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Бетти Фридан (Бетти Наоми Гольдштейн; ; 4 февраля 1921 — 4 февраля 2006) — американская писательница-феминистка и активистка. Одна из ведущих фигур женского движения в США, её книга 1963 года «Загадка женственности» часто описывается в качестве начала второй волны американского феминизма в 20 веке. В 1966 году Б. Фридан стала соучредителем и была избрана первым президентом Национальной организации женщин (NOW), целью которой было привести женщин «в основное русло американского общества теперь [в] полностью равном партнерстве с мужчинами».

В 1970 году, после ухода с поста первого президента NOW, Б. Фридан организовала общенациональную забастовку женщин за равенство 26 августа, в 50-ю годовщину принятия Девятнадцатой поправки к Конституции США, предоставляющей женщинам право голоса. Национальная забастовка превзошла все ожидания, расширив феминистское движение; только в Нью-Йорке марш под руководством Бетти Фридан собрал более 50 000 человек.

В 1971 году Б. Фридан вместе с другими ведущими феминистками создала Национальную женскую политическую фракцию. Б. Фридан также была активным сторонником предложенной поправки о равных правах к Конституции США, которая была принята Палатой представителей (354-24 голоса) и Сенатом (84-8 голосов) после сильного давления со стороны женских групп во главе с NOW в начале 1970-х годов. После принятия поправки Конгрессом Б. Фридан выступала за ратификацию поправки в штатах и поддерживала другие реформы в области прав женщин: она основала Национальную ассоциацию за отмену законов об абортах, но впоследствии критиковала позицию многих либеральных феминисток, ориентированную на аборты.

Считаясь влиятельным автором и интеллектуалом в США, Б. Фридан оставалась активной в политике и правозащитной деятельности до конца 1990-х годов, написав шесть книг. Ещё в 1960-х годах Б. Фридан критиковала поляризованные и крайние фракции феминизма, которые нападали на такие группы, как мужчины и домохозяйки. Одна из её более поздних книг, «Вторая стадия» (1981), критиковала то, что Бетти Фридан считала экстремистскими излишествами некоторых феминисток.

Биография
Бетти Фридан (урожденная Бетти Наоми Гольдштейн) родилась 4 февраля 1921 года в Пеории, штат Иллинойс, в семье Гарри и Мириам (Хорвиц) Гольдштейн, чьи еврейские семьи были выходцами из России и Венгрии. Гарри Гольдштейн владел ювелирным магазином в Пеории, а Мириам Хорвиц писала для светской страницы газеты, когда отец Бетти Фридан заболел. Новая жизнь её матери вне дома казалась гораздо более приятной.

Будучи молодой девушкой, Бетти Фридан была активна в марксистских и еврейских кругах. Позже она писала, как она время от времени чувствовала себя изолированной от еврейского общества, а также, что «страсть к несправедливости…возникла из моих чувств несправедливости антисемитизма» (). Она посещала среднюю школу Пеории и участвовала в работе над школьной газетой. Когда её заявку на ведение колонки отклонили, она и ещё шесть друзей основали литературный журнал под названием Tide, в котором обсуждалась бытовая жизнь, а не школьная.

В 1938 году Бетти Фридан поступила в женский колледж Смита () . В первый год обучения она получила стипендию за выдающиеся успехи в учёбе. На втором курсе она увлеклась поэзией и опубликовала много стихов. В 1941 году она стала главным редактором газеты колледжа. Под её руководством редакционные статьи стали более политическими, заняв сильную антивоенную позицию, а также порой вызывая споры. В 1942 году она окончила колледж с отличием, получив степень Phi Beta Kappa по специальности «психология».

В 1943 году она провела год в Калифорнийском университете в Беркли, получив стипендию для аспирантуры по психологии у Эрика Эриксона. Она стала более политически активной, продолжая общаться с марксистами (многие из её друзей находились под следствием ФБР). В своих мемуарах она утверждала, что её бойфренд оказал на неё давление, заставив отказаться от стипендии для продолжения учёбы и оставить академическую карьеру.

Карьера писателя

До 1963 года
После ухода из Беркли Бетти Фридан стала журналистом левых и профсоюзных изданий. С 1943 по 1946 год она писала для Federated Press, а с 1946 по 1952 год работала в газете United Electrical Workers' UE News. Одним из её заданий был репортаж о работе Комиссии по расследованию антиамериканской деятельности Палаты представителей.

К тому времени Бетти Фридан была замужем, но в 1952 году её уволили из профсоюзной газеты UE News, так как она была беременна вторым ребёнком. После ухода из UE News она стала внештатным автором для различных журналов, включая Cosmopolitan.

Согласно биографу Фридан Дэниелу Хоровицу, Фридан начала работать журналистом по трудовым вопросам, когда она впервые осознала угнетение и исключение женщин, хотя сама Бетти Фридан оспаривала такую интерпретацию своей работы.

«Загадка женственности»

На 15-й встрече выпускников колледжа в 1957 году Бетти Фридан провела опрос выпускников колледжа, сосредоточившись на их образовании, последующем опыте и удовлетворенности нынешней жизнью. Она начала публиковать статьи о том, что она назвала «проблемой, у которой нет названия», и получила горячие отклики от многих домохозяек, благодарных за то, что они не одиноки в переживании этой проблемы:

Затем Бетти Фридан решила переработать и расширить эту тему в книге «Загадка женственности». Опубликованная в 1963 году, она описывала роли женщин в индустриальном обществе, особенно роль домохозяйки с полной занятостью, которую Б. Фридан считала удушающей. В своей книге Б. Фридан описала депрессивную домохозяйку из пригорода, которая бросила колледж в 19 лет, чтобы выйти замуж и растить четверых детей. Она говорила о собственном «ужасе» от одиночества, писала, что ни разу в жизни не видела положительного женского образца для подражания, который работал бы вне дома и при этом содержал семью, и приводила многочисленные примеры домохозяек, которые чувствовали себя в такой же ловушке. Исходя из своего психологического опыта, она критиковала теорию Фрейда о зависти к пенису, отмечая множество парадоксов в его теории, и предложила несколько ответов женщинам, желающим получить дальнейшее образование.

«Проблема, у которой нет названия», была описана Бетти Фридан в начале книги:

Бетти Фридан утверждала, что женщины так же способны, как и мужчины, к любому виду работы и любому карьерному пути, вопреки доводам СМИ, педагогов и психологов об обратном. Её книга была важна не только потому, что она бросила вызов гегемонистскому сексизму в американском обществе, но и потому, что она отличалась от общего акцента аргументов XIX и начала XX века в пользу расширения женского образования, политических прав и участия в общественных движениях. В то время как феминистки «первой волны» часто разделяли эссенциалистский взгляд на природу женщины и корпоративистский взгляд на общество, утверждая, что избирательное право, образование и участие женщин в общественной жизни повысят частоту браков, сделают женщин лучшими женами и матерями, улучшат здоровье и эффективность на национальном и международном уровнях. Бетти Фридан основывала права женщин на том, что она называла «основной потребностью человека расти, желанием человека быть всем тем, чем он должен быть». Ограничения 1950-х годов и ощущение ловушки и тюрьмы, в которую попали многие женщины, вынужденные играть эти роли, затронули американских женщин, которые вскоре начали посещать собрания по повышению сознательности и лоббировать реформу угнетающих законов и социальных взглядов, ограничивающих женщин.

Книга стала бестселлером, что, по мнению многих историков, послужило толчком ко «второй волне» женского движения в США и существенно повлияло на события в стране и мире.

Первоначально Бетти Фридан планировала написать продолжение книги «Загадка женственности», которое должно было называться «Женщина: Четвёртое измерение», но вместо этого написала лишь статью под таким названием, которая появилась в журнале Ladies' Home Journal в июне 1964 года.

Другие работы
Бетти Фридан опубликовала шесть книг. Среди других её книг — «Вторая стадия», «Это изменило мою жизнь: Письма о женском движении», «За пределами гендера» и «Фонтан возраста». Её автобиография «Жизнь так далеко» была опубликована в 2000 году.

Она также писала для журналов и газет:

 Колонки в журнале McCall's, 1971—1974.
 Писала для журналов The New York Times Magazine, Newsday, Harper's, Saturday Review, Mademoiselle, Ladies' Home Journal, Family Circle, TV Guide и True Magazine.

Активизм в женском движении

Национальная организация женщин
В 1966 году Бетти Фридан стала одним из основателей и первым президентом Национальной организации женщин (англ. NOW). Некоторые из основателей NOW, включая Бетти Фридан, были вдохновлены неудачей Комиссии по равным возможностям в сфере занятости (EEOC) в обеспечении выполнения раздела VII Закона о гражданских правах 1964 года; на Третьей национальной конференции комиссий штатов по положению женщин им запретили принять резолюцию, в которой рекомендовалось, чтобы EEOC выполняла свой юридический мандат по прекращению дискриминации по признаку пола в сфере занятости. Поэтому они собрались в гостиничном номере Бетти Фридан, чтобы создать новую организацию. На бумажной салфетке Бетти Фридан нацарапала аббревиатуру «NOW». Позже больше людей стали основателями NOW на организационной конференции NOW в октябре 1966 года. Бетти Фридан вместе с Паули Мюррей написала заявление о целях NOW; оригинал был написан Б. Фридан на салфетке. Под руководством Б. Фридан NOW яростно выступала за юридическое равенство женщин и мужчин.

NOW лоббировала соблюдение раздела VII Закона о гражданских правах 1964 года и Закона о равной оплате труда 1963 года, первых двух крупных законодательных побед движения, и заставила Комиссию по равным возможностям в сфере занятости перестать игнорировать и начать достойно и срочно рассматривать иски, поданные в связи с дискриминацией по признаку пола. Они успешно провели кампанию за принятие в 1967 году указа, распространяющего на женщин те же позитивные действия, которые были предоставлены чернокожим, и за решение EEOC 1968 года, признавшее незаконными объявления о поиске работы, сегрегированные по половому признаку, которое впоследствии было поддержано Верховным судом США. NOW активно выступала за легализацию абортов — вопрос, который разделял феминисток. В 1960-х годах среди женщин также возникли разногласия по поводу поправки о равных правах, которую NOW полностью поддержала; к 1970-м годам женщины и профсоюзы, выступавшие против Поправки о равных правах, потеплели к ней и стали полностью её поддерживать. NOW также лоббировала создание национальных детских садов.

NOW также помогала женщинам получить равный доступ в общественные места. Например, в Дубовой комнате отеля Plaza в Нью-Йорке по будням обедали только мужчины до 1969 года, когда Фридан и другие члены NOW устроили акцию протеста.

Несмотря на успех, которого NOW добилась при Б. Фридан, её решение оказать давление на комиссию по равным возможностям в сфере занятости, чтобы она применяла Раздел VII Закона о гражданских правах 1964 года для обеспечения более широких возможностей трудоустройства среди американских женщин, встретило яростное сопротивление внутри организации. Приняв аргументы афроамериканских членов группы, многие руководители NOW согласились с тем, что огромное количество мужчин и женщин из числа афроамериканцев, живущих за чертой бедности, нуждаются в больших возможностях трудоустройства, чем женщины из среднего и высшего класса. Б. Фридан покинула пост президента в 1969 году.

В 1973 году Б. Фридан основала Первый женский банк и трастовую компанию.

Забастовка женщин за равенство
В 1970 году NOW во главе с Б. Фридан сыграла важную роль в том, что Сенат США отклонил кандидатуру от президента Ричарда М. Никсона в Верховный суд Харролда Карсвелла, который выступал против Закона о гражданских правах 1964 года, предоставляющего (среди прочего) женщинам равные с мужчинами рабочие места. 26 августа 1970 года, в 50-ю годовщину принятия поправки к Конституции о женском избирательном праве, Б. Фридан организовала национальную забастовку женщин за равенство и возглавила марш, в котором приняли участие около 20 000 женщин в Нью-Йорке. Хотя основной целью марша было продвижение равных возможностей для женщин в сфере труда и образования, протестующие и организаторы мероприятия также требовали предоставления прав на аборты и создания центров по уходу за детьми.

Б. Фридан рассказывала о «Забастовке за равенство»:

Национальная ассоциация за отмену законов об абортах
Фридан основала Национальную ассоциацию за отмену законов об абортах, переименованную в Национальную лигу действий за права на аборты после того, как Верховный суд узаконил аборты в 1973 году.

Политика
В 1970 году Б. Фридан во главе других феминисток сорвала выдвижение кандидата в Верховный суд Харролда Карсвелла, чей послужной список расовой дискриминации и антифеминизма делал его неприемлемым и непригодным для работы в высшем суде страны практически для всех участников движения за гражданские права и феминистского движения. Бесстрастные показания Б. Фридан в Сенате помогли провалить кандидатуру Х. Карсвелла.

В 1971 году Б. Фридан вместе со многими другими ведущими лидерами женского движения, включая Глорию Стайнем (с которой у неё была вражда), основала Национальное женское политическое собрание.

В 1972 году Б. Фридан безуспешно баллотировалась в качестве делегата на Демократическую национальную конвенцию 1972 года в поддержку конгрессвумен Ширли Чисхолм. В том году на Демократической национальной конвенции Б. Фридан играла очень заметную роль и выступила на съезде, хотя и вступила в конфликт с другими женщинами, в частности со Стайнем, по поводу того, что и как следует делать.

Имидж и единство движения
Одна из самых влиятельных феминисток двадцатого века, Б. Фридан (наряду со многими другими) выступала против приравнивания феминизма к лесбиянству. Ещё в 1964 году, в самом начале движения и всего через год после публикации книги «Загадка женственности», Б. Фридан выступила по телевидению, чтобы обратить внимание на то, что в то время средства массовой информации пытались отвергнуть движение как шутку и сосредоточить споры и дебаты вокруг того, носить или не носить бюстгальтеры, и других вопросов, которые считались смешными. В 1982 году, после второй волны, она написала книгу для пост-феминистских 1980-х годов под названием «Вторая стадия» о семейной жизни, основанной на том, что женщины преодолели социальные и правовые препятствия.

Бетти Фридман подтолкнула феминистское движение к тому, чтобы сосредоточиться на экономических вопросах, особенно на равенстве в сфере занятости и бизнеса, а также на обеспечении ухода за детьми и других средствах, с помощью которых женщины и мужчины могли бы совмещать семью и работу. Она старалась меньше внимания уделять абортам, как вопросу уже выигранному, а также изнасилованию и порнографии, которые, по её мнению, большинство женщин не считали приоритетными.

Смежные вопросы

Лесбийская политика
Когда она росла в Пеории, штат Иллинойс, она знала только одного гея. По её словам, «вся идея гомосексуальности вызывала у меня глубокое беспокойство». Позже она признала, что испытывала дискомфорт по поводу гомосексуальности. «Женское движение было не о сексе, а о равных возможностях в работе и обо всем остальном. Да, я полагаю, вы должны сказать, что свобода сексуального выбора является частью этого, но она не должна быть главным вопросом». Изначально она игнорировала лесбиянок в Национальной организации женщин (NOW) и возражала против того, что она считала их требования соответствующими времени. «Гомосексуализм… не является, по моему мнению, тем, ради чего и существует женское движение». Выступая против всех репрессий, писала она, она отказалась носить фиолетовую повязку на руке в знак политической солидарности, считая, что это не относится к таким основным вопросам, как аборты и уход за детьми.

Но в 1977 году на Национальной женской конференции она поддержала резолюцию о правах лесбиянок, «против которой, как все думали, я буду выступать», чтобы «упредить любые дебаты» и перейти к другим вопросам, которые, по её мнению, были более важными и не вызывали разногласий в попытке добавить Поправку о равных правах (ERA) в Конституцию США. Она приняла лесбийскую сексуальность, хотя и не политизировала её. В 1995 году на четвёртой Всемирной конференции ООН по положению женщин в Пекине, Китай, она сочла «нелепым», «невероятно глупым» и «оскорбительным» совет, данный китайскими властями водителям такси о том, что голые лесбиянки будут «шалить» в их машинах, поэтому водители должны вывешивать простыни за окнами такси, и что лесбиянки больны СПИДом, поэтому водители должны иметь при себе дезинфицирующие средства. В 1997 году она написала, что «дети… в идеале будут от матери и отца». В 2000 году она написала: «Сейчас я более спокойно отношусь ко всему этому вопросу».

Аборт — это выбор
Она поддерживала концепцию, что аборт — это выбор женщины, что он не должен быть преступлением или исключительно выбором врача или кого-то ещё, и помогла создать организацию Национальную ассоциацию за отмену законов об абортах (англ. NARAL) в то время, когда Федерация планируемого родительства США ещё не существовала. Утверждения об угрозах убийством в адрес её выступления на тему абортов привели к отмене двух мероприятий, хотя впоследствии одно из принимающих учреждений, колледж Лойола, пригласило её выступить на тему абортов и других вопросов о правах ЛГБТ, что она и сделала. В её проект первого заявления о целях NOW был включен пункт об абортах, но NOW не включала его до следующего года.

В 1980 году она считала, что аборт должен быть в контексте «выбора иметь детей» — формулировка, поддержанная римско-католическим священником, организовавшим участие католиков в Конференции Белого дома по вопросам семьи в том году, хотя, возможно, и не епископами, стоявшими над ним. Резолюция, воплощающая эту формулировку, прошла на конференции 460 голосами «за» — 114 «против», тогда как резолюция, касающаяся абортов, Поправки о равных правах и «сексуальных предпочтений», прошла только 292 голосами «за» — 291 «против», и то только после того, как 50 противников абортов вышли из зала и поэтому не голосовали по ней. Бетти Фридан не согласилась с резолюцией, в которой аборт формулировался в более феминистских терминах, которая была представлена на региональной конференции в Миннеаполисе по итогам той же Конференции Белого дома по вопросам семьи, считая её более поляризующей, в то время как составители проекта, очевидно, считали формулировку Б. Фридан слишком консервативной.

В 2000 году, писала она, говоря о «NOW и других женских организациях» как о находящихся в «искривленном времени», «на мой взгляд, слишком много внимания уделяется абортам. [В последние годы меня немного беспокоит узкая направленность движения на аборты, как будто это единственный и важный вопрос для женщин, хотя это не так». Она спрашивала: «Почему бы нам не объединить усилия со всеми, кто действительно почитает жизнь, включая католиков, выступающих против абортов, и бороться за право выбора иметь детей?».

Порнография
Она присоединилась к почти 200 другим членам организации «Феминистки за свободу слова», выступая против закона о компенсации жертвам порнографии. «Подавлять свободу слова во имя защиты женщин опасно и неправильно», — говорит Б. Фридан, — «Даже некоторые рекламы джинсов оскорбительны и порочны. Я не против бойкота, но я не думаю, что их следует подавлять».

Война
В 1968 году Б. Фридан подписала клятву «Писатели и редакторы протестуют против военных налогов», поклявшись отказаться от уплаты налогов в знак протеста против войны во Вьетнаме.

Влияние
Бетти Фридан приписывают начало современного феминистского движения и написание книги, которая является одним из краеугольных камней американского феминизма. Её активистская деятельность и её книга «Загадка женственности» оказали решающее влияние на авторов, педагогов, писателей, антропологов, журналистов, активистов, организации, профсоюзы и обычных женщин, участвующих в феминистском движении. Аллан Вулф в книге «Мистика Бетти Фридан» пишет: «Она помогла изменить не только мышление, но и жизнь многих американских женщин, но последние книги ставят под сомнение интеллектуальные и личные источники её работы». Хотя после публикации книги «Загадка женственности» возникли некоторые споры о работе Б. Фридан, нет сомнений в том, что её работа за равенство для женщин была искренней и целеустремленной.

Джудит Хеннесси («Бетти Фридан: её жизнь») и Дэниел Хоровиц, профессор американских исследований в колледже Смита, также писали о Б. Фридан. Д. Хоровиц исследовал участие Б. Фридан в женском движении до того, как она начала работать над «Загадкой женственности», и отметил, что феминизм Б. Фридан начался не в 1950-х годах, а ещё раньше, в 1940-х. Сосредоточив свое исследование на идеях Б. Фридан в феминизме, а не на её личной жизни, книга Д. Хоровица отвела Б. Фридан важную роль в истории американского феминизма.

Жюстин Блау также находилась под большим влиянием Б. Фридан. В книге «Бетти Фридан: Феминистка» Ж. Блау пишет о влиянии феминистского движения на личную и профессиональную жизнь Б. Фридан. Лиза Фреденксен Бохэннон в книге «Женская работа: История Бетти Фридан», углубилась в личную жизнь Б. Фридан и написала о её отношениях с матерью. Сандра Генри и Эмили Тайц («Бетти Фридан, борец за права женщин») и Сьюзен Тейлор Бойд (Б"етти Фридан: голос прав женщины, защитница прав человека") написали биографии о жизни и работах Бетти Фридан. Журналист Джананн Шеман написала книгу «Интервью с Бетти Фридан», содержащую интервью с Б. Фридан для The New York Times, Working Women, Playboy и др. Сосредоточившись на интервью, которые касаются взглядов Б. Фридан на мужчин, женщин и американскую семью, Дж. Шеман проследила жизнь Б. Фридан с анализом книги «Загадка женственности».

Б. Фридан (среди прочих) была показана в документальном фильме 2013 года Makers: Women Who Make America, посвященном женскому движению.

В 2014 году биография Б. Фридан была добавлена в Американскую национальную биографию (ANB).

Личность
В некрологе New York Times о Б. Фридан отмечалось, что она была «знаменито резкой» и что она могла быть «тонкокожей и властной, подверженной кричащим приступам темперамента».

В центре внимания СМИ оказались феминистки, оценивающие друг друга по личности и внешности, что стало источником хорошо задокументированной антипатии Бетти Фридан и Глории Стайнем. В феврале 2006 года, вскоре после смерти Б. Фридан, писательница-феминистка Жермен Грир опубликовала статью в The Guardian, в которой она описала Бетти Фридан как напыщенную, несколько требовательную и иногда эгоистичную.

Жермен Грир в статье «Бетти, которую я знала» для The Guardian:

В работе Л. Гинзберг:

Писательница Камилла Палья, которую Б. Фридан осудила в интервью Playboy, написала для неё краткий некролог в Entertainment Weekly:

Бетти Фридан о себе в биографии «Life so far»:

Бетти Фридан в книге «Загадка женственности»:

Личная жизнь
Бетти Фридан вышла замуж за Карла Фридана, театрального продюсера, в 1947 году во время работы в UE News. После замужества она продолжала работать, сначала в качестве оплачиваемого сотрудника, а после 1952 года — как журналист-фрилансер. Пара развелась в мае 1969 года, а Карл умер в декабре 2005 года.

Б. Фридан заявила в своих мемуарах «Life so far» (2000), что Карл избивал её во время их брака; друзья, такие как Долорес Александер, вспоминали, что им приходилось скрывать синяки под глазами от издевательств Карла во время пресс-конференций. Но Карл Фридан отрицал факт насилия над ней в интервью журналу Time вскоре после публикации книги, назвав это утверждение «полной выдумкой». Позже она сказала в программе «Доброе утро, Америка»: «Я почти жалею, что написала об этом, потому что это стало сенсацией, вырванной из контекста. Мой муж не был избивателем жен, и я не была его пассивной жертвой. Мы часто ссорились, и он был больше меня».

У Карла и Бетти Фридан было трое детей — Дэниел, Эмили и Джонатан.

Бетти Фридан выросла в еврейской семье, но была агностиком.

Смерть
Бетти Фридан умерла от застойной сердечной недостаточности в своем доме в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, 4 февраля 2006 года, в день своего 85-летия.

Бумаги
Некоторые бумаги Бетти Фридан хранятся в Библиотеке Шлезингера, Институте Рэдклиффа, Гарвардском университете, Кембридж, Массачусетс.

Награды и почести
 Почетная степень доктора гуманитарных наук от колледжа Смита (1975);
 «Гуманист года» от Американской гуманистической ассоциации (1975);
 Премия Морта Вайсингера от Американского общества журналистов и авторов (1979);
 С 1981 по 1983 год Бонни Тибурци организовала три обеда «Достижения женщин» для клуба «Крылья», чествуя некоторых женщин, включая Бетти Фридан;
 Почетная степень доктора гуманитарных наук Университета штата Нью-Йорк в Стоуни-Брук (1985);
 Премия Элеоноры Рузвельт за лидерство (1989);
 Почетная степень доктора гуманитарных наук Университета Брэдли (1991);
 Включение в Национальный зал славы женщин (1993);
 Почетная докторская степень Колумбийского университета (1994);
 Включение в список «75 самых важных женщин последних 75 лет» по версии журнала Glamour (2014).

В средствах массовой информации
Бетти Фридан была изображена актрисой Трейси Ульман в мини-сериале канала FX «Миссис Америка» в 2020 году.

Примечания

Литература

Деятели феминизма США
Выпускницы колледжа Смит
Выпускники Калифорнийского университета в Беркли
Теоретики феминизма
Национальный зал славы женщин


Using the d3.nest() function with a single key generates the following data array structure.
To create a div list of all 52 states in the data file (including "Washington DC"), write the following.
When you create a multidimensional nested array using the d3.nest() function with multiple keys, accessing data becomes less obvious.
Let's generate a div list of all studies per gender per state.
To create this list, write the following code.
Note that in the second data property, the following div elements are bound to the second level in the nested array.
inside an ordered list tag.
My way allows you to style the list. You can also add classes to the li tag if you want certain states to look different.
I was afraid of that. My tags got lost. So I'll just explain. Use list item li tags for each datum and wrap inside an ordered list ol tag.


text:
The 16 most inappropriate inflight movies
Photo: Thomas Hawk
Josh Heller
On a flight from Denver to Baltimore, a father complained that a PG-13 movie was too violent for his children. The flight attendants didn't want to turn off the overhead screen, so he got up to address his problems with the captain. Instead of responding, the captain diverted the flight to Chicago where the family was questioned by authorities. After explaining the misunderstanding, the family was quickly rebooked on a flight home. The family is still angry.
I've never heard of a father who really cared what movies his kids were watching on an airplane. Most people would respond to objectionable content by just making their kids read the in-flight magazine. If there were an airline run by someone who really didn't care about their clientele, here's an incredible list of movies that would freak out most of their passengers.
Alive – If your plane does crash, you have to wonder which of your fellow passengers you're going to want to eat.
Airplane! – Airplane! is one of the best movies ever made, and it'd probably be fine to show on an airplane if it weren't for the scene where passengers watch planes crashing while their own plane descends uncontrollably.
Con Air – The plane full of convicts crashes on the Las Vegas Strip, but most audiences will be creeped out by Steve Buscemi's serial killer who escapes to start a new life at the end of the film.
United 93 – Having to relive a national tragedy, while seated in the setting, is 3x the scary.
Snakes on a Plane – What's scarier than both snakes and planes? Oh I actually saw this movie on a flight in Mexico (on my laptop) where the most famous line is explained as: "¡Estoy cansado sobre esos pinches serpientes abordo este maldito avion!"
Flight – The movie starts with an epic crash scene that will make people wish they hadn't boarded this flight. The rest of the movie is pretty boring though.
Airport 77 – There is a plane crash, but people would revolt because 1970s movies get pretty dull.
Passenger 57 – I remember that this movie had a porn parody called Passenger 69. That'd also probably piss people off aboard a flight.
Air Force One – Terrorists hijack the president's plane without realizing that he's a badass. Passengers would probably approve, but will be in turmoil for most of the flight.
Flightplan – A kidnapping aboard your plane, while you're on the plane! Whoa, except it's worse because she is in first class, and you're sandwiched between linebackers.
Red Eye – The person sitting next to you might also be a terrorist.
Broken Arrow – Most captive audiences are not traveling aboard stealth bombers, but they'd probably be unhappy by the explosions and Christian Slater's acting.
Crash Landing – This would be bad because the title is "Crash Landing" and also most passengers don't understand Mandarin.
Turbulence – Ray Liotta tries to fly a plane through skyscrapers!
Skyjacked – Some people will love the portmanteau, others will love the classic actors, others will close their eyes in terror.
Flight of the Living Dead – The movie is entirely based on a pun. Americans hate puns.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Original photograph:
Edited for scale and converted to black and white:
The text used to make the marks is Executive Order 9102 that established the War Relocation Authority the agency responsible for the forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.
Executive Order 9102 :
By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and statutes of the United States, as President of the United States and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, and in order to provide for the removal from designated areas of persons whose removal is necessary in the interests of national security, it is ordered as follows:
1. There is established in the Office for Emergency Management of the Executive Office of the President the War Relocation Authority, at the head of which shall be a Director appointed by and responsible to the President.
2. The Director of the War Relocation Authority is authorized and directed to formulate and effectuate a program for the removal, from the areas designated from time to time by the Secretary of War or appropriate military commander under the authority of Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19, 1942, of the persons or classes of persons designated under such Executive Order, and for their relocation, maintenance, and supervision.
3. In effectuating such program the Director shall have authority to
(a) Accomplish all necessary evacuation not undertaken by the Secretary of War or appropriate military commander, provide for the relocation of such persons in appropriate places, provide for their needs in such manner as may be appropriate, and supervise their activities.
(b) Provide, insofar as feasible and desirable, for the employment of such persons at useful work in industry, commerce, agriculture, or public projects, prescribe the terms and conditions of such public employment, and safeguard the public interest in the private employment of such persons.
(c) Secure the cooperation, assistance, or services of any governmental agency.
(d) Prescribe regulations necessary or desirable to promote effective execution of such program, and, as a means of coordinating evacuation and relocation activities, consult with the Secretary of War with respect to regulations issued and measures taken by him.
(e) Make such delegations of authority as he may deem necessary.
(f) Employ necessary personnel, and make such expenditures, including the making of loans and grants and the purchase of real property, as may be necessary, within the limits of such funds as may be made available to the Authority.
4. The Director shall consult with the United States Employment Service and other agencies on employment and other problems incident to activities under this Order.
5. The Director shall cooperate with the Alien Property Custodian appointed pursuant to Executive Order No. 9095 of March 11, 1942, in formulating policies to govern the custody, management, and disposal by the Alien Property Custodian of property belonging to foreign nationals removed under this Order or under Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19, 1942; and may assist all other persons removed under either of such Executive Orders in the management and disposal of their property.
6. Departments and agencies of the United States are directed to cooperate with and assist the Director in his activities hereunder. The Departments of War and Justice, under the direction of the Secretary of War and the Attorney General, respectively, shall insofar as consistent with the national interest provide such protective, police, and investigational services as the Director shall find necessary in connection with activities under this Order.
7. There is established within the War Relocation Authority the War Relocation Work Corps. The Director shall provide, by general regulations, for the enlistment in such Corps, for the duration of the present war, of persons removed under this Order or under Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19, 1942, and shall prescribe the terms and conditions of the work to be performed by such Corps, and the compensation to be paid.
8. There is established within the War Relocation Authority a Liaison Committee on War Relocation, which shall consist of the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney General, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Labor, the Federal Security Administrator, the Director of Civilian Defense, and the Alien Property Custodian, or their deputies, and such' other persons or agencies as the Director may designate. The Liaison Committee shall meet at the call of the Director and shall assist him in his duties.
9. The Director shall keep the President informed with regard to the progress made in carrying out this Order, and perform such related duties as the President may from time to time assign to him.
10. In order to avoid duplication of evacuation activities under this Order and Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19, 1942, the Director shall not undertake any evacuation activities within military areas designated under said Executive Order No. 9066, without the prior approval of the Secretary of War or the appropriate military commander.
11. This Order does not limit the authority granted in Executive Order No. 8972 of December 12, 1941; Executive Order No. 9066 of February 19, 1942; Executive Order No. 9095 of March 11, 1942; Executive Proclamation No. 2525 of December 7, 1941; Executive Proclamation No. 2526 of December 8, 1941; Executive Proclamation No. 2527 of December 8, 1941; Executive Proclamation No. 2533 of December 19, 1941; or Executive Proclamation No. 2537 of January 14, 1942; nor does it limit the functions of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
442nd Infantry Regiment:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/442nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)
Executive Order 9102:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9102
Japanese American Internment:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans


Marie points out that Sansar will go Open Alpha this summer for those with VR headsets. Really!?! Is that going to be a question in the signup process? I doubt it. As expensive as headsets are, that would severely limit the number of people. She may be right but, I doubt and hope that isn't accurate.
Marie quotes Ebbe as saying Sansar will move from SL's property tax model to a consumption tax model. Many of us think that is an awesome idea. We see SL timidly and slowly moving in that direction too.
In Sansar experience (place) owners may charge a fee or ask for a donation to enter. In SL I am seeing more places requiring a group membership in an entry fee group. I think the increased number of groups we can be in has made that more feasible. But, membership in SL groups is never by monthly or annual subscription, only one time fees.
There is always the problem of paying for a server. In SL the cost of a server is pretty high. One month's SL fee would pay for my web site for over a year, even after upping my site's server capability to handle about 100 concurrent users (search crawlers and users can at times swamp my site).
My web site is paid for by traffic and Google Adsense. Something like that is planned to be a part of Sansar. The plan on broad terms seems to be to minimize basic ongoing costs (like rent/hosting) to make it easier to afford a Sansar place/site, while increasing the possibility of selling things and earning income. So, when a Sansar place owner makes money, so too will the Lab. If the owner isn't making money, Sansar will hopefully be cheap enough for them to hang around until they figure out how to make it big.


If you're nearing the end of your pregnancy, it feels like every slight shift or discomfort can signal the start of labor. How are you supposed to know if contractions are starting or if you're just having phantom pains? Luckily, there are several telltale signs that let you know you're going into labor – and to get to the doctor ASAP.
The most well-known of labor symptoms are strong and regular contractions. During your entire pregnancy, your uterus has been preparing for labor by exercising its contraction muscles. However, during the start of labor, these contractions intensify and increase, because they are beginning to push the baby into the birth canal.
During labor, your contractions will feel intense and regular. Contractions begin in the back and make their way to the front of your belly. Your abdomen will clench up, becoming quite hard, and then relax. Timing your contractions is one way to tell how close you are to labor – if your contractions are about five minutes apart, you're in labor.
When your fetus is growing in your uterus, it is surrounded by a protective sac of amniotic fluid. When you're going into labor, this sac is no longer needed and it bursts during the labor process. This fluid can be a strong gush or a trickle.
Sometimes, your water will break days before you give birth. Your water might not even break at all. However, if you do experience your water breaking, this is a major sign that labor is only a couple of days away. This is because the baby becomes vulnerable to infection and other complications once the amniotic sac breaks. Your doctor will likely want to deliver the baby within a day or two of your water breaking.
If it's your first pregnancy, your body will have to prepare itself for labor. A few weeks before the baby is due, you will feel a lightening sensation. This happens because the baby is descending into your pelvis in order to prepare for labor. You will feel less pressure in your ribcage during this time, but you'll feel increased pressure on your bladder. Your belly will appear lower and more protruding as well. This happens a few weeks prior to labor for new mothers, but if this is your second or subsequent child, the baby will usually drop right before labor begins.
If you're an expecting mother in the Nashville area, you deserve inclusive and welcoming care as you prepare for the arrival of your little one. Contact the OBGYN team at the Women's Medical Associates of Nashville to schedule your appointment today.


text:
Evaluating adherence to recommended diets in adults 1991–2015: revised China dietary guidelines index
Feifei Huang1 na1,
Zhihong Wang1 na1,
Liusen Wang1,
Huijun Wang1,
Jiguo Zhang1,
Wenwen Du1,
Chang Su1,
Xiaofang Jia1,
Yifei Ouyang1,
Yun Wang1,
Li Li1,
Hongru Jiang1 &
Bing Zhang ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8399-90611
The China Dietary Guidelines Index (CDGI) is a diet quality evaluation index that can present the overall diet quality and is comparable between individuals. The aim of this study was to revise CDGI for Chinese adults according to the Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2016 (CDG-2016), evaluate adherence to recommended diets between 1991 and 2015, and analyze the trend, variation, and determinants of diet quality.
Food, cooking oil, and condiment intakes were estimated based on twenty-four-hour dietary recalls over three consecutive days and the household weighing method. Based on the food and nutrients recommendations for people with different energy requirements in CDG-2016, CDGI was revised as China Dietary Guidelines Index (2019)-Adults (CDGI(2019)-A) by equal weight continuity scoring. Three-level random intercept-slope growth models were applied to analyze the trend, variation, and determinants at both the community and individual levels.
CDGI(2019)-A, the sum of fourteen component scores with a range of 0–110 points, increased significantly from 38.2 in 1991 to 47.3 in 2015. Components with a score of less than half were milk (91.6%), fruits (72.0%), nuts (82.5%), other cereals and beans (82.6%), and seafood (77.7%). Between-individual accounted for 25.6% of the total score variation, of which 87.4% derived from the community level. CDGI(2019)-A score displayed a positive association with being female, having higher education, having higher income, living in an urban area, and knowing the CDG-2016 recommendations. The impact of income and awareness of CDG-2016 varied significantly across communities.
Although quality of diet has been improving in China, overall quality remains poor, primarily because of inadequate intake of milk and dairy products, nuts, fruits, other cereals and miscellaneous beans, and seafood. Intervention at the community level may improve diet quality more efficiently than at the individual level, and the most effective intervention should be selected in different communities according to local conditions.
Optimal diet plays an important role in reducing the risk of all-cause mortality and chronic noncommunicable diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and colorectal cancer [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Achieving optimal diet is based on scientifically evaluating individual diet quality. Traditional evaluation of diet quality compared actual intake of foods or nutrients to the recommended intake. However, this method cannot determine overall diet quality or allow comparison of individuals' diet quality. Evaluating overall diet quality requires establishing a comprehensive index.
Several diet quality evaluation indices exist, the earliest of which date to the 1960s. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) and nutritional quality index (NQI) were established based on nutrient intakes [7]. Desirable dietary pattern was based on food intakes [7]. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) [8], Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) [9], Diet Quality Index [10], Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) [11], Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score [12], and others were based on intake of both nutrients and foods. Some of these indices have been updated with revised dietary guidelines and applied to different countries [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. The main differences among these indices are their components and their methods of calculating scores. MAR was established based on recommended dietary allowances in the United States from 1968 with a full score of 100, which was the mean of multiple nutrients' adequacy ratio. NQI includes thirty-five nutrients, and the total score ranges from 0 to 100. Although a nutrient-based dietary index is more accurate, the calculation process is complicated, and there are some limitations to its application. There are at least four MDSs as measures of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, which is a dietary pattern [11]. The more widely used algorithm is based on fifteen dietary recommendations (the Mediterranean diet pyramid) by the Mediterranean Diet Foundation, and the possible range is 0 to 15.
Based on the Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2007 (CDG-2007) and the Balanced Dietary Pagoda, we established the China Dietary Guidelines Index (CDGI) using the core method of Harvard Healthy Dietary Index. Briefly, CDGI-2007 consists of ten components: (1) coarse grains; (2) total vegetables, including the proportion of dark-colored vegetables; (3) fruits; (4) nuts, soybeans, and soybean products; (5) milk and dairy products; (6) seafood; (7) red meat and poultry; (8) edible oil; (9) salt; and (10) alcohol. Each component is scored on a continuous scale from 0 to 10. The total CDGI score has a possible range of 0–100, with a higher score indicating better compliance with the dietary guidelines. We found that adults more adherent to CDGI had a lower risk of elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol or elevated blood glucose [22].
The Chinese Dietary Guidelines were revised in 2016, which meant that CDGI-2007 was no longer applicable. We have updated CDGI for elderly (CDGI(2019)-E) and evaluated the diet quality of the elderly from fifteen provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities [23]. CDGI for adults has not yet been updated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to (1) revise the CDGI for Chinese adults as CDGI(2019)-A according to the Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2016 (CDG-2016); (2) evaluate adherence to recommended diets by Chinese adults from 1991 to 2015; and (3) analyze the trend, variation, and determinants of diet quality at community and individual levels using three-level multilevel models.
Participants and methods
Study sample
All data used in this study were derived from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) codeveloped by the National Institute for Nutrition and Health of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the United States [24]. CHNS was a prospective study begun in 1989 (followed up in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015, and 2019) and was sampled by a multistage, stratified, clustered random method. The study included eight diverse provinces and autonomous regions from 1989 to 1997 and nine from 2000 to 2009. Based on the national administrative regions, a weighted sampling scheme was used to randomly select four counties and two cities in each province. Villages and townships within the counties and urban and suburban neighborhoods within the cities were selected randomly [24]. Townships and urban neighborhoods were grouped into the urban area, and villages and suburban neighborhoods were grouped into the rural area. More detailed sample and design are described elsewhere [24, 25]. Beijing, Chongqing, and Shanghai were added in 2011, and Shannxi, Yunnan, and Zhejiang provinces were added in 2015. The institutional review board of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, approved the study protocol (No. 201524). All of the participants signed the informed consents.
The data collected in 2019 are under manipulation. Adults aged 18–64 years with complete dietary, socioeconomic, and demographic data from 1991 to 2015 were involved in this study. Pregnant or lactating women, adults with energy intake less than 1600 kcal per day (kcal/d) or greater than 2400 kcal/d, and those with an implausible CDGI(2019)-A score (less than 1% of total population in each wave) were excluded. A total of 20,975 individuals living in 388 communities participated in this study. All of the participants signed the informed consents.
Methods of investigation
Consecutive 3d24h dietary recalls (two weekdays and one weekend day) were used in each wave to assess dietary intake at the individual level. Trained investigators interviewed each participant and then recorded the amounts and other details of all foods and drinks consumed except cooking oil and condiments. Household weighing method was used to obtain cooking oil and condiment consumption by all family members during the corresponding 3 days. The consumption of each participant was calculated according to the times cooked at home, meal proportions, and ratio of individual energy intake to household energy intake. The intake of carbohydrate and energy was calculated by means of China Food Composition [26]. The energy supply ratio of carbohydrates (%) = carbohydrates intake (g) × 4 kcal/g ÷ energy intake (kcal) × 100%. Salt intake consisted of NaCl from cooking salt, paste, and sauce.
Demographic information, income, physical activity, nutritional knowledge, and community status were all collected by trained investigators through face-to-face questionnaires. We asked the household annual income and the individual annual income of each participant each year and then calculated the household annual income per capita in different years, which were all inflated to 2015 according to the gross domestic product of each year to make them comparable. We defined whether the participants knew the CDG by their answering yes or no to this question: "Do you know the Chinese Dietary Guidelines?" The physical activity in our questionnaire had five levels: (1) very light; (2) light, meaning working in a standing position (e.g., salesperson, laboratory technician, teacher, etc.); (3) moderate (e.g., student, driver, electrician, metal worker, etc.); (4) heavy (e.g., farmer, dancer, steel worker, athlete, etc.); and (5) very heavy (e.g., loader, logger, miner, stonecutter, etc.). Body weight was measured by standard unified method and equipment. Physical activity level and body weight were used to calculate each participant's energy requirement.
The urbanization index was established by Jones-Smith and Popkin and was based on twelve multidimensional components reflecting economic, social, demographic, and infrastructural diversity at the community level [27].
Energy requirement
To align with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes 2013, we regrouped physical activity into three levels: very light and light physical activity were considered level 1, moderate physical activity level 2, and heavy and very heavy physical activity level 3. Energy requirement was calculated by the following formula: energy requirement (kcal/d) = basal energy expenditure (kcal/kg·d) × body weight (kg) × physical activity level values. Table 1 shows basal energy expenditure by age and gender. The physical activity level values were 1.50 for level 1, 1.75 for level 2, and 2.00 for level 3 [28].
Table 1 Age- and gender-specific basal energy expenditure
Revision of CDGI(2019)-a and diet quality assessment
Four of the six recommendations of CDG-2016 for the general population concerning food were selected as components of CDGI(2019)-A. CDGI(2019)-A was composed of thirteen food-related components and one nutrient-related component: 1) other cereals and miscellaneous beans, 2) total vegetables, 3) ratio of dark-colored vegetables to all vegetables, 4) fruits, 5) milk and dairy products, 6) soybeans, 7) nuts, 8) seafood, 9) poultry and meat, 10) eggs, 11) cooking oil, 12) salt, 13) alcohol, and 14) energy supply ratio of carbohydrate. "Other cereals" referred to cereals other than rice, flour, and their products. "Miscellaneous beans" referred to beans other than soybeans. "Dark-colored vegetables" referred to vegetables with carotene ≥500 μg/100 g [22]. "Energy supply ratio of carbohydrate" was used to evaluate the intake of cereals and tubers. Equivalent weight continuity scoring was used to assess the diet quality of adults in China.
The components of CDGI(2019)-A can be divided into three categories: (1) adequate intake (other cereals and miscellaneous beans, vegetables, fruits, milk and dairy products, soybeans, and nuts), (2) appropriate intake (seafood, poultry and lean meat, and eggs), and (3) limited intake (cooking oil, salt, and alcohol). For individuals with different energy requirements, neither the subtotal score of each component nor the recommended food intake amounts was equal, as detailed in Table 2. For the adequate intake foods, if intake was 0, the score was also 0; if intake was not less than the recommended amount, the score was full. For the appropriate intake foods, if intake was 0 or more than twice the recommendations, the score was 0; if intake was within the recommended ranges, the score was full. For limited intake foods, if intake was more than twice the recommendations, the score was 0; if intake was less than the recommendations, the score was full. In other cases, the score was calculated proportionally. The maximum score values were 5 for energy supply ratio of carbohydrates, 5 for other cereals and miscellaneous beans, 5 for vegetables, 5 for ratio of dark-colored vegetables to all vegetables, 10 for fruits, 10 for milk and dairy products, 5 for soybeans, 5 for nuts, 10 for seafood, 10 for poultry and lean meat, 10 for eggs, 10 for cooking oil, 10 for salt, and 10 for alcohol. The scoring method has been detailed elsewhere [23]. The total score, the sum of the fourteen components, was no more than 110 and was positive with diet quality.
Table 2 Components of CDGI(2019)-A and scoring
SAS 9.4 and MLwiN 2.36 software were used in this study. Hierarchy of communities, individuals, and repeated measurements was caused by the sampling, and the CDGI(2019)-A scores (level 1) of individuals (level 2) living in the same community (level 3) for each year were not independent. Therefore, traditional analysis of variance was not applicable, so three-level multilevel models were employed in this study, implemented by MLwiN 2.36 software.
Survey year was variable at level 1. Age, gender, education, income, and awareness of the CDG were variables at individual level (level 2), of which income was in quartile. Urbanization index was variable at community level (level 3). First, a two-level null model and a three-level null model without any independent variables were fitted to analyze the intra-class correlation and variation at different levels. Then, a three-level random intercept growth model including survey years as category variate was fitted to explore the trend of total score. Subsequently, a three-level random intercept growth model, including covariates at both individual and community levels, was fitted to analyze the determinants of CDGI(2019)-A scores. Finally, a three-level random intercept-slope growth model was fitted to analyze the variation of impact of covariates on total score at the community level.
The log likelihood ratio test was used to compare the goodness of fit between models, and the Wald χ2 test was used to test coefficients and variances in models. Standardized residual × normal scores plots were used to test the assumption of normal distribution at different levels.
Characteristics of the participants
Table 3 describes the characteristics of participants. In 1991 there were 5544 participants, and in 2015 there were 7458 participants. The percentage of male participants decreased from 43.6% in 1991 to 37.2% in 2015. The percentage of participants living in urban areas remained approximately consistent from 1991 to 2009, but increased significantly in 2011 and 2015. During the period of investigation from 1991 to 2015, the ages of the participants increased continuously, and the percentage of participants who knew the CDG increased significantly from 8.5% in 2004 to 29.4% in 2015.
Table 3 Characteristics of the participants (n, %)
The adherence to recommended diets in Chinese adults from 1991 to 2015
Figure 1 shows the trend of the total score of CDGI(2019)-A from 1991 to 2015. For each year of the study, the CDGI(2019)-A total scores (median) were 38.2, 39.1, 39.2, 40.0, 43.2, 43.5, 46.5, 48.8, and 47.3, showing a significantly upward tendency. Females and participants living in urban areas, with higher education, with higher income, or who knew the CDG had higher total scores than males and participants living in rural areas, with lower education, with lower income, or who did not know the CDG in each year. The total score also increased with the urbanization index. Additional file 1: Table S1 shows the detailed scores.
The total scores of CDGI(2019)-A of Chinese adults
Table 4 shows the percentage of participants in each component scored in various ranges. The percentages of CDGI(2019)-A score in the range of 0- < 55 (half of the total score) decreased from 93.7% in 1991 to 73.8% in 2015, and the range of 55- < 110 (full score) increased from 6.3% in 1991 to 26.3% in 2015. There were no participants with full score (110 points) from 1991 to 2015.
Table 4 Distribution of CDGI(2019)-A component scores (%)
Of the fourteen components, adherence of alcohol intake scored the best. From 1991 to 2015, the percentage of participants with full score for alcohol significantly increased from 94.0 to 98.5%. Next best was energy supply ratio of carbohydrates, with less than 4.1% of the participants having a score of less than 2.5 (full score is 5) in any year, and the percentage of participants with full score increased from 40.2% in 1991 to a peak of 47.1% in 2000 and then decreased to 38.5% in 2015. The next optimal component was cooking oil. Although the percentages of participants with full score for cooking oil decreased from 42.5% in 1991 to 39.6% in 2015, the proportion of full score was higher than for other components in each year. The percentage of participants with full score for salt rose most quickly, significantly increasing from 12.6% in 1991 to 33.4% in 2015. The percentages of participants with full score for vegetables, soybeans, and ratio of deep-colored vegetables to all vegetables declined from 1991 to 2015. The largest gaps with respect to the CDG were in intake of milk and dairy products, fruits, nuts, other cereals and miscellaneous beans, and seafood, with more than 91.6, 72.0, 82.5, 82.6, and 77.7% participants scoring less than half respectively over all study years. The low scores for these kinds of foods primarily account for the low CDGI(2019)-A total score.
Variations and trend of CDGI(2019)-a total score
Model 1 in Table 5 shows that 25.6% of the total variation of CDGI(2019)-A score from 1991 to 2015 was between-individual and 74.4% was intra-individual. As shown in Model 2, 87.4% of the between-individual variation derived from the community level (level 3). From Model 3, we found that the CDGI(2019)-A score significantly increased 0.9, 1.4, 1.4, 4.6, 5.0, 7.5, 8.6, and 8.1 points respectively from 1993 to 2015 compared to the score in 1991.
Table 5 Variations and trend of CDGI(2019)-A total score
Impact of covariates at different levels
The coefficients of fixed effect and variances of random effect and their standard errors of the three-level multilevel models after adjusting for survey years, age, gender, education, income, urbanization index, and awareness of the CDG are presented in Table 6.
Table 6 Association between CDGI(2019)-A score and covariates by random intercept-slope growth models
From the three-level random intercept growth model, we found that the CDGI(2019)-A score was significantly positive with the covariates mentioned previously except for age. The score significantly increased an average of 0.3 points each year, and the score of females was significantly higher than that of males by 3.2 points. Participants with middle school education scored 1.0 points higher than those with elementary school education and below, while participants with high school education and above scored 1.9 points higher than those with elementary school education and below. Compared to the lowest quartile of income, the scores of the second, third, and highest quartiles were 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 points higher respectively. In addition, the scores of the lowest and the second quartiles of urbanization index did not differ statistically, which were about 2 points lower than both the third and the highest quartiles. The score of participants who knew the CDG was significantly higher than that of participants who did not know the CDG by 0.9 points.
From the three-level random intercept-slope growth model, we found that the impact of gender and education on the CDGI(2019)-A score was not significantly different in different communities, for the P values of variances were all greater than 0.05. The impact of income and awareness of the CDG on the score significantly varied in different communities, and the variances of the third and highest quartiles of income were larger than that of the second quartile in different communities.
We revised the CDGI-2007 for adults into CDGI(2019)-A according to the CDG-2016 by means of the equivalent weight continuity score method, which was the core of Harvard Healthy Dietary Index. Compared to the previous CDGI, the CDGI(2019)-A changed the score of other cereals from 10 points to 5 points and added two components, which were the energy supply ratio of carbohydrates for 5 points and eggs for 10 points. Therefore, the total score increased from 100 to 110. Subsequently, we calculated the CDGI(2019)-A for Chinese adults aged 18–64 years to evaluate the diet quality over a twenty-five-year period from 1991 to 2015 and further analyzed the variation and trend of CDGI(2019)-A score and its influencing factors at community and individual levels with three-level multilevel growth models. We also analyzed the components of CDGI(2019)-A score.
We found that the total CDGI(2019)-A score increased from 38.2 in 1991 to 48.8 in 2011 and decreased slightly to 47.3 in 2015, with an average increase of 0.4 per year. Despite the continuous improvement of diet quality, the score was still less than half of the full score, and diet quality can still be improved.
The dominant reason for the low total score was that the scores of milk and dairy products, fruits, nuts, other cereals and miscellaneous beans, and seafood (e.g., fish, shellfish, and mollusks) were quite low. Along with rapid economic development and social transition, China has undergone nutritional transition and dietary westernization over the past three decades. However, previous studies showed that these five kinds of foods have been seriously inadequate during this time [29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. Low scores of milk and dairy products, seafood, fruits, and other cereals and miscellaneous beans were also primary reasons for low diet quality among the elderly population in China [23]. Inadequate intake of these kinds of foods has become a national nutritional problem, and increasing intake should be regarded as an important goal for Chinese residents to improve their diet quality in the future. Overnutrition was also a reason for the low CDGI(2019)-A total score. For example, the average daily intake of red meat for Chinese adult males increased from 69.4 g in 1991 to 90.6 g in 2009, while daily intake for females increased from 52.2 g to 73.7 g [37].
In 2011 and 2015, we included three municipalities—Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing—which have better adherence to recommended diets than the original nine provinces and the Shannxi, Zhejiang, and Yunnan provinces (which joined in 2015). Although including the three municipalities caused the total score in 2011 and 2015 to rise to a certain extent, it did not change the longitudinal trend of the gradual increase of the total score from 1991 to 2011, but a slight decrease in 2015. From the further analysis of the fourteen components (not shown in the results), we found that the decline of the fruit score caused by a significant decline of fruit intake from 2011 to 2015 was the primary reason for the decline of the total score from 2011 to 2015. Why the intake of fruits decreased sharply is worth exploring in depth.
The CDGI(2019)-A score in our study was not comparable with previous studies in assessing the diet quality of Chinese adults for the evaluation indices differed [38,39,40,41,42]. Some of those studies employed indices used abroad that were not suitable for China. The trend of diet quality in our study was not consistent with the previous study. Huang et al. found that the diet quality of Chinese residents increased from 2004 to 2006, but declined from 2006 to 2011 [41]. We found that the diet quality increased from 1991 to 2011 wave by wave, but slightly declined from 2011 to 2015. One of the possible reasons for this inconsistency was that the age of participants and exclusion criteria in the two studies were different, but the main reason was that the index components and scoring methods were completely different.
Because of the sampling method, the participants in this study had hierarchy of community-individual-repeated measurements (survey year) and aggregation at different levels. This kind of data violated the independence required by the traditional variance analysis [43]. Neglecting the hierarchy or nonindependence will result in incorrect conclusions [44]. Therefore, three-level multilevel models were used in this study.
We found that the variances of random effect at different levels showed that the impact of community level on the CDGI (2019)-A score was seven times that of individual level, suggesting that intervention at the community level might more efficiently improve the diet quality of Chinese adults than intervention at the individual level. Although we found that females and participants with higher education, with higher income, or who knew the CDG had better diet quality than males and participants with lower education, with lower income, or who did not know the CDG in each year, the degrees of impact were different at the individual level. The impact of gender on diet quality was 1.7 times that of education, 2.6 times that of income, and 3.4 times that of the awareness of CDG after adjusting for other covariates. Besides improving education, income level, and nutrition knowledge, we should focus more on males to improve diet quality. At the community level, this study only included a comprehensive index—urbanization index, which explained about 17.1% of the variation at this level. Further determinants at this level need to be identified. Income and awareness of the CDG have been determined to be variates that had significant different impact on the CDGI(2019)-A score in different communities, rather than age, gender, or education, which means that the most effective intervention should be selected in different communities according to local conditions.
Standardized residual × normal scores plots can not only test the normality of the models, but also detect the suspected outlier at different levels, which is another important characteristic of the multilevel model. This can be done in further studies.
In addition to evaluating diet quality, the diet quality evaluation index can be used as a dietary evaluation tool to study nutrition and health status. Overseas studies have found that the MDS, alternate Mediterranean Diet Score, HEI, AHEI, and DASH score are negatively correlated with the risk of cardiovascular disease incidence or death [45,46,47,48] and with the risk of colorectal cancer [49]. We previously found that CDGI-2007 score had a negative relationship with the risk of elevated low-density protein cholesterol or elevated blood glucose [22]. CDGI(2019)-A was a revision of CDGI-2007 for Chinese adults, and the impact of cardiovascular metabolic risk factors can also be analyzed theoretically. Further studies are needed to verify the association between CDGI(2019)-A and health outcomes to provide evidence for predicting the risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases.
Our study also had limitations. First, consecutive 3d24h recalls may not accurately estimate the intake of episodically consumed foods compared to nonconsecutive 24 h recalls, and this underestimated the food intakes. Second, intakes of cooking oil and salt were estimated by household weighing method. This method can represent the consumption of oil and salt only for home meals, not for meals eaten outside the home.
The diet quality of Chinese adults has successively improved during the twenty-five-year period but is still relatively poor. The largest gap with respect to the food recommendations is insufficient intake of milk and dairy products, fruits, nuts, other cereals and miscellaneous beans, and seafood. Females and participants with higher education, higher income, or more awareness of CDG had better diet quality. Income and awareness of CDG had different impacts on the diet quality in different communities. Intervention at the community level may be more efficient in improving the diet quality of Chinese adults than intervention at individual level.
AHEI:
Alternative Healthy Eating Index
CDG:
China Dietary Guidelines
CDGI:
China Dietary Guidelines Index
CDGI(2019)-A:
China Dietary Guidelines (2019)-Adults
CDGI(2019)-E:
China Dietary Guidelines (2019)-Elderly
CHNS:
China Health and Nutrition Survey
DASH score:
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score
HEI:
Healthy Eating Index
MDS:
Mediterranean Diet Score
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Krebs-Smith SM, Pannucci TE, Subar AF, Kirkpatrick SI, Lerman JL, Tooze JA, Wilson MM, Reedy J. Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2015. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2018;118:1591–602.
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Popkin BM, Du S, Zhai F, Zhang B. Cohort profile: the China health and nutrition survey--monitoring and understanding socio-economic and health change in China, 1989-2011. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39:1435–40.
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Jones-Smith JC, Popkin BM. Understanding community context and adult health changes in China: development of an urbanicity scale. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71:1436–46.
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Wang Y, Jia XF, Du WW, Wang ZH, Wang HJ, Zhang B. Dairy consumption characteristics among Chinese adult residents from 1989 to 2011. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2017;46:409–15 433.
Huang FF, Wang ZH, Zhang J, Jiang HR, Zhang JG, Wang HJ. Consumption status of dairy products by Chinese residents aged 18-59 years in 15 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in 2015. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica. 2018;40:322–7.
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The author would like to thank all those who have worked on this research and all of the participants.
Availability of data and material
The CHNS datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available at http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/china/data. The CNTCS datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
This research was funded by the Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, grant number 5R24 HD050924; the National Institutes of Health, grant numbers R01-HD30880, DK056350, R24 HD050924, and R01-HD38700; and the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, grant numbers 5D43TW007709 and 5D43TW009077.
Feifei Huang and Zhihong Wang contributed equally to this work.
National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
Feifei Huang
, Zhihong Wang
, Liusen Wang
, Huijun Wang
, Jiguo Zhang
, Wenwen Du
, Chang Su
, Xiaofang Jia
, Yifei Ouyang
, Yun Wang
, Li Li
, Hongru Jiang
& Bing Zhang
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Conceptualization, ZW Data curation, LW Formal analysis, FH and ZW Funding acquisition, BZ Investigation, FH, ZW, HW, JZ and WD Methodology, JZ Project administration, BZ Supervision, HW and BZ Writing – original draft, FH Writing – review & editing, ZW. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Bing Zhang.
This study was approved by institutional review boards at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
Additional file 1: Table S1. CDGI(2019)-A total score of Chinese adults aged 18–64 years.
Huang, F., Wang, Z., Wang, L. et al. Evaluating adherence to recommended diets in adults 1991–2015: revised China dietary guidelines index. Nutr J 18, 70 (2019) doi:10.1186/s12937-019-0498-3
Received: 24 April 2019
Chinese adults
Diet quality
Multilevel model


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Topic: Unique features you use the most?
Re: Unique features you use the most?
My favorite feature is the plugin PictView with the function select and cut.
That's the reason because I have suggested the option "Undo (STRG+Z)" and "Redo (STRG-Y)" for this plugin.
Did you started Alatap Salamander as admin?
I miss the link to the Altap website!


text:
River Ave. Blues » Roger Clemens under indictment perjury
Roger Clemens under indictment perjury
August 19, 2010 by Benjamin Kabak 98 Comments
Game 121: Three out of four is always nice
Aceves not yet ready to rejoin the Yankees
Clemens testifies in front of Congress on February 13, 2008. The indictment stems from his testimony that day. Credit: AP Photo, Pablo Martinez
Update (5:25 p.m.): A federal grand jury has filed an indictment against former Yankee pitcher Roger Clemens facing a federal indictment for perjury in connection with his 2008 testiomy to the U.S. Senate. The 19-page indictment, unveiled today, charges the disgraced hurler with three counts of making false statements and two counts of perjury. While the Department of Justice will not seek to arrest Clemens, the Rocket's legal troubles are just beginning.
Michael S. Schmidt of The Times has more details on the incidents out of which the indictment arises:
Clemens's allegedly false testimony came in a public hearing in which Clemens and his former trainer Brian McNamee, testifying under oath, directly contradicted each other about whether Clemens had used the banned substances.
"Americans have a right to expect that witnesses who testify under oath before Congress will tell the truth," United States Attorney Ronald C. Machen Jr. said in a statement announcing the indictment. "Our government can not function if witnesses are not held accountable for false statements made before Congress. Today the message is clear: if a witness makes a choice to ignore his or her obligation to testify honestly, there will be consequences."
The congressional hearing at the heart of the indictment came just two months after McNamee first tied Clemens to the use of the substances in George J. Mitchell's report on the use of performance-enhancing drugs in baseball. After Mitchell released the report, Clemens claimed McNamee made up the allegations.
Clemens joins Barry Bonds as the two most prominent former players to face perjury charges in connection with statements concerning PED use. Bonds is scheduled to go to trial in March, and the two will appear together on the 2013 Hall of Fame ballot.
The Feds, as Schmidt reports, investigated Clemens after Congressional leaders raised concerns over his testimony. Still, there are elements of a witch hunt here as Congress and the Justice Department have gone after only the two biggest names to be accused of drug use. If convicted, Clemens could face a sentence of 15-21 months, but my guess is that this case doesn't get that far. Because Clemens allegedly never failed a drug test, the government's evidence rests on the testimony of Brian McNamee, a former Clemens confidante who turned informant to avoid federal drug charges. McNamee claims to have old syringes that reportedly tested positive for both steroids and Clemens' DNA.
The Rocket this afternoon issued a statement via Twitter denying the charges. "I never took HGH or Steroids," he said. "And I did not lie to Congress. I look forward to challenging the Governments accusations, and hope people will keep an open mind until trial. I appreciate all the support I have been getting. I am happy to finally have my day in court."
Click through for an embedded copy of the indictment, courtesy of Maury Brown's Biz of Baseball. The unnamed Strength Coach #1 is widely believed to be Brian McNamee.
United States v. Roger Clemens
Filed Under: STEROIDS! Tagged With: Roger Clemens


"For crying out loud, cut that thing loose! It's just not worth a trophy."
Fish has lures on wall like trophies.
"...and this one here gave me a real battle!!"
"It was the biggest 2014 crappie run over by a $100,000 boat."
"This one almost got me!"
"I thought about releasing him, but I needed something to fill this space on the wall."
A hunter has a Martian's head in amongst his other hunting and fishing trophies.
Pet cat eats mounted trophy fish.


text:
How Caregivers in New York can Get a COVID-19 Vaccine
Jan 18, 2021 | Health & Safety
Governor Cuomo recently announced that as of January 11, more groups of people were eligible to receive a COVID-19 vaccination, including child care providers. Here are the instructions from the NYS Department of Health for caregivers in New York to get a COVID-19 vaccine:
Step 1: Determine eligibility and schedule an appointment
Vaccines are available at pharmacies, hospitals and through local health departments statewide – please contact your provider of choice to schedule your vaccine appointment.
Additionally, there is a network of State-run sites distributing vaccine statewide – to determine eligibility and schedule appointments at New York State-run vaccination sites only, use the Am I Eligible app. You can also call the New York State COVID-19 Vaccination Hotline at 1-833-NYS-4-VAX (1-833-697-4829).
Due to extremely limited supply from the federal government, it may be 14 or more weeks before an appointment is available.
Step 2: Complete the Vaccine Form
Once you have a confirmed appointment, you must complete the New York State COVID-19 Vaccine Form. This form can be completed online and you will receive a submission ID, or can be completed at your vaccination site. (We encourage New Yorkers to complete the form ahead of time.)
Step 3: Bring proof of eligibility to your appointment
When you go to your vaccination site for your appointment, you must bring proof of eligibility. This may include an employee ID card, a letter from an employer or affiliated organization, or a pay stub, depending on the specific priority status. If you are eligible due to age, you should bring a form of ID (like a Driver's License or passport) that includes your date of birth.
Step 4: Schedule your second appointment in-person at your vaccination site
You must schedule an appointment to get your second shot at your vaccination site, in-person, immediately after getting your first shot. Remember: Both vaccines require two doses for effectiveness.
A New England Nanny will continue to provide updates as necessary. Please contact us at (518) 348-0400 if you need help with child care, senior care, housekeeping, or more.


...and sometimes people would get Nekkid.
You gotta be shitting me!? Nekkidity? In sunny CaliforNYE-AY??
I like how ya capitalized Nekkid.
It was an exciting evening, until the cops came back, for the third time. My girlfriend and I had already gone in by then. The street was a mess the next day. And a good time was had by all.
this one is better at 2x speed.
Oh, it's best at 1.5x.
And positively Leonard Cohenish (a la Everybody Knows)at .75x.


text:
Why do females become intoxicated faster and stay that way longer than males of comparable size?
When a person stumbled and has difficulty walking after consuming alcohol he or she?
What factors influence how fast a person becomes intoxicated?
What causes intoxication?
Why is it important to offer your guest a reason for your actions?
What are 4 intoxication rate factors?
When does a person become intoxicated from alcohol?
Which is more intoxicated beer or wine?
How old do you have to be to drive while intoxicated?
What happens when a person continues to drink alcohol?
Which is the first stage of alcohol intoxication?
Can a habitual drinker not show signs of intoxication?
How are the effects of alcohol intoxication measured?
faster and stay that way longer than do males of comparable size. Why? Females have a higher percentage of body fat and less water in their bodies than males. As a result, alcohol in females is less diluted and has a stronger and more lasting effect.
30 Cards in this Set
Health Chp. 25 test Flashcards
cut apart and study
When a person stumbles and has difficulty walking after consuming alcohol, what is this called? intoxication
Because alcohol dilates blood vessels, a person who goes outside in the cold weather after drinking, will experience hypothermia
What influences how fast a person becomes Intoxicated? Body size, gender, food amount, rate of intake, and medicine.
Alcohol intoxication, also referred to as drunkenness, ethanol intoxication, or alcohol poisoning in severe cases, is a temporary condition caused by drinking too much alcohol. The amount of alcohol needed for intoxication varies from person to person.
Why is it important to offer to your guests a reason for your actions? Guests deserve the right to counter-argue with you. Guests are more likely to cooperate if they understand why you are doing something. You want to avoid blame for the decision at all costs.
DRINKING | The Body
Amount of Alcohol & Speed of Consumption. The more alcohol and/or the shorter the time period, the higher the Blood Alcohol Content (BAC).
Biological / Genetic Risk.
Ethnicity.
Gender.
Body Size and Composition.
Stomach Content.
Dehydration.
Carbonated Beverages.
When a person drinks faster than the body metabolizes alcohol, she or he becomes intoxicated when blood alcohol levels reach 100 mg/dL, although the physiological effects occur at levels as low as 40 mg/dL. Susceptibility to alcohol abuse appears to run in families and is the subject of vigorous ongoing investigations to locate contributing genes.
When a person stumbles and has difficulty walking after consuming alcohol, he or she Is intoxicated A serving of beer or wine contains less alcohol than a serving of whiskey
Advertisements promoting alcoholic beverages do NOT associate alcohol use with Risks A major factor in traffic accidents, homicides, and suicides for 16 to 24 year-olds is Alcohol use The liver is responsible for breaking down alcohol True Blood alcohol concentration is measured to determine whether someone is Driving while intoxicated
Continuing to drink despite clear signs of significant impairments can result in an alcohol overdose. An alcohol overdose occurs when there is so much alcohol in the bloodstream that areas of the brain controlling basic life-support functions—such as breathing, heart rate, and temperature control—begin to shut down.
Stage 1: Sobriety or Subclinical Intoxication. At a BAC of 0.01-0.05 percent, depending on the person, the individual is not going to show signs of intoxication.
A habitual or chronic drinker may develop tolerance to the effects of alcohol and may not experience the symptoms or show the signs of intoxication as readily as those who do not drink often.
A chart breaking down the progressive effects of alcohol intoxication as blood alcohol content rises can be used to estimate just what increasing levels of drinking could do to the body and the individual's judgment and behaviors. 2


Experience A dozen films made, mostly stop-motion animation. Awards won for animation and live-action work. Lots of assorted videography work as well. Please see my website for examples of my work.
Education BA from UCSB in Film Studies + a wealth of savvy and collected knowledge.


text:
Half of all employers expect to be affected by the new National Living Wage
Retail and hospitality set to be hit hardest as more than half of all employers expect to be affected by the new National Living Wage.
Over half of all employers (54%) say the new National Living Wage (NLW) will have an effect on their wage bill, with three in ten of those organisations that will be affected by the new higher wage floor planning to raise productivity in response. This is according to a new survey published today by the CIPD, the professional body for HR and people development, and the Resolution Foundation (RF).
The survey of 1,037 employers, which launches a joint CIPD/RF investigation into how firms in low-paying sectors will adapt to the National Living Wage, shows that the higher wage floor will have its greatest impact in retail (79%) and hospitality (77%), where over three-quarters of employers say their wage bill will be affected. In addition, more than two-thirds of employers in the healthcare sector (68%) will be affected.
Overall, almost one in five employers (18%) say they will be affected to a large extent by the NLW, a figure that rises to around a third in retail (33%) and hospitality (32%).
Asked for the three most important things they plan to do in response to the NLW, employers are most likely to say they intend to manage these higher costs by improving efficiency / productivity, with almost a third (30%) of employers intending to do this.
Taking lower profits / absorbing costs is the next most popular response (22%), followed by reducing overtime and bonuses (16%), raising prices (15%) and reducing the number of employees through redundancies or slower recruitment (15%).
Fewer than one in ten employers say they will reduce the basic pay growth rate for the rest of the workforce (9%), reduce hours (9%), hire more workers under 25 (8%), hire more apprentices (8%) or cancel/scale down plans for investing in or expanding the business (7%).
The CIPD and the RF note that the responses differ by type of employer. For example, small employers (1-249 staff) are significantly more likely to say that they will respond by raising prices (25%) than larger employers (250+ staff) of whom just 10% say they will respond in this way.
A higher proportion of public sector employers (21%) say they plan to cut the size of their workforce as a result of the introduction of the National Living Wage than private sector employers (13%).
The CIPD and RF welcome the fact that so many employers plan to raise productivity in response to the new higher wage floor. However, they warn that securing these gains may be challenging for many firms.
The survey also finds that of those firms who say they'll be affected by the National Living Wage, 26% say that it will reduce pay differentials between those affected and their supervisors/managers.
However, with almost as many employers (20%) saying that they would maintain pay differentials, the NLW also looks set to have a positive 'ripple effect' for workers already earning above the new wage floor.
This finding supports recent RF research, which estimated that 2.8 million workers would directly get a pay rise as a result of the new National Living Wage by 2020, with a further 3.2 million workers receiving an indirect benefit as employers seek to maintain pay differentials between staff.
However, 46% of employers who expect to be affected by the National Living Wage do not yet know what impact it will have on pay differentials within their business, so there is still considerable uncertainty over what the effects will be.
Just over a quarter of employers (28%) think that cuts to corporation tax and national insurance will offset at least some of the extra wage costs, though only one in ten say the tax cuts will offset most or all of the increased costs. However, reflecting the fact that many employers have yet to fully assess the impact of the range of taxation changes, almost a third of employers (30%) were unable to give a response.
Mark Beatson, Chief Economist at the CIPD, said: "The National Living Wage was a bombshell for most employers when it was announced in July. It comes into force next April, which does not give employers a lot of time to prepare. Hence we found 26% of employers in September saying it was still too soon to say how they would manage the cost implications.
"For those that have started to think about the consequences, the emphasis on efficiency rather than cost-cutting is welcome. However, our research also suggests that only a small proportion of firms see any substantial connection between the National Living Wage and other changes to taxes and National Insurance Contributions. If the Chancellor wants to provide any more support for businesses grappling with the National Living Wage in the Autumn Statement, it might be better delivered through enhanced business support or special help for the care sector rather than shaving small amounts off general business taxation."
Conor D'Arcy, Policy Analyst at the Resolution Foundation, said: "The new National Living Wage will have a huge impact on the labour market when it comes into effect next April, with millions of workers set to get a pay rise and half of all employers saying they'll be affected.
"It's encouraging that so many firms say that they'll respond to the new higher wage floor by improving efficiency. But actually delivering this will prove challenging in many sectors, and it's important that firms are given the necessary support to boost productivity."