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One of These People Could Beat Trump, Right?
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Home /A black hole is shredding a star, and NASA caught the incredible space event on camera
EntertainmentSeptember 27, 2019
A black hole is shredding a star, and NASA caught the incredible space event on camera
Astronomers think the supermassive black hole weighs around six million times the sun's mass and is located about 375 million light-years away.
NASA has given us another historic glimpse into the wonders of space after releasing a video that shows a star-shredding black hole in a galaxy millions of light-years away.
The amazing footage of the "cataclysmic phenomenon" was taken by NASA's planet-hunting Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, or TESS.
Astronomers think the supermassive black hole weighs around 6 million times the sun's mass and is located about 375 million light-years away in a galaxy of similar size to the Milky Way, NASA said.
The incredible event, called a tidal disruption, is very rare and occurs once every 10,000 to 100,000 years in galaxies like the Milky Way.
Hey, Ariana Grande! NASA interns had a blast remixing your song to promote moon mission
It came from outer space: Newly discovered comet is likely interstellar visitor
When a star gets too close, the intense tides of a black hole break apart the star into a stream of gas, according to NASA. As shown in the video, the tail of that stream breaks away from the black hole while other parts of it swing back around and create a halo of debris.
Scientists believe the star in the video may have been about the same size as our sun.
The event, named ASASSN-19bt, was first discovered on Jan. 29 by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae telescope network, a worldwide network of 24 robotic telescopes headquartered at Ohio State University.
NASA says that scientists have only been able to observe about 40 tidal disruptions in history and TESS was able to capture one after launching in April 2018.
"For TESS to observe (the event) so early in its tenure, and in the continuous viewing zone where we could watch it for so long, is really quite extraordinary," said Padi Boyd, TESS project scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
"Future collaborations with observatories around the world and in orbit will help us learn even more about the different outbursts that light up the cosmos."
Follow Adrianna Rodriguez on Twitter: @AdriannaUSAT.
Read or Share this story: https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/science/2019/09/27/nasas-tess-mission-video-captures-black-hole-tearing-apart-star/3784540002/
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Paradise Valley adds new photo radar cameras
FOX 10 Phoenix
Drivers beware, the City of Paradise Valley has added four new photo radar cameras to prevent red light running and speeding.
The cameras are located at Tatum and Desert Jewel Drive, Lincoln and Palo Cristi Road, Lincoln and Mockingbird Lane, and more cameras at Tatum and Lincoln.
In addition, the town is implementing a new program called "Redflex Red Halo."
The new program changes traffic lights. If someone blows through a red light, all the lights turn red, so nobody else drives into the intersection to cut down on T-Bone accidents.
The goal is to slow people down, police say in a reasonable way.
So how many miles per hour does the system allow before it snaps a photo, be it a physical officer or camera?
"Well photo enforcement triggers at 11 miles per hour, a physical officers discretion may be lower, it may be higher," said Lt. Michael Horn.
Some drivers are ok with more photo radar cameras.
"Yeah, I guess it depends on how much traffic is around, but as long as you are doing the speed limit you have nothing to worry about," said Danielle Verduzco.
But other drivers don't like it.
"They shouldn't, I don't think they should," said Brenda Gonzales.
Why does she feel that way?
"Because they shouldn't, I feel I'm being violated, I don't like it," said Brenda Gonzalez.
"Yeah, I think the cameras don't need to be excessive, certain areas they keep speeds down, but when they are excessive I think it is a bit of a violation," said Jeff Koether.
So is Paradise Valley one big speed trap?
"I would say it is not, depends on your definition, we're just trying to keep people safe as they come thru our town," said Lt. Horn.
Two Phoenix Police officers seen on video hitting and kicking a suspect inside a convenience store will not be charged.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Printer for your TV just around corner
Martyn Williams
Published: January 5th, 2006
Japanese printer makers Seiko Epson Corp. and Canon Inc. hope the increasing popularity of digital TV broadcasting and home networks will earn their printers a new place in your home: the living room.
The companies, which are the second and third-ranked ink-jet printer makers in the world, are both developing printers that can be connected to digital TV sets, the vendors announced last month. The printers will work with data broadcasting services that could offer users coupons related to TV commercials or program-related information such as recipes or travel destination formatted for printing on regular sheets of paper.
"Digital TV printing is something you might hear a lot about soon," said Seiichi Hirano, chief executive of Epson's imaging products division, at a news conference in Tokyo last month. "People want to take information from anywhere they can and we think digital TV is an excellent way to achieve this."
Such a service was launched in Japan last year but the lack of a standard for connecting TVs and printers meant it could only be used with certain models of Panasonic TV and a single printer from the company. The service offered games, puzzles and news formatted for printing, but it closed at the end of September 2005.
A bigger opportunity exists around a standardized service that works with different makes of TV and printer, and that's what the two printer makers are now looking towards.
A soon-to-be-launched revision to the DLNA (Digital Living Network Alliance) specification for linking gadgets together will be expanded to include printers. That should mean compatibility between TVs and printers from various manufacturers. The services will requires the support of content providers. Hirano said Epson is talking with interested parties but wouldn't offer specific details.
For Epson and Canon, consumer adoption of such a services could mean higher sales, of both printers and the potentially more lucrative ink-refill cartridges.
"Epson believes the role of printers will expand even more as new printing contents become available. Epson is aiming to promote a new printing culture as TV moves from analog to digital," said Hirano. "We believe the opportunity for digital TV printing is unlimited."
Canon estimates that almost 5 million printers that connect to TVs will be sold by 2011."I think that's a good number, they are expecting users to print more and more," said Tomoko Mitani, a principal analyst at research company Gartner Inc. in Tokyo.
"In the near future, home appliances will be connected to the Internet and the TV will be at the center of the digital home," according to Mitani. "So Canon and Epson's decision to enter the TV printer market gives them one choice to broaden usage of ink-jet printers."
Canon estimates its first digital TV printer should hit the Japanese market sometime in late 2006 and be priced around
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BURD
BURDE
Burden of proof (law)
Burden of proof (law) explained
Burden of proof is a legal term that encompasses two connected but separate ideas that for establishing the truth of facts in a trial in a trial before tribunals on the United States: the "burden of production" and the "burden of persuasion" In a legal dispute, one party is initially presumed to be correct and gets the benefit of the doubt, while the other side bears the burden of producing evidence of the truth of facts needed to satisfy all the required factual and legal elements of its case. Depending on the type of case, the amount of truth-certainty required will be higher or lower. Burdens may be of different kinds for each party, in different phases of litigation. The burden of production is a minimal burden to produce at least enough evidence for the trier of fact to consider a disputed claim.[1] After litigants have met the burden of production and their claim is being considered by a trier of fact, they have the burden of persuasion, that enough evidence has been presented to persuade the trier of fact that their side is correct. There are different standards of persuasiveness ranging from a preponderance of the evidence, where there is just enough evidence to tip the balance, to proof beyond a reasonable doubt, as in United States criminal courts.[1]
The burden of proof is always on the person who brings a claim in a dispute. It is often associated with the Latin maxim semper necessitas probandi incumbit ei qui agit, a translation of which in this context is: "the necessity of proof always lies with the person who lays charges."[2]
The party that does not carry the burden of proof carries the benefit of assumption of being correct, they are presumed to be correct, until the burden shifts after presentation of evidence by the party bringing the action. An example is in an American criminal case, where there is a presumption of innocence by the defendant. Fulfilling the burden of proof effectively captures the benefit of assumption, passing the burden of proof off to another party.
The term "burden of proof" is used to mean two kinds of burdens: The burden of production (or the burden of "going forward with the evidence") and the burden of persuasion.[3]
A "burden of persuasion" or "risk of nonpersuasion"[4] is an obligation that remains on a single party for the duration of the court proceeding.[5] Once the burden has been entirely discharged to the satisfaction of the trier of fact, the party carrying the burden will succeed in its claim. For example, the presumption of innocence in a criminal case places a legal burden upon the prosecution to prove all elements of the offense (generally beyond a reasonable doubt), and to disprove all the defenses except for affirmative defenses in which the proof of non-existence of all affirmative defense(s) is not constitutionally required of the prosecution.[6]
The burden of persuasion should not be confused with the evidential burden, or burden of production, or duty of producing (or going forward with evidence)[7] which is an obligation that may shift between parties over the course of the hearing or trial. The evidential burden is the burden to adduce sufficient evidence to properly raise an issue at court.
Standard of proof in the United States
Burden of proof refers most generally to the obligation of a party to prove its allegations at trial. In a civil case, the plaintiff sets forth its allegations in a complaint, petition or other pleading. The defendant is then required to file a responsive pleading denying some or all of the allegations and setting forth any affirmative facts in defense. Each party has the burden of proof of its allegations.
Legal standards for burden of proof
Per (1985), in order to take away a prisoner's for a disciplinary violation, prison officials need only have "some evidence," i.e., "a modicum of evidence".
Per (1960), the some evidence standard is required to overrule a jury's finding of guilt in criminal cases.
Reasonable indications
"Reasonable indication is substantially lower than probable cause; factors to consider are those facts and circumstances a prudent investigator would consider, but must include facts or circumstances indicating a past, current, or impending violation; an objective factual basis must be present, a mere 'hunch' is insufficient."[8]
The reasonable indication standard is used in interpreting trade law in determining if the United States has been materially injured.[9]
See main article: Reasonable suspicion. Reasonable suspicion is a low standard of proof to determine whether a brief investigative stop or search by a police officer or any government agent is warranted. It is important to note that this stop or search must be brief; its thoroughness is proportional to, and limited by, the low standard of evidence. A more definite standard of proof (often probable cause) would be required to justify a more thorough stop/search. In Terry v. Ohio,, the Supreme Court ruled that reasonable suspicion requires specific, articulable, and individualized suspicion that crime is afoot. A mere guess or "hunch" is not enough to constitute reasonable suspicion.
An investigatory stop is a seizure under the Fourth Amendment. The state must justify the seizure by showing that the officer conducting the stop had a reasonable articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot. The important point is that officers cannot deprive a citizen of liberty unless the officer can point to specific facts and circumstances and inferences therefrom that would amount to a reasonable suspicion. The officer must be prepared to establish that criminal activity was a logical explanation for what he perceived. The requirement serves to prevent officers from stopping individuals based merely on hunches or unfounded suspicions. The purpose of the stop and detention is to investigate to the extent necessary to confirm or dispel the original suspicion. If the initial confrontation with the person stopped dispels suspicion of criminal activity the officer must end the detention and allow the person to go about his or her business. If the investigation confirms the officer's initial suspicion or reveals evidence that would justify continued detention the officer may require the person detained to remain at the scene until further investigation is complete.
Reasonable to believe
In Arizona v. Gant (2009), the United States Supreme Court defined a new standard, that of "reasonable to believe." This standard applies only to vehicle searches after the suspect has been placed under arrest. The Court overruled New York v. Belton (1981) and concluded that police officers are allowed to go back and search a vehicle incident to a suspect's arrest only where it is "reasonable to believe" that there is more evidence in the vehicle of the crime for which the suspect was arrested.
There is still an ongoing debate as to the exact meaning of this phrase. Some courts have said it should be a new standard while others have equated it with the "reasonable suspicion" of the Terry stop. Most courts have agreed it is somewhere less than probable cause.
See main article: Probable cause. Probable cause is a relatively low standard of proof, which is used in the United States to determine whether a search, or an arrest, is warranted. It is also used by grand juries to determine whether to issue an indictment. In the civil context, this standard is often used where plaintiffs are seeking a prejudgement remedy.
In the criminal context, the U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Sokolow,, determined that probable cause requires "a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found" in deciding whether Drug Enforcement Administration agents had a reason to execute a search. Courts have traditionally interpreted the idea of "a fair probability" as meaning a fair minded evaluator would find it more likely than not that a fact (or ultimate fact) is true, which is quantified as a 51% certainty standard (using whole numbers as the increment of measurement). Some courts and scholars have suggested probable cause could, in some circumstances, allow for a fact to be established as true to a standard of less than 51%, but as of August 2019, the United States Supreme Court has never ruled that the quantification of probable cause is anything less than 51%. Probable cause can be contrasted with "reasonable articulable suspicion" which requires a police officer to have an unquantified amount of certainty the courts say is well below 51% before briefly detaining a suspect (without consent) to pat him down and attempt to question him. The "beyond reasonable doubt" standard, used by criminal juries in the United States to determine guilt for a crime, also contrasts with probable cause which courts hold requires an unquantified level of proof well above that of probable cause's 51%. Though it is beyond the scope of this topic, when courts review whether 51% probable cause certainty was a reasonable judgment, the legal inquiry is different for police officers in the field than it would be for grand jurors.
Examples of a police officer's truth-certainty standards in the field and their practical consequences are offered below:
no level of evidence required: a knowing and voluntary consent-based encounter between police officer and another person
reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal activity required: an involuntary stop initiated by the officer to briefly detain, attempt to question, and pat down outer clothing of a person of interest to police.
probable cause of 51% truth or higher required that a crime was committed by a specific person : arrest and/or grand jury indictment of that person.
Some credible evidence
Some credible evidence is one of the least demanding standards of proof, this assessment is used in administrative law, and often in Child Protective Services (CPS) proceedings in some states to bring a matter before a tribunal, usually when a short term intervention is needed urgently, as when a child is arguably in immediate danger from a parent or guardian. The "some credible evidence" standard is used as a legal placeholder to bring some controversy before a trier of fact, and into a legal process. It is on the order of the factual standard of proof needed to achieve a finding of "probable cause" used in ex parte threshold determinations needed before a court will issue a search warrant. It is a lower standard of proof than the "preponderance of the evidence" standard. The standard does not require the fact-finder to weigh conflicting evidence, and merely requires the investigator or prosecutor to present the bare minimum of material credible evidence to support the allegations against the subject, or in support of the allegation; see Valmonte v. Bane, 18 F.3d 992 (2nd Cir. 1994). In some Federal Appellate Circuit Courts, such as the Second Circuit, the "some credible evidence" standard has been found constitutionally insufficient to protect liberty interests of the parties in controversy at CPS hearings.
Preponderance of the evidence, also known as balance of probabilities, is the standard required in most civil cases and in family court determinations solely involving money, such as child support under the Child Support Standards Act, and in child custody determinations between parties having equal legal rights respecting a child (typically the parents of a child who are divorced, separated, or otherwise living apart, assuming that neither has been found unfit). It is also the burden of proof of which the defendant must prove affirmative defenses or mitigating circumstances in civil or criminal court. In civil court, aggravating circumstances also only have to be proven by a preponderance of the evidence, as opposed to beyond reasonable doubt (as they do in criminal court).
The standard is met if the proposition is more likely to be true than not true. The standard is satisfied if there is greater than fifty percent chance that the proposition is true. Lord Denning, in Miller v. Minister of Pensions,[10] described it simply as "more probable than not." Until 1970, this was also the standard used in juvenile court in the United States.[11]
This is also the standard of proof used when determining eligibility of unemployment benefits for a former employee accused of losing the job through alleged misconduct. In most US states, the employer must prove this case with a preponderance of evidence.
Preponderance of the evidence is the standard of proof used for immunity from prosecution under Florida's controversial stand-your-ground law. The defense must present its evidence in a pre-trial hearing, show that the statutory prerequisites have been met, and then request that the court grant a motion for declaration of immunity. The judge must then decide from the preponderance of the evidence whether to grant immunity.[12] This is a far lower burden than "beyond a reasonable doubt," the threshold a prosecutor must meet at any proceeding criminal trial,[13] but higher than the "probable cause" threshold generally required for indictment.
Clear and convincing evidence
Clear and convincing evidence is a higher level of burden of persuasion than "preponderance of the evidence". It is employed intra-adjudicatively in administrative court determinations, as well as in civil and certain criminal procedure in the United States. For example, a prisoner seeking habeas corpus relief from capital punishment must prove his factual innocence by clear and convincing evidence.[14]
This standard is used in many types of equity cases, including paternity, persons in need of supervision, juvenile delinquency, child custody, the probate of both wills and living wills, petitions to remove a person from life support ("right to die" cases),[15] and many similar cases.
Clear and convincing proof means that the evidence presented by a party during the trial must be highly and substantially more probable to be true than not and the trier of fact must have a firm belief or conviction in its factuality.[16] In this standard, a greater degree of believability must be met than the common standard of proof in civil actions, which only requires that the facts as a threshold be more likely than not to prove the issue for which they are asserted.
This standard is also known as "clear, convincing, and satisfactory evidence"; "clear, cognizant, and convincing evidence", and is applied in cases or situations involving an equitable remedy or where a presumptive civil liberty interest exists.
Beyond reasonable doubt
See main article: Reasonable doubt.
This is the highest standard used as the burden of proof in Anglo-American jurisprudence and typically only applies in criminal proceedings and when considering aggravating circumstances in criminal proceedings. It has been described, in negative terms, as a proof having been met if there is no plausible reason to believe otherwise. If there is a real doubt, based upon reason and common sense after careful and impartial consideration of all the evidence, or lack of evidence, in a case, then the level of proof has not been met.
Proof beyond a reasonable doubt, therefore, is proof of such a convincing character that one would be willing to rely and act upon it without hesitation in the most important of one's own affairs. However, it does not mean an absolute certainty. The standard that must be met by the prosecution's evidence in a criminal prosecution is that no other logical explanation can be derived from the facts except that the defendant committed the crime, thereby overcoming the presumption that a person is innocent unless and until proven guilty.
If the trier of fact has no doubt as to the defendant's guilt, or if their only doubts are unreasonable doubts, then the prosecutor has proved the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and the defendant should be pronounced guilty.
The term connotes that evidence establishes a particular point to a moral certainty which precludes the existence of any reasonable alternatives. It does not mean that no doubt exists as to the accused's guilt, but only that no reasonable doubt is possible from the evidence presented.[17] Further to this notion of moral certainty, where the trier of fact relies on proof that is solely circumstantial, i.e., when conviction is based entirely on circumstantial evidence, certain jurisdictions specifically require the prosecution's burden of proof to be such that the facts proved must exclude to a moral certainty every reasonable hypothesis or inference other than guilt.
The main reason that this high level of proof is demanded in criminal trials is that such proceedings can result in the deprivation of a defendant's liberty or even in his or her death. These outcomes are far more severe than in civil trials, in which monetary damages are the common remedy.
Another noncriminal instance in which proof beyond a reasonable doubt is applied is LPS conservatorship.
Standard of proof in the United Kingdom
In the three jurisdictions of the UK (Northern Ireland; England & Wales; and Scotland) there are only two standards of proof in trials. (There are others which are defined in statutes, such as those relating to police powers.)
The criminal standard was formerly described as "beyond reasonable doubt". That standard remains, and the words commonly used, though the Judicial Studies Board guidance is that juries might be assisted by being told that to convict they must be persuaded "so that you are sure".
The civil standard is 'the balance of probabilities', often referred to in judgments as "more likely than not".
The civil standard is also used in criminal trials in relation to those defenses which must be proven by the defendant (for example, the statutory defense to drunk in charge that there was no likelihood of the accused driving while still over the alcohol limit[18]). However, where the law does not stipulate a reverse burden of proof, the defendant need only raise the issue and it is then for the prosecution to negate the defence to the criminal standard in the usual way (for example, that of self-defence[19]).
Prior to the decision of the House of Lords in Re B (A Child) [2008] UKHL 35[20] there had been some confusion – even at the Court of Appeal – as to whether there was some intermediate standard, described as the 'heightened standard'. The House of Lords found that there was not. As the above description of the American system shows, anxiety by judges about making decisions on very serious matters on the basis of the balance of probabilities had led to a departure from the common law principles of just two standards. Baroness Hale said:
The task for the tribunal then when faced with serious allegations is to recognize that their seriousness generally means they are inherently unlikely, such that to be satisfied that a fact is more likely than not the evidence must be of a good quality. But the standard of proof remains 'the balance of probabilities'.
Other standards for presenting cases or defenses
Air of reality
See also: R v Cinous.
The "air of reality" is a standard of proof used in Canada to determine whether a criminal defense may be used. The test asks whether a defense can be successful if it is assumed that all the claimed facts are to be true. In most cases, the burden of proof rests solely on the prosecution, negating the need for a defense of this kind. However, when exceptions arise and the burden of proof has been shifted to the defendant, they are required to establish a defense that bears an "air of reality." Two instances in which such a case might arise are, first, when a prima facie case has been made against the defendant or, second, when the defense mounts an affirmative defense, such as the insanity defense.
Evidentiary standards of proof
Depending on the legal venue or intra-case hearing, varying levels of reliability of proof are considered dispositive of the inquiry being entertained. If the subject threshold level of reliability has been met by the presentation of the evidence, then the thing is considered legally proved for that trial, hearing or inquest. For example, in California, several evidentiary presumptions are codified, including a presumption that the owner of legal title is the beneficial owner (rebuttable only by clear and convincing evidence).[21]
In the West, criminal cases usually place the burden of proof on the prosecutor (expressed in the Latin brocard ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat, "the burden of proof rests on who asserts, not on who denies"). This principle is known as the presumption of innocence, and is summed up with "innocent until proven guilty," but is not upheld in all legal systems or jurisdictions. Where it is upheld, the accused will be found not guilty if this burden of proof is not sufficiently shown by the prosecution.[22] The presumption of innocence means three things:
With respect to the critical facts of a case the defendant has no burden of proof whatsoever.[23]
The state must prove the critical facts of the case to the appropriate level of certainty.
The jury is not to draw any inferences adverse to the defendant from the fact that he has been charged with a crime and is present in court facing the charges against him.
For example, if the defendant (D) is charged with murder, the prosecutor (P) bears the burden of proof to show the jury that D did indeed murder someone.
Burden of proof: P
Burden of production: P has to show some evidence that D had committed murder. The United States Supreme Court has ruled that the Constitution requires enough evidence to justify a rational trier of fact to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. If the judge rules that such burden has been met, then it is up to the jury itself to decide if they are, in fact, convinced of guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.[24] If the judge finds there is not enough evidence under the standard, the case must be dismissed (or a subsequent guilty verdict must be vacated and the charges dismissed).
e.g. witness, forensic evidence, autopsy report
Failure to meet the burden: the issue will be decided as a matter of law. In this case, D is presumed innocent
Burden of persuasion: if at the close of evidence, the jury cannot decide if P has established with relevant level of certainty that D had committed murder, the jury must find D not guilty of the crime of murder
Measure of proof: P has to prove every element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt, but not necessarily prove every single fact beyond a reasonable doubt.
However, in England and Wales, the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980, s.101 stipulates that where a defendant relies on some "exception, exemption, proviso, excuse or qualification" in his defense, the legal burden of proof as to that exception falls on the defendant, though only on the balance of probabilities. For example, a person charged with being drunk in charge of a motor vehicle can raise the defense that there was no likelihood of his driving while drunk.[25] The prosecution has the legal burden of proof beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant exceeded the legal limit of alcohol and was in control of a motor vehicle. Possession of the keys is usually sufficient to prove control, even if the defendant is not in the vehicle and is perhaps in a nearby bar. That being proved, the defendant has the legal burden of proof on the balance of probabilities that he was not likely to drive.[26]
In 2002, such practice in England and Wales was challenged as contrary to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), art.6(2) guaranteeing right to a fair trial. The House of Lords held that:[27]
Criminal Law - Cases and Materials, 7th ed. 2012, Wolters Kluwer Law & Business; John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, Guyora Binder,, https://law.stanford.edu/publications/criminal-law-cases-and-materials-7th-edition/
Transnational principle of law: Trans-Lex.org
Barron's Law Dictionary, pp. 55-56 (2nd ed. 1984); Black's Law Dictionary, p. 178 (5th ed. 1979).
Barron's Law Dictionary, p. 55 (2nd ed. 1984).
Black's Law Dictionary, p. 178 (5th ed. 1979).
Patterson v. New York,
Book: Hirsch Ballin. Marianne. Anticipative Criminal Investigation: Theory and Counterterrorism Practice in the Netherlands and the United States. Mar 6, 2012. 525. 5 April 2017.
Pak. Nam. American Lamb Company v. United States: Application of the Reasonable Indication Standard. Northwest Journal of International Law and Business. 1988. 9 April 2017.
Miller v. Minister of Pensions [1947] 2 All ER 372
In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S.Ct. 1068 (1970)
Web site: Archived copy . 2013-07-29 . yes . https://web.archive.org/web/20131104224306/http://www.husseinandwebber.com/stand_your_ground.html . 2013-11-04 .
Web site: Florida 'stand your ground' law yields some shocking outcomes depending on how law is applied. Tampa Bay Times.
Calderon v. Thompson, . The petitioner, Thomas M. Thompson, a convicted rapist/murderer, was executed on July 14, 1998.
See, Quinlan v. New Jersey, and Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 497 U.S. 261 (1990).
Web site: Standard of Proof in Senate Impeachment Proceedings. Clear and convincing evidence is typically defined as that measure or degree of proof which will produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the allegation sought to be established.. Congressional Research Service. Ripy, Thomas B..
Green v The Queen . (1971) 126 CLR 28 at p. 33 . auto. .
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/52/section/5 s.5 Road Traffic Act 1988
Web site: Self-Defence and the Prevention of Crime - The Crown Prosecution Service. www.cps.gov.uk.
Web site: House of Lords - In Re B (Children) (Fc) Appellate Committee Lord Hoffmann Lord Scott of Foscote Lord R. parliament.uk.
Cal. Evid. Code Section 662, available at http://legalmasters.net/practices/real-estate-law/commonly-referenced-real-estate-statutes-and-regulations/california-evidence-code-sections-660-668/
Web site: Woolmington v DPP [1935] UKHL 1].
The critical facts of a criminal case are whether the crime charged was committed and whether the defendant is criminally responsible for the commission of the crime.
Jackson v. Virginia, .
Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988, s.5(2)
Book: Herring, J. . 2004 . Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials . Oxford . Oxford University Press . 0-19-876578-9 . 58–64 .
R v. DPP, Ex Parte Kebeline [1999 UKHL 43]
A mere evidential burden did not contravene art.6(2);
A legal / persuasive burden did not necessarily contravene art.6(2) so long as confined within reasonable limits, considering the questions:
What must the prosecution prove to transfer burden to the defendant?
Is the defendant required to prove something difficult or easily within his access?
What threat to society is the provision designed to combat?
In some cases, there is a reverse onus on the accused. A typical example is that of a hit-and-run charge prosecuted under the Canadian Criminal Code. The defendant is presumed to have fled the scene of a crash, to avoid civil or criminal liability, if the prosecution can prove the remaining essential elements of the offense.
In civil law cases, the "burden of proof" requires the plaintiff to convince the trier of fact (whether judge or jury) of the plaintiff's entitlement to the relief sought. This means that the plaintiff must prove each element of the claim, or cause of action, in order to recover. However, in cases of proving loss of future earning capacity, the plaintiff must prove there is a real or substantial possibility of such a loss occurring.
Civil cases of the U.S. Supreme Court
In Keyes v. Sch. Dist. No. 1,, the United States Supreme Court stated: "There are no hard-and-fast standards governing the allocation of the burden of proof in every situation. The issue, rather, 'is merely a question of policy and fairness based on experience in the different situations.'" For support, the Court cited 9 John H. Wigmore, Evidence § 2486, at 275 (3d ed. 1940). In Keyes, the Supreme Court held that if "school authorities have been found to have practiced purposeful segregation in part of a school system," the burden of persuasion shifts to the school to prove that it did not engage in such discrimination in other segregated schools in the same system.
In Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs v. Greenwich Collieries,, the Supreme Court explained that burden of proof is ambiguous because it has historically referred to two distinct burdens: the burden of persuasion, and the burden of production.
The Supreme Court discussed how courts should allocate the burden of proof (i.e., the burden of persuasion) in Schaffer ex rel. Schaffer v. Weast, . The Supreme Court explained that if a statute is silent about the burden of persuasion, the court will "begin with the ordinary default rule that plaintiffs bear the risk of failing to prove their claims." In support of this proposition, the Court cited 2 J. Strong, McCormick on Evidence § 337, 412 (5th ed. 1999), which states:
At the same time, the Supreme Court also recognized "The ordinary default rule, of course, admits of exceptions. ... For example, the burden of persuasion as to certain elements of a plaintiff's claim may be shifted to defendants, when such elements can fairly be characterized as affirmative defenses or exemptions. See, e.g., FTC v. Morton Salt Co., 334 U.S. 37, 44-45 (1948). Under some circumstances this Court has even placed the burden of persuasion over an entire claim on the defendant. See Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation v. EPA, ." Nonetheless, "[a]bsent some reason to believe that Congress intended otherwise, therefore, [the Supreme Court] will conclude that the burden of persuasion lies where it usually falls, upon the party seeking relief."
Philosophic burden of proof
Probative
Rebuttable presumption
Beyond a shadow of a doubt
Human Rights and Legal Burdens of Proof . Cooper, S. . 2003 . 3 . Web Journal of Current Legal Issues .
Complete text of Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Cornell Univ.)
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Burden of proof (law)".


I must say I found this rather disappointing. I was hoping for something special but felt that the overall record was less than the sum of it's parts.
Great playing from everyone of course, and plenty of energy, just not really much originality in the approach. Actually it somehow reminded me of a harmolodic sort of record, like James Blood Ulmer ..... which is already pretty cool!
Awesome disc. Check these cats out live if you can. Great show, full of energy.


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Roxy Saint 5 Facts About Josh Evans' Wife
October 28, 2019 by L.A Girl Leave a Comment
Roxy Saint
Meet Roxy Saint; she is a singer, actress, director and the second wife of Robert Evans' son Josh Evans who himself is author, screenwriter and filmmaker. Check out Roxy Saint's 5 interesting facts below.
Firstly, you need to know that as we previously mentioned, Roxy is Josh's wife #2; from 2003 to 2010 he was married to Charis Michelsen, who he met on the set on the Price of Air in 2000.
Roxy was born Roxanne Saint in L.A on November 4, 1977. She was two years old when her father passed away, and her mother raised her on her own.
Her music career started when she became the vocalist of the music band Never on Sunday, they released their single Orphan Child in 1995. She later joined the band Roxy Saint and the Blackouts.
Later in 2003, directed and produced her first DVD, The Underground Personality Tapes and performed songs for the films The Criminal and the Hot Chick in 1999 and 2000, respectively.
As an actress, Roxy starred as Lillith in the 2008 film Zombie Strippers; teo years later worked on Caller ID: Entity and Death in the Desert in 2015. More recently appeared as Diamond in Josh Evans' film Thirty Nine.
Roxy saint and Evans tied the knot in October 2012; they welcomed their son Jackson in December 2010.


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March 14, 2018 /in BioProject - Person 300 Pitching Victories Cy Young Award, Hall of Fame 1980s All-Stars, 1990s All-Stars, 2000s All-Stars Siblings 1995 Atlanta Braves /by admin
Stew Thornley
On August 26, 1995, Greg Maddux was at Wrigley Field in Chicago, formerly his home stadium. Now a member of the Atlanta Braves, Maddux was on the verge of tying a major-league record with his 16th consecutive road victory. With two out in the top of the third, Maddux singled to left, starting a five-run rally. He took the mound in the bottom of the inning with a 5-0 lead. In the press box, a writer muttered, "This is like giving a 15-0 lead to a regular human being."1
The comment reflected the dominance Maddux had established in the 1990s and the awe and wonder in which he was held as he reached the peak of his career. Maddux got his win in this game — and another five before the season closed. He became the first pitcher to win four consecutive Cy Young Awards. In 1994 and 1995, Maddux posted an earned-run average that was minuscule in any circumstances, historic in relation to the league ERA each year.
Gregory Alan Maddux was born April 14, 1966, in San Angelo, Texas, where his dad was stationed at the time. Dave Maddux had graduated from high school in Decatur County, Indiana, in 1957 and joined the US Air Force, where he was involved in accounting and finance for 22 years. When his girlfriend, Linda, graduated a year later, the couple was married.2 A daughter, Terri Lynn, was born in 1959 while Dave was stationed at Elmendorf Air Force Base in Anchorage.
The family was at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio, when son Mike was born in 1961. After two years in Taiwan, the Madduxes were stateside again when Greg was born. Soon after, with the Vietnam War going on, Dave had a one-year tour in Thailand. Linda took the kids back to Decatur County, where a number of family members lived.3
When Dave returned from Thailand, the transfers continued — to Minot, North Dakota, for a year; Riverside, California, for three years; and Spain for another three years. It was in Spain that the Maddux children were most active in sports. Terri was on the track team in high school and continued her love of running, including marathons, through her life. The boys participated in football. All three played basketball.
On the diamond, Terri, like most girls, was shunted away from baseball and into softball. Mike and Greg played in a sanctioned Little League. "Kids would come home from practice in the hot sun, and the first thing they would do is head outside into the yard to play more baseball in the hot sun," Linda said. "Finally, I came to the realization that they were doing what they wanted to do. And they all survived."
Dave Maddux got his final transfer in August 1976, to Nellis Air Force Base in Las Vegas. He eventually received orders to move back to Elmendorf Air Force Base. Linda recalled that once they would have embraced this assignment. "When we were kids we had decided we would want to go to Elmendorf to retire," she said. "By this time, we had two kids in college, and we wouldn't consider leaving them behind."4 Instead, Dave retired from the military and became a poker dealer at various casinos in Las Vegas.
Terri was starting her junior year at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), at this time, and Mike was entering his first year at the University of Texas, El Paso. As for Greg, he found himself in a different school district from where his siblings had been, at Rancho High School, which had served those living at the military base. With Dave a civilian, the Madduxes moved to the southeast side of Las Vegas, and Greg attended Valley High School.
Greg played junior-varsity basketball, as Mike had done, but both brothers were discouraged from the sport by coaches, who wanted them to focus on their pitching potential in baseball. During Maddux's junior year, Valley High School won the state baseball championship under coach Rodger Fairless.
Beyond what he learned from Fairless, Maddux had a tutor in Ralph Medar, a former scout, who oversaw workouts and organized pickup games on Sunday mornings in Las Vegas. "Ralph was the first pitching coach I ever had," Maddux told John McMurray for an article in Baseball Digest. "He worked with me when I was 15 years old, and he taught me that movement was more important than velocity. He helped me make the ball move and sink as opposed to seeing how hard I could throw it. I think I was fortunate to learn that lesson at such a young age."5
Maddux didn't turn heads with out-of-this-world stuff, a blazing fastball or a 12-to-6 curveball. Never having had the luxury of such gifts, Maddux instead learned to pitch. Throughout his career, he was known for his control, late movement on his pitches, and knowing what he was doing. From an early age, Maddux established his reputation for being a cerebral pitcher, studying hitters and getting them out on pitches that hardly seemed imposing on their way to the plate — at least the first half of the way.
Maddux planned on attending the University of Arizona in Tucson and playing for Jerry Kindall, who had won two national championships as a coach and was on his way to a third. Linda remembers how impressed she was when meeting Kindall. "We had heard that Jerry took good care of his pitchers," she said, adding that Kindall was known for being "not so intent on winning that he would burn out his pitchers."6
However, Maddux was drafted in the second round by the Chicago Cubs in June 1984, and the bonus offered was enough that two weeks later he decided to skip college and sign a pro contract. He put the bonus money aside, in case baseball didn't work out and he wanted to go back to college, and lived off his minor-league salary in addition to money he had saved during summer jobs he worked at Sears and Wendy's in Las Vegas.
Maddux progressed through the minors with the steady rhythm that defined his work on the mound: rookie league in 1984, Class A in 1985, and a three-level rise the following season, from Double-A to Triple-A to the majors as a September call-up.
Maddux made his major-league debut as a pinch-runner for the Cubs in the 17th inning of a game against Houston on September 3, a game that had started the day before and was suspended by darkness. He stayed in the game and pitched the 18th inning, giving up a run and taking the loss. Four days later, he was the starter against Cincinnati and went the distance in an 11-3 win, which stopped a seven-game Chicago losing streak.
Maddux made five starts for the Cubs in 1986, the last one at Philadelphia. The opposing starter was his brother Mike, who had also reached the majors that season. Greg prevailed in this game, winning 8-3.
Opponents in 1986, Greg and Mike became teammates for the first time after the 1987 season, playing winter ball in Maracaibo, Venezuela. The pitching coach was Dick Pole, who had worked with Greg in the minors and would again with the Cubs. Pole is often credited with teaching Maddux the value of a groundout. "Dick always told me. 'You don't have to strike him out, you just got to get him out,'" Maddux said.7
Pole was also discovering in Maddux a fearlessness on the mound, one that allowed him to throw any pitch in any situation. Pole said that when he was a pitching coach for other teams, he warned that Maddux would throw a changeup on a full count in the ninth. Invariably, however, batters would still get caught looking in these situations.8
Maddux had one more brief stint in the minors, in 1987, and then was up for good. He had a great start in 1988, earning a berth on the All-Star team, before cooling off. After a slow start in 1989, he picked it up. Combined, he had 37 wins and an ERA of 3.07 for the two years.
In 1992, Maddux had 10 wins by early July and was picked for the All-Star Game, in which he relieved starter Tom Glavine of Atlanta, who had a 13-3 record and seemed on his way to a second consecutive Cy Young Award. However, Maddux was outstanding over the remainder of the year, finishing the season with a 2.18 ERA, third in the majors, and leading major-league pitchers with 268 innings pitched. Although Wins Above Replacement (WAR) was not yet in wide use, later analyses showed that Maddux led all players in 1992 with a WAR of 9.4 (9.2 as a pitcher).9 Maddux got the Cy Young Award, and Glavine finished second.
Maddux was a free agent after the 1992 season and was the top player on the market. His agent, Scott Boras, was negotiating with Cubs general manager Larry Himes and, characteristically, was expecting top dollar. The Cubs were offering a five-year contract for $27.5 million (guaranteed with another $1.5 million in incentives). When Maddux didn't sign right away, the Cubs signed free agent Jose Guzman and appeared to back off on their offer to Maddux. The New York Yankees topped all offers to Maddux at $34 million (reportedly increased to $37.5 million10), and Maddux seemed ready to go to the Bronx. A late entry by Atlanta at $28 million caught his attention, and Maddux signed with the Braves.
Maddux had a few reasons for signing for less money than what he could have gotten from the Yankees, including that he thought Atlanta would be a better place to raise a family than New York. Maddux had married Kathy Ronnow, whom he had known since high school, in 1988. By the end of 1993, they had a daughter, Amanda Paige (who goes by Paige). In 1997 they had a son, Chase.
A player departing a team as a free agent often leaves hard feelings with fans, and Maddux was back at Wrigley Field for the season opener in 1993. He wasn't fazed by the booing he received as the Braves won the game, 1-0, with Maddux outdueling the Cubs' Mike Morgan (who was also a graduate of Valley High School in Las Vegas).
Although he understood the fans' reaction, Maddux was hurt by comments made by former teammates, such as Ryne Sandberg, about his signing with the Braves. The charges included that he had planned to sign with the Braves all along and used the Cubs (and then the Yankees) to get a larger offer. Maddux said he made repeated calls to the Cubs during the final stage of negotiations and if the team would have put its original offer back on the table, he would have considered it "heavily."11 (Unbeknownst to Maddux at the time of his final call, the Cubs had just signed free-agent Randy Myers. The Cubs had also signed another pitcher, Dan Plesac. According to Himes, "We went over the numbers on those," meaning there wasn't money left for Maddux.)12
What didn't work out for the Cubs became a boon to the Braves. Maddux was eventually called by Houston general manager Gerry Hunsicker, "The greatest free-agent signing in baseball history."
Atlanta pitching coach Leo Mazzone said, "When we signed Maddux, I didn't realize at the time it was going to be the greatest free-agent signing in the history of the game. But I knew I was going to get a lot smarter, real quick."13
Maddux was joining a team that had won the last two National League pennants with a rotation that had Glavine, a former and future Cy Young recipient; John Smoltz, a future Cy Young recipient; and another top young pitcher, lefthander Steve Avery. Not surprisingly, the Braves staff allowed the fewest runs in the National League in 1993. With a strong lineup — including shortstop Jeff Blauser and outfielders David Justice and Ron Gant — the Braves were near the top in runs scored, as well. The one team in their division to rival them in both categories, the San Francisco Giants, battled the Braves to the end. Maddux was the winning pitcher in the Braves' penultimate game, and the next day Glavine was the winner while the Giants were losing. Atlanta, with 104 wins, beat out the Giants by a game for the title in the National League West.
Steve Avery started the first game of the playoffs, which the Braves lost to the Philadelphia Phillies in 10 innings. Maddux, fully rested for Game 2, pitched seven strong innings as the Braves tied the series. The Phillies won two of the next three, and the Braves faced elimination in Game 6, with Maddux back on the mound. This time he didn't make it through the sixth, giving up six runs (five earned), and the Phillies won to advance to the World Series.
During the regular season, Maddux led the league with 267 innings and an ERA of 2.36 and received the Cy Young Award again. What was coming, however, was even better.
The 1994 and 1995 seasons were truncated by a players' strike, and Maddux pitched barely over 200 innings, although it was enough to lead the majors both years. His ERA in 1994 was 1.56. Two years before, when Maddux received his first Cy Young Award, National League teams averaged 3.9 runs per game, and the league ERA was 3.50. In 1994, the averages were 4.6 and 4.21, respectively.
Maddux's 1994 ERA was only 37.1 percent of the league average, even better than what Bob Gibson had achieved with his 1.12 ERA in 1968, the Year of the Pitcher. Maddux in 1995 had a 1.63 ERA, 39 percent of the league average.
Writers, analysts, and others were touting Maddux as the best right-handed pitcher since Walter Johnson. A number of outstanding southpaws pitched in the period between Johnson and Maddux — Lefty Grove, Warren Spahn, and Sandy Koufax, and pundits generally conceded that Maddux was not on the same level as Koufax.
Pitchers can be compared in many ways, and the difference in innings pitched then and later is relevant to any discussion about the greatest. In terms of ERA relative to the league average, Maddux has few rivals, including Koufax. In addition, the ballpark factors show Dodger Stadium — Koufax's home park in his prime — to be pitcher friendlier than Maddux's home parks with the Braves, Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium and Turner Field.14
Maddux finished this four-year run of greatness by pitching in his first World Series. With seven days' rest, he started the first game of the 1995 World Series and was outstanding. The first batter he faced, Cleveland's Kenny Lofton, reached base on an error and came around to score. The only other baserunners off Maddux were Jim Thome, with a fifth-inning single, and Lofton, who singled in the ninth and came around to score on an error. Atlanta won the game, 3-2. Maddux had the chance to finish off the Series five days later but wasn't as sharp. He gave up two runs in the last of the first. After the Braves tied the game, he gave up two more runs and took the loss. The Braves still won the series, taking the next game 1-0 on a David Justice home run and a one-hitter by Glavine and Mark Wohlers.
Maddux pitched in two more World Series. In Game 2 of the 1996 Series he pitched eight scoreless innings, allowing six hits and no walks, as the Braves beat the New York Yankees, 4-0. He was the losing pitcher in the final game as the Yankees won the World Series, 4 games to 2. In 1999 the Yankees beat the Braves again, this one a sweep. Maddux pitched the opening game and carried a 1-0 lead into the eighth inning before giving up four runs. His performance in five World Series games was good — he had a 2.09 ERA in those games. Between 1989 and 2008 Maddux appeared in 35 postseason games and had a 3.27 ERA in 198 innings.
As for the regular season, Maddux continued in top form although he didn't receive any more Cy Young Awards. Between 1996 and 2000, he was in the top 5 in the balloting four times. His 1997 season was of the caliber that it would have been the best in the league in a lot of years. However, this year Pedro Martinez of Montreal was beginning a string of Maddux-like seasons.
Martinez, with the Expos and Boston Red Sox, received the Cy Young Award three times in four years, with a second-place finish the other year. In 2000 Martinez had a 1.74 ERA when the league average was 4.91, a performance even better than what Maddux had produced in 1994.
Martinez's fantastic seasons served to highlight the dominance of Maddux around the same period. The pair had produced three of the top five performances in terms of ERA+ (the pitcher's ERA compared to the league ERA with adjustments made for the pitcher's home ballpark). The others in the top five had occurred in the Deadball Era (Dutch Leonard in 1914) and the 19th century (Tim Keefe in 1880).
Although Martinez was gone as a Cy Young rival after 1997, the National League continued to have strong contenders for the award. Maddux's teammates received it in 1996 (Smoltz) and 1998 (Glavine); Randy Johnson of Arizona then started a string of four Cy Young Awards.
Maddux continued as a top pitcher into the 21st century, even if he was no longer a perennial contender for the Cy Young Award. He pitched with the Braves through 2003 before signing as a free agent with the Cubs before the 2004 season. Over the next few years he pitched for the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Diego Padres. Maddux's last game was in relief for the Dodgers in the final game of the 2008 National League Championship Series. He pitched two innings and gave up two unearned runs as Philadelphia beat Los Angeles for the pennant. A free agent at the end of the season, Maddux called it a career, announcing his retirement in December.
Between traditional statistics, such as wins, and ones more recently embraced, such as ERA+, Maddux was outstanding both in peak and career value. Much is made of him winning at least 15 games a year between 1988 and 2004. He finished with 355 career wins, the most of any pitcher other than Warren Spahn who had pitched after 1930.
Maddux struck out 3,371 batters in 5,008 1/3 innings, an average of about 6 per 9 innings. Although this may not raise eyebrows, a key to his success was his control — he walked just 999 batters, an average of 1.8 per 9 innings. In 2001 Maddux set a National League record with 72 1/3 straight innings without a walk, a streak that was broken with an intentional walk. During his Cy Young Award seasons, Maddux led the National League in Fielding Independent Pitching (FIP) all four years.15
Bob Nightengale of USA Today pointed out how Maddux had dominated the game for years without being a power pitcher: "Maddux, whose fastball is routinely clocked at only 88 mph, remarkably throws more fastballs than any established pitcher in the game. The difference is control and movement. He can throw the fastball with nearly pinpoint control, while the ball darts and spins as if he's controlling it like a yo-yo."16
"He can throw you a strike and still not give you anything good to hit," said Braves pitching coach Leo Mazzone. "He's a master at that. It's the greatest command I've ever seen on a consistent basis."17
Mazzone and others have told of Maddux's penchant for telling his pitching coach, manager, and teammates about how he will get out of an inning, such as saying that he'll get the batter to foul out to the third baseman on the second pitch to him.18
Jeff Torborg, who caught flamethrowers Sandy Koufax and Nolan Ryan, later observed and marveled at Maddux carving up batters in a completely different manner. Torborg commented on how Maddux could throw a pitch so that it appeared it would be a ball but then break over the plate after the batter had decided not to swing. Torborg said Maddux stood out because, unlike most pitchers, he could start the ball out on either side of the plate and have it break back for a strike.19
Maddux summed up his style in an interview with Bob Nightengale in 2001:
"The best pitch in baseball is a located fastball. That will always be the best pitch. You can set up everything you want off that.
"[Hall of Fame pitcher] Don Sutton used to always say to make sure all your pitches look the same when they're 5 feet out of your hand. Then find ways to make the ball end up in different places and at different speeds. The more ways you can put it in more places at more speeds, the better.
"That's pitching."20
However the stats are sliced, Maddux stands out as one of the best pitchers ever, and he was easily elected to the Hall of Fame in 2014. He was inducted with his teammate, Tom Glavine, and his manager while with the Braves, Bobby Cox. His number 31 was retired by both the Braves and the Cubs (with the latter, the retirement of 31 is for both Maddux and Ferguson Jenkins).
The Madduxes made Las Vegas their permanent home, even as Greg moved around the majors as a pitcher and later in assorted duties with teams. He worked with the Cubs as an assistant to the general manager, focusing on working with pitchers from 2010 to 2012. He then worked with the Texas Rangers, where brother Mike was the pitching coach, and later as a special assistant with the Los Angeles Dodgers. In between he was the pitching coach for the United States in the 2013 World Baseball Classic.
His son, Chase, made it as a right-handed pitcher on the UNLV baseball team, and in 2016 Greg joined the Rebels as a volunteer assistant coach.21
In 1995, when Maddux was at his peak, Tom Verducci wrote in Sports Illustrated, "His career is a masterpiece, available for all to see every fifth day or so as he works atop the pitching mounds of National League ballparks.
"The rest of us, should we recognize our good fortune, could be eyewitnesses to genius. Did you see van Gogh paint? No, you could respond, but I saw Greg Maddux pitch."22
Last revised: March 14, 2018
This biography was reviewed by Norman Macht and fact-checked by Alan Cohen.
1 Overheard by the author of this article, who was in the press box that Saturday afternoon.
2 The information on the Madduxes and the details of their children growing up came from a telephone interview between the author and Linda Maddux, May 16, 1995.
3 Dave was one of 10 children, three of them boys. Linda was one of three girls.
4 Telephone interview with Linda Maddux, May 16, 1995.
5 John McMurray, "Greg Maddux: Consistency, Hard Work, and Pitching Smarts Made Him a Winner," Baseball Digest, September 2007: 40.
7 Carroll Rogers Walton, "More to Maddux Than Meets the Eye," Atlanta Journal-Constitution, July 17, 2009, accessed February 23, 2018 from https://www.ajc.com/sports/baseball/more-maddux-than-meets-the-eye/BnbkvNMtw2oN4vErpjatCI/.
8 Carrie Muskat, "Like Clockwork: In-out, Up-down," USA Today Baseball Weekly, November 21-25, 1995: 20.
9 baseball-reference.com is the source for WAR. Maddux probably received a little bump in his WAR for his fielding; he received the Gold Glove for the third time in 1992, and he got the award 18 times in his career.
10 Joey Reaves, "Maddux and Dawson Sign Off," Chicago Tribune, December 10, 1992: 3, Section 4.
11 Alan Solomon, "Hurt, Maddux Answers Critics," Chicago Tribune, December 13, 1992: 16, Section 3.
12 Alan Solomon, "Maddux Agent Tried Cubs Again," Chicago Tribune, December 10, 1992: 3, Section 4.
13 Bob Nightengale, "Inside the Mind of Maddux," USA Today Baseball Weekly, August 15-21, 2001: 14.
14 baseball-reference.com has Maddux with an ERA+ (the pitcher's ERA relative to the league ERA, is adjusted to the pitcher's home park) of 271 in 1994 and 260 in 1995. Koufax, Spahn, and Grove never approached those figures.
15 FIP focuses on elements of pitching — walks, hit batters, home runs, and strikeouts — that are independent of fielding.
17 Carrie Muskat, "Like Clockwork: In-out, Up-down," USA Today Baseball Weekly, November 21-25, 1995: 22.
18 These stories emerged during a player panel — moderated by Pete Van Wieren with panelists Phil Niekro, Mark Lemke, Bobby Cox, and Ron Gant — at the SABR convention in Atlanta, August 6, 2010.
19 Murray Chass, "Koufax and Maddux: Unequaled Mastery," The New York Times, August 17, 1997: 24.
21 "Baseball Hall of Famer Joins Rebel Staff," UNLV Rebels press release, July 6, 2016, http://www.unlvrebels.com/sports/m-basebl/spec-rel/070616aaa.html.
22 Tom Verducci, "Once in a Lifetime," Sports Illustrated, August 14, 1995: 24.
Gregory Alan Maddux
April 14, 1966 at San Angelo, TX (USA)
300 Pitching Victories · Cy Young Award · Hall of Fame · 1980s All-Stars · 1990s All-Stars · 2000s All-Stars · Siblings · 1995 Atlanta Braves
https://sabr.org/sites/default/files/MadduxGreg-Braves.jpg 600 800 admin /wp-content/uploads/2020/02/sabr_logo.png admin2018-03-14 16:56:092020-10-02 09:39:05Greg Maddux


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Why OliNo
LLE smd 6000K 600mm double in IP65 luminaire
Posted by Marcel van der Steen in Led lights, Light measurements Add comments
presents a measurement set of two 600 mm smd-LED tubes inside an IP65 luminaire. In this article the measurement data can be found as well as in Eulumdat format.
See this overview for a comparison with other light bulbs.
Summary measurement data
meas. result
Color temperature 6752 K Bright white
Luminous intensity Iv 356 Cd
Beam angle 114 deg A wide beam, which is to be expected from an FL-tube.
Power P 16.9 W
Power Factor 0.54 For every 1 kWh net power consumed, there has been 1.6 kVAhr for reactive power.
Luminous flux 1143 lm
Luminous efficacy 67 lm/W
CRI_Ra 79 Color Rendering Index.
Coordinates chromaticity diagram x=0.310 and y=0.317
Fitting FL-tube
L x W x H external dimensions 670 x 170 x 117 mm External dimensions of the IP65 luminaire
L x W dimensions luminous area 635 x 140 mm Dimensions of the luminous area (used in Eulumdat file). This is here the cap of the IP65 luminaire.
General remarks The ambient temperature during the whole set of measurements was 21.5-22.0 deg C.
Warm up effect: small effect, the temperature of the tube was not yet stable after 30 minutes.
Voltage dependency: consumed power and illuminance are virtually independent from the light bulb voltage.
For the eulumdat file follow this link.
A tube in this specific IP65 luminaire gives a light pattern with intensity differences, due to the variation of thickness of the transparent cover. Visible in this photo.
The light tube
The led tubes use smd LEDs. At the back side of the tube the ribs of the aluminum heatsink are visible. These tubes are robust and heavy tubes.
At the top the front view, then side view and at bottom the back view.
With this article an eulumdat file is added. This is a file that a.o. indicates the radiation pattern around the light bulb. There are more parameters in the file, and these all can be read with help of the free open source program Qlumedit.
An interesting graph is the light diagram, indicating the intensity in the C0-C180 and the C90-C270 plane.
The light diagram giving the radiation pattern in the C0-C180 and C90-C270 planes.
The C0-C180 plane is perpendicular to the length axis of the tube. It indicates the luminous intensity sideways of the tube. The tube itself has a platic transparent cover with ribs in it, explaining the somewhat dented curvature of the radiation pattern in this plane.
The C90-C270 plane indicates the radiation pattern in the plane in the same direction as the tube's length.
Illuminance Ev at 1 m distance, or luminous intensity Iv
Herewith the plot of the averaged luminous intensity Iv as a function of the inclination angle with the light bulb.
The radiation pattern of the light bulb.
This radiation pattern shows a wide beam.
These averaged values are used (later) to compute the lumen output.
The intensity measurements (of each turn angle) as function of inclination angle.
This plot shows per inclination angle the intensity measurement results for each turn angle at that inclination angle.
When using the average values per inclination angle, the beam angle can be computed, being 114 degrees. However, this value is dependent from the plane observed.
With the averaged illuminance data at 1 m distance, taken from the graph showing the averaged radiation pattern,it is possible to compute the luminous flux.
The result of this computation for this lamp is a luminous flux of 1143 lm.
The luminous flux being 1143 lm, and the power of the lightbulb being 16.9 W, yields a luminous efficacy of 67 lm/W.
A power factor of 0.54 means that for every 1 kWh net power consumed, a reactive component of 1.6 kVAr was needed.
Light bulb voltage 230 V
Light bulb current 138 mA
Apparent power S 31.6 VA
Color temperature and Spectral power distribution
The spectral power distribution of this light bulb.
The measured color temperature is about 6750 K, bright white.
The chromaticity space and the position of the lamp's color coordinates in it.
The light coming from this lamp is close to the Planckian Locus (the black path in the graph).
Its coordinates are x=0.310 and y=0.317.
Color Rendering Index (CRI) or also Ra
Herewith the image showing the CRI as well as how well different colors are represented (rendered). The higher the number, the better the resemblance with the color when a black body radiator would have been used (the sun, or an incandescent lamp).
Each color has an index Rx, and the first 8 indexes (R1 .. R8) are averaged to compute the Ra which is equivalent to the CRI.
CRI of the light of this lightbulb.
The value of 79 is (a little) lower than 80 which is considered a minimum value for indoor usage.
Note: the chromaticity difference is 0.0049 indicates the distance to the Planckian Locus. Its value is lower than 0.0054, which means that the calculated CRI result is meaningful.
Voltage dependency
The dependency of a number of lamp parameters on the lamp voltage is determined. For this, the lamp voltage has been varied and its effect on the following lamp parameters measured: illuminance E_v [lx], color temperature CT or correlated color temperature CCT [K], the lamppower P [W] and the luminous efficacy [lm/W].
Lamp voltage dependencies of certain light bulb parameters, where the value at 230 V is taken as 100 %.
The power consumed and the illuminance measurements do almost not depend on the light bulb voltage applied.
To check whether this dependency can lead to visible changes in illuminance for possible grid voltage changes, it is noted what variations occur when the lamp voltage varies around 230 V + and – 5 V. Then the illuminance varies between + and – 0.3 %. It will not be visible.
Warm up effects
After switch on of a cold lamp, the effect of heating up of the lamp is measured on illuminance E_v [lx], color temperature CT or correlated color temperature CCT [K], the lamppower P [W] and the luminous efficacy [lm/W].
Effect of warming up on different light bulb parameters. The 100 % level is put at begin.
No noticeable effects seen. The temperature is not completely stable after 30 minutes but the rate of change is low at that time.
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Removes a backup repository from the backup archive. All contents of the specified repository will be deleted from disk.
Below are a list of parameters for the remove command.
The name of the backup repository to remove.
The remove command is used to remove a backup repository from disk. Below is an example of how to run the remove command. The /data/backup directory is used as the archive directory and the backup repository is named "example".
The remove command is used to safely remove a backup repository from an archive. This command is provided because only the cbbackupmgr utility should ever be used to access or modify a backup archive. Removing a backup repository will remove data permanently from disk. Data is not recoverable once it has been removed.