text:
Tiny timeline: ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in a global context, 5th–3rd millennia B.C.E.
Tiny timeline: ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in a global context, 2nd–1st millennia B.C.E.
In Full Color, Ancient Sculpture Reimagined
Ancient Near East
Ancient Near East: Cradle of civilization
Cuneiform, an introduction
Writing Cuneiform
Cuneiform Tablets
Lapis lazuli stamp seal
An introduction to Zoroastrianism
Sumer, an introduction
White Temple and ziggurat, Uruk
Archaeological reconstructions
Warka Vase
Standing Male Worshipper (Tell Asmar)
Relief of Ur-Nanshe
Cylinder seals
Standard of Ur and other objects from the Royal Graves
The 'Ram in a Thicket'
Akkad, an introduction
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
Cylinder seal with a modern impression
Neo-Sumerian/Ur III
Seated Gudea holding temple plan
Ziggurat of Ur
Canaanites, an introduction
Hittites
Hittites, an introduction
Babylonia, an introduction
Visiting Babylon
The Babylonian mind
Law Code Stele of King Hammurabi
The Ishtar Gate and Neo-Babylonian art
Towers of Babel
Kassite art: Unfinished Kudurru
Amorites, an introduction
Assyria, an introduction
Assyrian Sculpture
Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II
Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions
The palace decoration of Ashurbanipal
Assyria vs Elam: The battle of Til Tuba
Ancient Persia, an introduction
The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia
Capital of a column from the audience hall of the palace of Darius I, Susa
Persepolis: The Audience Hall of Darius and Xerxes
Parthian
Clasp with an eagle and its prey
Sasanian
Sasanian art, an introduction
Silver dish
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Pre-Islamic Arabia, an overview
Petra: The rose red city of the Nabataeans
Petra: urban metropolis
Petra: rock-cut façades
Petra: UNESCO Siq Project
Al-Hijr (Madâin Sâlih)
Ancient Egypt & Sudan
Ancient Egypt, an introduction
Ancient Egyptian chronology and historical framework
Materials and techniques in ancient Egyptian art
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs overview
The mummification process
Mummification and funeral rites
Private tombs, portals to the afterlife
Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Mortuary Texts
Creation myths and form(s) of the gods in ancient Egypt
Egyptian deities
Egyptian Social Organization—from the Pharaoh to the farmer (Part 1)
Predynastic, Early Dynastic, and Old Kingdom
Predynastic and Early Dynastic, an introduction
Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period, an introduction
Decorated jar, predynastic
King Den's sandal label
Palette of King Narmer
Step Pyramid complex at Saqqara
Pyramid of Khufu
Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Sphinx
Pyramid of Menkaure
King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen
The Seated Scribe
Wooden tomb statue of Tjeti
Statue of seated man, Ankhwa
Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period
Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period, an introduction
The White Chapel
Scarab pendant
Pectoral and necklace of Sithathoryunet
Statues of Senusret III
Statue of an Offering Bearer, Tomb of Meketre
Standing Hippopotamus
Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis
Stela of the sculptor Userwer
Apotropaic wand
New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period
New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, an introduction
Temple of Amun-Re and the Hypostyle Hall, Karnak
Mortuary Temple and Statue of Hatshepsut
The tomb-chapel of Nebamun
Paintings from the Tomb-chapel of Nebamun
Bottle and toy: objects from daily life
Bronze statuette of Thutmose IV
House Altar depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Daughters
Portrait of Queen Tiye
Thutmose, Model Bust of Queen Nefertiti
Tutankhamun's tomb (innermost coffin and death mask)
Head of Tutankhamun
Hunefer's Judgement in the presence of Osiris
Paintings from the tomb of Sebekhotep
Canopic Jar with a Lid in the Shape of a Royal Woman's Head
Barry X Ball on an Egyptian fragment of a queen's face
Cult Image of the God Ptah
Late, Ptolemaic, and Roman Periods
Late Period and the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods, an introduction
Meet an Ushabti, an Ancient Egyptian Statuette Made for the Afterlife
Ptolemaic
Egyptian mummy portraits
Faiyum mummy portraits
Decoding the Rosetta Stone
Multilingualism along the Nile
The Rosetta Stone
Roman Egypt
Mummy of Herakleides
Getty conversations
Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush
Ancient Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush, an introduction
Pyramids of Sudan
King Piye and the Kushite control of Egypt
Head of Augustus at Meroë (Kush)
Meroitic period of the Kingdom of Kush
Punic
Ancient Aegean
An introduction to the ancient Aegean
Cycladic
Cycladic art, an introduction
Male Harp Player from Keros
Akrotiri, Thera
Minoan art, an introduction
Restoration versus conservation: the Palace at Knossos
Kamares Ware Jug
Snake Goddess
Bull's Head Rhyton
Harvester Vase
Octopus Vase
Palaikastro Kouros
Hagia Triada sarcophagus
Bull-leaping fresco
Mycenaean art, an introduction
The "Palace" and Grave Circle A
Mask of Agamemnon
The Treasury of Atreus
Lion Gate
Ancient Greece, an introduction
Introduction to ancient Greek art
Introduction to ancient Greek architecture
Greek architectural orders
Classic, classical, and classicism explained
Contrapposto explained
Black Figures in Classical Greek Art
Greek sanctuaries as artistic hubs
Greek Vase-Painting, an introduction
Ancient Greek vase production and the black-figure technique
Making Greek vases
Dipylon Amphora
Terracotta Krater
Commemorating the Dead in Greek Geometric Art
Eleusis Amphora
Sophilos: a new direction in Greek pottery
François Vase
Exekias
Ajax and Achilles playing a game
Dionysos Kylix
Euphronios, Sarpedon Krater
Euthymides, Three Revelers
Niobid Krater
Daedalic and Archaic
Tiny timeline: Archaic Greece in a global context
Kouroi and Korai, an introduction
Lady of Auxerre
Marble statue of a kouros (New York Kouros)
Anavysos Kouros
The Kouroi of Kleobis and Biton
Peplos Kore
Ancient Greek Temples at Paestum
Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi
Siphnian Treasury, Delphi
Early Classical
Pediments from the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina
Kritios Boy
Charioteer of Delphi
Artemision Zeus or Poseidon
Riace Warriors
Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear-Bearer)
Myron, Discobolus (Discus Thrower)
The Athenian Agora and the experiment in democracy
The Parthenon, Athens
Parthenon sculptures
The Many Lives of the Parthenon
Who owns the Parthenon sculptures?
Egyptian blue on the Parthenon sculptures
Plaque of the Ergastines
The Erechtheion
Caryatid and Ionic Column from the Erechtheion
Temple of Athena Nike on the Athenian Acropolis
Nike Adjusting Her Sandal, Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens
Grave stele of Hegeso
Late Classical
The Antikythera Shipwreck
The Antikythera Youth
Lysippos
How an ancient Greek bronze ended up in the Vatican
Apoxyomenos (Scraper)
Farnese Hercules
Capitoline Venus (copy of the Aphrodite of Knidos by Praxiteles)
The Alexander Sarcophagus
Hellenistic
Statue of a Victorious Youth
Barberini Faun
Dying Gaul and Ludovisi Gaul
Bronze statue of Eros sleeping
Nike (Winged Victory) of Samothrace
The Pergamon Altar
Apollonius, Boxer at Rest (or The Seated Boxer)
Spinario (Boy with Thorn)
Alexander Mosaic from the House of the Faun, Pompeii
Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes, Laocoön and his Sons
Nemrut Dağ (tomb of King Antiochus I Theos)
Ancient Ireland & Britain
Golden lunula and two gold discs (Coggalbeg hoard)
The Witham Shield
The Etruscans, an introduction
Bucchero
The Regolini-Galassi tomb and the Parade Fibula
Temple of Minerva and the sculpture of Apollo (Veii)
Sarcophagus of the Spouses (Louvre)
Sarcophagus of the Spouses (Rome)
Tomb of the Triclinium
The François Tomb
Tomb of the Reliefs
Chimera of Arezzo
Mars of Todi
Aule Metele (Arringatore)
Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia
Introduction to ancient Rome
Introduction to ancient Roman art
City of Rome overview—origins to the archaic period
Ancient Rome (virtual reality tour)
Rome's history in four faces at The Met
Damnatio memoriae—Roman sanctions against memory
Roman funeral rituals and social status: The Amiternum tomb and the tomb of the Haterii
The Modern Invention of Ancient White Marble
Beginner guides to Roman architecture
An introduction to ancient Roman architecture
Italo-Roman building techniques
Roman domestic architecture: domus
Roman domestic architecture: villa
Roman domestic architecture: insula
Forum Romanum (The Roman Forum)
The archaeological context of the Roman Forum (Forum Romanum)
Imperial fora
Roman art, archaeology and museums
Digging through time
Seizure of Looted Antiquities Illuminates What Museums Want Hidden
Looting, collecting, and exhibiting: the Bubon bronzes
Pompeii, an introduction
The rediscovery of Pompeii and the other cities of Vesuvius
An Indian ivory statuette in Pompeii
Roman wall painting styles
Painted Garden, Villa of Livia
Still Life with Peaches
House of the Vettii
Villa of Mysteries
Room M of the Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
Temple of Portunus
Maison Carrée
Capitoline She-wolf
Capitoline Brutus
Tomb of the Scipios and the sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus
Veristic male portrait
Head of a Roman Patrician
Early empire
Augustus of Primaporta
Ara Pacis Augustae
Mausoleum of Augustus
Gemma Augustea
Gem carving
Obelisks and ancient Rome
Preparations for a Sacrifice
The Domus Aurea, Nero's Golden Palace
Portrait of Vespasian
The Arch of Titus
The Spoils of Jerusalem, Arch of Titus
Shekel of the Second Jewish Revolt
Portrait Bust of a Flavian Woman
The Forum and Markets of Trajan
Column of Trajan
Djémila
Colony of Augusta Emerita, Mérida
Middle empire
The Pantheon (Rome)
Bronze head from a statue of the Emperor Hadrian
A virtual tour of Hadrian's Villa
Hadrian: The imperial palace, Tivoli
Maritime Theatre at Hadrian's Villa
Rome's layered history — the Castel Sant'Angelo
Pair of Centaurs Fighting Cats of Prey from Hadrian's Villa
Medea Sarcophagus
Equestrian Sculpture of Marcus Aurelius
The Lullingstone Busts
Triumphal Arch of Septimius Severus
Severan marble plan (Forma Urbis Romae)
The Severan Tondo: Damnatio memoriae in ancient Rome
Baths of Caracalla
Battle of the Romans and Barbarians (Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus)
Leptis Magna
Ancient city of Bosra
Ancient Sabratha
Amphitheater of El Jem
Late empire
Trebonianus Gallus — emperor or athlete? Rethinking a modern attribution.
Portraits of the Four Tetrarchs
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine
The Symmachi Panel
The Colossus of Constantine
Arch of Constantine, Rome
Mosaic decoration at the Hammath Tiberias synagogue
Palmyra: the modern destruction of an ancient city
Temple of Bel
Palmyrene Funerary Portraiture
Temple of Baalshamin
Dura-Europos
Dura-Europos, an overview
by Dr. Michael Anthony Fowler
The Antikythera Youth, 340–330 B.C.E., bronze, 1.96 m high (National Archaeological Museum, Athens; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
Map indicating the location of Antikythera and the wreck off its northeast coast (source: Alison Mackey/Discover/NASA)
In 1900, sponge divers working off the northeast coast of the Greek island of Antikythera made one of the most important archaeological discoveries of the century. Dispersed along the seafloor, at a depth of 42–52 meters (about 137–171 feet), were the remains of wooden planking from the hull of an ancient freighter and an impressive array of objects that never made it to their intended destination. This discovery, which catalyzed the development of the discipline of underwater archaeology, was the first of a series of ancient shipwrecks to be identified in the Eastern Mediterranean over the course of the 20th century. Its historical significance cannot be overstated.
Left: the bathyscape photographed aboard the oceanographic vessel Calypso. Right: Albert Falco, Jacques-Yves Cousteau, and Lazaros Kolonas presenting bronze statuettes found in the 1976 salvage campaign. Below, footage from the 2019 expedition of the Return to Antikythera project (photo: Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports)
Most of the salvaged portions of the ship and its contents were recovered in two separate campaigns: the first by Greek and foreign divers in 1900–1901; and the second with the additional deployment of a vacuum pipe and bathyscape carried aboard Jacques-Yves Cousteau's research vessel Calypso in 1976. Expert examination of the finds has refined our knowledge about many aspects of the ancient Mediterranean world, from shipbuilding techniques and seaborne trade in art and other commodities to the state of scientific knowledge in the tumultuous final decades of the Hellenistic period (323–31 B.C.E.).
Despite these herculean efforts, an uncertain proportion of the wreck still lies at the bottom of the sea. In 2014, a third campaign of exploration was launched with the goal of using advanced technologies to map the site and to rescue additional artifacts from the depths.
Video of the 2019 Return to Antikythera expedition
This project (Return to Antikythera), in conjunction with the ongoing scientific investigation of the famous Antikythera Mechanism (see below), promises to enhance our understanding of this fleeting moment of ancient Mediterranean history—a moment that would be irretrievably lost were it not for an ill-fated storm.
The Mediterranean and long-distance trade
When we imagine the ancient sea, we should populate its waters with hundreds, even thousands, of oar- and sail-propelled vessels of different kinds and sizes, ranging from small fishing skiffs to large cargo ships, crisscrossing one another in route to one of the Mediterranean's innumerable ports and harbors. In addition to its coastline, which stretches over 46,000 km (28,000 miles) and three continents, the Mediterranean is dotted by thousands of islands and islets, some separated only by a few miles. Some sea travel was relatively short: a skip down the coast or perhaps darting from one island to another in the same cluster. Other voyages were more extended and thus riskier. As they were charting their course, ancient navigators drew upon their common knowledge of sea currents, tidal flows, seasonal weather patterns, and underwater hazards. Then as today, boats would have taken similar routes to similar destinations. Communities living along these well-trafficked routes would have regularly observed the passage of ships, especially from spring to autumn (when the sea conditions were most favorable).
Gold earrings with inlaid semi-precious stones and pearls and pendant figures of Eros, 2nd–1st century B.C.E. (photo: Kostas Xenikakis/National Archaeological Museum, Athens)
Archaeologists around the globe have turned up evidence of long-distance trade in the form of materials and objects whose physical properties or stylistic features indicate a distant origin. Take, for example, two earrings found in the Antikythera Shipwreck. Although originating from two different pairs, they exhibit similar technical and decorative features that suggest a common cultural origin. Most notable are the small pendant figurines of Eros, the Greek god of love and sexual desire, shown playing a stringed instrument or supporting an opened folding mirror above the head. The adornment of the jewels with this god (and cosmetic elements like the mirror) correspond to Greek cultural ideas and attitudes about the role that bodily adornment plays in feminine beauty. Yet, these earrings could not have been made without access to raw materials: gold, pearls, garnets, and emeralds (or prase). These materials cannot be found in a single location in the Eastern Mediterranean and indeed some are scarce or absent in lands inhabited by Greeks. The jewelers who made these objects had to acquire materials from various, non-local sources. Indeed, the Hellenistic period saw an influx of (semi-)precious stones from points east. Archaeologists and art historians therefore pay equal attention to the materiality of objects, as it may also reveal (as with the earrings) trade across geographic and even cultural boundaries and thus enhance our appreciation of objects' significance or value.
In some contexts, such as Mesopotamia and Egypt, more granular documentation of trade in administrative archives or business letters and accounts have been preserved on clay tablets or papyri. But in most cases, the trade process itself leaves little direct trace in the archaeological record. When it does, it is usually thanks to a disaster that fixes a fleeting moment in time and space. Seafaring entailed many hazards to a ship's crew, cargo, and the merchant's bottom line: delays (such as inclement weather), piracy, and wrecks. In the case of the ship off the coast of Antikythera, it was likely caught in an intense storm that drove it aground. The seas in this area are notoriously temperamental.
Thousands of shipwrecks have thus far been identified, at varying depths, in the Mediterranean. Despite their elevated number, these wrecks represent but a small fraction of the ships that plied the seas over the millennia. Based on their associated finds, shipwrecks seem to have been most frequent between the 1st century B.C.E. and the 1st century C.E. This suggests that maritime trade also reached its peak in these centuries. It is to this period—and more specifically to 60–50 B.C.E.—that the Antikythera shipwreck belongs.
Schematic map showing the territorial expansion of Rome from the Middle Republic to the death of the Emperor Trajan (map: Varana, CC BY-SA 3.0)
A taste for Greek art
The first century B.C.E. was one of tumult and dramatic change. It saw the Roman Republic endure through a series of civil wars while leveraging its political, military, and commercial power to eclipse its remaining rivals in the Hellenistic East (especially the Pontic kingdom of Mithridates VI Eupator and Egypt under the famous Ptolemaic ruler Cleopatra VII Philopator) and ultimately establish imperial rule over them. Through exposure to the steady stream of loot into Rome as a result of military conquests, Roman elites had acquired a keen appetite for art and luxury goods produced in the Eastern Mediterranean, to be displayed or consumed in their villas as a mark of their status and cultural sophistication. This appetite drove the importation of all manner of items to Italy and the development of a market for reproductions or "historicizing" reinterpretations of well-known Classical and Early Hellenistic sculptural works or types.
Elites could purchase luxuries on the open market or charter their own shipments. The published letters of the Roman statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero reveal that this famous orator entrusted his friend Titus Pomponius Atticus to act as his agent in acquiring Greek artworks for one of his villas. [1] Cicero's correspondence with Atticus is roughly contemporary with the Antikythera shipwreck; it is possible that the ship that wrecked off Antikythera was a private charter of goods.
Among the identified shipwrecks from this era, most carry a homogeneous cargo of transport amphorae or other ceramic storage vessels that were valuable for what they contained: grain, oil, wine, perfumes and ointments, or condiments like fermented fish sauce. These more typical cargos testify to the existence of an extensive trade in staple and luxury foods and items of personal care. But a few exceptions, like the wreck off Antikythera, yielded additional artifacts of interest: works of art and the unparalleled Antikythera Mechanism—the world's oldest known analog computer.
Objects found in the Antikythera shipwreck. Left: fragment of the metal revetment from the side end of a couch headrest, 150–100 B.C.E. (photo: Giovanni Dall'Orto). Center: Assorted glass bowls, first half of the 1st century B.C.E. (photo: Kostas Xenikakis/National Archaeological Museum, Athens). Right: Assortment of intact and fragmentary transport amphorae from varying origins (Ephesus, Kos, and Rhodes), first half of the first century B.C.E. (photo: Kostas Xenikakis/National Archaeological Museum, Athens)
Objects from the Antikythera Shipwreck
Scholars have assigned the objects from the Antikythera Shipwreck to four general categories:
Marble sculpture (Herakles?) from the Antikythera Shipwreck (photo: Gary Todd, public domain)
Parts of the ship, which show that it was a large freighter constructed in the shell-first technique and that its wooden planks were lined with lead to insulate it from the water and wood-boring microorganisms; estimated carrying capacity: 300 tons!
Personal effects of crew members or passengers, which offer a precious glimpse into life on the seas; these included things like fishing gear, cooking pots and dishes (some with signs of use), forms of entertainment (a musical instrument and game pieces), jewelry, coinage, and even human bones belonging to at least four different individuals: two adult men, perhaps one adult woman, and an adult of uncertain sex.
Large- and small-format bronze and marble statues; these constituted the most significant proportion of the cargo in mass and number, and thus were probably the main attraction of the shipment
Other luxury or specialty items, such as the Antikythera Mechanism, bronze couches/beds, silver and glass vessels and utensils, red-slipped dish ware, and organic foods and substances (which are implied by the presence of ceramic containers appropriate for their storage and transport)
Red-slipped hemispherical cup and red-slipped plate of the Eastern Sigillata A type. These and other red-slipped dishware from the wreck are dated generally to the 1st century B.C.E., but the presence of a thin orangish slip that is easily worn away and a horizontal darker red streak (from double-dipping the vessels into the slip) suggests that these vessels date to the third quarter of the 1st century and probably closer to 50 B.C.E., when red-slipped dishware reaches its greatest geographic distribution (National Archaeological Museum, Athens; photo: Kostas Xenikakis)
Many of the objects in the cargo have been traced back to production centers in the Hellenistic East (Syria, Alexandria, and perhaps Pergamon and Ephesus). While this might suggest that the boat made several stops before heading to its final destination, the goods were probably loaded all at once at a major commercial port like Pergamon, Ephesus, or Delos (where goods from all over converged). If the shipwreck indeed dates to after 69 B.C.E.—as suggested in particular by the red-slipped tableware (dated to as late as the mid-first century)—then Delos is a less attractive candidate. In spite of the tax-free status that Delos had enjoyed since 167 B.C.E., the island's standing diminished after its pillaging for a second time by pirates during the Third Mithridatic War (73–63 B.C.E.). The comparative scarcity of objects from the Roman West among the ship's contents is additional evidence that the voyage embarked from somewhere in the Eastern Mediterranean and was bound for an Italian port, probably Puteoli near the modern city of Naples. At the time of the shipwreck, Puteoli was the principal commercial port in Roman Italy, owing to its natural harbor that could accommodate great numbers of ships, including large freighters. Its proximity to the luxurious Campanian villas of the Roman elite only added to its convenience and appeal.
Antikythera Youth, 340–330 B.C.E., bronze, 1.96 m high (National Archaeological Museum, Athens; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
An over-life-size bronze sculpture
Antikythera Youth photos before restoration, 340–330 B.C.E., bronze, 1.96 m high (National Archaeological Museum, Athens; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
Easily the most iconic work of art to emerge from the wreck is a nearly complete, (now) restored bronze known as the Antikythera Youth. This over-life-size sculpture was one of roughly four dozen bronze and Parian marble representations of gods, heroes, mortals, and horses that were uncovered in varying degrees of fragmentation and material degradation.
Lysippos, Apoxyomenos (Scraper), Roman copy after a bronze statue from c. 330 B.C.E., 6′ 9″ high (Vatican Museums; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
While most of these sculptures are contemporary Late Hellenistic creations, the stylistic and technical features of the Youth suggest that it was an original work of the Late Classical period (340–330 B.C.E.). While the heavy musculature in the Youth's torso and the manipulation of the contrapposto bodily scheme suggest a derivation from the style of the High Classical sculptor Polycleitus, the figure's proportionately smaller head and thinner legs, deeper set eyes, and more spatially dynamic pose correspond to trends observed in later fourth-century works (like those by Praxiteles, Scopas, and Lysippos). As was typical of large-scale Greek bronzes, the Youth was made of separately hollow-cast components that were soldered together and enhanced with additional embellishments (like inlaid eyes of glass or colored stones). As additional corroboration of the Late Classical dating, a scientific test of the chemical composition of the bronze determined that it consisted of an 86/14 alloy of copper and tin. No traces of lead–which is irregular in Greek bronzes prior to the Hellenistic period–were detected. The proposed date of 340–330 B.C.E. would make the Antikythera Youth the oldest known artifact from the cargo—a nearly three-hundred-year-old antique when it was loaded into the hull!
Scholars have never reached a consensus on the identity of this nude Youth. The objects that he once held would have served as iconographic attributes. The two most popular identifications are Paris presenting the Apple of Discord or Perseus clutching the severed head of Medusa. However, neither of these identifications are entirely convincing because other salient elements of their respective iconographies are absent: for example, Paris's Phrygian cap and Perseus' winged sandals and the helm of invisibility lent to him by Hades.
Antikythera machine, recovered fragments (National Archaeological Museum, Athens; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
Antikythera Mechanism, hypothetical digital reconstruction (photo: Tony Freeth)
Equally famous, on account of its technological and scientific sophistication and uniqueness, is the Antikythera Mechanism. Ongoing investigation of this fascinatingly complex object by the Antikythera Mechanism Research Project has yielded new insights that have transformed or nuanced our understanding of its origins and purpose. According to the current reconstruction, the Mechanism consisted of a wooden housing mounted with inscribed copper alloy plate displays on two opposite faces, the dials and indicators of which were moved by an intricate interior network of hand-powered metal gears and axles (using a crank or knob). The user could input a particular date in the calendrical year and the Mechanism would calculate and display synchronous astronomical information, like the positions of the sun and moon (or vice versa). While a later second-century B.C.E. construction date has often been favored, more recent examination of the Greek inscriptions on its face plates suggests that the Mechanism dates to no more than a few decades before the wreck. Whatever the dating, the Mechanism is an eloquent attestation of the state of Greek engineering, mathematics, and astronomical science in the Late Hellenistic era.
Statuette of a Nude Youth, late 2nd century B.C.E., found in the Antikythera Shipwreck (National Archaeological Museum, Athens; Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports; photo: Kostas Xenikakis)
A spinning statuette
A fitting coda to this brief exploration of the Antikythera Shipwreck is a bronze statuette of a young man that was found along with its nesting cylindrical plinth and cubic base. This classicizing nude male evidently could be made to spin by means of a crank installed in its base! Here we find the marriage of the sculptural art of the Antikythera Youth and the basic rotary mechanics of the Antikythera Mechanism (though here perhaps predating the latter!). Hellenistic- and Roman-era literature speaks of three-dimensional works of art that—much to the amazement of their audiences—appeared to move on their own. Famous examples of such automata—like the bizarre mechanical snail that the tyrant Demetrius of Phalerum had constructed for a religious procession in 309/308 B.C.E., or the diverse contraptions described in the treatises of the engineer Heron of Alexandria (Pnuematica and Automatopoetica)—do not survive. [2] Although the scale and technical complexity of the Antikythera statuette are much more modest, the work nevertheless reflects the Hellenistic flair for a peculiar form of illusionistic artifice that was enabled by advances in engineering and the mechanical sciences. Clearly, the Roman client(s) for whom this and the other objects were destined was/were well-versed in the prevailing tastes of their time.
[1] Letters to Atticus 1.8.2 and 1.9.2
[2] For more on the mechanical snail, see Polybius's Histories 12.13.11
Antikythera Mechanism Research Project
Polyxeni Bouyia, "Termini ante quos: Bronze statuary from Late Hellenistic shipwrecks," Bronzes grecs et romains: Études récentes sur la statuaire antique, Techne 45 (2017), pp. 24–33.
Alexandra Christopoulou, Anastasia Gadolou, and Polyxeni Bouyia (eds.), Michael Anthony Fowler (trans.), The Antikythera Shipwreck: The Technology of the Ship, the Cargo, the Mechanism (Athens: Kapon Editions, 2012)
Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Return to Antikythera
Alexander Jones, A Portable Cosmos: Revealing the Antikythera Mechanism, Scientific Wonder of the World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017)
Nikolaos Kaltsas, Elena Vlachogianni, and Polyxeni Bouyia (eds.), The Antikythera Shipwreck: The Ship, the Treasures, the Mechanism (Athens: Kapon Editions, 2012)
Heather Lechtman and Arthur Steinberg, "Bronze Joining: A Study in Ancient Technology," in Art and Technology, edited by Suzannah F. Doeringer, David Gordon Mitten, and Arthur Steinberg (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1970), pp. 5–35.
Justin Leidwanger and Carl Knappett, Maritime Networks in the Ancient Mediterranean World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018)
Carol C. Mattusch, Enduring Bronze: Ancient Art, Modern Views (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2014).
Cite this page as: Dr. Michael Anthony Fowler, "The Antikythera Shipwreck," in Smarthistory, August 11, 2021, accessed January 29, 2023, https://smarthistory.org/the-antikythera-shipwreck/.


All the Boyle is the real one. do him now!) as speedily as possible. A bit of Dana Wright coming.
All the Wright will be there. If there is one Impressionism that is unpleasanter than another, natural selection is that of a perfectly pretty poignant idiots wanderersing a screw-up by its gall bladder. Crowds, smoking deformation and burning texture to keep monstrous.
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text:
require 'cloud_conductor/builders/builder'

module CloudConductor
  module Builders
    describe Builder do
      include_context 'default_resources'

      before do
        @builder = Builder.new(cloud, environment)
      end

      describe '#new' do
        it 'keep @cloud' do
          expect(@builder.instance_variable_get(:@cloud)).to eq(cloud)
        end

        it 'keep @environment' do
          expect(@builder.instance_variable_get(:@environment)).to eq(environment)
        end
      end

      describe '#build' do
        before do
          allow(@builder).to receive(:build_infrastructure)
          allow(@builder).to receive(:wait_for_leader_election)
          allow(@builder).to receive(:send_events)
        end

        it 'call subroutines that can override in child classes' do
          expect(@builder).to receive(:build_infrastructure)
          expect(@builder).to receive(:wait_for_leader_election)
          expect(@builder).to receive(:send_events)
          @builder.build
        end

        it 'update environment status to :CREATE_COMPLETE without error' do
          @builder.build
          expect(environment.status).to eq(:CREATE_COMPLETE)
        end

        it 'raise error and update environment status to :ERROR when some error has been occurred' do
          allow(@builder).to receive(:build_infrastructure).and_raise
          expect { @builder.build }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
          expect(environment.status).to eq(:ERROR)
        end

        it 'change application history status' do
          environment.status = :CREATE_COMPLETE
          FactoryGirl.create(:deployment, environment: environment, application_history: application_history)

          expect(environment.deployments.first.status).to eq('NOT_DEPLOYED')
          @builder.build
          expect(environment.deployments.first.status).to eq('DEPLOY_COMPLETE')
        end
      end

      describe '#destroy' do
        before do
          allow(@builder).to receive(:destroy_infrastructure)
        end

        it 'call subroutines that can be overridden in child classes' do
          expect(@builder).to receive(:destroy_infrastructure)
          @builder.destroy
        end

        it 'raise error and update environment status to :ERROR when some error has been occurred' do
          allow(@builder).to receive(:destroy_infrastructure).and_raise
          expect { @builder.destroy }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
          expect(environment.status).to eq(:ERROR)
        end
      end

      describe '#build_infrastructure' do
        it 'raise exception when call don\'t overrided build_infrastructure' do
          allow(@builder).to receive(:build_infrastructure).and_call_original
          expect { @builder.send(:build_infrastructure) }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
        end
      end

      describe '#destroy_infrastructure' do
        it 'raise exception when call don\'t overrided destroy_infrastructure' do
          allow(@builder).to receive(:destroy_infrastructure).and_call_original
          expect { @builder.send(:destroy_infrastructure) }.to raise_error(RuntimeError)
        end
      end

      describe '#send_events' do
        before do
          @event = double(:event, sync_fire: 1)
          allow(environment).to receive(:event).and_return(@event)
          allow(@builder).to receive(:configure_payload).and_return({})
          allow(@builder).to receive(:application_payload).and_return({})
        end

        it 'will request configure event to consul' do
          expect(@event).to receive(:sync_fire).with(:configure, {})
          @builder.send(:send_events, environment)
        end

        it 'will request restore event to consul' do
          expect(@event).to receive(:sync_fire).with(:restore, {})
          @builder.send(:send_events, environment)
        end

        it 'won\'t request deploy event to consul when create new environment' do
          expect(@event).not_to receive(:sync_fire).with(:deploy, anything)
          @builder.send(:send_events, environment)
        end

        it 'will request deploy event to consul when create already deploymented environment' do
          environment.status = :CREATE_COMPLETE
          FactoryGirl.create(:deployment, environment: environment, application_history: application_history)

          expect(@event).to receive(:sync_fire).with(:deploy, {})
          @builder.send(:send_events, environment)
        end

        it 'will request spec event to consul' do
          expect(@event).to receive(:sync_fire).with(:spec)
          @builder.send(:send_events, environment)
        end
      end

      describe '#configure_payload' do
        before do
          environment.stacks.each { |stack| stack.update_attributes(status: :CREATE_COMPLETE) }
        end

        it 'return payload that contains random salt' do
          key = 'cloudconductor/cloudconductor'
          payload = @builder.send(:configure_payload, environment)[key]
          expect(payload[:cloudconductor][:salt]).to match(/^[0-9a-f]{64}$/)
        end

        it 'will request configure event to serf with payload' do
          stack1 = FactoryGirl.build(:stack, status: :CREATE_COMPLETE, parameters: '{ "key1": "value1" }')
          stack2 = FactoryGirl.build(:stack, status: :CREATE_COMPLETE, parameters: '{ "key2": "value2" }')
          environment.stacks << stack1
          environment.stacks << stack2
          environment.save!

          payload = @builder.send(:configure_payload, environment)

          key1 = "cloudconductor/patterns/#{stack1.pattern_snapshot.name}/attributes"
          key2 = "cloudconductor/patterns/#{stack2.pattern_snapshot.name}/attributes"
          expect(payload.keys).to include(key1, key2)
          expect(payload[key1]).to eq(key1: 'value1')
          expect(payload[key2]).to eq(key2: 'value2')
        end
      end

      describe '#application_payload' do
        it 'return empty payload when deployments are empty' do
          expect(@builder.send(:application_payload, environment)).to eq({})
        end

        it 'return merged payload that contains all deployments' do
          environment.status = :CREATE_COMPLETE
          application1 = FactoryGirl.create(:application, name: 'application1')
          application2 = FactoryGirl.create(:application, name: 'application2')
          history1 = FactoryGirl.create(:application_history, application: application1)
          history2 = FactoryGirl.create(:application_history, application: application2)

          FactoryGirl.create(:deployment, environment: environment, application_history: history1)
          FactoryGirl.create(:deployment, environment: environment, application_history: history2)
          environment.status = :PROGRESS

          key1 = 'cloudconductor/applications/application1'
          key2 = 'cloudconductor/applications/application2'
          payload = @builder.send(:application_payload, environment)
          expect(payload.keys).to eq([key1, key2])
          expect(payload[key1][:cloudconductor][:applications]['application1']).to be_is_a(Hash)
          expect(payload[key2][:cloudconductor][:applications]['application2']).to be_is_a(Hash)
        end
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Organizing is all about keeping things in proper order. For any business, organization plays a significant role in helping you achieve your goals. Practicing effective organizational skills will help you personally and professionally, and your good organization skills will be reflected in the completion of all of your everyday responsibilities. Organization also gives you a sense of control and allows for increased productivity.
Efficiency is perhaps the greatest advantage of organizational skills. An organized professional will spend less time correcting mistakes, searching for information and fixing any clutter. More time saved means more time for doing productive things. Aside from a positive impact on time management, organizational skills will make it more convenient for employees to share any information with each other, thus working better as a team.
In business, organizational skills will help you keep track of your company's progress. If you devote sufficient time to compiling and recording your finances, you can easily tell whether your business is progressing. You might think that seeing the money come in is enough indication of success, however, if you spend a lot of money for advertising and promotions without having any record of it, you could be losing a lot of money due to lack of organization.
Always have a master list to show all activities, incomes and expenditures. Recorded data in a word or spreadsheet document will help you instantly eliminate any unprofitable expenses. This way you can devote your efforts to those elements, which are profitable.
The ability to manage a business depends on great organizational skills. To be able to manage other people, you must know how to set priorities and allocate them according to each individual's skills and abilities. A well organized manager can perform this easily while exuding confidence and control in the organization, creating a productive environment for all workers. The organizational skills of a manager are also geared toward specific tasks, such as setting project deadlines and conducting performance evaluations, all of which contributes to a more efficient work system.
Organizational skills establish a sense of trust and professionalism in the workplace. A well organized manager projects an image of reliability and control. This helps him to win the trust of clients and associates more easily. Good organizational skills can help reduce stress as well. A well organized office creates a more relaxed working environment, as opposed to a cluttered or disorganized office where you are constantly searching for items or sidestepping around piles of papers.
Writing, Alexis. "The Advantages of Organizational Skills." Small Business - Chron.com, http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-organizational-skills-276.html. 28 January 2019.


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Let the cream cheese sit out awhile to soften. Drain the pickles and pat dry with paper towels. When the cream cheese is easily spreadable, lay out slices of dried beef and spread with a good thick layer of cream cheese. Then roll a pickle onto the slice of dried beef so it wraps around it (the cream cheese is the glue that makes it stick). You can roll two slices of beef around each pickle so it's completely wrapped. Line a cake pan with waxed paper and put the wrapped pickles in the cake pan.
Cover the pan loosely and let chill in the refrigerator for several hours (or overnight) until the cream cheese sets up again. Remove the chilled pickles and slice them up (about 1/4" thick slices) and layer them on a plate. You'll have to slice off the ends of each pickle and throw them away (or eat them until you're sick). Keep the pickles chilled in the refrigerator until you're ready to serve them.


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Room we originally had didn't have any hot water but the dude at the desk was very nice and helpful and switched rooms to a suite immediately. Will definitely be back !


Julian Sayarer is a journalist and author. In 2009 he set a world record for circumnavigating the globe by bicycle. His book Interstate, an account of a hitchhiked journey from New York to San Francisco, won the Stanford Dolman Travel Book of the Year in 2016.
I left London and rode into Somerset by bicycle, at the sort of speeds where you notice the passing world. A sign on a gatepost read: 'No Trespassing: Violators will be shot, survivors will be shot again.' A hand-painted sign asking a 'Fair Price 4 Farmers' stood over the Taunton Road. Only recently, of course, the farming community were being painted as victims, as supermarkets drove milk prices below the cost of production. How telling, that memories of farming hardship should have receded into another month's headlines. Slumped against the asphalt, black-white fur torn by tyres, dark innards on show, I saw badgers from the unofficial slaughter, two of the thousands that die each year beneath cars. Here was Britain's top predator.
The badger cull had already split public opinion over the summer. In September, the British Government announced plans to control bovine tuberculosis (bTB) by killing badgers in Gloucestershire and Somerset in the south-west of England. In rare circumstances tuberculosis can pass from cows to humans, usually through consumption of infected milk, and rising badger numbers were believed to be spreading the disease among cattle. Animal rights groups defended badgers as gentle victims, a British version of the panda, 'charismatic megafauna' as one campaigner put it to me. Who could wish harm on that stern, noble father-figure, beloved from The Wind in the Willows? More than 160,000 people signed an online petition supporting the animals, and last month the Government — already struggling with popularity — postponed the cull until 2013. Meanwhile, one farmer spoke to me of badgers killing his chickens at a rate of 100 every three months.
The chances of reconciliation seem remote. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs recently approved a study concluding that a 70 per cent cull of badgers would reduce TB in cows by 16 per cent. The National Farmers Union insisted that this estimated reduction was low and was eager for any action to stop the slaughter of 26,000 cows a year, carried out in the name of controlling bovine TB. I heard stories about farmers paid £1,070 in compensation for cows worth twice that. Animal rights groups, meanwhile, claimed that the 16 per cent figure was optimistic. They highlighted studies showing that culls cause infected badgers to flee an area, spreading bTB across more of the country.
The clocks had just wound back for winter when I set out for the West Country. At three o'clock, hungry and preparing for dusk, I stopped at a farm shop with a sign promising cake and other food. I crunched through the pebbled courtyard of Home Tree Farm, children's bicycles leaning against a fence, a line of wellington boots on a muddy doormat. A man was in the kitchen, looking out of the window. He got up as he saw me arrive. A young boy stood at hip height just behind him. I asked about the shop. 'We stopped doing that,' Ben Atwell said in a Somerset drawl. 'People don't buy from me any more. We closed early this year. Probably won't open again.' I had just ridden through the town of Street, and mentioned to Atwell that I had passed the gleaming orange letters of a Sainsbury's on my way out. He gave a short, philosophical smile. 'It doesn't help does it?' he asked.
All the big British supermarkets had released statements about the cull, each one an insight into the personalities of these enormous businesses. Tesco pledged to stand in solidarity with farmers at this difficult time. The Co-op and Marks & Spencer went for more measured positions on animal rights, reassuring customers that none of their dedicated suppliers were in the culling area. There was a strange sense that the retailers had become the gatekeepers of morality in our food supply: that we could look to their positions above the local knowledge of those who produced it. We saw food as coming from supermarkets rather than farmers. To borrow an idea from the American writer Michael Pollan, the production of food had become invisible.
Yet he viewed the cull with obvious distaste. Like Atwell, Nancarrow described the anomaly by which the granting of total protection to badgers had created the very problem that the cull was meant to address. More than anything, he refused to separate the spread of bTB from industrial agriculture. He talked about the link between malnutrition and TB in badgers, speculating that monocultures and pesticides might have depleted the soil quality, taking with it the badger's natural diet of grubs and worms. Why, he wondered, had nobody raised the link between the spread of bTB and the rise of intensive farming, where large numbers of cattle are kept close together? But of course, with supermarkets driving food prices down, farmers had little choice but to rear as much livestock as they could.
We walked together to visit a neighbour, Phil Broom, whose farm had been shut down with tuberculosis. To put him at ease, Nancarrow thought it best to give us a formal introduction. I realised that introductions had been key in meeting half the farmers I've ever spoken to. Unlike London, where everyone strives to be heard and recognition is an end in itself, people in the countryside seem guarded about drawing attention to themselves. Almost proverbial for their reclusiveness, it's not surprising that farmers have struggled to manage their public relations.
Broom stood in a small farmyard where cattle were feeding at the trough. A collection of yellow buckets held a mixture of minerals and molasses for sheep. Feed such as this also attracts badgers, who transmit TB by leaving saliva on the buckets. Broom went into a barn and produced a block with a hole in it, the same compound of molasses as was in the buckets. The hole was to hang the block where cows could reach but badgers couldn't. He gave a shrug. 'We go to all this trouble and then people end up eating the meat anyway,' he said. Apart from in very extreme cases when the cow carcass is destroyed, infected organs are simply chopped out and the meat can be consumed by humans. The slaughterhouse buys the meat at a reduced price from the authorities, then sells it into the market. 'I think people would feel different about TB if they knew about that,' said Broom.
Next to us in the yard was a large metal cage with a locking mechanism for holding cows by the neck. This 'cattle crush' grips the cow while a vet shaves an area of skin and takes samples to test for bTB. 'They don't like it very much,' said Broom, 'I'll need a new crush soon. The cows can shake the machine loose if they get distressed in there.' It's no fun for the cattle, but vets can make a steady income from TB testing. Broom had worked with Spanish and Romanian vets who came to England because of the abundance of work.
It was an infected bull that caused him to be shut down. 'I'd only had him a few months, but the vet said he had lesions spread a long way beyond his lungs, which is where TB starts,' he said. 'That means the bull probably tested negative when it shouldn't have.' Several farmers told me about the unreliability of the tests, offering stories about the autopsies of healthy cows, slaughtered because they were exposed to the disease without contracting it. 'The badgers have a role to play in the countryside,' said Broom, 'but there are more badgers than ever before, and when numbers grow, disease sets in.' He supported the cull with reservations. No other solutions were being discussed. 'No politician wants to come around talking to farmers,' he said.
Before going back to London, I phoned a producer at a farm in Dorset. She asked to remain nameless, fearing pressure from animal rights activists on one side and supermarkets on the other. She helps to manage several herds of dairy cows, selling cheddar to each of the big four British supermarkets. I wanted to talk to her because I heard she had Nancarrow's ability to bridge urban mentalities and rural lives. Apparently, she spent her evenings studying for a master's degree in marketing.
The producer explained how she had been forced to accept constant promotions on her cheeses to compete. The checks and balances of local economies are now a thing of the past, and food producers are often forced to meet set profit margins in order to keep their supermarket contracts. On the shelves of one supermarket alone that year, she reckoned that these obligatory consumer discounts had cost her farm £100,000.
Heading home to London, I cycled through country lanes towards the railway station. Hedgerows loomed over me and I was sorry not to get a clear view of the Blackdown Hills. Yet up on the hills, looking down at the patchwork landscape of browns and yellows and greens, I was grateful that the hedgerows hid the asphalt of the roads. In the trade-off between infrastructure and scenery, perhaps we see some of the same conflict that is at play in the badger cull. We want a countryside that is at once accessible and remote, untouched and yet moderated to suit our sensibilities. I rode through villages of thatched roofs and stone churches, farmhouses with tables of eggs and honesty boxes. Ivy tumbled from the sign hanging above a pub. The countryside can look so perfect that you forget the economies and ecosystems of these communities. Nevertheless, they demand unpleasant realities, just like our cities.
In half an hour of cycling through Devon, I saw greater animal diversity than you'd find anywhere in London outside a city farm or zoo. There were hens, dogs and geese even before you began to count the industrial livestock. It's sad that farmers, for whom animals are a way of life, have been cast in the badger controversy as a group without concern for animal welfare. Sometimes, though, it seems as if two viewpoints can clash most violently when the real problem is actually a third, quite separate issue. Modern economies are volatile and mysterious creations, no doubt. They work in ways that can seem to defy common sense, but it is hard to accept that there should be so little financial incentive to produce food. Farmers and activists are likely to stay at each others' throats for as long as that remains the case. From the perspective of economic justice and sustainable development, however, the two groups might have more in common than it first appears.


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With the growing number of micro-breweries, consumers have become more inclined to think locally, and purchase beer that is brewed by their local craft breweries.
To grow its market share across Canada, B.C.-based Central City Brewers & Distillers needed to position itself to be viewed as "local" across Canada, from Halifax to Victoria.
The craft beer industry has a high level of comradery, and is willing to work with fellow breweries. By working together, craft breweries can grow awareness of their brands and help in growing the market share for craft beer in the overall market.
Tapping into this insight, along with leveraging consumer patriotism through Canada's 150th birthday, was how the brewery decided to grow its Red Racer brand. Partnering with local breweries across Canada helped it connect locally with consumers at a national scale.
The Red Racer Across the Nation Collaboration is a mixed craft beer pack that celebrates Canada's 150th birthday by bringing together craft breweries from across Canada.
Red Racer partnered with 12 brewery from every province or territory with an active brewery to create a mix pack of 12 beers, each inspired by the province or territory it comes from.
Each of the 12 beers were brewed at the Central City facility and assembled into a mix pack of 12 provincial beers to celebrate Canada's 150th birthday.
Having 12 beers that represent 12 different provinces allowed Red Racer to be seen as locally relevant in all markets across Canada.
The launch of this product received a great deal of media coverage from outlets such as CBC, the Vancouver Sun, Daily Hive, Georgia Straight, Halifax Mag and many more. Retailer support has been very strong, with end aisle displays at the LCBO, flyer support with the BCLDB, product features with the MBLL, and more.
Private retailers also supported the project, using product stacks, window displays and key features in-store. Bars and pubs created "tap takeover" events, where all 12 beers were available for a limited amount of time.


The National Eagle Center invites the public to come and celebrate environmental protection and the eagles on Earth Day on Monday, April 22. Special enrichment activities for the live eagle ambassadors will occur throughout the day.
"April is a great time to get out into the Mississippi River valley and make a trip to the National Eagle Center,"
National Eagle Center on KSMQ's "Off 90"
Columbia the Bald Eagle feeding at the National Eagle Center in Wabasha, Minnesota.
The National Eagle Center down in Minnesota let me do a short documentary. Enjoy!


text:
Brian Cu, Ex-CEO of Grab, Joins Board of Cebu Pacific
A veteran in the startup industry, Cu will now take on a new challenge as an independent director of Cebu Air, Inc.
By Anri Ichimura | Feb 4, 2021
IMAGE Grab Philippines / Cebu Pacific
Almost five months after leaving his role as president of Grab Philippines, Brian Cu now joins the ranks of Cebu Air., Inc, as a member of the board of directors of the country's leading low-cost airlines.
A veteran in the startup industry, Cu will now take on a new challenge as an independent director of Cebu Air, Inc., which operates under the trade name Cebu Pacific Air.
Cu has co-founded three notable startups in the last decade alone. While he was working as a management consultant with Boston Consulting Group, Cu co-founded GoJek, the leading online ride-hailing app in Indonesia. After his CFO stint at GoJek, Cu went on to co-found Zalora Philippines in 2012, where he was also managing director. His biggest break came in 2013 when he co-founded Grab Philippines, and was the president and country head for over seven years, leading the way for Grab to become the top ride-hailing app in the country.
"He has a real passion for building companies that deliver a positive impact in society," said Cebu Air Inc. in a public disclosure. "Aside from enjoying getting into the weeds and fixing a company's operational challenges and defining growth strategies he also finds time to build up the next generation of entrepreneurs through mentorship or investments."
Also joining the board at Cebu Air is Bernadine Siy, who is the chairman of the board of trustees at Ateneo de Manila University, the first woman to hold the job. Siy is also a board member of the Kenny Rogers restaurant chain, which she founded in 2014, and Seattle's Best Coffee, which she brought to the Philippines in 2000.
Cebu Air's board of directors is chaired by James Go. Other members of the board include Jose Buenaventura, Robina Gokongwei-Pe, Frederick Go, Antonio Go, Wee Khoon Oh, Cornelio Peralta, and Lance Gokongwei, the president and CEO of Cebu Air and JG Summit Holdings.
Cebu Air and Summit Media, the publisher of Esquire Philippines, are subsidiaries of JG Summit Holdings.
Cebu Pacific Refunds Over P2 Billion to Customers Due to Canceled Flights
Cebu Pacific Raising P24.2 Billion To Survive COVID-19 Crisis
More Tips, More Late-Night Orders, More Burgers: How the Pandemic Changed Grab's Operations in the Philippines
Grab Is Considering a Billion IPO in the U.S.
Anri Ichimura
Section Editor, Esquire Philippines
View Other Articles From Anri
Jeff Bezos to Step Down as Amazon CEO
PAL Cuts 2,300 Jobs or 30% of Workforce

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
NO FOSSIL FUELS IN THE GREAT LAKES
Stop Line 3
LN3 Film
Films for Protectors
LINE 3 Resistance Media
Grantee News
Donor Highlights
Welcome Water Protectors
Letters to Enbridge
Lighting The 8th Fire Solar
"I Am A Patriot" Music Video Film
The Shell River 7
JACKSON BROWNE'S VERSION OF "I AM A PATRIOT" FRAMES NEW ANTI-LINE 3 SHORT MUSIC VIDEO THE "SHELL RIVER SEVEN," URGES OFFICIALS TO DROP ALL CHARGES AGAINST WATER PROTECTORS AND THE PUBLIC TO CONTINUE SUPPORTING EFFORTS TO STOP LINE 3.
The Enbridge Line 3 tar sands oil pipeline may be operational in northern Minnesota, but efforts to raise more awareness, funds and efforts to stop it continue to inspire. Now the singer-songwriter Jackson Browne's impassioned version of "I Am A Patriot" (written by Steven Van Zandt, actor, songwriter and legendary E Street band member of Bruce Springsteen's group) serves as the musical frame to tell part of the Line 3 resistance story in a new documentary short music video by Honor the Earth media makers and award-winning director Keri Pickett.
The new music video -- "Shell River Seven #StopLine3" -- features seven courageous women* (including one journalist) who refused on a hot 2021 summer of drought day, in northern Minnesota, to get off the Line 3 construction easement on the Shell River near Park Rapids, Minnesota. All were eventually arrested.
Directed and edited for Honor the Earth by veteran photographer and filmmaker Keri Pickett, it was filmed by Honor the Earth's River Akemann and Sarah LittleRedfeather and others. The fast-paced film captures the stand-off at the river's edge, told with moving documentary footage and short descriptive captions. Driven by Browne's repeated proclamations about how "the river opens for the righteous," pairs beautifully with the video's poignant view of Water Protectors peacefully facing off with police, resulting in another moving chapter in the Line 3 saga. It also encourages viewers to urge public officials to "Drop the Charges" and to donate to a legal defense fund.
Last spring, Pickett, Akemann, LittleRedfeather and songwriter and activist Larry Long teamed up with a host of Indigenous artists, like Pura Fe, Soni Moreno, plus Bonnie Raitt, Mumu Fresh, The Indigo Girls and U.S. National Poet Laureate, Joy Haro, to create the Rock the Cause single and documentary short music video, "No More Pipeline Blues" (On This Land Where We Belong)." To date, that work has been championed and shown at more than 10 film festivals around the world.
"'I Am A Patriot' is one of Winona's favorite songs so this cool Jackson Browne and Steven Van Zandt partnership opportunity seemed the perfect way to show how her 'grannie sit-in' and arrest on the Shell River which to me, makes her a patriot, especially since she had a Treaty Camp there for months." notes Pickett. "Even though I wasn't there on the day of her arrest, I was moved by the documentation of the brave actions of the Water Protectors and so honored to be able to share the story of the 'Shell River Seven' thanks to all the media makers present that day. As a visual artist, Winona's response to Enbridge Energy's bad ideas has been the center of my focus for eight years now, and each year my respect and honor grows for Water Protectors actively working to protect the water. I hope hearts will be changed by this new film."
"We're so honored and grateful to Jackson Browne for allowing us to use his powerful song about freedom and love of country to help tell the story of how a Canadian pipeline company, Enbridge, has corrupted our lands and waters with a polluting tar sands pipeline that is the equivalent of 50 coal-fired power plants," adds LaDuke, who spent three days in jail after being cuffed with a zip-tie at the Shell River.
"More than 1,000 people were arrested as they sought to Stop Line 3 as it runs under 22 rivers and more than 200 water bodies, including the Mississippi River twice!" she added. "During the construction, Enbridge breached an aquifer in January 2021 but covered it up. Since then there have been 28 frac-outs and two other aquifer breaches, the locations of which have yet to be identified by state authorities. This emboldened new music video is a testament to Water Protectors who regularly put their lives on the line at time when climate crisis is here and the planet is under a Code Red."
*"The Shell River Seven" include:
•Winona LaDuke
•Mary Katherine Klein
•Patrisha Jean Weber
•Cheryl Lynn Barnds
•Kelly R. Maracle
•Barbara Lee With
•K. Flo Razowsky (journalist/photographer)
Press Release for I am a Patriot video
"We put our bodies on the line because ALL lives are on the line. I have grandsons and I would like them to be grandparents. That can't happen without clean water because nothing lives without water." — Kelly Maracle, Seneca/Mohawk Water Protector, "New York"
"We stand for the water and all our relatives. We stand against fossil fuels and corporate greed." — Mary Klein, Water Protector, daughter, sister, auntie, gardener and seasonal worker, California
"After fighting the regulatory capture taking place in Wisconsin for the past ten years, what I saw happening in my home state of Minnesota was heartbreaking. Who will protect our water if all the regulatory agencies are controlled by the corporations? What else could we do but stand up?" — Barbara With, independent journalist, author and Water Protector, Wisconsin
"All I want is for the fossil fuel industry to have to play by the same rules as everyone else. But because they can't compete economically in the free market, they've used the corrupting influence of money in politics to break the system to serve their ends." — Trish Weber, Water Protector, electrical engineer, Oregon
" Being in jail with Winona LaDuke is not a hardship. But living without safe water is. We the People who drink Water, breathe Air, and live on Earth can stand up – or sit in lawn chairs – and say yes to honoring our treaties and no to deathly corporate domination." — Cheryl Barnds, Water Protector, homeschooling mother of three, Maryland
For more information – and or interview requests please contact Martin Keller, Media Savant Communications, 612-220-6515, [email protected]
DROP THE CHARGES!
Hundreds of water protectors are currently facing criminal charges in Minnesota for standing in defense of the water, the climate, and the treaty rights of the Anishinaabeg people.
These individuals put their bodies on the line to stop Enbridge's Line 3 pipeline, a massive tar sands project that threatens the state's lakes, rivers, aquifers and wild rice beds. Police forces - directly funded by Enbridge - have responded to this massive movement with surveillance, harassment, physical torture ("pain compliance"), and trumped-up charges, including felonies. In this time of climate catastrophe, governments must listen to water protectors instead of criminalizing and prosecuting them.
Water protectors have been doing the work that the State of Minnesota should be doing. Drop the charges!
Water Protectors Arrested Resisting Line 3 Pipeline Call on State Officials to "Drop the Charges"
CLICK HERE TO TAKE ACTION AND LEARN MORE
(Anishinaabe Akiing, Minnesota) -- 11-17-2021 -- Today, defendants arrested while opposing the construction of Enbridge's Line 3 tar sands pipeline launched a campaign calling on Minnesota's elected leadership to drop all criminal charges against over 700 water protectors. A Drop the Charges petition to MN Governor Tim Walz and Attorney General Keith Ellison has already garnered over 13,000 signatures. Organizers of the campaign describe the charges as unjust based on the brutal policing tactics that the Enbridge corporation directly funded, the violation of Anishinaabe treaty rights, and the project's contribution to catastrophic climate change.
Winona LaDuke, executive director of Honor the Earth, said about the campaign launch, "It's entirely wrong that Enbridge—a foreign oil corporation— has committed egregious crimes against the water and people, yet it's us who are being prosecuted. Every day that pipeline is in operation, Minnesotans are in danger. It must be shut down, and all charges against Water Protectors must be dropped. "
Over 1,000 arrests were made during the nine months of construction, and over 100 water protectors have been charged with trumped up felonies, with most of the felonies being bogus "theft" charges. The Canadian energy transportation corporation, Enbridge, funded and collaborated with the police force in northern Minnesota, and has so far paid police nearly $3 million for costs associated with arresting and surveilling water protectors, including recent news of Aitkin County Sheriff billing 4,800 hours to Enbridge.
READ THE FULL NEWS RELEASE
Drop The Charges
Line 3 101
Website By Mosaic Strategies Group


Photos of Crankworx Les Gets are looking awesome.
The Mountain bike festival is held just after the bikepark opening dates which are 11th - 18th June and is set to be huge! With Slopestyle, downhill, pump track, whip off and many more events all under the baking sun, this will be a hell of a way to kickstart the summer.
For those that have not been before, bikepark les gets is just 5 minutes ride from central Morzine. You can either ride from Morzine you can either ride trails or ride the road to get there.


text:
Middle East and Africa, International
Time to seize the chance to boost aid for world's poorest
Sara Harcourt
A global conference starting on Monday could agree a plan to boost aid to the world's 48 least-developed countries. It must take the opportunity.
Every day, decisions taken by governments impact the lives of many more people than the small group making the call. Nowhere is this more evident than the negotiations happening in the lead up to the Third Financing For Development (FFD) Summit in Addis Ababa, which runs from 13-16 July. Over the past few months in New York, around 200 government representatives have been debating a global financial framework that could have life-changing repercussions for the billion people currently living on less than $1.25 a day.
The opportunity is great. If the summit delivers a strong outcome next week, it could ensure the end of extreme poverty by 2030, creating a more prosperous, stable and fair world for all. From the latest round of negotiations, however, it appears that governments may be letting this chance slip through their fingers.
To ensure the opportunity is seized, it must deliver on two key public finance areas: agreeing a social compact that sets a minimum level of funding for basic services, and focusing aid on those who have the least.
The case for focusing Official Development Assistance (ODA – or simply 'aid') on the least-developed countries (LDCs) is clear and compelling. Across these 48 countries 43% of people are living in extreme poverty, and the share of the world's poorest living in LDCs is set to increase – by 2030 50% of people living on less than $1.25 a day will be in an LDC. If donor governments ensured that 50% of ODA went to the LDCs, it could have provided an additional $26.5 billion in 2014 for the world's poorest people.
Worryingly though, it appears that aid to LDCs is decreasing despite the clear need and urgent imperative. In September, world leaders will be signing up to the new Sustainable Development Goals (aka The Global Goals). These 17 goals and targets have the ambitious aim to end extreme poverty by 2030, as well as ending hunger, achieving gender equality and halting climate change among 13 other areas.
Achieving these goals in the LDCs, where government revenues on average are less than $300 per capita, will be impossible without targeted external support. It's a matter of political will, and countries can prioritize their aid portfolio to focus 50% on LDCs over the next five years, while still using the other half of aid spending to support other countries. Belgium and Ireland have already publicly committed to the target.
Aid focused on the poorest countries can also help shore up another key priority at the summit: a social compact among governments and citizens to establish a minimum level of funding for basic services.
Setting a minimum that governments must spend on essentials such as health and education would mean that millions more people would have the security of wellbeing within reach. ONE is calling for a minimum target of $300- $500 purchasing power parity per capita or 10% GDP (whichever is greater), though countries must set appropriate national levels for their specific circumstances.
As noted in The 2015 DATA Report, across all developing countries, the gap to this minimum level of spending equates to $152bn, $34.5bn of which is accounted for in the LDCs. Filling this gap, through more focused domestic spending, supported by development assistance, is a clear example of how public finance could literally change – and save – lives.
Delivering this spending effectively is contingent on open and transparent data. There is a poverty of data across developing countries – with large swaths of data on development outcomes grossly out of date, or non-existent. Consider that only one in five births worldwide occur in countries with complete civil registration systems. The summit can – and must – make commitments to invest in better data collection, transparent reporting and use, so that citizens and governments can monitor spending and measure results.
Achieving these new global goals will not be possible without a concerted focus on the poorest people, in every country. Without additional international support to the poorest countries with the least resources, they will get left further behind.
Leaders must seize the opportunity in Addis Ababa to work together and coordinate resources where they will have the biggest impact. One billion people are counting on them.
Sara Harcourt is the ONE Campaign's Policy Director for Development Finance
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Situated in the cul-de-sac of the desirable neighborhood of Greenfield Farms sits this gorgeous 3 bedroom Colonial. Relax on the large farmers porch as you overlook the stunning stonewalls in the front yard or enjoy entertaining on the large patio with deck in the beautifully landscaped back yard. As you enter the home the you find a formal dining room and living room, kitchen with white cabinetry, granite and stainless steel appliances and hardwood floors. The Cathedral great room with gas fireplace is a spacious room, great for gathering, off the kitchen. The second floor hosts a Master Suite and two additional generous size bedrooms. The finished lower level has a spacious mudroom with built-ins for all your storage needs and an additional bedroom for guests. This home is a gem.


Description: Accurate Timing with Secondary Progressions with Julene Louis "What will happen?" "When will it happen?" and "How long will it last?" are questions astrologers frequently get asked. This lecture will focus on natal planets becoming angular by progression, progressed angles aspecting natal planets, natal aspects becoming exact by progression, and other important progressed to natal and progressed to progressed aspects that tell what will happen. But planets move at a wide variety of speeds, and orbs become time. There is a huge difference in a 2° orb between the progressed planets that could equate to months, years or decades depending on the planet. I will show you how to convert these aspect orbs into time -– quickly and easily in your head -– so that you can accurately identify when and how long the progressions are active.
Description: Horary Astrology: Choosing the Houses with Lee Lehman When beginners to horary have problems, the change with which they have the most difficulty is assigning the people in the question to the right houses. In this workshop, we will review how to pick the houses that a question demands.
Description: BDTB-3 (2014) post-conference eCatalogue. Complete record of the conference, list of lectures, vendor information, and more! Free download.
Description: Storytelling with Astrology with Jeff Jawer This workshop is an exercise in creativity. It's a demonstration of a different way to talk about a natal chart, turning it into a visionary tale and adventure story instead of a form of cosmic psychoanalysis. The group will be engaged in a process that's meant to stretch our imaginations as a way to advance our interpretative skills. The freedom to fantasize allows us to explore a wider range of ways in which the planets can work.
Description: Thinking Magically and Critically with Erin Sullivan Discovery is not design but emerges through a synthesis of magical thinking and critical thinking. Discovery and creation is imaged in the psyche and birthed by the diligence of critical thinking. In astrology, we must employ both: to get to the core of the horoscope, the mystery of human resilience and a unique vision of the invisible. In her talk, Erin uses the explicit images and the fascinating horoscope of Marie Curie, her "love of the mystery" and search for the unseen as a magical/critical example.
Description: Uranus and the Shining Sun with Nick Dagan Best A historical look at the transit of Uranus through the twelve tropical signs over the last two centuries, focusing on biographical studies of various notable people during times of Uranus conjunction and opposition transits to their natal Suns.
Description: Astrology: How and Why Does It Work? with Armand Diaz As above, so below. The music of the spheres. Synchronicity. Physical effects of the moon and sun. Through the ages, astrologers have held many ideas about how and why astrology works, reflecting an evolving worldview. In this talk we will follow the line of thought from classical times to the contemporary world, and see how a revolution in consciousness is offering a new way to think about our ancient art.
Description: Everyday Electional with Frank Piechoski Using electional astrology to improve your home, business and leisure time can make your life more ordered and fulfilling. In this lecture you'll learn how to find the best times for home repairs, renovations, and buying and selling. You'll also learn how to plan the perfect vacation and even start a successful business and the best times to make major product purchases. Using simple, solid electional techniques can make your life easier.
Description: Ensouling Place: Being Here Now with Brian Clark Studies have shown that we humans generally identify place with safety, consigning it to either end of a spectrum that extends from security to isolation. Who can explain why we are drawn to certain places from a young age, or have a penchant for moors or deserts while others are repelled by them. Why are some drawn to caves, others open spaces? Some prefer cities, others villages. From a soulful perspective, the natal and relocated charts can help to confirm the mystery of our feelings and reveal patterns to places that are significant in our lives. In this lecture we will consider place from the perspective of the soul using the natal and relocated chart to help us consciously cooperate with ensouling both our personal and our collective space through attending to and participating with where we are.
Description: Fortuna and Daimon -- Part of Fortune, Part of Spirit with Colleen Coffey Traditional astrology was festooned with a myriad of Arabian Parts. Unfortunately only the Part of Fortune (Fortuna) has made the transition into modern astrology. It is said that this is so because Ptolemy made much of the Part of Fortune in his Tetrabiblos because "fortune" was tangible and could "prove" astrology, but he made no mention of its "soul mate" the Part of Spirit because the "spirit" is indefinable and not so easily "proved." However, these two parts are a pair, like bread and butter, and the Sun and Moon they are meant to go together -- in fact as a pair they reflect the Sun and Moon in the natal chart and together with the Ascendant they underpin the Lunation personality type. This lecture puts the Part of Spirit back into the natal chart, discusses the difference between day and night charts, and from a traditional baseline, considers the relevance and how to utilize the combined strength of these two ancient parts in modern physiological astrology.
Description: The Astrology of the Evolution of our Species with Michael Lutin We all know something is happening. Our personal lives, our relationships to our governments, and the entire social structure we've been raised to accept -- all are in upheaval and transition. As new planets are being discovered with periods of 500 years or more, and the shift of Regulus into Leo and Virgo, as well as the positions of Neptune and Pluto at the end of the Zodiac, all demand that the practice of Astrology change to meet the needs of all human beings on Earth. People still need to pay their bills, educate their kids, and find a shred of romance in this world. And of course our job is to help them do that. But the enormity of social transformation cannot be ignored.
Description: Born Under a Bad Sign? with Brad Kochunas Many astrologers believe that there are no bad signs, malefic planets, or dreadful aspects. If this is so, and the birth chart is a true reflection of the person, then how do we account for the existence of aberrant and pathological behavior? Aren't there bad, malicious, and dreadful people in the world? Are there bad charts or is every chart, as Richard Idemon once wrote, the perfect chart? Can one discern the chart of a saint from a sinner? This presentation will focus upon the extreme expressions of sign/planet/house dynamics and is designed to foster insight toward understanding our own capacity for immoral, problematic, and harmful behavior, recognizing that a person without shadow is also a person without substance.
Description: Elections for Surgery with Dorothy Oja Electing a date in the future for an important event to unfold is one of the biggest challenges of astrology. It draws on the astrologer's skill to create a moment not yet born. In the case of choosing a surgery date, it carries a huge responsibility. We'll study the rules and conditions necessary to elect the best date possible, knowing that no date will be perfect in all cases, but surely some are more perfect than others.
Description: Avoiding Relationship Pitfalls: Love Asteroids in Synastry with Marcha Fox The "Love Asteroids" include Cupido, Sappho, Eros and Amor whose chart placements indicate who you are attracted to as well as what your expectations are of a lover. If you're always attracted to people with whom you are not compatible, then it's likely that this problem originates here. Since expectations are so important in relationships, using these asteroids in either natal readings or synastry helps point out where any pitfalls may lie, which allows you or your client to deal with them more effectively or perhaps avoid them entirely.
Description: The Quality of Action with Norma Jean Ream This lecture will approach Ptolemy's method for analyzing the Quality of Action. This method inspects the condition of the inner planets and how they integrate with the societal planets through rulerships and placement to provide a substantive assessment of how one will go about being active and participating in the business of life. This is a good technique for career assessment.
Description: Myths and Planets: Exploring a Deep Mystery with Richard Tarnas Does the myth of the deity whose name astronomers assigned to a celestial body automatically reveal the true nature of its astrological meaning? If so, then do Greco-Roman myths have unique relevance to these planetary forces that affect all cultures and peoples? Similarly, does the patriarchal bias in the history of astronomical naming reflect the true nature of the astrological archetypes involved? We shall consider these philosophical questions as we explore the mystery of myth's complex relationship to astrological principles.
Description: Cadent Houses: Behind the Scenes of the Action with Richard J. Smoot Cadent houses are the 12th house to all the angles. The 12th house describes the preliminary inner work and preparation we do in the angular house which follows. Diminished in general astrology, the cadent houses are the place of imagination, spiritual connection, intentions and dreams in developing our attitudes, drive and will show in our angles.
Description: Principles of Electional Astrology with Mónica Escalante‑Ochoa Success or failure of a new activity, association or event depends mainly on the time when this is started. Luckily, electional astrology exists to help us to find the most favorable (or sometimes the least unfavorable) time to attain success in important events such as getting married, opening a business, medical surgery, starting a trip, etc. Electional astrology has different rules than natal astrology, and here we will learn them in theory and in practice.
Description: Creating a New Relationship Paradigm with the Help of the Current Transits with Margaret Gray What are some of the core astrological and psychological features of the new spiritual partnerships that many of us are seeking to embrace? What does it require of us? What are some of the challenges we may encounter in this process, and how might the current planetary transits assist us in our endeavours? Are we ready to replace fear with unconditional love and joy? Join me today as we explore how this core area of our life is rapidly changing and evolving.
Description: Clockwise & Counter-Clockwise: Timing Through the Houses & Quadrants with Meira Epstein Two effective and easy-to-use forecast methods from the treasures of the past. One is known as "Profection," which is based on signs/house sequence, and works hand in hand with the solar return chart. The other is the "D-Quadrant System," based on the diurnal motion in the course of the first day after birth, and covers much longer periods of life. It is a truly an evolutionary approach, since it describes the personal development throughout life and shows when the natal potentials blossom and come to fruition. When both systems are integrated we are shown the highlights of life. They are easy to master and are "a must" whether you read for yourself or others.
Description: Divination Theory and Practical Astrology with Geoffrey Cornelius Is practical astrology divination? This question has become something of a hot potato, with psychological and archetypal astrologers joining together with died-in-wool traditionalists to declare the straightforwardly objective nature of our Art's symbolism and its results. We will cover in detail the case for and against astrology-as-divination, and show the relationship of this question to that of the role of imagination and the "symbolic attitude." We also explore some of the leading-edge approaches of contemporary scholar-astrologers sympathetic to the divinatory interpretation, including Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum, Patrick Curry and James Brockbank.
Description: From Thorns to Roses: Healing Hard Aspects with Glenn Perry Whether one is working with one's own chart or serving as an advisor to others, there are invariably aspects in a horoscope that are difficult. These tender parts may symbolize areas of wounding and suffering. Very often the most difficult part of doing a "reading" is knowing what to say when clients confess their pain. How can we be of help? What can we say that will clarify the nature of the problem, reveal its deeper meaning, and provide them with hope?
Description: Love, Lust and Addiction with Gloria Star Sometimes it's tough to tell what's really going on with a relationship, especially when passions run high and clear thinking flies out the window. Combining clues from chart comparison and synastry with cycles will uncover the reality of the inner workings of a relationship, or its potentials. Is it love, lust, addiction ... or something that's just meant for the moment? And what does that mean, anyway? Join us as we delve into the mysteries of the heart.
Description: Marriage Election Rules with Branka Stamenkovic Careful reading of the election rules from the times past brings us somesurprising insights about the ways we should approach elections in general,and marriage elections in particular. Join us in attempts to betterunderstand and, above all, simplify the process of electing, while at the sametime learning about a true hidden value of elections -- judgement of eventcharts.


text:
Tampere (Tammerfors és el nom suec) és una ciutat al sud de Finlàndia situada entre els dos llacs Näsijärvi i Pyhäjärvi. La diferència d'alçada de 18 metres entre aquests dos llacs va fer del canal que els comunica (els ràpids de Tammerkoski) tinguessin un paper decisiu en el desenvolupament de la ciutat, com a font d'energia, al principi com a motor industrial i posteriorment en generació d'electricitat.

La ciutat de Tampere té al voltant de 200.000 habitants, i més de 300.000 comptant els municipis dins de la regió de Tampere o Pirkanmaa. És la tercera ciutat més important de Finlàndia després de Hèlsinki i Espoo.

Transports
Amb el segon aeroport més transitat del país, Tampere és també un important nucli en comunicació.
Uneix les línies ferroviàries de tot Finlàndia: des del sud (Hèlsinki), l'est (Jyväskylä), l'oest (Turku) i el nord (Oulu i Rovaniemi).
El principal transport públic dins la ciutat és el servei d'autobús, format per més de 30 línies i amb una freqüència de pas adequada.

Educació
Actualment hi ha diversos centres universitaris importants a Tampere, dels que en destaquen: la Universitat de Tampere, la Universitat Tècnica de Tampere, la Universitat Politècnica de Tampere (Tampereen Ammattikorkeakoulu o TAMK) i la Universitat de Ciències Aplicades de la regió de Pirkanmaa (Pirkanmaan Ammattikorkeakoulu o PIRAMK) a més de diversos centres de formació professional, com per exemple l'Institut de Policia.

Llocs d'interès

La ciutat de Tampere té un marcat perfil industrial, caracteritzat per les construccions en maó vermell, orgull de la ciutat.
Molt a prop del centre de la ciutat (Keskustori o "Plaça del centre"), podem trobar el darrer vestigi d'aquesta època d'expansió de la ciutat: el complex industrial de Finlayson, l'antiga fàbrica tèxtil que va donar llocs de treball i vigor a la ciutat. Avui en dia, l'edifici principal segueix en peu i és destinat principalment a restauració (planta baixa), oficines (plantes superiors), museu de l'espionatge (soterrani) i cinema (edifici Plevna). A través del pati interior arribem al museu tèxtil situat als antics apartaments dels treballadors de la fàbrica.

Molt a prop de Finlayson podem trobar el museu Vapriiki, amb exposicions permanents sobre la història de la ciutat i diverses exposicions itinerants (l'any 2007 dedicat a la Xina i el 2008 al Tibet).

Al pocs minuts del centre, tocant amb el llac Näsijärvi, trobem un dels ports de la ciutat i el parc d'atraccions de Särkänniemi. Tot i que el parc d'atraccions només obre a l'estiu, durant la resta de l'any podem visitar l'aquari, el Museu d'Art Modern Sara Hilden, el planetari i la torre d'observació Näsinneula, amb unes vistes excel·lents de tota la ciutat i coronada amb un dels millors restaurants de la ciutat, situat en una plataforma giratòria.

Hi ha un interessant repertori d'esglésies, principalment luteranes i ortodoxes, per tota la ciutat. Cal destacar la Kalevan Kirkko, dissenyada per l'arquitecte Reima Pietilä, l'església ortodoxa i la catedral de Tampere, o Tuomiokirkko.

Altres llocs d'interès pels amants de la natura són l'Arboretum (una petita reserva forestal a tocar de la ciutat amb centenars d'espècies de plantes, adequadament etiquetades) i el parc de Pyynikki (situat al capdamunt de l'únic turó de la ciutat, amb l'antiga torre de guaita de la ciutat). A tots dos llocs s'hi pot arribar fàcilment passejant. Evidentment, és aconsellable visitar-los a l'estiu.

Hi ha un gran nombre de museus per tota la ciutat, entre ells el museu Lenin (Lenin va conèixer Stalin en una trobada a la ciutat de Tampere, l'any 1905), el museu de Moomin, el museu de nines i vestits, etc.

Història
Tampere va ser fundada com una àrea de comerç al voltant del riu Tammerkoski el 1775 per Gustau III de Suècia i quatre anys després va esdevenir ciutat. Posteriorment els ràpids van caracteritzar la ciutat com a nucli industrial en ràpid desenvolupament. Durant la segona meitat del Segle XIX, Tampere concentrava la meitat de la indústria de tot Finlàndia.

L'1 de novembre de 1905, durant la Revolució Russa de 1905, es proclamà la Declaració Roja de Yrjö Mäkelin a la plaça central (Keskustori), desembocant al Sufragi Universal. Durant la Guerra Civil de Finlàndia, iniciada el 1918, Tampere fou un lloc estratègic de resistència roja.

Des de mitjans dels anys 90, el pes específic industrial de la ciutat ha anat migrant cap al sector de les noves tecnologies, principalment telecomunicacions i tecnologies de la informació.

Personatges il·lustres
 Minna Canth, escriptora i feminista finlandesa.

Referències

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia