U.S. Route 89 (US 89) is a north–south United States Highway with two sections, and one former section. The southern section runs for 848 miles (1,365 kilometers) from Flagstaff, Arizona, to the southern entrance of Yellowstone National Park. The northern section runs for 404 miles (650 kilometers) from the northern entrance of Yellowstone National Park in Montana, ending at the Canada–US border. Unnumbered roads through Yellowstone connect the two sections. Before 1992, U.S. Highway 89 was a Canada to Mexico, border-to-border, highway that ended at Nogales, Arizona, on its southern end.
Sometimes called the National Park Highway, U.S. 89 links seven national parks across the Mountain West. In addition, fourteen other national park areas, mostly national monuments, are also reachable from this backbone of the Rockies.
National Geographic named U.S. Route 89 the No. 1 Driver's Drive in the world.
US 89 crossing Glen Canyon in Arizona.
U.S. 89 begins at Flagstaff, Arizona. The highway proceeds north passing near Grand Canyon National Park and through the Navajo Nation. Near the Utah state line, the highway splits into U.S. 89 and U.S. 89A. The Alternate is the original highway; what is now the main highway was constructed in the 1960s to serve the Glen Canyon Dam. The two highways rejoin in Kanab, Utah.
The main branch passes over the Colorado River just south of the Glen Canyon Dam and Lake Powell near Page, Arizona, and then it enters Utah. The 89A branch crosses the Colorado River at Navajo Bridge and then skirts the North Rim of the Grand Canyon before entering Utah.
National Park Highway - Starting just north of the Mexican border in Arizona is the Tumacacori National Monument. Saguaro National Park is the first national park by title, in Tucson. Short links from Highway 89 take motorists to the Casa Grande National Monument and the Hohokam Pima National Monument, before reaching Phoenix. Approaching Flagstaff there is a quartet of parks, including Tuzigoot National Monument, Walnut Canyon National Monument, Sunset Crater National Monument, and Wupatki National Monument. North of Flagstaff is the Grand Canyon National Park, the second of the seven national parks along this highway. Continuing northward, U.S. 89 divides into U.S. 89 and U.S. 89A. The northern mainline route passes by Page, Arizona, and through the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area before leaving the state and Lake Powell.
U.S. 89A turns westward, and it serves Lees Ferry, and then it goes over the Kaibab Plateau, connecting with Arizona State Route 67 at Jacob Lake, Arizona, then with Arizona State Route 389 in Fredonia, Arizona, before turning north into the state of Utah. State Route 67 will take travelers to the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, while State Route 389 serves the Pipe Spring National Monument, which is the last National Park Service area in Arizona.
The first city in Utah along either U.S. 89 or U.S. 89A is Kanab where the two routes re-unite. From Kanab U.S. 89 proceeds north passing by Zion National Park and Bryce Canyon National Park. It eventually enters Sevier County, Utah, and the Sanpete Valleys. The highway then passes by Thistle, Utah, a ghost town that was destroyed by a lake resulting from a landslide in 1983. The highway then enters the Wasatch Front where U.S. 89 becomes the main street for many cities in Utah. The highway is also often in the shadows of Interstate 15 during its route along the Wasatch Front. U.S. 89 runs concurrent with I-15 from Bountiful to Farmington, where it departs and runs at the base of the Wasatch Mountains until it reaches Ogden. In Ogden, the highway is Washington Blvd. From Ogden the highway runs north until it meets U.S. 91 at Brigham City, Utah, where it turns east to serve Cache Valley and Logan, Utah, concurrent with U.S. 91. In Logan, U.S. 89 forms the southern portion of Main Street before splitting off to the east, passing by the campus of the Utah State University. The highway next proceeds up Logan Canyon to Bear Lake where the highway exits Utah.
Two sections of U.S. 89 in Utah have been designated Scenic Byways. The Kanab to Mt. Carmel and Long Valley Scenic Byway is a designated Utah Scenic Byway. The segment from Logan to Bear Lake is designated as the Logan Canyon Scenic Byway by the National Scenic Byways project.
The section of U.S. 89 in Utah, other than concurrencies with Interstate 70, Interstate 15, U.S. Highway 6, and U.S. Highway 91, is defined in the Utah Code Annotated § 72-4-114(8).
Utah is dominated by the Colorado Plateau. Along U.S. 89 are Zion National Park, Bryce Canyon National Park, and Cedar Breaks National Monument. Although not readily adjacent to U.S. 89, Capitol Reef National Park is accessible from U.S. 89. U.S. 89 leaves northern Utah well-north of Salt Lake City and Timpanogos Cave National Monument and the Golden Spike National Historic Site.
In Idaho, the highway partially circumnavigates the Bear Lake which straddles the Utah / Idaho state line.
In Wyoming, U.S. 89 passes through many scenic sites including Grand Teton National Park, the Jackson Hole valley, the Snake River Canyon, and the Star Valley.
Passing northward along the western border of Wyoming with Idaho, U.S. 89 enters the Grand Teton National Park. Here, U.S. 89 is the backbone visitor highway for two U.S. National Parks. Leaving the Tetons, the road enters a lesser known park, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, before ending at the South Entrance of Yellowstone National Park. An unnumbered park road connects the two sections of U.S. 89 through Yellowstone.
U.S. 89 enters Montana at the North Entrance of Yellowstone National Park. It traverses the width of the state before approaching Glacier National Park. At St. Mary, Montana, U.S. 89 is the access highway to Glacier Route One, also known as the Going-to-the-Sun Road.
The Kings Hill Scenic Byway passes through the Little Belt Mountains in the Lewis and Clark National Forest in Montana. The route is home to a wide variety of wildlife and provides many recreational opportunities for travelers on the route. The Byway is a 71-mile route that begins on US Highway 89 at its junction with US Highway 12. From the junction of the Byway it travels north through the Lewis and Clark National Forest through the communities of Neihart and Monarch, Montana and on to its junction with US Highway 87. The route offers access to the Showdown Ski Area and Sluice Boxes State Park. The route travels over the Kings Hill Pass which snow removal crews work to keep open throughout the winter season.
The northern terminus of U.S. 89 is at the Canada–US border. There, the highway continues into Canada as Alberta Highway 2.
When US 89 was first created, it ran as far north as Spanish Fork, Utah. This was the case until 1934, when it was extended to more or less of its current alignment up to the Piegan Port of Entry north of Babb, Montana.
North of Great Falls, Montana, US 89's route was occupied by US 87 until 1934. US 87 would then end in Great Falls until 1945 when it was extended to its current northern terminus near Havre, Montana.
Prior to 1992, the southern terminus of US 89 was at Nogales, Arizona, and the highway proceeded to Flagstaff, Arizona, along what is now I-19, State Route 79, US 60, US 93, and State Route 89. In addition, there was another US 89A in Arizona between Prescott and Flagstaff on which is now State Route 89A.
In central Arizona, the need for a north–south U.S. Highway was largely superseded by the completion of I-17, which now carries the bulk of the traffic and all of the heavy trucks along this north–south corridor. I-17 connects I-40 in Flagstaff with I-10 in Phoenix, Arizona, along a very hilly route that also passes through the Verde Valley.
US 89 was discontinuous for most of 1983 due to a landslide that destroyed the town of Thistle, Utah and closed the highway for about 8 months in central Utah.
From early 2013 to mid 2015, US 89 was closed approximately 25 miles south of Page, Arizona, due to a geological event that caused the roadway to buckle and subside. Traffic was being re-routed via 45 miles of secondary and tertiary roads on the Navajo Nation. U.S. Route 89T opened on August 29, 2013, a 28-mile (45 km) paved portion of a Navajo route to serve as a long-term bypass of the closed section.
I‑70 north-northeast of Sevier. The highways travel concurrently to Salina.
I‑70 / US 50 in Salina. US 50/US 89 travels concurrently through Salina.
US 6 east-northeast of Thistle. The highways travel concurrently to Spanish Fork.
I‑15 in Lehi. The highways travel concurrently to Draper.
I‑15 on the West Bountiful–Bountiful city line. The highways travel concurrently to Farmington.
US 91 in Brigham City. The highways travel concurrently to Logan.
US 30 in Montpelier. The highways travel concurrently through Montpelier.
US 26 on the Alpine Northwest–Alpine Northeast line. The highways travel concurrently to Moran.
US 189 / US 191 in Hoback Junction. US 89/US 189 travels concurrently to Jackson. US 89/US 191 travels concurrently to the southern entrance to Yellowstone National Park north-northwest of Colter Bay Village.
US 26 / US 287 in Moran. US 89/US 287 travels concurrently to the southern entrance to Yellowstone National Park north-northwest of Colter Bay Village.
I‑90 / US 191 in Livingston. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Livingston.
US 12 south of White Sulphur Springs. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of White Sulphur Springs.
US 87 south-southeast of Armington. The highways travel concurrently to Great Falls.
I‑315 in Great Falls. The highways travel concurrently through Great Falls.
I‑15 / I‑315 in Great Falls. I-15/US 89 travels concurrently to northeast of Vaughn.
US 2 southeast of South Browning. The highways travel concurrently to South Browning.
^ "End of US highway 89". USEnds.com. Retrieved July 7, 2007.
^ "US 89 Society". Retrieved October 9, 2014.
^ a b c National Park System, US Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
^ "Kings Hill Scenic Byway". Retrieved November 22, 2010.
^ "Kings Hill Scenic Byway". Archived from the original on August 23, 2006. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
^ Stocks, Deborah (February 20, 2013). "US 89 south of Page buckles, collapses". Phoenix, AZ: KNXV-TV. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 89.
Highway 89 Digital Collection: Utah State University - Includes documents and photos.
This page was last edited on 13 January 2019, at 10:20 (UTC).


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Multiplatform delivery: Convergence on the cards as streaming continues to grow
By David Davies2021-03-19T16:01:00+00:00
Ensuring that content is available when and where viewers want to watch is essential for broadcasters looking to deepen relationships with viewers. So how are vendors empowering content providers to deliver to more platforms without an uplift in workload?
Workflows: Optimisation of workflows metadata vital for companies to minimise workload
While delivery to linear services is still a crucial consideration for many content creators and service providers, the overall share represented by OTT and VOD is increasing all the time.
In order to minimise any increase in workload and optimise efficiency of delivery, there is now a growing focus on convergence of workflows and core tasks such as QC, review and the application of metadata.
Read more: Enriching content through metadata
Dushi Thangarajah, VP of home entertainment services for video technology and distribution company Deluxe EMEA, confirms that "whereas about 18 months ago 20% [of our EMEA delivery workload] constituted platform deliverables and the rest was serving linear broadcast, the split is now more like 60/40." This has heralded greater complexity because "while delivering to local and global broadcast end-points has tended to require a simpler spec", supplying to OTT typically requires more extensive content packaging and metadata.
With varying language requirements also adding to delivery expectations, it's not surprising that Deluxe is now engaged in an ongoing process of "refining and making our workflows better". This has manifested itself in multiple ways, including closer integration to platform delivery systems to smooth the content management, tracking and reporting process. The next aspect Deluxe is "actively working on is the content acquisition piece [and] how that can be made more intelligent."
Further convergence between linear and OTT delivery systems is also envisaged – and as it turns out, this is a vision that many vendors are now working hard to enable. Hence there is an emphasis on allowing content services to leverage shared infrastructure – including for distribution to social media – whilst also preparing for increased content in UHD/HDR and delivery via 5G networks.
Ray Thompson
Finding efficiencies
Raymond Thompson, senior director partner and industry marketing at Avid, says that it is becoming "common practice" for broadcasters to pursue a strategy that "enables production for digital first platforms to leverage a common infrastructure – storage, asset management, ingest and playout tools – while enabling the digital first team to create new content that will only be made available on digital platforms."
Adoption of "a hybrid on-prem and cloud approach" is now commonplace, while it's clear that continuing to identify "efficiencies in the process by leveraging a common platform and infrastructure can pay dividends to the teams responsible for delivering linear and digital content."
Avid's own recent developments in this area include MediaCentral | Publisher, which is a SaaS-based add-on to workflow management platform MediaCentral that allows content distribution to digital and social platforms. Among other features, says Thompson, the add-on "allows users to modify aspect ratios specifically for mobile platforms, add 2D and 3D graphics and closed captions, and insert ads for faster delivery across more digital platforms."
Like many other vendors, Avid has also been working to enable content packaging in Interoperable Master Format (IMF), which is the SMPTE standard that provides a single, interchangeable master file format and structure for content distribution. Hence the addition of "finishing and delivery capabilities to [video editing and finishing software] Media Composer to enable content to be delivered in IMF packaging to OTT platforms. These capabilities allow providers to easily modify and localise content for delivery to different geographies accessing their service from one master file."
Webinar: Addressable Ads
UHD impact
For Dalet and its media logistics platform Dalet Flex, one key focus is on "advanced metadata and workflow orchestration", as well as integration with a "wide selection of best-of-breed broadcast and streaming vendors to deliver the best quality output, tightly linked to D2C platforms for central management. This allows broadcast and digital delivery from a single platform," explains Lee McMullan, director product strategy – media workflows, Dalet.
By way of example, he points to one client who has a "homegrown CMS on one end, providing rights information on the different viewer platforms. Dalet Flex then handles all the platform-specific metadata and image requirements, and delivers the appropriate content and metadata to the user and CMS. Delivering content to, for example, Vodafone, Roku or Amazon Prime requires different preparation and packaging, and Dalet Flex deals with the complexities in the background."
Dalet has also been giving thought to the "quite impactful" nature of content in UHD and HDR, including various steps to limit UHD conversion times. Hence, with transcoder and workflow engine Dalet AmberFin, the ability to use distributed encoding techniques – in other words, splitting the conversion across multiple nodes – where available, and optimisation of the underlying media pipeline for scaling and colour conversions.
Cloud-based app: xG GamePlan from Imagine Communications
Less duplication
With solutions such as GV AMPP (Agile Media Processing Platform), Grass Valley takes a holistic and increasingly cloud-driven approach to multi-platform media. Speaking within an operational context that focuses on live content delivery, Grass Valley CMO and general manager, playout, Neil Maycock confirms that a desire for "increased efficiency around the production and management of media for multi-platform delivery" is becoming universal.
"A challenge with multi-platform is that you have to get content to more devices by different routes and locations, so the distribution challenge is increasing," says Maycock. Hence the more that a content provider can achieve shared workflows, "the less duplication of systems, resources and people you are going to have in your operation."
The one area that might prove more immune to convergence is advertising, where for instance different countries may have contrasting legal requirements with regard to matters such as how many ads can be shown per hour or in a continuous sequence. So whilst "a lot of commonality" is possible at the front-end, "the closer you get to the consumer and the roll-out of the advertising content, there will be a point where you cannot converge too much ultimately." Consequently, there will "absolutely have to be a reflection" of that in the continued development of playout and delivery platforms.
Steve Reynolds, president at Imagine Communications, points to the growing desire to use systems, including its Versio solutions, in the cloud as it provides "the fastest and most efficient path to get content to consumers. The other aspect is that it really lets you operate a single workflow that is intended to suit all the platforms you need to distribute to."
Noting that "demand is through the roof" as streaming continues to benefit from a locked-down global audience, Reynolds implies that the industry is also showing signs of moving into a new phase of OTT service provision. "A lot of the 'first generation' services were envisaged as siloes or sidecars on existing, 'traditional' operations," he observes. "What we see at present is a lot of broadcasters wanting to reconcile that by undoing their siloes or sidecars, and then building unified workflows that [encompass tasks such as] origination, review and QC."
In the wake of UHD and HDR achieving traction, content consumption via 5G networks is now near the top of the priority list for many content services. So with delivery only set to become more complex, both workflow convergence and a well-defined business strategy are going to be essential. There are plenty of opportunities but, as Thompson notes, they "require planning from an implementation perspective and impact decision-making for how to maximise coverage and deliver a great end-user experience on any platform – all while driving efficiencies to allow for broader coverage and greater monetisation."
Reed Hastings steps down as Netflix CEO
Reed Hastings is stepping down from his role as co-chief executive of Netflix.
More Trends
Supply Chain Challenges: "Everything is more complicated now"
Worsening geo-political instability and the long tail of the pandemic are among the factors ensuring that the supply chain crisis continues to be a 'hot button' issue for broadcast vendors and service providers, writes David Davies.
Paramount on Personalisation, FAST and the ad value chain
Personalisation is a key challenge for FAST channel exponents, Robert Gelick, Chief Product Officer, Paramount told delegates at the IBC2022 Conference.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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A Study of History
'A Study of History' is the 12-volume magnum opus of British historian Arnold J. Toynbee, finished in 1961, in which the author traces the development and decay of all of the major world civilizations in the historical record. Toynbee applies his model to each of these civilizations, detailing the stages through which they all pass: genesis, growth, time of troubles, universal state, and disintegration.
The major civilizations, as Toynbee sees them, are: Egyptian, Andean, Sinic, Minoan, Sumerian, Mayan, Indic, Hittite, Hellenic, Western, Orthodox Christian (Russia), Far Eastern, Orthodox Christian (main body), Persian, Arabic, Hindu, Mexican, Yucatec, and Babylonic. There are four 'abortive civilizations' (Abortive Far Western Christian, Abortive Far Eastern Christian, Abortive Scandinavian, Abortive Syriac) and five 'arrested civilizations' (Polynesian, Eskimo, Nomadic, Ottoman, Spartan).
Toynbee argues that 'self-determining' civilizations are born out of more primitive societies, not due to racial or environmental factors, but as a response to challenges, such as hard country, new ground, blows and pressures from other civilizations, and penalizations. He argues that for civilizations to be born, the challenge must be a golden mean; that excessive challenge will crush the civilization, and too little challenge will cause it to stagnate. He argues that civilizations continue to grow only when they meet one challenge only to be met by another. In 1939 Toynbee wrote, 'The challenge of being called upon to create a political world-order, the framework for an economic world-order… now confronts our Modern Western society.' He argues that civilizations develop in different ways due to their different environments and different approaches to the challenges they face. He argues that growth is driven by 'Creative Minorities': those who find solutions to the challenges, which others then follow.
He argues that the breakdown of civilizations is not caused by loss of control over the physical environment, over the human environment, or by attacks from outside. Rather, it comes from the deterioration of the 'Creative Minority,' which eventually ceases to be creative and degenerates into merely a 'Dominant Minority' (who forces the majority to obey without meriting obedience). He argues that creative minorities deteriorate due to a worship of their 'former self,' by which they become prideful, and fail to adequately address the next challenge they face.
He argues that the ultimate sign a civilization has broken down is when the dominant minority forms a 'universal state,' which stifles political creativity within the existing social order. Toynbee writes: 'First the Dominant Minority attempts to hold by force—against all right and reason—a position of inherited privilege which it has ceased to merit; and then the Proletariat repays injustice with resentment, fear with hate, and violence with violence when it executes its acts of secession. Yet the whole movement ends in positive acts of creation—and this on the part of all the actors in the tragedy of disintegration. The Dominant Minority creates a universal state, the Internal Proletariat a universal church, and the External Proletariat a bevy of barbarian war-bands.'
Toynbee developed his concept of an 'internal proletariat' and an 'external proletariat' to describe quite different opposition groups within and outside the frontiers of a civilization. These groups, however, find themselves bound to the fate of the civilization. During its decline and disintegration, they are increasingly disenfranchised or alienated, and thus lose their immediate sense of loyalty or of obligation. Nonetheless an 'internal proletariat' may form a 'universal church' which survives the civilization's demise. Before the process of decay, the dominant minority had held the internal proletariat in subjugation within the confines of the civilization, causing these oppressed to grow bitter. The external proletariat, living outside the civilization in poverty and chaos, grows envious. Then, in the social stress resulting from the failure of the civilization, the bitterness and envy increase markedly.
Toynbee argues that as civilizations decay, there is a 'schism' within the society. In this environment of discord, people resort to archaism (idealization of the past), futurism (idealization of the future), detachment (removal of oneself from the realities of a decaying world), and transcendence (meeting the challenges of the decaying civilization with new insight, e.g., by following a new religion). From among members of an 'internal proletariat' who transcend the social decay a 'church' may arise. Such an association would contain new and stronger spiritual insights, around which a subsequent civilization may begin to form. Toynbee here uses of the word 'church' in a general sense, e.g., to refer to a collective spiritual bond found in common worship, or the unity found in an agreed social order.
It remains to be seen what will come of the four remaining civilizations of the 21st century: Western civilization, Islamic society, Hindu society, and the Far East. Toynbee argues two possibilities: they might all merge with Western Civilization, or Western civilization might develop a 'Universal State' after its 'Time of Troubles', decay, and die.
Social scientist Ashley Montagu assembled 29 other historians' articles to form a symposium on Toynbee's 'A Study of History,' published as 'Toynbee and History: Critical Essays and Reviews' (1956). The book includes three of Toynbee's own essays: 'What I am Trying to Do,' 'What the Book is For: How the Book Took Shape,' and a comment written in response to the articles by Edward Fiess and Pieter Geyl (originally published in 'Journal of the History of Ideas' in 1955). Arnold Toynbee suggests that civilization as a whole is the proper unit for the study of history, not the nation state, which he suggests is just a part of a larger whole. He suggests a list of 21 civilizations and an additional 5 'arrested civilizations,' but when one examines this list it seems to be very arbitrary at times where one civilization ends and a new one starts. For example, do we identify a 'Sumerian" civilization in ancient Iraq, followed by a later 'Akkadian, or Babylonian' civilization or are these just different phases of a single, long-lived Mesopotamian civilization?
Toynbee lists them as separate, but later includes both the Greek and the Roman civilizations within a single category, called 'Hellenic,' though it is clear from Toynbee's list that Greek gave rise to Roman just as Sumer gave rise to Babylonia. Why is Sparta listed as a separate civilization from the rest of the Hellenic world? What is the relation between Minoan and Mycenaean (which Toynbee considers early Hellenic)? Jacquetta Hawkes considers these two aspects of the same civilization (which she calls Mino-Mycenaean. If these are just early phases of a much larger civilization separated from Hellenic civilization by a 'Dark Age,' what is one to do with what Toynbee calls 'Sinic civilization,' separated from 'Far Eastern Civilization,' or for that matter 'Indic civilization separated from 'Hindu civilization?' And in his list there is no mention of such civilizations as the Etruscans, the Ethiopians, the East Africans, or the Sudanese. (While the latter could perhaps be considered part of the Islamic civilization the former could not.) And what of Tibet and South East Asia (old Indo-China)? Are they part of the Indian Hindu Civilization even though they are Buddhist, or part of Far Eastern Civilization or both? And if Hittite is a separate civilization, where do Hurrians, Elamites and Urartu fit?
David Wilkinson suggests that there is an even larger unit than civilization Using the ideas drawn from 'World Systems Theory' he suggests that since at least 1500 BCE that there was a connection established between a number of formerly separate civilizations to form a single interacting 'Central Civilization,' which expanded to include formerly separate civilizations such as India, the Far East, and eventually Western Europe and the Americas into a single 'World System.' In some ways, it resembles what William H. McNeill calls 'the closure of the oecumene,' in his book 'The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community.'
And then concerning the fall of civilizations Toynbee suggests a single schema, drawn in part from his experience as a classical scholar, based upon the creativity of classical Athens, and the rise and fall of the Roman Empire. This pattern he finds has parallels with Sima Qian's views of the 'Mandate of Heaven' or the Dynastic cycle (Asabiyyah) suggested by Ibn Khaldun, for Far Eastern and Islamic civilizations respectively. But the pattern is not universally observed, and a number of civilizations become incorporated into others. These, he suggests are the so-called 'Aborted civilizations.'
Volume 1 of the book, written in the 1930s, contains a discussion of Jewish culture which begins with the sentence 'There remains the case where victims of religious discrimination represent an extinct society which only survives as a fossil. …. by far the most notable is one of the fossil remnants of the Syriac Society, the Jews.' That text has been the subject of controversy, and some reviewers have interpreted the text as antisemitic. In later printings, a footnote was appended which read 'Mr. Toynbee wrote this part of the book before the Nazi persecution of the Jews opened a new and terrible chapter of the story…'
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text:
import httplib as http

from framework.exceptions import HTTPError

from osf.models import Institution

def serialize_institution(inst):
    return {
        'id': inst._id,
        'name': inst.name,
        'logo_path': inst.logo_path,
        'logo_path_rounded_corners': inst.logo_path_rounded_corners,
        'description': inst.description or '',
        'banner_path': inst.banner_path,
    }

def view_institution(inst_id, **kwargs):
    try:
        inst = Institution.objects.get(_id=inst_id, is_deleted=False)
    except Institution.DoesNotExist:
        raise HTTPError(http.NOT_FOUND)
    return serialize_institution(inst)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


PHUKET: Phuket Governor Norraphat Plodthong led the official opening of the Songkran celebrations at the traditional Pracharat Market at Thalang History Park last night (April 12).
The formal event kicked off at 7pm with an opening address by Governor Norraphat, joined by his wife Mrs Sudawan, who sits as the President of the Phuket chapter of the Red Cross.
Also present were Phuket's three Vice Governors Snith Sriwihok, Thawornwat Kongkaew and Prakob Wongmaneerung. as well as Chief of Phuket Cultural Office Uthai Pattanapichai and Chief of the Phuket Provincial Office of Tourism and Sports Sirawee Waloh.
Making a rare public appearance was Watcharin Pathomwattanapong, Acting Chief of the Phuket Provincial Administration Organisation (PPAO, or OrBorJor).
Governor Norraphat called for all Thais to be proud of their culture and traditions and to not lose their unique culture.
"The Songkran Festival is a long-held tradition, marking the significance of the Thai New Year since ancient times," Gov Norraphat said.
"During the Songkran Festival, there is merit making for those who have passed away and water blessings for our elders to express our respect, gratitude and happiness in the Thai New Year," he added.
However, Gov Norraphat noted, "At present, the Thai economy and society have changed dramatically. To maintain good traditions is to instill in children and youth such values and have people continue to do good things.
"In Phuket. the goal is to hold activities to pass on this beautiful tradition, especially through the development of this Thalang memorial site as a landmark for tourism culture of Thalang," he added.
"Through continuous cultural activities we can promote this venue to be become well known and attract tourists to admire the way of life of the people of Thalang. This will create jobs, create profitable businesses for people in the community and will become one way to help promote stable, sustainable tourism in Phuket," Gov Norraphat noted.
Phuket Cultural Office Chief Ms Uthai called on people visiting the park to join in the festivities by wearing traditional Thai costumes during Songkran.
Festivities at the park today began at 9am, with a blessing ceremony followed by traditional games and dance performances, as well as demonstrations highlighting life during Phuket's past, local cooking demonstrations and traditional Thai food available for sample.
Throughout the Songkran holidays, from April 12-16, special performances and demonstrations will be held from 4pm to 10pm each night.


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Stock Horses
Australian Stock Horses
The forebears of the Australian Stock Horse arrived in Australia on the First Fleet in 1788.
Now considered possibly the world's most versatile breed, recognised for its versatility and superior performance amongst work, leisure and performance breeds.
The Stock Horse has evolved over time through selective breeding in response to the demands of the environment. The Australian Stock Horse is a product of its environment.
Horses are not native to Australia (the first arrived with the First Fleet) though they have adapted extremely well through natural selection and selective breeding by horsemen.
Originally the Australian Stock Horse was simply a 'type' of horse.
From the days of early settlement right up until the prevalence of motorised transport, the horse was the primary mode of transport and a valuable economic tool.
The horse was essential in opening up the terrain, working the land, and assisting with the spread of settlement.
Today it is still a preferred and the most practical means of undertaking many rural activities including mustering, checking stock and fences and general transport.
Settlers and workers required a horse that was strong, sturdy and confident on its feet and one which could stand up to the harsh and varied Australian climate.
This horse is not one breed but a combination of several different breeds each with attributes which, when passed on, proved beneficial in coping with the Australian bush.
In 1971, a group of dedicated horsemen and women attended the inaugural meeting of the Australian Stock Horse Society in Sydney.
This type of horse, for all its efforts, sacrifices and contribution to the Australian psyche, had not been recognised before this time.
Subsequently, a Stud Book was opened and remained open until 1988.
Since the closure of the Stud Book, only horses that comply with strict regulations have been accepted into the registry.
Main Branch Contact:
Secretary: Ashlee Carrigan-Walsh
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