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«Сини анархії» (, також «Діти анархії») — американський телевізійний серіал у жанрі кримінальної драми, створений Куртом Саттером. Виходив з 2008 по 2014 на кабельному телеканалі FX. Є одним з найуспішніших серіалів каналу FX. У серіалі зіграв Чарлі Ганнем у ролі Джексона «Джекса» Теллера, який спочатку був віце-президентом клубу, а згодом президентом. Після виявлення маніфесту, написаного його покійним батьком Джоном, який раніше очолював MC(motorcycle club), він незабаром починає ставити під сумнів клуб, себе та свої стосунки. Любов, братерство, вірність, зрада та викуп — це послідовні теми протягом усього серіалу.

Прем'єра серіалу відбулася 3 вересня 2008 року на кабельному каналі FX. Третій сезон приваблював в середньому 4,9 мільйона глядачів щотижня, що робить його найуспішнішим на той час, обігнавши «Щит», «Частини тіла» та «Врятуй мене». Прем'єри 4 та 5 сезонів стали двома найуспішнішими за рейтингами в історії телеканалу. Шостий сезон виходив в ефір з 10 вересня 2013 року по 10 грудня 2013 року. Сьомий сезон став фінальним.

Серіал домігся не тільки рейтингового успіху, але і хороших відгуків від критиків, які в основному хвалили гру Кеті Сагал, яка виконувала роль Джемми Теллер Морроу, Матріарха сімейства, яка за своє перевтілення отримала в 2011 році премію «Золотий глобус» за найкращу жіночу роль в телевізійному серіалі-драмі, отримала ряд інших нагород і номінацій.

У листопаді 2016 року FX оголосив про розробку спінофу — «Маянці», який зосереджена навколо латиноамериканського клубу.

Сюжет
Серіал розповідає про один з чаптерів міжнародного клубу байкерів SAMCRO (Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original), який займається незаконним продажем зброї, але при цьому намагається захистити своє містечко Чармінг () від наркоторгівлі. Кожен сезон включає паралельні сюжетні лінії, які переплітаються і зосереджуються як на особистому, так і на сімейному житті головного героя Джексона «Джекса» Теллера (Чарлі Ганнем) і на SAMCRO. Клуб бере участь у бойових діях на заході США. Як віце-президент, а пізніше президент SAMCRO, Джекс намагається керувати клубом та спадщиною його засновника, його покійного батька Джона Теллера. Він часто суперечить своєму вітчиму Клею Морроу, який очолив клуб після смерті Джона, а також тепер одружений з мамою Джекса та вдовою Джона Джеммою Теллер Морроу.

1 сезон
Серіал починається з руйнування складу, який клуб використовує для зберігання зброї, що є їх основним джерелом доходу. Вагітна колишня дружина Джекса, яка залежна від метамфетаміну, стається передозування, і їй необхідно робити екстрений кесарів розтин. Народжується син Авель на десять тижнів раніше запланованого терміну. Згодом Джекс знаходить мемуари свого батька, коли він відвідує сховище, щоб зібрати старий дитячий одяг. Джон Теллер, батько Джекса, був одним із засновників SAMCRO, і книга описує його випробування та сподівання на клуб. Мати Джекса, Джемма Теллер-Морроу, тепер одружена з президентом SAMCRO Клеєм Морроу. Кращий друг Джекса Опі щойно вийшов з в'язниці, який сидів там через злочин, який пов'язаний з клубом. Перший сезон стосується того, як Джакс намагається примирити те, що відбувається з клубом, з тим, що він читає у спогадах свого батька. Опі намагається відіграти меншу роль у клубі, а місцеві та федеральні правоохоронні органи намагаються закрити SAMCRO.

2 сезон
Білі сепаратисти під назвою «Ліга американських націоналістів» (LOAN) прибувають до Чармінгу. Керівник LOAN Ітан Зобель намагається вигнати Синів Анархії з міста. Для того, щоб відправити повідомлення SAMCRO Зобель використовує мати Джемму викравши та зґвалтувавши її. Через неналежне вирішення внутрішньої проблеми, розрив між Клеєм та Джексом стає більшим. У другому сезоні SAMCRO бореться за контроль над Чармінгом.

3 сезон
Джемма переховується в Рог-Рівер, штат Орегон, разом із Тігом у будинку її батька Нейта, який страждає на деменцію. Після чого вона повертається до Чармінгу, щоб возз'єднатися зі своїм онуком, не підозрюючи, що його викрали. Повернення агента АТФ Шталья, який перекручує факти про вбивство Донни, Шталь намагається укласти угоду з Джексом за спиною клубу. Дізнавшись про викрадення онука, Джемма страждає на аритмію серця. Після того, як клуб повертається з Північної Ірландії, де зустрічались з іншим чаптером клубу. Агент Шталь розповідає клубу про угоди, які укладені між ним та Джексом, не знаючи, що Джекс і клуб все це планували, знаючи, що Шталь відмовиться від угоди. Джекса, Клея, Боббі, Тіга, Сіка і Хепі вивозять до в'язниці. Опі вбиває Шталя, щоб помститися за смерть дружини.

4 сезон
Ув'язнені члени клубу залишають в'язницю після свого 14-місячного перебування в ній, і їх зустрічає лейтенант Елі Рузвельт з департаменту шерифа Сан-Хоакіна. Вони також виявляють, що міським головою став брат шерифа Хейла. Прокурор США Лінкольн Поттер звертається за допомогою до лейтенанта Рузвельта для розгляду справи Ріко проти SAMCRO

5 сезон
В помсту за смерть Вероніки Поуп, «нінери» атакують SAMCRO і роблять засідку на вантаж. Зі смертю Піні Уінстон та наростаючим конфліктом між «нінерами» та SAMCRO, Джекс змушений зустрітися з Деймоном Попом, щоб зіткнутися з новою загрозою.

6 сезон
Після арешту Тари і Клея, Джекс намагається утримати SAMCRO, поки Тара знаходиться у в'язниці. Торік підходить як до Тари, так і до Клея і пропонує їм угоди в обмін на відмову від SAMCRO; спочатку обидва відмовляються, але Клей згодом погоджується, коли його кидають до загальної в'язниці. Сок повертається до Чармінгу, допомагаючи Боббі переїхати після відставки з посади віце-президента, що викликає гнів Чибса, який не вірить, що Джус був покараний достатньо за розмову з копами, а згодом побив його. Зі смертю Клея роман Джемми та Нерона стає міцнішим.

7 сезон
Джекс бореться зі своєю нещодавньою втратою і здається владі. Перебуваючи у в'язниці, Джекс приймає рішення, які кардинально змінюють напрямок роботи клубу, і використовує його, щоб помститися за смерть своєї дружини. Зі смертю Боббі у подальшій війні ненависть та брехня підживлюються Джеммою та Джусом, які переховаються від клубу. Після того, як Джекс дізнається правду, він працює, щоб налагодити ситуацію з усіма залученими сторонами. Серіал закінчується тим, що Джекс приносить остаточну жертву, щоб завершити свою частину історії SAMCRO, і здійснити зустріч зі своїм батьком.

Акторський склад

  = Головна роль
  = Роль другого плану
  = Гість
  = Не з'являється

Список епізодів

Список епізодів телесеріалу «Сини анархії»

Елементи

Концепція клубу
Сини Анархії — байкерський мотоклуб, який має багато чаптерів(підрозділів) як у США, так і за кордоном. Серіал зосереджувався на оригінальному та початковому («материнському») підрозділі SAMCRO (Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original). На чолі з президентом Клеєм Морроу, клуб «захищає» та контролює Чармінг завдяки тісним стосункам із громадою, хабарництвом та жорстокому залякуванні. У перші сезони намагалися триматись подалі від наркотиків та не допускали їх розповсюдження у місті. Клуб є прихильником ІРА.

Засновники SAMCRO
Друзі середньої школи Джон Теллер і Пірмонт «Пайні» Вінстон стали співзасновниками SAMCRO в 1967 році після повернення з війни у В'єтнамі. Після народження синів Джона та Джемми, вони поселяються у рідному місті Джемми; ніколи офіційно не зазначалось, де клуб був заснований спочатку, але, оселившись у Чармінгу, він стає головним місцем клубу. Шість членів «Redwood Original 9» або «First 9» були ветеранами, а в кінці серіалу був живий лише Ленні Яновіц, третій член клубу та перший сержант-зброєносець. До інших «First 9» увійшли Чіко Віллануева, Отто Моран, Воллі Грейзер, Томас Вітні, Клей Морроу та ірландець Кіт Макгі, який засновував і очолив SAMBEL.

Одяг
Учасники клубу носять жилети. Нашивка SOA на спині — це Похмурий Жнець, який тримає в одній руці кришталеву кулю із символом анархії, а в іншій має косу, в якої рукоятка замінена гвинтівкою М16, якою засновники клубу володіли під час війни у В'єтнамі. Тільки повноправні члени можуть носити нашивку, і багато з них мають татуювання на спині або його частини на руках. Кожен член клубу має нашивку на грудях, що ідентифікують членство в чартері. Також є нашивка за заслуги чи посаду в клубі, наприклад: «Men of Mayhem» носять члени клубу, які пролили кров від імені клубу; «First 9» носили перші дев'ять членів клубу; а також посади в клубі President/Vice President/Sergeant at Arms/Secretary.

Під час ведення клубних справ учасники завжди носять жилети; одним вагомим винятком з цього є протягом сезону 4, коли певна кількість членів SAMCRO перебуває під умовно-достроковим звільненням.

Жіночих персонажів, таких як Тара, Іма та Лайла, можна побачити у футболках, які мають назву «Сини анархії» або «SAMCRO», але ніхто за межами клубу не носить нашивок та одягу з символом клубу.

Транспорт
Сини їздять на мотоциклах Harley-Davidson Dyna. Кожен байкер підлаштовує свій власний байк під свій індивідуальний стиль; однак усі вони фарбують свої байки в чорний колір. На байках присутній знак Синів, зазвичай це жнець або абревіатура «S.O.A.».

Діяльність та філії
Деякі члени клубу працюють в місцевій промисловості; більшість з них працюють в гаражі Теллер-Морроу механіками та допомагають в інших бізнес-заходах клубу, таких як управління охороною або бухгалтерія в порностудіях. Однак вони в основному заробляють гроші, нелегально ввозячи зброю та продаючи її різним бандам, та захищаючи місцеві компанії, захищаючи цінні вантажні вантажі від викрадення. Протягом 4 сезону вони починають працювати з наркотиками для картелю Галіндо в обмін на готівку та захист. Протягом серіалу вони також керують порностудіями та ескорт-бізнесом, намагаючись заробляти законно.

Критика
«Сини анархії» отримали дуже сприятливі відгуки. На вебсайті агрегатор рецензій Metacritic перший сезон набрав 68/100, другий сезон набрав 86/100, третій сезон набрав 84/100, четвертий сезон набрав 81/100, п'ятий сезон набрав 72/100, шостий сезон набрав 74/100, а заключний сезон набрав 68/100.

Примітки

Телесеріали США, запущені у 2008
Телесеріали США 2000-х років
Телесеріали США 2010-х років
Телесеріали Fox Television Studios
Програми телеканалу Fox
Драматичні телесеріали США
Кримінальні телесеріали США
Телесеріали США, завершені у 2014
Телесеріали англійською мовою


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text:
Hulemalerier og hellemalerier er betegnelsen for en type af billeder og bjergkunst malet på hule eller klippe vægge i forhistorisk tid.

De ældste kendte malerier er de cirka 32.000 år gamle hulemalerier fra stenalderen i den franske Grotte Chauvet. Det betyder, at malerkunsten er omkring seks gange ældre end skrivekunsten.
Hulemalerier viser ofte vilde dyr som heste, næsehorn, mammuter og løver og udføres ved at udfylde udhugget i klippevæggen med rød okker og sort farvestof. Lignende arbejde på hulen og klippevægge findes over hele verden.
Mange civilisationer udviklede siden deres egen malerkunst.

Arkæologi
Kunsthistorie
Maleri
Klippekunst

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Forside / Home > rum46´s hjemmeside > Arkiv / Archive > 2003 > Hotta-Hataw and Salu-salo
Hotta-Hataw and Salu-salo
27 Jun, 2003 -
Yuan Mor'O Ocampo (the Philippines)
Performances i byrummet
rum46 gladly presents the Filipino artist Yuan Mor'O Ocampo.
Performances: Hotta-Hottaw, June 27th, 4.00 p.m. in Århus Hovedbanegård (railway station) Salu-Salo, July 1th at 4.00 p.m. on Pustervig Torv
HOTTA-HATAW OG SALU-SALO
"I have learned some very valuable lessons from Atang-Atang, more than ever, I have come to realize that we are all connected. I have come to realize that life must be shared; you share yourself with others, with one's environment – a life of mutual sharing among all creatures could start with a small feast, set on a table, celebrating life!" Yuan Mor'O Ocampo
In his art work Yuan Mor'O Ocampo uses his cultural inheritance as a Filipino. He begins his performances in Århus with the Filipino word Salu-Salo, meaning meal. Salu-salo is a celebration in which all take part in creating a euphorical overwhelming feeling and sharing an abundance of food. Yuan Mor'O Ocampo tells that the Filipinos have a special tradition for celebrating; they celebrate life itself and do not limit themselves to specific festive occasions.
In his performances Mor'O Ocampo is inspired by the precolonial, animistic healing-ritual Atang-atang. This ritual can heal a human being and is always followed by a celebration. The ritual embraces a vital role in society, as a connection between the known and the unknown "world" as a road towards spirituality. The connection with the metaphysical world allows the possibility for a well being to emerge, not only for the ones that are ill, but for everybody. Spirituality is not something far away – it's very close – in all humans. Atang-atang is based on a spiritual conception about life as something reborn.
Mor'O Ocampo's performance Salu-Salo goes beyond the Atang-atang ceremonie as a ritual and involves the partipants in a more intimate situation of exchange.
Mor'O Ocampo's message in his performances is: If you respect life and the right to diversity, you also have created the basis for coexistence in peace and harmony.
Shigeaki Iwai and Yuan Mor'O Ocampas projects closes the second part of the international artproject Gæstebud – Feast/Hospitality; The Meal, organized by rum46. The commont concern for all 8 projects that constitute The Meal, are the interhuman meetings established by the artists. Meeting that is to be compared with the social action of a meal, as a place for interchange, confrontation and dialogue. Gæstebud – Feast/Hospitality in August enters it's third and last phase, The Letters of Thanks; a newspaper in which hospitality will be debated by various writers.
rum46, Studsgade 46, 8000 Århus C, Denmark
E-mail: Denne email adresse bliver beskyttet mod spambots. Du skal have JavaScript aktiveret for at vise den.
Phone +45 86208625 / +45 24668915
Feast/Hospitality is supported by: Center for Dansk Billedkunst, Center for kultursamarbejde med Udviklingslandene, Billedkunstraadet, Nordisk Kulturfond, Aarhus Kommunes Kulturpulje, Aarhus Amt, Gevalia, Dan Media, FONA og HUSET
Gæstebud – Feast/Hospitality
Description of the project
The art project, Gæstebud/Hospitality will be shown in the center of the city of Århus and is based in the urban, social and political space. Feast/hospitality is the overlaying metaphor for the structure of the exhibition project, which will be divided into the three phases of the Feast: The invitation, the meal and the digestion/the thank you card. Our goal is to create a debate and focus on hospitality through artistic happenings, works and reflections. The project started in December 2002 and will continue until november 2003.
In different ways we have experienced a polarized debate on the theme "us and the strangers" in the public media as well as in the private forum. Rum46 will try with the projekt Gæstebud/Hospitality to create a comprehensive and varied dialogue in an area and with issues that concern us all.. We wish to focus on the significance of the feast and on hospitality through dialogues and specific actions. This project is about how we welcome people, not only the stranger, the one in a unfortunate social position, but also the 'neighbour'. With the title, Gæstebud/Hospitality we ask the artists and writers we have invited to take an anthropological, sociological, psychological,
political and aesthetic approach to the theme. The title is seen as an overlaying structure and narrative for the content in the project, whose intention is to open the receivers eyes and intellect for ethical and aesthetic reflection and action.
We have invited a number of Danish and foreign artists/groups of artists and writers who we find show a special interest in their practice and commitment concerning social and politcal problems. All are working with actual practices and are creating alternative spaces in life which show new ways to mix with and to take positions on the surrounding society. It is the human relations thatare in focus.
We hope to show statements covering philosophical reflection, the poetical and lyrical, the humoristic setting and the politically engaged with this varied group and with the different approaches to artistic intervention in the social field .
The project is divided into three modules:
MODULE I: THE INVITATION – POSTERS, BILLBOARDS, FLYERS
The city space can appear inviting and hospitable or rejecting and unapproachable to the visitor depending on its signs and urban structures. We will be using this space and the expressions and channels of the mass-communication with posters, billboards, and flyers to catch the attention of the passers-by through manifestations and statements which will set the theme in debate. Our purpose is to create reflection and wonder in displacing the content of well known commercial messages with surprising and critical expressions.
MODULE II: THE MEAL – SOCIAL HAPPENINGS/PERFORMANCES ETC.
Module II is about creating meetings by means of actions, which will involve the spectator and make him a participant. As opposed to module I which was concerned with the theme hospitality, communicated through words/pictures and where the spectator experiences the work of art at a distance, in module II there will be created an inter-human social gathering, as comparable with the meal. The theme is propagated through concrete bodily acts and the openness and eagerness of the spectator to participate.
MODULE III: THE DIGESTION/THE THANK YOU-CARD - NEWSPAPER
Module III will consist of a newspaper, and be seen as a "digestion" partly of the overlying problems on the theme hospitality and as a reflection over the executed works/happenings. We look at the paper as the philosophical and theoretical meeting point of the project and have invitede a number of Danish and foreign artists and writers to reflect critically on the different experiences of the feast/hospitality in our society. The newspaper will be printed in Danish and English, it will be available to the public and will also be shown on the internet.
We began Gæstebud/Hospitality in December 2002 with some lectures and public meetings based on a dialogue in our exhibition space, Studsgade 46 in Århus which in the coming year will hve the function as a public info-room, meeting room, and be the base for the invited artists, lecturers, and writers.
Studsgade 46
8000 Århus C
Danmark/DK

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Are you new to campus this year, or know someone who will be? Before the fall semester begins, why don't you concentrate on finding your way to your classes, and let us fill you in on the big events, on and off campus , around Bryan College Station.
This fall, don't miss the excitement of Fightin' Texas Aggie football gamedays. From pre-game tailgating to the singing of the "Aggie War Hymn" between the third and fourth quarters, gamedays at Kyle Field are an experience like no other.
Dating back to 1913, Midnight Yell is an Aggie tradition that allows A&M fans to join in unison to yell and sing the night before every home football game. So, if you need a place to let it all out, join the 25,000+ fans at Kyle Field and cheer your Aggies on to victory!
Take part in another Aggie tradition by wearing the 2018 Maroon Out shirt to the home football game on November 10th as the Aggies take on the Ole Miss landsharks! Fun fact: this tradition is so big that the first Maroon Out in 1998 caused a national shortage of maroon shirts!
Welcome in the new month at First Friday in Downtown Bryan. Enjoy street performers, artists, live music, and mobile food trucks on your way to checking out the stores and restaurants that stay open later in the evening. During the Third Thursday Art Step, meet local artists and explore art galleries and events as well.
Every September, food fans gather in Downtown Bryan for the Texas Reds Steak & Grape Festival celebrating two of the area's biggest industries: beef and wine! This three-day festival features wine tastings, craft beers, and tasting booths from 25 championship cook-off teams.
In October, break out your cowboy boots for the Brazos Valley Fair & Rodeo. Ride the mechanical bull, explore the livestock, and go for a spin on your favorite carnival ride. And yep, there's plenty of fair food too!
Find a costume and step back in time at the Texas Renaissance Festival, held nine weekends throughout the fall. With themed weekends, visitors can explore more than 500 shops featuring craftspeople, blacksmiths, jewelry makers, and more.
Join animal lovers at Wiener Fest, held every October at the Wolf Pen Amphitheater and benefitting the Aggieland Humane Society. With the main event being the wiener dog race, there's also a wannabe wiener dog race along with costume contests and pet-friendly vendors.
Celebrate international diversity and heritage at the annual Brazos Valley Worldfest held every November. Pick up a souvenir passport and explore more than 40 cultural displays. Sample foods, make crafts, meet your neighbors, and enjoy cultural performances at this free festival.
Get ready for the holidays at Santa's Wonderland, known to be the biggest Christmas attraction in the state of Texas! Enjoy a hayride through the Trail of Lights with three million sparkling lights. Deliver your wish list to Santa and finish up your holiday shopping among the nightly snowfall.
Want more? Check out all of the annual events happening in Bryan College Station.


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Two High Profile Film Projects Approved for New Jersey Film Tax Credits
August 13, 2019, 3:00 pm | in
Newark and Paterson Welcome Major Studio Productions
TRENTON, N.J. (August 13, 2019) – The New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) Board today approved two major film projects for tax credits through the State's new Film Tax Credit program: "JOKER," a film that delves into the iconic Batman villain's past and a Steven Spielberg-directed screen adaptation of "West Side Story." Both projects have qualified for bonus diversity tax credits available under the program.
"These two major productions are bringing jobs to our state and bolstering the economy of New Jersey while supporting our diverse communities," said Governor Phil Murphy. "I am proud to see the film industry growing and thriving in the Garden State and excited to see New Jersey become the backdrop for more movies and television shows in the future."
The Film Tax Credit provides a 30 percent tax credit against the corporate business tax and gross income tax for qualified film production expenses and a 35 percent credit for goods and services purchased through vendors located in targeted areas of the state. To qualify for the program, a film must spend at least 60 percent of its total budget in New Jersey or incur more than $1 million in qualified production expenses in the state.
The projects approved today are among the most highly-anticipated films currently in production. The Warner Brothers Studios-produced "JOKER," filming in Newark, examines the background of the iconic Batman supervillain, telling the story of his evolution from a mild-mannered young man caring for his delusional mother into the infamous figure that has captured fans' imaginations for years.
The other project, shooting in Paterson, is a screen adaptation of the Broadway staple "West Side Story" produced by Twentieth Century Fox. The film brings together legendary director Steven Spielberg and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Tony Kushner to present the classic tale in a new way.
Both productions may receive a bonus two percent Diversity Tax Credit. To qualify for the bonus, productions had to submit a diversity plan for the recruitment and hiring of women and minority persons. The productions will receive the credit upon completion if the production company can demonstrate a good-faith effort to undertake the strategies and meet the goals of the approved plan.
"Film and digital media are among the high-growth sectors targeted in Governor Murphy's economic plan because attracting major studio productions benefits the communities where filming takes place as well as the hundreds of businesses and workers throughout our state that supply materials and services for the film industry," said NJEDA Chief Executive Officer Tim Sullivan. "We are especially pleased that Warner Brothers Studios and Twentieth Century Fox – two of the biggest players in the film industry – have not only decided to film here, but have also made hiring a diverse workforce a priority."
Applications for the Film Tax Credit are currently open. The application and a complete list of eligibility requirements can be found at https://www.njeda.com/filmdigitalmediataxcredit.
To read Governor Murphy's full economic plan, please visit: https://nj.gov/economicplan
About the New Jersey Economic Development Authority
The New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) serves as the State's principal agency for driving economic growth. The NJEDA is committed to making New Jersey a national model for inclusive and sustainable economic development by focusing on key strategies to help build strong and dynamic communities, create good jobs for New Jersey residents, and provide pathways to a stronger and fairer economy. Through partnerships with a diverse range of stakeholders, the NJEDA creates and implements initiatives to enhance the economic vitality and quality of life in the State and strengthen New Jersey's long-term economic competitiveness.
To learn more about NJEDA resources for businesses call NJEDA Customer Care at 609-858-6767 or visit https://www.njeda.com and follow @NewJerseyEDA on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn.
Murphy at Halftime The (Full!) List of Bills Introduced in the 219th Legislative Session INSIDERNJ POLL: Who Should Booker Back for President? Move Over Larry Casha? Becchi's CD-11 Gamble Mimms to Pursue Passaic County Freeholder Seat
Move Over Larry Casha? Becchi's CD-11 Gamble Murphy at Halftime Raia's Prosecutors Got No Satisfaction Insider NJ Key Must-Read Pieces: Deep Freeze Week – Booker's Prez Flameout, Murphy's SOS/Budget Unfreeze, NJEDA Report, Keady Withdrawal Breaking Down the Task Force's Latest EDA Report
Sweeney Praises Expected Selection of First African American President of Rutgers Rosemary Becchi Exploring GOP Leadership Requests to Enter the 11th District Congressional Race MERCER COUNTY EXECUTIVE AND FREEHOLDER BOARD REFUSE TO RESPOND TO PBA'S SAFETY CONCERNS FOR RESIDENTS Burlington County GOP Chairman Earlen Statement on NDAs Singleton to Honor Dr. Martin Luther King Jr Day with Habitat for Humanity Day of Service
Star-Ledger As insiders cashed in, Trenton opened the vault | Moran
Star-Ledger Don't make a federal case out of it; Bridgegate could take a toll on federal prosecutors' power | Mulshine
Star-Ledger Roginsky: Murphy campaign was toxic for women, worst ever. Let me tell my story. | Moran
NorthJersey.com Lowry: Sexual harassment, intimidation in Trenton must end now
Hudson County View Feeling the Bern? Jersey City campaign for Sanders to kickoff on Saturday
Trentonian Hamilton Mayor Martin 'off to a very bad start,' former zoning board member says
Press of Atlantic City 100,000 tickets requested for Wildwood Trump rally, Van Drew says
MyCentralJersey Rutgers University expected to name first black president Tuesday
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Fan 180ºC Cook time: 40 min.
Gas 6 Cook time: 40 min.
Pre-heat oven Fan 180ºC/Gas 6.
30 minutes into cooking time, stir, return to the oven for 10 minutes.
Cat E 800w Cook time: 9 min.
Sitr, cook for a further 4 minutes.
Stand for 1 minute, stir before serving.
Water, Cooked Noodles (27%) (Water, Durum Wheat Semolina, Sunflower Oil, Salt, Turmeric Powder), Cooked Chicken Breast Strips (18%) (Skinless Chicken Breast (98%), Salt), Baton Carrot (4%), Sliced Spring Onions (4%), Diced Green Pepper (3%), Oyster Flavour Soy Sauce (2.5%) (Water, Sugar, Soy Sauce (Water, Soya Bean, Wheat Flour, Salt), Yeast Extract, Cornflour, Salt, Concentrated Lemon Juice, White Vinegar), Julienne Ginger, Cornflour, Onion, Diced Red Pepper (1.5%), Garlic, Rice Wine, Sugar, Rapeseed Oil, Chicken Bouillon (Chicken Powder, Salt, Flavouring, Onion Powder, Spices, Sunflower Seed Oil), Fish Sauce (Water, Anchovy (Fish), Salt, Sugar), Soy Sauce (Water, Soya Bean, Salt, Sugar, Wheat Flour), Toasted Sesame Seed Oil, Five Spice (Ground Fennel, Ground Cassia, Ground Star Anise, Ground Cloves, Ginger Powder).
ALLERGY ADVICE: FOR ALLERGENS, SEE UNDERLINED INGREDIENTS IN BOLD. ALSO, MAY CONTAIN NUTS. WARNING! ALTHOUGH EVERY EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE TO REMOVE ALL BONES, SOME MAY REMAIN.
Cooked noodles with cooked chicken breast strips, baton carrots, sliced spring onions, diced peppers and julienne ginger in an aromatic oyster flavour soy sauce.
Produced and packed in the UK for Iceland Foods Ltd, UK, CH5 2NW.
This tastes nothing like what it's describes. Lack of basic Chinese staples such as beansprouts. The sauce is a thin liquid with little to no taste. The chicken tastes and texturises like paste.
Not so good. Flavour not great, noodles very mushy. The noodles the key part and a let down.
I didn't enjoy this product at all. Most of the Chinese range is not enjoyable.
Really good with some chips and I can't understand the bad comments. If you don't like it go pay £5 at the Chinese. What do you expect for £1.59.
I found this really nice with a few chips. I don't know why so low a rating, for the money, it gets a 4 from Ken.
Exceptionally good for the price, I really cant understand all the terrible negative views. I`m not just fussy, I`m really fussy and this was very good. Only to be beaten by my own.
Don't get the negativity, really enjoyed this, ordering more.
Was a really good product, but is now terrible. Will not be buying again, bring back the old recipe and quality!
Awfully slimy and tastes disgusting. Well what do you expect for the price. Never again Iceland.
I never tasted the old recipe, but i kinda liked this once! I had it as a meal for one while my partner worked nights and i quite enjoyed it!
When the Chow Mein takeaway ready meals first came about me and several of my pals loved them. However your 'new improved recipe' is clearly a lesser product, you have changed the flavor into a horrible one, had it been the original recipe I would give it a 5/5.
Absolutely disgusting. Chicken not real chicken meat....will never but this product again!
As my usual choice for a Chinese take away. Figured I'd give this a try. The 'flavour' is minimal and the texture of the noodles are mushy - nothing like it should be. Don't allow this to disappoint you too!
Tried this for the first time and enjoyed it. Nice flavours - just right for a small meal. Add some more veg etc and should produce a decent bigger meal.
Bought this as ! like the other chinese ready meals. But this went in the bin after one bite. Tasted like sick. Smelt revolting and looked like something the cat would bring up! Not recommended at all.


Are you good with your hands? Could you help our Building Services (Maintenance) Manager fix, maintain and service everything from the air con to the pool plant?
We're looking for a Building Services (Maintenance) Technician to work as part of a team to effectively deliver both a preventative & reactive maintenance schedule following guidelines on safety, timescales & budget.
The role is full time, working 40 hours per week on a shift basis; flexibility is required to meet the needs of the business and will include a mixture of 'earlies' (5.30am-1.30pm), 'lates' (9am-5pm), Alternative weekends and the occasional overnight shifts on a rotational basis.


Explore more games and downloadable content for F.E.A.R. 3!
F**king Run and Soul Survivor!
F.E.A.R. 3 software © 2011 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. Developed by Day 1 Studios, LLC. F.E.A.R. and all related characters and elements are trademarks of and © Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. All rights reserved.


The centre provides a free legal advice service to help people coping with cancer manage legal concerns.
The service is available on the second Friday of the month.
Please contact the Centre on 0114 226 5666 to book an appointment.


The scientists, from Imperial College London, say their research brings them another step closer to a new kind of industrial revolution, where parts for these biological factories could be mass-produced. These factories have a wealth of applications including better drug delivery treatments for patients, enhancements in the way that minerals are mined from deep underground and advances in the production of biofuels.
"Before the industrial revolution most items were made by hand, which meant that they were slower to manufacture, more expensive to produce and limited in number. We are at a similar juncture in synthetic biology, having to test and build each part from scratch, which is a long and slow process. We demonstrate in our study a new method that could help to rapidly scale up the production and testing of biological parts."
Parts made up of DNA are re-engineered by scientists and put into cells to make biological factories. However, a major bottleneck in synthetic biology is the lack of parts from which to build new types of factories. To build parts using the current time-consuming method, scientists have to re-engineer DNA in a cell and observe how it works. If it functions according to their specifications, then the scientists store the part specifications in a catalogue.
Now, scientists from Imperial College London have devised a much quicker method that does away with the need for them to re-engineer a cell every time they want to make a new part. The team say their work could lead to vast new libraries of off-the-shelf components that could be used to build more sophisticated biological factories.
"One of the major goals in synthetic biology is to find a way to industrialise our processes so that we can mass produce these biological factories much in the same way that industries such as car manufacturers mass produce vehicles in a factory line. This could unlock the potential of this field of science and enable us to develop much more sophisticated devices that could be used to improve many facets of society. Excitingly, our research takes us one step closer to this reality, providing a rapid way of developing new parts."
When a cell is re-engineered, the re-programmed DNA in the cell encodes a message that is conveyed by molecules called messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) to the cell's production factories called ribosomes. The ribosomes translate the genetic information into a command that instructs the cell to perform functions. For example, scientists can already re-engineer a cell into an infection detector factory, which produces a protein that detects chemical signals from human pathogenic bacteria and changes colour to indicate their presence.
In the study, the Imperial researchers demonstrate for the first time that the same method can be achieved in a test tube outside of a cell. This involves extracting from cells the machinery that produces mRNA and proteins and providing the energy and building blocks to help them survive in test tubes. The team then add their re-programmed DNA to the solution and observe how it functions.
The advantage of this method is that scientists can develop litres of this cell-like environment so that multiple re-programmed DNA can be tested simultaneously, which speeds up the production process of parts.
The next stage of the research is to expand the types of parts and devices that can be developed using this method. They also are aiming to develop a method using robots to speed up and make the whole process automated. Professor Richard Kitney, co- Director of the Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation at Imperial College London says: "Synthetic biology is seen by the British Government as having the potential to create new industries and jobs for the benefit of the UK economy. This work is part of a wider, major research programme within the Centre to develop technology that can be used across a range of industrial applications."


text:
Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD, pronounced ), also known in the United States as "Wild Weasel" and (initially) "Iron Hand" operations, are military actions to suppress enemy surface-based air defenses, including not only surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) but also interrelated systems such as early-warning radar and command, control and communication (C3) functions, while also marking other targets to be destroyed by an air strike. Suppression can be accomplished both by physically destroying the systems or by disrupting and deceiving them through electronic warfare. In modern warfare, SEAD missions can constitute as much as 30% of all sorties launched in the first week of combat and continue at a reduced rate through the rest of a campaign. One quarter of American combat sorties in recent conflicts have been SEAD missions. Despite generally being associated with aircraft, SEAD missions may be performed using any means, including through actions by ground forces.

Primitive operations akin to SEAD emerged during the Second World War, during which multiple participants made attempts to degrade enemy ground radar stations. However, SEAD missions performed by dedicated aircraft first undertook combat missions during the Vietnam War, the United States Air Force's EF-105F/F-105G Thunderchief and United States Navy's A-6B Intruder being amongst these pioneers; Operation Linebacker intentionally incorporated SEAD actions to improve the survivability of bombers and increase overall effectiveness. Other early conflicts that saw SEAD missions conducted included the 1982 Falklands War, over Port Stanley, and the 1982 Lebanon War, in the Beqaa Valley. The tactical awareness, or lack thereof, of air defense operators proved to be a decisive factor in the success rate of these missions. The 1986 United States bombing of Libya, while Libya's integrated air defense network was not destroyed, it was damaged without major losses incurred by US forces.

During the 1990s, extensive use of SEAD was made, particularly during the Gulf War of the early 1990s. Intense aerial attacks of Iraq's integrated air defenses were conducted during Operation Instant Thunder, the Coalition's aerial attacks at the start of the conflict; Iraqi SAM operators regularly resorted to firing missiles with minimal or no guidance due to fears that radar use brought quick retaliation.
All Iraqi air defenses in the south were destroyed, although the skies remained unsafe for low altitude flight. In the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, the defender's air defences proved to be less vulnerable and more effective; although only two aircraft were reportedly lost to Yugoslavian SAMs, the downing of a F-117A Nighthawk marked the first combat loss ever of a stealth aircraft. In the Iraq War of the 2000s, coalition aircraft repeatedly targeted Iraqi SAMs during the opening phase of the conflict, despite this, aerial strikes were usually performed from stand-off distances to avoid these defenses, and low level flight was avoided. In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, while many Ukrainian air defence facilities were reportedly destroyed or damaged in the first days of the war by Russian air strikes, Russia may not have been able to gain aerial superiority; it has been alleged that Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites have forced planes to fly low, but this makes them vulnerable to shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles.

History

Pre-Vietnam War
Prior to the Vietnam War, SEAD was an undefined mission: although attempts to destroy enemy air defense sites were undertaken, they were done so on an individual aircraft basis and in relation to specific targets or operations rather than as part of an overall strategy or doctrine of defense suppression. While crude, these tactics were frequently effective for their time.

World War II
During the Battle of Britain, the German Luftwaffe attempted to destroy Great Britain's Chain Home radar stations in order to degrade the British air defense network. However, German High Command failed to realize the efficiency of not only the radar stations themselves but the command and control system directing Britain's air defenses. After initial optimism regarding the radar sites' destruction, it was eventually decided to halt these attacks altogether except for exceptional circumstances. As the air war in Europe shifted in favor of the Allies, the Germans relied heavily on their AAA to defend against bombing attacks. This was borne out in Allied aircraft losses between 1943 and 1944, where losses to enemy fighters were cut in half but losses to flak increased tenfold.

Understanding the importance of Germany's radar sites, the Allies directed attacks against these installations and introduced new technology to counteract the effects of radar-directed AAA, including CARPET (US) and WINDOW (UK). A change in tactics saw bomber formations flying higher and more spread out to avoid the effects of flak. Bombing missions were also carried out to accomplish the physical destruction of AAA sites, using imagery intelligence to locate the weapons and employing both heavy bombers and fighter-bombers to destroy them. The P-47 Thunderbolt in particular was chosen for this task due to its ability to survive enemy fire. The effect of these missions varied, with losses suffered by fighter-bombers much higher—up to 40% in some cases—on account of their low-altitude attacks. Artillery also played a major role in suppressing air defenses, with the British Army the first to develop what became known as counterflak or "Apple Pie" missions. These missions were first employed to limited effect during the Battle of France but matured as the war progressed. The largest SEAD mission in history took place on March 24, 1945, when artillery forces of the British XII Corps attempted to knock out the local German air defense network in support of Operation Varsity. Although twenty-four thousand artillery shells were fired over the course of twenty-two minutes at some one hundred targets, the mission was unsuccessful due to inaccurate targeting data and insufficient firepower.

In the Pacific Theater, the Japanese had made only limited progress in developing radar for air defense and what systems they did have were primitive and easy to avoid. Nevertheless, as the Americans began the bombing campaign against Japan there was concern over the large number of radar sites located on the home islands. For this purpose B-24 Liberators and B-29 Superfortresses were fitted with radar-homing devices to conduct "ferret" missions to locate and identify radar transmissions. The information brought back from these missions was used to outfit other B-29s with radar jammers and chaff to confuse Japanese air defense radars as they conducted their missions. B-25 Mitchells were also outfitted with radar-homing equipment and used to lead "hunter-killer" teams of other B-25s in locating and destroying Japanese early-warning radar sites.

Korean War
While there were some technological changes between World War II and the Korean War, many of the tactics for dealing with enemy air defenses remained the same.  For aircraft performing missions at low altitudes, AAA remained a constant danger; in fact, it was less dangerous for a UNC pilot to engage in air-to-air combat than it was to attack ground targets. The terrain and weather of the Korean Peninsula also contributed to the dangers associated with ground-attack missions.  Nevertheless, the advent of jet aircraft brought about many changes. Compared to propeller aircraft, jets were much faster, could climb more steeply, were more resistant to damage and were quieter in operation.  They were thus able to more effectively attack ground targets and escape, and while both jet- and propeller-driven aircraft participated in the Korean War the latter suffered heavier losses and were largely phased out by the end of the conflict.

As the war progressed, the Communists developed a highly centralized integrated air defense network, incorporating early-warning radars, ground-controlled interception (GCI) and AAA.  The potency of this network compelled UNC bombers to conduct bombing missions at altitudes beyond the reach of ground-based weapons, although this impacted the accuracy of their bombs.  The UNC also possessed an effective air defense network, but the North Korean Air Force had been largely destroyed early in the war and the Chinese Air Force was almost exclusively focused on the mission of air superiority rather than attacking UNC ground forces.

Vietnam War

The Vietnam War saw the evolution of what would become known as SEAD over the course of the conflict.  At the start of Operation Rolling Thunder, North Vietnam's air defenses were only dealt with in a piecemeal fashion, in spite of intelligence indicating that the North Vietnam Army was developing an integrated air defense system (IADS) dedicated to air deniability.  This included the construction of sixty SA-2 Guideline SAM sites by the end of 1965 which, though only accomplishing one hit for every thirteen missiles fired, were responsible for shooting down nearly 15% of American aircraft lost that year.  Early attempts to counter this system consisted of modified F-100 Super Sabres using crude homing equipment to locate and bomb radar-guided SAM and AAA sites, but these missions incurred heavy losses and the threat to American aircraft continued to grow. In 1966 a task force was put together to analyze the challenges presented by the NVA's air defense network and recommend ways to counter it. One of these was for aircraft to operate at low altitudes (below 500 meters) where the missiles were less effective. This also put the aircraft well within range of AAA, which would account for nearly 85% of all American aircraft losses during Rolling Thunder.

Eventually new SEAD-dedicated aircraft were introduced, the Air Force's EF-105F/F-105G Thunderchief and Navy's A-6B Intruder, which mounted more sophisticated detection equipment and carried the AGM-45 Shrike and AGM-78 Standard anti-radiation missiles (ARMs).  These fighter-bombers became very adept at tracking down and destroying ground-based air defense weapons, such that it became common for a vast majority of NVA SAM operators to turn off their radars whenever an F-105G was spotted.  While this prevented the SAM from physically being destroyed, it essentially accomplished the same mission of suppressing air defenses around the target.  Electronic warfare aircraft were also used to suppress air defenses by jamming NVA radars, with first the EB-66 Destroyer joined later by the EA-6B Prowler. By the end of Rolling Thunder these changes had caused a significant degradation in the effectiveness of SAMs: only one SA-2 missile out of every forty-eight fired resulted in a hit.  In spite of these changes, SEAD remained a primarily tactical function throughout Rolling Thunder, with American leadership either unaware or unappreciative of North Vietnam's IADS.

Losses suffered by F-105 Wild Weasels spurred on the development of a new variant based on the F-4C Phantom II, the EF-4C Phantom Wild Weasel IV.  The first thirty-six of these were delivered to Southeast Asia in 1969 and so missed taking part in Rolling Thunder. While carrying the same electronics as in the F-105G, the dense internal structure of the F-4 Phantom prevented the EF-4C from efficiently mounting this equipment, which meant it could not carry the superior AGM-78 Standard missile. By the start of Operation Linebacker, Wild Weasel missions were both more and less effective. Tactics and technology had evolved which improved the suppression of individual SAM sites, however the American military still failed to consider the integrated nature of North Vietnam's air defense network. Not only did the network possess thousands of radar- and optical-guided AAA and SAM sites, it also consisted of early-warning radars, intelligence-gathering agencies, and hundreds of ground-controlled interceptors.  Thus, while fewer American aircraft were lost to SAMs during Linebacker, many more were lost in air-to-air combat.

Operation Linebacker II started off similarly to Linebacker I with regards to SEAD tactics but was remarkable for the introduction of B-52 Stratofortress bombers in the defense-suppression role. During the early part of the operation, a combination of poor tactical employment and overconfidence on the part of Strategic Air Command resulted in the loss of a number of B-52s to SA-2 missiles, enough to force a rethink in how to counteract the enemy's air defenses.  The latter part of Linebacker II finally saw a concerted effort made to suppress the entire North Vietnamese IADS and significantly reduced the losses suffered. Only one SA-2 missile for every sixty-eight fired resulted in a hit, the lowest ratio of the entire war. The SEAD tactics displayed at the end of Linebacker II, involving the combination of traditional understanding of SEAD with electronic warfare and C3 countermeasures, laid the groundwork for future development.

Post-Vietnam Wars

With the phase-out of the F-105G, the US Air Force was in need of a new SEAD-dedicated aircraft  This effort was given more urgency in 1973 when, during the Yom Kippur War, Egypt employed a Soviet-built IADS that severely mauled the Israeli Air Force. After a series of tests, the new F-4G 'Wild Weasel V' first took flight in 1975 and became operational in 1978. Built on the F-4E airframe, the F-4G removed the M61 Vulcan pod to make room for specialized detection and jamming equipment and could carry the latest anti-radiation missile, the AGM-88 HARM. The F-4G Wild Weasel was then joined by EF-111A Raven and EC-130H Compass Call to become part of the USAF's "triad" of electronic combat aircraft. Each aircraft performed its own role in the overall mission of SEAD: the F-4G with seeking out and destroying enemy air defenses, the EC-130 with degrading the enemy's C3 capabilities, and the EF-111A with jamming enemy early-warning and target-acquisition radars.  Additional aircraft often part of SEAD missions included the E-3 Sentry, EC-130E Commando Solo and RC/EC-135.

On the other hand, the Soviets did not treat SEAD as an independent air operation but as a tactical role to be performed as part of a larger mission, namely an overwhelming air assault against NATO. This role was not carried out by SEAD-specific aircraft but normal bombers and fighter aircraft, such as the Tupolev Tu-16 and Tupolev Tu-22M, which could carry Soviet anti-radiation missiles. These aircraft would be organized into several strike groups whose mission was to lay down "chaff corridors" 40–50 kilometers across at intervals of 10 kilometers, including directly on top of suspected SAM sites. A small number of aircraft in these groups would be equipped with ARMs to physically destroy the sites. These missions were conducted against pre-planned targets which had been previously identified by signals intelligence and other reconnaissance efforts, rather than having aircraft seek out targets of opportunity. The closest the Soviets came to dedicated SEAD platforms were modified stand-off interceptors like the Mikoyan MiG-25BM and attack aircraft like the Sukhoi Su-24M.

The first example of a post-Vietnam SEAD campaign was by the United Kingdom during the 1982 Falklands War. The RAF Avro Vulcan B.Mk-2 was initially planned to be retired in early 1982 but the outbreak of the Falklands War, in April that year postponed it. The Falklands conflict was the only time that the Vulcan performed SEAD missions, flying very long-range missions against Port Stanley, armed with AGM-45 Shrike missiles mounted on makeshift underwing pylons and carrying a AN/ALQ-101 pod for jamming.

Shortly afterwards was Israel's Operation Mole Cricket 19, launched at the start of the 1982 Lebanon War. During the prior Yom Kippur War of 1973, Egyptian and Syrian SAM batteries proved to be costly to attack for the Israeli Air Force (IAF), such as during Operation Model 5; during the first three days of the war alone, the IAF lost 50 aircraft in about 1,220 sorties, a loss rate of four percent. The IAF found it challenging to provide air support to ground forces. Shortly after the conflict's end, the service stated a multiyear project, active between 1973 and 1978, specifically to devise an effective counter to the SAM threat. By 1982, the Bekaa Valley had been heavily reinforced by the Syrian Armed Forces with a modern Soviet-style air defense network consisting of multiple radar installations, GCI facilities, SAM and AAA sites, and a redundant C3 network. Prior to the start of the operation, Israel conducted an extensive intelligence-gathering effort, consisting of reconnaissance aircraft, remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) and electronic surveillance aircraft, to paint an expansive picture of where Syrian air defense sites were located and which radar frequencies they were using.

Israel's attack on the SAMs was inadvertently assisted by the Syrians, who often placed their sites in sub-optimal positions and failed to relocate their equipment, use dummy radars or maintain active combat air patrol. When the operation began, efficient coordination of jamming/deception efforts with attacks against air defense sites effectively neutralized the ground component of the Bekaa Valley IADS. In response to the attacks, the Syrians launched a large number of fighter aircraft, however without the aid of their radar and GCI facilities, these forces were "flying blind" and suffered crippling losses in the resulting air-to-air combat. So complete and disturbing was the Israeli dismantling of the Bekaa Valley IADS that the deputy commander of the Soviet Air Defense Forces was sent to investigate what had gone wrong. Part of Israel's success was due to extensive reconnaissance and preparations prior to the battle, incompetence on the part of the Syrians, and desert conditions conducive to SEAD operations.

Operation El Dorado Canyon, the United States' response to the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing, employed lessons learned from the Bekaa Valley campaign, including extensive planning and practice runs.  In contrast to the Israeli mission though the goal of El Dorado Canyon was not the destruction of Libya's IADS itself but to conduct a punitive strike against Muammar Gaddafi. Suppressing the IADS through non-lethal means would help accomplish this mission and, just as important after the Vietnam War, reduce casualties suffered by the strike group. For this reason, electronic jamming played a more prominent role in the operation than at Bekaa Valley and was carried out by both EF-111A Ravens and EA-6B Prowlers in the first ever joint US Air Force-Navy SEAD operation. For several reasons, F-4G Wild Weasels could not take part in El Dorado Canyon, requiring the use of the Navy's carrier-borne A-7E Corsair IIs and F/A-18 Hornets to attack Libyan SAM sites. Their lack of the Wild Weasel's specialized equipment required these fighters to fire their HARMs preemptively at Libyan SAM sites, a costly and wasteful method which nevertheless was effective due to the limited nature of the raid. For their part, the Libyans and their Soviet advisers had also learned lessons from the Bekaa Valley campaign: their IADS was constructed with multiple redundancies (including overlapping radar coverage and hardened landlines between defense sites) and a wider array of both Soviet and Western radar systems able to operate on multiple frequencies to avoid jamming. In the end, US forces succeeded in suppressing the Libyan IADS and conducted their punitive strike with minimal casualties suffered.

Gulf War

Coalition forces made extensive use of SEAD during the Gulf War against Iraq in order to counter its – at least on paper – formidable IADS. By 1990 Iraq was protected by approximately 3,700 SAMs, organized into 105 firing batteries, and approximately 7,000 AAA pieces, supported by hundreds of overlapping early warning, search and acquisition radars. In the air the Iraq Air Force was the sixth largest in the world, including hundreds of interceptors which were housed and protected within hardened bunkers. At the center of the Iraqi IADS was Kari, an automated command and control system developed by Iraq and built by French contractors in the wake of Operation Opera (Kari in turn is the French spelling of Iraq backwards). Kari tied the entire IADS to a single location, the national Air Defense Operations Center (ADOC) located in an underground bunker in Baghdad, and in turn divided the country into four defense sectors each overseen by a Sector Operations Center (SOC) located at H-3, Kirkuk, Taji and Talil; a fifth SOC was added at Ali Al Salem to cover the recently conquered Kuwait. Each SOC oversaw the local airspace and commanded anywhere from two to five Intercept Operations Centers (IOCs) per sector. The IOCs were located in bunkers constructed at Iraqi Air Force bases and tied into local radar systems, whose information they could pass on to their SOC and thence on to Baghdad. In this way a SOC was capable of simultaneously tracking 120 aircraft and selecting for the appropriate weapon system to engage them. The SOC could automatically target for SA-2 and SA-3 SAM systems in their sector, which meant the SAMs did not have to turn on their own radar and reveal their position, or an IOC could direct local interceptors to engage the targets. Baghdad itself was one of the most heavily defended cities in the world – more heavily defended several times over than Hanoi during the Vietnam War – protected by 65% of Iraq's SAMs and over half of its AAA pieces.

However, the Iraqi IADS had several fatal flaws of which Coalition air forces were able to take advantage.  The system was primarily oriented towards defending against much smaller attacks from Iraq's most likely enemies – Iran, Syria and Israel – and focused on point defense rather than area defense.  This meant there were significant gaps in its coverage, particularly on the orientation from Saudi Arabia straight to Baghdad, and attacking aircraft would be able to approach their target from multiple directions.  Much of the Iraqi air defense equipment was also quite outdated: Iraqi SA-2 and SA-3 systems were nearing the end of their operational lifespan and their countermeasures well known at this point, while what SA-6, SA-8 and Roland systems they possessed weren't much younger either.  Likewise a majority of Iraq's interceptor force were less-capable MiG-21s, with fewer more modern variants including export versions of the MiG-29 and F1 Mirage.  Furthermore, the IADS was centralized to a fault.  Although each IOC was datalinked to their respective SOC and in turn back to the ADOC, the defense sectors couldn't share information between each other.  If a SOC was knocked out of action the attached air defense weapons lost all ability to coordinate their response; its respective SAM batteries would be forced to rely on their own radar systems while most AAA guns lacked any radar guidance.  Training was also poor, with Iraqi pilots overly reliant on ground-control instructions such that if the IOCs were disabled they lost situation awareness and became easy targets.

Suppression of the Iraqi IADS played a prominent role in Operation Instant Thunder, the preliminary air campaign plan against Iraq which served as the basis for Operation Desert Storm's air campaign.  In its initial limited form, Instant Thunder called for three dedicated SEAD squadrons which would significantly degrade the IADS enough to allow decimating strikes against Iraq's military and political leadership and other strategic targets. This role for SEAD was further expanded as the mission grew in scope, involving a larger number of aircraft to completely destroy the air defenses protecting southern Iraq and Kuwait. Planning for this mission was helped when the CIA contacted the French engineer responsible for designing the Kari IADS and passed along information about its vulnerabilities and limitations. In its final form, Phase II of the Desert Storm air campaign sought to decimate the southern Iraqi IADS within two days of the start of hostilities.  F-4G Wild Weasels and other aircraft capable of carrying HARM missiles would destroy air defense sites themselves, electronic warfare aircraft would disrupt radars and other systems, and additional targets would be struck in order to support this mission, such as temporarily knocking out Iraq's electrical infrastructure. In addition to traditional SEAD systems the Persian Gulf War would also see the use of unconventional assets in knocking out Iraq's air defenses, in particular cruise missiles and F-117A Nighthawks, which would be used to attack sensitive targets.

The opening shots of Operation Desert Storm were fired on January 17 in pursuit of defense-suppression: at 2:20AM local time Task Force Normandy, a group of twelve American helicopters, infiltrated into Iraq with the goal of destroying two early-warning radar sites.  Three MH-53J Pave Lows guided nine AH-64 Apaches to the targets, which the gunships destroyed, opening a hole in the Iraqi IADS for the initial wave of aircraft to exploit.  Two F-117As knocked out the Nukhayb IOC, further widening the gap, although their next attack against the H-3 SOC was unsuccessful.  Among the first targets hit by F-117As attacking into Baghdad, bombs damaged the Al Taqaddum IOC and Talil SOC, shortly followed by Tomahawk strikes that disabled the electrical grid upon which Kari depended; reportedly some used special warheads filled with carbon fiber bundles to short-circuit the network.  For the next several hours dozens of Coalition aircraft poured into Iraq.  Those which weren't specifically directed to suppress air defenses had significant SEAD escort, including the use of BQM-74 drones and ADM-141 TALD decoys which would both "take the hit" for the manned airplanes and cause the Iraqis to reveal their position when they tracked or fired upon the lure.  The first night's largest sortie was a joint US Air Force-Navy SEAD mission consisting of fifty aircraft designed to look like a bombing raid on Baghdad but which instead were fitted out with decoys, drones and HARMs to destroy air defenses protecting the city.  With Kari degraded due to the disabling of the civilian electrical grid the Iraqi SAMs were forced to use their organic radar, producing what one pilot called "HARM Heaven".  A total of 67 HARMs were fired over the course of twenty minutes, causing a significant reduction in Iraqi air defenses around the capital based on follow-up missions.

Throughout the rest of the first night additional air-defense targets were hit by Coalition aircraft with varying levels of success while strikes against other targets consisted of a high ratio of SEAD and escort to strike aircraft.  This pace of attack against air-defense and other targets continued into the first day, involving a variety of different aircraft, and spread to targets in Kuwait.  A-10 Thunderbolt IIs were used to attack early-warning radars and similar sites along the border in operations known humorously as "Wart Weaseling" (a play on the Wild Weasel and the A-10 "Warthog" nicknames).  Unable to use Kari and fearful of turning their own radars on, Iraqi SAM operators resorted to firing their missiles with minimal or no guidance.  Furthermore, units of the Iraqi Army – even the elite Republican Guard – possessed inadequate SAM defenses by NATO or Soviet standards.  This allowed Coalition aircraft to attack them from the relative safety of higher altitudes.

By the end of the first forty-eight hours of Desert Storm, the Coalition had achieved its goal of significantly degrading Kari, including the destruction of all air defenses in the south.  Although the Iraqis would replace most destroyed radars and bring back many IOCs and SOCs to at least partial operation, this was done so in an unorganized manner, with the Coalition continuing to bomb any reactivated sites.   In effect, combined with the failure of Iraq's air force to defend its airspace, the Coalition had gained air supremacy in the skies over Iraq from nearly the outset of the conflict.

Coalition aircraft conducting strategic bombing and interdiction inside Iraq were now free to operate at medium altitudes of  and higher with no danger of SAM activity.  This also put them beyond the effective range of most of Iraq's AAA pieces, which remained a threat.  Baghdad's heavy AAA defenses also continued to make it a difficult target to attack, as Coalition forces found out during an attempted strike on January 19 against the Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center.  A variety factors, including the threat of AAA and ballistic SAMs, resulted in the strike's failure and loss of two aircraft.

By January 27, no C3 activity was detected at the SOC level by Coalition forces, and only limited activity at the IOC level.  At the end of the conflict, the DIA estimated Kari was operating at 25% its original capacity, and that it would take at least ten years to rebuild the system and another five to retrain the personnel needed to operate it.  In total, the SEAD campaign by the Coalition was an unequivocal success, allowing Coalition aircraft to fly at medium and high altitudes over Kuwait and Iraq with impunity.  The only losses Coalition aircraft suffered to Iraqi air defenses after the first two days occurred when they operated at low altitudes, primarily conducting close air support or other missions to assist ground forces.

Operation Allied Force

The bombing campaign of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during mid-1999, dubbed Operation Allied Force, was an overall success for NATO forces, but the mission to suppress Yugoslav air defenses proved to be more difficult than prior operations during the Gulf War. SEAD operations for NATO were principally carried out by the US Air Force, with fifty F-16CJ Block 50 Fighting Falcons, and the US Navy and Marines, with 30 EA-6B Prowlers; additional support was provided by Italian and German Tornado ECRs, a purpose-developed SEAD model. Many NATO aircraft were furnished with new towed decoys designed to lure away any missiles fired at them, and reportedly for the first time cyberwarfare was used to target Yugoslav air defense computer systems.

However, a number of deficiencies in NATO's SEAD operations were revealed during the course of the bombing campaign. The US Air Force had allowed its electronic warfare branch to atrophy in the years after the Gulf War, resulting in greater response times to engaging a SAM threat. Airspace restrictions and rules of engagement limited where NATO aircraft could fly and what targets they could hit, leaving some air defense systems untouched. Kosovo's mountainous terrain also made it difficult for NATO to locate and target Yugoslav air defenses, while at the same time the region's poor infrastructure limited where Yugoslav SAM and AAA sites could be placed. Furthermore, according to a post-conflict US intelligence report, Yugoslavia had a spy in NATO's headquarters in Brussels who in the early part of the conflict leaked flight plans and target details to the Yugoslav military, allowing Yugoslav military assets to be relocated to avoid detection; NATO responded by limiting the number of people with access to its plans, which appeared to be successful.

Yugoslavia had a much smaller IADS than Iraq during the Gulf War, but took greater steps at preserving it from NATO's bombing campaign. The Yugoslav integrated air defence system (IADS) was extensive, including underground command sites and buried landlines, which allowed for information to be shared between systems; thus, active radar in one area could target NATO aircraft for SAMs and AAA in another area with no active radar, further limiting NATO's ability to target air defences. By focusing on its operational survival, Yugoslav air defenses ceded a certain amount of air superiority to NATO forces. Yet the persistence of their credible SAM threat forced NATO to allocate greater resources to continued SEAD operations rather than conducting other missions, while Yugoslav AAA and MANPADS forced NATO aircraft to fly at  or higher. NATO reportedly fired 743 HARMs during the course of the 78-day campaign, but could confirm the destruction of only 3 of the original 25 SA-6 batteries. At the same time, over 800 SAMs were fired by Yugoslav forces at NATO aircraft, including 477 SA-6s and 124 confirmed MANPADS, for the downing of only two aircraft and several more damaged.  That one of the two aircraft shot down was an F-117A Nighthawk marked the first combat loss ever of a stealth aircraft and typified some of the issues NATO faced during the campaign.

2003 US invasion of Iraq

At the onset of the Iraq War, Iraq's IADS was a fraction of what it had been during the Gulf War, though it was still one of the densest defense networks in the world. Over 200 SAM systems were still operational, mainly the older SA-2s, SA-3s and SA-6s, along with over 2,000 MANPADS and large numbers of AA guns. Improvements had been made to Kari, including greater usage of fiber optic cables, and more advanced equipment such as GPS guidance jammers were acquired. In addition to the ADOC and four original SOCs, a fifth SOC was created in Baghdad and specifically assigned to defend Saddam's palaces, the Republican Guards, and key security facilities.

Still, the defense network was relatively outdated and thus unable to seriously challenge the Coalition's dominance of Iraqi airspace, which had not only succeeded in suppressing Iraqi defenses during the Gulf War but continued to do so during the enforcement of Iraqi no-fly zones. Starting on March 1, aggressive "enforcement" of the no-fly zones accounted for the destruction of as many as a third of Iraq's missile launchers and radars by the time the invasion commenced on March 20. Numerous aircraft, such as the Panavia Tornado fighter-bomber, penetrated Iraqi airspace to conduct bombing raids during the opening phase of the conflict, striking at Iraqi installations.

During the course of the invasion, there were 1,660 reports of SAM launches and similar numbers of AAA firings, for the loss of very few aircraft. While Iraq largely failed to shoot down many Coalition aircraft, the sheer numbers of their air defenses still made them dangerous until the final stages of the invasion. This was true in particular for its large number of short-range missile and AAA weapons, which made low-altitude missions deadly and were harder to suppress.  Where possible, Coalition forces conducted stand-off strikes from outside the range of these defenses. The unsuccessful 2003 attack on Karbala exemplifies the dangers faced by aircraft operating at low altitudes around air defenses.

2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Many Ukrainian air defence facilities were reportedly destroyed or damaged in the first days of the invasion by Russian air strikes. On 5 March 2022, the Russian Air Force (VVS) declared that it had achieved air superiority, 11 days after the beginning of the invasion,  but not air supremacy. However, that same day, Russia lost at least ten aircraft. On 11 March 2022, retired United States Air Force Lieutenant General David Deptula stated in The New York Times that the Russian Air Force had not achieved air superiority, noting that supposedly vulnerable Ukrainian drones had continued to operate against Russian forces.

While several early air strikes on Yavoriv in Western Ukraine were performed by Russian bombers, their munitions were firing from a distance while flying within Russian air space, rather than entering Ukrainian air space; on 13 March 2022, dozens of air-launched cruise missiles were launched from within Russia to reach Western Ukraine, because it was allegedly too dangerous for the Russian Air Force to fly over Ukrainian space due to Ukrainian air defenses. Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites forced planes to fly low, making them vulnerable to Stinger and other shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles, while a lack of training and flight hours for Russian pilots allegedly rendered them inexperienced for the type of close ground support missions typical of modern air forces. On 18 May 2022, near Izyum, a Russian Zhitel electronic warfare apparatus was detected, located, and disabled by Ukraine's ground and air forces.

On 30 August 2022, Command of Ukrainian Air Force (KpsZSU) released a video of its MiG-29 jets firing AGM-88 HARM missiles against Russian air defenses, one day after an alleged attack on Russian radar site for S-400 SAM batteries near Sevastopol in Russian-occupied Crimea. Earlier in the Summer, multiple Russian SAM batteries has been hit and the remains of AGM-88 missiles had been found on site. The U.S. government acknowledged the previously undisclosed transfer of AGM-88 missiles to Ukraine on August 8, 2022.

There are also suspicions of M31A1 GMLRS guided rockets firing from M142 HIMARS rocket artillery been used by Ukrainian military against Russian air defense systems.

On 15 February 2023 the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) wrote that neither the Russian Air Force (VVS) nor the Ukrainian Air Force (KpsZSU) have gained air superiority.

Weapons

The weapons most often associated with this mission are anti-radiation missiles (ARMs), which work by homing in on radio emission sources like radar antennae.  These missiles are equipped with relatively small warheads, limiting collateral damage, but can easily destroy radar antennae and thus cripple an enemy's air defense system.  Early examples of ARMs could be fooled by turning off the radar system, which would cease emitting radiation for the missile to track; more recent missiles are fitted with fire-control systems which "remember" where the source was and continue towards that location. Anti-radiation missiles proved particularly effective during the Vietnam War where, despite the small number carried relative to other munitions, they accounted for 46% of all SA-2 batteries destroyed.

However, a weapon need not be designed specifically for SEAD missions to be used to damage or destroy a component of an air defense system. A Paveway LGB for example is not a SEAD-specific munition, but when used to destroy a radar antenna it still achieves the desired effect.  The American AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon is a valuable SEAD weapon due to its fairly long standoff range which allows the launching aircraft to avoid being threatened by all but the longest-range missiles, and its relatively large area of destruction against lightly armored targets.

Possibly the most effective type of unguided ("dumb") weapon used during SEAD strikes are cluster bombs. This is due to the fact many SAM sites are dispersed over a fairly wide area (in order to increase the difficulty of inflicting serious damage on the battery) and the relative "softness" of the targets (unarmored missile launchers, exposed radar antennas, etc.). The Mk-20 Rockeye II anti-armor cluster munition and the CBU-87 general-purpose cluster munition are typical examples of these types of weapons.

Artillery is also used to conduct SEAD missions. After World War II, the combined arms nature of warfare meant an increased role in ground forces performing SEAD missions in support of air operations.  During the Cold War the American military developed a joint definition of SEAD responsibilities, with the Army responsible for all SEAD missions within the range of observable fire and the Air Force for all missions further away. The Soviet Union placed less emphasis on using artillery to conduct SEAD missions, although where possible artillery would be used to clear a path for attack helicopters.  Because of their superior range, rocket artillery such as MLRS are the ideal weapon for conducting SEAD operations.

Loitering Munitions and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) play an increasingly vital role in conducting SEAD missions. Due to the dangerous nature of attacking air defenses, the use of UAVs can provide a more cost-effective and less risky method of conducting SEAD.  This is especially true since the pilot is not directly at risk and so a commander may be more willing to sacrifice UAVs to accomplish the mission. The first UAVs used in the SEAD role occurred during the Vietnam War, when versions of the Lightning Bug were adapted to carry chaff and other electronic countermeasures.  Modern examples of SEAD-specific loitering munitions include the IAI Harpy which loiters over areas with potential SAM activity, searches for SAM activity, and then crashes (with in-built warhead) into the target.

By country

, the main United States Air Force (USAF) SEAD aircraft is the F-16CJ Fighting Falcon following the retirement of the EF-111A Raven; while the United States Navy (USN) replaced the EA-6B Prowler with the Boeing EA-18G Growler. The Air Force and Navy in recent decades have emphasized multirole aircraft over dedicated single-role designs with aircraft such as the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and F-15E Strike Eagle capable of carrying the AGM-88 HARM and fulfilling the SEAD mission.  The use of so-called "dumb planes" which lack the dedicated detection equipment of a true Wild Weasel is supposedly offset by their ability to carry a "smart missile" as well as perform a variety of missions besides SEAD, with a lower operating cost. However, there is concern that such platforms are less effective for this role because of the lack of specialized equipment, forcing them to employ expensive anti-radiation missiles in a less accurate and cost-effective manner. The advent of Fifth-generation fighters has seen somewhat of a return to dedicated role aircraft: while the F-22 Raptor is capable of carrying ground ordnance, the aircraft's primary mission is air superiority unlike the more balanced profile of the F-16 and F/A-18. The F-35 Lightning II is intended to fulfill the ground strike mission.

In European NATO air forces, the SEAD mission falls mostly to German Air Force Tornado Electronic Combat and Reconnaissance variant (ECR), and Aeronautica Militare (AMI) Tornado ECRs. Tornado ECRs employ the AGM-88 HARM missile in this role. Some modern SEAD aircraft are modified to equip some level of offensive jamming equipment to aid in the suppression of hostile surface to air missile systems (SAMs). However, the vast majority of SEAD aircraft are only equipped with defensive jamming systems to aid in self-protection against hostile SAMs or fighter aircraft.

Notes

References

External links

 U.S. Department of Defense definition
 Description of SEAD environment over Kosovo
 A 1976 discussion of differing opinions on (then) future threats to western aircraft

Military doctrines
Aerial warfare strategy
Aerial warfare tactics
Military operations involving the United States
United States Air Force


Snap on bail connectors in silver plated lead and nickel safe zinc alloy. Great for connecting pendants to a chain. The design does include some scratch-like marks at the top of the bail. Please see the photos. I will not provide a refund because of the marks as that is part of the design.


Apartamentos Raymar is set on Morro de Gos Beach, 1.5 km from the centre of Oropesa de Mar. There is an outdoor pool and the modern apartments each have a terrace with sea views. All apartments are air conditioned and heated.


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Russian Reality
How are citizens of Russia getting information about situation in a state and in the world. Russian news, propaganda.
Turkey began a referendum on amendments to the Constitution
April 16, 2017 RR Politics
Only the will can attend more than 55 million Turks eligible to vote.
ANKARA, April 16. /Offset. TASS Kirill Zharov/. Residents of the Eastern regions of Turkey proceeded to vote on the referendum on amendments to the Constitution. Polling stations in 33 of the 81 provinces in the country opened at 07:00 local time (coincides with Moscow).
Electoral commissions in other regions of the country traditionally start work an hour later, at 08:00 and continue until 17:00. Only the will can attend more than 55 million Turks eligible to vote. The country openly 145 thousand plots.
The Ministry adopted enhanced security measures to ensure during the day will do more than 250 thousand policemen, 128 thousand gendarmes, and about 70 thousand employees of security agencies and volunteers. In the case of an emergency, the command of the army will be able to allocate about 6 thousand troops.
In the country for the entire period of voting, a ban on public campaigning, media do not have the right to publish the results of public opinion polls or post campaign materials, conduct live communication with politicians or experts, which can be regarded as propaganda. Also on the day of the plebiscite prohibited conduct exit polls and to take pictures of completed ballots. While the CEC does not remove these restrictions, banned will be the sale of alcohol and social events.
Constitutional amendments introduced in the Turkish presidential form of government is parliamentary
The powers of the President greatly enhanced, and he becomes the head of both the state and the government with the preservation of party affiliation if he deem it necessary. The post of Prime Minister is abolished, and the President is entitled to appoint a Vice-President, Ministers, some members of the Board of judges and prosecutors. Introduced and levers of parliamentary control over the activities of the President.
The number of parliamentarians increased from 550 to 600, and the age of candidates is reduced from 25 to 18 years. The term of the constitutional powers of Parliament and the President will be five years, but the President can hold office more than two consecutive terms. In case of approval of amendments in the referendum next elections both the President and deputies will be held on 3 November 2019. However, if the changes are accepted, all the provisions of the Constitution for a presidential system will come into force only after the will 2019.
Previous Post:South Korea promised a "resolute" response to the rocket launch in the DPRK
Next Post:In Washington, the explosion of the North Korean missile called the "good news"
China said the news about the infected with coronavirus products from Russia
Infected with coronavirus, the President of Brazil announced the recovery
In the Swiss mountains, the plane crashed
Johnson found the opponents of vaccination crazy
Trump has said high number of deaths of white people at the hands of police
Trump stood up for the "racist" flag
Developers of vaccines against coronavirus took the risk
Туроператоры назвали готовые принять российских туристов страны
Endocrinologist of the Ministry of health told about the connection of coronavirus and diabetes
Experts told how to secure your mobile banking fraud
Dozens injured: Prague trains collided
Kursk Governor officials were punished for the ignorance
Putin may request documents in the case Safronova
Crimea responded to the idea of Kiev about the "de-occupation"
Trutnev said about the poor performance of the authorities of the Khabarovsk territory
Journalists Kremlin pool spoke in support of Ivan Safronov
Putin urged to extend the planning horizon of the projects
The fifth plane with the Russian military helping in the fight against coronavirus, returned from Italy
Source: test of a new hypersonic missiles were on Board the Tu-22M3
The number of people infected with coronavirus military armed forces fell to 1689
Vice-mayor of Novorossiysk Demchenko is leaving his post because of violation of the regime of self-isolation
Zakharov believes tweet US about their victory over Nazism is the attempt to divide the country
Lavrov and the foreign Ministers of the CIS will discuss the fight against coronavirus
Named the new requirements during the exam
The main song on May 9 was performed in different languages over a million people


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures held a hearing on June 8 to review the so-called tax extenders, many of which expired after 2011.
Committee Says Some Tax Extenders Should Go
The House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures held a hearing on June 8 to review the so-called tax extenders, many of which expired after 2011. Among the dozens of provisions up for consideration are the research tax credit, higher education tuition deduction, and teachers' classroom expense deduction.
"It is my hope that the committee will move to schedule a markup of these important provisions so we can get the ball rolling on their extension sooner rather than later," Rep. Mike Thompson, D-Calif., said in prepared remarks.
Witnesses testifying before the subcommittee focused on the methods lawmakers should use to evaluate the effectiveness of the extenders. Suggestions included holding an annual review of whether the extenders do in fact stimulate economic activities.
Donald Marron, director of the Tax Policy Center for the Urban Institute, recommended that Congress change the pay-as-you-go budget rules for the extenders. Instead of using a 10-year offset to pay for one year of tax incentive, Congress should set the length and offset at five years each, Marron said.
Alex Brill, research fellow, American Enterprise Institute, suggested that lawmakers should ask whether the intent behind a provision represented sound tax policy and whether, if that particular extender would be permanent, the policy would be effective.
"No tax policy should be intentionally temporary," Brill said. "Any tax extenders deemed appropriate should be made permanent and the rest should be allowed to expire," he added.
©2012 CCH. All Rights Reserved.


--- Quote from: revanne on April 19, 2017, 09:24:01 am ---It's good to hear of Gilrae d'Eirial again. Strangely enough a descendant of his brother will appear in the story I am writing at the moment, although at the speed I write it'll be a while before anything is posted.
--- Quote from: DerynifanK on April 19, 2017, 10:51:56 am --- Just when you think the Festils can't get any worse, they do! Methinks Imre will pay for his acts against the people. Not a good idea to make all the citizens of a kingdom hate you.
--- Quote from: Jerusha on April 19, 2017, 11:16:10 am ---A moving chapter, Laurna. I'm still not sure what to think of Vince, though. I fear there is something he is hiding.


text:
Jean Baptiste Senderens (* 27. Januar 1856 in Barbachen, französische Pyrenäen; † 27. September  1937 ebenda) war ein französischer Chemiker und Priester, bekannt als Pionier der Katalytischen Hydrierung in der Organischen Chemie mit Paul Sabatier, der dafür den Nobelpreis erhielt.

Leben
Senderens studierte ab 1880 am Collège de Garaison (einer Schule der Missionare der Unbefleckten Empfängnis), was er unterbrechen musste um seine Geschwister in seiner mittellosen Familie zu unterrichten. Später schickten ihn die Ordensbrüder auf ihre Schule in Tarascon-sur-Ariège und an das Institut Catholique in Toulouse. In Toulouse kam er in Kontakt mit dem Universitätsprofessor für Chemie Édouard Filhol, was zu einer ersten gemeinsamen Publikation 1881 führte. Nach dem Abschluss 1883 wurde er am Institut Catholique Professor und Direktor der Ecole Superieure de Science, die er am Institut Catholique gründete. Damals befasste er sich mit der Analyse der Mineralquellen von Bagnères de Bigorre und Problemen des Weinbaus (Methoden zur Wärmeerzeugung für die Rebstöcke, Mittel gegen Mehltau und Reblaus u. a.) 1888 erhielt er einen Doktorgrad in Philosophie (wahrscheinlich von der Gregoriana in Rom). 1892 wurde er in Toulouse in Chemie promoviert  wozu ihn Paul Sabatier angeregt hatte. Ab 1914 arbeitete er in der Industrie in Vitry-sur-Seine (in der Pharma-Firma der Gebrüder Poulenc, mit denen er auch später verbunden blieb) und ab 1922 in einem eigenen Labor in seinem Heimatort Barbachen.

Seine Zusammenarbeit mit Sabatier über katalytische Hydrierung begann 1892 und dauerte bis 1907. Zuerst hydrierten sie Ethen (mit Nickel als Katalysator), dann Benzole (zu Cyclohexan) und Nitrobenzole (zu Cyclohexalamin) und verwandte Aromate, Aldehyde, Ketone und Glyceride (Patent 1903). Auch der Sabatier-Prozess wurde von beiden entwickelt (Herstellung von Methan aus Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlendioxid). 1911 kam es zum Bruch zwischen beiden, nachdem Senderens las, dass ihn Sabatier bei einem Vortrag in Berlin als Schüler und Mitarbeiter bezeichnete. Nachdem Sabatier für die gemeinsame Arbeit den Nobelpreis bekam (geteilt mit Victor Grignard) bemühte er sich um Annäherung, die ihm Senderens auch äußerlich gewährte. Der Nobelpreis an Grignard und Sabatier war der erste geteilte Chemienobelpreis und Grignard selbst bedauerte, dass er nicht noch weiter geteilt wurde (zwischen Sabatier und Senderens einerseits und bei ihm selbst mit seinem Lehrer Philippe Barbier).

Senderens experimentierte später mit seinem Freund Jean Aboulenc. In den 1920er Jahren war er einer der ersten Forschungsdirektoren der Caisse nationale des Sciences.

Ab 1907 befasste er sich mit Dehydrierung, wobei er Aluminium-haltige Katalysatoren verwendete, und ab 1918 mit Hydrierung in flüssiger Phase.

Er veröffentlichte auch theologische und philosophische Schriften, insbesondere zur Verbindung von Wissenschaft und Glauben.

1905 erhielt er den Prix Jecker der Academie des Sciences mit Sabatier. 1920 wurde er Ehrenmitglied der Royal Society of Chemistry und 1922 korrespondierendes Mitglied der Academie des Sciences. 1923 wurde er Ritter der Ehrenlegion.

Nach Sabatier und Senderens sind zwei benachbarte Berge (Mount Senderens und Mount Sabatier) in Südgeorgien benannt.

Schriften
mit Duilhé de Saint Projet: Apologie Scientifique de la foi Chrétienne. 1921.
Création et Evolution. Bloud et Gay, 1928.

Literatur

Mary Jo Nye: Sciences in the Provinces. Scientific Communities and Provincial Leadership in France 1860–1930. University of California Press 1986.

Einzelnachweise

Chemiker (19. Jahrhundert)
Chemiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Korrespondierendes Mitglied der Académie des sciences
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Ritter)
Franzose
Geboren 1856
Gestorben 1937
Mann


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