text:
NEGATIVE POWER EYE-STRAIN REDUCING LENS
An eye-strain reducing lens is characterized by an x-y-z coordinate system, and includes a distance-vision region, having a negative distance-vision optical power, configured to refract a light ray, directed by a source at a distance-vision region point at a distance-vision x-distance from a center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an eye-center-representative location; and a near- vision region, having a near- vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.5 D, configured to refract a light ray, directed by the source at a near- vision region point at a near-vision x-distance from the center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an x-z location of the eye-center representative location at a corresponding y height; wherein the near-vision x-distance is smaller than the distance-vision x-distance.
KRALL, Jeffrey, P. (1415 N. Sanborn Blvd, Mitchell, SD, 57301, US)
PLUMLEY, Aric (18742 Libra Circle, Apt. 3Huntington Beach, CA, 92646, US)
ZIMANYI, Gergely, T. (11 Dartmouth Drive, Berkeley, CA, 94705, US)
US2018/064373
EYEBRAIN MEDICAL, INC. (3184-C Airway Avenue, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, US)
G02C7/00; G02C7/06
US7104647B2 2006-09-12
Other References:
KIM, W ET AL.: "The Analysis of AC/A Ratio in Nonrefractive Accommodative Esotropia Treated with Bifocal Glasses", KOREAN JOURNAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, vol. 26, no. 1, 2012, pages 40, XP055623742
ZIMANYI, Gergely, T. (eyeBrain Medical, Inc.3184-C Airway Avenu, Costa Mesa CA, 92626, US)
1. An eye-strain-reducing lens, wherein:
a central normal of the eye-strain-reducing lens defines a z-axis, and a central region of the eye-strain-reducing lens defines a tangential, centered x-y plane, together defining an x-y-z coordinate system of the eye-strain-reducing lens, the eye-strain-reducing lens comprising a distance-vision region, having a negative distance-vision optical power, configured to refract a light ray, directed by a source at a distance-vision region point at a distance-vision x- distance from a center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an eye-center-representative location; and
a near-vision region, having a near-vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.5 D, configured to refract a light ray, directed by the source at a nearvision region point at a near-vision x-distance from the center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an x-z location of the eye-center representative location at a corresponding y height; wherein
the near-vision x-distance is smaller than the distance-vision x-distance.
2. The eye-strain-reducing lens of claim 1, wherein:
the distance-vision region is configured to refract the light ray, directed by the source at the distance-vision region point at the distance-vision x-distance to intersect a y-z plane of the coordinate system with a distance-vision gaze-convergence angle;
the near-vision region is configured to refract the light ray, directed by the source at the near vision region point at the near-vision x-distance, to intersect the y-z plane with a near- vision gaze-convergence angle; and
the near-vision gaze-convergence angle is smaller than the distance-vision gaze- convergence angle.
the distance-vision region is configured to refract the light ray, directed by the source at the distance-vision region point at the distance-vision x-distance, by a distance-vision refraction angle;
the near-vision region is configured to refract the light ray, directed by the source at the near vision region point at the near- vision x-distance, by a near- vision refraction angle; and an x-component of the near-vision refraction angle is greater than an x-component of the distance-vision refraction angle.
4. The eye-strain-reducing lens of claim 1, comprising:
a progression region, at least partially between the distance-vision region and the near- vision region, configured to refract a light ray, directed by the source, at a progression region point at a progression x-distance, to propagate to the eye-center representative location; wherein the progression x-distance is between the near- vision x-distance and the distance-vision x- distance.
the source is located
at a source x-distance from the z-axis of the coordinate system that is greater than a radius of the eye-strain-reducing lens; and
at a source z-distance that is between 10 cm and 100 cm.
the eye-center representative location is on the z-axis, at a z-distance in the range of 15-25 mm from the center of the coordinate system in a direction that is opposite to the direction of the source.
the near-vision region has an area greater than 5 mm2.
the near-vision optical power matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.25 D.
a front surface, having
a distance-vision front-tangential, touching the front surface in the distance-vision region at a nasal x-distance from the center of the coordinate system, and
a near-vision front-tangential, touching the front surface in the near-vision region at the nasal x-distance and at a corresponding y height; and a rear surface, having
a distance-vision rear-tangential, touching the rear surface in the distance-vision region at the nasal x-distance, and
a near- vision rear-tangential, touching the rear surface in the near-vision region at the nasal x-distance and at the corresponding y height; wherein
the distance-vision front-tangential and the distance-vision rear-tangential form a distance- vision surface convergence angle, and
the near-vision front-tangential and the near-vision rear-tangential form a near-vision surface convergence angle, wherein
the near-vision surface convergence angle is greater than the distance-vision surface convergence angle.
10. The eye-strain-reducing lens of claim 1, wherein:
the distance-vision region has a distance-vision z-axis;
the near-vision region has a near- vision z-axis, wherein
the near-vision z-axis is rotated in a nasal direction relative to the distance-vision z-axis.
the near-vision x-distance is smaller than the distance-vision x-distance as determined by at least one of an image-adjusting protocol, a lens-adjusting protocol, and a source-adjusting protocol.
12. The eye-strain-reducing lens of claim 1 , wherein:
at least one of the distance- vision region and the near-vision region has at least one of an aspheric component, a power-neutral component, a cylinder, a coma, and an astigmatic component.
13. A eye-strain-reducing lens, wherein:
a central normal of the eye-strain-reducing lens defines a z-axis, and a central region of the eye-strain-reducing lens defines a tangential, centered x-y plane, together defining an x-y-z coordinate system of the eye-strain-reducing lens, the eye-strain-reducing lens comprising a distance-vision region, having a negative distance-vision optical power, configured to refract a light ray directed by a source at a distance-vision region point at a distance-vision x-distance from a center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an image point, wherein the source is located on the z-axis at a source-z-distance from the center of the coordinate system; and
a near-vision region, having a near- vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.5D, configured to refract a light ray directed by the source at a near vision region point at a near-vision x-distance from the center of the coordinate system to propagate to an x-z location of the image point at a corresponding y height, wherein the near-vision x-distance is smaller than the distance-vision x-distance.
14. The eye-strain-reducing lens of claim 13, wherein:
the distance-vision region is configured so that the source directs the light ray to propagate to the image point via a refraction at the distance-vision region point by directing the light ray with a distance-vision gaze-convergence angle relative to a y-z plane of the coordinate system; the near-vision region is configured so that the source directs the light ray to propagate to the x-z location of the image point, at the corresponding y height, via a refraction at the near vision region point by directing the light ray with a near-vision gaze-convergence angle relative to the y-z plane of the coordinate system; and
the distance-vision region is configured to refract the light ray, directed by the source at the distance-vision region point to propagate to the image point, by a distance-vision refraction angle;
the near- vision region is configured to refract the light ray, directed by the source at the near- vision region point to propagate to the x-z location of the image point, at the corresponding y height, by a near- vision refraction angle; and
an x-component of the near-vision refraction angle is greater than an x-component of the distance-vision refraction angle.
16. The eye-strain-reducing lens of claim 13, comprising:
a front surface, having a distance-vision front-tangential at a nasal x-distance from the center of the coordinate system, and
a near- vision front-tangential at the nasal x-distance and at a corresponding y height; and a rear surface, having
a distance-vision rear-tangential at the nasal x-distance, and
a near-vision rear-tangential at the nasal x-distance and at the corresponding y height; wherein
17. The eye- strain-reducing lens of claim 16, wherein:
Jeffrey P. Krall, Arie Plumley and Gergely T. Zimanyi
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0001] This invention relates generally to improved spectacle lenses, in more detail to spectacle lenses that reduce eye-strain and relax convergence, and alter proprioceptive feedback.
[0002] With normal vision, an individual is able to focus at objects located at different distances. Ideally, an individual is able to focus on distant objects, referred to as distance-vision, and on near objects, referred to as near-vision. The optical system of the eye uses numerous muscles to focus for both distance-vision and for near- vision. These muscles adjust various aspects of the eye when transitioning between distance-vision and near-vision. The muscle adjustments include making subtle changes to the shape of the crystalline lens to adjust the focus of the lens, rotating the eyeballs to rotate their optical axes, and changing the size of the pupils.
[0003] Presbyopia is a natural deterioration of near vision caused by loss of flexibility in the eye's crystalline lenses as one ages. Presbyopia can be partially compensated by wearing"reading" glasses that correct near-vision refraction errors so that the eye does not have to focus as strongly when gazing at near objects. Presbyopic persons need different optical corrections for near- vision and for distance-vision. However, using two glasses and changing them with great frequency is distracting. To avoid continually exchanging eyeglasses, bifocals may be used that offer different optical corrections for near- vision and for distance-vision. The transition between these two vision regions can be abrupt or gradual. The latter eyeglasses are called Progressive Addition Lenses (PALs). Abrupt change bifocals have a visible line separating the two vision regions, while PALs have no lines or edges visible between the regions with different dioptric powers.
[0004] In spite of all this progress, some types of vision-related discomforts still persist. One of these discomforts is related to a shift of habits in the modem, digital lifestyle. A large and increasing fraction of professions require workers to spend a large and increasing fraction of their working time focusing at close-distance digital interfaces, including computer screens and mobile devices. The same is true for the private lives of many, spending hours playing video games, texting and checking updates on cell phones, among others. All these professional and behavioral shifts rapidly increased the time people spend looking at digital screens, devices, displays, and monitors at a much closer distance than before. The increased time of the eye being trained at near-vision targets places excessive demands on the muscles involved in near-vision, often straining them beyond the comfort zone. This can lead to fatigue, discomfort, pain, or even digitally induced migraines. Up to now, there is no widely accepted consensus on the precise causation mechanism of these digital-device related visual discomforts, pains and migraines. Therefore, there is a need for glasses, or other optometric solutions than can provide relief for digital eye discomforts.
[0005] To address the above needs, in some embodiments an eye-strain-reducing lens is characterized by a central normal of the eye-strain-reducing lens defining a z-axis, and a central region of the eye-strain-reducing lens defining a tangential, centered x-y plane, together defining an x-y-z coordinate system of the eye-strain-reducing lens, the eye-strain-reducing lens comprising a distance-vision region, having a negative distance-vision optical power, configured to refract a light ray, directed by a source at a distance-vision region point at a distance-vision x- distance from a center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an eye-center-representative location; and a near- vision region, having a near-vision optical power that matches the distance- vision optical power within 0.5 D, configured to refract a light ray, directed by the source at a near-vision region point at a near- vision x-distance from the center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an x-z location of the eye-center representative location at a corresponding y height; wiierein the near- vision x-distance is smaller than the distance-vision x-distance.
[0006] In some embodiments, an eye-strain-reducing lens is characterized by a central normal of the eye-strain-reducing lens defines a z-axis, and a central region of the eye-strain-reducing lens defines a tangential, centered x-y plane, together defining an x-y-z coordinate system of the eye-strain-reducing lens, the eye-strain-reducing lens comprising a distance-vision region, having a negative distance-vision optical power, configured to refract a light ray directed by a source at a distance- vision region point at a distance-vision x-distance from the center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an image point, wherein the source is located on the z-axis at a source-z- distance from a center of the coordinate system; and a near-vision region, having a near-vision optical pow'er that matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.5D, configured to refract a light ray directed by the source at a near-vision region point at a near-vision x-distance from the center of the coordinate system to propagate to an x-z location of the image point at a corresponding y height, wherein the near-vision x-distance is smaller than the distance-vision x- distance. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] FIGS. 1A-B illustrate the refraction angle of optical lenses.
[0008] FIGS. 2A-C illustrate the refraction angles of a monovision lens.
[0009] FIGS. 3A-B illustrate a near object inducing a gaze convergence angle.
[0010] FIGS. 4A-B illustrate an effect of a convergence-reducing lens on the gaze convergence angle.
[0011] FIGS. 5A-D illustrate an effect of convergence-reducing lenses on light propagation.
[0012] FIGS. 6A-D illustrate aspects of light propagation as impacted by convergence- reducing lenses.
[0013] FIGS. 7A-B illustrate contour-representations of various convergence-reducing lenses.
[0014] FIGS. 8A-C illustrate various designs of the near-vision region in convergence- reducing lenses.
[0015] FIGS. 9A-B illustrate z-axis perspectives of convergence-reducing lenses.
[0016] FIGS. 10A-B illustrate off-axis centers of curvatures in various embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens.
[0017] Embodiments of the invention are placed into context by first describing the effect of regular, monovision lenses of existing spectacles on the gaze-convergence angles for near-vision. This will be followed by the description of the embodiments of the invention.
[0018] FIG. 1A illustrates how a typical, positive power monovision optical lens 1 effects incident light rays 2, or simply light 2. When parallel light rays 2 are incident on the lens 1 , the lens 1 focuses them into a focus point F.
[0019] FIG. IB zooms in on an off-center, or off-axis portion of the incident light rays 2. Visibly, the off-center, or off-axis parallel rays are refracted towards the focus point F by the angled, or curved, front surface and the angled, or curved, back surface of the lens 1 according to well-established laws of light-refraction. The overall effect of the light rays propagating through these two angled, or curved, surfaces is that they get refracted by an induced angle of refraction a.
[0020] A negative optical power monovision lens refracts the light rays away from the optical axis, so that the source-side extensions of the rays intersect at a (virtual) focus point F. It is customary to characterize this by saying that the negative pow'er lenses have a negative focal length.
[0021] There are different, related w'ays to characterize the amount of refraction by a lens region at a radial distance r from the axis. One characterization is by the refraction angle a itself. Another is by the tangent of this same refraction angle, expressed as a ratio of r, the radial distance of the region of the lens from a lens optical axis 3, to f, the focal distance of the lens: tan a = r/f . (1)
[0022] This relation shows that a lens of optical power of D diopters, defined as D=l/f [l/m], induces a refraction angle a for rays that are incident at the lens at a radial distance r from the axis 3 of the lens 1, where a is given by tan a = r * D . (2)
[0023] FIG. 2A illustrates a simple monovision lens 10 with optical power D.
[0024] FIG. 2B illustrates the above notion that the angled, or curved, surfaces of the monovision lens 10 of FIG. 2 A induce a refraction angle a in regions away from the axis of the lens. Since the magnitude of the refraction angle a depends only on the radial distance from the axis, the iso-a contours, i.e. the points where the magnitudes of the refraction angle a are equal. form concentric circles. The shown circles have radii of about r=2.8 mm, r=5.6 mm, r=8.4 nun, r=l 1.2 mm, and r=l4.l mm. Equation (2) provides that tan a, the tangent of the refraction angle a is given as the product of the radius r and the optical power D. Here, the units of D are [1/m], and the units of r are [m]. Since typical values of r are 1-20 millimeters, and values of D are a few diopters [l/m], tan a and thus a takes values in a range of 10'- 10 1 . As an example, for r=lmm, and D=l [l/m], tan a=10 3 . To arrive at more manageable numerical values, one can define a "refraction diopter", or"rD" that is 100*ton a. With this definition, a refraction angle for which tan a=0.01, has a refraction diopter of 1 rD. Therefore, returning to FIG. 2B, for a ID optical power lens, on the shown circles the refraction diopter takes the values 0.28 rD, 0.56 rD, 0.84 rD, 1.12 rD and 1.41 rD. In this document, the refraction angles will be often expressed in terms of refraction diopters. Also, as mentioned, since the refraction angles are small, the angles and their tangents will be used interchangeably.
[0025] The lower graph of FIG. 2B illustrates a x , the x-component of the refraction angle a, where the x-y coordinate system is based at the center of the lens 10, with its axes being horizontal and vertical in the plane of the lens 10, as shown. There are several ways to define a x that are analogous to each other. One practical definition is a x = sin f a, where f is the angle measured from the negative, or lower half of the y-axis, pointing straight down in the plane of FIG. 2B, as shown. Combining with Eq. (2), and using that sin f * r = x, the x coordinate of the radial vector of length r, one gets the simple relation: a x = x*D. (3)
[0026] The lower graph in FIG. 2B shows ot x as a function of the angle f in general. The upper figure shows the particular values of a x along the +45 degree and along the -45 degree lines, using v n(±45)=±0.7. These values are: a x = ±0.2 rD, ±0.4 rD, ±0.6 rD, ±0.8 rD and ±1.0 rD, as shown (the units rD suppressed for clarity).
[0027] Analogous definitions of a x include tan a x =sin f * tan a, which accounts more precisely for the geometry of projections of the refracted light rays 2. However, for the present small angles these two definitions yield very similar numerical values. Finally, the formula can be extended for light rays 2 that are not parallel with the optical axis 3, but, rather, form an angle b with the optical axis 3. In general, such extensions would yield an object-angle dependent expression, through a dependence on the angle b. Notably though, such a b-dependent formula can be expanded in a. Such an expansion would reproduce Eq. (2) in leading order in a. [0028] a c characterizes the x-component of the refraction angle a that in turn determines how much a wearer of the spectacle need to turn her/his gaze to concentrate on these light rays. Tire greater the a x in a region of the lens 10, the more the light 2 passing through this region is refracted by the lens 10 and the more a wearer has to turn her/his gaze relative to the lens 10 to align with this refracted light 2.
[0029] FIG. 2C illustrates the iso-a x contours for the lens 10 of FIG. 2B, connecting points where a x assumes the same values. Visibly, for the monovision lens 10 of optical power D, the iso-a x contours are approximately straight lines parallel to the y-axis, since a x only depends on the x coordinate of the points of the contour. For greater optical powers and radii, where the linear approximations start to gamer corrections, the iso-a x contours start bulging radially outward close to the x-axis. The shown iso-a x contour values are for a positive power lens. For a negative power lens, the nasal/left contours acquire positive values and the right/temporal contours acquire negative values.
[0030] FIG. 3A illustrates that when a person is gazing at a remote object, then the gazing- directions of the left and right eyes are essentially parallel. Therefore, there is no convergence of the gazing-directions and the eye muscles are not strained at all. In such cases, the two z-axes 3, pointing to the remote object through the center of the eye 5, coincide with the two eye-optical axes 9. The light rays 2 from the remote object are entering the eyes 5, then propagate through the eye-lenses 7 on their way to hit the retina of the eyes 5. The parallel z-axes 3 will be used as references to characterize the gaze-convergence angles of gazes directed at near objects next.
[0031] FIG. 3B illustrates that when a person is gazing at a near object, the gazes of the left and right eyes are tilted, or rotated, towards each other, each gaze making a non-zero gaze- convergence angle b with the z-axes 3. Since the gaze -convergence angles b characterize the convergence of the gazes of the two eyes towards each other, in what follows the gaze- convergence angle b will refer specifically to the x-component of the overall gaze-rotation angle of the eye. This convention of the gaze-convergence angle b makes it analogous to the x- component of the refraction angle a x , thus simplifying the description.
[0032] As mentioned before, the eyeballs are rotated by muscles attached externally to the eye. In particular, the lateral, x-directional, rotations are controlled by the medial rectus and the lateral rectus muscles, and the vertical rotations are controlled by the superior rectus and the inferior rectus, and superior oblique and inferior oblique muscles. When the medial rectus muscles of the left-eye and the right-eye contract, the gazes of these eyes converge towards each other. A person, training his/her eye on a near object, such as an electronic screen, a digital screen, a screen of a mobile electronic device, work-related papers, or even a book, for extended periods requires the continuous contraction of the medial rectus muscles and the superior oblique muscles, and thus exerts substantial strain on them. This"digital eyestrain" can lead to fatigue, leading to headache, eventually culminating in migraines, caused by the demands of the modern, digital lifestyle.
[0033] The digital lifestyle can induce other forms of asthenopia, or eye-strain, and other types of convergence-disorders, including proprioceptive disparity and fixation disparity. Proprioceptive disparity is an imbalance between where the eyes are consciously focused and the perception of where the object is located in space. This disparity depends on different factors. The brain of a patient with a proprioceptive disparity can compensate for this disparity. However, doing so may overstimulate the trigeminal nerve, resulting in patients experiencing headaches, eye fatigue, pain around the eyes, blurred vision, neck pain, dry eyes, and other general symptoms of asthenopia.
[0034] A class of symptoms especially worthy of mentioning is Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS), which is estimated to affect more than 100 million Americans. Computer Vision Syndrome is the physical eye discomfort felt after spending a prolonged time viewing near-distance computer devices. CVS can include, or induce, a variety of asthenopia symptoms, and thus can have negative effects on health, rvell-being, mood and productivity.
[0035] Another large class of symptoms is known by the name of Chronic Daily Headaches (CDH). CDH symptoms are estimated to affect more than 30 million Americans. These patients suffer from an over-stimulation of the trigeminal nerve that manifests itself in chronic daily headaches. Various factors and triggers are believed to contribute to debilitating chronic daily headaches. In the absence of a consensus on its causation, patients suffering front CDH are limited to treatment options that merely seek to dull the symptoms. Applicants noted, however, that a substantial fraction of chronic daily headache patients exhibit objective signs of a misalignment between how the central visual system, the peripheral visual system, and the neurological system interact. Therefore, Applicants propose to alleviate the root causes of asthenopia, CVS, and CDH by developing spectacle lenses that modify the gaze convergence and address the observed misalignment.
[0036] FIG. 4A illustrates that negative pow er (monovision) spectacles 10' can allow' the eyes to reduce the gaze convergence angle b to a limited degree, compared to the glass free case of FIG. 3B, because a x , the x component of the refraction angle a, is positive in the nasal region, as explained in connection to FIG. 2C. Thereby, these negative power monovision spectacles 10' can somewhat ease the symptoms of eye-strain, astenophia, Computer Vision Syndrome, CDH, and proprioceptive disparity, caused by digital devices. However, often this relief is not sufficient and the eye-strain and astenophia persist even for wearers of negative power monovision spectacles.
[0037] FIG. 4B illustrates embodiments of a convergence-reducing lens 100 in a convergence-reducing spectacle 100' that can further reduce, and often eliminate the symptoms caused by eye-strain, astenophia, Computer Vision Syndrome and proprioceptive disparity for negative pow'er lenses. The convergence-reducing spectacles 100' with convergence-reducing lenses 100 have suitably modified refraction-angles a that reduce the gaze-convergence angles b when their wearers look at a nearby object, such as at a digital device. Reduced gaze-convergence angles b require a lesser rotation of the eyes in the nasal direction, and therefore relieve the continuous contraction and strain of the medial rectus and the superior oblique muscles of the eyes. This reduced muscle strain reduces and often eliminates digital migraines.
[0038] FIGS. 5A-B illustrate in detail an embodiment of an eye-strain-reducing lens 100, or convergence-reducing lens 100, that relieves eye-strain and related digital eye discomforts. Throughout this application, the terms eye- strain-reducing lens 100 and convergence-reducing lens 100 wdll be used and treated interchangeably. For clarity, only one of the convergence- reducing lenses 100 of the convergence-reducing spectacle 100' is shown. The below' description applies for the other lens of the convergence-reducing spectacle 100' with the appropriate modifications, such as mirror-reflection across the nose. A nose of the spectacle-wearer is shown for reference. Embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can define an x-y-z coordinate system as fol low's. A central normal of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can define a z-axis 3, and a central region of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can define a tangential, centered x-y plane. The center of the coordinate system can be at the center of the convergence-reducing lens 100. The convention is adopted that the x-axis is"horizontal" with respect to the spectacle 100', and thus goes through the centers of both the left and the right convergence-reducing lenses 100. Accordingly, the y-axis is vertical. While lenses in spectacles are not afways circular, and thereby the definition of their center may not appear sharply defined, the standard product of a lens manufacturing process is a circular disc, often called a puck, from w'hich the lens is subsequently cut out. The center of these circular discs, or pucks, is w'ell-defined. Natural extensions or adaptations of the concept of the center can be defined for specific lenses, thereby anchoring the definition of the x-y-z coordinate system. Sometimes, for brevity, the x-y-z coordinate system will simply be referred to as the coordinate system. [0039] With this x-y-z coordinate system, and with reference to FIG. 5A, the convergence- reducing lens 100 can include a distance-vision region 110, having a negative distance-vision optical power, configured to refract a light ray 2, directed by a source (or object, see below) 1 1 at a distance-vision region point Pd at a distance-vision x-distance xpd from a center of the (x-y-z) coordinate system, to propagate to an eye-center representative location 8. In some embodiments, the eye-center representative location 8 can be an eye center 8 itself. In other embodiments, it can be a sensor, positioned at the location 8, or a screen, positioned across location 8, wherein the eye- center representative location 8 lies on the z-axis 3, at a z-distance in the range of 15-25 mm from the center of the lens ' s coordinate system in a direction that is opposite to the direction of the source. These latter eye-center representative locations 8 can be more suitable and accessible for measurements and characterizations. For example, a full-size eye model can be employed in place of the eye 5, including a lens that is positioned and acts to represent the eye lens 7 and the cornea of the eye. This eye model can be rotatable around a y-directional axis, positioned at the eye- center representative location 8.
[0040] FIG. 5B illustrates that the convergence-reducing lens 100 can further include a near vision region 120, having a near-vision optical power that matches the negative distance-vision optical power within 0.5 diopters D, configured to refract a light ray 2, directed by the source 11 at a near-vision region point P n at a near-vision x-distance xp n from the center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an x-z location of the eye-center representative location 8, at the corresponding y height.
[0041] The x-z locations of the eye-center representativ e locations 8 in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B are (at least approximately) the same, while the corresponding y heights are different, because the y heights of the distance-vision region 110 and the near- vis ion region 120 are different. Since FIGS. 5A-D show the embodiments in an x-z cross section, only the coinciding x-z locations of the eye-center representative locations 8 are illustrated.
[0042] Since the optical power of the near-vision region 120 can be very close, and in some embodiments, equal to the optical power of the distance-vision region 1 10, embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can be called a mono vision lens, or a single-vision lens. This aspect can distinguish these lenses from other, traditional bi-focal lenses where the near-vision and distance-vision optical powers are different.
[0043] For clarity, in this document the term"optical power" refers to the optical power specifically related to the focal length f of the lens, and is measured in diopters D that are inversely related to the focal length: D=l/f. Also, FIG. 5A can be a cross section of the convergence- reducing lens 100 at a high, positive y coordinate, whereas FIG. 5B may illustrate a cross section of the same convergence-reducing lens 100 at a lower, negative y coordinate. In this document rays are sometimes described as hitting the convergence-reducing lens 100 at the same x-distance in the distance-vision region 1 10 and the near-vision region 120. Naturally, the x-distance is hit at a higher/positive y value for the distance-vision region 110, while the same x-distance is hit at a lower/negative y value for the near-vision region 120.
[0044] In the embodiments of FIGS. 5A-B, the near-vision x-distance xp n is smaller than the distance-vision x-distance xpa, as shown. Visibly, since in these embodiments the near-vision x- distance XT¾ is smaller than the distance-vision x-distance xpa, the wearer of this convergence- reducing lens 100 can rotate an eye-optical axis 9 of his/her eye closer toward the z-axis 3 when looking at the source 11 through the near- vision region 120 relative to the case when the wearer is looking at the same source 11 through the distance-vision region 110 (at the corresponding y height), thereby reducing the gaze convergence angle b, as described further next. As indicated in FIG. 5B, the reduced gaze-convergence angle b translates into a stress-reducing rotation of the eye 5. Accordingly, the convergence-reducing lens 100 can also be called an eye-strain reducing lens 100. For this reason, the convergence-reducing spectacles 100' deliver the much-needed medical benefit of reducing eye-strain, digital migraines, CVS, CDH, proprioceptive disparity, fixation disparity, asthenopia, and convergence-disorders in general.
[0045] Related eye-strain reducing lenses with non-negative optical power in the distance- vision region have been described in the co-pending and commonly owned patent applications US 15/289,157:"Eye-strain reducing lens"; US 15/289,163:"Low convergence spectacles"; and US 15/289,194:"Lens with off-axis curvature center", all three to J.P. Krall, A. Plumley and G.T. Zimanyi. A point of difference between the presently described embodiments and those described in these three applications is that non-negative power lenses exacerbate eye-strain in the near vision region, while the here described negative power lenses may reduce eye-strain to a limited degree. In spite of this reduction, however, Applicants found, wfiile working with patients, that further relief is often needed. This further relief of eye-strain is delivered by the here described eye-strain reducing spectacles 100'.
[0046] Bifocal glasses have a near-vision region separate from the usual distance-vision region. Such glasses can be bestowed with the additional medical benefit of eye-strain reduction by making the convergence, or refractive, properties of these two vision regions also different.
[0047] A distinguishing feature of the here-described single-vision, or monovision convergence-reducing lenses 100 is that they have a near-vision region 120 with a refractive power different from the refractive power of the distance-vision region 110, in spite of the two regions having matching optical powers. This is to be contrasted with the just-mentioned bifocal lenses, where both the refractive and the optical powers of the two vision regions are different. This is a qualitative, crucial distinction for at least the following reasons.
[0048] ( 1 ) Bifocal spectacles already have two vision regions with a differing optical property, the optical power. Therefore, it may occur to a lens designer to make a further optical property also different, such as the refractive power, to reduce convergence. However, in monovision lenses it is far from obvious for a designer to think of, and to create a near-vision region for the sole purpose of delivering a different refractive power in a lens where the optical power of the near vision region is the same as that of the distance- vision region of the lens.
[0049] (2) The global market for spectacle lenses exceeded 1 billion units sold worldwide in
2015, and more than 320 million in the US alone. It is also estimated that 75% of the US population, or about 240 million people wear some sort of vision correcting spectacles. By far the broadest market segment of spectacles sold in the US today, about 90% of the total market, have monovision lenses, and only about 10%, or 20-25 million people wear bifocals. The mostly younger and early-middle age wearers of monovision lenses simply do not need bifocal lenses. Some industry surveys estimate the number of people who suffer, or report, Computer Vision Syndrome to exceed 100 million people. Earlier we have cited other sources that estimated the potential patients at 30 million, based on different symptoms and definitions. Therefore, introducing convergence-reducing near- vision regions into monovision spectacles will extend the reach of the convergence-reduction technology from the narrow, 10-20 million unit/year market segment of bifocals to the 100 million-plus unit/year market segment of monovision glasses. Therefore, the here-described monovision glasses will dramatically broaden the group of people to whom the medical benefit of convergence-reduction can be delivered.
[0050] (3) Convergence-reducing monovision glasses with zero or near zero optical powers will qualitatively broaden the market penetration to yet another wide class. These glasses will deliver the medical benefit of convergence reduction to people who do not need optical power correction at all, and therefore did not think of wearing glasses up to now. For this reason, zero, or near-zero, optical power monovision spectacles will dramatically extend the segment of the population to whom the medical benefit of convergence-reduction is delivered even further.
[0051] Finally, it is mentioned that in present-day optometric practice, most doctors have a different theory of the cause of eye-strain, and therefore offer very different treatments and procedures to alleviate eye-strain, or asthenopia. Optometrists often prescribe switching to glasses with blue light filters, or suggest using humidifiers. Therefore, prescribing glasses with the here- described convergence-reduction technology rests on a very different medical insight regarding what causes eye-strain, and an inventive treatment to alleviate it that is genuinely different from what is prescribed by the majority of today's optometric practitioners.
[0052] In this patent document, the term monovision lens, or single-vision lens, is used in a broader sense. Naturally, its scope includes lenses whose front and rear surfaces each have a single radius of curvature. Beyond that, the term can also include lenses whose shape has components beyond the single radius of curvature. An example is an aspheric component, where components can be defined in different manners, including Zernike decompositions. Typically, aspheric components are introduced to compensate for an optical distortion of the lens. Several factors can cause the optical distortion: the finite thickness of the lens, aspects of the index of refraction, and the far-from axis behavior of the light rays, among others. An aspheric component can also be introduced not for compensating a distortion, but to achieve an optical benefit. The term monovision can also include lens shapes that combine a single optical power with a power-neutral benefit. Typical examples include a cylinder, astigmatism, or coma, introduced into an otherwise single-vision lens, to compensate a corresponding vision distortion. The scope of single-vision lenses does not include bifocal lenses. To summarize, in the described convergence-reducing lenses 100 at least one of the distance- vision region 1 10, or the near- vision region 120, can inc lude an aspheric component, a power-neutral component, a cylinder, a coma, or an astigmatic component.
[0053] Here and later in the text, the light propagation is described as originated by the source 11, or interchangeably from an object 1 1. The source 1 1 can be a laser pointer or another, directed light source that actively generates a light ray 2. In some other embodiments, the object 1 1 may not be an active light source, rather, an object or mirror that reflects an incident light as the described light 2 toward the convergence-reducing lens 100, wherein the incident light originated somewhere else. From the viewpoint of the light propagation, these two cases can be interchangeable. The object 1 1, or source 1 1 , can be at a z-distance z 0/s from the x-y plane of the convergence-reducing lens 100.
[0054] In embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100, the distance-vision region 110 can be configured to refract the light ray 2, directed by the source 11, or object, 11 at the distance- vision region point Pd at the distance-vision x-distance xpd, to intersect a y-z plane of the coordinate system with a distance-vision gaze-convergence angle d; whereas the near-vision region 120 can be configured to refract the light ray 2, directed by the source 1 1 at the near- vision region point Pn at the near- vision x-distance xp n , to intersect the y-z plane with a near- vision gaze- convergence angle bh. In these embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 the near- vision gaze-convergence angle b p can be smaller than the distance-vision gaze-convergence angle b^ Typically, the intersection of the refracted light 2 with the y-z plane with the gaze convergence angle b /d occurs at the eye-center representative location 8.
[0055] Here, the gaze-convergence angles d and b h characterize the convergence of the eye's gaze, and thus they can correspond to the x-component of the overall, 3d dimensional rotation angle of the eyes, in analogy to a x , the x-component of the overall refraction angle a.
[0056] The reduction of the gaze-convergence angle b in the near- vision region 120 relative to the gaze-convergence angle bά in the distance-vision region 1 10 is a second expression that when the wearer looks at an object 11 through the near- vision region 120 of the convergence- reducing lens 100, she/he does not need to rotate her/his eyes away from the z-axis 3 as much as in the case of looking at the same object through the distance-vision region 110 of the lens 100. Therefore, embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 indeed reduce the convergence angle b of the gaze of its wearer, when looking at objects through the near- vision region 120, compared to looking at the same object through the distance-vision region 110 at the corresponding y height, or even through an analogous regular negative power lens 10.
[0057] In some embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100, the distance-vision region 1 10 can be configured to refract the light ray 2, directed by or from the source 1 1 at the distance-vision region point Pd at the distance-vision x-distance xpd, by a distance-vision refraction angle a d , whereas the near-vision region 120 can be configured to refract the light ray 2, directed by or from the source 1 1 at the near- vision region point Pn at the near-vision x-distance xp n , by a near-vision refraction angle cc n . In such embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100, an x- component a n x of the near-vision refraction angle a n can be greater than an x-component ctd x of the distance-vision refraction angle a d . This is a third expression that the lens 100 is reducing the gaze-convergence b, when its wearer is looking at the object 11 through the near-vision region 120, relative to looking at the same object 11 through the distance-vision region 110 at the appropriate y height. [0058] The above three related expressions of the gaze-convergence reducing aspects of the convergence-reducing lens 100 are stated as boxed inequalities in FIG. 5B. These inequalities are repeated here:
XPn < XPd , (4) bh < bά , and (5) cw x < a h c , (6)
[0059] all for the same fixed object, or source, distance Zo/s. Embodiments of the convergence- reducing lens 100 satisfy at least one of these three inequalities (4)-(6).
[0060] The above descriptions of embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 also articulate auditing protocols to determine, whether a lens is a convergence-reducing lens.
[0061] (1) It is possible to measure the described distance xpd and angles cu x and bh directly, when a wearer of the lens is looking at an object through a distance-vision region of a lens, followed by measuring the corresponding distance xp n and angles otn x and b as the wearer looks through a corresponding near-vision region of the lens, and then to compare the measured angles and distances to verify whether they satisfy at least one of the described three inequalities (4)-(6). For lenses, where the changes of the angles are small, an eye-tracking, or eye-imaging, system can be used to determine the changes in the wearer's gaze-angle to detect the small changes and differences.
[0062] (2) Instead of measuring angles and directions of a wearer's gaze, an eye model with realistic parameters can be used as well. The eye model can include a disk of a diameter of about 20-25 mm, such as 24 mm, rotatable around a y-axis, positioned at an eye-center representative location 8. The front of the eye model can be positioned 10-15 mm behind the lens 100, the eye- center representative location 8 about 20-30 mm behind the lens 100. The eye model can include an appropriate model lens, with a total optical power approximately equal to that of the cornea, about 40-45 D, plus that of the eye lens 7, about 15-25 D. A directed light source, such as a laser pointer, or equivalents, can be deployed in place of the source 11. Its light can be pointed at the distance-vision region, and then separately at the near-vision region of an audited lens. The eye model can be appropriately rotated, so that after refraction by the model lens, the light goes through the eye-center representative location 8 of the eye model in both cases. The above- described angles and distances of inequalities (4)-(6) can then be measured to determine wfrether at least one of the three above inequalities applies to the audited lens. [0063] (3) Finally, measurements without involving a wearer's eye, or even an eye-model, can also be sufficient to determine whether an audited lens is an embodiment of the convergence- reducing lens 100. A lens can be audited on a fixed optical table by pointing a laser pointer from a position of the source 11 at the lens such that its light after refraction by the lens propagates through a candidate point for an eye-center representative location 8, about 20-30 mm behind the center of the lens 100 along the z-axis 3. The light's propagation can be tracked, e.g., by implementing a screen in the y-z plane of the lens 100 on the side opposite to the source 1 1. The light of the laser pointer 11 can be directed at a distance-vision region of the audited lens, then subsequently through a near-vision region of the audited lens, ensuring that the refracted light in both cases intersects the y-z plane at the same z-distance from a center of the coordinate system that is representative of an eye center 8. As described above, such representative locations can be 20-30 m behind the center of the lens, on the z-axis 3. Once the angles and distances, discussed before, are measured for the light directed at the distance-vision and then the near- vision regions, a lens is an embodiment of the convergence-reducing lens 100 if at least one of the three inequalities in FIG. 5B, and discussed above in inequalities (4)-(6), holds for the measured angles and distances.
[0064] Adjusting the"corresponding y height" of the eye-center representative location 8 in FIGS. 5A-B, or the image l lr in FIGS. 5C-D, (collectively: the images) as the light rays are redirected by the source 11 , or the source 8r, from the distance-vision region 110 to the near- vision region 120 in the above listed audit protocols (l)-(3) can be performed in various ways as follows. (1) Tire wearer can change the direction of his/her gaze from the distance-vision region 1 10 to the near- vision region 120 of the fixed convergence-reducing lens 100; (2) the optical axis of the eye model can be tilted; or (3) the direction of the laser pointer can be changed. These protocols keep the y heights of the convergence-reducing lens 100, as well as that of the object/source 11, or source 8r (collectively: the sources) fixed. This class of protocols can be called"image-adjusting protocols" to audit, whether any one of the inequalities (4)-(6) is satisfied by the audited lens.
[0065] For each of these cases, however, analogous alternative"lens-adjusting protocols" can be defined and performed, where the y height of the convergence-reducing lens 100 is adjusted instead of that of the images, or the sources by lifting or lowering the lens itself, while keeping the y heights of the source and the image fixed. For these protocols, the"corresponding y height" of the eye-center representative location 8 of the near-vision region 120 is the same as for the distance-vision region 1 10. These lens-adjusting protocols can also be used to audit whether any one of the inequalities (4)-(6) is satisfied by the audited lens, and thus capture the embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 in an equivalent manner [0066] A third class of alternative,"source-adjusting protocols" keep the y heights of both the images and the convergence-reducing lens 100 fixed, and adjust the y heights of the sources instead. As before, these source-adjusting protocols can be used to audit whether any one of the inequalities (4)-(6) is satisfied by the audited lens, and thus capture the embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 in an equivalent manner.
[0067] In sum, in embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100, or eye-strain-reducing lens 100 the near-vision x-distance xp n can be smaller than the distance-vision x-distance xpa as determined by at least one of an image-adjusting protocol, a lens-adjusting protocol, or a source- adjusting protocol. Yet other auditing protocols will be described later, in relation to FIGS. 5C- D and FIGS. 7A-D
[0068] The convergence-reducing lens 100 can include a progression region 140 where at least one of xpp, the x-distance of a progression region point Pp; or a progression region gaze- convergence angle br, or an x-component of the progression-region refraction angle, a P x , transitions between its near-vision region value and its distance-vision region value. Formally, at least one of the following inequalities hold in the progression region 140: xp n < xp P < xpd; or b h < b R < b < i; or ow c < a R c < a h c . An example of such a progression region 140 will be described in some detail in FIGS. 7A-B.
[0069] FIGS. 5A-B illustrate that the object/source 11 can be a near object, located at a source x-distance from the z-axis 3 of the coordinate system that is greater than a radius of the convergence-reducing lens 100, and at a source z-distance that is between 10 cm and 100 cm. Such an off-center, off-axis source 1 1 can be a good representation of a near object, aligned with a nose of the spectacle wearer, as shown.
[0070] FIGS. 5C-D illustrate further aspects of the convergence-reducing lenses 100. The characterization of the embodiments of FIGS. 5C-D is largely analogous to that of FIGS. 5A-B. These characterizations are motivated by the reversibility of the paths of propagating light rays 2. To indicate that the source and image in FIGS. 5C-D are related to the source and image in FIG. 5A-B by path-reversal, corresponding labels are use with an"r" added.
[0071] With these introductory considerations, some embodiments of a convergence-reducing lens 100 can have a distance-vision region 1 10, having a negative distance-vision optical power, that is configured to refract a light ray 2 directed by a source 8r at a distance- vision region point Pd, at a distance-vision x-distance xpd from the center of the coordinate system, to propagate to an image point 1 lr. The image point 1 lr, in some sense the reverse-pair of the object/source 1 1 of the embodiments in FIGS. 5A-B, can be located at a z-distance zi from the x-y plane of the lens 100. The source 8r, in some sense the reverse-pair of the eye-center representative location 8 of the embodiments in FIGS. 5A-B, can be located on the z-axis 3 at a source-z-distance z s from a center of the coordinate system.
[0072] This embodiment of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can further include a near vision region 120, having a near-vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.5 D, configured to refract a light ray 2 directed by the source 8r, located at the same source-z-distance z s from a center of the coordinate system, at a near- vision region point P n at a near-vision x-distance xpn from the center of the coordinate system to propagate to an x-z location of the image point 1 Ir, at a corresponding y height. In these embodiments, the near-vision x-distance xp n can be smaller than the distance-vision x-distance xpd, in analogy to inequality (4) of the embodiments of FIGS. 5A-B.
[0073] The x-z locations of the image points 1 lr in FIG. 5C and in FIG. 5D are (at least approximately) the same, while the corresponding y heights are different, because the y heights of the distance- vision region 1 10 and the near-vision region 120 are different. Since FIGS. 5A-D show the embodiments in an x-z cross section, only the coinciding x-z locations of the image points 1 lr are illustrated.
[0074] As discussed earlier, in some embodiments, analogous protocols can be defined where a y height of the convergence-reducing lens 100 is adjusted instead the y height of the image point
1 lr, so that the y directional angle of the light ray 2 does not need to be adjusted when switching from the distance-vision region 1 10 to the near-vision region 120. Finally', in yet other alternative embodiments, a y height of the source 8r can be adjusted when redirecting the light rays 2 from the distance-vision region 1 10 to the near-vision region 120, while preserving the y heights of the convergence-reducing lens 100 and the image point 1 lr. As before, image-adjusting, lens adjusting, and source-adjusting protocols can define closely related embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100.
[0075] In some embodiments, the distance-vision region 1 10 can be configured so that the source 8r can direct the light ray 2 to propagate to the image point 1 lr via a refraction at the distance-vision region point Pd by directing the light ray 2 with a distance-vision gaze- convergence angle [3d relative to a y-z plane of the coordinate system; and the near-vision region 120 can be configured so that the source 8r can direct the light ray 2 to propagate to the x-z location of the image point 1 lr via a refraction at the near-vision region point Pn by directing the light ray
2 with a near-vision gaze-convergence angle b relative to the y-z plane of the coordinate system. In these embodiments, the near- vision gaze-convergence angle b can be smaller than the distance-vision gaze-convergence angle b < *, in analogy to inequality (5) above.
[0076] In some embodiments, the distance-vision region 110 can be configured to refract the light ray 2, directed by the source 8r at the distance- vision region point Pd to propagate to the image point l lr, by a distance-vision refraction angle out The near- vision region 120 can be configured to refract the light ray 2, directed by the source 8r at the near-vision region point Pn to propagate to the x-z location of the image point l lr, by a near- vision refraction angle a n . In embodiments, a/, the x-component of the near-vision refraction angle a n can be greater than a d x , the x-component of the distance-vision refraction angle, a , in analogy to inequality (6) above.
[0077] As before, the convergence-reducing lens 100 can include a progression region 140 where at least one of the xp P , the x-distance of a progression region point Pp, a progression region gaze-convergence angle br, and an x-component of the progression-region refraction angle, a P x , transitions between its near-vision region value and its distance-vision region value.
[0078] FIGS. 7A-B illustrate a frontal view of an embodiment of the convergence-reducing lens 100, looking onto the x-y plane of the lens from the z-axis direction. FIG. 7 A shows iso-a x refraction angle contour lines of the convergence-reducing lens 100. In the shown convergence- reducing lens 100, aa x , the x component of the refraction angle a in the distance-vision region 1 10 follows Eq. (3), while a n x , the x component of the refraction angle a in the near-vision region 120 introduces a +0.4rD (refractive diopter) shift in the lower-nasal quadrant: a n x = ad x + 0.4rD, or, equivalently: Da h c = +0.4rD. This can be seen from the vertical iso-a x contours in the near-vision region 120 aligning with the iso-a x contours in the distance-vision region 110 with a shift by two lines to the right.
[0079] The convergence-reducing lens 100 can also include a progression region 140, where the x component of the refraction angle a P x varies from ad x values related to the distance-vision region 1 10 to values related to the near-vision region 120. The progression region 140 is shaped such that a P x , the x component of the refraction angle a in the progression region 140 smoothly interpolates between aa x and a n x : ad x < a P x < a n x . Further, this progression region 140, at least partially between the distance-vision region 110 and the near-vision region 120, can be configured to refract the light ray 2, directed by the source 11 at a progression region point P P at a progression x-distance xp P to propagate to the eye-center representative location 8; wherein the progression x-distance xp P can be between the near-vision x-distance xp n and the distance-vision x-distance xpd: xpn < xpp < xpd. Finally and correspondingly, the gaze convergence angle b R of the progression region 140 can also smoothly interpolate between its values in the distance-vision region 110 and the near-vision region 120: b h < b R < b < i
[0080] FIG. 7B shows iso-dioptric contour lines of the optical power in the converge-reducing lens 100 of FIG. 7 A. In some embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100, the distance- vision region 1 10 can have a distance-vision negative optical power of D diopters. The near-vision region 120 can have a near- vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical power within 0.5 D; and a transition region that can connect the distance-vision region 110 and the near- vision region 120. In some embodiments, the near-vision optical power can match the distance- vision optical power within 0.25 D. In progressive power lenses, the transition region is introduced to smoothly interpolate the optical power between the distance-vision optical power and the different, near-vision optical power, thereby reducing the optical distortions. In the present convergence-reducing lenses 100, the origin of the transition region is different: its optical power is not necessitated by an optical power change, it is only induced by the varying progression region refraction angle a P x . In the shown case, the location of the transition region is primarily nasal, and hence it is denoted as a nasal transition region 130h. In some embodiments, the transition region can have both nasal and temporal regions. In general, the progression region 140 of FIG. 7A only correlates but does not necessarily coincide with the nasal transition region 130h of FIG. 7B.
[0081] In some embodiments, an area of the near-vision region 120 can be greater than 5 mm 2 .
In some embodiments, the area of the near-vision region 120 can be greater than 10 mm 2 .
[0082] FIGS. 8A-C illustrate various designs of the convergence reducing spectacles 100'. In general, the majority' of the near-vision region 120 can occupy the lower, or inferior nasal quadrant of the convergence-reducing lens 100. In some embodiments, a minor portion of the near- vision region 120 can extend to the lower temporal quadrant as well, as shown.
[0083] FIG. 8A illustrates that in some embodiments the near-vision region 120 can be an oval. FIG. 8B shows a near-vision region 120 shaped as a quadrant. Finally, FIG. 8C shows a channel-like near-vision region 120. In other embodiments, the near- vision region 120 can have additional shapes, including a triangle, a rectangle, an elongated region, a diagonal region, or a corridor. In yet other embodiments, the near-vision region can be essentially circular, or a downward-pointing D shape.
[0084] FIGS. 9A-B illustrate twO embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 that can achieve and deliver the above described properties of the convergence-reducing lens 100, in particular, that show' configurations and designs of lenses 100 that satisfy at least one of the earlier described three inequalities (4)-(6). [0085] FIG. 9A illustrates that embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can include a front surface 140f, with a distance-vision front-tangential l45fd that touches the front surface l40f in the distance-vision region 1 10 at a nasal x-distance from the center of the coordinate system; and a near- vision front-tangential 145fn that touches the front surface l40f in the near-vision region 120 at the same nasal x-distance, but at a corresponding, typically lower y height. (For transparency, the tangentials are differentiated only by their labels.) The convergence- reducing lens 100 can also include a rear surface l40r, wdth a distance-vision rear-tangential 145 rd that touches the rear surface 140r in the distance-vision region 110 at the same x-distance, and a near-vision rear-tangential 145rn that touches the rear surface l40r in the near-vision region 120 at the same x-distance, at the corresponding, lower y height. These four tangentials 145 are indicated by dashed lines. The distance-vision front-tangential l45fd and the distance-vision rear- tangential l45rd form a distance-vision region convergence angle ydvr, while the near-vision front- tangential 145fn and the near-vision rear- tangential l45rn form a near-vision region convergence angle ymr. In FIG. 9A, the front and rear surfaces 140f and 140r in the near- vision region 120 are inward-rotated close to the center of the lens 100 relative to the distance-vision region 110, and therefore the near-vision region convergence angle ym is greater than the distance-vision region convergence angle ydvr: ydvr < ghnt . (7)
[0086] This inequality is one way to design a convergence-reducing lens 100 that achieves at least one of the three inequalities (4)-(6). Several other designs can be consistent with this inequality also. In some cases, the inequality of the angles in inequality' (7) can be solely driven by only one of the tangentials being different, such as the near-vision front-tangential 145fn being inward-rotated relative to the distance-vision front-tangential 145fd, while the rear tangentials l45rn and 145rd being the same.
[0087] In some cases, the convergence-reducing lens 100 can be a meniscus lens 100, as shown. It is also noted that these angles g h« and ydvr depend on the x-distance where the tangentials were fitted to the surfaces 140r and 140f: ynvr=ymr(x), and ydvr=ydvr(x). The angles ynvr(x) and ydvr(x) are to be determined and compared at the same nasal x-distances from the center of the coordinate system.
[0088] FIG.9B shows another lens design of the convergence-reducing lens 100 that achieves at least one of the three inequalities (4)-(6) in another manner. In this design: ynvr = ydvr . (8) [0089] Instead of modifying the surface tangentials, in these embodiments the distance-vision region 1 10 has a distance-vision z-axis 3; the near-vision region 120 has a near- vision z-axis 3, and the near-vision z-axis 3 is angled, rotated, or twisted, in a nasal direction relative to the distance-vision z-axis 3. Tire twist is illustrated from looking down on the lens from the +y axis direction. The distance-vision z-axis 3 at the highest y heights of the lens 100 where the distance- vision region 110 is naturally located, can be essentially parallel to the overall lens z-axis 3. Progressing towards lower y heights, where the near-vision region 120 is naturally located, the x- y plane of the lens is getting rotated so that the z-axis 3 is rotated in the nasal direction. Two of the rotated, or twisted cross sections are shown in FIG. 9B. The middle cross section may correspond to the progression region 140, and the bottom, most twisted cross section can correspond to the near-vision region 120, with its twisted near-vision z-axis. In an alternative notation, the z axis 3 in the near vision region 120 is rotated counter-clockwise relative to the z axis 3 in the distance-vision region 1 10.
[0090] It is noted that a manufacturing process of the embodiment of FIG. 9B may be remarkably easy as the process may involve forming a lens with the desired optical powers and then wanning the lens until its material softens to a degree that allows a twisting of the convergence-reducing lens 100 and its z axis 3 in the intended near vision region 120 by the desired degree. Obviously, some convergence-reducing lenses 100 can be formed by combining the embodiments of FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B.
[0091] Next, the embodiments of FIGS. 6A-D will be described. FIG. 6A shows that embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can include a distance-vision region 110, having a negative distance-vision optical power, that is configured to refract a light ray 2, directed parallel to the z-axis 3 at a distance-vision region point Pd at an x-distance xra from a y-z plane of the coordinate system, so that its extension (dashed line) intersects the y-z plane at a distance- vision intersection z-distance z id. Tire convergence-reducing lens 100 can also include a near vision region 120, having a near-vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical power wdthin 0.5 D, that is configured to refract a light ray 2, directed parallel to the z-axis 3 at a near-vision region point P n , at an x-distance XP» that is equal to xpa of the distance- vision region point Pd: xp n = xpd, at a corresponding y height, so that its extension intersects the y-z plane at a near-vision intersection z-distance zi n that is smaller than the distance-vision intersection z- distance:
ZIn < ZId (9) [0092] In some embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100, the distance-vision region 110 can be configured to refract the light ray 2, directed parallel to the z-axis 3 at the distance-vision region point Pd at the x-distance xpd, by a distance-vision refraction angle ad. The near- ision region 120 can be configured to refract the light ray 2, directed parallel to the z-axis 3 at the near- vision region point Pn at the x-distance xp n (xp n = xpd), at the corresponding y height, by a near-vision refraction angle a n . In embodiments, a n x , an x-component of the near-vision refraction angle an can be greater than aa x , an x-component of the distance-vision refraction angle ad: cu x < a . (10)
[0093] Here and subsequently, the refraction angles a and gaze-convergence angles b refer to the magnitude of the angles. In some embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100, the distance-vision region 1 10 can be configured to refract the light ray 2, directed parallel to the z- axis 3 at the distance-vision region point Pd at the x-distance xpd so that its extension intersects the y-z plane with a distance-vision gaze-convergence angle d. The near- vis ion region 120 can be configured to refract the light ray 2 directed parallel to the z-axis 3 at the near- vision region point Pn at the same x-distance xp n = xpd, at the corresponding y height, so that its extension intersects the y-z plane with a near-vision gaze-convergence angle b h . In embodiments, the near- vision gaze- convergence angle b can be greater than the distance-vision gaze-convergence angle pd: pd < p n . (1 1)
[0094] The inequalities (9)-(l 1) characterize the embodiments of FIGS. 6A-B similarly to the inequalities (4)-(6) characterizing the embodiments of FIGS. 5A-B. Embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can satisfy at least one of the three inequalities (9)-(l 1).
[0095] As before, embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can further include a progression region 140, at least partially between the distance-vision region 110 and the near vision region 120, that is configured to refract a light ray 2, directed parallel to the z-axis 3 at a progression region point Pp at the x-distance xpp that is the same as of the distance-vision region point xp P = xpn= xpd so that its extension intersects the y-z plane at a progression intersection z- distance zip that is between the near-vision intersection z-distance zin and the distance-vision intersection z-distance ZM: zin < zip < ZM.
[0096] FIGS. 6C-D describe embodiments that are related to the embodiments of FIGS. 6A- B by reversing the path of the light rays 2, albeit with some necessary adjustments. FIG. 6C illustrates that embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can include a distance-vision region 1 10, having a negative distance-vision optical power, configured to refract a light ray 2, directed by a source l5r at a distance- vision region point Pd at an x-distance xpd from a y-z plane of the coordinate system, to form a distance- vision light-convergence angle 5d with the y-z plane, wherein the source l5r is located on the z-axis 3 at an intersection z-distance ZM from a center of the coordinate system. The lens 100 can further include a near- vision region 120, having a near vision optical power that matches the distance-vision optical pow r er within 0.5 D, that is configured to refract a light ray 2, directed by the source 15r at a near-vision region point Pn at the same x-distance xp n from the y-z plane of the coordinate system as that of the distance-vision point Pd: xpn = xpd, at a corresponding y height, to form a near-vision light-convergence angle d with the y-z plane. Here, the source 15r can be at the intersection z-distance zin that is the same as ZM: ZM = ZM. Correspondingly, the distance-vision gaze convergence angle bά is also equal to the near vision gaze convergence angle b h : b = b . In such embodiments, d c , an x-component of the near vision light-convergence angle d h can be greater than 6d x , an x-component of the distance-vision light-convergence angle 6d: d/ < d c . (12)
[0097] Correspondingly, in some embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100, the distance -vision region 1 10 can be configured to refract the light ray 2, directed by the source !5r at the distance-vision region point Pd at xpd, the x-distance from the y-z plane of the coordinate system, by a distance-vision refraction angle aa. Further, the near-vision region 120 can be configured to refract a light ray 2, directed by the source l5r at the near- vision region point P n at xpn, the x-distance from the y-z plane of the coordinate system, at the corresponding y height, by a near-vision refraction angle an. In embodiments, a , an x-component of the near-vision refraction angle a n can be greater than ad x , an x-component of the distance-vision refraction angle a : aa < s. . (13)
[0098] Inequalities (12)-(l 3) characterize the embodiments of FIGS. 6C-D analogously to inequalities (4)-(6) characterizing the embodiments of FIGS. 5C-D. Several disclosed characteristics of the embodiments of FIGS. 5A-D also apply to the embodiments of FIGS. 6A- D. [0099] FIGS. 10A-B show yet other embodiments of the eye-strain reducing lens 100, or convergence-reducing lens 100. These embodiments can be characterized via a description of the curv atures of the lens surfaces and the off-center locations of their corresponding centers of curvatures. In some detail, embodiments of the eye-strain-reducing lens 100, or convergence- reducing lens 100 can have a central normal of the convergence-reducing lens that defines a z- axis 3. The z-axis 3 is typically also the z-axis 3 of a distance-vision region 110. A central region of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can further define a tangential, centered x-y plane. The z- axis 3 and the x-y plane together define an x-y-z coordinate system.
[0100] The convergence-reducing lens 100 can include the above-mentioned distance-vision region 110 with a negative distance-vision optical power, having a distance-vision front surface l40df with a radius of curvature Rat and a center of distance-vision front curvature CCdf, and a distance -vision rear surface 140dr with a radius of curvature Rdr and a center of distance-vision rear curvature CCdr. The convergence-reducing lens 100 can further include a near- vision region 120 with an optical power within 0.5 D of the distance-vision optical power, having a near-vision front surface l40nf with a radius of curvature Rnf and a center of near- vision front curvature CCnf, and a near- vision rear surface 140nr with a radius of curvature Rnr and a center of near- vision rear curvature CC m ; wherein an x-coordinate of the center of near-vision front curvature x(CCnf) can be nasal relative to an x-coordinate of the center of distance-vision front curvature x(CCdf), or an x-coordinate of the center of near-vision rear curvature x(CCnr) can be temporal relative to an x- coordinate of the center of distance- vision rear curvature x(CCdr). Expressing the above attributes in inequalities, and using the directionality of the x-axis, such that points lying to the right, temporal direction have greater x coordinates than points lying to the left, nasal direction, these conditions can be written as: x(CCnf) < x(CC f) , or (14) x(CCnr) > x(CCdr) . (15)
[01011 FIG. 10A shows that in some typical embodiments, the CCdf front and CCdr rear centers of curvature of the distance-vision surfaces l40df and l40dr are located on the z-axis 3, and therefore their x coordinates are zero. In formal terms, x(CCdf)=x(CCdr)=0. In such embodiments, the convergence-reducing lens 100 can be configured so that x(CCnf), the x- coordinate of the center of near- vision front curvature CCnf, is nasal relative to the z-axis 3 of the coordinate system, i.e.: x(CCnf) < 0, or (16) [0102] x(CCnr), the x-coordinate of the center of near-vision rear curvature is temporal relative to the z-axis 3 of the coordinate system, i.e. x(CCnr) > 0 . (17)
[0103] In this sense, embodiments of the convergence-reducing lens 100 are off-axis center of curvature lenses. As before, a y height corresponding to the near- vision region 120 and its surfaces 140nf and 140nr can be lower than a y height of the distance vision region 1 10 and its surfaces l40df and l40dr.
[0104] The above-described coordinates and x-distances of the centers of curvature x(CCnf), x(CCnr), x(CCdf), and x(CCd ) can be determined with specialized tools and devices, such as spherometers and lens profilometers.
[0105] Designs of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can achieve the optical power of the near-vision region 120 to match the optical power of the distance- vision region 110 within 0.5 D, in spite of the centers of curv ature being off-axis. This is so because the optical power in first approximation is given only by the radii of curvature of the lens front and rear surfaces, not the location of the centers of curvature: Optical power (distance-vision) = f(Rdf, Rdr), and Optical power (near- vision) = f(Rnf, Rnr). In the thin lens approximation, the optical power is proportional to f(Ri, R2)=(n-1) (I/R1-I/R2). As long as f(Rnf, Rnr) = f(Rdf, Rdr), the optical powers in the two regions are matching in a leading order approximation.
[0106] Designs of the convergence-reducing lens 100 can be viewed as built on the recognition that it is possible to leave the optical power of the near- vision region 120 essentially equal to that of the optical power of the distance-vision region 1 10 by not manipulating the radii of the corresponding curvatures, yet, to adjust and manipulate the near-vision refraction angles relative to the distance-vision refraction angles by moving the centers of curvature off the z-axis 3 of the convergence-reducing lens 100. More concisely, in designs of the convergence-reducing lens 100 it is possible to form the refraction angles a n x of the near-vision region 120 different from the refraction angles oufr of the distance-vision region 110, while preserving that the optical power of the near-vision region 120 remains matching of the optical power of the distance-vision region 1 10. The refraction angles and the optical powers of these two regions are adjustable relatively independently from each other, in leading order of the off-center displacements.
[0107] Some embodiments of these convergence-reducing lenses 100 can be further characterized as follows. With reference to FIG. 9A, the distance-vision front surface 140df and the distance- vision rear surface 140dr, at an x-distance from a center of the coordinate system, can define a distance-vision surface convergence angle ' dvr; and the near-vision front surface l40nf and the near- vision rear surface l40nr at the same x-distance from the center of the coordinate system, at the corresponding y height, can define a near-vision surface convergence angle y n vr, wherein in embodiments the near-vision surface convergence angle is greater than the distance- vision surface convergence angle: ydvr < Vnvr . (18)
[0108] The off-axis curvature center, convergence-reducing lenses 100 of FIGS. 10A-B can be further characterized by, and combined with, the embodiments described in relation to FIGS. 5-9.
[0109] It is noted that the near- vision region 120 of the convergence-reducing lenses 100 of FIGS. 5-10 can be formed by modifying only the lens rear surface l40nr to create the near- vision rear surface 140nr, or only the lens front surface 140nf to create the near-vision front surface 140nf, or both.
[0110] The near- vision region 120 can be formed by a variety of methods. Some techniques may use a free-form generator, or five-axis generator. Other techniques may use a 3 dimensional (3D) printer. Finally, in some cases, the shape of the near- vision region 120 may not differ from the distance-vision region 110. Rather, the different optical performance of these regions can be achieved by modulating the index of refraction n of the lens material differently in these regions. For example, n», the index of refraction in the near- vision region 120 can be larger than m, the index of refraction in the distance-vision region: n n > nd. Such embodiments of the convergence- reducing lens 100 can deliver many of the optical performances described in relation to FIGS. 5- 10. In some cases, such a change of the index of refraction n can be achieved by applying an electrical field during the molding process of the lens.
[0111] While this document contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of an invention or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular embodiments of the invention. Certain features that are described in this document in the context of separate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or a variation of a subcombination.
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Looking for a personal trainer in Abu Dhabi? The UAE Personal Trainers website can help you find the best male or female personal trainers in Abu Dhabi for all your health and fitness needs.
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The UAE Personal Trainers website has been designed with you in mind. Providing all the information you need about a personal trainer including clients reviews – this can help you make the best decision when hiring a personal trainer in Abu Dhabi.


Butterflies and moths flutter together inside the butterfly tank. Moths and butterflies are closely related, both of the order Lepidoptera. The Indian Moon Moth, above, is one of the crowd favorites. While they look similar at first glance, butterflies and moths have subtle differences. Adult butterflies are active in the day, while most but not all moths are active at night. When resting, a butterfly holds its wings together above its back; a moth holds its wings horizontally. Butterfly antennae are thickened, or clubbed, at the tips, while moth antennae are most commonly straight or feathered. Moths are also a little bit chubbier than most butterflies.
Adult butterflies don't live very long; some species live as little as two weeks after emerging from the chrysalis the pupa stage of development when butterfly larvae, caterpillars, transform into butterflies.
Roughly 500 butterfly pupae will be shipped each week to the American Museum of Natural History throughout the duration of the exhibit. The butterflies are released into the vivarium after emerging. Lucky visitors will catch emerging butterflies in the act.
At the live butterfly exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History now in its 13th year visitors can get face-to-face with the 500 fluttering tropical butterflies living inside.
The Jagged Leafwing, above, dines on fruit juice from a freshly cut orange slice, one of many that are placed throughout the exhibit to attract the butterflies.
Of the Heliconius genus of butterflies, the Isemius Longwing is probably what comes to mind when people think about butterflies. Their tiger-like wing coloring is a signal to any potential predators that they taste foul.
Ismenius Longwings have no trouble breeding in captivity, and have become a favorite of scientists trying to understand how the species was born and became so diverse.
One of the stars of the American Museum of Natural History's Butterfly Conservatory exhibit is the Blue Morpho. As the name suggests, the Blue Morpho shows off its metallic blue coating when it flaps its wings. The brilliant blue is only on the top side of the wings, so when the butterfly is perched on a tropical plant in Costa Rica with its wings folded together, the blue is hidden, as in the above image.
The striking color is not from pigmentation, but is an example of iridescence. Butterflies wings are covered in scales, and the Blue Morpho's wings reflect light so that colors appear to vary depending on how you look at them.
Maya, from New York City, keeps a close watch on a Cattleheart butterfly at the American Museum of Natural History. This butterfly nearly blends in with one of the tropical plants in the vivarium, which is kept at 80 degrees Fahrenheit (27 degrees Celsius) to mimic the butterflies' natural environments. The butterflies in the exhibit come from Florida, Costa Rica, Kenya, Thailand, Malaysia, Ecuador and Australia.


text:
The Big Reviewski
The new Lord Of The Rings TV show isn't actually about what we all thought it was going to be about
The budget is already in excess of $250 million, making it the most expensive TV show of all time.
The Lord Of The Rings is not only one of the most popular books of all time, it is also one of the most-loved movie series of all time.
So nobody could quite figure out why Amazon Video were being so secretive about the project, considering everyone who has ever read the book or seen the movies already know all too well how it all turns out.
Amazon worked out a deal with Warner Brothers, as well as with the Tolkien estate, to purchase the rights to the series, and before a single actor was hired or a single camera was put in place, the show has already cost a quarter of a billion dollars.
There had been long-standing rumours that the show would focus on a much-younger Aragorn, and how he came to be a reclusive Ranger of the North and all-round greatest hero in modern fiction (sorry John McClane!), but some newly revealed information seems to indicate that this won't be the case.
Over the last few days and weeks, the official Lord Of The Rings on Prime Twitter account has been teasing an ever-more-detailed map of Middle Earth, and today it would appear that they have finally revealed something close to a plot-point:
Welcome to the Second Age: https://t.co/Tamd0oRgTw
— The Lord of the Rings on Prime (@LOTRonPrime) March 7, 2019
"Welcome to the Second Age."
If that means nothing to you, then basically it means the plot of the TV series looks to be set around 900 years before Aragorn was even born, so this is brand new territory for viewers and readers alike, as it also takes place a significant chunk of time before the prequel series The Hobbit, too.
Which also explains why when JOE spoke to Hugo Weaving (who played nice elf Elrond) a while back about the show, he said he hadn't been asked to be a part of it.
The map also gave some significant hints to the timing of the show too, with both Minas Anor and Minas Ithil mentioned, but they both get destroyed centuries before we revisit them as Minas Tirith and Minas Morgul in The Return Of The King.
You can head to the official Amazon Video Prime website here to get a better, magnified-glass view of the map, should you be so inclined.
There is no timetable currently in place for the release date of the show, so we wouldn't be expecting to see it on this side of 2021, at any rate.
GAA players should be able to enjoy their pints and train... no matter what your manager says 👇
The Big Reviewski,
Lord of the Rings.
Man asked to resign from his job the day after emailing 2Pac lyrics to 4,300 co-workers (Report)
Irish tourist didn't know octopus on his arm carries enough venom to kill 26 people
RTÉ invites public to share what 'home' means to them as part of new documentary
Conor Heneghan
Another star of The Haunting of Hill House is returning for the follow-up series

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Every year over 200,000 people are newly diagnosed with leprosy, including thousands of children. Additionally, 2-3 million people live with a physical disability and are stigmatized because of the disease.
In an effort to stem the spread of the disease, Novartis Foundation launched the Leprosy Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (LPEP) project in 2014, which, for the first time, aligned eight of the most affected countries — Brazil, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Myanmar, Tanzania and Sri Lanka.
The scale and success of the project has not gone unnoticed. At our annual awards show in Barcelona last week it was crowned the Most Valuable Collaboration.
Rolling out the National Leprosy Programs in eight countries involved aligning with global healthcare systems and a wealth of regional partners.
In 2018, the LPEP strategy was included in the first World Health Organization (WHO) Global Guidelines for the Prevention of Leprosy. This marked a significant change in global policy and formally recognized a new approach to leprosy elimination following decades without reform.
Householder Health Ambassadors —Horizon Marketing Solutions, CABA Association andSanofi Pasteur joined forcesto establish a robust, reliable and resourceful information hub for household decision makers on family health.
Travel with IBD — a collaboration between Crohn's & Colitis UK, Takeda UK, IBD Passport and Aurora mobilised the travel industry to take key actions that would make a real difference to people living with IBD.
Next Generation Scientist Program— To foster scientific and professional development and to build global health scientific capabilities, Novartis supported an intensive fellowship programme in collaboration with the University of Basel.
Providing high quality and sustainable care for stable HIV patients — ViiV Healthcare and Chelsea & Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust undertook a joint project to develop a new model of care that better meets the needs of HIV patients. The result was a nurse-led, technology-enabled service centred around an Annual Review consultation to provide an all-round 'health MOT'.


text:
Positive about HIV, Hep C and Sexual Health in Scotland
HIV in Scotland
Waverley Care Staff
Looking for support near you?
Forth Valley
Greater Glasgow & Clyde
We are always happy to work with the press to raise awareness about what it means to live with HIV in Scotland today.
The story of HIV today is vastly different from the past. Yet, the majority of the public hold outdated beliefs about HIV and those living with the condition. This is why it is so important for the stories of people living with HIV to be told to wider audiences through print, radio and TV media.
For World AIDS Day 2022, we worked with a variety of publications to tell the stories of people living with HIV and hepatitis C. We also assisted on several think pieces and opinion articles.
World Aids Day: Ending the stigma and transmission of HIV, The Scotsman
Glasgow man tells how HIV 'saved him' on World Aids Day, The Glasgow Times
Working towards a world without HIV, The Herald
Opinion: Hepatitis C is so stigmatised that I didn't want to go on living, The Press and Journal
We are also always happy to provide comment on relevant political events and affairs relating to HIV, hepatitis C and sexual health. This World AIDS Day, our Policy and Campaigns Officer Anna Cowan spoke on BBC Radio Scotland about the newly-announced HIV transmission elimination plan from the Scottish Government.
If you are a journalist and would like to get in touch for an article, comment or media appearance, please email Policy and Campaigns Officer Anna Cowan or Senior Communications Manager Niamh Barton-Maynard at comms@waverleycare.org.
"Sometimes stigma and discrimination comes from the places you'd least expect it but, then again, so does the help."
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Meet the team at Mitcham Pet Hospital. When you call or come in to the practice, you will be greeted by one of our friendly nurses Sam, Emma and Veronica. We have 3 veterinarians on the consulting team Dr John Stanek, Dr Jeremy Stanek and Dr Emily Warfield.
Dr John Stanek
Dr Stanek was born and raised on a dairy farm in rural Wisconsin, USA. He completed a degree of Bachelor of Science (Education) in 1974 and migrated to Australia to teach secondary school. After several years of teaching, he enrolled in the University of Melbourne and obtained his Bachelor of Veterinary Science degree. He worked at the RSPCA and then in private practice before purchasing what is now Mitcham Pet Hospital in 1988.
Dr Stanek likes all aspects of veterinary practice with particular interest in medicine, surgery, and preventative care. He has a strong belief in family values and has always seen Mitcham Pet Hospital as a family practice. His wife (Shirley) and two children (Jeremy and Samantha) have been involved in the practice since its purchase.
The Stanek household pets currently consist of a diabetic dog , Casper, and an aged geriatric cat, Foggy. Over the years there have been several other cats, fish, rabbits, guinea pigs, and terrapins.
Outside of veterinary practice, Dr Stanek's interests include all sports (mainly as a spectator now), gardening, reading, board and card games, travel and family.
Dr. Helen Clyne
Dr Helen Clyne graduated from the University of Melbourne in 1990 with first class honours. She has worked in many practices in both Australia and England, has an interest in behavioural issues and aims to make your pet's visit as stress free as possible. In 1999 she gained membership of the Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists in Small Animal Medicine and in 2006 she successfully completed the Delta Society's Certificate IV in dog training.
At home she has a ginger cat called Furby and a Japanese Spitz x Pomeranian called Buddy. They both enjoy playing with Helen's primary school aged daughter rather than each other. In her spare time, Helen enjoys keeping tropical fish, reading, cooking, photography, skiing and travel.
Dr Emily Warfield
Emily grew up in the Mitcham area and studied Veterinary Science at the University of Melbourne. After graduating in 2009 she spent one year in a mixed practice (treating cattle, pigs, sheep and chickens as well as dogs, cats and pocket pet). Since returning to Melbourne she has been working at a small animal practice on the Mornington Peninsula. She completed her Masters in Veterinary Studies in 2015.
In November 2015, Emily and Jeremy were married and spent 3 months travelling Europe and USA.
Emily likes treating all patients but she has a special interest in feline medicine, especially the care of older cats. She also has an interest in dermatology and nutrition.
Sam has been working full time at Mitcham Pet Hospital since 2008. While growing up, from the time she was 4 years old, she spent many hours in the clinic and had 'learned the ropes' at a very young age. She really enjoys getting to know the patients and helping sick and injured animals.
She has a Certificate I and II in Animal Studies, a microchipping licence, and she obtained her Certificate IV in Veterinary Nursing in 2012. Sam does a lot of the patient "cuddles" and is responsible for many of the little things behind the scenes that keep the practice running smoothly. She often works extra hours to help everyone else when the clinic is busy or when people are away.
Esther is one of our new full time nurses who has just recently joined us in April 2018. She has 3 and half years of animal nursing experience and is currently completing her Certificart IV in Veterinary Nursing. Esther has a special interest in surgical nursing and would like to specialize in that area in the near future. She also volunteers at a local wildlife shelter, feeding, cleaning, and not to mention, cuddling and petting baby wombats, kangaroo joeys, baby possums and wallaby joeys!
In her spare time, she shares her attention between her two lovely dogs, Yuki - the Shetland Sheepdog and Kiki - the Maltese X Shih Tzu. Esther's hobbies include photography, travelling and eating!
Esther is also our puppy pre-school coordinator. If you have any enquiry about puppy school or would like to book your puppy in for puppy school, do not hesitate to speak to her.
Veronica has been a part of our team since 2014. She is currently undertaking her Masters in Biotechnology at Melbourne University and has completed a bachelor's degree in Veterinary Bioscience. At home she cares for a lazy cat named Lucas and enjoys doing art and sailing at Phillip Island on the weekends with her family.
Shirley HISTORY
• Born and raised in the northern suburbs of Melbourne, Shirley met John shortly after he arrived from the USA on a working holiday. She encouraged and supported him through his studies at Melbourne University to become a veterinarian. They got married and achieved their joint dream of owning their very own veterinary business in 1988.
• From 1986 to 2002, Shirley spent most of her time raising her family, a son and daughter, who are now in the animal care industry themselves.
• In 2002, Shirley began full time work at MPH, managing the business side, and gaining qualifications in this area to assist her. She has been responsible for establishing practice protocols and procedures to maintain best practice standards of care in the clinic. She runs the practice from day to day, and coordinates its future direction.
• Advanced Diploma of Naturopathy
• Certificate IV in Veterinary Nursing
• Diploma of Surgical Nursing
• Diploma of Practice Management
• Veterinary Nutritional Advocate (Hill's)
• First Aid Level 2
• Member of VNCA (Veterinary Nurses Council of Australia)
• Member of AVBA (Australian Veterinary Business Association)
• Member of ANPA (Australian Naturopathic Practitioners Association)
PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS
• Wellness and preventative health
• Practice management
• Continuing education courses
Walking , swimming, bushwalking, reading, natural health