All the reactions that occur in living organisms require high activation energy to take place. To reduce the cell's consumption of energy, there is a catalyst to ensure that the chemical reaction occurs rapidly and reduce the activation energy. This catalyst is the enzymes.
Enzymes are biological catalysts made up of large protein molecules. They speed up the chemical reactions inside the cell. Enzymes are made up of a combination of amino acids forming a chain of polypeptides between each other.
There are several factors that affect the speed of enzyme action, such as the concentration of the enzyme, the concentration of the substrate, temperature, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), and the presence of inhibitors.
The protein nature of the enzymes makes them extremely sensitive to thermal changes. Enzyme activity occurs within a narrow range of temperatures compared to ordinary chemical reactions. Each enzyme has a certain temperature at which it is more active. This point is called the optimal temperature, which ranges between 37 to 40C°.
On the other hand, if the temperature lowers below the optimal temperature, the enzyme activity lowers until the enzyme reaches a minimum temperature at which the enzyme activity is the least. The enzyme activity stops completely at 0C°, but if the temperature rises again, the enzyme gets reactivated once more.
Enzyme activity is also controlled by pH. As the pH is decreased or increased, the nature of the various acid and amine groups on the side chains is altered, with resulting changes in the overall shape and structure of the enzyme.
Each enzyme has a pH value that helps it to work at maximum efficiency, called the optimal pH. If the pH is lower or higher than its optimal pH, the enzyme activity decreases until it stops working. For example, pepsin works at low pH, i.e, it is highly acidic, while trypsin works at high pH, i.e, it is basic. Most enzymes work at neutral pH 7.4.
Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that interact in some way with the enzyme to prevent it from working in the normal manner. There are many types of inhibitors, including nonspecific, irreversible, reversible, competitive and noncompetitive. Poisons and drugs are examples of enzyme inhibitors.
A competitive inhibitor is any compound which closely resembles the chemical structure and molecular geometry of the substrate. The inhibitor competes for the same active site as the substrate molecule. The inhibitor may interact with the enzyme at the active site, but no reaction takes place. The inhibitor is 'stuck' on the enzyme and prevents any substrate molecules from reacting with the enzyme. However, a competitive inhibition is usually reversible if sufficient substrate molecules are available to ultimately displace the inhibitor. Therefore, the amount of enzyme inhibition depends upon the inhibitor concentration, substrate concentration, and the relative affinities of the inhibitor and substrate for the active site.
A noncompetitive inhibitor is a substance that interacts with the enzyme, but usually not at the active site. The noncompetitive inhibitor reacts either remotely from or very close to the active site. The net effect of a noncompetitive inhibitor is to change the shape of the enzyme and thus the active site so that the substrate can no longer interact with the enzyme to give a reaction. Noncompetitive inhibitors are usually reversible but are not influenced by concentrations of the substrate as is the case for a reversible competitive inhibitor.
Irreversible inhibitors form strong covalent bonds with an enzyme. These inhibitors may act at, near, or remotely from the active site. Consequently, they may not be displaced by the addition of excess substrate. In any case, the basic structure of the enzyme is modified to the degree that it ceases to work.
Since many enzymes contain sulfhydryl (-SH), alcohol, or acid groups as part of their active sites, any chemical which can react with them acts as an irreversible inhibitor. Heavy metals such as Ag+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ have strong affinities for -SH groups.


areas. Using the same batch of clay form your beck, wings, and tail. Take your newspaper and make a large ball and wrap it in your plastic bag. Penguins are birds that cannot fly but don't seem to mind. Origami Paper Pattern: 49 Sheets (Origami Paper Packs) (Origami Paper Packs). Tell us more about it? Their creatures, ranging from the exotic to the familiar, the elegant to the whimsical, will both inspire the beginner and challenge the most accomplished folder. It helps in storage. Yes, but you have to use many, so it would waste your sticky notes. 2, starting with the paper with the shorter side on the bottom, fold the paper in half. 10, fold in half from the bottom to the top. Author Ayako Brodek has organized the Directory by seasons and motif, and includes a section of Traditional Japanese Designs as well. Thank you for watching and subscribing. Origami Fun Kit for Beginners, this affordable kit includes everything needed by beginners to master the age-old art of paperfolding. Each project is coded by type: (F) Figure; (M) Modular; and (B) Bead. In, origami Zoo, two of the world's finest paper folders present an exciting collection of original origami animals. High-quality Japanese origami paper is specially manufactured to resist tears and produce clean lines and crisp folds. You can speed up some of the drying time on low in the oven or in the heat of the sun light. Strictly speaking these are not pure origami, as there is a little cutting involved, as well as the need for a little bit of string or glue. It takes around an hour or so, depending on how familiar you are with making the pieces. There is a section on finishing techniques, followed by the main part of the book, the Directory. Let this completely dry. If you are not using clay cut your beck, feet, and wings out of cardboard. 11, fold again from left to right but don't press the fold very hard. A4 paper, colored how to make a paper penguin 3d printer paper, or even sticky notes are fine to make origami pieces. You can skip this step and add 1/4 inch of paper mache clay all over.
You have 2 options, instead of folding it in half twice. Fourcolor photographs 18 57" sheets in 9 Colors Origami, take one of the squares and hold with the longer side on the bottom. With precise instructions and vivid, for more help, it is very important that all the moisture has dried from your clay. But this easy paper manigault family papers butterfly, mit meng thesis checklist if you have a paper cutter available. Metallic Foil Origami Paper, ayako Brodek shows readers how to create 40 elegant and unusual pieces of jewelry. I speed up this process in the oven. Fold the top 2 flaps down. I give you regular updates on hobbies and projects you can make. YouTube has many tutorials to view.
How to, make a 3D paper city.Start with a flat drawing of a city scape and a sharp X-acto knife.
manipuri news paper today Penguin, then attach to your penguin with more paper bookcover template stripping. Quick and Easy Paper Mache Cla" Unfold and cut on the folded lines to get 32 squares. By cutting along the folds, things Youapos, choose among the dolphin.
2 sheets of each color in a shrink-wrapped folder.96 sheets of authentic origami paper in traditional vibrant hues, rainbow patterns, and metallic colored foils.
Question Can this be done using sticky notes?Sign up for my free newsletter.Question How do I make 64 pieces from 1 A4 paper?


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Our team is ready to fight for you
I worked closely with Matt Curtis on a medical malpractice case - he went to bat for me every step of the way. I wouldn't ...
Sommers Schwartz attorney Matthew Turner obtained a $250,000 hospital malpractice settlement for a woman who developed pressure sores and contractures during recovery from a hip ...
Deceptive and Fraudulent In-Game Advertising: Coy v. Lilith Games
Sommers Schwartz attorneys Charles Ash, IV, Trent Kashima, and Kevin Stoops filed a class-action lawsuit against a Chinese videogame developer (Lilith Games) alleging that its Rise of Kingdoms mobile game was part of a predatory scheme to exploit players, including minors, using deceptive advertising techniques for financial gain.
Filed in federal court in California, the complaint alleged that the defendant used deceptive and misleading representations to solicit in-game purchases from users once they began playing the game. The fraudulent nature of these solicitations arises from the fact that the chances of a player actually receiving the item solicited by the defendant were misrepresented and disingenuously low. Defendant represented many of its loot-box driven games as games of random chance, when, in fact, the odds of the various outcomes were predetermined by the defendant and not disclosed to the consumer. The complaint also alleges that the defendant's games amount to a form of unregistered, fixed gambling in violation of California gaming laws.
The plaintiff also asserted that the defendant capitalized on in-game cheating by other players to maximize its profits. For example, the defendant was aware many players were engaged in "account sharing" (an act strictly prohibited by the game's terms of service) but failed to take any action to stop it. Instead, the defendant was complicit in players cheating and actually took measures to capitalize on it by selling repair kits ("Fate Changer" bundles) to the players adversely affected by the cheating.
The named plaintiff in the putative class action lawsuit claimed he lost over $8,000 to the defendant's scheme and asserted that tens of thousands of other individuals were similarly harmed by the defendant's violations of California laws. The lawsuit seeks redress on behalf of all individuals in the United States who have lost money while playing Lilith's Rise of Kingdoms mobile game. Additional class members have already come forward, each seeking to recover thousands of dollars from the defendant. The class seeks unspecified monetary damages, restitution, and injunctive relief against the defendant.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


According to device shrinkage, pattern load, layout geometry and process induced critical dimension (CD) trend are the most important factors deciding mask CD uniformity in a mask manufacturing process. The CD distribution is generally divided by two categories - contribution of pattern load and process induced CD distribution. Etch bias uniformity on a mask is one of the decisive contributors at a standpoint of pattern load. The signature of etch bias uniformity totally depends on the pattern load in a mask. In a low pattern load, etch bias uniformity shows a radial signature which is geometrically distributed regardless of pattern position. In a high pattern load, etch loading effect becomes dominant. The pattern load, however, can have various definitions, which means that a criterion of low and high pattern load can be obscure. Specific layouts which have same pattern load over mask but separated region of low and high load pattern in one mask was designed to specify the effect of pattern load. The radial CD signature is mitigated as pattern load increases locally. At the same time, etch loading trend grows and dominates total CD uniformity. The radial signature and etch loading trend have inverse signs on central region which enables to compensate each signature. Therefore a specific pattern load which can make etch bias uniformity minimized can exist. "Transition pattern load" is detected here. One can use this specific pattern load as an indicator to specify design categories for mass production. In addition, geometry of layout should be considered to achieve uniformity number required in 45nm node technology. In high pattern load over transition pattern load, etch bias shows saddle shape uniformity. Since the saddle shape uniformity is uncorrectable with conventional etch loading kernel, new correction model should be considered to meet the confined CD specification in future device nodes.


Languedoc – France's largest and most exciting wine region invites you to learn more. Producing all styles of wine – reds, whites, sparkling and rosé – there is something for every palate. Languedoc is also home to 30% of France's organic viticulture.
Throughout September and October, discover the spirit of Southern France at your favorite retail shops and restaurants!


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Nantwich's former Liverpool and England winger Alan A'Court dies of cancer
FORMER Liverpool and England winger Alan A'Court has died after losing his battle with cancer.
The 75-year-old, of Hastings Road, Nantwich, passed away on Monday afternoon, leaving wife, Alma, son Steven, daughter Sara and two grandchildren.
He had lived in Nantwich for around 40 years after retiring as a player in 1966. Born in Rainhill, near St Helens, Alan started out at Prescot Celtic as an amateur before joining Liverpool.
Alan made his debut in a 3-2 win at Middlesbrough on February 7, 1953. His first goal came at Anfield in a 2-0 victory over Sunderland on March 14 that year.
The following season Alan played 16 times but Liverpool were relegated to the Second Division, where he established himself as a first team regular.
Alan was selected by Walter Winterbottom to play for England in the 1958 World Cup, in which he played in all three group matches before they were knocked out.
He spurned the advances of First Division clubs to stay with Liverpool and they were promoted back to the top league under the guidance of the great Bill Shankly in 1962.
He later became player coach at Norwich City and then assistant manager at Stoke City in 1969. He took over the reins in January 1978 for a month as caretaker before joining Crewe Alex as assistant.
Alan's funeral takes place on Wednesday, December 23 at St Mary's Church, Nantwich at 1.30pm.
England Football Team


Medium sized wheel-thrown bowl in matte sky blue glaze. Decorated with a collection of planets orbiting around its rim. Perfect for fruit, snacks or your fave sweets.
Approximately 8 in wide. All pieces are made using non-toxic, lead free materials. Because this was made by hand from start to finish there will be small natural variations in size and surface decoration.
* This is piece is made to order. Please allow 2-4 weeks for production and shipment.


Just like dish towels and serving utensils, glass cleaner is a staple at every catering event.
the job done well and fast. With perfection an absolute requirement, Lori was admittedly skeptical when one of our employees shared her recipe for an all natural approach to our store-bought glass cleaner. PEOPLE, It's Fabulous – passed the Lori Test! Plus… we love knowing that fewer chemicals equate to a safer, cheaper, and along with less anti-bacterial agents, better product for the Earth.
Easy Peasy People – simply combine equal parts of each ingredient. We recycled the store brand bottle and love the handy side notches that serve as our measuring tool.
We prefer filtered versus pure vinegar as it's not as stinky. Your options for rubbing alcohol are 71% or 91% alcohol. We prefer 91%.


text:
layout: media
title: "All alone"
excerpt: "PaperFaces portrait of @ikaish drawn with Paper by 53 on an iPad."
image:
  feature: paperfaces-ikaish-twitter-lg.jpg
  teaser: paperfaces-ikaish-twitter-teaser.jpg
  thumb: paperfaces-ikaish-twitter-150.jpg
category: paperfaces
tags: [portrait, illustration, paper by 53, black and white, blend]
---

PaperFaces portrait of [@ikaish](http://twitter.com/ikaish).

{% include paperfaces-boilerplate-4.html %}

Work in progress screen captures Made with Paper.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


In this episode Stacy and Sarah are joined by Kelly, The Spunky Coconut, to hear about her experience with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). Kelly reflects on how diet and lifestyle impacted her daughter Ashely's ASD, and helps Stacy and Sarah address related reader questions.
The fans who showed up for the two book signings were awesome – thank you to all who came out!
Edson – do you think any of the really restrictive diets would help our son's autistic disorder? He is very resistant to trying them.
Test an elimination dieting process to see if your son reacts negatively to any individual items, like nuts, seeds, etc.
(1:00:57) Julie – tried putting her twin daughters on a gluten-free diet, but things got stressful and they stopped. However, they want to go gluten and ceasin-free. What should they do, specifically how to remove dairy?
(1:09:10) Jennifer – does paleo address the yeast overgrowth that so many autistic kids deal with?
Thank you so much Kelly for coming on and for sharing your story and recommendations that will greatly help others!
Thank you to all who have left iTunes reviews – they are amazing! If you haven't left one do so here!


The purpose of this mixed method research study is to investigate the educational effects of digital storytelling as a communicative language learning strategy in an EFL elementary school class in Korea. In order to find out the benefits and challenges of digital storytelling in EFL class, this study was conducted for 12 weeks in a rural elementary school. Digital storytelling was selected and utilized in the after-school English class, as main teaching and learning tool. Guiding research questions were 1) what are the potential benefits and challenges of digital storytelling for young EFL learners when it is employed in a rural context as a language learning activity? i. e.) the change of motivation, reading, writing, listening, speaking ability, and 2) What does the English teacher find to be benefits and challenges of using a digital storytelling as pedagogical strategies in Korean EFL classroom?.
In order to answer those questions, a survey questionnaire on students' learning attitude was distributed, and pre- and post-test were employed to investigate the difference in terms of the ability of reading, writing, listening and speaking over time. In addition, student's reflective self-evaluation log, teacher's lecture report, classroom observation and in/formal interviews with focal students and the teacher were also collected to figure out the factors which gave an influence to students and the teacher. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed based on the characteristics of each data set.
The quantitative data results indicated that students show overall improvement in academic performance in terms of reading, writing, listening and speaking. In addition to English proficiency, the learning attitude and motivation toward English learning was elevated, followed by the increase of their critical, creative thinking, and digital literacy skills. The other results of qualitative data highlighted that the English teacher and students were satisfied with the learning experience with digital storytelling in that it played a key role in motivating the learning process and was an effective tool for active learning.
To sum up, it seems clear that the digital storytelling activity, as integrated instructional strategy has the potential to shed light on helping EFL learners in a rural school to develop English skills as well as to change their learning attitude toward studying English. In addition, digital storytelling also increased skills other than academic skills related to learning English, and it also helped to improve students' communicative ability, encouraging their collaboration, motivation and creativity to be heightened.
Yoon, Tecnam, "DEVELOPING MULTIMODAL DIGITAL LITERACY: THE APPLICATION OF DIGITAL STORYTELLING AS A NEW AVENUE FOR EFFECTIVE ENGLISH LEARNING WITH EFL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN KOREA" (2014). Doctoral Dissertations. 132.


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Do You Have The Right Expectations When Acquiring A Product?


Close to the Gros-Horloge street, in the middle of the Joan of Arc street, one may admire the Saint André " tower. This tower is in fact the only remains of the Saint André church. This parish church, also called Saint André de la porte aux Fèvres, was probably created before the XIth century and the last church was erected here during the XVIth century. Damaged during the French Revolution, the rest of the church was finally destroyed in 1861 in order to build the Joan of Arc street.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Ni-based superalloys have greatly advanced gas power and jet engine turbine efficiencies due to strong high-temperature mechanical performance\cite{reed2006superalloys}. This strength is commonly attributed to the $\gamma$/$\gamma$' FCC/L1$_2$ microstructure observed with Ni and Ni$_3$Al\cite{reed2006superalloys}. The discovery of similar $\gamma$/$\gamma$' high-temperature strengthening between FCC Co and L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al,W)\cite{Sato2006} has made Co-based superalloys a promising avenue for further improvements in turbine blade performance as they have the potential to be stronger and melt at higher temperatures than Ni-based systems\cite{Pollock2010}. Interestingly, Co$_3$Al and Co$_3$W in the L1$_2$ structure are not stable phases, yet the observed L1$_2$ $\gamma$', consisting of a disordered solid solution of Al and W in the B site of the A$_3$B L1$_2$ structure, is readily observed\cite{Sato2006}. The reported compositions of $\gamma$' include Co-10Al-12W (at.\%)\cite{Sato2006} from field-emission electron probe microanalysis, nearly single-phase $\gamma$' cast from Co-10Al-12W and Co-10Al-13W\cite{Miura2007} and from Co-12Al-11W and Co-10Al-11W\cite{Inui2011}, and Co-10Al-12.5W from atom probe tomography\cite{Bocchini2012}. As such, the ``ideal'' $\gamma$' composition is often assumed to be equal amounts of Al and W mixing in the B sublattice, Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$), although observed compositions tend to be slightly Co-rich and Al-poor relative to this ideal.

Understanding the thermodynamic stability of the $\gamma$/$\gamma$' two-phase system is vitally important for the long-term performance of a Co-based superalloy. The compositional width of the two-phase equilibrium in the ternary diagram (i.e. the degree to which the system can tolerate deviations in composition in either $\gamma$ or $\gamma$' before additional phases appear) is fairly narrow\cite{Sato2006}. As such, the optimization of high-temperature stability and mechanical properties with additional alloying elements has been aggressively investigated\cite{Pollock2010}. However, there is evidence that $\gamma$' in the Co-Al-W system itself may not be a thermodynamically stable phase. Diffusion couples between Co-27Al and Co-15W (at\%) initially form Co$_3$(Al,W) $\gamma$' along with FCC Co $\gamma$, B2 CoAl, and D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W) after annealing at 1173K for 500 hours\cite{Kobayashi2009}. Annealing for 2000 hours, however, increases the amount of $\gamma$, CoAl, and Co$_3$W at the cost of $\gamma$', suggesting that $\gamma$' is metastable with respect to $\gamma$, CoAl, and Co$_3$W at 1173K. Similar results were observed in bulk Co-10Al-7.5W (at\%) samples, annealing at 1173K for 2000 hours\cite{Tsukamoto2010}.

Previous studies of Co$_3$(Al,W) $\gamma$' with first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations have explored the phase stability, predicting a metastable $\gamma$', with the disordered Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) L1$_2$ solid solution approximated by a 32 atom special quasi-random structure (SQS)\cite{Jiang2008,Mottura2012}. L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) was found to be metastable by 70 meV/atom with respect to the three phase mixture of FCC Co, B2 CoAl, and D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W\cite{Jiang2008,Mottura2012}. A negative formation energy of an ordered L1$_2$ supercell with respect to the elements was also predicted using WIEN2K\cite{Yao2006}. The effect of additional alloying elements has been investigated with DFT as well\cite{Chen2009a,Chen2010,Chen2010a,Mottura2012}. The DFT predicted single-crystal elastic constants of Co$_3$(Al,W) $\gamma$' are generally in good agreement with experiments\cite{Jiang2008,Wang2009a,Yao2006}.

Although the random solid solution of L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) has been predicted to be metastable at 0K, there are other phenomena which can affect the stability of $\gamma$'. For instance, ordered structures will be more stable at 0K than the corresponding random solid solution at the same composition. However it is currently unknown how large this ordering energy is for L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$). Also, the composition of $\gamma$' is Co-rich and Al deficient with respect to the ``ideal'' Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$)\cite{Sato2006,Miura2007,Inui2011,Bocchini2012}. Defects altering the composition must be present, such as Co vacancies or Al antisite defects, the energetics of which have not been calculated. Furthermore, finite-temperature phenomena such as vibrational effects must be considered to predict whether the 0K metastability extends to higher temperatures as $\gamma$' is observed in samples annealed at high temperature, on the order of 1200K.

As the stability of $\gamma$' is such a critical property, we revisit Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) $\gamma$' with DFT, exploring the above-mentioned phenomena which may affect the predicted metastability of the phase. We first confirm previous calculations of the metastability of L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) $\gamma$' at 0K with respect to HCP Co, B2 CoAl, and D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W with the SQS approach, employing several exchange/correlation functionals and structures with varying degrees of disorder, including a newly developed larger SQS. All calculations confirm 0K L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$ metastability. The effect of point defects on the stability is then studied, with the formation energies of antisite and vacancy-type defects calculated. We find similar defect formation energies as those for Ni$_3$Al, except that Co substitutions on Al sites are thermodynamically favored.  Lastly, finite-temperature contributions to the free energy of $\gamma$' are investigated, including vibrational, thermal electronic, and magnetic effects, all of which appear to promote $\gamma$' stability, primarily due to unique finite-temperature properties of B2 CoAl.

\section{Methodology}
Density functional theory calculations were performed with the Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP)\cite{Kresse1996b,Kresse1996} using the included projector augmented wave potentials\cite{Kresse1999b}. The exchange and correlation functional was described with the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof\cite{Perdew1996} (GGA-PBE). The 4s and 3d electrons of Co, the 3s and 3p electrons of Al, and the 5p, 6s, and 5d electrons of W were treated as valence, unless otherwise stated. Crystal structures were relaxed with respect to all degrees of freedom with an energy cutoff of 350 eV and gamma-centered k-point meshes of approximately 6000 k-points per reciprocal atom. All calculations are spin polarized.

The $\gamma$' L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al,W) disordered solid solution is approximated by special quasi-random structures\cite{Zunger1990}, ordered supercells that reproduce the correlation functions of the disordered solution on average over all sites. SQSs have been constructed for a variety of common lattice types, including FCC\cite{Wolverton2001}, BCC\cite{Jiang2004}, HCP\cite{Shin2006}, and even the situation in the current paper, the B-sublattice of the A$_3$B L1$_2$\cite{Jiang2008}. Unless otherwise stated, we employ the previously published\cite{Jiang2011} L1$_2$ A$_3$(B,C) mixing SQSs, consisting of 8 mixing atoms (32 atoms total) for A$_3$(B$_{0.5}$C$_{0.5}$) and 16 mixing atoms (64 atoms total) for A$_3$(B$_{0.25}$C$_{0.75}$). In the current work, we identify SQSs by the number of mixing atoms, for instance SQS-8 contains 8 mixing atoms. We also generated an SQS-16 for A$_3$(B$_{0.5}$C$_{0.5}$) to better approximate the disordered solution and test the energetic convergence of the SQS with respect to supercell size, discussed in detail in the Appendix.

The 0K formation energy of a Co$_x$Al$_y$W$_z$ compound, $\Delta$E, is calculated by:
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:form}
\rm{\Delta E(Co_xAl_yW_z)=E(Co_xAl_yW_z)-\sum\limits_m\mu^m}
\end{equation}
where $\rm{E(Co_xAl_yW_z)}$ is the DFT total ground state energy of Co$_x$Al$_y$W$_z$ and $\rm{\mu^m}$ are the chemical potentials for Co, Al, and W, dictated by the choice of reference states. For the formation energy with respect to the elements, $\Delta$E$\rm{_f}$, the reference states are taken to be HCP Co, FCC Al, and BCC W. For the L1$_2$ mixing energy, $\Delta$E$\rm{_{mix}}$, the reference states are taken to be Co$_3$Al and Co$_3$W in the L1$_2$ structure. Of particular interest will be the stability of $\gamma$' L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$), $\Delta$E$\rm_{Stab}$, which we define by Equation \ref{eqn:form} with respect to the set of potentially stable binary and unary structures at this composition: HCP Co, D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W, and B2 CoAl. If $\Delta$E$\rm_{Stab}$ is positive, then $\gamma$' is not stable. An equivalent relation can be constructed for finite-temperature contributions to the free energy of stability of $\gamma$' L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$), $\Delta$F$\rm{_{Stab}^{j}}$:
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:free-form}
\rm{\Delta F\rm{_{Stab}^{j}}[T]=F_j(Co_3(Al_{0.5}W_{0.5}))[T]-\sum\limits_m\mu^m_j[T]}
\end{equation}
where $\rm{F_j(Co_3(Al_{0.5}W_{0.5}))}$ is the contribution from physical effect j to the free energy of L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) and $\rm{\mu^m_j}$ is the contribution to the chemical potential due to physical effect j. If $\Delta$F$\rm{_{Stab}^{j}}$ is negative then j has a stabilizing effect on $\gamma$'. In this work, the vibrational and thermal electronic contributions to the free energy are calculated. The vibrational contribution to the free energy is predicted by frozen phonon calculations with the supercell approach in the harmonic approximation\cite{Wolverton2004,Wolverton2007a}. Supercell sizes are given in Table \ref{tab:phonon}. The thermal electronic free energy is predicted with the Alloy Theoretic Automated Toolkit (ATAT)\cite{VandeWalle2009}.

Antisite and vacancy point defects are considered in this work, designated by X$\rm_Y$, where X is the species on the Y site of the pristine L1$_2$. $\square$ indicates a vacancy. The defect formation energies, $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Defect}(X_Y)}$, of antisite defects and vacancies in the 32 atom SQS-8 structure, Co$_{24}$Al$_4$W$_4$, are calculated by:
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:defect_co-al}
\rm{\Delta E_{Defect}=E(Defect)-E(Pristine)-\sum\limits_m\mu^m}
\end{equation}
where E(Defect) is the energy of the supercell containing the point defect, E(Pristine) is the energy of the perfect Co$_{24}$Al$_4$W$_4$ SQS-8 structure. The chemical potentials are taken to be HCP Co, B2 CoAl, and D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W.

\section{Results and Discussion}

\subsection{SQS 0K Stability}
The formation energy with respect to the elements, $\Delta$E$\rm{_f}$, and the L1$_2$ mixing energy, $\Delta$E$\rm{_{mix}}$, of the L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$\rm_{1-x}$W$\rm_x$) disordered solid solution from the SQS approach are shown in Figure \ref{fig:chull}. Also shown are the energies of a series of Al/W ordered L1$_2$ supercells (discussed later) and the predicted thermodynamically stable set of phases at these compositions (the so-called convex hull), consisting of the HCP Co+B2 CoAl+D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W three-phase mixture. Although the Co$_3$(Al$\rm_{1-x}$W$\rm_x$) SQSs are thermodynamically stable with respect to the elements, the solid solution is not stable with respect to the other phases in the Co-Al-W system at 0K. The formation energy of Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) SQS-8, -125 meV/atom, lies 66 meV/atom ($\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$) above the convex hull. In other words, Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) L1$_2$ is predicted to transform to HCP Co+B2 CoAl+D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W at 0K.  The SQS results are nearly identical to those of previous work\cite{Jiang2011,Mottura2012}. To put the magnitude of this $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$ in context, the configurational free energy at 1200K due to ideal Al/W mixing is only -18 meV/atom, given by $-k_BT\frac{1}{4}(\frac{1}{2}\ln\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\ln\frac{1}{2})$. Configurational entropy alone will not make Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) more stable than HCP Co+B2 CoAl+D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W at 1200K.  1200K will be used as the given temperature for all free energy contributions as this is approximately the temperature where $\gamma$' was first observed\cite{Sato2006} and the annealing temperature for the experiments where $\gamma$' was observed to be metastable\cite{Kobayashi2009,Tsukamoto2010}.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centering %
\includegraphics[width=4in]{co3al-co3w_eform.eps}\\
\includegraphics[width=4in]{co3al-co3w_emix.eps}\\
\caption{DFT formation energies with respect to the elements (top) and mixing energies with respect to the Co$_3$Al and Co$_3$W L1$_2$ structures (bottom) for the L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$\rm_{1-x}$W$\rm_x$) SQSs, the L1$_2$ ordered structures given in Table \ref{tab:hf-struct}, and the Co$_3$Al-Co$_3$W convex hull, consisting of HCP Co+B2 CoAl+D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W.}
\label{fig:chull}
\end{figure}

DFT's ability to predict the stability of $\gamma$' can be estimated by comparing to experimental formation energies of binary compounds. However, the only experimentally measured $\Delta$E$\rm{_f}$ in the Co-Al and Co-W binary systems is for B2 CoAl, determined calorimetrically to be -561$\pm$30\cite{Hultgren1973,Oelsen1937} and -694\cite{Blitz1937} meV/atom. Since the current DFT predicted value (-606 mev/atom) lies between the experiments and the range between the experiments is so large (130 meV/atom or 20\% of the DFT value), an assessment of DFT's accuracy in predicting stability in the Co-Al-W system is difficult from these experimental values.

To explore the possibility that the metastability of the L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) is an artifact of some error in the choice of GGA-PBE for the exchange and correlation functional, $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$ for SQS-8 was calculated with different exchange and correlation functionals: GGA-PW91\cite{Perdew1992} and the local density approximation (LDA) of Ceperley and Alder\cite{Ceperley1980} as parameterized by Perdew and Zunger\cite{Perdew1981}. We also tested a W potential with fewer valence electrons (the 5p electrons are placed in the core) with GGA-PBE. The resulting stabilities are given in Table \ref{tab:hf-pot}. The GGA calculations give similar values, varying by only 3 meV/atom. Switching from GGA to LDA, on the other hand, has a much larger effect, reducing $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$ by 19 meV/atom. However, regardless of DFT settings, Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) SQS-8 is still predicted to be metastable, suggesting that \textit{the prediction of metastability is independent of the exchange and correlation functional}.

\begin{table}[tbp]
  \centering
  \caption{Energetic stability of L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) SQS-8 with respect to the convex hull, in meV/atom, for various exchange and correlation functional and W potentials.}
    \begin{tabular}{lc}
    \hline\hline
 & $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$\\
    \hline
    GGA-PBE             & 66 \\
    GGA-PW91            & 63 \\
    LDA                 & 47 \\
    GGA-PBE (W core 5p) & 65 \\
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:hf-pot}%
\end{table}

A key assumption in the current calculations is that the disordered L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) solid solution is adequately represented by the SQS-8 structure. To test this assumption, $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$ for structures of varying degrees of disorder were predicted. We have included calculations of the smallest ordered structure at the Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) composition, a 2$\times$1$\times$1 L1$_2$ supercell containing alternating planes of Al and W (henceforth referred to as the 211 structure), and twenty other ordered supercells of varying sizes and Al/W arrangements. We also constructed an SQS twice as large as SQS-8, SQS-16, with correlation functions much closer to those of a random solid solution (see Appendix). The resulting $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$ values, shown in Table \ref{tab:hf-struct}, range by only 18 meV/atom, suggesting that the effect on the total energy due the chemical arrangement of Al and W on the B-sublattice of the A$_3$B L1$_2$ is somewhat screened by the Co on the A-sublattice. None of the structures are predicted to be stable relative to the convex hull, confirming the prediction of $\gamma$' metastability at 0K is not an artifact of the degree of order in the system. The smallest structure is also the most energetically favorable, 5 meV/atom more stable than SQS-8. This result is consistent with the expectation that ordered compounds are energetically favored over disordered solid solutions at 0K. The temperature above which the Al/W sublattice will energetically prefer the disordered state over the ordered state, from thermal energy alone ($k_BT$), is 58K (i.e. above this temperature the 5 meV/atom difference between the ordered and disordered Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) will be overcome by the thermal energy), suggesting that the Al/W sublattice is indeed disordered at the high temperatures $\gamma$' is observed.

\begin{table}[tbp]
  \centering
  \caption{Energetic stability, in meV/atom, of L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) structures with varying supercell size and disorder, with the GGA-PBE potential.}
    \begin{tabular}{lcc}
    \hline\hline
    Structure & \# Al/W & $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$  \\
    \hline
    211 & 2     & 61 \\
    20 Other Ordered & 4-8   & 62-79 \\
    SQS-8            & 8     & 66 \\
    SQS-16           & 16    & 67 \\
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:hf-struct}%
\end{table}

\subsection{Defects}
As previously stated, relative to the current SQS calculation at Co-12.5Al-12.5W, the observed compositions of $\gamma$' are typically Co-rich and Al-poor\cite{Sato2006,Miura2007,Inui2011,Bocchini2012}, suggesting defects are present to deviate from the ``ideal'' Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$ composition discussed earlier. We investigate deviation from this ideal composition by way of antisite defects and vacancies in the SQS-8. These defects have the potential to further energetically stabilize the Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) SQS while also introducing additional configurational entropy.

Table \ref{tab:defects} summarizes the defect formation energies, energetic stabilities, and the configurational free energy (including both defect and Al/W mixing) at 1200K. A range of energies are given in Table \ref{tab:defects} since the SQS-8 contains Al, W, and Co sites of varying local chemistry. All possible defect sites were calculated in the current work (e.g. all 24 Co atoms in the SQS-8 were individually replaced with Al for the Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ defect). Antisite defects include replacing Al and W with Co, Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ and Co$\rm{_W}$, respectively, and replacing Co with Al and W, Al$\rm{_{Co}}$ and W$\rm{_{Co}}$, respectively.  Notably, Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ has a negative defect formation energy, whereas all the other defects are positive. Vacancies of Al, Co, and W ($\square\rm{_{Al}}$, $\square\rm{_{Co}}$, and $\square\rm{_{W}}$, respectively) were also calculated. All three vacancy types are predicted to be thermodynamically unfavorable, with defect formation energies larger than 1000 meV/atom. The formation energies of both the antisite and vacancy point defects (except for Co$\rm{_{Al}}$) are of similar magnitude to their equivalent in Ni$_3$Al\cite{Fu1997}. Also note that the configurational free energy from these defects contributes to the free energy. As an example, for both Al/W mixing and a single $\square\rm{_{Co}}$ defect in SQS-8 the configurational free energy is calculated by $-k_BT\frac{3}{4}(\frac{1}{24}\ln\frac{1}{24}+\frac{23}{24}\ln\frac{23}{24})-k_BT\frac{1}{4}(\frac{1}{2}\ln\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\ln\frac{1}{2})$. With point defects, the configurational contribution to the free energy at 1200K increases from -18 meV/atom for only ideal Al/W mixing to, at most, -31 meV/atom. Single site defect calculations were performed on the SQS-16 structure as well to test whether the SQS-8 supercell size is sufficiently large to isolate the point defects and minimize artificial defect-defect interactions due to the periodic boundary conditions employed in DFT.  The SQS-16 defect formation energies (shown in parentheses in Table \ref{tab:defects}) are similar to those of SQS-8, indicating the current SQS-8 defect formation energies are converged with respect to supercell size.

\begin{table}[tbp]
  \centering
  \caption{Energetics of antisite defects and vacancies in Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) SQS-8 (and SQS-16 in parentheses), including defect formation energy, energetic stability with respect to the convex hull, and the configurational free energy (including both defect and Al/W mixing) at 1200K. NCo$\rm_{Al}$ refers to N additional substitutions of Al with Co, and their corresponding $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Defect}}$ is for the cost of placing the additional defect.}
    \begin{tabular}{lccc}
    \hline\hline
          & $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Defect}}$ & $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$ & F$\rm{^{Config}_{1200K}}$  \\
          & [meV/defect]              & [meV/atom]              & [meV/atom]\\
    \hline
    Co$\rm{_{Al}}$  & -93 - 25 (-115)   & 64 - 67  & -25 \\
   2Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ & -91 - 63   & 61 - 66  & -27 \\
   3Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ &  101 - 102 & 64 - 64  & -25 \\
   4Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ & 162        & 69       & -18 \\
    Co$\rm{_W}$     & 275 - 423 (285) & 75 - 80  & -25 \\
    Al$\rm{_{Co}}$  & 263 - 825  (409) & 75 - 92  & -31 \\
    W$\rm{_{Co}}$   & 300 - 1464 (857) & 76 - 112 & -31 \\
    \\
    $\square\rm{_{Al}}$ & 1996 - 2001 (2034) &133 - 133& -25 \\
    $\square\rm{_{W}}$  & 2255 - 2438 (2312) &141 - 147& -25 \\
    $\square\rm{_{Co}}$ & 1476 - 1932 (1637) &116 - 131& -31 \\
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:defects}%
\end{table}

The negative defect formation energy for Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ indicates that replacing Al with Co stabilizes the SQS-8 energetically with respect to the convex hull at 0K, perhaps approaching a more stable Co-rich ordered compound. This suggests $\gamma$' may prefer Co-rich compositions from the ideal Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$), in agreement with the observed $\gamma$' compositions\cite{Sato2006,Miura2007,Inui2011,Bocchini2012}. Furthermore, the observed W composition is very similar to the ideal 12.5 at.\%, consistent with the current predictions since Co$\rm{_W}$ is not as competitive as Co$\rm{_{Al}}$. To explore the limits of Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ favorability, additional Al atoms were substituted with Co (indicated as 2Co$\rm{_{Al}}$, 3Co$\rm{_{Al}}$, and 4Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ for two, three, and four Al replacements, respectively). The results are given in Table \ref{tab:defects}, where the defect formation energies are taken with respect to the previous Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ defect. Interestingly, the second Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ replacement is also favorable, by about the same energy as the first. The third and fourth, however, are no longer favorable. Although Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ defects are favorable, their effect on the stability of $\gamma$' is small, reducing the metastability by less than 10 meV/atom for 2Co$\rm{_{Al}}$. In the A$_3$B L1$_2$ structure, a B-site has six nearest neighbor B-sites. Al-sites that correspond to favorable Co$\rm{_{Al}}$ substitutions in the SQS-8 happen to be those that are rich in Al in these six nearest neighbor B-sites, indicating Co-Al L1$_2$ nearest neighbor B-site bonds are favored.

\subsection{Finite-Temperature Effects}
Beyond configurational disorder, other finite-temperature contributions can alter the stability of $\gamma$' at the elevated temperatures in which it is experimentally observed, including vibrational, electronic, and magnetic effects. Of these phenomena, phonons, the characteristic vibrations of a crystalline lattice, can have a large impact on the stability of metal alloys\cite{Ozolins1998,Wolverton2001a,Walle2002,Mao2011a,Mao2011b}. If the vibrational properties of $\gamma$' are sufficiently different from the competing phases, then there is the possibility the vibrational free energy of stability, $\Delta$F$\rm{_{Stab}^{Vib}}$, will be negative, having a stabilizing effect on $\gamma$'. $\Delta$F$\rm{_{Stab}^{Vib}}$ for Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) is predicted from DFT by calculating, with the frozen phonon supercell approach, the vibrational free energies of HCP CO, B2 CoAl, D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W, and L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) for the 21l and SQS-8 structures. The vibrational free energies of these structures at 1200K are given in Table \ref{tab:phonon}. The 16 atom Co vibrational free energy is less than 1\% different from the 54 atom value, indicating 54 atoms is sufficiently converged for the current work. Interestingly, the difference between the SQS-8 and 211 ordered vibrational free energies is also very small, suggesting that the vibrational properties of the chemical ordering of the B sublattice in A$_3$B L1$_2$ are screened by the A sublattice. $\Delta$F$\rm{_{Stab}^{Vib}}$ at 1200K is -27 meV/atom, contributing a stabilizing effect to Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$). The negative $\Delta$F$\rm{_{Stab}^{Vib}}$ is due to the vibrational free energy of CoAl, which is smaller than those of the other structures, indicating stiffer bonds than the other structures. A calculation of the CoAl vibrational entropy with a larger supercell results in a similar value (also given in Table \ref{tab:phonon}), suggesting the CoAl vibrational free energy is converged with respect to supercell size.

\begin{table}[tbp]
  \centering
  \caption{Vibrational free energies, in meV/atom, at 1200K predicted by DFT with the supercell phonon approach for Co-Al-W structures.}
    \begin{tabular}{lcc}
    \hline\hline
          &\# Atoms& F$\rm{^{Vib}_{1200K}}$  \\
    \hline
HCP Co  & 16  & -451\\
        & 54  & -449 \\
B2 CoAl & 54  & -361 \\
        & 128 & -365\\
D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W &64 & -443\\
\\
L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) &    & \\
211                 & 54 & -451 \\
SQS-8                              & 32 & -453 \\
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:phonon}%
\end{table}

Another possible contribution to the free energy is the thermal excitation of the electrons from their 0K ground state below the Fermi level to excited states. This contribution must be considered for metals since the electronic density of states (DOS) will be non-zero at the Fermi level\cite{Wolverton1995}. The electronic DOS, predicted from DFT, for HCP Co, B2 CoAl, D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W, and L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) with the 211, SQS-8, and SQS-16 structures are shown in Figure \ref{fig:edos}. Electronic excitations will affect $\gamma$' stability if the $\gamma$' DOS near the Fermi level is different from those of the competing phases. This difference is calculated by taking the weighted difference of the DOSs as in $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$ (effectively a DOS of stability), using SQS-8 for Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$). Also shown in Figure \ref{fig:edos}, the DOS of stability is non-zero near the Fermi level, particularly just below it.  This peak in the DOS of stability is due to B2 CoAl, which exhibits a deep well in the DOS below the Fermi level, in agreement with previous calculations\cite{Rhee2000}. Calculation of the electronic free energies at 1200K, F$\rm{^{El}_{1200K}}$, are given in Table \ref{tab:felec} and confirm the imbalance between $\gamma$' and the other structures. The DOSs for the L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) structures show good agreement with previous calculations\cite{Jiang2008,Yao2006}, and the difference in the electronic free energies and DOSs between the three structures is minor, suggesting that the arrangement of Al and W atoms has little effect on the electronic free energy. The electronic free energy of stability, $\Delta$F$_{Stab}^{El}$, calculated from the SQS-8 electronic free energy, is -10 meV/atom. In other words, the electronic free energy also has a stabilizing effect on Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$).

\begin{table}[tbp]
  \centering
  \caption{Electronic free energy at 1200K predicted by DFT, in meV/atom.}
    \begin{tabular}{lcc}
    \hline\hline
          & F$\rm{^{El}_{1200K}}$  \\
    \hline
HCP Co  &-16\\
B2 CoAl & -8\\
D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W & -12\\
\\
Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) &\\
211 & -23\\
SQS-8 &-22 \\
SQS-16 &-23 \\
    \end{tabular}%
  \label{tab:felec}%
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centering %
\includegraphics[width=3in]{dos_co.eps}\\
\includegraphics[width=3in]{dos_coal.eps}\\
\includegraphics[width=3in]{dos_co3w.eps}\\
\includegraphics[width=3in]{dos_gamma.eps}\\
\includegraphics[width=3in]{dos_stab.eps}\\
\caption{Total electronic densities of states for HCP Co, B2 CoAl, D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W, and L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) with the 211, SQS-8, and SQS-16 structures. The difference between the L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) SQS-8 DOS and the other phases is shown as a DOS of stability, calculated by taking the weighted difference of the DOSs as in $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$. Energies are normalized to the Fermi level (E$\rm{_F}$).}
\label{fig:edos}
\end{figure}

Accurate prediction of magnetic thermodynamics at elevated temperatures with DFT requires sophisticated models\cite{Kormann2008,Shang2010c,Wang2008b,Shang2010b,Pajda2001,Kuzmin2006,Kuzmin2005} beyond the scope of the current work. However, some general comments can be made from the current 0K ground state calculations. As with vibrational effects, magnetism can affect the stability of $\gamma$' if the any of the phases it competes with have sufficiently different magnetic properties. Co, Co$_3$W, and $\gamma$' SQS-8 are predicted to have ferromagnetic order on the Co sites, with average magnetic moments of 1.61, 0.31, 0.74 $\mu\rm{_B}$, respectively. CoAl, however, is diamagnetic in DFT, with no local Co moment. This is an experimentally observed phenomenon\cite{Rhee2000}, attributed to the Al valence electrons pairing with the Co valence electrons responsible for magnetism. Therefore, the magnetic free energy of stability of $\gamma$' is most likely negative, as CoAl has no magnetic entropy to contribute towards stabilizing the HCP Co+B2 CoAl+D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W three-phase mixture. An upper bound on the sensitivity of $\Delta$E$\rm{_{Stab}}$ due to magnetism can be estimated by calculating the stability from DFT total energies without spin moments considered, essentially the nonmagnetic $\gamma$' 0K stability. We predict this value to be 12 meV/atom, 56 meV/atom lower than the magnetic value, indicating that magnetism has the potential to greatly affect to the stability of $\gamma$'.

Taken altogether, the calculated contributions to the free energy of stability for $\gamma$' L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) are predicted to promote the stability of the phase. At 1200K, the free energy contribution from the ideal configurational entropy of Al/W mixing is -18 meV/atom, -27 meV/atom from vibrations, and -10 meV/atom from thermal electronic excitations. These effects reduce the metastability of the SQS-8 structure from 66 meV/atom above the convex hull to only 11 meV/atom. Additional stabilization from defects and magnetism will likely reduce it further, possibly making $\gamma$' thermodynamically competitive with the other phases in the Co-Al-W system.

\section{Summary}
The DFT prediction of $\gamma$' L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) metastability has been explored in detail. Various structures with different degrees of disorder and several DFT exchange/correlation functionals agree that L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) lies above the convex hull of HCP Co, B2 CoAl, and D0$_{19}$ Co$_3$W at 0K, with the PBE SQS-8 prediction as metastable by 66 meV/atom. Substitutional point defects have small positive defect formation energies while vacancies are much more unfavorable. However, substituting Al sites with Co is predicted to be thermodynamically favorable at 0K, in agreement with experimental measurements of excess Co and Al deficiency in $\gamma$' relative to the ideal Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) composition. Finite-temperature contributions to the free energy have been predicted as well. Lattice vibrations and electronic excitations appear to have a stabilizing contribution to the free energy of L1$_2$ Co$_3$(Al$_{0.5}$W$_{0.5}$) due to small free energy contributions from B2 CoAl. Magnetism may also promote $\gamma$' stability as CoAl is nonmagnetic. Summing all the predicted contributions to the free energy of $\gamma$' reduces the metastability from 66 to 11 meV/atom. $\gamma$' may become less metastable, possibly even stable, when considering further finite-temperature contributions, such as magnetism.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
This research was sponsored by the US Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (Dr. John Vetrano, monitor) through grant DE-FG02-98ER45721. Calculations were performed on the Northwestern University high performance computing system, Quest. Many thanks to David Seidman, David Dunand, and Peter Bocchini at Northwestern University and Carelyn Campbell, Ursula Kattner, and Eric Lass at NIST for fruitful discussions.

\newpage
\section*{Appendix: Simple Cubic SQS-16}
\label{sec:appendix}

The disordered solid solution on the B-site in the A$_3$B L1$_2$ of $\gamma$' is described with special quasi-random structure approach\cite{Zunger1990}. The B-site of L1$_2$ is equivalent to a simple cubic lattice. An SQS for this sublattice at A$_3$(B$_{0.5}$C$_{0.5}$) composition containing 8 mixing atoms (SQS-8) has previously been developed and employed to test the stability of Co$_3$(Al,W) $\gamma$'\cite{Jiang2008}. To assess the ability of this SQS-8 to predict the enthalpy of mixing for $\gamma$', we generate a simple cubic SQS with twice the mixing sites, SQS-16, which will serve as a better approximation for the disordered solid solution.

We begin by enumerating all possible SQS structures of up to 16 mixing atoms (360,642 structures) using a lattice enumeration algorithm\cite{Hart2008}. The pair, triplet, and quadruplet correlation functions, a measure of the degree of chemical disorder in a fixed lattice, for all 360,642 structures were calculated with the corrdump function of ATAT\cite{VandeWalle2009}. Of all possible structures, a single structure, detailed in Table \ref{tbl:sqspos}, has pair correlations identical to that of the random solution out to the 14th nearest neighbor shell. The next best structure approximates the random solutions only as far as the 6th. In comparison, the published SQS-8 deviates from the random solid solution pair correlation function by the 4th nearest neighbor shell. On this basis, the structure in Table \ref{tbl:sqspos} was chosen as the SQS-16 used in the DFT calculations in the current work. The pair, triplet, and quadruplet correlation functions for the new SQS-16, the published SQS-8, and the ideal disordered solid solution are given in Table \ref{tbl:sqscf}. The new SQS-16 performs better than the published SQS-8 at approximating the pair and quadruplet correlation functions of the disordered solid solution, whereas similar triplet correlation performance is present in the two SQSs.

\begin{table}[p]
\centering%
\caption{Crystal structure of the simple cubic SQS-16 developed and employed in the current work.}
\label{tbl:sqspos} %
\begin{tabular}{ccccccc}
\hline \hline
\multicolumn{7}{c}{Lattice Vectors
$\begin{pmatrix}[r]
 1 & 0 & 0 \\
-1 & 2 & 1 \\
-3 &-2 & 3 \\
\end{pmatrix}$
}  \\
\multicolumn{3}{c}{Element 1} && \multicolumn{3}{c}{Element 2}\\
x     & y     & z      & &  x     & y     & z   \\
\cline{1-3} \cline{5-7}
0.000	&	0.000	&	0.000	&&	0.500	&	0.625	&	0.625	\\
0.500	&	0.125	&	0.125	&&	0.000	&	0.750	&	0.750	\\
0.000	&	0.250	&	0.250	&&	0.500	&	0.875	&	0.875	\\
0.500	&	0.375	&	0.375	&&	0.500	&	0.500	&	0.000	\\
0.000	&	0.500	&	0.500	&&	0.000	&	0.625	&	0.125	\\
0.500	&	0.750	&	0.250	&&	0.000	&	0.875	&	0.375	\\
0.000	&	0.125	&	0.625	&&	0.500	&	0.000	&	0.500	\\
0.000	&	0.375	&	0.875	&&	0.500	&	0.250	&	0.750	\\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering %
\caption{Simple cubic correlation functions, $\overline{\Pi}_{k,m}[n]$, of pairs $(k=2)$, triplets $(k=3)$, and quadruplets $(k=4)$ at the $m$th nearest neighbor shell, each with $n$ equivalent figures. Correlation functions are provided for the random solid solution, the SQS-16, and the previously published SQS-8\cite{Jiang2008}.}
\label{tbl:sqscf}
\begin{tabular}{cccccccccccc}
\hline \hline%
  & Rnd. &16&8 & &Rnd. &16 &8& & Rnd. &16&8 \\
\hline
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,1}$[6] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,1}$[12] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,1}$[3] & 0 & -1/3&-1/3         \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,2}$[4] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,1}$[8] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,1}$[8] & 0 & 0&0         \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,3}$[3] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,2}$[24] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,1}$[2] & 0 & 0&1        \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,4}$[12] & 0 & 0&-1/3&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,3}$[3] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,2}$[24] & 0 & 0&0  \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,5}$[12] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,3}$[12] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,2}$[24] & 0 & -1/12&0         \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,6}$[6] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,3}$[12] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,2}$[6] & 0 & 1/6&-1/3 \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,7}$[3] & 0 & 0&-1/3&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,4}$[24] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,3}$[12] & 0 & 0&0 \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,7}$[12] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,4}$[24] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,3}$[12] & 0 & -1/6&0 \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,8}$[12] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,4}$[48] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,3}$[3] & 0 & 1/3&-1/3 \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,9}$[12] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,4}$[24] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,3}$[12] & 0 & 1/6&0 \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,9}$[6]& 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,4}$[12]& 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,3}$[6]& 0 & 0&-1/3 \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,10}$[12]& 0 &0&1&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,4}$[12]& 0 &0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,4}$[24]& 0 & 0&0 \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,11}$[12] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,5}$[48] & 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,4}$[12] & 0 & 1/6&-1/3 \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,12}$[24]& 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,5}$[24]& 0 & 0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,4}$[24]& 0 & 1/6&0 \\
$\overline{\Pi}_{2,13}$[12]& 0 &1&1&$\overline{\Pi}_{3,5}$[24]& 0 &0&0&$\overline{\Pi}_{4,4}$[48]& 0 & -1/120&0 \\
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\newpage
   \begin{singlespace}
   \bibliographystyle{model3-num-names_james}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Video shows MTA bus colliding with vehicles, townhouse
By Mac King
Prospect Lefferts Gardens
Bus crash investigation
A video from a security camera inside an MTA bus shows the alarming moments when the driver of the vehicle crashed into a townhouse. So what happened?
NEW YORK - An MTA bus that crashed into a townhouse in Brooklyn on Monday is still wedged part of the way inside the crumbling facade two days later. Engineers are concerned the building's structural integrity is compromised and that moving the bus could cause it to collapse.
A video from a camera inside the bus appears to show the driver first crashing twice into a forklift of sorts hanging off the back of a parked truck, then accelerating across multiple lanes of traffic, crashing into another parked vehicle, and then driving the city bus straight into the side of the building on Lincoln Road and Bedford Avenue in Prospect-Lefferts Gardens.
"I'm very disturbed that the video got out," TWU Local 100 Vice President J.P. Patafio said.
The union demanded to know who leaked the video and argued the leak violated the union contract and the driver's right to privacy.
Days later and MTA bus remains stuck in Brooklyn brownstone
The MTA admitted the video didn't look good.
"The video is disturbing on many levels, raising questions about whether basic safety rules were followed," the MTA's Tim Minton said in a statement. "The incident remains under investigation and we will have more to say when that is complete."
More than a dozen people went to the hospital with minor injuries on Monday. The union said the driver was hurt in the crash and helped passengers off the bus.
"One video doesn't tell you what happened," Patafio said. "We're talking about a veteran who's driven hundreds of thousands of miles without incident."
An initial investigation turned up no evidence the bus was speeding or suffered some mechanical malfunction, according to the MTA.
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Video shows bus crash
A video from a security camera inside an MTA bus shows the alarming moments when the driver of the vehicle crashed into a townhouse. The MTA said the video raises many questions. The driver's union condemned the leak of the video.
LSU student Madison Brooks investigation: Cause of death revealed
Rep. George Santos' former friends accuse him of more lies, theft
School bus driver wins $150,000 on $5 scratch-off and plans to pay off mortgage


text:
Light snow this morning will give way to cloudy skies this afternoon. Temps nearly steady in the low to mid 30s. Winds WSW at 10 to 15 mph. Chance of snow 80%..
Cloudy. A few flurries or snow showers possible. Low 28F. Winds WSW at 5 to 10 mph.
BillieJo and Gordon Henry, of Sycamore, Greene County, have created a holiday tradition of handing out gift cards to complete strangers.
Spreading cheer: Sycamore couple hands out gift cards to strangers
Katie Anderson
Dec 1, 2020 Updated Jan 7, 2021
Editor's note: This story is part of an occasional series in which the Observer-Reporter will highlight acts of kindness by community members throughout December.
Since before their 7-year-old daughter's birth, BillieJo and Gordon Henry, of Sycamore, Greene County, have kept a Christmas tradition – they give out $25 Visa gift cards to random strangers.
"I can remember different times during my life when I was like, 'Oh, it'd be so nice to have an extra $25 for this or that,'" BillieJo said.
If the Henrys go out to dinner, they'll pick a table nearby and leave the gift card with someone. Or, if they're in a grocery store, they'll leave it with the next person in the checkout line.
"We put them in the little thank you card envelopes and write 'Merry Christmas' on it," BillieJo said. "It's just something we do as a tradition every year."
Now, their daughter, Emma, loves to carry on the family tradition, of finding a random stranger to whom they "pay it forward."
"We like to teach her that Christmas isn't only about receiving gifts," BillieJo said. "I think my daughter really likes it too, and it's teaching her that it's always better to give than to receive."
To share a story about an act of kindness, email staff writer Katie Anderson at kanderson@observer-reporter.com.
Follow Katie Anderson


Response to "A Better Way to Evaluate Undergraduate Teaching"
By Steve Benton With today's blog we introduce IDEA's inaugural Editorial Note written as a response to Carl Wieman's (2015) article, titled "A Better Way to Evaluate Undergraduate Teaching," published in the January/February issue of Change. Wieman proposes an alternative to teacher evaluation based on an inventory of instructor self-reported teaching practices, which are suggested by education research to be associated with student learning. We find his critique of student ratings of instruction (SRIs), which he refers to as "student course evaluations," to be a limited perspective. In this article we review and respond to Wieman's critique, based on extensive research on validity and reliability of student ratings. To contribute to the mission of designing better ways to evaluate teaching, we also describe a comprehensive system of faculty evaluation—widely supported by research and users—that includes SRIs as one of multiple measures of teaching effectiveness. In this system, evaluation is no longer considered just an end-of-a-course routine that instructors have to perform, but is instead seen as an ongoing developmental process that requires triangulation of multiple sources of evidence.


installation, monitoring, backup config, reboot assistance etc.
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text:
A writer's take on #OscarsSoWhite
Yes, this is one more post about the lack of diversity in the Oscars. But, hopefully, this one will bring some perspective you haven't considered before.
Last night I engaged in a spirited debate on Reddit about the merits of the #OscarsSoWhite movement. I think I changed a lot of minds, judging by the number of upvotes. So I want to put those thoughts on a broader medium, and hopefully arm others with the points they can use to win their own arguments.
As a writer myself, I create casts of characters that reflect the world at large. Diversity is one of my main themes, because that is the world I see when I go outside and live in the rich metropolis that is LA. But, sadly, many creators here fail to translate these multicultural gifts into their work.
So we know there is a deeply disappointing lack of diversity in the Oscars again. But what's the cause? How do we fix it? Is this hashtag movement even doing anything?
Let's try to answer those questions by responding to the most common retorts to the movement.
Don't blame the Oscar voters; blame the industry
This ignores who the Oscar voters are; they ARE the industry. This isn't the press or fans voting. These are people who worked (or are currently working) in the industry. Top of their field. The Producers Guild of America (PGA) membership overlaps most with the Academy's. These are people who have the ability, resources, and influence to help get more minorities into film. They are the exact people you'd want to lobby.
And, unfortunately, they are overwhelmingly white (94%), old (62 and up), and male (74%).
Now, don't get me wrong, there's nothing wrong with being an old white guy. The world needs old white guys. But when such an important body that is supposedly curating the best film contributions of all groups is overwhelmingly comprised of just one group, it leads to a lack of diverse perspective that can appreciate a film or script or actor outside the Oscar "norm".
There weren't enough "black" movies out there that warranted nomination
Putting aside the problem with designating a movie as "black" or "white", this statement just isn't true.
Just a few of the critically lauded films with majority black casts that were eligible for Oscar noms:
Girlhood – French film, critically acclaimed (96% on RottenTomatoes), yet never made it to the conversation for best foreign language film (because France submitted Mustang, a similarly reviewed film about pale Turkish girls, unlike Girlhood which is all dark black girls. Just sayin').
And it's not just "black" movies here. It doesn't have to be black movies. Latinos and Asians do make movies too.
Me, Earl, and the Dying girl – diverse cast, won the Sundance Grand Jury Prize AND the Sundance Audience Award, directed by a Latino. No Oscar love.
Yeah, but those movies you mentioned didn't make a lot of money. Nobody saw them
I hear this argument often, and it's somewhat valid for the industry as a whole, however when it comes to the Oscars it falls apart for one simple reason:
It's only very recently that many Oscar nominated movies did well at the box office, and even today, a lot of them don't.
Take Birdman for instance. It was far, far from a box office smash. The only reason it did as well as it did was BECAUSE of the Oscar buzz. It was one of the lowest-grossing Best Picture winners ever.
The Artist grossed less than 50 mil in box office but it beat out The Help for Best Picture (which did very well, grossing 177.5 million, proving that black women can indeed bring in both money and award recognition if you cast them)
Children of Men? Nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay, Cinematography, and Editing. Ho hum at the box office (widely considered a commercial flop).
The Hurt Locker hadn't even cleared 15 million at the box office until the Oscar buzz started.
So it's safe to say a lot of people didn't see a lot of Oscar movies, or were even aware of them until they started getting Oscar buzz. And that's okay; the Oscars aren't supposed to be about who made the most money.
But a big part of the discrepancy that is very important in the spirit of #OscarsSoWhite is that movies without majority white casts aren't getting the "Oscar bump" that pulls them out of obscurity, like so many other movies got (including last year's best picture winner Birdman).
Yeah but black movies specifically don't make money unless they're stupid comedies and that's why the industry doesn't make them
Creed: 181 million box
Straight Outta Compton: 200 Million Box office
42: 97 million
The Butler: 116 million domestic alone
Okay, so what's the deal? Why aren't more minorities getting roles in these movies
This is the most important question, and there are many theories. Here's mine.
I live in LA (I can actually go outside, look up, and see the Hollywood sign), and I am dipping my toe into the screenwriting businesses. There is a strong culture of "default white". Meaning that UNLESS you very specifically make a character a certain ethnicity, the producers and casting directors will just default to white.
And it's not just me saying this. The ScriptNotes podcast (led by screenwriters John August and Craig Mazin) is arguably the most famous and influential podcast on Hollywood filmmaking. They covered this very problem in their 180th episode where they had guest Aline Brosh Mckenna (who wrote The Devil Wears Prada).
Quote from the transcript:
John: And I want to go back to something you said earlier. If you don't stipulate that a person is a certain — is not white –
Aline: Yes.
John: That person will be white. And that's the thing I sort of found again and again as you sort of go through the casting. So I do that thing what you talk about where I will deliberately give a person, you know, a Chinese last name so that they will look at Chinese actors for that part, because if you don't do that, the default just tends to become white.
That doesn't mean that casting directors are racist. In fact a lot of them are quite nice, open-minded people. But they're working in a world that has been traditionally white, largely because it was allowed to be that way for so long. Every art looks to what came before for inspiration, but in the case of Hollywood cinema the past was lily white because nobody else was allowed to play.
Additionally, a lot of these people grew up in WASPy environments with not a lot of diversity. So they stick to what they know, and everything ends up default white, until you challenge them on it.
Perhaps the best example I can think of here is the casting of Danny Glover in Lethal Weapon. Marion Dougherty, legendary casting director who blazed trails in her own right as a woman, read the Lethal Weapon script and talked with director Richard Donner. And the convo went something like this:
Marion: "What about Danny Glover?"
Donner: "But he's black!"
Marion: "So what, he's black. He can act. The script doesn't say anything about Murtaugh's race."
To his credit, Donner had an epiphany, questioned his own prejudices, and cast Glover (and became good friends with him). Donner talks about this in a speech he gave awarding Glover some award (I can't find it now, but it's in the great movie Casting By).
Moral of the story: nothing changes if we don't call it out consistently and vocally. Many times people aren't even really aware of what they're doing, or they're working off of outdated beliefs about what can work in the industry.
As long as we keep calling the industry out on it, things will change. We need more Marion Dougherty's.
*header image courtesy of Lee and Low books (blog.leeandlow.com)
filmMoviesOscarsrace


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Jang swims toward success
Piper Pavelich
Athlete sets record time for Keene State
Junior Jaelin Jang posted one of the fastest times in Keene State history in the 200-meter butterfly event in a meet on Saturday, November 13.
Jang finished the event in 2:18.64, the 10th fastest time in school history, and just half a second behind the ninth fastest time recorded in 2005. The women's 4×400 medley relay team consisting of sophomore Alice Loucraft, sophomore Kiley Young, women's swimming and diving team captain and senior Paige Carey, and Jang finished with a time of 4:14.38, the fastest time in the event among LEC schools this year.
The Fall River, Massachusetts, native got her start in swimming at the age of 12. As some athletes experience, Jang has had some setbacks in her athletic career. "There was a time that I just wasn't getting faster, but I feel like my coaches really helped me get over that. I think that was more mental than a physical thing that I had to overcome."
When recalling her first athletic success, Jang said, "I remember being really happy, like I couldn't believe I did it. It was to get to a meet that I [wanted to qualify and] qualified for, and I watched everyone else qualify, so I thought it was a really good feeling."
There are many inspirations for college athletes, but for Jang it's the support from her family that keeps her going. "I think there's a lot of people that inspire me, but definitely my parents. They come to all my meets, and they cheer me on. They always tell me I do a good job even if I didn't!"
Competing for Keene State was the right choice for this speedy swimmer. When asked why Keene State drew her in, Jang said, "I love the environment. I remember coming on my college tour and watching one of their [swim] meets and they were having such a fun time, and I wanted to be a part of that."
Asking about her goals, Jang said she doesn't really have any except for simply continuing to improve. "I want to keep going further," Jang said.
Carey said that Jang is as determined as ever. "Ever since her [first] year, she has been one of the hardest workers on the team consistently," she said.
Swimming and diving head coach Chris Woolridge said, "Jaelin's work ethic is excellent, if anything she might be a little too hard on herself… the kind of student you really hope to be able to coach."
Carey said that having Jang as a teammate is enjoyable. "She's very caring and very willing to listen, rather than just giving her opinion on everything. She really cares for everyone on the team."
As team captain, Carey has hopes for Jang for the remainder of this season. "She was '[Little East Conference] Rookie Swimmer of the Meet' her [first] year, so that would be cool if she could get 'Swimmer of the Meet' again, because all of her hard work would pay off," she said.
Woolridge said that Jang is a real team player, and that she is a talented and versatile swimmer. Coming into the team, Woolridge said that Jang was put in positions that were not her natural talents per se. "She kind of happily accepted whatever we needed [at the time] and is now on a path that better suits her strengths," he said.
"She is somewhat quiet, but certainly leads by example. I think what she brings to the team dynamic is somebody that works hard, that is a good example of what we're looking for as far as what happens in training. She races hard, she shows up on her race days, so she is really a leader by example and does an excellent job at that," said Woolridge.
When asked what word describes Jang best, Carey said, "Determined, because she never verbally complains about anything, especially on the pool deck. I think she takes everything that is given to her… and she just does what she needs to get it done; she doesn't complain, doesn't talk back, she just does what she needs to for the team and will do anything to do that."
Woolridge said he would describe Jang as either tough or focused, "…they're both components of what allows her to be who she is when she races."
Phil Racicot, Director of Athletics and Recreation at Keene State and Chair of the Little East Conference Athletic Directors Council Executive Committee, said, "We all knew, coming in, that she was a really strong swimmer and tough competitor. She's off to a great start this year, and between her and her teammates, if they keep this up, we're going to have to get a new record board in the pool. That's a good problem for us to have. Chris [Woolridge] does such a good job with identifying students that are going to succeed here at Keene State… Those kinds of efforts that are being made individually obviously make our team look great, and it is good to see students be recognized for their level of excellence. In sports like swimming, where we have a high degree of success, we really want to start working toward 'How can we have more success beyond the LEC level?' [into the level of professionalism such as the National Collegiate Athletic Association]. I think Jaelin has a really good opportunity to do something like that."
If Jang could say anything to future incoming athletes, she would tell them, "Just keep trying… and always listen to your coaches because they always want to help you improve."
Piper Pavelich can be contacted at
ppavelich@kscequinox.com
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text:
FABULOUS FOLLIES
...and Landscape Curiosities
BURLEY SK 88 10
Burley Hermitage
The Hermitage in Burley Wood was designed by Lord Winchilsea, the owner of the Burley Estate.
It was constructed in 1807 from tree trunks and thatched with reeds.
It burned down in 1960.
HORN SK 949 122
Exton Park is a large estate that has been the home of the Noel family for over four hundred years. Fort Henry was built as a pleasure-house for Henry Noel, the 6th Earl of Gainsborough, and was designed by William Legg of Stamford in the latest Gothick style between 1786 and 1789. The lake was used for re-enactments of naval battles.
NORMANTON SK 932 062
St Matthew's Church was the private chapel for the Normanton Estate and built in the classical style in 1826-29.
It was de-consecrated in 1970 when the lower half was filled with rubble and capped with concrete and an embankment built around it. It is on the shore of Rutland Water and open to the public as a museum.
Copyright Ray Blyth 2018