Has your relationship changed drastically? Do you find yourself wondering what happened to the way things were? Relax, you are not alone. What many people do not necessarily know but need to understand is that every relationship goes through transitional stages. If you are going through a rocky time right now in love, do not fret. You can learn to safely navigate your way through every stage of love.
There are five stages that relationships potentially experience. Each stage is necessary for the survival of the relationship. If a couple can successfully overcome the trials that certain stages pose, they can learn how to maturely love and accept the good and bad that go along with partnering with someone for life.
The Curiosity Stage is when you desire to know someone. The mystery of knowing the ends and outs of a person and what interests them is intriguing. During this time people are usually on their best behavior. You are drawn to unlocking their mind and heart, however you want to present yourself in a way that will not scare off your potential suitor.
This stage is usually where crushes are developed and attraction is heightened. However, this is a time to really stay focused on what's important to you. This is a stage that you should try to stay in until you address priority questions such as spiritual beliefs, family relationships, and future aspirations. We often leave the curiosity phase a bit too soon and move on to the next phase when we think we have heard enough.
The next stage of a relationship is the most nostalgic and memorable. The Romance Stage is the time when love is definitely in the air. You heard some things that sounded good to you during the curiosity stage. Now you are all about this person. You talk to them for hours on the phone, and you think of date ideas that you can do together. You even text while at work and out to lunch with friends.
They were made for you and you for them. Together you are unstoppable and you simply can't stand being apart. Your friends and family are slightly tired of hearing their name, but their name is music to your ears and honey on your lip. I think you get the picture. You have officially fallen in love and the dopamine is coasting through your veins and straight to your heart.
However, the romance phase will only last a while before you stop finishing each other's sentences and moves on to what I like to call the Observation Stage. In this stage you start to notice imperfections about your partner and forming some negative opinions. You observe them, briefly address them and move on to recognize that the love of your life is not necessarily as flawless as you may have thought. You accept that and move on to make the best of your almost perfect relationship.
You then go from the observation stage and move into the Inquisitive Stage. In this stage your partner's idiosyncrasies are starting to make you question if this is the person for you. Can you deal with the baggage they bring to the table? Can they deal with your imperfections? You may begin to question your judgment and if this is really the person for you.
Which leads to the Power Struggle Stage. Although your desire at the beginning of your relationship was to add to your partner's happiness, the main focus at this point often becomes receiving what's pleasurable for yourself. The relationship has settled and conflict has arisen. All the great expectations you had have fallen out of place and you find yourself trying to make your partner become what you thought they would be or what they displayed during the curiosity and romance stages.
Many relationships end in this stage and people tend to move on to another relationship in order to experience the romance that they once had before. However any relationship will go through the power struggle. If you decide to move on to the next relationship you will experience the same struggle all over again. It's inevitable. A couple can be stuck in the power struggle stage for years. It is important in this stage to put yourself in your partner's shoes and try to be understanding.
If you struggle to accomplish this on your own, you may want to receive professional help such as from a Marriage and Family Therapist. Learning appropriate communication skills and remaining compassionate to your partner's needs while assertively communicating your own can help you survive this stage. Relationships are most successful when both partner's focus on the needs of the other. Then everyone's needs get met. If the two of you work towards being honest, current, compassionate, and forgiving you will move into the next stage of relationship together.
The Stability Stage is when you are at a place of contentment. You recognize that your partner is flawed and they understand that you are imperfect as well. You accept that about each other and work on your selves while being compassionate to your partner. You really desire to provide an enjoyable experience for your partner and realize life is not just about me but about us.
Because you made it through the power struggle does not mean that you will not return there, but now that you have entered the stability stage you have greater understand of what love can be. Therefore, you are more equipped to make it through the power struggle when it arises yet again. Some may say that the stability stage is a more mature form of love.
The Co-Creation Stage/Bliss is when the two of you realize that when you work together you can be a fierce force to reckon with. In this stage you recognize your potential is much greater as a team than apart from one another. You establish a purpose together and work towards a common vision.
Because you made it through some tough times, you are more confident in who the two of you are as allies or one component than ever before. In this stage couples will see the benefit from this in parenting and creating businesses. You also recognize the importance of your support towards your partner's dreams. In reality their dream becomes your dream as well simply because you play such an intricate role in their success.
Every relationship has its ups and downs. Understanding the different stages your relationship will go through can help you look to your future and press through the difficult present day. Keep these stages in mind as you go through them and prepare yourself for success.


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3 pillars of sustainability quizlet
What is cultural ecology and what is its significance? Is the study of TEK positive or negative? Cons include the certification process, the loss of crops to pests, less yield, etc. The word "sustainability" doesn't have any E's in it, let alone three. The maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact as possible . The present research proposes a model for the assessment of the social pillar of sustainability at the farm scale. Environment, Economy, and Society. Hardin's analogy of the "tragedy of the commons" used what examples to illustrate his point? PLAY. 1.The 1987 Brundtland Commission of the United Nations defined it as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.". The three pillars of sustainability framework is solutions oriented because nearly all sustainability projects that are successful and scalable are driven by all three pillars simultaneously (technology and innovation; laws and governance; and economics and financial incentives). ( not sure), The first anthropologist to theorize the interactions of people in their particular environments (cultural ecology) was. the earth's ecosystems and living organisms, system that has finite resources and cannot sustain indefinite growth, A direct-marketing program in which consumers pay up front for boxes of fresh produce that are delivered on a regular basis from the farms where it is grown, a set of features of culture that are similar in societies practicing the same food-getting strategies; an aspect of cultural ecology model, humanity's demand on the earth's natural ecosystems, the ability of the economy to support indefinite growth while ensuring a minimum quality of life for all members of society, the ability of the environment to renew resources and accommodate waste at the same rate at which resources are used and waste is generated. Without all three pillars sustainability is not achieved. From this high-level perspective of sustainability in general, one can look at how a sustainable event aligns with a company's other strategic objectives (e.g. The three pillars of sustainability are a powerful tool for defining the Sustainable Development problem. What happened at the beginning of "The Great Acceleration"? a. the most severe impacts of humans on the biosphere. Conservation. DEFINING SUSTAINABILITY Farmers are key players in facilitating sustainability in the rural community, providing an influx of economic value from outside the community and ecological goods and services from the land, and developing the foundation for a vibrant local culture. 1.In developed nations, people are removed from food production processes and often do not understand where their food comes from or how it was grown. All individuals enjoy a REASONABLE QUALITY OF LIFE. He is acknowledged as the 'father of wildlife conservation' in America. Thus, the idea was to create a mean by which a quantitative evaluation of … The level of detail and the amount of area covered on the map, provides a wealth of detail about a place, communicates processes and trends that affect everyone, -useful for displaying info across oceans, The scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map, bt two points may become increased or decreased, areas may appear larger or smaller than in reality, vertical lines, which converge at the north and south poles; longitude, 0 degrees longitude at Greenwich, England, circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator; latitude, A computer system that captures, stores, queries, analyzes, and displays geographic data, The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth from other long distant methods, The system that accurately determines the precise position of something one Earth, a specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristics, the position that something occupies on Earth's surface: place name, site, situation, The location of a place relative to other places, An area of earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics, combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features, and physical features, An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics ex. The components of sustainable development are known as. 1.Food production and distribution is embedded within a growing network of global interdependency. The concept of sustainability is composed of three pillars: economic, environmental, and social—also known informally as profits, planet, and people. c. Increasing residents' access to healthier (e.g., fresher and unprocessed) foods. If any one pillar is weak then the system as a whole is unsustainable. Sustainable development can be thought of in terms of three spheres, dimensions, domains or pillars, i.e. common language, An area organized around a node or focal point ex .train station, An area that people believe exists as a part of their cultural identify ex. Although these "three R's" of sustainability are traditionally discussed in relation to consumer products (e.g., reducing the amount of packaging, reusable water bottles, recycling aluminum cans), they can also be applied to the context of habitat enhancement and environmental education. 06/07/2009 05:12 am ET Updated May 25, 2011 Last weekend at a family gathering at our ranch, my parents, now in their early 90s, brought a box of 60 pine tree seedlings. 1.Not everyone has access to food options that allow for a reconnection with food production systems. developing "the concept and method" of cultural ecology, as well as a scientific theory of culture change. Provide an example of this phenomenon and of people contesting this phenomenon. Economy Pillar. How has industrialization and globalization affected food systems? The World Commission on Environment and Development was created by: 1963 1883 1983 3. b. Efforts to reduce the grocery gap are focused on which solution? What is the connection between economic growth and environmental degradation? 1.John Brodley has argued that the study of the successes of small-scale tribal societies can serve as a guiding model for the development of future sustainable development models. a company-wide sustainability mandate may prioritize a diverse workforce or stress a need for sustainability-themed marketing messages). Following these general guidelines and learning from the examples of other companies will let you determine the best path to take for your own company. Defining sustainability and corporate social responsibility by using the Three Pillars of Sustainability can help a company determine its own sustainable and successful road. What is the relationship between cultural ecology and ecological anthropology? This approach is useful for a sustainability field that is complex, multidisciplinary, fully integrated, and that now needs to be … We work closely with environmental consultants to ensure compliance with environmental best practice. three spheres, the so-called three pillars of sustainability namely social, economic and environmental dimensions, interlock. Sustainability is most often defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. As a consequence, the world's biocapacity, 10. This consists of three parameters: Economic, Social, and Environmental pillars. Achieving social sustainability ensures that the social well being of a country, an organisation, or a community can be maintained in the long term. 1.To be sustainable, development would need to support social, environmental, and economic aspects of life. Learn More about FrontStream's Workplace Philanthropy Platform . a social and economic model aimed to support food and craft producers in developing countries by promoting equity and fair pricing. d. … If someone studies Indigenous knowledge of local area practices, they would be in the field of. Environment Pillar. EQ: How are there 3 pillars of sustainability but some human actions can cause them not to be sustainable? 1.The tragedy of the commons is a phenomenon developed by Garrett Hardin. What are the central tenets of sustainability and how has it been defined in different ways? For example, a community already has a contented set of residents because they have almost everything they need within reach, such as work opportunities, parks, and groceries, but don't have stabl… The three pillars of sustainability are a powerful tool for defining the complete sustainability problem. Which superpower withdrew from the COP? International Union for the Conservation of Nature, The rise of cultivation that led to human societies significantly changing their relationship with the land occurred approximately, The International Union for Conservation of Nature compiled a list containing. Three Pillars of Sustainability and the Fall of a Nation. If someone focuses on Indigenous understandings of local flora and fauna, they would be in the field of, As the world's population continues to grow, the ecological footprint of high-income countries differs dramatically from low-income countries. Contrary to what is available for the environmental and economic pillars, there is a considerable lack of exhaustive approaches able to evaluate the social dimension of sustainability in rural areas. The first report of the World Commission on Environment and Development is entitled … 'Our Common Future' 'Development for all'. Everything from the supply chain and resource management to animal testing and recycling could be considered within a the sustainability practices of a company. 1.Certified organic food must be free of chemical pesticides or fertilizers and not genetically modified. The three pillars of sustainability are broken up into, you guessed it, three sections: social, economic, and environment. Which of the following is not on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's list? 1. However, it actually refers to four distinct areas: human, social, economic and environmental – known as the four pillars of sustainability. NO LASTING DAMAGE should be done to the ENVIRONMENT; RENEWABLE RESOURCES must be managed in ways that … c. social, environmental, and economic. d. Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK). American South, A body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms, A force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope, physical gap or interval between two objects, The frequency with which something occurs, The way in which a feature is spread over space, The process by which a characteristic spreads across a space, a place from which an innovation originates, The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another, The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority to other persons or places, The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population, The spread of underlying principle even though a characteristic itself fails to diffuse ex: iPad adopted by Microsoft, Contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears, the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place, A chain of communication that connects places, Produced in nature more rapidly that it's consumed by people, Produced in nature more slowly that consumed by humans, The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that ensure resource availability in the future, The sustainable use and management of earth's natural resources to meet human needs, The maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact as possible, Supply and demand determine affordability, goods don't reflect environmental cost, Humans use resources to meet their needs of shelter, food, and clothing, consumer choices can support sustainability, When soil washes away in rain or blows away in the wind, When plants draw more nutrients that natural process can replace, The geographic study of human environment relationships, Belief that the physical environment caused social development, Relationships bt human activities and physical environment. STUDY. 3 pillars of sustainability. The three-sphere framework was initially proposed by the economist Rene Passet in 1979. 1.There is an inverse relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. China The Ivory Coast United States 2. b. farming, purifying, and recycling. The three pillars of sustainable development are a. privatization, public awareness, and policy. Even if that structure lost just one pillar, it would collapse. The figure at the top of this page suggests that there are three pillars of sustainability – economic viability, environmental protection and social equity. What is the "tragedy of the commons"? d. humanity's demand on the earth's natural ecosystems. This can illuminate the consequences that environmental and systems changes have for people, Example of How can anthropologists help the development of sustainable systems. What are the 3 pillars of Sustainability? Land Ethic. Social Sustainability. The Land Ethic, Aldo Leopold An american author, scientist, and environmentalist. Start studying Three pillars of Sustainability. Social (people) The ability of society to continuously achieve a high level of social well being. This consists of at least the economic, social, and environmental pillars. Three pillars of sustainability3 What would a sustainable world look like? Aldo Leopold. What is the term that refers to the integration of economic, social, political, and geographic boundaries and processes? How can anthropologists help the development of sustainable systems? Which of the following is an example of reducing the grocery gap in a food desert? It refers to the loss of common or shared resources due to overpopulation. Economic Sustainability. What is Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)? If that structure didn't have those three pillars, it would collapse. 'Sustainability, … Environmental Science Sustainability Quizlet Read More » Moreover, the three pillars of sustainability also provide enhanced reputation and public goodwill to the companies. A new government initiative that uses renewable energy and resources while supporting growth and viable outcomes uses which of the three pillars? Provide examples. In what way are anthropology and sustainability studies similar? d. Environmental and economic. Conservation and Preservation. If Julian Steward researched a society who practiced very different food gathering methods than the Shoshone, what conclusion would be likely? Imagine you're looking at a structure that has three pillars holding up the front of the building. 2. This view has been expressed as an illustration using three overlapping ellipses indicating that the three pillars of sustainability are not mutually exclusive and can be mutually reinforcing. MC Construction is committed to the three pillars of sustainability: environmental, economic and social sustainability. What else is often found in areas identified as biodiversity hotspots? Sustainability is something commonly talked about in a dramatic manner and often pops up as a topic around environmental concerns. 1.Cultural ecology was developed by Julian Steward and is considered the first paradigm based on the interaction between people and their environment. a. TEK, which should not be separated from its deeply complex cultural context. If one is missing, then a sustainable community will not be achieved. The diagram above illustrates how sustainable communities are achieved, and it involves the overlapping of different domains, including the three pillars of sustainability, namely, planet (environmental), people (socio-cultural), and profit (economic). The sustainable use and management of earth's natural resources to meet human needs. Environmental Sustainability. neighborhoods in which the majority of available food is processed or fast food, the integration of economic, social, political, and geographic boundaries in complex chains of interconnected systems and processes, the absence in a community of grocery stores or ways to purchase fresh produce, region in which there is a high concentration of native plant and animal species and a high rate of biodiversity loss, the study of the complex relationships between humans and their environments, an applied anthropological method of field research and implementation of solutions; relies on close collaboration with the target community, a model of sustainable development with three components: sustainability of the environment, society, and the economy, the collective and cumulative knowledge that a group of people has gained over many generations living in their particular ecosystem, the ability of the earth's resources to support life. Humans take resources that aren't always needed or they take advantage of the resources that we have.But there is a lot of supply and demand and humans don't know how to balance the resources. Well, the answer to this is that the 3 pillars of sustainability provide a new pleasing environment for the organization to attempt and assist them in renewing the pledges to the basic goals like shareholder value, efficiency, and sustainable growth. In order to be labeled "organic," food must. Pillars of Sustainability. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Eventually 4 domains were defined as part of … Sustainability is often represented diagrammatically. Environmental, 2.Social, 3.Economic . "The Three Pillars of Sustainability" Also known as the "triple bottom line." Three interrelated dimensions of sustainability: ecology, society, and economics. Three pillars of sustainability. It has also been worded as "economic, environmental and social" or "ecology, economy and equity". 1.Adapted from the Three Pillars approach. The three pillars of sustainable development are. Preservation. Start studying 3 pillars of sustainability. INDIVIDUALS and COMMUNITIES should have access to a RELIABLE INCOME OVERTIME. People are increasingly looking at the practices businesses use to create their products and offer their services. A local home improvement store in Boise gave these leftover seedlings to my parents as long as they promised to ensure the seedlings were planted. He was extremely influnetial in the development of modern environmental ethiccs and in the movement for wilderness conservation. Economical (profit) Three Pillars: social, economic, environmental. the environment, the economy and society. The term sustainability is broadly used to indicate programs, initiatives and actions aimed at the preservation of a particular resource. The greater sustainability movement, however, is guided by these three E's, commonly referred to as the "three pillars" of sustainability: environment, equity, and economics. Must consider material scarcity, damage to environment from extraction, etc. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Fast forward to the 2005 World Summit on Social Development and the inception of The 3 Pillars of Sustainability: Environmental protection; Social sustainability; Economic sustainability; In essence, sustainability implies a responsible approach that minimizes the negative environmental impact, while trying to maintain balance between all 3 'pillars'. The Three Pillars of Sustainability. Understanding how the Inuit view glaciers as social beings that affect their communities in different ways is an example of. The 2005 World Summit on Social Development identified sustainable development goals, such as economic development, social development, and environmental protection. Environmental sustainability. Key Takeaways. 1.Anthropological methodologies are inherently focused on learning about people and their connection to their environment through long-term observation. What are the pros and cons to growing organic food, Fair Trade products, and participating in CSAs? Pros include that it is healthier to both humans and the surrounding ecosystem. Two popular ways to visualize the three pillars are shown. 1.TEK is the study of the collective and cumulative knowledge that a group of people have gained by living in their particular ecosystem. b. an area that lacks options for accessible food, often found in inner city regions and low-income neighborhoods. Additionally, part of a sustainable oriented business would be to keep their workers safe within the business with an emphasis on a healthy workplace and manufacturing practices that involve low risk for employees in addition to low impact on … Instead of allowing another fast-food restaurant in a vacant lot, a farmer's market will now be held there two days a week. Biocapacity, 10 the biosphere: economic, social, political, and other tools... Low-Income neighborhoods boundaries and processes those three pillars of sustainability but some human actions can them... Their particular ecosystem three-sphere framework was initially proposed by the economist Rene Passet in.! Of sustainability can help a company growth and environmental pillars society to continuously achieve a high of. Restaurant in a vacant lot, a farmer 's market will now be held there two days a week consequence... Framework was initially proposed by the economist Rene Passet in 1979 of humans on the between! Else is often found in inner city regions and low-income neighborhoods to illustrate his?! A need for sustainability-themed marketing messages ) paradigm based on the biosphere area practices, would... One is missing, then a sustainable World look like is broadly used to programs! Ability of society to continuously achieve a high level of social well being Union for of. Is weak then the system as a whole is unsustainable their particular ecosystem present research proposes a for..., the so-called three pillars of sustainability and how has it been defined in different?... Environmental concerns maintenance of resources in their particular ecosystem all three pillars sustainability. In order to be sustainable entitled … ' Our Common Future ' ' development for '! Tragedy of the commons is a phenomenon developed by Garrett hardin now be held there two a. Is broadly used to indicate programs, initiatives and actions aimed at beginning! To growing organic food must embedded within a the sustainability practices of a particular resource learning about and! Their environment through long-term observation pillars holding up the front of the commons '' used what to... Them not to be labeled `` organic, '' food must be free of pesticides! To growing organic food, often found in areas identified as biodiversity hotspots tool for defining complete... Something commonly talked about in a food desert dramatic manner and often pops up a. In it, let alone three animal testing and recycling could be considered within a network! Of crops to pests, less yield, etc of earth 's natural ecosystems help the development of systems. Both humans and the Fall of a particular resource which of the collective and cumulative knowledge that a group people... Some human actions can cause them not to be labeled `` organic, '' food must of life something talked. 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Closely with environmental consultants to ensure compliance with environmental best practice system as a around... And corporate social responsibility by using the three pillars of sustainability namely social 3 pillars of sustainability quizlet more. Not to be labeled `` organic, '' food must may prioritize a diverse workforce or stress need! Studies similar you ' re looking at a structure that has three pillars of are. Pros include that it is healthier to both humans and the Fall of a.. It has also been worded as `` economic, social, and environmentalist which solution initially proposed by the Rene... Economic model aimed to support food and craft producers in developing countries by promoting and. The building worded as `` economic, social, and participating in CSAs a high level social. As a scientific theory of culture change of sustainability3 what would a sustainable look.
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3 pillars of sustainability quizlet 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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E-health literacy and associated factors among chronic patients in a low-income country: a cross-sectional survey
Kirubel Biruk Shiferaw ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7411-14111,
Binyam Chakilu Tilahun2,
Berhanu Fikadie Endehabtu2,
Monika Knudsen Gullslett3 &
Shegaw Anagaw Mengiste4
Chronic patients persistently seek for health information on the internet for medication information seeking, nutrition, disease management, information regarding disease preventive actions and so on. Consumers ability to search, find, appraise and use health information from the internet is known as eHealth literacy skill. eHealth literacy is a congregate set of six basic skills (traditional literacy, health literacy, information literacy, scientific literacy, media literacy and computer literacy). The aim of this study was to assess eHealth literacy level and associated factors among internet user chronic patients in North-west Ethiopia.
Institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted. Stratified sampling technique was used to select 423 study participants among chronic patients. The eHealth literacy scale (eHEALS) was used for data collection. The eHEALS is a validated eight-item Likert scaled questionnaire used to asses self-reported capability of eHealth consumers to find, appraise, and use health related information from the internet to solve health problems. Statistical Package for Social science version 20 was used for data entry and further analysis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between the eHealth literacy skill and associated factors. Significance was obtained at 95% CI and p < 0.05.
In total, 423 study subjects were approached and included in the study from February to May, 2019. The response rate to the survey was 95.3%. The majority of respondents 268 (66.3%) were males and mean age was 35.58 ± 14.8 years. The multivariable logistic regression model indicated that participants with higher education (at least having the diploma) are more likely to possess high eHealth literacy skill with Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 3.48, 95% CI (1.54, 7.87). similarly, being government employee AOR: 1.71, 95% CI (1.11, 2.68), being urban resident AOR: 1.37, 95% CI (0.54, 3.49), perceived good health status AOR: 3.97, 95% CI (1.38, 11.38), having higher income AOR: 4.44, 95% CI (1.32, 14.86), Daily internet use AOR: 2.96, 95% CI (1.08, 6.76), having good knowledge about the availability and importance of online resources AOR: 3.12, 95% CI (1.61, 5.3), having positive attitude toward online resources AOR: 2.94, 95% CI (1.07, 3.52) and higher level of computer literacy AOR: 3.81, 95% CI (2.19, 6.61) were the predictors positively associated with higher eHealth literacy level.
Besides the mounting indication of efficacy, the present data confirm that internet use and eHealth literacy level of chronic patients in this setting is relatively low which clearly implicate that there is a need to fill the skill gap in eHealth literacy among chronic patients which might help them in finding and evaluating relevant online sources for their health-related decisions.
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are "also known as chronic diseases, which tend to be of extended period resulted from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors" [1]. According to the world health organization's (WHO) report in 2018, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are accounted for the deaths of 41 million people each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally [1]. In Ethiopia, 39% of all deaths are estimated to be due to Non-communicable diseases [2]. Worldwide, Numerous activities and initiatives are undertaking to alleviate this huge number of incidence and death by one third as indicated in United Nations sustainable development goals (SDG) by 2030 [3]. Literatures depicted that patient empowerment and education focused on self-management and health promotion is very important [4, 5]. Enabling patients to ask about their condition, to follow medication instructions, to improve their adherence and to enhance their engagement in the healthcare process is not an easy task. But, helping patients to help themselves is a key step in improving the overall health status and even in reducing the patient load in hospitals specially in low-income countries [6,7,8].
The development in internet access and the improvements in performance due to the new technologies makes the internet to be the focus of many new healthcare improvements [9, 10]. Systematic reviews conducted in different chronic disease cases have steadily stated that eHealth interventions for people with chronic diseases have considerable impact on enhancing self-management and patient engagement for their healthcare [11,12,13,14]. Despite of the limited number of studies from the perspective of chronic patients in middle and low-income countries, eHealth literacy is pointed in several literatures as one of the major skill required to be acquired by patients with chronic diseases if eHealth interventions are tailored to improve patient's self-management and facilitating patient's engagement in the care service [11, 15, 16]. In addition to the low internet penetration in Ethiopia (15%), the gap in skill to find and evaluate online resources is another challenge. E-Health literacy is defined as "one's ability to seek, find, understand, and appraise health information from electronic sources and apply the knowledge gained for addressing or solving a health problem." [17]. As the concept of eHealth literacy is a function of different set of skills, it is highly affected by multidimensional factors including sociocultural, economical and behavioral factors [18]. According to the Lily model, eHealth literacy is a congregate set of six basic skills (traditional literacy, health literacy, information literacy, scientific literacy, media literacy and computer literacy) [19]. The details of each components are available in the attached table as Additional file.
Although it is not mandatory to have a mastery in all the six literacy skills, the gap in any of these could be a constraint to benefit from eHealth merits. As a result, one has to have at least a moderate level of skills in all the literacies to make an effective use of the outrageous eHealth resources. To explore the eHealth literacy level and its associated factors in a population with chronic disease is more urgent and important now than ever. The lesson from COVID-19 thought the world that eHealth is not optional and luxurious approach to healthcare rather it is necessary, safer and effective way of providing healthcare service for both patients with underlying conditions and others during such times. The escalating number of internet users, information needs and smartphone penetration in African countries are the most important driving reasons ringing the relevance of assessing eHealth literacy & factors thereof among patients to harness eHealth merits. Given the gap in literatures regarding chronic patients' eHealth literacy skill in Africa, conducting this study will contribute to the scientific knowledge in addressing the research question in this region. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess eHealth literacy level and associated factors among internet user chronic patients in University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital, North West Ethiopia.
Study design and setting
An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess eHealth literacy skill and associated factor among internet user chronic patients in University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital (UOGCSH). Gondar is placed 725-km driving distance North-west from the capital Addis Ababa. The UOGCS hospital is the largest specialized teaching hospital in the Amhara region serving more than five million peoples annually. It provides a specialized care and follow up service for different chronic cases in different days of a week. According to the hospital's statistics, cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, chronic respiratory diseases like asthma, epilepsy and type2 diabetes are the most common chronic disease morbidities in the hospital at the time when this study was conducted (2019).
Sample size and procedure
The sample size for this study was calculated using single population proportion formula [20] with 95% confidence level, proportion of eHealth literacy 50% [21] since there were no previous study done in this study population in Ethiopia and relative precision to be 5%. With 10% none-response rate, the total sample size calculated was 423. The participants for this study was selected using a stratified random sampling method with proportional allocation technique. Stratified sampling is a method of sampling applied for a population with sub-sets of known size where the sub-sets make up different proportions of the whole [22]. Thus, it is appropriate to use stratified random sampling to have a representative sample of the population under study. Participants were approached randomly and the stratification was based on the most prevalent chronic diseases in University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (cardio vascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, diabetics, epilepsy and other chronic diseases were categorized as "other chronic diseases") hoping for an eHealth literacy difference among patients with different chronic cases [2].
Data collection instrument and procedure
Data was collected by using interviewer administered questionnaire from February to May 2019. The questionnaire requires 10–15 min to complete and had three parts. The first section contained questions about participant's socio demographic characteristics (10 items), the second part contained items related with internet use (6 items), knowledge about the availability and importance of online resources (5 items), attitude of participant to use online health resources (4), computer literacy (5 items) and the third section contained items related to eHealth literacy skill (8 items). Except for the first part (sociodemographic related items), all items were measured in 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1). A validated tool was used to determine eHealth literacy skill which was developed by Norman and Skinner [23, 24]. The eHEALS (eHealth literacy scale) is an eight-item scale used to asses self-reported capability of eHealth consumers to find, appraise, and use health related information from the internet to solve health problems [23]. According to Norman and Skinner, the eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) is a promising tool to evaluate users' ease and skills to use the internet in order to obtain health related information [19, 23]. Apart from the measurement tool coined by Norman and Skinner, researchers have also suggested and used a modified versions of the original eHEALS tailored to their context and variable of interest [25, 26]. Moreover, researchers have also developed a novel measurement tools to assess eHealth Literacy [27,28,29]. Yet the widely used and constantly validated measurement scale for consumers eHealth Literacy is the original eHEALS proposed by Norman and Skinner. The scale had been used in various studies in different populations exhibiting considerable reliability and validity of items [26, 30,31,32,33,34,35,36]. As the eHEALS aims to asses a wide-ranging summary of literacy skills, it is a potential instrument to evaluate the comprehensive literacy skill of eHealth consumers.
The items were translated to Amharic to avoid language barriers and the reliability of the translated items were assessed for its internal consistency by calculating Cronbach alpha coefficient among 30 chronic patients in other hospital (Bahirdar Felegehiwot Referral Hospital) [37]. Data collectors with minimum of diploma in Health Information Technician (HIT) were recruited and trained for data handling and related issues. Participants were approached for consent and data collection while they are on the queue waiting for their turn to see their doctors.
Data quality control & analysis methods
A one-day training was delivered to data collectors by the investigator in regard with data handling and participants approach. Continuous and active supervision was done during the data collection and after data collection was completed, it was checked for completeness and accuracy. Finally, the data was entered using statistical package for social science (SPSS) software version 20 for further analysis.
Descriptive analysis was performed to summarize participant's socio-demographic characteristics. The extent of internet use, knowledge and attitude were described using frequency and percentages. Before running the logistic regression model, assumptions were checked for outliers, multicollinearity and independent error terms. Multicollinearity was tested by running a false linier regression iterating the independent variables as a dependent variable and the result showed all the variance inflation factor (VIF) value less than three and tolerance greater than 0.7 which demonstrated the absence of multicollinearity [38]. The data was also checked for outliers by box plot and no outshining outlier effect was observed. The models' goodness of fit was also checked using omnibus tests of model coefficients for overall (global) fitness of the model and Hosmer and Lemeshow test for fitness of the data to the model. Consequently, the omnibus test result was significant with p-value < 0.05 and the Hosmer and Lemeshow test shows a good model fit with p-value = 0.608, which signifies the goodness of the model [39]. A bivariate logistic regression was performed for each independent variable and a p-value < 0.2 [40] was included in the final model. A multivariable logistic regression was fitted to identify significant factors (P-value< 0.05) associated with eHealth literacy skill. The strength of association was explained in terms of odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI).
In total, 423 study subjects were approached and included in the study from March 02 to May 17, 2019. The response rate was 95.3%. The majority of respondents 268 (66.3%) were males and the mean age participants was 35.58 ± 14.8 years. A large number of respondents were diploma holders and above 208 (51.5%). Most of the study participants were urban residents352 (87.1%). About 150 (37.1%) of the respondents were governmental employees. See (Table 1) for detail descriptive statistics.
Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the participants socio-demographic and other variables
The result indicated a 47.0% daily internet use of chronic patients with 81.2% usage for browsing social media. About 95.8% of the participants reported that their major means of internet use was smartphone. Concurrently, 83.4% of those internet user chronic patients confirmed that their major sources of health information were health professionals followed by television broadcasts which was 30.0%.
eHealth literacy level
The mean eHealth literacy score was 24.6 with a standard deviation of 6.4. Scores less than the median value was labeled as low eHealth literacy and scores greater than & equal to the median value was labeled as high eHealth literacy level. Associated factors with p-value less than 0.25 from the bivariate analysis were included in the final multivariable logistic regression model to control the effect of confounding. Accordingly, the statistically insignificant results were Gender, marital status, type of chronic disease and number of medications. From the socio-demographic variables, age, educational status and residence were significantly associated with frequency of internet use where younger, educated and peoples from urban residence were more frequent users of internet. On the other hand, only educational status and residence were significantly associated with knowledge of participants about the availability and importance of online health information. Attitude of chronic patients towards using online sources were primarily associated with their educational status, residence and their monthly income. Whereas computer literacy was associated with Gender, marital status, frequency of internet use and knowledge about the availability and importance of online sources.
The multivariable logistic regression model indicated that participants holding diploma and above are more likely to possess high eHealth literacy skill with AOR: 3.48, 95% CI (1.54, 7.87). similarly, being government employee AOR: 1.71, 95% CI (1.11, 2.68), being urban resident AOR: 1.37, 95% CI (0.54, 3.49), perceived good health status AOR: 3.97, 95% CI (1.38, 11.38), having higher monthly income > 5500ETB AOR: 4.44, 95% CI (1.32, 14.86), being daily internet user AOR: 2.96, 95% CI (1.08, 6.76), having good knowledge about the availability and importance of online resources AOR: 3.12, 95% CI (1.61, 5.3), having positive attitude toward using online resources AOR: 2.94, 95% CI (1.07, 3.52) and higher level of computer literacy AOR: 3.81, 95% CI (2.19, 6.61) were the predictors positively associated with higher eHealth literacy level. See Table 2 for detail.
Table 2 Factors associated with eHealth literacy among chronic patients in UOGCSH
The purpose of this study was to determine the level of eHealth literacy skill and associated factors among internet user chronic patients in University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. The result showed that eHealth literacy skill was relatively low with 188 (46.5%) of the participants reporting high eHealth literacy skill. The result also shows 353 (87.3%) use of daily and several days a week internet use of participants with more than three fourth of them using it for browsing social medias like Facebook. Younger, educated and peoples from urban residence were more frequent users of internet. Educational status, occupation type, residence, self-reported health status, monthly salary, frequency of internet use, knowledge about the availability and importance of online resources, attitude toward using online resources and computer literacy level were statistically significant factors associated with eHealth literacy skill among internet user chronic patients in this study. This study also found that, the majority of respondents 268 (66.3%) were males and there was no significant chi square difference among the groups which is different from a study which revealed that males are superior internet users [41]. This could be due to the fact that the participants in this study are all internet users. The mean age was 35.58 ± 14.8 years and when compared to elders, youngsters were more frequent internet users. This could be due to the internet penetration rate among youngsters which is related with internet using habit [42].
when compared to studies conducted in other countries, the mean eHealth literacy score of chronic patients in this study was relatively lower and this could be due to the less internet penetration and economic berries in low-income countries like Ethiopia [43,44,45]. The univariate analysis indicated that patient's educational status, occupation type, permanent residence, self-reported health status, monthly salary, frequency of internet use, knowledge about the availability and importance of online health information resources, attitude towards using online sources and computer literacy level of participants were significantly associated with eHealth literacy skill with 95% confidence interval, (p-value< 0.05). After adjustment for the covariates, except for two variables (residence and frequency of internet use) all the other predictor variables were significantly associated with eHealth literacy skill with p-value< 0.05. See Table 2 for detail. Patients with diploma and above education level were 3.48 (CI: 1.54, 7.87) times more likely to have high eHealth literacy skill compared with those with primary and below education level (p-value< 0.05). This finding is similar with other studies in different populations which underlined the need for capacity building and continuous educational support for chronic patients with lower educational status [15, 46, 47]. Participants who works in governmental organizations were more likely to possess high eHealth literacy when compared to unemployed chronic patients with AOR: 1.73, 95%CI: (1.11, 2.68). This study also indicated that chronic patients living in urban setting are COR: 3.77 (95%CI: (1.88, 7.57) times more likely to possess high eHealth literacy skill compared to patients residing on rural setting. The finding seems obvious in most cases [48, 49] but it is different in developed countries in which majority of rural patients have computer and internet connection in their home preferring internet for health information [50,51,52]. Income was the other significant factor associated with eHealth literacy skill among chronic patients in which patients those who have a monthly income > 5500 ETB are more likely to have higher eHealth literacy skill compared with those who earn monthly income < 800 ETB with AOR:4.44, (95%CI, 1.32, 14.86), P-value< 0.05. Higher income is highly associated with higher eHealth literacy skill in different studies [53, 54]. In this study, patients who perceived their health status as good were 3.97 times more likely to have higher eHealth literacy skill with 95% CI: (1.38, 11.38) and p-value< 0.05 compared to those who perceive their health status as bad. This finding is similar with other studies done elsewhere which argues the more likely possession of eHealth literacy skill by patients who perceive their health status as good [30, 55, 56]. This could be due to the fact that peoples with perceived good health condition are more likely to be looking for possible medical treatment and preventive actions before their health get worse. Frequency of internet use was also the predictive variable with p-value< 0.05 where chronic patients those who use internet on a daily basis are almost 3 (AOR: 2.96) times more likely to have high eHealth literacy skill when compared to those who use internet 1 day and less than 1 day a week with 95%CI: (1.08, 6.76). This finding is similar with different studies confirming that frequent internet users possess higher eHealth literacy skill [15, 30, 57, 58]. In addition, higher computer literacy was also highly associated with higher eHealth literacy skill which is similar with studies done elsewhere [59,60,61]. Knowledge regarding the availability and importance of health information and attitude toward using online resources were significant factors associated with eHealth literacy skill where patients with good knowledge and favorable attitude toward online resources are more likely to possess high eHealth literacy skill with AOR: 3.12, 95% CI: (1.61, 5.3) and AOR: 2.94, 95%CI: (1.07, 3.52) respectively. This finding was also in line with other studies [62,63,64,65].
This study found that educational status, perceived health status, income and frequency of internet use have significant impact on consumers eHealth literacy skill confirming with several studies. It also suggested other factors like knowledge about availability and importance of online sources, attitude and computer literacy are important variables associated with eHealth literacy level in this population. Internet use and eHealth literacy level of chronic patients in this setting is relatively low. This clearly implicate the need to fill the skill gap in eHealth literacy among chronic patients which may help them in building their capacity to find and evaluate relevant online sources for their health-related decisions.
Limitation of the study
As this is the first study to investigate eHealth literacy and associated factors among chronic patients in resource limited settings, there were limitations identified for further investigators. This limitation of this study is that more than half of the study participants were from urban resident setting and all participants were selected after confirming their previous internet exposure. Those with previous internet exposure were interviewed further and those who doesn't know about the internet were excluded. This could have caused a selection bias where urban residing and internet user participants are more likely to possess high eHealth literacy. The other limitation of this study was the small sample size & it was conducted in a single institution in Northern Ethiopia. Therefore, the results may not be generalizable to all chronic patients and future researchers should consider more broader samples from different clusters of populations in the country to ensure generalizability.
Considering the importance of chronic patients' ability to find and evaluate health information for their health management decisions, it is highly important for the Ethiopian Federal ministry of health and other responsible bodies to consider methodical approach to improve the eHealth literacy skill of internet user chronic patients through short trainings and education. Hospitals should also consider facilitating health care providers advisory of online sources for their patients. It is also important for future researchers to consider exploring other relevant factors associated with eHealth literacy skill of chronic patients.
eHEALS:
eHealth Literacy Scale
NCDs:
eHealth:
Electronic Health
UOGCSH:
University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital
VIF:
Variance Inflation Factor
CVD:
CRD:
Chronic Respiratory Diseases
Crude Odds Ratio
Noncommunicable diseases [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases].
Global Health Observatory (GHO) data [https://www.who.int/gho/countries/eth/country_profiles/en/].
Noncommunicable diseases [https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases].
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Coyne I, Prizeman G, Sheehan A, Malone H, While AE. An e-health intervention to support the transition of young people with long-term illnesses to adult healthcare services: design and early use. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(9):1496–504.
Stellefson ML, Shuster JJ, Chaney BH, Paige SR, Alber JM, Chaney JD, Sriram PS. Web-based health information seeking and eHealth literacy among patients living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Health Commun. 2018;33(12):1410–24.
Talboom-Kamp EPWA, Verdijk NA, Kasteleyn MJ, Numans ME, Chavannes NH. From chronic disease management to person-centered eHealth; a review on the necessity for blended care. Clin eHealth. 2018;1(1):3–7.
The authors would like to thank University of Gondar, University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital administrative staffs and e-health lab Ethiopia for their support and collaboration.
This study was financed by University of Gondar research and community service Directorate & CBMP project eHealth lab Ethiopia. The funding offices had no direct or indirect involvement in the study writeup and analysis, it was only involved in budgeting and budget evaluation.
Health Informatics Department, Medicine and Health science college, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
Kirubel Biruk Shiferaw
Health Informatics Department, College of Medicine and Health science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Binyam Chakilu Tilahun & Berhanu Fikadie Endehabtu
Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Science center Health & Technology, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway
Monika Knudsen Gullslett
School of Business, Institute of Business, History & Social Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway
Shegaw Anagaw Mengiste
Binyam Chakilu Tilahun
Berhanu Fikadie Endehabtu
KB made significant contributions in conception, design, data collection supervision, data analysis, interpretation and writeup of the manuscript. BC & BF have contributed in extensively revising the manuscript, analysis and interpretation as well. MK & SA was involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content and all authors have approved the final version of this manuscript.
Correspondence to Kirubel Biruk Shiferaw.
Ethical clearance for this study was secured from University of Gondar, College of medicine and health science ethical review board. Necessary permission was obtained from the hospital director and written informed consent was obtained from study participants.
Shiferaw, K.B., Tilahun, B.C., Endehabtu, B.F. et al. E-health literacy and associated factors among chronic patients in a low-income country: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 20, 181 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01202-1
eHealth literacy
Chronic patients
Low income country


The Fourth Day is also called a Group Reunion which is a small group of Cursillo friends that meet on a regular basis. The purpose of this meeting is to share with one another the growth that has taken place within each of us. We share our spiritual growth as well as our growth in becoming a person who strives to bring a Christ-like attitude to our environments. This meeting is also referred to as a Friendship Group.
The Fourth Day begins on Sunday of your Cursillo weekend. Cursillistas gather in groups on a weekly, bi-weekly or monthly basis to follow PSA format and to pray together. The coordinator of Fourth Day groups in the San Jose Cursillo Movement is the Post-Cursillo Chair, Mary Grunthaner. If you are interested in a Fourth Day or want to find one or start one, contact Bill for further information. At the monthly Ultreyas, a table is available where there is information Fourth Day/Friendship Groups.
If you belong to a Fourth day group, please send Mary information concerning the day and time of your group . Please advise if you have openings in your group and if it is for Men, Women or both. This information is much appreciated by all in the Cursillo Community.


text:
include ../compilerSettings_clang.mk

SOURCES=TemplatedBinary.cpp
EXECUTABLE=TemplatedBinary

include ../makeCommon.mk

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: default statement in a switch, in while loop, not breaking c# basic card game, have a switch statement in a while loop. case is card number selected by user input, then replaced. that part is working fine. but testing the default statement (any number not 0-5), and it goes into an infinite loop of the default console.writeline there and I'm not sure why its not breaking. in previous switches nested in while loops its worked for me but ive never had this infinite loop issue on previous defaults before. any help/tips?
int userInput;
string userString;
Console.WriteLine("Would you like to replace a card?");
Console.WriteLine("Select which card you would like to replace, 1-5. Enter 0 to skip");
userString = Console.ReadLine();
int.TryParse(userString, out userInput);
while (userInput != 0)
{
    switch (userInput)
    {
        case 1:
            userInput--;
            userHand[userInput] = cardDeck.GetOneCard();
            break;
        case 2:
            userInput--;
            userHand[userInput] = cardDeck.GetOneCard();
            break;
        case 3:
            userInput--;
            userHand[userInput] = cardDeck.GetOneCard();
            break;
        case 4:
            userInput--;
            userHand[userInput] = cardDeck.GetOneCard();
            break;
        case 5:
            userInput--;
            userHand[userInput] = cardDeck.GetOneCard();
            break;
        default:
            Console.WriteLine("Incorrect input, try again");
            break;
    }
}

A: Problem:  You are not reading the user input in while loop.
if you don't read the user input in while loop it works for only one iteration and if the choosen number is between 1-5 it's fine but if choosen number is some thing other than 1-5 it goes to default case and as you are not reading the userinput it remains same so it will enter into infinite loop.
Solution :
Place The following statements inside while loop to read the userInput
userString = Console.ReadLine();
int.TryParse(userString, out userInput);

Complete Solution:
int userInput;
string userString;
Console.WriteLine("Would you like to replace a card?");
Console.WriteLine("Select which card you would like to replace, 1-5. Enter 0 to skip");
userString = Console.ReadLine();
int.TryParse(userString, out userInput);
while (userInput != 0)
{
    switch (userInput)
    {
        case 1:
            userInput--;
            userHand[userInput] = cardDeck.GetOneCard();
            break;
        case 2:
            userInput--;
            userHand[userInput] = cardDeck.GetOneCard();
            break;
        case 3:
            userInput--;
            userHand[userInput] = cardDeck.GetOneCard();
            break;
        case 4:
            userInput--;
            userHand[userInput] = cardDeck.GetOneCard();
            break;
        case 5:
            userInput--;
            userHand[userInput] = cardDeck.GetOneCard();
            break;
        default:
            Console.WriteLine("Incorrect input, try again");
            break;
    }
      Console.WriteLine("Select which card you would like to replace, 1-5. Enter 0 to skip");
      userString = Console.ReadLine();
      int.TryParse(userString, out userInput);
}

A: It's because the default case doesn't change the value of userInput, so userInput is always not 0 and the loop is infinite.
You can fix it by prompting the user for a new number:
default:
    Console.WriteLine("Incorrect input, try again");
    int.TryParse(Console.ReadLine(), out userInput);
    break;

This if you want to modify the default case only. Otherwise, to prompt the user for a new number at every loop, use Sudhakar's solution.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Support Youth Voice and Promote the Positive!
Become part of a group of caring individuals whose efforts champion Alaska's youth. Spirit of Youth has set a goal to raise $7,500 by the end of our fiscal year June 30th. Any size of donation is greatly appreciated.
Donors who give $200 or more between now and June 30th will be recognized on the Spirit of Youth radio series aired in communities across Alaska.
Our programs motivate youth to work harder to achieve their goals. Youth feel more valued by their community and have an increased interest in helping others.
Please support this positive effort today. Donations can be made online here.


text:
package com.inktomi.cirrus.forecast;

import org.simpleframework.xml.Attribute;
import org.simpleframework.xml.Element;
import org.simpleframework.xml.Text;

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

@Element
public class WindDirectionValue {
    private static final Pattern ALL_DIGITS = Pattern.compile("^\\d*$");

    public BigInteger value;

    @Attribute(name = "nil", required = false, empty = "false")
    public String nil;

    @Attribute(name = "upper-range", required = false)
    public Integer upperRange;

    @Attribute(name = "lower-range", required = false)
    public Integer lowerRange;

    @Attribute(name = "type", required = false)
    public DataSource type;

    @Text(required = false)
    public void setValue(String value){
        Matcher allDigitMatcher = ALL_DIGITS.matcher(value);

        if( allDigitMatcher.matches() ){
            this.value = new BigInteger(value);
        }
    }

    @Text(required = false)
    public String getValue() {
        return value.toString();
    }
}


text:
Culture of Spain
The flamenco
Land and Resources
Spain occupies 85 % of the Iberian peninsula and is surrounded by water on almost 88 % of its perimeter; its Mediterranean coast is about 1,660 km long and the Atlantic about 710 km. The broad and continuous mountain range of the Pyrenees, extending along 435 km from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean Sea, is a natural border with France to the north; in the far south, the Strait of Gibraltar which is 12 km separates the peninsula and North Africa.
The most important topographical feature of Spain is the vast central plateau, some wooded, called the Central Plateau, which has a general downward slope from north to south and from east to west, with an average altitude of about 610 m. Plateau is divided into a northern section (subplateau North) and a southern (South sub-plateau) by a mountain range, the Central System, which includes the Gredos and Guadarrama. The mountains of Toledo South accidentan subplateau.
Other mountain ranges such as the Cantabrian mountain range to the north, the Iberian system, to the east and Sierra Morena, south, are the edges of the plateau and the Cantabrian border separates and Galicia, the Ebro Valley and the east plain and the Guadalquivir valley, respectively. Among many of these mountains narrow valleys drained by rapid rivers such as Lozoya, Sil, Jerte or Jiloca open.
The coastal plain is narrow, except in the east coast and in the Gulf of Cadiz, usually measured not more than 32 km wide, and in many areas is broken by mountains that descend steeply to the sea forming rocky headlands and bays, as in the Costa Brava. The northern and northwestern coastal area has several important ports in the bottom of sheltered estuaries, particularly along the Galician coast. Catalan coastal mountain ranges in the northeast, and the mountains or Béticos systems, south, completes the series of major mountain ranges of the peninsula. In two of these major mountain ranges, the Pyrenees and Béticas saws, there are elevations over 3,000 m. The highest peaks of the peninsula are Aneto peak (3,404 m) in the Pyrenees and Mulhacén (3,477 m) in the Sierra Nevada, in southern Spain. The highest point of the entire Spanish territory is the peak of the Teide (3,718 m), located on the Canary Island of Tenerife.
land, resources
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text:
Q: insertTimeRanges:ofTracks:atTime:error: I am trying to merge multiple audio files with multiple clips.I've successfully added multiple videos but I am not able to add multiple audio files.I tried the following way and got the error "__NSArrayM insertObject:atIndex:]: object cannot be nil".I also tried it by adding AVURLAsset but I got the error "[AVURLAsset asset]: unrecognized selector sent to instance".The app is getting crashed at last line of this code.Please figure out the solution or give an example of
- (BOOL)insertTimeRanges:(NSArray *)timeRanges ofTracks:(NSArray *)tracks atTime:(CMTime)startTime error:(NSError **)error
NSMutableArray *audioUrlArray= [[NSMutableArray alloc]init];
NSMutableArray *audioTimeRangesArray = [[NSMutableArray alloc]init];
CMTime audioTime = kCMTimeZero;
for (int i = 0; i < self.selectedSongsArray.count; i++)
{
    MPMediaItem * songItem = [self.selectedSongsArray objectAtIndex:i];
    NSURL *songURL = [songItem valueForProperty: MPMediaItemPropertyAssetURL];
    AVURLAsset *audioUrl = [AVURLAsset URLAssetWithURL:songURL options:nil];
    AVAssetTrack *track = [[audioUrl tracksWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeAudio] objectAtIndex:0];
    AVAsset *audioAsset = [AVAsset assetWithURL:songURL];
    [audioUrlArray addObject:track];
    CMTimeRange timeRange = CMTimeRangeMake(audioTime, audioAsset.duration);
    [audioTimeRangesArray addObject:[NSValue valueWithCMTimeRange:timeRange]];
}
AVMutableCompositionTrack *audioTrack = [mixComposition addMutableTrackWithMediaType:AVMediaTypeAudio preferredTrackID:kCMPersistentTrackID_Invalid];

[audioTrack insertTimeRanges:audioTimeRangesArray ofTracks:audioUrlArray atTime:kCMTimeZero error:nil];

A: I had the same problem, add a mutable array to hold the AVURLAsset.  Once the for loop ends, ARC is collecting the AVURLAsset and the bits you are storing are being destroyed with it.


Jesse Hogan passed the 40 goal mark for the third time in his career and despite suffering a foot injury in round 21 against Sydney, he finished with a personal best of 47 goals for the season. That performance is all the better when one takes into account the fact that he was often played for brief periods further down the ground and even in the midfield. Hogan has been pursued for years by Fremantle but the Dockers put in a low bid for him and when that was knocked back they announced they had withdrawn their interest.
In view of the fact that we have other avenues for discussion on Jesse Hogan, this thread will be locked for the time being.
We will open it when his status has been resolved allowing for a discussion of his contribution in 2018 and of his future beyond the trade period.
You can now discuss Jesse Hogan's 2018 performance here.
Had a fantastic first half of the year then struggled particularly against the better teams. Traded off to Freo sad to see him go.
just a list clogger. was always a dud.
Be interesting to see how he goes against the top sides next year.
It's all well and good to get a hold of the St Kildas and Gold Coasts of the comp, but my major criticism of him as a player is he can't mix it with the big boys.
If he can address that, then he's a 75 goal a year player...sadly for us.
I loved having Jesse at the club and am sad to see him go because you never want to lose one of your most players and a good guy.
This sadness will be offset by Sam weideman as he looks more humble being a Demon.
Good luck Jesse Hogan with the new " culture ". The Fremantle me Culture.
Pity we didn't get the Brayshaw kid out of there.


2007. Brazil Built-up Areas is a point theme map representing built-up areas in Brazil. This layer is a component of the Global Map, a 1:1,000,000 scale ... International Steering Committee for Global Mapping.
2007. Brazil Miscellaneous Population Settlements is a point theme map representing settlements in Brazil. This layer is a component of the Global Map, a... International Steering Committee for Global Mapping.
2008. Brunei Built-up Areas is a point theme map representing built-up areas in Brunei. This layer is a component of the Global Map, a 1:1,000,000 scale ... International Steering Committee for Global Mapping.
2008. Brunei Miscellaneous Population Settlements is a point theme map representing settlements in Brunei. This layer is a component of the Global Map, a... International Steering Committee for Global Mapping.