger warning.I can imagine the number of "snowflakes" crawling into their safe space with their cuddle blanket in need of serious long term counseling. I belong to a fringe group that, so far, has not been on PC radar—WGC*
*White German Catholic
Ray Otton says
FWIW, there are A LOT lot of us out here who would welcome a "Flash Mob" on our doorsteps.
File this under "Got to lance the boil to cure it."
MJM says
Tsk Tsk Tsk Charles. Who cares if you're under the radar or not Sir ? I have a feeling you've survived a lot worse than the likes of AOC and her bigoted crowd. Might I suggest you keep your eye on the ball and your All American Prize ? All your life you been stung for being that WASP. Just keep wearing those stings like a badge of honor against the likes of AOC and her anti American simpletons. Don't lower yourself to the likes of their words and actions. Take the high road. Americans do.


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Karla Andrea Espinoza Melo (Santiago, 9 de septiembre de 1986), conocida como Karla Melo, es una actriz chilena, conocida por ser protagonista de la serie El reemplazante (2012). Egresada de Actuación del Instituto Duoc UC.

Vida artística
Comenzó su carrera en el año 2012 en la exitosa serie de TVN El reemplazante interpretando a Flavia Tello por dos temporadas.

Ese mismo año, tuvo una participación recurrente en la teleserie Pobre Rico de TVN, interpretando a Denise Lagos. En esta tuvo de pareja televisiva al actor Alonso Quintero.

Durante 2014 se integra a Chilevisión y forma parte de la teleserie Las 2 Carolinas, en la que encarna a Carla Ferrada.

El mismo año vuelve a TVN para formar parte de la teleserie Caleta del sol donde interpreta a la joven Fabiana Cordero, amiga del personaje de Silvana Salgueiro. A pesar de los bajos resultados de la teleserie del canal estatal, los seguidores consideraron al personaje como uno de los personajes mejor logrados.

El 2015 firma con Canal 13 para hacer la teleserie nocturna de la estación 20añero a los 40 donde encarna a Alison Mercedes Espinoza, emitida el primer semestre del 2016.

En 2016, finalmente se emitió la serie que Karla grabó para Mega, Chico Reality. En esta interpreta a Soledad "Sol" Cepeda, la hermana del protagonista y antagonista. Es una joven rebelde que se enamora de un hombre no correspondido.

Ese mismo año se une a Preciosas, en la que interpreta a Paola Farfán, una joven que intentó provocar una explosión y terminó en prisión, en ese lugar se enamora de Elsa (Tamara Acosta). El 2016 Karla dirige su primer Video Clip de la banda de Ska "La Sagrada" para el tema "Vas a Llegar".

En el 2017 fue presentadora en la ceremonia de inauguración del Festival de Cine chileno "Fecich" de la provincia del Marga Marga, (Quilpué) junto al actor Koke Santa Ana, además se unió a Tranquilo Papá, en la que interpretó a Natalia.

En 2018 grabó la exitosa teleserie de Chilevisión Gemelas, emitida entre 2019 y 2020; en la cual forma parte de una banda musical llamada Vicho y las Gaviotas del Norte. La banda rompió las barreras de la ficción y durante 2019 tuvo una gira musical por Chile. La banda tiene más de 4 videoclips musicales en YouTube.

En 2021, Karla participa del programa The Covers de Mega, imitando a Selena con las canciones Bidi Bidi Bom Bom, Amor Prohibido y Si Una Vez; y a Thalía con las canciones Piel Morena, Por Amor, Gracias a Dios, Entre el Mar y una Estrella, y A Quién le Importa. Luego de retirarse del programa, anuncia el lanzamiento de su primer single como solista.

En 2022, participa en el programa Aquí se baila.

Filmografía

Telenovelas

Series y unitarios

Videos musicales
 La Sagrada - Vas a llegar
 Blue Mary - Tu eres Luz
 Rio Pacheco - La Rabia se va en las Manos
 La combo tortuga - Cable a tierra

Publicidad
 (2017) FashionsPark - Día De La Madre / Laf Producciones

Videos musicales de su Banda "Vicho y las Gaviotas del Norte"

"Yo quiero Darte"
"Cuando estás aquí conmigo"
"Una Gaviota"
"Eres tú"

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Actores de Santiago de Chile
Actrices de televisión de Chile
Alumnado del DuocUC


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Modernist Criticism
Baldick, Chris. 2014. Modernist Criticism. In: David. E. Chinitz and Gail McDonald, eds. A Companion to Modernist Poetry. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 185-196. ISBN 978-0-470-65981-6 [Book Section]
No full text available
Official URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9...
This chapter is devoted to the prose writings of the leading modernist critics. First, it characterizes the larger purposes and projects of modernist poetry criticism. Next, the chapter examines its principles, practice, and consequences in the contexts of other ways of addressing poetry – especially the academic discourses with which modernist criticism maintains an ambiguous rivalry. Much modernist criticism of poetry takes the form of metacriticism, that is to say, criticism of criticism. The chapter highlights the significant role played by Pound and Eliot in modernist criticism. Eliot's impersonal theory of poetry is a theory of the poet's transmutation of his or her materials into something new and surprising. Eliot's and Pound's views found sympathizers in the universities, at a time when the still‐uncertain direction of literary studies allowed an opening for the new challenges of criticism, as distinct from philology or literary history.
Identification Number (DOI):
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118604427.ch15
Modernist criticism, Metacriticism, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot
English and Comparative Literature
28 March 2014 Published


Is the future of Education through Gamification and VR?
Today we are seeing kids in classrooms with personal devices that are responsible for managing course loads, all of their homework, and of course the ever important personal life of social media and general communications. Those devices are also heavily used for gaming primarily as a form of entertainment. What if we were able to get that type of time commitment from kids on a daily basis to do homework or grow skills? Or maybe have fun but also be developing critical thinking habits or team building? The great thing is educators are already using gamification but now it's available in Virtual Reality.
As a planet we spend over 3 billion hours a week playing video and computer games. That is nearly 25 minutes for each human being on the planet today. I can personally remember a time when it was a big deal to have a PC in your home and the amazing devices we have available today were strictly ideas in Star Wars and in Sci-Fi shows. The world as we know it is changing so fast in regards to technology it seems nearly impossible for us to keep up with all of it especially in the world of gaming and Virtual Reality. The technology that we saw on TV is now available for our kids to learn and have fun while they do it.
Understanding gamification and its effectiveness beyond anecdotal evidence and hype is evidently a pertinent practical issue as well as, increasingly, a scholarly pursuit. Regardless of the increasing amount of both industry chatter and scholarly articles, there still is a dearth of coherent understanding whether gamification works and under which circumstances. To address this gap, we reviewed empirical studies on gamification. We focused on investigations and studies that were carried out by Huotari & Hamari 2012; Zhang 2008 what were the implemented affordances (independent variables), psychological and behavioural outcomes (dependent variables), what was gamified, as well as the methods and results of these studies.
The current empirical research on gamification largely supports the popular view that, indeed, gamification does produce positive effects, but many caveats exist. Most frequently, the studies bring forth three categories of caveats: the context of gamification, qualities of the users using the system and possible novelty effects. We encourage educators to review these findings as it is the future of education.
Earlier this year some amazing educational immersive experiences became available like the Apollo 11 Launch, Titans of Space, and Mars is a real Place. Could you fathom as a young person the ability to sit in your classroom and SEE MARS up close and personal without ever leaving your seat or the planet?! Well you can with VR Vision!
We aim to bring some of these experiences in to schools so children can have a more visual and engaged learning experience. It also shakes up the general day to day school and classroom environment and gives them the ability to be a part of a foreign world they may never see so closely otherwise! We have a list of titles that are designed and developed around team building, critical thinking and problem solving. We have content for artists to be uber creative with or just draw smiley faces with if they wish.
The beautiful thing about Virtual Reality technology and Education is people can learn and see things in person they may not ever be able to see and have a ton of fun while doing it! There is Virtual Reality experiences and content that has been developed to train the world's doctors. Lets bring it to our kids as well.


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Sprouts are a miracle food. Sprouting is the process of germinating seeds to be eaten raw or cooked. They can be germinated at anytime of year indoors. When seeds are soaked, the dormant seeds turn into a nutritional powerhouse. There are numerous nutritional benefits as well as many ways to use your homegrown sprouts!
The nutritional content of sprouts is many times greater than the original food value of the seeds and beans from which they sprout.
Pound for pound, a salad made from a variety of sprouts, compared with the traditional lettuce salad, would cost less than half as much yet provide five times as much protein, six times as much Vitamin C and seven times as much of the B Complex Vitamins.
Whole dried peas have no Vitamin C, yet when sprouted for 48 hours, provide more Vitamin C (ounce per ounce) than fresh oranges.
Sprouts have the highest concentration of nutrition per calorie of any food.
Broccoli sprouts carry potent anti-cancer agents.
As a 'living' food, Sprouts continue to grow vitamins after being harvested.
Captain James Cook had his sailors eat sprouts, limes and lemons for their Vitamin C content to aid in curing scurvy.
During WW11 when the United States was concerned about a possible meat shortage, the scientific community advised the government that the consumption of germinated seeds was the best and the cheapest alternative to proteins in meat.
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Growing Potatoes is SO Easy!
Sprouts are such an easy way for everyone to grow their own food and stay healthy!
Let me know if you try sprouting your own food!


A bill to establish the National Criminal Justice Commission.
↑ 111th Congress (2010) (April 27, 2010). "H.R. 5143 (111th)". Legislation. GovTrack.us. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr5143. Retrieved August 17, 2016. "National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2010"
↑ 111th Congress (2009) (March 26, 2009). "S. 714 (111th)". Legislation. GovTrack.us. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/s714. Retrieved August 17, 2016. "National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2010"
↑ 112th Congress (2011) (February 8, 2011). "S. 306 (112th)". Legislation. GovTrack.us. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s306. Retrieved August 20, 2016. "National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2011"
↑ 114th Congress (2015) (April 28, 2015). "S. 1119 (114th)". Legislation. GovTrack.us. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/s1119. Retrieved August 20, 2016. "National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2015"
↑ 114th Congress (2015) (May 14, 2015). "H.R. 2330 (114th)". Legislation. GovTrack.us. https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr2330. Retrieved August 20, 2016. "National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2015"
H.R. 5143 (111th): National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2010, GovTrack. Died in Senate.
S. 714 (111th): National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2010, GovTrack. Not enacted, but reintroduced the following year.
S. 306 (112th): National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2011, GovTrack. Died in Senate, but revived a few years later.
S. 1119: National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2015, GovTrack. Referred to Committee.
H.R. 2330: National Criminal Justice Commission Act of 2015, GovTrack. Referred to Committee.
Pages in category "National Criminal Justice Commission Act"
This page was last modified on 20 August 2016, at 12:37.


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MacBook Air 2017 Release, Specs & Update: Apple Laptop Will Sport Retina Display, USB Type-C Port, New Cooling Modules, Better Battery
TAG:MacBook Air, MacBook Air 2017, MacBook Air 2017 Specs, MacBook Air 2017 Features, MacBook Air 2017 Release, Macbook Air 2016, MacBook 2017, Apple
By Jayson R.
With the iPhone 7 and Apple Watch 2 already swarming the international markets after its September launch, predictions on the specifications of the upcoming MacBook line flagship, Air 2017, are surfacing such as the alleged Retina display, USB Type-C port, among others.
According to Asia Starz, the latest Apple laptop will boast a 15-inch screen coupled with the Retina display panel. The device will also be made available in three variants, namely 11-inch, 13-inch, and 15-inch, and is purported to be slimmer and lighter compared to the earlier MacBook Air device.
Reports also suggest that the new MacBook device will boast a Touch ID within its Trackpad, which may acquire the Force Touch upgrade that was equipped to the 13-inch MacBook Pro back in March 2015, MacWorld has learned.
Force Touch keyboard is a feature that is rumored to be pioneered by Apple on its newer gadgets, and the same is expected to be used on MacBook Air 2017.
The Apple Pencil to be used is also rumored to be an upgraded version to what is currently available in the market. Based on a United States patent, Apple Pencil will have an overhaul as its description suggests a Pencil being used as a general input device like a joystick or an 'air mouse.'
In addition, MacBook 2017 is also expected to consist of the USB Type-C interface with an integrated Thunderbolt 3 port for faster charging and data transfers.
With the new framework, the MacBook Air 2017 laptop might be powered by new cooling modules, along with the enhanced chipset and battery; however, specific details of the processor and battery capacity are yet to be revealed.
With regards to the rumors that the company is discontinuing the Mac line, Apple CEO Tim Cook responded to the query through an email saying, "I love the Mac and we are very committed to it. Stay tuned."
Nevetheless, if the lineup will not get discontinued, it is concluded that the company will settle to its annual upgrade cycle and, thus, release the 2017 MacBook Air sometime early next year, which is likely within March to May.
Softbanks Pulls Investment Out Of Andy Rubin's Essential Products
Huawei To Become Leading Smartphone Brand
Steve Jobs Was A Low Tech Parent: Did Not Let His Children Use An iPad
Amazon Promises 5,000 New Jobs In Britain


The utilities of Java Message Service (JMS) are widely acknowledged, thereby making it a crucial Application Programming Interface (API) platform that is applied in several programs today. Through the use of Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM), JMS creates a systematized and effective network across different applications for digital interface. There are numerous vendors who deploy the JMS API to enable Java systems to communicate by means of a reliable interchange of asynchronous messages. Asynchronous messaging prevents the application from crashing due to glitches that might break the regular flow of messages.
Going by feedbacks procured from JMS users, it has been observed that it is best suited for large web applications. One of the most preferred use cases for JMS happens to be the widespread integration of various systems and applications in heterogeneous platforms whereby one can avail a whole lot of services. Many business-oriented and open-source messaging systems are now found to leverage a built-in channel that can convert a message sent via JMS to a common internal message layout so as to impart uninterrupted connectivity between Java and such other languages. An obvious specimen of messaging system that invariably functions on JMS is ActiveMQ. However, what makes this system unique is its allocation of a native API that can be accessed by clients who favor non-Java messaging.
In the JMS structure, clients have the facility to generate as well as receive messages. Their task is to administer the navigation and delivery of messages to their exact location. It must be noted that these clients are more often than not loosely coupled, thus resulting in little or no direct interface among them. However, there is again the option of them communicating over the destination server. The messages forwarded by producers are held in the destination until consumers retrieve them and if not, they get expired. Although there is zero involvement between JMS clients, they are actively connected to the JMS provider leading to a receive-and-acknowledge scenario. Loose coupling and asynchronous communication within a JMS application empowers organizations to be open-ended while executing business workflow practices.
If we talk of challenges, system bottlenecks can be seen as a commonly encountered problem during the processing phase of the JMS application. This happens generally when the pace and load of message requests exceed the normal limit. In such a condition, the MOM comes in handy as it stores of messages on behalf of the receiver and restocks them once the system is recovered. Java messaging is remarkably instrumental in minimizing and at times even eliminating such technical failures. To prevent the accumulation of unnecessary requests, they are transferred to an ancillary system that circulates the requests to numerous message hoarding components. This is how JMS aids in cutting down the gridlocks experienced in case of a single synchronous point-to-point connection.
In addition, JSM effects growth in the overall scalability and accelerates throughput with the help of effectual routing. The key lies in the proportionate distribution of huge volumes of requests across a wide-ranging network within the least span of time. Improving scalability is also possible through the asynchronization of the overall data that the system contains. Separating components in this manner can provide systems with a parallel growth, barring hardware assets being the chief restraining factor. However, there can be innumerable message listeners on a single queue to map as many messages at a time as possible but the crisis arises when the database fails to record all the concurrent requests.
Furthermore, the mode of asynchronous messaging employed by JMS consequently enhances the productivity of the end user. It is fruitful in obtaining instant response in terms of request orchestration. The user will automatically receive updates regarding the status of their request–if it is completed or is in the stage of processing. By implementing this strategy, the user can save a lot of his time thereby yielding more output. In current times, this tactic is utilized by various front-office operational systems–as an interface between their application and back-end systems for increased efficiency as well as maximum adaptability.
As mentioned already, messaging as a technique entitles an organization with the power to adjust to the persistent changes. In other words, JMS impacts the design of an enterprise as a whole by augmenting architectural agility and flexibility. Decoupling and abstraction is the answer to this concern; users can quickly react to the ongoing shift in trends so as to substitute existing components with newer, more advanced systems. Thus, even with the plethora of uses for JMS, it is highly essential to keep track of the developing trends in the market and to not just identify them but actually put them into action for efficacious results.


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Special Coordinator of the OPCW-UN Joint Mission on Syria Sigrid Kaag.
Sigrid Kaag, the Special Coordinator of the Joint Mission, welcomed the shipment as an "important step" in the elimination of Syria's chemical weapons programme.
"The Joint Mission looks forward to the Syrian Arab Republic continuing its efforts to complete the removal of the remaining chemical materials in a safe, secure and timely manner, through systematic, predictable and high-volume movements," she added in a statement.
The Joint Mission encouraged Syria to maintain momentum in implementing the relevant resolution of the UN Security Council and the decisions of the OPCW Executive Council to rid the country of its chemical weapons programme.
According to the plan approved by the OPCW, Syria's chemical weapons will be transported outside its territory to ensure their destruction in the "safest and soonest manner," and no later than 30 June 2014. The Joint Mission was set up to oversee the country's compliance with its obligations.
Syria renounced its chemical weapons material and joined 1992 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons under an agreement brokered last year by Russia and the United States.
A third shipment of chemical weapons material was removed from Syria today, the Joint Mission of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the United Nations confirmed.


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Q: User authentication in tornado websocket application Now, i improve my tornado skills and have a question about user auth.
And my solution is create secure token on first page and next send it with other data, from javascript to tornado server where do checking and auth user.
i think about cookie but i don't know how i can read cookies in    WebSocketHandler.on_message
what you think ? and where i wrong ? Thanks

A: A client can probably make the request headers with a fake user:
'user="ImFkbWxxxx==|xxxxxxxxxx|9d847f58a6897df8912f011f0a784xxxxxxxxxx"'
I think the following approach is better.
If the user does not exist or if the cookie id is not correct or falsified, then the function get_secure_cookie will not return a user
class WebSocketHandler(tornado.websocket.WebSocketHandler):

    def open(self):
        user_id = self.get_secure_cookie("user")
        if not user_id: return None
        ...

A: I suggest you read the overview section in the documentation.
There should be some relevant content there:

*

*Cookies and secure cookies

*User Authentication

*Third Party Authentication
EDIT
I just realized your question is about websockets. I believe you can use the approach you outline:

*

*Create a cookie in the non-websocket part of your app

*Check the cookie in the websocket handler

You should be able to access the request headers inside the websocket handler using self.request.headers.

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