text:
Hugh L. Dryden
Hugh L. Dryden Member
National Bureau of Standards
BY JEROME C. HUNSAKER AND ROBERT C. SEAMANS, JR.
Hugh Latimer Dryden was born in Pocomoke City, Maryland, on July 2, 1898, and died on December 2, 1965, after a lengthy illness.
Hugh Dryden's father taught school and later kept a ...
Hugh Dryden's father taught school and later kept a general store. This business failed in the panic of 1907 and the family moved to Baltimore, where the father became a street car conductor, following this occupation for the rest of his life. Young Hugh attended public schools and a high school, then called Baltimore College, graduating in 1913 just short of age fifteen.
Entering Johns Hopkins University with advanced standing, he completed a regular Bachelor of Arts curriculum in three years, receiving his degree with honors in 1916 and his Master of Arts degree in 1918.
It is of interest to observe that Dryden did not come from a scholarly family. But he was endowed with the highest order of intelligence; brought this gift to the realms of physics, engineering, and Government service; and developed a vigorous philosophy supported by strong Christian principles.
He married Mary Libbie Travers, on January 29, 1920, and their three children were highly educated. The son, Hugh, Jr., an organic chemist, graduated from Johns Hopkins and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The elder daughter, Mary Ruth Van Tuyl, graduated from Goucher College and is married to a mathematician at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. Daughter Nancy Travers graduated from American University and teaches school in Montgomery County, Maryland. There are five grandchildren.
In June 1918, Hugh Dryden joined the staff of the National Bureau of Standards as an inspector of munitions gauges, intending to return to graduate school on a fellowship in the fall. However, because of World War I and with the encouragement of Dr. Joseph S. Ames, Head of the Johns Hopkins Physics Department and Chairman of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, his plans were changed. He obtained a transfer into the Bureau's newly formed Wind Tunnel Section. After Dr. Ames arranged to give courses to a number of Hopkins graduate students at the Bureau, Dryden was able to complete his thesis work on experiments carried on after hours in the wind tunnel. He was granted the Ph.D. in physics in 1919, when he was just under twenty-one, the youngest student ever to obtain a Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins. His thesis, entitled ''Air Forces on Circular Cylinders," addressed itself to the fundamental problem of scale effects on the flow over circular cylinders normal to the wind. His results stimulated some of the more sophisticated inquiries into the same subject in the decade which followed.
In 1920, Dr. Dryden was placed in charge of the wind tunnels. Here his research on the problems of wind tunnel turbulence and boundary-layer flow brought him international recognition. He and his colleagues were first interested in accurately measuring turbulence in wind tunnels and in understanding its effects on force measurements. They devised an electrical network that restored the loss in amplitude and compensated for the lag. Extensive tests were made of the intensity and scale of turbulence produced by the wire screens at various distances from the working station. Having means for varying the intensity and scale of the turbulence, and for measuring these quantities with a compensated hot wire anemometer, Dr. Dryden built wind tunnels of very low turbulence and measured on models the effect of turbulence on aerodynamic forces. The theoretical equations of laminar flow within a boundary layer had been previously announced by Prandtl in 1907. Dr. Dryden and his collaborators were able experimentally to verify Prandtl's theories.
In collaboration with Dr. Lyman J. Briggs, Dr. Dryden made some of the earliest experimental measurements of the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils at high speeds. The early motivation for this work had its origin in the effects of the high propeller tip velocities that were being encountered with high-powered engines. Dryden and Briggs carried out these investigations at a large compressor plant at the Edgewood Arsenal. Through this work, they furnished the propeller designer with airfoil data at high speeds and developed early insight into the effects of compressibility on lift coefficient and pressure distribution. They were among the first to observe experimentally the so-called transonic drag rise. Interest generated by this work led to the construction of many high-speed wind tunnels and was of pioneering significance when jet and rocket propulsion made supersonic and hypersonic flight feasible.
Although Dr. Dryden's career at the Bureau of Standards is characterized largely by his work in turbulence and boundary-layer research, his inquiring mind led him to grapple with other engineering problems with many different collaborators. His investigations of wind pressures on chimneys, mill buildings, and skyscrapers laid the basis for rational design of structures subjected to wind loads. His principal collaborator in this field was G. C. Hill. The motivation for this work was undoubtedly the strong concern during the early 1930's for the structural integrity of propeller blades under increasing speeds and disc loadings.
A summary of Dr. Dryden's scientific and engineering research would be incomplete without mention of his interest in the measurement of the acceleration due to gravity. This work took place during 1942 and 1943. This investigation, done in collaboration with E. A. Eckhardt, W. D. Lambert, and A. H. Miller, undertook to study the various determinations of the absolute value of the acceleration due to gravity and to recommend a "best value." The results indicated that only three determinations had been made with sufficient attention to the elimination of systematic error to merit consideration.
Dr. Dryden was responsible for extensive studies of the aerodynamics of aircraft bombs and for the development of a practical method of designing the tail fins to ensure aerodynamic stability. With E. J. Lorin, he standardized a form of bomb geometry that remained in use for many years. His less-known contributions ranged over aircraft noise, ventilating fans, aerodynamic design of aircraft control surfaces, automobile streamlining, and aerodynamic cooling.
As time passed, Hugh Dryden's management responsibilities at the Bureau of Standards grew, and he found less time for his own research. In 1934 he became Chief of the Mechanics and Sound Division. With the establishment of the National Defense Research Committee and later the Office of Scientific Research and Development in the early 1940's, he became Chief of a section developing a guided glide bomb. This section, located at the Bureau of Standards, was later expanded into the Navy Bureau of Ordnance Experimental Unit, with a staff of civilians from the Bureau of Standards and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as well as officers and men of the U.S. Navy. The radar homing missile, BAT, which saw service in combat in the Pacific, was designed by this team. The BAT missile destroyed many tons of Japanese shipping during the last year of the war. Fleet Air Wing One, under Rear Admiral John D. Price, used the BAT effectively against both ships and land targets. This was Dr. Dryden's first taste of the management of large projects with which he would have so much to do later.
Hugh Dryden once described his wartime service: "I headed an unusual group at the Bureau of Ordinance Experimental Unit which developed the radar homing missile, BAT. I also served as Deputy Director of the Army Air Force's Scientific Advisory Group headed by von Karman. The group was appointed by General H. H. Arnold and many of us were in Europe on V-E day in uniform with simulated rank to study the use of science by the various European countries. Towards New Horizons, the series of reports by the von Karman group, proved invaluable in future years."
In September 1947, Dr. Dryden transferred from the National Bureau of Standards to become Director of Research of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). In 1949, he became Director of NACA, its senior full-time officer. He directed from Washington the activities of the Langley, Lewis, and Ames laboratories and the flight research stations at Edwards Air Force Base, California, and Wallops Island, Virginia. The magnitude of this responsibility grew to embrace, during the last year of NACA'S existence, 8,000 employees and an annual budget of about $100 million. Under his leadership, NACA produced a vast body of new knowledge that made possible routine supersonic flight and laid much of the technological groundwork for space flight that was to come. We discern here, perhaps as much as in any other place, the impact of Dryden's leadership. The development of high-speed wind tunnels, flight testing, and a companion competence for theoretical research within the NACA contributed substantially to the leadership of the United States in supersonic flight.
In 1954, Dr. Dryden became the Chairman of the Air Force and Navy and NACA Research Airplane Committee formed to guide the development of an airplane to explore the problems of flight at the highest speeds and altitudes then feasible. The series of experimental aircraft, beginning with the X-1, X-2, X-3, D-558, and culminating with the X-15, are well known. Some of these aircraft were developed and tested prior to 1954; however, the hypersonic research airplane, the X-15, drawing on the previous flight experience, was from its conception the concern of this Committee. Before he died, Dr. Dryden saw the X-15 reach a maximum speed in excess of 4,000 miles per hour and an altitude of nearly seventy miles. It had been he who had carried the X-15 program through the political labyrinth of Washington, where funds for basic research and development were not plentiful. Much of this technology of manned flight came to bear in Project Mercury.
It was during this period that Dr. Dryden pressed for a solution to the critical reentry heating problem. This solution, based on knowledge accumulated in research, made it possible for the United States to proceed with assurance in the development of its ICBM program and manned satellites.
Hugh Dryden sustained a continuous interest in applied mechanics. He served as President of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and as a Member of the International Committee for the International Congress of Applied Mechanics. He took an active role in the organization of the Sixth International Congress for Applied Mechanics in Paris in 1946 and again at the Seventh International Congress in Istanbul in 1952. Together with von Karman, he was an editor of Applied Mechanics Reviews.
The final period in Hugh Dryden's life commenced dramatically in October 1957, with the launching of Sputnik I. The Executive Branch and the Congress prepared immediately to establish a civilian agency to conduct explorations of space for peaceful purposes. With Dr. Dryden's help at critical moments, the NACA was selected as the central building block of the new agency, and he participated in the drafting of the legislation and its defense before the Congress. On August 8, 1955, President Eisenhower appointed Dr. Dryden as Deputy Administrator of the new agency, a position he held under three Presidents until his death.
Project Mercury was conceived and organized with Hugh Dryden playing a major role. Later, he participated in the important planning for Gemini and Apollo. His hand was prominent in the studies and recommendations that led to the decision to mount a lunar exploration mission. He was clearly committed to the Apollo mission. This commitment was demonstrated in a notable letter dated June 22, 1961, to the late Senator Robert S. Kerr, then Chairman of the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. Dr. Dryden said in part: "The setting of the difficult goal of landing a man on the moon and return to Earth has the highly important role of accelerating the development of space science and technology, motivating the scientists and engineers who are engaged in this effort to move forward with urgency, and integrating their efforts in a way that cannot be accomplished by a disconnected series of research investigations in the several fields. It is important to realize, however, that the real value and purposes are not in the mere accomplishment of man setting foot on the moon, but rather in the great cooperative national effort in the development of science and technology which is stimulated by this goal. The national enterprise involved in the goal of manned lunar landing and return within the decade is an activity with critical impact on the future of this nation as an industrial and military power, and as a leader of a free world."
Had Senator Kerr heard the Wilbur Wright Lecture of 1949, he would have perceived a remarkable thread of uniformity in Dr. Dryden's approach to widely separated problems; a thread that dominated his thinking and will most certainly dominate national planning in science and technology for years to come.
As Director of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics for ten years, Dr. Dryden had great success in leading scientific and engineering research into important technical applications. When NACA was abolished in 1958 and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was set up by the Congress in response to Sputnik, Dr. Dryden was proposed by senior NACA members to be the Administrator of the new agency. This recommendation was seriously considered by the White House. However, his professional integrity may have antagonized members of the House Select Space Committee when he objected to an untested crash program to put a man on top of a missile in a sub- orbital space flight for propaganda purposes. He said this would have no more value "than shooting a woman out of a cannon at a circus."
The first NASA Administrator, President T. Keith Glennan of Case Institute, insisted that Dr. Dryden be Deputy Administrator and overseer of all scientific and technical aspects of space research. Dr. Dryden felt a special responsibility for the 8,000 civil service people of NACA who were to be taken over by NASA. These people had been led, supported, chastised or promoted and, in many instances, recruited by Dr. Dryden. Also he carried over to NASA a most cordial and constructive relation with the military services, Government regulating bodies, the universities, the air transport and manufacturing industries, and professional societies and research establishments. These were to prove invaluable to the U.S. space program.
Dr. Dryden's public reputation permitted him to accept, in 1960, the difficult task of providing for the United States an interim "cover story" for the U-2 incident. The U-2 was a high-flying airplane used for photographic weather observations but that could be used for other reconnaissance. In providing the public explanation that the U-2 shot down over the Soviet Union had been involved in scientific exploration, Dr. Dryden placed the importance of affording to the United States a short respite in which to organize its policy response to this new development above the opinions of his personal integrity that might later result from the inevitable disclosure of the U-2's real mission.
Dr. Dryden's leadership capability itself was questioned in the report to President-Elect John F. Kennedy, dated January 12, 1961, by an ad hoc Advisory Committee on Space headed by Dr. Jerome Wiesner. This Committee found "a number of organizational and management deficiencies as well as problems of staffing and direction which should receive prompt attention. These include serious problems within NASA, within the military establishment, and at the executive and other policy-making levels of government."
The Wiesner Committee recommended for NASA several "requirements that must be met." These were, in fact, outstanding features of Dr. Dryden's leadership. As Home Secretary, Dr. Dryden had close relations with the National Academy of Sciences and in particular with the Space Science Board that was established within the Academy to advise and assist NASA. "Exert the greatest wisdom and foresight in the selection of scientific missions and of the scientists assigned." This was one of Hugh Dryden's main concerns within the policy and budget limitations of the President and Congress as the new NASA program gained direction and momentum.
The Wiesner Committee's report to President Kennedy, released to the press, did Dr. Dryden no harm. Probably it helped clear the air by requiring the new Administration to assess fully the space effort under way. When James E. Webb was asked by the White House to be the second NASA Administrator, he accepted upon the condition that Hugh Dryden remain as Deputy Administrator.
Dr. Dryden had a leading role in the sphere of international cooperation. In 1959, he was appointed to assist Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge at the first meeting of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. His activities were largely responsible for a proposal by NASA in December of that year, for joint research with other nations to promote international space cooperation.
Working toward international cooperation and peace fitted with Dr. Dryden's philosophy. A man of sincere religious faith, he was a licensed preacher for the Calvary Methodist Church in Washington during most of his adult life. He had found the bridge between science and religion. Hugh Dryden lived under a sentence of death after October 1961, when exploratory surgery had disclosed a serious malignancy. Yet he continued on duty with frequent hospital treatments. He conceded little to the illness that marked the last years of his life.
In the last month of his life, he delivered the Thurston Lecture before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He pointed out that men were engineers for thousands of years before the basic concepts of science were known. Engineers now follow the scientists' step-by-step approach to develop the technology from which real benefits arise. But Dryden had a keen sense of social responsibility in planning engineering programs. He made the difficult choice among the many possibilities available to change the state of the art. In his Thurston Lecture he explained that the space program was already having an impact on engineering from new requirements in weight, size, performance, and reliability under extreme environmental conditions.
President Lyndon B. Johnson expressed the esteem of the Nation for Hugh Dryden when he said: "No soldier ever performed his duty with more bravery and no statesman ever charted new courses with more dedication than Hugh Dryden. Whenever the first American space man sets foot on the moon or finds a new trail to a new star, he will know that Hugh Dryden was one of those who gave him knowledge and illumination."
After Dr. Dryden's transfer to the NACA in 1947, he assumed leadership in the fundamental research effort in the field in which he had made basic contributions twenty-five years before. It is fair to state that Dryden's 1920 work on supersonic aerodynamics led consistently to operational supersonic airplanes, the famous rocket-propelled X-15, and successful manned space flight. On February 10, 1966, the President of the United States presented to Mrs. Dryden the National Medal of Science awarded posthumously to Dr. Dryden: "For contributions, as an engineer, administrator, and civil servant for one-half century, to aeronautics and astronautics which have immeasurably supported the Nation's preeminence in space.
Man's steps in the advance of the art of flight are marked by the names of many researchers, designers, and flyers, but Hugh Dryden's name is rarely mentioned. Hugh L. Dryden's life was given to helping good men get good results.


Vietnamese lullaby from north, central and south of Vietnam. A great Vietnamese folk music can be used for bed time music or soft background music for babies and children. Singing lullaby for babies is a common way to help the child sleeping. The soft melody in lovely slow pace with the pampering of the mother is the great way to sooth the baby. The songs are sung from generations, they carry the mother's thoughts and wishes for the baby. Singing lullaby, vietnamese mothers want to teach their children about life, morality, goodness, and the way of being a good person. The songs are sung by Thuy Mui, Kim Dung, Hoang Thanh and Thuy Dat.


text:
Rain showers this evening with numerous thunderstorms developing overnight. Low 68F. Winds S at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 80%..
Rain showers this evening with numerous thunderstorms developing overnight. Low 68F. Winds S at 5 to 10 mph. Chance of rain 80%.
The current site plan for the North Campus Residential Expansion.
Tiffany Robertson
Planning Board's criticisms don't hold back upcoming developments
By Edwin J. Viera
Edwin J. Viera
A busy night at Planning Board saw one of the most prominent projects of the last year receive final approval, while another proposal continued to rankle locals.
The Planning Board has seen the last of Cornell University's North Campus Residential Expansion (NCRE), while the proposed student housing development at 815 S. Aurora St. continued to receive criticism from South Hill residents fearing more students. Along with this, two new projects were brought before the board for a preliminary review.
The once highly contested NCRE was given final site plan approval, which passed 6 to 1, with Jack Elliot opposed. The project will bring 2,000 beds of undergrad housing to Cornell's North Campus, hopefully opening up some more off-campus housing for non-students. There was little else to discuss except for assurance that weekend construction would not be occurring and the route construction vehicles would be taking to access the site.
The Vecino Group's Arthaus development, an affordable artistic housing project in the West End, was on the agenda but was removed at the last minute because they are waiting for the results of an air quality study.
The public's comments were primarily centered on the proposed student housing development at 815 S. Aurora St.
Four South Hill residents spoke about the 815 S. Aurora St. project development wasn't necessary and could struggle to maintain occupancy due to Ithaca College's decline in enrollment for the upcoming fall semester. Brian Grout commented that he will no longer be eligible for solar energy if the building goes up. Since the building would eclipse his home, there would be several times a year when his home will be shrouded in the shadow of the building. Other comments pertained to the hazards of the nearby cell phone tower, particularly the ice that forms on it which could be hazardous to residents of the new building.
While it was taken off the agenda for the night, one resident came to speak about the Arthaus development, saying it is much too tall of a property to be on the waterfront. She is opposed to the building because of the exterior colors and the potential traffic problems the building could cause. Finally, she said the city shouldn't be making way for so many mammoth structures that have a modern art feel to them. After this was the development at 815 S. Aurora St., which was presented by Noah Demarest of STREAM Collaborative and Charlie O'Connor of Visum Development/Modern Living Rentals.
Demarest began by speaking about the addition of a fire lane on the property that would be accessed via remote control. The control would be given to Ithaca Fire Chief Tom Parsons, who could gain access in the event a blaze should occur. Some questions the board had were about how there was only one parking spot allotted for each unit, though there are going to be over 150 bedrooms in the entire complex. Demarest and O'Connor have envisioned this property as one that will discourage students from using their cars so much, fitting in with some of the community's green goals. They were merely there for a project update, and will surely return for more dialog with the Planning Board.
Vision Credit Union is looking to expand its business and will be establishing a location at 410 Elmira Road. The new branch will not only have a 20-car parking lot for speedy banking needs, but will also include a 940-square-foot outdoor amphitheater. Board members questioned why the parking lot would be needed for a bank that would only have four to seven employees at a time. The developers responded by saying the remaining spaces would be for amphitheater goers and bank customers, with two spots designated for handicap parking. The board declared themselves as the project's lead agent and is looking forward to the project's progress in the coming meetings.
Noah Demarest returned to give the board a presentation about the Immaculate Conception redevelopment project at 320 W. Buffalo St. One of the criticisms from the board was that the porches on the new town-homes seemed vestigial. At the next Planning Board meeting, a public hearing will be held for people to speak about the project and allow the board to gather feedback.
Closing out the meeting was the Carpenter Business Park project which gave the board a preliminary presentation of the work they have done so far. Board Chair Rob Lewis said the affordable housing section of the building should be built with the same design and desire as the other residential buildings on the site. Board members inquired about spreading out the affordable housing building throughout the other two buildings instead of having a building that abuts a railroad and a wastewater treatment plant. The developers also spoke about how TCAT is interested in bringing a new bus stop to the site. This project will be back at future meetings to go through the site plan review process.
Noah Demarest
Charlie O'connor
Follow Edwin J. Viera
Ithaca police arrest woman for grand larceny

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


1. Where is the memorial being set? Each cemetery has it's own rules regarding the size and type of monument allowed. Inquire with the cemetery and ask specifically what those rules are.
2. What is the grave size? The foundation in most cases cannot exceed the width of the grave. This too can affect the size and type of memorial being purchased.
3. Is there a staking fee? Some cemeteries will charge a modest fee for staking the grave to indicate exactly where the memorial is placed. That fee can be paid to the cemetery authority directly or through your memorialist.
4. Select the style of monument you would like. Your memorialist can show you several photos of past work to choose from. If you have something specific you like or are trying to match another stone, photograph it and bring it with you. If there is something special, something that reminds you most of your loved one, bring it along or tell your memorialist about it so it can be incorporated into the design. When finished, your memorial should be unique and should remind you of the person it pays tribute to.
5. Choose your color. Most monument shops will have several colors in stock. Seeing them in person makes it easier to choose.
6. Discuss price with your memorialist. A monument can be very modest in price or extremely costly. This decision is entirely up to the buyer and all components of the total cost should be discussed to avoid any misunderstanding. Most monuments involve at least three pricing components.
8. Complete memorial contract and ask how long it will take to complete the design, manufacturing and setting process. A good memorialist will understand that the final placement of a monument in many cases provides the buyer with closure and will be sensitive to that fact. In the case of pre-need purchases, this won't be a factor but you have the right to know how long it will take to complete your piece.
Ask about the services we offer regarding the placement of government provided memorials.
Notice: Never let anyone tell you where to buy your memorial. By law, the choice is yours. Many cemeteries or funeral homes will insist that you purchase through them. This adds cost and limits your choices in style and design. Only a professional memorialist can provide you with all the options you deserve.


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Q: Is it possible to create a mock outside a test case in PhpUnit? It may seem silly, hope not, but I want to create a service that will return mock objects for people that uses my project so they can mock all the classes from my project and test their code.
My idea was to offer this kind of service so it can be called inside other project's test cases and obtain the appropriate mock for each test.
Is that possible? Or there are other ways to do that. Btw, I can't use any mocking library because of project's limitations.

A: If you build the mock outside the TestCase, it will not be accounted as a mock and it's expectations won't be checked automatically.
If your mock builder service is supposed to be used exclusively from PHPUnit tests (even if those tests are not related) you can have the testcase instance passed to the mock builder, so you can build the mock the usual way:
class MockBuilderService
{
    private $test;

    public function __construct(PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase $test)
    {
        $this->test = $test;
    }

    public function buildVeryComplexMock()
    {
        $mock = $this->test->getMock('MyClass');
        $mock->expects($this->test->once())
             ->method('foo')
             ->willReturn(1);
        return $mock;
    }
}

So you can use it from your test:
class ATest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
    public function testFoo()
    {
        $mock_builder = new MockBuilderService($this);
        $complex_mock = $mock_builder->buildVeryComplexMock($mock_configuration);

       // the mock expectations will be checked as usual
    }

}

A: Yes, it is possible. Under the hood the getMock method uses the PHPUnit_Framework_MockObject_Generator class. So you can use it directly:
PHPUnit_Framework_MockObject_Generator::getMock($originalClassName, $methods)

But you will lose all the expectation shortcuts like $this->once(). You will have to instantiate the expectations on your own:
$mock->expects(\PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase::once())
Look at the PHPUnit source code to see how the mocks are build

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home › Mobile Security
Trojanized Zoom Apps Target Remote Workers
By Ionut Arghire on April 01, 2020
Malicious, re-packaged versions of the Zoom video conferencing application are targeting work-from-home Android users with adware and Trojans, Bitdefender reports.
Forced by the current COVID-19 pandemic to work from home, many are using Zoom to stay connected with co-workers and other people they work with, and cybercriminals are taking advantage of the situation to trick people into downloading their malicious programs.
Zoom has become of increased interest over the past several weeks, not only due to the spike in usage, but also because of various security and privacy issues that impact it and its users.
Despite that, millions are using it for video conferencing purposes, which cyber-criminals are seeing as an opportunity for performing malicious activities.
One type of attack, Bitdefender reveals, involves the use of re-packaged Zoom clones that are being distributed via third-party markets. The observed samples only target users who sideload applications and have never made it to Google Play.
Featuring a user interface identical to the original application, one of the re-packaged programs also keeps the same package name as the original, and nearly identical certificate details.
The software was designed to download a payload from its command and control infrastructure at tcp[:]//googleteamsupport[.]ddns.net:4444.
The domain is a "dynamic DNS service that allows a user with a dynamic IP address to map it to a subdomain, so they can offer a service without interruption, even when their dynamic IP address changes," Bitdefender explains.
The security firm was able to link the subdomain to sweetman2020[.]no-ip[.]biz, which was used as a C&C server for the Android remote access Trojan (RAT) known as SandoRAT and DroidJack.
Another injected Zoom application was observed specifically targeting Chinese users. Once installed, the app requests phone, location and photo permissions. The software was designed to display ads to victims, but only for a second.
A third malicious sample that attempts to impersonate Zoom is targeting Android users in the United States, Bitdefender says. Named ZOOM Cloud Meetings, the application hides itself from the menu after execution, then starts a repeating alarm that randomly sends intent to an ad service to open an ad.
The malicious app then checks for a hardcoded string in assets, called 'admin', and asks for admin rights if the string is true. If not, it attempts to download another file when launched.
The sample can ask for device admin permissions in English or Russian, depending on the device's default language. It can also start itself when the device is powered on, Bitdefender says.
Related: Zoom Updates Privacy Policy After Experts Raise Concerns
Related: Vulnerability Allowed Attackers to Join Zoom Meetings


So I'm taking Kung Fu classes. Seriously. And in preparation for a tournament we're hosting at the end of the month, we put mats on the floor tonight and practiced tumbling.
Ed's Note: He's not actually participating in the tournament, as he will be conveniently out of town.
It seemed somehow ridiculous to be a grown man doing forward and backward sommersaults on a big wad of blue mats. But I quickly realized how long it had been since I had made any contact with the ground at all, and just how separated our bodies (and perhaps our minds?) are from the earth. It felt good. Really, really good. So today's advice: go fall down some.
This entry was posted on Thursday, March 3rd, 2005, 9:30 pm and is filed under Everything Else. You can follow any responses to this entry through RSS 2.0. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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About Hartley Lamas Et Al
Divorce Center
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Divorce and drug testing
Alcohol and drug use have long been a source of conflict for couples getting divorced, perhaps even more so today with the well-publicized opioid epidemic raging across the country. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that a parent may want a coparent or ex-spouse to undergo drug testing.
Addiction could certainly affect a parent's ability to meet the challenges of raising a family, including day-to-day issues of caring and nurturing the children as well as the insidious grip that addiction has on one's ability to deal with the stresses as a single parent.
Judges can order drug testing
Judges are able to order drug testing for one or both parents as they try determine custody or visitation rights. Instead of a simple accusation of the father, however, the bench will need strong evidence of continued, habitual or frequent illegal drug use, or abuse of prescription drugs or alcohol by the mother, or vice-versa.
How the testing works
If a California court decides to order testing, it will be done in the least intrusive manner possible while still conforming to the federal and state policies for drug and alcohol testing. This means it is similar to what employers use for employees rather than an arrest for DUI. Generally, this would be urine testing. The parent who tests positive also has the opportunity to fight the result in a hearing.
Custody and visitation rights
California law stipulates that a positive drug test result alone is not grounds for denying custody and visitation rights. Instead, the judge will also consider other factors that are important to the best interests of the children. The court will also not look kindly upon one party calling for testing if there is little or no evidence to support the claim, and likely will see the accusation as an attempt to demonize or antagonize the spouse.
A delicate issue to discuss with a lawyer
Drug and alcohol addiction is a disease. So, making accusations against a coparent should be handled delicately after consulting with an attorney who handles family law issues like divorce, custody and modifications. They can often effectively and skillfully navigate this issue to protect the best interests of the children.
Domestic Violence: What May Keep Victims From Leaving Their Abuser
A Hard Lesson For A Young Attorney
Is It Spousal Support, Or Isn't It?
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Your Family's Legal Issues
Whatever legal issues your family is facing, rest assured we can be of assistance. Call our Ventura office at (805) 919-8346 or contact us online to set up a initial consultation.
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At Hartley Lamas Et Al. our attorneys have a reputation for offering exceptional legal guidance and achieving positive results. We work hard to relieve your family's legal burden, to make your path to resolution less complicated, less convoluted.
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text:
Q: Remove Layers/Background from PDF in PHP/Bash/C# I have some PDF files that I need to modify using a PHP script. I'm also able to exec() so I can use pretty much anything that runs on CentOS.
The PDF files when opened through Adobe Acrobat Pro X, show 2 layers in the "layers" panel:

*

*Background

*Color

When I disable both of these layers I end up with a black & white text & images (the text is not vector tho, it's a scanned document).
I want to disable these layers and any other similar layer found in the PDFs using PHP and/or C# or any command-line tool.
Other useful information:
When I run pdfimages (provided with XPDF) on my PDFs, it extracts exactly what I actually need removed from each page...
Additional Information Update:
I modified the PDFSharp example here: http://www.pdfsharp.net/wiki/ExportImages-sample.ashx :
Modified:
Line 28: ExportImage(xObject, ref imageCount);
To:
PdfObject obj = xObject.Elements.GetObject("/OC");
Console.WriteLine(obj);
I got the following output in the console for each image:
<< /Name Background /Type /OCG >>
<< /OCGs [ 2234 0 R ] /P /AllOff /Type /OCMD >>
<< /Name Text Color /Type /OCG >>
Which is actually the layer information, and the PDFSharp Documentation for the /OC key:

Before the image is processed, its
  visibility is determined based on this
  entry. If it is determined to be
  invisible, the entire image is
  skipped, as if there were no Do
  operator to invoke it.

So now, how do I modify the /OC value to something that will make these layers invisible?

A: After long hours of experimenting, I found the way! I'm posting the code so someone may find it helpful in the future:
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;

namespace LayerHide {

    class MainClass
    {
        public static void Main (string[] args)
        {

            PdfReader reader = new PdfReader("test.pdf");
            PdfStamper stamp = new PdfStamper(reader, new FileStream("test2.pdf", FileMode.Create));
            Dictionary<string, PdfLayer> layers = stamp.GetPdfLayers();

            foreach(KeyValuePair<string, PdfLayer> entry in layers )
            {
                PdfLayer layer = (PdfLayer)entry.Value;
                layer.On = false;
            }

            stamp.Close();
        }
    }
}


text:
Silver Arrows - Silberpfeile
Silver Arrows - Silberpfeile 1934-1939
Special exhibition at the Louwman Museum in The Hague: 11 October 2012 to 6 January 2013
The legendary pre-war Mercedes-Benz racing cars on show outside Germany for the first time in 30 years. The original W25, W125, W154 and W164 models are displayed together with the 1936 W 25 12-cylinder Rekordwagen in which Rudolf Caracciola reached the incredible speed of 372 km/h.
Zundapp, an established motorcycle company, produced this remarkable microcar from 1956-1958.
Zundapp Janus Zundapp Janus
VW Golf (Rabbit in US)
The Golf was introduced in July 1974 as the replacement for the Beetle. It was sold as the Rabbit in the USA.
VW Rabbit 1976
Hoffmann [DE]1949-1954
Hoffmann manufactured bicycles before venturing out into the world of motorcycles and microcars. The Auto-Kabine 250 was based on the Isetta, but the design was adapted somewhat (side doors) as they were unable to acquire an official licence from ISO. BMW (who did have a licence to make Isettas) successfully sued Hoffmann, who had to cease production after just over 100 vehicles had been sold.
1955 Hoffmann: Auto-Kabine 250
Heinkel [DE] 1955-1958
Borgward Isabella 1954-1961
Borgward Isabella ad: from a Danish newspaper
Ford Köln
The German Ford Köln (named for the city of Cologne, where the factory was located), was marketed as a real people's car (Volkswagen) long before the VW started production.
Image: ABPA
Opel Rekord B
The B Rekord was very similar to the A model, but with new grille and rectangular headlamps.
Rekord A
Opel Rekord A
The new Rekord was larger and roomier than the P2. It took styling clues from the US Chevy II. Available in 2-door, 4-door and Caravan versions. From 1964 on a coupé and a six-cylinder model appeared.
Ford Taunus 12M & 15M 1955-1957
Ford Taunus 12M & 15M 1955-1957 (Weltkugel)
1955 Ford Taunus 12M


Wearing proper footwear is necessary when dealing with hammertoes. An ideal shoe for hammertoes, is a shoe with a stretch material across the vamp of the shoe. The stretchable fabric will offer more give to reduce friction on the bend of toes from hammertoes or claw toes. Our selection of women's shoes for hammertoes and claw toes help with foot health and provide more room in the toe box area to prevent rubbing.
Women's Hammertoes Shoes There are 52 products.
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This mary jane shoe has a spandex and polyurethane upper with a hook and loop adjustable strap, a soft and breathable fabric lining, a high performance insole with anatomical arch support and a deep heel seat, and a biomechanical engineered cushioning and lightweight sole.
A single strap shoe with lycra stretchable material to accommodate a variety of foot conditions. The Apex Women's Moore Balance shoes is designed with a high performance, slip-resistant shoes that helps prevent the risk of falling.
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Drew Lilac shoes combine durability and comfort with soft, full grain leather uppers . This easy-to-wear T-strap closure allows for a customized fit as well as extra wide openings that accommodate for a variety of foot shapes.
The Drew® Lisbon shoe is a great casual diabetic walking shoe that features removable footbeds for added room in the toe box area as well as a padded tongue for comfort. The extended heel stabilizer and steel shank contribute to the overall stability of this shoe making it ideal for those needing support.
Extra-volume fitting, adjustable brand touch fastener, supple leather/stretchable Nylon uppers, padded collar. Leather lined quarters and tongue, internal heel counters for added support, removable Poliyou® air insoles for moisture and odor absorption, enhancing foot comfort.
Apis Mt. Emey Women's Medical Collection series is specially designed to accommodate mild to severe bunions, edema, hammer toes, foot trauma, and R.A foot deformities, and Ankle/Foot braces (AFO). Features a Lycra stretchable top and the outsole is constructed with EVA materials for easy modification.
Apis Mt. Emey Women's Medical Collection is designed for the difficult to fit foot or one with larger orthotic needs. Accommodates those with for Foot Deformities, Bunion/Bunionette, Hammer toes, Overlapping Toes, Arthritis, Joint Fusion, Edema, Swelling, Bony Feet, Deformities, and Achilles Tendonitis.
The Cush'n Foot Women's Casual Slipper is perfect for nighttime wear around your home or for post-op wear. You'll love the comfort and adjustability of the shoe as well as the added traction benefit for outdoor wear.
Cushioned, soft, and incredibly versatile, the Cronus slipper is a must have if you have an upcoming surgery scheduled. The hook and loop closure allow for convenient entry to the shoe and the insoles are removable.


text:
BESLab: Behavioral Experimental Sciences Laboratory
Social-Personality & Political Psychology
Participating in an experiment
Conducting a study as a researcher
Economics & Management/
Previous events/
BLEESS 2009/
BLEESS 2009
Barcelona LeeX Experimental Economics Summer School in Macroeconomics in Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
Macroeconomic theories have traditionally been tested using non-experimental "field" data. However, modern, micro-founded macroeconomic models can also be tested in the laboratory, and researchers have begun to pursue such experimental tests. This June, graduate students specializing in macroeconomics or experimental economics, as well as junior faculty members and researchers of macroeconomic are invited to attend the third LeeX summer school devoted to experimental macroeconomics research. This year's program will focus on laboratory studies that are relevant to current global financial crisis.
The intensive 5-day summer school will be offered at Universitat Pompeu Fabra from June 15-19, 2009. Students will be taught experimental methods and exposed to a number of macroeconomic applications that have been tested experimentally. Students will be asked to participate in experiments and to develop their own experimental macroeconomic projects. Faculty will assist with and critique these projects.
The different links on the left column of this page will give you access to details regarding the particulars of the summer school in experimental macroeconomics.
The deadline for applications is 20 April 2009.
Summer school in experimental macroeconomics faculty:
John Duffy (University of Pittsburgh)
Frank Heinemann (Technische Universität Berlin)
Rosemarie Nagel (Universitat Pompeu Fabra)
An intensive 5-day summer school devoted to instructing macroeconomists in experimental methods will be offered on the main campus of the Universitat Pompeu Fabra from June 15-19, 2009. The aim of the summer school will be both to promote experimental methods among macroeconomists and to assist with and critique participants' proposals for macroeconomic experiments.
There are many insights to be gained from controlled laboratory experimentation that cannot be obtained using standard macroeconometric approaches, i.e., econometric analyses of the macroeconomic data reported by government agencies. Often the data most relevant to testing a macroeconomic model are simply unavailable. There may also be identification, endogeneity and equilibrium selection issues that cannot be satisfactorily addressed using econometric methods. Indeed, Nobel Laureate Robert Lucas (1986) was among the first macroeconomist to make such observations and he invited laboratory tests of rational expectations macroeconomic models. The summer school will review the experimental literature in macroeconomics that has arisen in the 20 years since Lucas's invitation. A tentative schedule of topics to be covered is given below.
Day 1: Introduction
Basic Experimental Methodology (Rosemarie Nagel)
Key Readings: Samuelson (2005), Smith (2002)
11:30-13:00 Participation in Double Oral Auction Experiment; introduction of participants
Overview of Macroeconomic Experiments (John Duffy)
Key Readings: Ochs (1995), Duffy (2008), Ricciuti (2005).
16:30-18:00 Participate in Asset Pricing/Bubble Experiment; Form Groups to work on Projects
Day 2: Financial Markets and Stabilization Policies
Asset Pricing, Bubbles and Crashes
Key reading: Smith Suchaneck and Williams (1998), Lei Noussair and Plott (2001), Hommes et al. (2005) Crockett and Duffy (2009)
11:00-13:00 Group session: work on project
Stabilizing Inflation and Employment (Frank Heinemann)
Key readings: Clarida, R., J. Gali, and M. Gertler (1999). Blinder, Alan, and John Morgan (2005).
16:30-17:45 Participation in Money Search Experiment/Policy Experiment.
Day 3: Monetary Theory and Policy
Monetary Theory (John Duffy)
Key Readings: Kiyotaki and Wright (1989); Duffy and Ochs (1999, 2002)
Monetary Policy and Expectations (Frank Heinemann)
Key Readings: Kydland and Prescott (1977); Arifovic and Sargent (2003)
Day 4: Rational and Bounded Rational Reasoning and Sunspots
Sunspots (John Duffy)
Key Readings: Dwyer, Jr., G.P., A.W. Williams, R.C. Battalio and T.I. Mason (1993), Nagel (1995), Camerer (2003) chapter;
11:00-13:00 Group Session
Rational expectations, level-k thinking models (Rosemarie Nagel)
Marimon, Spear and Sunder (1993); Duffy and Fisher (2005).
16:30-17:30 Participate in a Global Game Experiment
Day 5: Global Games and Student Presentations
Speculative Attacks and the Theory of Global Games (Frank Heinemann)
Key Readings: Carlsson and van Damme (1993); Morris and Shin (1998); Heinemann (2000)
Experimental Tests of Global Game Predictions
Key Readings: Nagel, Heinemann and Ockenfels
14:30-16:00 Student Presentations of Projects
John Duffy is Professor of Economics at the University of Pittsburgh. He earned his PhD at UCLA in 1992. He is currently director of the Pittsburgh Experimental Economics Laboratory and serves on the editorial boards of European Economic Review, Experimental Economics, Games and Economic Behavior, and the Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control. Duffy's research interests include asset pricing, monetary economics, learning and expectations in macroeconomic models and coordination problems.
"Macroeconomics: A Survey of Laboratory Research" to appear in Handbook of Experimental Economics, Volume 2, A. Roth and J. Kagel, editors.
"Cooperative Behavior and the Frequency of Social Interaction," (with J. Ochs), forthcoming in Games and Economic Behavior.
"Sunspots in the Laboratory," (with E. O'N. Fisher), American Economic Review 95 (2005), 510-529.
Intrinsically Worthless Objects as Media of Exchange: Experimental Evidence," (with J. Ochs), International Economic Review 43 (2002), 637-673.
Frank Heinemann
Frank Heinemann is Professor of Macroeconomics at Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany. He earned his PhD in Mannheim in 1996. He has taught macroeconomics and game theory at the universities of Frankfurt am Main, Munich (LMU) and Mannheim and at the German central bank (Bundesbank) before he changed to Berlin in 2006. His main areas of research are monetary macroeconomics and coordination games.
"Speculative Attacks with Multiple Sources of Public Information" (with Camille Cornand), Scandinavian Journal of Economics 111 (1), 2009, pp. 73-102.
"Optimal Degree of Public Information Dissemination" (with Camille Cornand), The Economic Journal 118 (April), 2008, pp. 718-742.
"The Theory of Global Games on Test: Experimental Analysis of Coordination Games with Public and Private Information" (with Rosemarie Nagel and Peter Ockenfels), Econometrica 72 (5), 2004, pp. 1583-1599.
"Speculative Attacks: Unique Equilibrium and Transparency" (with Gerhard Illing), Journal of International Economics 58 (2), 2002, pp. 429-450.
Rosemarie Nagel
Rosemarie Nagel is ICREA research professor at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), research director of the experimental laboratory (LEEX-UPF), and member of CESifo. She earned her PhD in the European Doctoral Program at the University of Bonn (1994). She was Postdoctoral fellow at the University of Pittsburgh and visiting associate professor at CES Munich and Caltech. She taught experimental economics in undergraduate and graduate courses in the University of Pittsburgh, University of Bonn, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and summer schools of University of Trento, Lyon, UPF, and in workshops by the Muenchner Rueck and Bayerische Hypobank. Her research interest is in experimental and behavioural economics and neuro economics.
"Measuring Strategic Uncertainty in Coordination Games" (with Frank Heinemann and Peter Ockenfels), Review of Economic Studies, 76, 2009, pp. 181-221.
"Equilibrium Selection Through Incomplete Information in Coordination Games: An Experimental Study." (with Antonio Cabrales, and Roc Armenter), Experimental Economics 10 (3), 2007, p 221-234.
"One, Two, (Three), Infinity...: Newspaper and Lab Beauty-Contest Experiments", (with Antoni Bosch-Domènech , Jose García-Montalvo , and Albert Satorra), American Economic Review December 92 (5), 2002, pp 1687-1701.
"Unraveling in Guessing Games: An Experimental Study." American Economic Review 85 (5), 1995, pp1313-1326.
Overview of Macroeconomic Experiments
This lecture will expose participants to the breadth of macroeconomic topics and questions that have been explored using laboratory methods. The aim of this lecture will be to stimulate thinking about ideas for new projects that build on what has already been done. In addition, participants will be encouraged to extend laboratory methods to macroeconomic models or questions that have not been previously addressed. Methodological issues that are particularly relevant to macroeconomic experiments, e.g., implementation of discounting and infinite horizons, will also be addressed.
Duffy, J. (fortcoming), "Macroeconomics: A Survey of Laboratory Research" to appear in Handbook of Experimental Economics, vol. 2, edited by John Kagel and Al Roth.
Ochs, J. (1995), "Coordination Problems," in J. Kagel and A.E. Roth, (Eds.), The Handbook of Experimental Economics, (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Ricciuti, R. (2005), "Bringing Macroeconomics into the Lab," working paper, University of Siena.
Duffy, J. (1998), "Monetary Theory in the Laboratory," Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 80, 9-26.
Asset Pricing: Bubbles, Crashes and Expectations
Currently, economies around the world are experiencing an economic downturn brought about by the collapse of housing and equity prices and the deleveraging of the financial institutions that underwrote those assets. In this lecture we examine laboratory studies addressing asset pricing and the phenomenon of asset price bubbles and crashes. An understanding of the causes of asset price bubbles and cashes is of obvious importance to both policymakers and asset market participants. While there exists experimental designs that reliably yield asset price bubbles and crashes among inexperienced subjects, there remains much more work to be done on this topic, for instance, there is a need for an experimental design in which asset price bubbles and crashes are recurrent phenomena.
Smith, Vernon, Gerry L. Suchanek and Arlington W. Williams, 1988. "Bubbles, Crashes, and Endogenous Expectations in Experimental Spot Asset Markets," Econometrica, 56, 1119-1151.
Lei, Vivian, Charles N. Noussair and Charles R. Plott 2001. "Nonspeculative Bubbles in Experimental Asset Markets: Lack of Common Knowledge of Rationality vs. Actual Irrationality," Econometrica, 69, 831-859.
Dufwenberg, Martin, Tobias Lindqvist and Evan Moore, 2005. "Bubbles and Experience: An Experiment," American Economic Review, 95, 1731-1737.
Hommes, Cars.H., Joep Sonnemans, Jan Tuinstra and Henk van de Velden, 2005."Coordination of Expectations in Asset Pricing Experiments," Review of Financial Studies 18, 955-980.
Ernan Haruvy, Yaron Lahav and Charles N. Noussair, 2007. "Traders' Expectations in Asset Markets: Experimental Evidence," American Economic Review 97, 1901-1920.
Crockett, Sean and John Duffy, 2009. "A General Equilibrium Approach to Asset Pricing Experiments." working paper.
Among the central questions in monetary theory are why intrinsically worthless fiat money serves as a store of value and why it is used as a medium of exchange when other assets dominate it in rate of return. Various theories have been developed to address these fundamental questions. For instance, overlapping generations models of money may explain why fiat money has value, and search-theoretic approaches can rationalize why money is used when dominated in rate of return by other competing assets. However, the frictions in these models -overlapping generations and search frictions- make them difficult to take to field data. On the other hand, a number of laboratory studies of such models have been conducted. These lectures will outline the main findings from those studies and point out promising new extensions.
Duffy, J. (1998), "Monetary Theory in the Laboratory," Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 80 (September/October), 9-26.
Lucas, R.E. (1986), "Adaptive Behavior and Economic Theory," Journal of Business 59,
S401-S426.
Wallace, N. (1980), "The Overlapping Generations Model of Fiat Money," in J.H. Kareken and N. Wallace, Eds., Models of Monetary Economies, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Kiyotaki, N. and R. Wright (1989), "On Money as a Medium of Exchange," Journal of Political Economy 97, 927-54
Experiments:
Bernasconi, M. and Kirchkamp, O. (2000), "Why Do Monetary Policies Matter? An Experimental Study of Saving and Inflation in an Overlapping Generations Model," Journal of Monetary Economics 46, 315-43.
Brown, P. (1996), "Experimental Evidence on Money as a Medium of Exchange," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 20, 583-600.
Camera, G., Noussair, C., and Tucker, S. (2003), "Rate-of-Return Dominance and Efficiency in an Experimental Economy," Economic Theory 22, 629-60.
Duffy, J. and J. Ochs (2002), "Intrinsically Worthless Objects as Media of Exchange: Experimental Evidence," International Economic Review 43, 637-73.
Duffy, J. and J. Ochs (1999), "Emergence of Money as a Medium of Exchange: An Experimental Study," American Economic Review 89, 847-77.
Lim, S. Prescott, E.C. and Sunder, S. (1994), "Stationary Solution to the Overlapping Generations Model of Fiat Money: Experimental Evidence," Empirical Economics 19, 255-77.
Marimon, R. and Sunder, S. (1994), "Expectations and Learning under Alternative Monetary Regimes: An Experimental Approach," Economic Theory 4, 131-62.
Marimon, R. and Sunder, S. (1993) "Indeterminacy of Equilibria in a Hyperinflationary World: Experimental Evidence," Econometrica 61, 1073-107.
William Stanley Jevons, the Victorian era economist/polymath who helped launch the marginalist revolution, believed that the solar cycle drove the business cycle and he collected much data in support of this theory. As it turns out, business cycles are a lot more irregular than the 11-year sunspot cycle and there is considerable variation in the timing and duration of business cycles across countries. So today, we honor Jevon's folly by referring to nonfundamental or extraneous factors that may affect economic activity as "sunspots" (also "animal spirits, "self-fulfilling prophecies") Examples include changes in the length of women's hemlines, or, in the U.S., whether a team from the National Football Conference wins the Super Bowl or the economic predictions of the Wall Street Journal.
Formal, elegant models in which sunspot variables matter in a rational expectations equilibrium are found in the seminal work of Cass and Shell (1983) and Azariadis (1981). A difficulty with testing sunspot theories concerns identification of the non-fundamental variable agents may be coordinating and conditioning upon. Laboratory methods can be helpful in this regard, and in this lecture we review a couple of experimental studies that have sought to demonstrate the existence of an equilibrium in which sunspots matter.
Cass, D. and Shell, K. (1983), ""Do Sunspots Matter?" Journal of Political Economy, 91, 193-227.
Azariadis, C. (1981), "Self-Fulfilling Prophecies," Journal of Economic Theory 25, 380-96.
Duffy, J. and Fisher, E. (2005), "Sunspots in the Laboratory," American Economic Review, 95, 510-29.
Marimon, R., Spear, S.E. and Sunder, S. (1993), Expectationally Driven Market Volatility: An Experimental Study," Journal of Economic Theory, 61, 74-103.
Speculative Attacks and the Theory of Global Games - Experimental Tests of Global Game Predictions
Speculative attacks can be viewed upon as coordination games: if a sufficient number of traders (and a sufficient amount of capital) is involved in an attack, the pressure on foreign exchange markets forces the central bank to devaluate its currency. Then, all attacking traders gain from the devaluation. But, if the number of attackers is too small, the central bank can defend the peg, and attacking traders lose on transaction costs. Speculative-attack games have multiple equilibria if payoff functions are common knowledge. The theory of global embeds a coordination game in an environment with private information about parameters of the payoff function. If private information is sufficiently precise, the global game has a unique equilibrium. Hence, the theory of global games can be used for a unique prediction of the outcome of a speculative-attack game. This theory provides a number of hypotheses that can be tested in laboratory experiments. The lecture on Speculative Attacks and the Theory of Global Games presents some of the theoretical background and derives testable hypotheses. The lecture on Experimental Tests of Global Game Predictions explains experiments that have been used for these tests and shows how they have been analyzed.
Heinemann, Frank (2002), "Exchange-Rate Attack as a Coordination Game: Theory and Experimental Evidence," Oxford Review of Economic Policy 18, 462-478.
Obstfeld, Maurice (1997), "Destabilizing Effects of Exchange-Rate Escape Clauses," Journal of International Economics, 61-77.
Carlsson, Hans and Eric van Damme (1993), "Global Games and Equilibrium Selection," Econometrica 61, 989-1018.
Morris, S., and H.S. Shin (1998), "Unique Equilibrium in a Model of Self-Fulfilling Currency Attacks," American Economic Review, 88, 587-597.
Heinemann, Frank (2000), "Unique Equilibrium in a Model of Self-Fulfilling Currency Attacks: Comment," American Economic Review 90, 316-318.
Heinemann, Frank, and Gerhard Illing (2002), "Speculative Attacks: Unique Equilibrium and Transparency," Journal of International Economics 58, pp. 429-450.
Heinemann, F., R. Nagel, and P. Ockenfels (2004), "The Theory of Global Games on Test: Experimental Analysis of Coordination Games with Public and Private Information," Econometrica72 (5), 2004, pp. 1583-1599.
Heinemann, F., R. Nagel, and P. Ockenfels (2006), "Measuring Strategic Uncertainty in Coordination Games," working paper.
Cornand C. (2006), "Speculative Attacks and Informational Structure: An Experimental Study," Review of International Economics 14, 797-817.
Monetary Policy and Expectations
In the 1960s and early 1970s, policymakers thought that they could systematically raise employment by inflationary monetary policy. Kydland and Prescott (1977) and Barro and Gordon (1983) have shown that an asymmetric objective function of the central bank gives rise to an inflation bias stemming from a time inconsistency: ex ante, the central bank would like to commit to a low average rate of inflation. Ex post, however, after expectations have been formed, the asymmetric objective function provides an incentive to deviate from such a commitment and raise inflation in order to stimulate the economy and raise the output level.
In a rational expectations equilibrium this incentive is expected and private agents expect a rate of inflation above the social optimum, at which the central bank has no incentive for a further rise of inflation. Laboratory experiments can test the hypotheses of time inconsistent policy as well as rationality of expectations in such an environment. The lecture on Monetary Policy and Expectations will present the fundamental problem of time inconsistency and an experiment designed to test this theory.
Kydland, Finn E. and Edward C. Prescott (1977), "Rules rather than discretion: the inconsistency of optimal plans," Journal of Political Economy 85, 473-491.
Barro, Robert J., and D.B. Gordon (1983), "A Positive Theory of Monetary Policy in a Natural Rate Model" Journal of Political Economy 12, 101-121.
Arifovic, Jasmina, and Thomas J. Sargent (2003), "Laboratory Experiments with an Expectational Phillips Curve," in: Altig, D., and B. Smith (eds.), The Origins and Evolution of Central Banking, Cambridge University Press, S. 23-56.
Stabilizing Inflation and Employment
Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models are the new paradigm of macroeconomics. Within these models, monetary policy is reduced to a dynamic control problem. Under some restrictions, the optimal solution to such a control problem can be described by a simple linear function with which the instrument (interest rate) responds to current (and lagged) inflation and output. One of the major problems of modern central banks is model uncertainty. There is uncertainty about the true model and its parameters. With model uncertainty, the instrument should gradually respond to observed deviations of inflation and output from their target values. In reality, monetary policy is conducted by committees instead of single agents. This raises the questions whether and why groups are better in dealing with dynamic control problems than individuals and how they come to an agreement in cases of diverging opinions. Some recent experiments put subjects in the role of central bankers and let them solve dynamic control problems of an economic model whose parameters are not known to subjects. Subjects have to solve these problems either individually or ion small groups. It turns out that most subjects are able to control inflation and their strategies can be described by Taylor-type rules. Groups do significantly better than individuals. The modes by which groups are organized (size, voting rules, leadership) have no significant effect.
Clarida, R., J. Gali, and M. Gertler (1999), "Thge Science of Monetary Policy: A New Keynesian Perspective," Journal of Economic Literature 37, 1661-1707.
Taylor, J. (1993), "Discretion vs. Policy Rules in Practise", Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 39, 195-214.
Blinder, Alan, and John Morgan (2005), "Are Two Heads Better than One? Monetary Policy by Committee," Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 37, 789-811.
Blinder, Alan, and John Morgan (2007), "Leadership in Groups: A Monetary Policy Experiment," working paper.
Engle-Warnick, Jim, and Nurlan Turdaljev (2007), "An Experimental Test of Taylor-Type Rules with Inexperienced Central Bankers," working paper.
This lecture introduces the methods of experimental economics. We will discuss what is an economics experiment, why we do experiments, the different areas in experimental economics and behavioral economics, the link between experimental economics, theory and empirical work and important design issues.
Akerlof, G.A. (2002), "Behavioral Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Behavior, "American Economic Review," 92. 411-433.
Camerer, C. (2003), "Behavioral Game Theory," Princeton University Press
Friedman, D. and Sunder, S. (1994), Experimental Methods. Cambridge Univ. Press: Chapters 1-2: 1-20.
Roth, A.E. (1995), Introduction to Experimental Economics. In: Kagel, J.H. and Roth, A.E. (eds.): Handbook of Experimental Economics. Princeton Univ. Press: Princeton, N.J., Chapter 1: 3-109.
Plott, C. and Smith, V. (2003), Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Porter, D. and Smith, V. L.Samuelson, L. (2005), "Economic Theory and Experimental Economics," Journal of Economic Literature 43(1): 65-107.
Smith, V.L. (2002), "Method in Experiment: Rhetoric and Reality." Experimental Economics 5(2): 91-110.
Special issue (2005), Experiment, Theory, World: A Symposium on the Role of Experiments in Economics. Journal of Economic Methodology 12(2)
Rational and boundedly rational expectation: a micro and macro view
In this lecture we will discuss how micro and macro economics incooporate bounded rational expectations in their models. Most macroeconomic models presume that agents (usually a representative agent) posses rational expectations, that is, expectations consistent with knowledge of the model. Laboratory tests of the rational expectations hypothesis suggest that subjects do not initially form expectations consistent with the rational expectations hypothesis; in many cases, expectations are more consistent with an adaptive learning process. However, there is some evidence that individuals can learn to form rational expectations with sufficient experience.
Most micro economic models assume that people make acurate predictions about others behavior. Typically one assumes common knowlege of rationality among the agents which means that everybody is rational and thinks that all are rational etc. Based on this assumption equilibria are calculated. There are at least two streams to explain deviations from equilibrium. One part is to develop learning models which deviate in different degrees from rationality. The second stream is to assume that an agent might think that he is rational but does not think that others are rational but instead models them as random players. Or he might think that others are rational but these others do not believe that their coplayers are rational. etc. This way one can formulate different degrees of levels of reasoning about the rationality of others. We will discuss this second stream of literature.
Williams, A.W. (1987), "The Formation of Price Forecasts in Experimental Markets," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 19, 1-18.
Dwyer, Jr., G.P., A.W. Williams, R.C. Battalio and T.I. Mason (1993), "Tests of Rational Expectations in a Stark Setting," Economic Journal 103, 586-601.
Marimon, R. and S. Sunder (1993) "Indeterminacy of Equilibria in a Hyperinflationary World: Experimental Evidence," Econometrica 61, 1073-1107.
Hommes, C.H., J. Sonnemans, J. Tuinstra and H. van de Velden (2007), "Learning in Cobweb Experiments," Macroeconomic Dynamics 11 (Supplement 1), 8-33.
Camerer, C. F. (2003). Chapter 5, Dominance Solvable Games. Behavioral game theory: Experiments on strategic interaction. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Nagel Rosemarie (1995), "Unraveling in Guessing Games: An Experimental Study." American Economic Review 85,5, 1313-1326.
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text:
Metaethics after Moore
Terence E Horgan, Mark C Timmons
In How Should Ethics Relate to (the rest of) Philosophy?, Stephen Darwall challenges both the claims of independence and priority. He argues that although metaethics and normative ethics are properly focused on different issues, they need to be brought into a dynamic relation with one another in order to produce a systematic and defensible philosophical ethics. Their mutual dependence, claims Darwall, is owing to the fact that issues of normativity are at the centre of the concerns of both metaethics and normative ethics. In making his case, Darwall examines Moore's doctrine that an irreducible notion of intrinsic value is fundamental in ethics, and argues that although Moore was correct in thinking that ethical notions are irreducible, he was incorrect in thinking that this is because they have a notion of intrinsic value at their core. Rather, according to Darwall, the notion of a normative reason is ethically fundamental, and a proper philosophical ethics that fully accommodates the normativity involved in ethical thought and discourse will require that metaethical issues and normative issues bearing on normativity be 'pursued interdependently as complementary aspects of a comprehensive philosophical ethics'. He illustrates this claim by explaining how certain debates within normative ethics over consequentialism and over virtue depend upon metaethical issues about the nature of normativity.
9780191710032, 0199269912, 9780199269914
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269914.001.0001
Metaethics
Normativity
Normative Ethics
Consequentialism
Normative Reasons
Ethical Thought
Horgan, T. E., & Timmons, M. C. (2006). Metaethics after Moore. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269914.001.0001
Metaethics after Moore. / Horgan, Terence E; Timmons, Mark C.
Oxford University Press, 2006. 416 p.
Horgan, TE & Timmons, MC 2006, Metaethics after Moore. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269914.001.0001
Horgan TE, Timmons MC. Metaethics after Moore. Oxford University Press, 2006. 416 p. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269914.001.0001
Horgan, Terence E ; Timmons, Mark C. / Metaethics after Moore. Oxford University Press, 2006. 416 p.
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AB - In How Should Ethics Relate to (the rest of) Philosophy?, Stephen Darwall challenges both the claims of independence and priority. He argues that although metaethics and normative ethics are properly focused on different issues, they need to be brought into a dynamic relation with one another in order to produce a systematic and defensible philosophical ethics. Their mutual dependence, claims Darwall, is owing to the fact that issues of normativity are at the centre of the concerns of both metaethics and normative ethics. In making his case, Darwall examines Moore's doctrine that an irreducible notion of intrinsic value is fundamental in ethics, and argues that although Moore was correct in thinking that ethical notions are irreducible, he was incorrect in thinking that this is because they have a notion of intrinsic value at their core. Rather, according to Darwall, the notion of a normative reason is ethically fundamental, and a proper philosophical ethics that fully accommodates the normativity involved in ethical thought and discourse will require that metaethical issues and normative issues bearing on normativity be 'pursued interdependently as complementary aspects of a comprehensive philosophical ethics'. He illustrates this claim by explaining how certain debates within normative ethics over consequentialism and over virtue depend upon metaethical issues about the nature of normativity.
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