text:
\section{Introduction}

A system of coupled atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) offers a unique possibility to study at macroscopic scale various quantum coherence phenomena, in particular the bosonic analogue of the Josephson effect \cite{barone}. Bosonic Josephson junctions (BJJ) were realized and investigated in various BEC setups, such as double-well traps \cite{PhysRevA.57.R28,PhysRevLett.84.4521,PhysRevLett.95.010402,levy2007ac}, ring traps or atomic SQUIDs \cite{PhysRevLett.111.205301,PhysRevLett.113.045305}, two-component spinor condensates \cite{PhysRevLett.105.204101,Abad2013}. The rich phase-space portrait of zero-temperature BJJs is explained using a rather simple classical non-rigid pendulum model \cite{PhysRevA.59.620}.
Some studies also go beyond pure Josephson dynamics of the two-well system proposing effective models for treatment of dissipation and fluctuations. These include e.g. finite-temperature damping \cite{PhysRevA.57.R28,lebedev2017exciton,PhysRevA.60.487}, coupling with elementary excitations \cite{PhysRevB.82.195312,PhysRevA.94.033603,doi:10.1002/andp.201700124} or higher modes of the trapping potential \cite{PhysRevA.89.023614}, development of decoherence \cite{PhysRevLett.87.180402,0953-4075-40-10-R01,1367-2630-8-9-189}.

Nevertheless modeling non-equilibrium finite-temperature dynamics of a two-well system in a consistent way poses difficult theoretical problems.
When two condensates are characterized by different values of the chemical potential then chemical potentials of thermal clouds in each well may also differ from the condensates as well as between them.
Dissipative dynamics of such a system is governed by two complementary processes characterized in general by different time scales. One process is the incoherent tunneling of thermal atoms through the barrier which leads to equilibration of two thermal clouds located in two wells. The other process is the equilibration of the BEC with the thermal cloud in each well.
A commonly used assumption for such systems  is that
the second process is much faster than the first one and therefore inside each well the thermal cloud is considered in equilibrium with the condensate\cite{PhysRevA.57.R28,PhysRevLett.113.170601}. The physical picture in this case is analogous to the resistively shunted superconducting Josephson junction, where the current through the junction is represented as a sum of superconducting (Josephson) and normal (Ohmic) current components \cite{PhysRevA.60.487}.

In the present work we analyze the dynamics of the double-well BEC
with the thermal cloud which is internally in equilibrium and the dissipative Josephson dynamics is driven by the equilibration of each of the two BECs with the thermal cloud. This situation is physically relevant for relatively high temperatures, when the average energy of thermal atoms $k_\mathrm{B}T$ is higher than the barrier between two condensates. In this case there is no net normal current as the chemical potential of the thermal cloud is the same on both sides of the barrier. The equilibration of each condensate with the thermal cloud is then similar to the BEC growth process \cite{PhysRevA.62.063609}.
Nevertheless, as we will show, the dynamics of the relative population imbalance between the two condensates again follows the resistively shunted Josephson model with some \textit{effective} value of normal conductance related to the growth rate of the condensate.

We model the finite-temperature dynamics of the partially condensed Bose gas in the framework of the stochastic projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation (SPGPE)  \cite{0953-4075-38-23-008,PhysRevA.81.023630,PhysRevA.77.033616}.
While SPGPE was primarily developed for harmonically trapped condensates,
it was also successfully applied to trapping potentials with rather large anharmonic part \cite{PhysRevA.88.063620}. However, there are no implementations known to the authors for double-well setups.
Therefore, testing the SPGPE consistency and applicability for such systems provides a useful extension to the range of problems addressed with this approach.
Concerning the two equilibration processes mentioned above, the SPGPE approach can not describe the tunneling of thermal atoms through the barrier as it considers the thermal atoms as a static thermal bath.
On the other hand it can reliably model the equilibration between the BEC and the thermal cloud at relatively high temperatures, which makes it a valid tool to analyze the process under study.

The paper is organized as follows. In the second section we introduce the resistively shunted Josephson model and discuss how the normal current affects the dynamics of otherwise stable Josephson solutions. In the third section we describe the formalism of stochastic Gross-Pitaevskii equation and estimate the parameters required for dynamical simulations. In the section~4 we describe the relation between the two models and analyze the static properties of the bosonic Josephson junction. Finally, in the section~5 we simulate the dynamical behavior of the system.
By analyzing the decay dynamics of the population imbalance between two wells we  extract the values of the effective conductance corresponding to the normal Ohmic current in the resistively shunted Josephson model. This normal conductance can be complemented with the estimates based on the ballistic transport of normal atoms at low temperatures \cite{PhysRevA.57.R28,levy2007ac} providing a general picture of the two-well dissipative dynamics in a wide range of temperatures.

\section{Resistively shunted Josephson model}

Let us consider two trapped BECs weakly coupled by a barrier potential forming a Bosonic Josephson junction (BJJ). The low-energy collective dynamics of such a system is conveniently described using two dynamical quantities: relative population imbalance $Z = (N_1-N_2)/N$ and relative phase $\theta = \theta_1-\theta_2$, where $N_{1,2}$ and $\theta_{1,2}$ are the atom numbers and the phases of each BEC cloud, $N=N_1+N_2$ is the total number of atoms in two condensates. Accounting for weak dissipative effects in the system these quantities obey the following set of equations similar to to the resistively shunted Josephson (RSJ) model \cite{PhysRevA.60.487}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:rsj}
\frac{dZ}{dt} &= \omega_\mathrm{J} \sqrt{1-Z^2} \sin\theta - G\frac{\Delta\mu}{\hbar} \\
\frac{d\theta}{dt} &= -\omega_\mathrm{C} Z - \frac{\omega_\mathrm{J} Z}{\sqrt{1-Z^2}} \cos\theta
\label{eq:rsj2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\omega_\mathrm{J}$ and $\omega_\mathrm{C}$ are the parameters related to the Josephson coupling energy $E_\mathrm{J} = \hbar\omega_\mathrm{J} N/2$ and the capacitive energy $E_\mathrm{C} = 2 \hbar\omega_\mathrm{C}/N $ of the junction.
The chemical potential difference between two condensates is related to the population imbalance as $\Delta\mu = \hbar \omega_\mathrm{C} Z$.
The second term in (\ref{eq:rsj}) is the analogue of the normal Ohmic current in the Josephson junction with the dimensionless parameter $G$ as the normal conductance (or the conductance of the shunt resistor connected in parallel with the Josephson junction).

If $\omega_\mathrm{J} \ll \omega_\mathrm{C}$ and $E_\mathrm{C} \ll E_\mathrm{J}$ then the system is considered to be in the Josephson regime \cite{RevModPhys.73.307}. In this case and without dissipation ($G=0$) equations~(\ref{eq:rsj}) and (\ref{eq:rsj2}) support two types of solutions.
First, oscillations of $Z$ and $\theta$ around zero mean, which are known as Josephson plasma oscillations. Second, small amplitude oscillations of $Z$ around a non-zero mean with uniformly growing $\theta$, which are often called running-phase solutions or macroscopic quantum self-trapping (MQST) states.

When dissipation is included ($G>0$) both plasma oscillations and MQST states decay exponentially with time. An example of such dynamical behavior is presented in the figure~\ref{fig:je_z}. The system is initially in a decaying MQST state
 (decaying mean value of the oscillations)
but when the population imbalance $Z$ reaches values close to zero it switches to the plasma oscillations around zero mean but with decaying amplitude.
With the assumptions that the system is in the Josephson regime ($\omega_\mathrm{J} \ll \omega_\mathrm{C}$) and the normal conductance is small ($G \ll 1$) the decay rates of plasma oscillations and the mean value of $Z$ in MQST states can be derived from (\ref{eq:rsj}) and (\ref{eq:rsj2}) as
\begin{equation}
\tau_\mathrm{MQST}^{-1} = G\omega_\mathrm{C}, \qquad \tau_\mathrm{Plasma}^{-1} = \frac12 G\omega_\mathrm{C}.
\label{eq:decay_rates}
\end{equation}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{je_z.eps}
\caption{Example solution of the RSJ equations. First part of the evolution time shows the decay of MQST state and the second part shows the decay of plasma oscillations.
}\label{fig:je_z}
\end{figure}

The normal conductance $G$ is commonly associated with finite-temperature dissipative effects in the system. However, if we intend to analyze the temperature dependence of this quantity from the measurements of the decay rates, then it is necessary to account for possible temperature dependence of $\omega_\mathrm{C}$ as well. This will be addressed in the section~4.

\section{Stochastic Projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation}

In order to analyze dissipative processes in a two-well system without any free parameters we model the problem using the approach of Stochastic Projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation (SPGPE).
As a model system we consider here the experimental setup of Ref.~\cite{levy2007ac}.
The system is characterized by the mean field Gross-Pitaevskii Hamiltonian operator $H_\mathrm{GP}$:
\begin{equation}
H_\mathrm{GP}\, \psi(\mathbf{r},t) = \left[-\frac{\hbar^2\nabla^2}{2m} + V_\mathrm{ext}(\mathbf{r},t) + g |\psi(\mathbf{r},t)|^2 \right] \psi(\mathbf{r},t).
\label{eq:gpham}
\end{equation}
with the nonlinear interaction parameter $g=4\pi\hbar^2 a/m$, where $a$ is the $s$-wave scattering length of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $m$ is the atom mass.
The potential $V_\mathrm{ext}$ consists of the static cylindrically symmetric harmonic trap and a movable gaussian barrier splitting the system into two wells along the long axis of the trap \cite{levy2007ac}:
\[
V_\mathrm{ext}(\mathbf{r},t) = V_0(\mathbf{r}) + V_\mathrm{b}(\mathbf{r},t)
\]
where
\[
V_0(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{m}{2}\left[\omega_r^2(x^2+y^2) + \omega_z^2 z^2\right], \qquad V_\mathrm{b}(\mathbf{r},t) = U_\mathrm{b} e^{-2[x-x_\mathrm{b}(t)]^2/w_\mathrm{b}^2}.
\]
The parameters of the trap and the barrier potentials are chosen in correspondence with the experimental setup  \cite{levy2007ac}: $\omega_r/2\pi=224~\mathrm{Hz}$, $\omega_z/2\pi=26~\mathrm{Hz}$, $w_\mathrm{b}=0.7~\mathrm{\mu m}$, $U_\mathrm{b}/h = 3~\mathrm{kHz}$ (the barrier height was not measured in the experiment and we choose here the value that provide comparable estimate of the Josephson critical current).
The barrier position $x_\mathrm{b}(t)$ defines the driving protocol for creation of the initial population imbalance.
In the experiment \cite{levy2007ac} the barrier position was fixed and the harmonic trap center was moved from the initial shift of $0.7~\mathrm{\mu m}$ (from the barrier center) to zero within a certain time $\tau$.
For the SPGPE calculations it is necessary that the harmonic trapping potential is time-independent, therefore we model the same process by shifting the barrier position by the same distance within the same time. We choose the time of the barrier shift $\tau=5\,\mathrm{ms}$ to be well inside the AC Josephson regime according to the results of \cite{levy2007ac}, which means that it produces a pronounced chemical potential difference between two wells and drives the system into a MQST state.

Classical field or $C$-field methods are based on the concept of splitting the many-particle system into highly occupied low-energy modes described by the coherent classical field $\psi(\mathbf{r},t)$ and sparsely occupied incoherent high-energy modes forming a thermal bath.
Such splitting is
conveniently represented in the basis of single-particle eigenstates $\phi_n$ of the harmonic trapping potential $V_0$
\[
\left[-\frac{\hbar^2\nabla^2}{2m} + V_0(\mathbf{r})\right]\phi_n = e_n\phi_n.
\]
The classical field $\psi(\mathbf{r},t)$ is then a coherent superposition of these states with energies below the chosen cut-off energy $e_\mathrm{cut}$
\begin{equation}
\psi (\mathbf{r},t) = \sum\limits_{n\in C} c_n(t) \phi_n(\mathbf{r}),
\qquad C = \{n:e_n \leq e_\mathrm{cut}\}
\label{eq:oscrep}
\end{equation}
Such a classical field obeys the Stochastic projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation  \cite{0953-4075-38-23-008,PhysRevA.81.023630,PhysRevA.77.033616} (in \cite{PhysRevA.77.033616} it is referred to as a ``simple growth'' SPGPE as it neglects some additional scattering terms reported there):
\begin{equation}
d\psi (\mathbf{r},t) = -\frac{i}{\hbar} \mathcal{P} H_\mathrm{GP} \psi(\mathbf{r},t) dt + \frac{\gamma}{\hbar} \mathcal{P} (\mu - H_\mathrm{GP}) \psi(\mathbf{r},t) dt + dW(\mathbf{r},t)
\label{eq:spgpe}
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{P}$ is a projection operator to the $C$-space.
\[
\mathcal{P} \psi (\mathbf{r},t) = \sum\limits_{n\in C} \phi_n(\mathbf{r}) \int d\mathbf{r}' \phi_n^*(\mathbf{r}') \psi (\mathbf{r}',t).
\]
The noise term $dW(\mathbf{r},t)$ in (\ref{eq:spgpe}) is the Gaussian complex noise with the correlation
\begin{equation}
\langle dW^*(\mathbf{r}',t) dW(\mathbf{r},t) \rangle = \frac{2 \gamma}{\hbar \beta}  \delta_C(\mathbf{r}',\mathbf{r}) dt,
\label{eq:noise}
\end{equation}
with $\beta=1/k_BT$ and $\delta_C(\mathbf{r}',\mathbf{r}) = \mathcal{P}\delta(\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}') =  \sum_{n\in C} \phi_n(\mathbf{r}) \phi_n^*(\mathbf{r}')$ being the projection of the $\delta$ function to the $C$-space. The stochastic dynamics described by (\ref{eq:spgpe}) and (\ref{eq:noise}) is analogous to a complex-valued Wiener process.

The coefficient $\gamma$ in (\ref{eq:spgpe}) defines the growth rate of the condensate. It can be derived from the kinetic theory with an assumption that the above-cutoff particles behave as an ideal Bose gas \cite{PhysRevA.77.033616}. The resulting expression yields:
\begin{equation}
\gamma = \gamma_0 \sum_{j=1}^{\infty} \frac{e^{\beta\mu(j+1)}}{e^{2\beta e_\mathrm{cut}j}} \Phi [e^{\beta(\mu-e_\mathrm{cut})},1,j]^2.
\label{eq:gamma}
\end{equation}
with $\gamma_0 = 4m a^2 k_\mathrm{B} T/\pi\hbar^2$ and $\Phi$ is the Lerch transcendent.

\subsection{Stationary states and estimation of SPGPE parameters}

A crucial part of SPGPE calculation is the estimation of parameters.
This means that by specifying the total number of particles in the system $N_\mathrm{T}$ (which in our case is chosen according to \cite{levy2007ac} as $N_\mathrm{T} = 1\times10^5$) and the temperature $T$ we need to define the chemical potential of the system $\mu$ and the cut-off energy $e_\mathrm{cut}$.
In the existing implementations \cite{PhysRevA.81.023630,PhysRevA.62.063609} this is done by constructing and analyzing stationary distributions of the condensate and thermal atoms within the Hartree-Fock (HF) approximation. Let us briefly outline this procedure as it was implemented for the present study.

In the static HF approximation \cite{griffin2009bose,0953-4075-41-20-203002} the condensate wave function is defined as a solution of the stationary GPE
\begin{equation}
\mu \psi_0(\mathbf{r}) =
\left( -\frac{\hbar ^2 }{2m} \nabla^2
+ V_{\mathrm{ext}}(\mathbf{r}) + g \left[|\psi_{0}(\mathbf{r})|^2
+ 2\tilde n_{0}(\mathbf{r}) \right] \right)\psi_0 \;,
~\label{eq:zng_sgpe}
\end{equation}
and the stationary thermal particles density
\begin{equation}
\tilde n_0(\mathbf{r}) = \int \frac{d\mathbf{p}}{(2\pi\hbar)^3} f_\mathrm{BE}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{p})
\label{eq:zng_eq_n}
\end{equation}
is obtained by integrating the Bose-Einstein distribution function
\begin{equation}
f_\mathrm{BE}(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{p}) = \frac{1}{e^{\beta(E(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{p})-\mu)}-1},
\label{eq:bedist}
\end{equation}
where the energy of thermal atoms in the effective HF potential is defined as
\[
E(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{p}) = \frac{\mathbf{p}^2}{2m} +  V_\mathrm{ext}(\mathbf{r}) + 2g[|\psi_{0}(\mathbf{r})|^2 + \tilde n_0 (\mathbf{r})],
\]
which in turn contains dependence on both $\psi_{0}(\mathbf{r})$ and $\tilde n_0 (\mathbf{r})$. The above expression for energy is also used to define the HF density of states for the system
\begin{equation}
\rho(\epsilon) = \int \frac{d\mathbf{r} d\mathbf{p}}{(2\pi\hbar)^3} \delta(\epsilon - E(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{p})).
\label{eq:dens_states}
\end{equation}

The two coupled equations (\ref{eq:zng_sgpe}) and (\ref{eq:zng_eq_n}) can be numerically  solved self-consistently with the additional constraint of the fixed total number of atoms in the system
\[
N_\mathrm{T} = N + \tilde N = \int d\mathbf{r} |\psi_{0}(\mathbf{r})|^2 + \int d\mathbf{r} \tilde n_0 (\mathbf{r}).
\]
As a result we get the equilibrium value of the chemical potential $\mu$, the stationary particle distributions of the condensate and thermal atoms, and the  number of atoms in the condensate $N$ and in the thermal cloud $\tilde N$.

The cut-off energy $e_\mathrm{cut}$ is obtained from the condition that the $C$-field includes only highly occupied modes. In practice this means that from the Bose distribution we find the maximal energy with specified occupation $n_\mathrm{cut}$ (in present work we choose $n_\mathrm{cut}=1$)
\[
e_\mathrm{cutHF} = k_\mathrm{B} T \ln\left(1+\frac1{n_\mathrm{cut}}\right) + \mu.
\]
Since for the SPGPE we use an oscillator basis, we require that the number of states below $e_\mathrm{cutHF}$ is equal to the number of oscillator states below $e_\mathrm{cut}$ \cite{PhysRevA.81.023630}:
\[
\int_0^{e_\mathrm{cutHF}} d\epsilon \rho(\epsilon) = \int_{e_0}^{e_\mathrm{cut}} d\epsilon \rho_\mathrm{HO}(\epsilon),
\]
where $e_0 = \hbar(2\omega_r+\omega_z)/2$, $\rho_\mathrm{HO}(\epsilon) = \epsilon^2/(2\hbar^3\omega_r^2\omega_z)$ are the harmonic oscillator ground state energy and the density of states, respectively, defined for our cylindrically symmetric trap.

The procedure described above can be further simplified using the Thomas-Fermi approximation. Then the equations (\ref{eq:zng_sgpe}) and (\ref{eq:zng_eq_n}) are solved semi-analytically. Additionally, only the harmonic part of the trapping potential is considered and this allows also to get analytical expressions for the density of states. Such an approach is used in most of the existing implementations of SPGPE \cite{0953-4075-38-23-008,PhysRevA.81.023630,PhysRevA.77.033616,PhysRevA.62.063609}. In order to check the applicability of this approximation in our system we compare in figure~\ref{fig:ecut} the values of $e_\mathrm{cut}$  and $\mu$ obtained with the full numerical solution of (\ref{eq:zng_sgpe}) and (\ref{eq:zng_eq_n}) and with the Thomas-Fermi approximation. One may see that accurate treatment of the effective potential with the static HF approach significantly changes the equilibrium chemical potential estimate. The main reason for this discrepancy is that analytical expressions obtained in the Thomas-Fermi approximation do not account for the barrier and only consider the harmonic part of the trap. Quite surprisingly, for the cut-off energy both estimates yield similar results.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.75\linewidth]{ecut1.eps}
\caption{Equilibrium chemical potential (blue lines) and the cut-off energy (red lines) as a function of temperature as obtained from the full static Hartree-Fock approximation (solid lines) and with the Tomas-Fermi approximation (dashed lines). Temperature is shown relative to the condensation temperature $T_c=225~\mathrm{nK}$.
}\label{fig:ecut}
\end{figure}

The obtained dependencies $e_\mathrm{cut}(T)$ and $\mu(T)$ allow us to define the range of temperatures where SPGPE can be used. One of the SPGPE applicability criteria is that the above-cutoff states are well approximated by the unperturbed oscillator states, which requires $\mu \ll e_\mathrm{cut}$. Also the barrier potential should be reliably represented in the basis of single particle states, which imposes additional requirements $U_b \ll e_\mathrm{cut}$ and $w_\mathrm{b} \ll R_\mathrm{cut}=\sqrt{2e_\mathrm{cut}/m\omega_r^2}$ \cite{PhysRevA.88.063620}. This means that reliable results can be expected only for rather limited range of temperatures $T\gtrsim0.6T_c$. In the present work we choose therefore to limit our calculations to the temperature range $0.6T_c \leq T \leq 0.9 T_c$. On the boundaries of this region we get $e_\mathrm{cut}(0.6T_c) = 14.18\,\hbar\omega_r$ and $e_\mathrm{cut}(0.9T_c) = 18.56\,\hbar\omega_r$. The resulting number of modes in $C$-region is $4546$ and $9904$ respectively.

In order to check the consistency of the SPGPE model with the defined parameters we verify if the equilibrium number of condensate atoms in the SPGPE simulation matches with the value from the static HF solutions. This is done by evolving the equation (\ref{eq:spgpe}) in time with a static barrier potential. Then the condensate fraction can be calculated from the Penrose-Onsager criterion \cite{PhysRev.104.576} stating that
the largest eigenvalue of the one-body density matrix provides an estimate of the condensate atom number.
The one-body density matrix is constructed using  the ergodicity hypothesis to replace ensemble average by the time average of a single trajectory \cite{PhysRevA.72.063608,PhysRevA.77.033616}:
\[
\rho_C(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r}') = \langle \psi^*(\mathbf{r},t) \psi(\mathbf{r}',t) \rangle_t
\]
where $\langle ... \rangle_t$ denotes the time average. In practice such averaging was done from 100 snapshots of the $C$-field taken uniformly from a single SPGPE run over the time interval of $0.05~\mathrm{s}$, which corresponds to roughly $12$ transverse trap periods.
The atom number obtained with this approach can then be directly compared with the prediction of the static HF approximation (see figure~\ref{fig:nc}) justifying the choice of SPGPE parameters as well as the overall consistency of the algorithm.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{nc1.eps}
\caption{The number of condensate atoms from the static HF approximation (solid line) and from SPGPE simulations (crosses)
}\label{fig:nc}
\end{figure}

\section{Static properties of BJJ at finite temperatures}

Before we investigate the dynamical behavior of the system let us first show how the static HF approximation (\ref{eq:zng_sgpe},\ref{eq:zng_eq_n}) can be used to estimate the parameters of the Josephson model and to analyze the static properties of the BJJ.
A standard zero-temperature Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE) for the two-well system can be reduced to the system of Josephson equations (\ref{eq:rsj},\ref{eq:rsj2}) (without the dissipative term) using a two-mode approximation \cite{PhysRevLett.84.4521}. To this end the condensate wave function is  represented as a coherent superposition of two solutions $\psi_1$ and $\psi_2$ localized (mainly) in each well with time-dependent amplitudes and phases:
\begin{equation}
\psi(\mathbf{r},t) = \sqrt{N_1(t)}e^{i\theta_1(t)}\psi_1(\mathbf{r}) + \sqrt{N_2(t)}e^{i\theta_2(t)}\psi_2(\mathbf{r}).
\label{eq:tm_ansatz}
\end{equation}
This leads to the system of two Josephson equations (\ref{eq:rsj}) and (\ref{eq:rsj2}) without normal current term ($G=0$). In the case of symmetric double-well system and assuming weak coupling between two wells the other parameters of the Josephson equations acquire simple expressions in terms of localized solutions $\psi_{1,2}(\mathbf{r})$ (assuming them being orthogonal and normalized to unity):
\begin{equation}
\omega_\mathrm{J} = -\frac{2}{\hbar}\int d\mathbf{r} \psi_1 \left[-\frac{\hbar^2\nabla^2}{2m} + V_\mathrm{ext} + g N|\psi_2|^2 \right] \psi_2
\end{equation}
 and
\begin{equation}
\omega_\mathrm{C} = \frac{gN}{\hbar}\int d\mathbf{r}|\psi_1|^4 = \frac{gN}{\hbar}\int d\mathbf{r}|\psi_2|^4,
\label{eq:omc1}
\end{equation}
 with $N$ as the total number of condensate atoms.

In order to see how the normal conductance appears from the dissipative finite-temperature equation we consider for simplicity the SPGPE (\ref{eq:spgpe}) without the noise term. This ``silent'' version of SPGPE is formally equivalent to the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with phenomenological damping \cite{PhysRevA.57.4057}:
\begin{equation}
i \hbar \frac{\partial\psi}{\partial t} = (1-i\gamma) (H_\mathrm{GP}-\mu) \psi.
\label{eq:dgpe}
\end{equation}
This equation with the two-mode ansatz (\ref{eq:tm_ansatz}) reduces to the Josephson equations (\ref{eq:rsj},\ref{eq:rsj2}) including the normal current term with the conductance defined as $G=\gamma$.
However one has to keep in mind that in equation (\ref{eq:dgpe}) the damping parameter $\gamma$ is considered to be a purely phenomenological parameter.

In practical applications the value of the interaction parameter $\omega_\mathrm{C}$ obtained from (\ref{eq:omc1}) leads to a poor agreement with the results of dynamical GPE calculations \cite{1367-2630-13-3-033012,PhysRevA.87.053625}. Therefore an improved two-mode model has been proposed \cite{PhysRevA.87.053625} that effectively accounts for the variations of the shape of the localized solutions by introducing a linear approximation to the integral
\[
\frac{\int d\mathbf{r} |\psi_0|^2 |\psi_{\Delta N}|^2}{\int d\mathbf{r} |\psi_0|^4} = 1 - \alpha \frac{\Delta N}{N}
\]
where $\psi_0$ and $\psi_{\Delta N}$ are unity-normalized condensate ground state solutions corresponding to  $N$ and $N+\Delta N$ atoms respectively. This results in a simple rescaling of the parameter $\omega_\mathrm{C}$:

\begin{equation}
\omega_\mathrm{C} = (1-\alpha) \frac{gN}{\hbar}\int d\mathbf{r}|\psi_{1,2}|^4.
\label{eq:omc2}
\end{equation}
More details on this model can be found in \cite{PhysRevA.87.053625,Nigro2017}. We adapt this procedure for the finite-temperature case by replacing the GPE solution by the static HF condensate solution thus repeatedly solving the system of equations (\ref{eq:zng_sgpe},\ref{eq:zng_eq_n}) with small variations in the number of atoms at each temperature.
We find a value for the coefficient $\alpha\approx0.3$ that is almost independent on the temperature and closely corresponds to the value derived analytically in \cite{PhysRevA.87.053625} for a three-dimensional condensate. Alternatively, the same result can be obtained by numerically evaluating the capacitive energy as $E_\mathrm{C} = 4 \partial\mu/\partial N$ \cite{RevModPhys.73.307,1367-2630-10-4-045009}, however we find that the first approach gives more numerically stable results in the finite-temperature case.

The resulting dependence $\omega_\mathrm{C}(T)$ is presented in figure~\ref{fig:omc}(a). We see that in the low-temperature region the obtained numbers agree well with the value $\omega_\mathrm{C} \approx 9000~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ reported in \cite{levy2007ac}. With growing temperature $\omega_\mathrm{C}$ decays rather rapidly, mainly due to the depletion of the condensate particle number.
Within the temperature region considered in the present study this parameter changes from approximately $8000~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ (for $T=0.6T_\mathrm{c}$) to $4000~\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ (for $T=0.9T_\mathrm{c}$).
Such strong variation indicates that it is absolutely crucial to take into account temperature variations of this quantity when the two-mode approximation is used for finite-temperature BJJ.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{omc2.eps}\includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{omc2b2.eps}
\caption{Temperature dependence of various characteristic quantities of BJJ calculated from the static HF solutions. Panel (a) shows the temperature dependence of $\omega_\mathrm{C}$. Panel (b) shows the temperature dependence of the Josephson coupling energy $E_\mathrm{J}$ (red line) and the capacitive energy $E_\mathrm{C}$ (green line) and compares them to $k_\mathrm{B}T$ (blue line). Note the logarithmic scale of the vertical axis of panel (b). Vertical dashed lines on both panels mark the region of temperatures used for SPGPE simulations.
}\label{fig:omc}
\end{figure}

The physically relevant quantities related to the parameters $\omega_\mathrm{J}$ and $\omega_\mathrm{C}$ are the Josephson coupling energy $E_\mathrm{J} = \hbar\omega_\mathrm{J} N_\mathrm{c}/2$ and the capacitive energy $E_\mathrm{C} = 2 \hbar\omega_\mathrm{C}/N$. In the zero-temperature case the requirement $E_\mathrm{C} \ll E_\mathrm{J}$ ensures that the coherence of two condensates is not destroyed by quantum phase fluctuations. In a finite temperature case thermal fluctuations are of more importance and the coherence requirement reads $k_\mathrm{B} T \ll E_\mathrm{J}$ \cite{PhysRevA.57.R28,PhysRevLett.87.180402,0953-4075-40-10-R01,1367-2630-8-9-189}. In figure~\ref{fig:omc}(b) we compare these three characteristic energies of the system.
We see that at high temperatures close to $0.92 T_\mathrm{c}$ two energies become close $k_\mathrm{B} T \approx E_\mathrm{J}$, which means that the two-well system becomes partially incoherent. This loss of coherence affects the observability of coherent Josephson oscillations between two wells. However, in the self-trapped state any net coherent current is suppressed and equilibration of the two condensates takes place only due to incoherent processes. Therefore, such partial loss of coherence should not affect the decay rate of MQST state and the normal conductance which we intend to determine.

\section{Dissipative dynamics of MQST states}

The dynamics of the system is modeled by numerically evolving Eq.~(\ref{eq:spgpe}) in time.
The simulation is started in a trap with a barrier position shifted by $0.7~\mathrm{\mu m}$ off the trap center. The system is first evolved in time with a barrier kept static until it reaches a thermalized state. (which takes approximately $0.5~\mathrm{s}$ of the evolution time). Thermalization is detected by the saturation of the condensate particle number.
The barrier is then shifted within $5~\mathrm{\mu s}$ to the center of the harmonic trap.
The evolution of the system is simulated for another $0.3~\mathrm{s}$ after the trap symmetry is restored.
For each temperature we make 10 independent SPGPE runs.
From each SPGPE run we extract the dependence $Z(t)$ by integrating on every time step the coordinate-space solution over regions spanned by each potential well.
Figure~\ref{fig:zt} shows these dependencies obtained at different temperatures (time $t=0$ corresponds to the beginning of the barrier movement).

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{ztall5}
\caption{Dynamics of the population imbalance $Z$ corresponding to the decaying MQST state at four different temperatures. Red line on each panel is the result of one SPGPE run, blue lines --- solutions of the Josephson equations. Light gray lines on the background show the results of all other SPGPE runs with the same temperature. Dashed vertical lines mark the regions used to extract the decay rates.
}\label{fig:zt}
\end{figure}

Let us first analyze the obtained $Z(t)$ time series, and in particular their difference to the solutions of the Josephson equations.
The initial sharp drop of the population imbalance within first $5\,\mathrm{\mu s}$ is due to the barrier move. Afterwards we observe decaying MQST state similar to the figure \ref{fig:je_z}. This part of the evolution is qualitatively well reproduced by the RSJ model (\ref{eq:rsj},
\ref{eq:rsj2}).
The amplitude of the Josphson oscillations is however noticeably lower than that obtained from RSJ model calculations. This is mainly due to the fact that populations obtained in SPGPE simulations effectively contain all modes of the $C$-region, not only the condensate mode. The other feature observed in the simulations, making them different from the prediction of RSJ model is an additional ``kink'' of the decay rate at $Z\approx 0.3$. This additional dissipative effect is persistent across multiple SPGPE runs and for all temperatures up to $0.8T_\mathrm{c}$. This effect is likely a result of a resonant generation of one of the low-energy collective modes of the trap. A similar dissipative effect was studied in \cite{PhysRevA.94.033603} however for a quite different toroidal geometry of the trapping potential.

In order to calculate the decay rate $\tau_\mathrm{MQST}^{-1}$ we make an exponential fit to the part of $Z(t)$ dependence that correspond to the decaying MQST state.
For the exponential fit we choose the region of $Z(t)$ after the ``kink'' mentioned above and before the transition to the plasma oscillations.
Using the values of $\omega_\mathrm{C}(T)$ calculated from the static HF approximation we can now extract the effective normal conductance from (\ref{eq:decay_rates}) as $G = \tau_\mathrm{MQST}^{-1}/\omega_\mathrm{C}$. The results are presented in figure~\ref{fig:decay_rate}. These values can be compared to the values of damping parameter $\gamma$ defined by (\ref{eq:gamma}), which represent the normal conductance in the ``silent'' version of the model. We see that the ``noisy'' dynamics introduces on average only a small bias to the conductance, which may be as well due to some small inaccuracy in the $\omega_\mathrm{C}$ calculation. One may also see that the spread of the values obtained from the individual SPGPE runs is rather small and averaging over only 10 runs provides a reliable approximation.
Therefore we can conclude that the decay rate of the MQST Josephson state is
only weakly influenced by thermal noise and can be reasonably reproduced by noise-less dissipative model. This result is similar to the decay of dark soliton states in one-dimensional condensates analyzed in \cite{PhysRevLett.104.174101}, where  the lifetime of such states was shown to be also almost insensitive to the thermal noise. However, for other states, e.g. quantum vortices, noisy and noise-less dynamics provide the decay rates that are different by an order of magnitude \cite{PhysRevA.81.023630}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.85\linewidth]{cond3}
\caption{Temperature dependence of the normal conductance in the bosonic Josephson junction. Shown are the results of SPGPE simulations (green dots show the results extracted from individual SPGPE runs, blue crosses show averaged values), the damping parameter $\gamma(T)$ from the equation (\ref{eq:gamma}) (dashed red line), and the estimate of Eq.~(\ref{eq:ak}) (solid black line in the region where Arrhenius-Kramers formula is applicable, dashed black line is the extrapolation to higher temperatures). Black square shows the conductance value extracted from the experiment \cite{levy2007ac}.
}\label{fig:decay_rate}
\end{figure}

It is worth noticing, that at the highest considered temperature $T=0.9T_\mathrm{c}$ the Josephson oscillations are not observable any more in the $Z(t)$ dependence (see lower right panel of figure~\ref{fig:zt}) due to a partial loss of coherence in the system. Nevertheless, the extracted normal conductance still shows a value close to the noise-less approach.

The proposed approach to estimate the normal conductance in the system is limited to relatively high temperatures.
It is also instructive to compare the obtained results with the model of the ballistic transport of thermal atoms \cite{PhysRevA.57.R28,levy2007ac}. This model provides a basic order-of-magnitude estimate of the normal conductance at low temperatures $k_\mathrm{B}T < U_\mathrm{b}-\mu$.
It uses the Arrhenius-Kramers formula to estimate the crossing rate of a thermal particle through the barrier:
\[
P_n = \frac{\omega_r}{2\pi} e^{-\frac{U_\mathrm{b}-\mu}{k_\mathrm{B}T}}.
\]
Then the total conductance with our notation can be expressed as \cite{PhysRevA.57.R28}:
\begin{equation}
G = \frac{\hbar P_n \tilde N}{k_\mathrm{B} T N_T} =\frac{1}{k_\mathrm{B}T}\frac{\hbar \omega_r}{2\pi} \frac{\tilde N}{N_T} e^{-\frac{U_\mathrm{b}-\mu}{k_\mathrm{B}T}}.
\label{eq:ak}
\end{equation}
This formula can be easily evaluated using the values of $\tilde N$ and $\mu$ from the static HF approximation (see figure~\ref{fig:decay_rate}).

Let us discuss the results of the two considered models of normal conductance in the system.
The ballistic conductance defined by Eq.~(\ref{eq:ak}) is due to the tunneling of thermal atoms through the barrier.
It estimates the rate at which two thermal clouds with different chemical potentials come to an equilibrium.
Therefore the estimate of the MQST decay rate by Eq.~(\ref{eq:ak}) relies on the assumption that the condensate and the thermal cloud in each well remain in mutual equilibrium.
The SPGPE model on the other hand models the equilibration between the thermal cloud and two condensates. It does not reflect any transport of thermal atoms through the barrier as the chemical potential of the thermal bath remains uniform in the system. Extrapolating the predictions of both models to intermediate temperatures we see that they show similar values around $T\approx 0.5 T_c$. If different equilibration processes take place simultaneously, then the combined decay rate will be lower then provided by any of them separately. Therefore we can consider these extrapolations to provide an upper bound on the effective normal conductance in the system. This is clearly seen if the obtained model values are compared to the result from \cite{levy2007ac} where the MQST decay rate was measured at the temperature $T=0.5 T_c$, which is outside the validity regions of both ballistic estimate and SPGPE. As is seen in figure~\ref{fig:decay_rate} extrapolation of both models overestimates the value of normal conductance at this point giving only an order-of-magnitude estimate.

Another peculiar property of the normal conductance which follows from our estimates is that its temperature dependence appears to be non-monotonic. Indeed, the low-temperature estimate gives a monotonically growing temperature dependence while the SPGPE results show a decline with temperature. This suggests the existence of a maximum of the normal conductance in the intermediate temperature region. Such non-monotonic behavior may be a consequence of an interplay between two complementary processes: equilibration of the thermal clouds in two wells and equilibration of the thermal clouds with the condensates. Alternatively, other phenomena such as noise-enhancement of stability \cite{PhysRevE.72.061110} may be considered to describe such behavior. More detailed theoretical and experimental verification of this phenomenon will be a subject for a future work.

\section{Conclusions}

We have implemented the formalism of the stochastic projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation for a system of two weakly coupled atomic BECs.
We show how the relevant characteristics of a finite-temperature bosonic Josephson junction can be extracted from the static Hartree-Fock approximation and used to analyze the dynamical SPGPE results.

Using the developed implementation we have analyzed the decay dynamics of a self-trapped state in a bosonic Josephson junction.
Our calculations conform with the RSJ model where the thermal effects are encapsulated in the normal Ohmic contribution to the total particle current. The corresponding normal conductance appears to be noise insensitive and completely described by the damping coefficient $\gamma$ defined within the SPGPE model.
For high temperatures close to  $T_\mathrm{c}$ the development of thermal decoherence is observed as a reduction or complete suppression of the Josephson oscillations between the two condensates. Nevertheless, the effective normal  current still agrees well with the prediction of the noise-less model.

The results are compared with the qualitative estimate of ballistic transport model. These comparison suggests that two processes of thermalization (between two thermal clouds and between thermal cloud and BEC) may have similar characteristic time scales which leads to the non-monotonic temperature dependence of the normal conductance. Such an effect is expected to be traceable in the existing experimental setups.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

The authors are thankful to N. P. Proukakis for fruitful discussions and comments on the manuscript.

\section*{References}
\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
KOHIMA, Nov 22 – Nagaland Governor PB Acharya today asked the State Government to set up Lokayukta and also to pass the Women Reservation Bill to bring about a vibrant and strong democracy.
Interacting with mediapersons at Raj Bhavan here, Acharya asked the government to set up Lokayukta as it can bring about a counter-check. He also appealed to the State Government to grant 33 per cent women reservation so that they get their right to be elected members of the civic bodies in the State.
On Naga political issue, Acharya said there is a genuine feeling among Naga people for the State to come out of the agony of prolonged process for peace, which has been going on for 17 years. Naga people are hoping that the political issue will be settled so that they can move forward with the progress, he said.
Maintaining that the Central Government is strong and it has the will and guts to solve the Naga problem, he appealed to all the political groups, intellectuals, NGOs and people to come together and voice their expectations on the issue.
The Governor said the 60 members of the State Assembly and the two Members of Parliament should come above party line in expressing the solution they want, within the Constitution.
Speaking about the present financial crisis of the State, he expressed hope that Prime Minister would give a package to the State during his visit to the Hornbill Festival. He also said Lok Sabha Speaker Sunita Mahajan's visit on November 29 to attend the golden jubilee anniversary celebration of Nagaland Assembly would be a boon for the State.
Meanwhile, Acharya, who was also the Governor of Tripura has vehemently condemned the killing of two students from Manipur, including a scholar in Delhi and racial attack on North East people at Bangalore. – PTI

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Russell Brand donates Trew Era Cafe to charity for former prisoners and addicts
Saturday September 24, 2016, 8:55 PM
Brand is the partron of the Rehabilitation for Addicted Prisoners Trust Credit: PA
Comedian Russell Brand is donating a not-for-profit cafe he opened last year to a charity which supports ex-prisoners and those struggling with addiction.
Brand joked that he hoped his donation to the charity RAPt, the Rehabilitation for Addicted Prisoners Trust, of which Brand is patron, would secure him a "cushy job in the library" if he ever ended up in jail.
"I'm donating this cafe to RAPt - a great charity that helps prisoners stay clean," he said.
"If I ever get sent down I hope this'll mean I get a cushy job in the library."
RAPt described the donation as a "wonderful opportunity" for them to boost their work.
Brand launched the Trew Era Cafe more than a year ago, calling it as a "fully self-supporting, new economic enterprise".
The cafe sits on the New Era estate in Hoxton, east London, and its name fuses that of the estate and Brand's YouTube show, The Trews.
The cafe will become one of RAPt's so-called recovery enterprises, which are staffed and managed by recovering addicts.
David Bernstein, RAPt Chairman of Trustees, said: "This is a wonderful opportunity for RAPt to further strengthen our employment and enterprise activities for ex-offenders and recovering addicts.
"We're enormously grateful to Russell for his generosity in donating the cafe."


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Hasbro needed a name for their kid-targeted web destination, serving up online games, programs and activities across various consumer segments and brands.
The name had to appeal to a range of kids, from 4-8 year-old boys and girls to Tweens aged 9-12, but still work for the secondary audience of Preschoolers aged 2-4 surfing the 'Net with mom or dad. Igor created Monkeybar as the perfect name to communicate a place for kids to come and monkey around.


Since we were founded in 1994 we have built up a customer base that we are very proud of.
As a bespoke software development company we have delivered a vast range of applications that have made a significant difference in their business. Here are just some of the projects we have recently delivered and a selection of our customers who were interviewed and spoke positively about the work DCSL has done for them.


After the jump, a quiz featuring 15 singers performing Senta's Ballad.
La Cieca admits she was surprised the historically well-informed cher public missed the mark so frequently on the "Breadbox" quiz.
Intorno a me s'oscura il ciel!
The Manon Lescaut identification quiz, which La Cieca thought would be pretty much a cakewalk, turned out vastly more challenging than she imagined.
Our Own Chris Corwin (not pictured) has taken a peek at the current guesses for the "Sola perduta" quiz and notes that fewer than half of the selections offered have been correctly identified.
La Cieca hopes the cher public won't let poor Manon Lescaut get too lonely out there in the bayou or the heath or whatever it is, because you'll want stay close to listen to our latest Identification Quiz, 15 sopranos in full hysterical wail.


text:
College of Urban & Public Affairs:
PSU-China Innovations in Urbanization
China Seminar
PSU » College of Urban & Public Affairs » PSU-China Innovations in Urbanization » News » Been There
Author: Jillian Daley
Regional Teacher of the Year Mercedes Muñoz draws on her own troubled history when relating to her students.
IN HER first term at Portland State, Mercedes Muñoz found herself homeless and on her own with her three children: an infant, a seventh-grader and a second-grader.
"That was super-super-stressful to try to take the finals and do well and be in a housing crisis," Muñoz recalls.
She and her boyfriend had been evicted from their apartment because they couldn't pay rent—he had lost his job, unable to work as he struggled with sadness over deaths in his family. She and her boyfriend split, and she found a place to stay for herself and her three children in a motel in Sandy. That was 12 years ago, and Muñoz, 42, a first-generation college student, has slowly risen through the academic ranks.
She started her education with an associate degree from Portland Community College in 2005. Amidst her housing crisis, a friend sheltered her and her kids, risking losing her Section 8 government-subsidized housing by taking on unsanctioned tenants. Muñoz had no vehicle of her own and took a bus from her friend's place in Gresham. Then PSU Portland Teachers Program alumnus Bud Mackay and spouse Vivian stepped up to provide Muñoz with a home closer to campus. Six years later, in 2011, she earned a bachelor's in English from Portland State and soon after a license to teach. She kept going, and in 2017, Muñoz received her master's in special education from the PSU College of Education.
She says the house that the Mackays provided and the Portland Teachers Program, which offers all participants tuition support and mentorship, were what made it possible for her to become a teacher. Now, she has a home of her own and a position at Franklin High School as a Learning Center teacher and special education case manager. The man she loved overcame his loss and they married. She changed her name from Miller to Muñoz.
Now, with only six years in the profession, Muñoz's hard work and dedication to teaching has garnered notice. In May, she was named a 2020 Oregon Regional Teacher of the Year by the Oregon Department of Education (ODE). She is one of 13 teachers to receive the honor.
"My students were so excited," says Muñoz. "For them, it was like we all have won."
Chris Two Two, who graduated from Franklin in June, had Muñoz as a teacher for four years. He says he wasn't surprised when he heard the news about her award.
"When she got it, I was like, yeah, she deserved it because she helped a lot of people graduate and helped people stay in school," Two Two says.
WINNING teachers, according to the ODE, are "assessed on leadership, instructional expertise, community involvement, understanding of educational issues, professional development and vision by a diverse panel of regional representatives." The award, organized in partnership with the Oregon Lottery, includes a $500 prize and entry into the 2020 Oregon Teacher of the Year Award, which will be announced in September.
Jon Fresh MS '93 is another special education teacher and graduate of PSU who has received the Oregon Regional Teachers of the Year award. He teaches at Westview High School in the Beaverton School District and specializes in behavior management. Fresh says he loves what he does and has helped many students weather difficult circumstances, but he was still surprised to be nominated.
"I think I am fortunate and incredibly humbled to be chosen for this recognition and in the company of some pretty incredible teachers," he says.
Muñoz does not know who nominated her for the regional honor, and, in fact, assumed the nomination announcement in her email wasn't genuine.
"I figured it was spam," she says.
She did not respond for a month, and only after someone from ODE persuaded her that she was up for a major award did she write the essays that applicants must submit for consideration. She also quickly gathered the necessary letters of recommendation. But she actually has quite a few fans, including her colleagues.
Gary Sletmoe, a Franklin High English teacher, says that it's clear how much Muñoz cares about her students and that "she is tough, but fair, and will fight for each student to be successful."
Many students, in addition to Two Two, also believe in her.
"I think she's a really good teacher," says Emily Medina, a senior. "If you don't understand something, she explains it to you in a way you will understand. No matter how much you want to give up, she helps you keep moving on it. You need all these things to be able to graduate, and she doesn't want you to fail."
Franklin senior Carol Dwyer says Muñoz is special because she cares so much, and when students need support, she's there for them.
"She asks if you're having a bad day or a good day—she checks in with you," Dwyer says.
Muñoz says she has struggled like many of her students, so she understands how they feel when life gets overwhelming.
"Part of what I bring to this community is authenticity and passion and hope," she says
MUÑOZ grew up in the Bay Area, arriving in the Mount Tabor area as a sixth-grade "terror." She dropped out of Benson High School short of just one credit. Muñoz moved back to the Bay area and she was homeless for a few years.
"I remember I would stand at the campus of UC Berkeley, and I knew that something about college would change my life," she says.
But for so long, she thought college wasn't for her. Seeing her sister Cimone get accepted and attend a university helped change Muñoz's mind about her own future. "When Cimone graduated, it really gave me hope, because if she could do it, I could; We came from the same family," Muñoz says.
With support from Springdale Job Corps, she earned her GED and got her diploma from Reynolds High School. Then, she earned her two degrees at PSU and is now in the position to inspire other students.
Because Muñoz's focus is special education, she reaches a wide range of students who come to her for support for classes of all types, including advanced placement courses. For her academic skills class, students study independently. Muñoz floats from desk to desk as students ask for help with how to craft and submit assignments that include historical reports, an exploration of Margaret Atwood's work or a treatise analyzing Maya Angelou's poetry.
Sletmoe says Muñoz is a great colleague, and her guidance helps students achieve in their other classes.
"When some students were struggling to write body paragraphs for their essay [for Sletmoe's class], Mercedes came up with the idea of a 'burger' paragraph, using the visual of a cheeseburger to illustrate the necessary and different elements of a paragraph (topic sentence, analysis, etc.)," says Sletmoe. "I still tell students to 'build the burger' in class today when we are writing essays. Thanks to Mercedes, kids know what I mean!"
Franklin English teacher Scott Aronson says Muñoz has a comprehensive knowledge of each grade level.
"More importantly, she is kind and empathetic to the myriad struggles of our students, but she also holds them accountable for what they need to do in the classroom," Aronson says. "She is extremely dedicated, and she doesn't give up on any kid. She helps the kids who need help the most. She has been a tremendous resource for myself and others because of her ability to reach so many students."
Even Muñoz's emails show her caring. The bottom of each one includes a quote from American philosopher Cornel West: "You can't lead the people if you don't love the people. You can't save the people if you don't serve the people."
Muñoz says that's how she approaches teaching. For her students, that philosophy shines through.
"She's nice, and she's the best," Two Two says. "She helps us."
Jillian Daley is a media relations specialist in the PSU College of Education.
The School of Business
OHSU-PSU School of Public Health
Regional Research Institute
Nonprofit Institute
Enterprise Content Management System
Chris Carey J.R. "Jones" Estes and David Peterson del Mar co-authored "Begin it Now: Critical Service Learning in the First Year of College," published in the Journal of General Education: A Curricular Commons of the Humanities and Sciences. »
Priya Kapoor, International and Global Studies faculty, wrote "Provincializing Whiteness: We are all Calibans," a contribution to a special issue of journal Departures in Critical Qualitative Research. »
Annie Knepler, University Studies faculty, and Mirela Blekic, Public Administration adjunct faculty, co-authored "Enhancing Communication: Students' Experiences of Writing in an Interdisciplinary Curriculum." »
Career Workshop: Introduction to Interviewing »
Info Session: Netherlands - Sustainable Transportation: Pedestrian, Bicycle & Public Transport »
Janet Hammer »
Program Director, The Initiative on Triple Bottom Line Development - College of Urban & Public Affairs


Lecture series delivered by Rabbi Elyahu Kin in 2010 based on Maimonides' summary of Judaic beliefs derived from the Torah. This lecture discusses the Principle that states that G-d existed prior to everything, and exists after everything.
Lecture series delivered by Rabbi Elyahu Kin in 2010 based on Maimonides' summary of Judaic beliefs derived from the Torah. This lecture discusses the imperative to worship G-d exclusively and not foreign false gods or any intermediaries. Rabbi Kin also expounds on the significance of proper prayer and how the strength of one's connection to G-d can be seen through prayer.
Lecture series delivered by Rabbi Elyahu Kin in 2010 based on Maimonides' summary of Judaic beliefs derived from the Torah. This lecture discusses the belief that G-d communicates with man through prophecy. Rabbi Kin also elaborates on other Divine forms of communication, as well as how to distinguish a real prophet from a false one. The first segment of this lecture is a continuation of the last lecture and discusses how to make prayer more effective.
Lecture series delivered by Rabbi Elyahu Kin in 2010 based on Maimonides' summary of Judaic beliefs derived from the Torah. This lecture discusses the belief in the primacy and preeminence of the prophecy of Moses among the Prophets before him and after him.
Lecture series delivered by Rabbi Elyahu Kin in 2010 based on Maimonides' summary of Judaic beliefs derived from the Torah. This lecture discusses how the Torah that was given by Moses was received by him entirely from G-d.


One woman who was sure her marriage to her daughter's father was "forever," but discovered just how much coping skill was required when she faced divorce. She never spoke ill of her daughter's father, even when she was disappointed and hurting. When a friend commented, she replied, "I once loved him enough to marry him so he must have some redeeming traits. If I want my daughter to grow up happy and well adjusted, I'd best work on remembering what they are!"
That attitude did indeed make a great deal of difference to her daughter who was able to maintain a good relationship with both parents, who in time both remarried. This family, like so many, became a blended family, with new challenges and responsibilities.
You don't need to be Elizabeth Taylor to be married more than once. If you've had more than one spouse, you have special financial and estate planning needs, especially if you have children with each spouse. Neglecting these issues is a surefire way to create a less-than-desired result in the event of illness, incapacity, or death. The best way to have a smooth transition upon disability or death is to create a comprehensive strategy before you aren't able to execute the papers.
Read more about planning for blended families on Leigh's blog.


FLORENCE, SC (WMBF) - A group of students from Boston College is spending spring break working with the Boy and Girls Club to make upgrades to the Florence facility.
About a dozen Boston College students arrived in town Sunday and have been working around the clock since Tuesday to install new floors.
More importantly, they're building relationships with the kids, which Executive Director Neal Zimmerman said is the greatest impact.
"You just don't know what kind of impact you're going to have on that person you're spending time with," Zimmerman said.
The facility received renovations 10 years ago. However, the project didn't include the gym floors that Zimmerman said are about 25 years old.
"So it had really seen its better days, it had not become a safety issue, but we knew within four to five years it was going to be," he said.
Piece by piece, students continued laying and stomping in the new floor material on Wednesday. Zimmerman said the volunteers have saved the organization $15,000 to $18,000 in installation costs.
"I think they must of worked to about 11 o'clock last night getting the underlayment so they could get going at 10 o'clock this morning," he said.
The students said every year the college sends 37 groups across the U.S. to volunteer, one stop being in the Pee Dee.
"Yes, we put in a few hours of manual labor and help get a few projects done but we come away learning so much more about the community and the people that live here," said senior Jackie Murphy.
"Part of a child's development growing up is running around, having fun and we're providing a safe environment for them to enjoy their lives," sophomore Steven Palmesi said.
The students are also creating signs representing each school in Florence County School District Three to be put up in the Lake City Boys and Girls Club.
When they're not working on projects, the students spend time with the kids.
Zimmerman said with extra help from volunteers like Boston College, they're able to work more with the children and hopefully make a lasting impact he remembers having when he was a part of the club nearly 50 years ago.
"A lot of kids they don't get that as much as they need just feeling special so folks who volunteer they are worth their weight in gold," Zimmerman said.


Studied German Literature, Film, Television and Theater Studies and History in Frankfurt / Main, Berlin and Paris. Producer for various film production companies, film curator and program consultant for Berlinale Forum and Goethe-Institut, author and moderator. Script consultant and Dramatic Advisor for various production companies and public funding institutions. Mentor for the project development program of German film schools for young female filmmakers "Into the wild". Lives with her family in Berlin.


text:
Q: Pausing, queuing, and looping songs with discord.py I've got this code which plays a song in a voice channel and works fine, but how do I generate code that allows queuing, pausing and looping?
@client.command(pass_context=True)
async def play(ctx, url):

    if not ctx.message.author.voice:
        await ctx.send('Please enter the voice channel')
        return

    else:
        channel = ctx.message.author.voice.channel

    voice_client = await channel.connect()

    guild = ctx.message.guild

    with youtube_dl.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:
        file = ydl.extract_info(url, download=True)
        path = str(file['title']) + "-" + str(file['id'] + ".mp3")

    voice_client.play(discord.FFmpegPCMAudio(path), after=lambda x: endSong(guild, path))
    voice_client.source = discord.PCMVolumeTransformer(voice_client.source, 1)

    await ctx.send(f'**NOW MUSIC: **{url}')

    while voice_client.is_playing():
        await asyncio.sleep(1)
    else:
        await voice_client.disconnect()
        print("Disconnected")

A: https://discordpy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api.html#voice
You can see the Voice object stored in your voice_client has a pause() and resume() method : pausing is simple enough.
For queuing and looping, the heavy lifting will have to be done by you. You'll have to call play() again when the song is over, and then have it play the same song again (looping) or play the next song you'll have stored somewhere in an array or other (queuing).
The good news is that discord.py allows you to avoid doing an annoying technique to know when the song is over: calling is_playing() repeatedly until it returns False. As you've written in your code, play() also takes into argument a callable named after that's called when the song is over (or when there's an error!).
In your case, that means your endSong() function called after a song will have to know if you should queue up the same song or another song, and call play() to start it. If you have trouble understanding how to do this, please show your attempt so we can give you more specific advice.

A: Example of pause command:
@client.command
async def pause(ctx):
    server = ctx.message.guild
    voice_channel = server.voice_client
    voice_channel.pause()
    print('pause')

About queue, you can create list of queued songs. Check if song playing you will append song to queue, after playing current song you need to play queue[0] song. Sorry for my english

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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For Robert and Anita Breinig, the Flash Beach Grille is more than a building.
The Hobe Sound seafood restaurant and catering business is the culmination of years of hard work, and represents their slice of the American Dream.
"We started as a mobile caterer. We used garages as kitchens for home parties," Robert Breinig told Watchdog.org.
But after 17 years of sweat in the food service industry, the couple's dream has taken a nightmarish turn.
The owners of Flash Beach Grille are locked in a land dispute with Martin County public officials over a seemingly insignificant 40-by-70 foot area behind the restaurant. But it's no small fight. The outcome has the potential to affect property values, environmentally protected areas and the local title insurance market — not to mention put the Breinigs out of business.
In 2011, the small business entrepreneurs moved from a nearby storefront rental space — once a defunct pizzeria adjacent to a liquor store — to their current location at 9126 S.E. Bridge Road.
Inspired after a successful string of Monday night menu tastings, the couple decided to expand into the restaurant business. They moved into the now larger stand-alone building and were excited to buy it, rather than lease.
"Visit us at our new location," their website still reads.
After more than a year at the new spot, the Breinigs applied for a liquor license. As required, a county investigator performed a site inspection.
Several days later, the couple received a surprise.


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Hello! There is support for the Russian language?
There is support for the Russian language?
I need to see a live demo?
You can see both demos if you visit each product description.
Hello I need support permalink on russian language its working?
I need support permalink on russian language its working?


A Drama is Life with the dull bits cut out.
Board of Student Activities (BSA) – Dramatics Club organized drama competition on 25 October 2017. Students from G.D. Goenka University participated and showcased impeccable artistry in personifying various roles inspired by day to day life. The stagecraft was judged by Prof. (Dr.) Anjali Krishnan Sharma, Dean SoAP and Prof. (Dr.) Aatma Sahu, Coppin State University, USA.
Many sensitizing social and real life issues were highlighted and touched upon with a view to bring positive change and acceptance in the society. Five teams of extremely proficient dramatists embellished the Broadway on themes such as, Depression amongst students because of various pressures and how things affect their psyche, another one emphasizing the negative "Swag" and peer pressure for Smoking, followed by dramatization on the significance of counseling, importance of the social issue of "Beti Bachao… BetiPadhao… BetiBadhao" and lastly unleashing the "Dhongi Babas", a reflection in the name of religious gurus. The winner was "Beti Bachao…Beti Padhao…Beti Badhao" performed by law students.
The event was a huge success and all the dramatically covered dramatics series of spectacular performances were enjoyed, appreciated and acknowledged with great support.
Special Thanks to Faculty Incharge: Dr. Aabha Sharma, Dr. Parul Sinha, Mr. Kushagra Agrawal, Ms. Mrinalini Banerjee and Core committee members of BSA.


The light-filled, open-plan townhouses were among the first to be built in the Bloomsbury Conservation Area for more than 90 years. Securing planning permission for the scheme required negotiation with London Borough of Camden due to the constrained site and adjacent Grade II listed buildings and walls.
Space and light were critical on the constrained site, so the townhouses cantilever over the pavement at first floor level whilst the basement extends below. A continuous open stair between all floors, made possible by the introduction of a domestic sprinkler system, opens up views through the house and brings light deep into the plan.
Heavily textured masonry and finely detailed stone cills, lintels, and stringer courses, create a contextually sensitive skin while the generous floor to ceiling heights and window proportions reflect the rich architectural language of neighbouring Georgian buildings.
These buildings are not pastiche. They are contemporary but they do not feel out of place. They feel well built and built in a way that makes it look like they will last.
This project has been well designed....the bay details work well and the houses sit well in the garden. The interiors are excellent, well detailed.


text:
Q: Defining new Command in tkz-euclide How to define a new command
\tkzDefRelativePoint[#1,#2,#3](20:2){C}

This command  defines a point from #1 and takes the slope of the line #2 , #3 as x axis.
\tkzDefRelativePoint[A,A,B](20:2){C}

This command  defines a point from A and takes the slope of the line A , B as x axis.
This is done here using
\tkzFindSlopeAngle(A,B)
\tkzGetAngle{tkzangle}
\begin{scope}[rotate=\tkzangle]
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](20:2){C}
\end{scope}

MWE
\documentclass[border=2pt]{standalone}
\usepackage[usenames,dvipsnames,svgnames]{xcolor}
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\usetkzobj{all}
\definecolor{fondpaille}{cmyk}{0,0,0.1,0}
\pagecolor{fondpaille}
\color{Maroon}

\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[xmax=4, ymax=3]
\tkzAxeXY
\tkzGrid[color=orange]
\tkzDefPoint(1,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(3,2){B}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](20:2){C'}
%
\tkzFindSlopeAngle(A,B)
\tkzGetAngle{tkzangle}
\begin{scope}[rotate=\tkzangle]
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](20:2){C}
\end{scope}
%
%\tkzDefRelativePoint[A,A,B](20:2){C}
%
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegment[color=red](A,C)

\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,C')
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,C')
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

A: Of course, in this case, the bracketed term is not "optional", but just part of the syntax.
\documentclass[border=2pt]{standalone}
\usepackage[usenames,dvipsnames,svgnames]{xcolor}
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\usetkzobj{all}
\definecolor{fondpaille}{cmyk}{0,0,0.1,0}
\pagecolor{fondpaille}
\color{Maroon}
\def\tkzDefRelativePoint[#1,#2,#3](#4)#5{%
  \tkzFindSlopeAngle(#2,#3)
  \tkzGetAngle{tkzangle}
  \begin{scope}[rotate=\tkzangle]
  \tkzDefShiftPoint[#1](#4){#5}
  \end{scope}
}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit[xmax=4, ymax=3]
\tkzAxeXY
\tkzGrid[color=orange]
\tkzDefPoint(1,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(3,2){B}
\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](20:2){C'}
%
%\tkzFindSlopeAngle(A,B)
%\tkzGetAngle{tkzangle}
%\begin{scope}[rotate=\tkzangle]
%\tkzDefShiftPoint[A](20:2){C}
%\end{scope}
%
\tkzDefRelativePoint[A,A,B](20:2){C}
%
\tkzDrawSegment(A,B)
\tkzDrawSegment[color=red](A,C)

\tkzDrawPoints(A,B,C,C')
\tkzLabelPoints(A,B,C,C')
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}


text:
package reversi.jogador;

import reversi.jogador.Jogador;

import java.util.Comparator;

/**
 * Created by arthur on 19/03/15.
 */
public class JogadorComparator implements Comparator<Jogador> {
    @Override
    public int compare(Jogador o1, Jogador o2) {
        // Ranqueia em ordem decresente de pontos
        return o2.getNumeroPecas() - o1.getNumeroPecas();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


I am a teaching / academician with a Master's degree currently working in private sector in Mumbai. I belong to a middle class, nuclear family with liberal values.
I have a Bachelor's degree and I am employed in private Sector as an accounts/finance professional currently based in Mumbai. I come from a middle class, joint family background with traditional values.
I am a sales professional with a Higher Secondary Education currently working in private sector in Mumbai. I belong to a middle class, joint family with traditional values.
My name is Rahul Bhujbal and I work in the Private Sector as a Manager. I belong to a Middle Class, Joint Family with Traditional Values. I have completed my BE.


text:
2 dead as Zeta batters South, now a tropical storm
New Orleans EMS reported an electrocution fatality Wednesday night.
ByMax Golembo,Emily Shapiro,Melissa Griffin, andIvan Pereira
Hurricane Zeta slams Gulf Coast, leaving trail of destruction
The massive storm tore into the Louisiana coast with wind gusts reaching up to 91 mph and has left more than 1.9 million customers without power across four states.
Kathleen Flynn/Reuters
At least two fatalities have been reported so far after fast-moving Hurricane Zeta, a Category 2 storm, made landfall on the southeastern coast of Louisiana.
The storm landed near Cocodrie, Louisiana, around 5:15 p.m. with wind speeds reaching 110 mph. This is the strongest hurricane landfall in the continental U.S. this late in the season in over 100 years, and the storm could potentially delivering a storm surge of up to 11 feet.
Zeta, as of 2 a.m. Thursday, is now a tropical storm as it weakens over central Alabama. The hurricane and storm surge warnings for the Mississippi coast and Florida panhandle have been discontinued.
In New Orleans, where fierce winds ripped through the city Wednesday night, New Orleans EMS reported an electrocution fatality in the 8200 block of Palm Street shortly before 8 p.m. The agency said it was tracking many down power lines and urged people to stay inside. New Orleans police also asked residents to shelter in place due to downed power lines, trees and tree branches.
Dan Anderson/EPA via Shutterstock
Daquan Hamis loads sandbags into the back of a truck as Hurricane Zeta approaches in Gulfport, Miss., Oct. 2020.
Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images
Will Schwander screws in a plywood shelter to protect patio furniture as Hurricane Zeta approaches on Oct. 28, 2020, in Arabi, La.
The storm disrupted power for more than 542,000 customers throughout the southeast section of Louisiana as of 9 p.m. local time. As a result of the power loss, Lafourche Parish announced a curfew went into effect at 7 p.m. and was slated to be lifted at 6 a.m. Thursday.
Mississippi reported more than 167,000 customers had lost power because of the storm, while over 105,000 had lost power in Alabama.
At least one person was reported dead by Biloxi, Mississippi, Police Chief John Miller, who told ABC News affiliate WLOZ that there was a storm-related fatality.
"I know that we have at least one death related to the storm right now, I do not have any details to give you on that other than we know that one person has perished because of the storm," Miller told the station.
In Jefferson Parish, Zeta breached three major levees in Grand Isle, the town said, also sharing a photo of the damage.
Waveland, Mississippi, saw a gust of 104 mph.
Tropical storm watches were issued from Mississippi to Alabama to the Florida Panhandle, and even parts of the western Carolinas, including Greenville and Asheville.
The forecast
A major threat will be a storm surge of up to 9 feet in Alabama and Mississippi.
MORE: What to know about storm surge
Gulfport and Biloxi could see wind gusts topping 90 mph.
Powerful wind gusts could also reach 90 mph in New Orleans. The city canceled all public school classes for Wednesday.
A resident clears storm drains after the eye of Hurricane Zeta passes over on Oct. 28, 2020, in Arabi, La. A record seven hurricanes have hit the Gulf Coast in 2020, bringing prolonged destruction to the area.
New Orleans Regional Transit Authority is suspending all bus, streetcar and ferry services beginning at noon.
Rain won't be as big of a threat. Some areas could see up to 6 inches of rainfall and possible flooding.
Tornadoes are possible in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida.
Louisiana has been especially hard-hit this hurricane season. Zeta is the third hurricane to make landfall in Louisiana in two months.
Shrimpers secure their boat on a trailer to bring to higher ground as Hurricane Zeta approaches on Oct. 28, 2020, in Shell Beach, La. A record seven hurricanes have hit the Gulf Coast this year.
Because Zeta is moving so quickly, heavy rain and powerful wind gusts will extend well inland across the Southeast, which could cause power outages overnight. Wind gusts Thursday morning could top 50 mph from Atlanta to the western Carolinas.
MORE: What to know about floodwater safety
Zeta's remnants will then slam the Northeast with rain and snow Thursday into Friday. The first accumulating, widespread snowfall of the season is possible for Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New York's Hudson Valley.
The last time a hurricane made landfall in the U.S. so late in the calendar year was Hurricane Kate in November 1985.
Hurricane Zeta is the 27th named storm of the season. In 2005, there were 28.


Is ROSTER a valid Scrabble word? Find dictionary definitions, synonyms, Scrabble and Words with Friends information, and more about the word ROSTER below.
ROSTER is a valid Scrabble word worth 6 points. Scrabble uses the TWL word list.
ROSTER is a valid Words with Friends word worth 6 points. Words with Friends uses the ENABLE word list.
ROSTER is a 6 letter word containing the letters e, o, r, r, s, t.


text:
Last Edited: September 23, 2012 at 10:58 PM
Search NMPD HEADQUARTERS for ODST squadmate
Another dead lead for the rookie. Now it's time to check out the NMPD headquarters, which is quite a ways to the north. Look for the big tunnel that lead you to the dead-end you're at now and start heading north. As you reach the first open area to the north, a dropship unloads a couple of jetpack-equipped brutes while snipers try to pin you down from the surrounding high platforms.
Take cover from the dropship fire and wait for the brutes to approach you. Gun them down from the cover of the narrow space just outside the large route doorway you used to get here and then turn your attention to the sniping jackals. If you've got a beam rifle of your own, you can simply return fire. Use your map to locate them (or just follow the streams of their beams) to clear the area.
Head through the route doorway at the northeast corner of the block to return to familiar ground and then take a hard left turn just beyond the door to start trekking west. Just past the wrecked big rig, look to the right for a path that dead-ends at a route door that won't open. But just around the corner, to the right, is a narrow passage that leads to what looks like an open-air mall. Watch out for a sniping jackal in the mall.
Also in the mall, in a covered area to your left (assuming you're walking northwest) is another bit of data to download to your ViSR. Check your map from this location and look at the first open area directly north of you (it looks like a Superman logo). It's a completely enclosed room with yet another audiolog for the ViSR. There's a security door on the western side that's hard to see but can be opened. Expect a couple of jackals inside, but nothing else between you and that data.


HomeDestined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides's Trap?
But the point of Graham Allinson's latest book, 'Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides's Trap?' (Scribe, 2017), is not to predict the future, but to prevent it. Escaping Thucydides's Trap is not just a theoretical possibility. In four of the 16 cases, including three from the 20th century, imaginative statecraft averted war.
Join Graham Allinson as he discusses 'Destined for War'.


text:
Das Jukagirenplateau () ist eine bis  hohe Hochebene des Ostsibirischen Berglandes im Nordosten von Sibirien und Russland (Asien). Benannt ist es nach dem paläosibirischen Volk der Jukagiren.

Geographie
Nördlich und südlich des Polarkreises, im äußersten Osten der Republik Sacha (Jakutien) sowie im Nordwesten der Oblast Magadan liegend, grenzt das Jukagirenplateau im Norden an das Kolyma-Tiefland (Ostteil des Ostsibirischen Tieflands), welches vom Mittel- und Unterlauf der Kolyma durchflossen wird. Im Osten und Südosten geht es in das Kolymagebirge, im Westen über das Tal der Kolyma in das Momagebirge über. Es trennt die Einzugsgebiete des Oberlaufs der in das Nordpolarmeer mündenden Kolyma und ihres rechten Nebenflusses Omolon.

Das weit ausgedehnte mittelgebirgsartige Jukagirenplateau erreicht zum größten Teil an den Wasserscheiden 300 bis . Einige Massive ragen bis über 1.000 m auf: der höchste Berg ist der Tschubukulach (Чубукулах) mit .

Geologie
Der nördliche Teil des Jukagirenplateaus wird von mesozoischen Effusivgesteinen gebildet, der südliche von Ablagerungen des Präkambrium und Paläozoikum sowie der Trias.

Flora
Lichte Lärchenwälder bis in Höhen von 400 bis 600 m, darüber Krummholz aus Sibirischen Zirbelkiefern und Tundra.

Bevölkerung
Das Jukagirenplateau ist eines der Siedlungsgebiete des kleinen paläosibirischen Volkes der Jukagiren, welches für das Plateau namensgebend war.

Einzelnachweise

Gebirge in Asien
Gebirge in Russland
Geographie (Sacha)
Geographie (Oblast Magadan)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), more commonly known as Teflon®, is a plastic resin that was discovered by DuPont researchers in the 1930s. PTFE is used in an array of applications, such as industrial hoses and fluid transfer equipment, where an extreme level of chemical resistance is required.
There are two common types of Polytetrafluoroethylene hose, and each one has its own set of qualities that make it worth considering.
Smooth Bore Hose – The smooth bore hose is made for applications that require high flow rates for the transfer of fluids. Typically, smooth bore PTFE hoses come in a diameter that is less than 1 inch, as this helps prevent the hose from kinking while fluids are passing through it. Smooth bore hoses have a higher bend radius than convoluted hoses and this means that they do not have the flexibility that is associated with convoluted hoses. The primary benefit to using a smooth bore hose is its price, which is considerably lower than that of other PTFE hoses.
Convoluted Hose – The convoluted hose is particularly noted for the increased flexibility that it affords over similar hoses. Convoluted PTFE hose is four times more flexible than smooth bore hose of the same diameter which allows it to be used on a wider variety of equipment. In addition to its flexibility characteristics, convoluted PTFE hose has a superior level of resistance to collapse under vacuum than smooth bore hoses, due to the structure of the hose wall.


text:
Home Classifieds Photos About Contact Advertise
Hilltop Alliance Means Business In Allentown
With the Pennsylvania Department of Community & Economic Development's Neighborhood Partnership Program (NPP) beginning in 2014, there has been tremendous growth in Allentown's East Warrington Avenue Business District. During the six years of the NPP, $8.5 million has been privately invested in commercial property renovations with more than 55 renovation projects, and 63 loans or grants provided to new or existing businesses. Additionally, 37 new businesses have opened and the vacancy rate in the Allentown business district has dropped to 15 percent from 40 percent.
For this success, in 2018 the Hilltop Alliance received an award from the Urban Land Institute (Pittsburgh) for Excellence in Community Placemaking. Within the same six years, nine public art projects have been installed, as well as regular street cleaning, neighborhood banners and other public space improvements.
Despite Covid-19, Allentown has not seen any businesses close in 2020 and is still welcoming new businesses, with as many as five new businesses scheduled to open before 2021. Also in 2020, HA is finishing the renovations of Leon's Caribbean and Paisano's Pizzeria, as well as the Lunchtime Lot, and worked with the Allentown CDC to install new streetscape banners.
For more information about Allentown Business District, contact Allentown Business District Manager Gordon Hall at the Hilltop Alliance, 412-586-5807 ext. 4.


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text:
Among Others (Kobo eBook)
By Jo Walton
Winner of the 2011 Nebula Award for Best Novel
Winner of the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Novel
Startling, unusual, and yet irresistably readable, Among Others is at once the compelling story of a young woman struggling to escape a troubled childhood, a brilliant diary of first encounters with the great novels of modern fantasy and SF, and a spellbinding tale of escape from ancient enchantment.
Raised by a half-mad mother who dabbled in magic, Morwenna Phelps found refuge in two worlds. As a child growing up in Wales, she played among the spirits who made their homes in industrial ruins. But her mind found freedom and promise in the science fiction novels that were her closest companions. Then her mother tried to bend the spirits to dark ends, and Mori was forced to confront her in a magical battle that left her crippled--and her twin sister dead.
Fleeing to her father whom she barely knew, Mori was sent to boarding school in England-a place all but devoid of true magic. There, outcast and alone, she tempted fate by doing magic herself, in an attempt to find a circle of like-minded friends. But her magic also drew the attention of her mother, bringing about a reckoning that could no longer be put off...
Combining elements of autobiography with flights of imagination in the manner of novels like Jonathan Lethem's The Fortress of Solitude, this is potentially a breakout book for an author whose genius has already been hailed by peers like Kelly Link, Sarah Weinman, and Ursula K. Le Guin.
One of School Library Journal's Best Adult Books 4 Teens titles of 2011
One of io9's best Science Fiction & Fantasy books of the year 2011
At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.
Paperback (January 3rd, 2012): $17.99
Hardcover (January 18th, 2011): $24.99
Paperback (March 3rd, 2020): $16.99
MP3 CD (June 9th, 2015): $14.99
MP3 CD (March 5th, 2013): $39.97
Compact Disc (March 5th, 2013): $49.97


From the 1st November 2018, Medicare are rolling out changes to item codes 12250 (Home Based Sleep Study) and 12203 (Laboratory Based Sleep Study).
What does it mean for General Practitioners and their patients?
General Practitioners can refer eligible patients for a diagnostic Home Based (unattended) or Laboratory Based Sleep Study for obstructive sleep apnea when an approved assessment tool has been used.
GP's can also continue to refer eligible patients with suspected sleep disorders to qualified adult sleep medicine practitioners and consultant respiratory physicians for further investigation.
Unfortunately GP's can no longer direct refer for a titration or reassessment study. These patients must be seen by a Sleep Physician in consultation first.
Air Liquide Healthcare offers a comprehensive range of diagnostic and treatment options. If in doubt about patient eligibility, fax through the patient referral form and Air Liquide Healthcare will triage the patient and carry out further investigation.
New referral pads which include the two screening tools are now available. Editable PDF and Electronic format (RTF) versions of the referral form are also available to download.


A Walk Around the oast house. sleeps 10.
From the main oast house door, enter into a very large oak-floored living area with two roundels at one end, forming a exposed curved brick wall, and then another roundel at the other end. This main living area is open plan with an oak staircase to your right and a double-sided woodburner to your left which roughly splits the room into two areas. The dining area is close to the kitchen, and seats 12 on a large oak refectory table. The lounge area is to your left with two large sofas (one sofa bed, used when parties are 11-12 people) and a flatscreen tv with DVD and satellite including Sky Sports. Take your pick from where to take in the spectacular views out of this enormous space as there are two glazed doors, plus a set of bi fold doors leading on to the terrace.
The kitchen is housed in a roundel, making for an interesting space to prepare meals, plus there are 3 barstools and an island to allow for informal eating and socializing too. A double-oven rangemaster cooker takes pride of place, with beautifully tactile corian work tops and cream units extensiveing either side. A fridge, fridge/freezer, dishwasher and microwave also feature.
The roundel next to the kitchen is divided between a wet room and also a utility room where an additional sink, units, washing machine and drying area are set out. The wet room with its slate floor has a powerful rain shower, wc and basin.
The fifth bedroom occupies the third roundel downstairs. It has a king-sized bed for sleeping or lounging, and the room also includes ia sofa and TV. Being sch a large room, the bedroom also can double up as an ideal break-out apace by day for a quiet space, TV time, or for anyone to escape to read or enjoy a different view out towards the magnificent Brede Place on the valleyside beyond.
The luxury of underfloor heating is in every room downstairs.
Walk up the open tread staircase to a spacious landing stretching up high into the eaves with many original timbers on show. On the landing, an original hop pocket (sack for storing hops) and scuppett (very large shovel-like tool) are displayed.
Off the landing are the two twin bedrooms each in their own round room with high cone-shaped ceilings. (At point of booking, you can request that a pair of single beds be zipped and linked as a double bed). Cross the landing to a bright family bathroom with a large bath, basin, wc, and yet another far reaching view down the valley.
Turn the corner and head down to both master bedroom suites. The first is what we call the "square" master, and the second the "round" master. The square bedroom is exceptionally spacious with cream and pink furnishings including a king-size iron bed, antique chest of drawers and built-in wardrobe. Its two windows are dressed in sumptious floor-length curtains, a perfect framing for your view whilst lying in bed. The large ensuite bathroom includes a large shower, big tub-like bath, wc and basin.
The "roundel" master suite is simply magical and has the ultimate luxury of its own hallway space as well as a huge round bedroom with endless height reaching up to the very top of its coned roof. Golds, silvers and bronzes adorn this room, with the king sized bed in the centre and a pendant light dropping down from above. The bed has a wallpapered straight wall behind, which hides a walk-through wardrobe. The ensuite has its own curved mosaic wall, a shower, wc and basin.
The oast house's half an acre plot includes a huge lawned area ideal for ball games (some provided) and generally letting off energy. Or if you need a smaller gated area, it's to the front of the house and includes the terrace, table, chairs and barbecue. Sit back from your terrace or lawn and enjoy the expanse of of rolling pastures and spectacular views stretching for miles. Watch out too for the sheep and lambs bravely grazing right up to your fence. And let's not forget the barn owl flying up and down the valley in search of food for its young.
The oast is spacious and beautiful, inside and out. It is an ideal base for large groups of families or friends, and a perfect place to celebrate a very special occasion.


text:
Gabriella Buescher
From SourceWatch
Gabriella S. Buescher is Director of the International League for Human Rights Africa Program. "She focuses on enhancing the capacity of local civil society and legal institutions in Africa to increase the level of protection for civilians. Prior to joining the League, she has worked for fifteen years for the UN and United Nations agencies (UNICEF, UNDP) in NY and at field posts in Africa, Latin America and the Middle East. Her extensive career includes work in Angola, Sudan, Somalia, South Africa, Kenya, Iraq and Colombia, as an expert in humanitarian assistance and policy, early warning, emergency preparedness, rehabilitation, and child protection issues. She holds a BA in journalism from the University of Texas, a Master's in political philosophy from Queen's University in Canada, and later studied international law and human rights at the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University. An English and Italian native speaker, she is also fluent in Spanish, French, German, and Portuguese." [1]
Retrieved from "https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Gabriella_Buescher&oldid=187158"
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