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academy of nutrition and dietetics
Adult Weight Management Guideline
Advanced Technology in Food Production
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Nutrition Screening (NSA) Systematic Review (2009-2010)
NSA: Nutrition Screening Tools (2009-2010)
Grade Chart
Nutrition Screening Adults (NSA) Systematic Review (2016-2018)
NSA: FAQs and Definitions (2018)
NSA: Tool Descriptions (2018)
NSA: Tool Components (2018)
NSA: Validity and Reliability Criteria (2018)
NSA: Validity and Reliability of Tools (2018)
NSA: Costs of Nutrition Screening (2018)
NSCR: Adult Nutrition Screening Tool Comparison (2009)
NSCR: Adult Nutrition Screening Tool Parameters (2009)
NSCR: Definitions and Criteria (2009)
NSCR: Quick and Easy Nutrition Screening Tools: Adult Patients in Acute and Ambulatory Care Settings (2009)
NSCR: Summary of All Tools Evaluated (2010)
NSA: Serum Proteins (2009)
To view the overall evidence analysis of the eleven nutrition screening tools, see: Overview of Quick and Easy Nutrition Screening Tools for Adults.
What is the validity and reliability of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
One prospective cohort study (quality rating positive; 995 patients, acute care setting) evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), compared to Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) as the reference standard. The study found that sensitivity was 61% and specificity was 76%. The positive and negative predictive values of MUST were 65% and 76%, respectively. Fair agreement was found between the SGA and MUST (kappa 0.26, P<0.001). Another cross-sectional study (quality rating positive; 398 medical and surgical patients, acute care setting) examined the validity of MUST when compared with SGA. Malnourished vs. well-nourished agreement was 92% (kappa 0.783).
No data were available in these studies to evaluate the reliability of MUST.
Grade I means there is Good/Strong evidence supporting the statement;
Grade II is Fair;
Grade III is Limited/Weak;
Grade IV is Expert Opinion Only;
Grade V is Not Assignable.
Evidence Summary: Validity and Reliability of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) in Adult Patients in Acute Care and Hospital-based Ambulatory Care Settings
Quality Rating Summary
For a summary of the Quality Rating results, click here.
Kyle UG, Kossovsky MP, Karsegard VL, Pichard C. Comparison of tools for nutritional assessment and screening at hospital admission: A population study. Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun; 25(3): 409-417. Epub 2005 Dec 13. PMID: 16356595
Stratton RJ, Hackston A, Longmore D, Dixon R, Price S, Stroud M, King C, Elia M. Malnutrition in hospital outpatients and inpatients: Prevalence, concurrent validity and ease of use of the 'malnutrition universal screening tool' ('MUST') for adults. Br J Nutr. 2004 Nov; 92 (5) : 799-808.
Search Plan and Results: Nutrition Screening Quick and Easy Tools - 2007
What is the validity and reliability of the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) tool in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
One cross-sectional study (quality rating positive; 904 older adult patients, acute care setting) found that the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF) had a sensitivity of 97.9%, a specificity of 100% and a diagnostic accuracy of 98.7% for detecting malnutrition, as well as significantly correlating (r=0.945) with the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA).
Another study based on a retrospective review of patient data (quality rating neutral; 408 older adults, ambulatory setting) found that the MNA-SF had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 69.5% compared to the full MNA in identifying the absence of overt malnutrition. Negative predictive value was 92.8% and positive predictive value was 78.5% in identifying the absence of overt malnutrition.
No data were available in these studies to evaluate the reliability of the MNA-SF.
Evidence Summary: Validity and Reliability of the MNA-SF Tool in Adult Patients in Acute Care and Hospital-based Ambulatory Care Settings
Cohendy R, Rubenstein LZ, Eledjam JJ. The Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form for pre-operative nutritional evaluation of elderly patients. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2001 Aug; 13 (4): 293-297.
Rubenstein LZ, Harker JO, Salvà A, Guigoz Y, Vellas B. Screening for undernutrition in geriatric practice: Developing the short-form mini-nutritional assessment (MNA-SF). J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Jun; 56 (6): M366-M372.
What is the validity and reliability of the Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
Four positive-quality, cross-sectional studies evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) in screening the nutritional status of adults in acute care, as well as adults receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy (total acute care patients: 2,619; total ambulatory oncology patients: 156). Three of the studies used the SGA as a reference standard; the fourth study used the PG-SGA as a reference standard.
The studies found that sensitivity ranged from 74.4% to 100% (all scores: 74.4%; 93%; 100%; 100%) and that specificity ranged from 76.2% to 93% (all scores: 76.2%; 81%; 92%; 93%). Positive predictive values were 27.9%, 40% and 80%. Negative predictive values were 96%, 100% and 100%. Two of the studies found that inter-rater reliability was acceptable (Study #1: Kappa 0.83 to 0.88; P<0.001; Study #2: Three assessments of inter-rater reliability: Kappa 0.88, P<0.01; kappa 0.84, P<0.01; Kappa 0.93, P<0.01). One of the studies found predictive and convergent validity between the MST and biochemical and anthropometric parameters as well as LOS.
No data were available to evaluate agreement of the MST.
Evidence Summary: Validity and Reliability of the Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) in Adult Patients in Acute Care and Hospital-based Ambulatory Care Settings
Ferguson ML, Bauer J, Gallagher B, Capra S, Christie DRH, Mason BR. Validation of a malnutrition screening tool for patients receiving radiotherapy. Australasian Radiology. 1999; 43: 325-327.
Ferguson M, Capra S, Bauer J, Banks M. Development of a valid and reliable malnutrition screening tool for adult acute hospital patients. Nutrition. 1999 Jun; 15(6): 458-464.
Isenring E, Cross G, Daniels L, Kellett E, Koczwara B. Validity of the malnutrition screening tool as an effective predictor of nutritional risk in oncology outpatients receiving chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer. 2006 Nov; 14(11): 1152-1156. Epub 2006 Apr 19.
Nursal TZ, Noyan T, Atalay BG, Köz N, Karakayali H. Simple two-part tool for screening of malnutrition. Nutrition. 2005 Jun; 21(6): 659-665.
What is the validity and reliability of the Simple Two-part Screening Tool in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
One cross-sectional study of 2,211 patients admitted to acute care (quality rating positive) evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the Simple Two-part Tool, compared to the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). Sensitivity was 63.2% and specificity was 96.7%. Positive predictive value was 70.2%. Negative predictive value was 95.5%.
No data were available to evaluate the agreement or reliability of the Simple Two-part Tool.
Evidence Summary: Validity and Reliability of the Simple Two-Part Tool in Adult Patients in Acute Care and Hospital-based Ambulatory Care Settings
What is the validity and reliability of the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) Tool in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
One prospective cohort study of 995 adults admitted to acute care (quality rating positive) and one cross-sectional study of 121 geriatric patients admitted to acute care (quality rating neutral) evaluated the Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 tool (NRS-2002). The cohort and cross-sectional studies found that sensitivity of the NRS-2002 was 62% and 70%,* respectively when using SGA as a reference standard. Specificity was 93% and 85%,* respectively when using SGA as a reference standard.
The cohort study found that positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of the NRS-2002 were 85% and 79%, respectively and found moderate agreement between NRS-2002 and SGA (kappa 0.48, P<0.001).
The cross-sectional study found that sensitivity of the NRS-2002 was 39% and specificity was 83%, when compared with the MNA as a reference standard. Agreement of the NRS-2002 and the MNA in classification of high-risk patients was 84.6%. Agreement of the NRS-2002 and the MNA in classifying normal patients was 63%. The PPV and NPV of the NRS-2002 compared to the MNA was 85% and 37%, respectively. The PPV and NPV of the NRS-2002 compared to the SGA was 79% and 78%, respectively. Agreement of NRS-2002 and SGA in classifying high-risk/malnourished patients was 79.2%. Agreement of NRS-2002 and SGA in classifying normal patients was 32.5%.
Information on the reliability of the NRS-2002 was not available.
*Values were calculated (see Definitions and Criteria) by the Nutrition Screening workgroup using data included in the article.
Evidence Summary: Validity and Reliability of the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) in Adult Patients in Acute Care and Hospital-based Ambulatory Care Settings
Bauer JM, Vogl T, Wicklein S, Trögner J, Mühlberg W, Sieber CC. Comparison of the Mini Nutritional Assessment, Subjective Global Assessment, and Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS 2002) for nutritional screening and assessment in geriatric hospital patients. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2005 Oct; 38 (5): 322-327. PMID: 16244816
What is the validity and reliability of the Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ) in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
There were no data available using an acceptable reference standard to determine the validity or reliability of the SNAQ tool in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings.
Grade: V
What is the validity and reliability of the Nutritional Risk Score (NRS) in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
One cross-sectional study of patients admitted to acute care (quality rating positive) validated the Nutritional Risk Score (NRS) using dietitian evaluation as a reference standard. The study had two parts. In the validation phase of the study (N=20), agreement of patients' nutrition risk category between the NRS and dietitian assessment was 93%, with a correlation coefficient of 0.83 (P<0.001). Agreement of patient nutrition risk category between two dietitians using the tool was 100% with a correlation coefficient of 0.91 for actual scores (P<0.001). In the reliability phase of the study (N=153), inter-observer reliability between nurses and dietitians using the tool was 74%, with a correlation coefficient of 0.80 (P<0.001).
Information on the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the NRS was not available.
Grade: III
Evidence Summary: Validity and Reliability of the Nutrition Risk Score (NRS) in Adult Patients in Acute Care and Hospital-based Ambulatory Care Settings
Reilly HM, Martineau JK, Moran A, Kennedy H. Nutritional screening: Evaluation and implementation of a simple Nutrition Risk Score. Clinical Nutrition. 1995; 14: 269-273.
What is the validity and reliability of the Seniors in the Community: Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition, Version II Abbreviated (SCREEN II-AB) Tool in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
One cross-sectional study (quality rating neutral) studied 439 senior adults in a community geriatric clinic setting to develop and validate the sensitivity, specificity and reliability of the SCREEN II-AB nutrition screening tool, compared to dieititian assessment as a reference standard. For the SCREEN II-AB with a score less than 43, sensitivity was 84%, specificity was 58%, positive predictive value was 83% and negative predictive value was 59% (N=193).
Test-retest reliability (N=149) using the SCREEN II-AB was 0.84; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.89.
For the SCREEN II-AB, inter-rater reliability (N=97) as measured by intra-class correlation was 0.79; intra-rater reliability was 0.85.
Evidence Summary: What is the validity and reliability of the Nutritional Risk Score (NRS) in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
Keller HH, Goy R, Kane SL. Validity and reliability of SCREEN II (Seniors in the community: risk evaluation for eating and nutrition, Version II). Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Oct; 59(10): 1149-1157.
What is the validity and reliability of the Tool #1 (Laporte et al, 2001) screening tool in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
One cross-sectional study (quality rating neutral) of 142 older adults (greater than 65 years) in acute care (N=72) and long-term care (N=70), evaluated the validity of Tool #1 (BMI and percent weight loss) using nutrition assessment by a registered dietitian as a reference standard.
In acute care, sensitivity and specificity were both 75%. Overall predictive value was 75%. Inter-rater reliability was 84.7% Test-retest reliability was 78.4%.
In long-term care, sensitivity and specificity were 78.1% and 63.2%, respectively. Overall predictive value was 70.0%. Inter-rater reliability was 80.1%. Test-retest reliability was 81.6%.
When the samples were combined (N=160), Tool #1 results were as follows: Sensitivity and specificity were 76.8% and 69.8%, respectively, overall predictive value was 72.5%, kappa for inter-rater reliability was 0.06±0.07 and kappa for test-retest reliability was 0.59±0.07.
Evidence Summary: Validity and Reliability of Tool #1 (Laporte et al, 2001) Screening Tool in Adult Patients in Acute Care and Hospital-based Ambulatory Care Settings
Laporte M, Villalon L, Thibodeau J, Payette H. Validity and reliability of simple nutrition screening tools adapted to the elderly population in healthcare facilities. J Nutr Health Aging. 2001; 5 (4): 292-294.
What is the validity and reliability of the Rapid Screen tool (Visvanathan et al, 2004), in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
One prospective cohort study (quality rating neutral) of 65 patients (greater than 70 years of age) in sub-acute medical, orthopedic and geriatric care settings evaluated the validity of the Rapid Screen tool (BMI less than 22.5kg per m2 or reported weight loss greater than 7.5% in the past three months) using the Standardized Nutritional Assessment (SNA) as a reference standard.
The researchers found that, when compared to the SNA, sensitivity and specificity of the Rapid Screen were 78.6% and 97.3%, respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value was 95.7%* and 85.7%,* respectively.
No data were available to evaluate the reliability or agreement of the Rapid Screen tool.
Evidence Summary: Validity and Reliability of the Rapid Screen Tool (Visvanathan et al, 2004) in Adult Patients in Acute Care and Hospital-based Ambulatory Care Settings
Visvanathan R, Penhall R, Chapman I. Nutritional screening of older people in a sub-acute care facility in Australia and its relation to discharge outcomes. Age Ageing. 2004 May; 33 (3): 260-265. Erratum in: Age Ageing. 2004 Jul; 33 (4): 427.
What is the validity and reliability of the Nutrition Screening Tool (NST)/BAPEN4 in identifying nutrition problems in adult patients in acute care and hospital-based ambulatory care settings?
One prospective cohort study (quality rating positive) studied 326 patients admitted to acute and elderly care wards in three cohorts (cohort 1, development phase: N=127; cohort 2, pilot phase: N=166; cohort 3, evaluation phase: N=33) to design, pilot and evaluate a nutrition screening tool (NST) based on British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (BAPEN) criteria. Nutrition assessment by a registered dietitian was used as a reference standard. Only the pilot and evaluation phases evaluated the validity of the tool.
The researchers found that in the pilot phase, agreement between the NST/BAPEN4 and dietitian assessment resulted in a kappa value of 0.72 (CI 0.59 - 0.84). Sensitivity and specificity were 86%* and 95%,* respectively. Positive predictive value was 80%* and negative predictive value was 96%.*
In the evaluation phase (N=33), reliability resulted in a mean kappa value of 0.66.
Evidence Summary: Validity and Reliability of the Nutrition Screening Tool (NST)/BAPEN4 in Adult Patients in Acute Care and Hospital-based Ambulatory Care Settings
Weekes CE, Elia M, Emery PW. The development, validation and reliability of a nutrition screening tool based on the recommendations of the British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (BAPEN). Clin Nutr. 2004 Oct; 23(5): 1104-1112. PMID: 15380902
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Time to end the week and our look at Moanalua Botanical Gardens with this plumeria flower. This is a fairly common plant in Hawaii and used to make a lot of the flower lei seen on the islands. If you want check out Moanalua Botanical Gardens this weekend is a great time as it holds the 38th Annual Prince Lot Hula Festival. This free hula festival runs on July 18 and July 19, 2015. You can in the shade of some trees and watch hula performances and also tour the gardens.
While strolling through Moanalua Botanical Gardens there were a lot of red ginger flowers in bloom. I wandered around looking for the most photogenic of the flowers and here is what I came up with. I love the red and green contrast.
At Moanalua Gardens sits this nice taro pond. Complete with taro plants, koi and ducks. Taro is a native Hawaiian cuisine staple and today you can se it in poi, taro chips, taro bread and even one of my favorite taro malasadas.


Holding the Pencil in the correct way is the key to good and efficient drawing as well as good handwriting.
I've observed that many kids hold the pencil in a wrong way.
§ Or Leave a lot of space from the bottom.
All these are absolutely the wrong ways of holding the pencil and this will affect your speed as well as your accuracy while drawing.
Now, I will show you the correct and most efficient way of holding the pencil.
§ Now rotate the pencil and open three fingers to support the pencil.
I love this lesson. This isn't taught in schools anymore. It should be.


Lucy Fenton perhaps needs no introduction. The powerhouse behind one of Australia's leading interiors stores, Fenton and Fenton, Lucy's colourful vision is brought to life in the most divine and inspiring row houses in Melbourne's Prahran. Eclectic, colourful and bold she brings together incredible contemporary art, sculpture, design products and her own range of soft furnishings and furniture as only she can.
Mum to two gorgeous kids, Lucy works with her husband Josh (aka Mr Fenton) and leads a team of incredible designers and retail staff.
No matter how hectic and nuts things are around her, she seems to always have time for a chat and loud laugh. We asked Lucy to give us the run down on being a working mum and she sweetly said yes! Thanks Lucy!
Our #fangirl crush is real.
You wear many hats – product designer, interior decorator, boss lady, mama…what do you do?
I literally do a bit of everything.
What I have realised is that when you own a business you really must be prepared to do anything and everything. At the moment I oversee the day-to-day operations of the business and look after the buying.
I get pulled from one area to the other depending where the most pressing need is at the time, but I'm always juggling multiple priorities, which can be challenging & overwhelming at times. Unfortunately, my Mum hat is often pushed to the side, but my kids & I are lucky to have Mr Fenton holding that side of our life together when other things get in the way!
Rewinding the clock…I read that Fenton & Fenton came about over a beer while you were in India. Take us back to those early days of F&F – what was it like? Do you still drink beer?
Yes!!! I absolutely still drink beer – some things never change!!! Back in the early days things in many ways were a lot simpler. I travelled more and would hunt about markets and factories overseas & locally. We sold more one-off pieces, so it was a full-time job hunting for treasures and bringing them home to sell. I also spent a lot more time in the store on the shop floor which I absolutely loved (and really miss). The team was smaller, so it was easier to be across everything. However, it also meant you had to do absolutely everything yourself. I have a distinct memory of unpacking an entire 20ft container on my own into a storage unit once. Now I look at my team of guys in the warehouse doing it and I am very grateful.
Would you do anything differently if you were to start again today?
Lots of things! Hindsight is a beautiful thing… but even the mistakes we have made are part of the journey, so no regrets!
The main thing would have been to invest in a great POS (point of sale) system/inventory management system in the earlier days. Excel spreadsheets, although great at the time, can only get you so far in managing that side of the business and implementing systems 5-10 years later can be really challenging.
I also would have been quicker to delegate certain aspects of business management to people who specialise in those fields, such as human resource management, planning and budgeting – that way I could have been more consistently focussed on what I love doing and what I am best at.
Do you have any fantasies of alternate jobs?
No, I honestly have no idea what I would do if I wasn't running Fenton & Fenton. When things are tough, and I'm stressed out I try and remember that. But sometimes I think I wouldn't mind going back to a Monday to Friday 9 to 5 job one day, haha!
This is very challenging. I tend to get very bogged down in the nitty gritty, which makes the buying/creative side hard. When I am travelling I get more of the white space I need, and I'm always re-inspired and bursting with ideas after a trip. I am trying to travel more and have designated days where I focus on that side of the business. It's very hard to go from back-to-back meetings into a creative mode so I'm trying to separate these elements.
I'm always asked what it's like to work with my husband. How do you keep the cogs turning at work, and in marriage? Are there any tips that you use to keep things running well?
Division of labour! We have pretty clear and defined responsibilities and they tend not to overlap too much. I think at the start it was harder as you are still working out exactly who does what but once you have that nailed down it's a lot easier. We do live and breathe our business so sharing that same passion helps to keep the cogs turning. Although there are many times at 1am when he will say 'I don't really want to talk about work now'.
No two days are the same. I could be in meetings all day, setting up for an exhibition, on location shooting, working on new products with Josh, getting involved in the digital side of the business, traveling overseas and visiting suppliers or just knee deep in emails and admin (more often than not unfortunately).
During the week I work long hours and don't see the kids as much as I'd like to, luckily Josh wears that hat and always picks up the pieces at home if I am held up at work.
We always spend the weekends as a family!
There's nothing like having your own business and having babies. 'Maternity Leave' as such doesn't really exist… I have fond memories of chatting on the phone with customers while Astrid slept under my desk in her basket! I was probably pumping you for tips and tricks at the time, but I have no memory of that now. #babybrainisreal. How did you work that whole work/life/family 'schtick' out when the shop was cranking?
Oh god, I have the same memories! There was definitely no time for 'Maternity Leave'. When Pepa was born we still lived above the store so in many ways it was great as I was always still there, so it was easy to stay in touch. I could run downstairs in my trackies between feeds, consequently she spent a lot of time on her play mat on the shop floor. At that time, we were renting a house at the beach that we escaped to almost every weekend, so it was a perfect balance of work & family time!
By the time Woody came along we had moved into a house so it was a bit tricker. There was a lot of expressing in the office, I don't miss that! Having both Josh and I involved in the business made things easier as most of the time one of us could be with them, Josh more so than me to be honest!
Has your role in the business changed over the years? How?
It's always changing and evolving. At the beginning I basically spent 7 days a week on the shop floor. Now, I spend more time in meetings focusing on the team, strategy, buying, budgets etc.
I am very strict about Josh getting us both a coffee at 6.30am as soon as our favourite coffee place is open. The kids are up early and full of energy – so caffeine is a necessity!
We always put all the toys away once the kids are in bed! I need at least a few hours a day toy free in my house or I will go mad.
I love art! I have collected many pieces from a variety of artists over the years and it always makes me happy when I walk in the door. It reminds you of the journey, the places you've been, the people you've met and even how you felt at the time.
Velvet, wool, timber, leather, linen, silk – basically everything!! And no colour is forbidden!!
What makes for a perfect dinner party, chez Fenton?
Lots of G&T's & a delicious selection of cheese & biccies!!! I can go without dinner if I have these essentials!
2018 marks a decade since we opened so it is a big year for us. We are in the process of making some important structural changes to our team and the business as a whole. We are recruiting a few new senior positions. I am looking forward to getting this up and running so I can spend more time at home with the kids (without my laptop). I will let you know how it pans out.
We are also off to NZ, Bali & India – I still love to travel!
SO, we all have our ways to cheat when the week is flying and there aren't enough hours in the day…What is your #MumHack, aka your frequent mum-life shortcut…?
When I get home and we've got people coming over and it's all a bit hectic, it's all about three things for me: Flowers, a cracking G&T and a beautiful cheese platter. Low effort, high reward. WIN.
I'm no stranger to tricking up a bunch of corner shop flowers.
2. El quickie Gin & Tonic – so simple, yet so delicious and always a crowd pleaser!
I always buy a blue, brie & a hard cheese.
Style on a nice marble or vintage timber board and add some fruit to make it look good – strawberries, quince, grapes, blueberries – good for the kiddies too!
If you're pressed for time, seriously order the Farmgate cheese box, it has everything you need and more and it's the most delicious combination of flavours. You will look like a pro with no effort!!!
Thank you Lucy! You can follow all of the beautiful goings on at Fenton and Fenton on instagram.


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Rain showers this morning with overcast skies during the afternoon hours. High around 55F. Winds light and variable. Chance of rain 50%..
Debris landed outside of the fence at JCG Farms Feed Mill in Rockmart after an explosion. (Kevin Myrick/SJ)
Kevin Myrick
A fire truck and ATF vehicle sit in front of the JCG Farms feed mill facility on Ga. 101 in Rockmart on Monday, Feb. 8., 2016. (Jeremy Stewart/RN-T.com)
The collapsed roof of a portion of the JCG Farms feed mill facility in Rockmart is visible behind the caution tape and fire truck on Monday, Feb. 8, 2016, a day after an explosion killed one employee and injured five others. (Jeremy Stewart/RN-T.com)
The JCG Farms feed mill facility rises above the trees off oc Ga. 101 in Rockmart on Monday, Feb. 8, 2016, a day after an explosion at the plant sent out a shock wave that rattled buildings two miles while killing an employee and injuring five others. (Jeremy Stewart/RN-T.com)
Coverings at the bottom of three large silo towers at JCG Farms Feed Mill in Rockmart were blown off following an explosion early Sunday, Feb. 7, 2016, at the plant. (Kevin Myrick/SJ)
Fire officials were back on site to start searching for evidence of what caused an explosion early Sunday, Feb. 7, 2016. (Kevin Myrick/SJ)
$3 million in damage reported at JCG Farms after explosion that killed 1, injured 5
Kristina Wilder
Investigators from the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms said there was "about $3 million worth of damage" at the JCG Farms feed plant in Rockmart from the explosion that killed one man and wounded five others.
The ATF's national response team was on site Monday and officials with the Atlanta field office expect the investigation could continue for several weeks.
The ATF, the Rockmart Fire Department and the state fire marshal are working together on the investigation.
"We have resources to help in clearing the site, such as heavy machinery," said Nero Priester, a public information officer with the ATF's Atlanta field office.
The response team is comprised of specialists such as veteran agents, forensic mappers, dogs that can detect accelerant and engineers, Priester explained.
The $3 million worth of damage done to JCG Farms includes heavy structural damage to the warehouse, plant and offices, Priester said.
"We know there were seven workers in the plant at the time, plus a security guard," he said. "All of these people are accounted for. One man died at the scene and five were transported to the hospital. I know one man was taken to the Grady Burn Center and was listed in serious condition (Monday)."
Justin Deems, 25, of Rockmart, was killed during the explosion that rocked the plant on Ga. 101 around 2:30 a.m. Sunday, according to Polk County Coroner Tony Brazier.
Rockmart Fire Chief Todd Queen provided the names of four of the injured men — Randy Dodd, James Lentz, Dallas Holcombe and Tyler Morgan — but said he had not had a chance to complete all the reports as of Monday afternoon.
Polk County Emergency Management Director Randy Lacey said 911 operators received multiple calls about the explosion, some from at least two miles away.
"When I arrived at the scene Sunday morning, the firefighters told me that the explosion woke them up. And the department is about a mile away from the plant," he added. "A lot of people who called into 911 said they thought it was an earthquake."
Lacey said when he arrived on the scene, he saw the results of a "powerful explosion." A few spot-fires were put out quickly, but one fire from a gas main burned inside the plant until the gas company arrived and shut off the supply to the building, he said.
"I was told that if this had happened during the week, there could have been about 35 people there working," Lacey said. "I've worked as an emergency responder for many years in other counties, so I have seen things like this before, but I don't think I've ever seen anything of this magnitude in Polk County."
Investigators are searching for the cause of the explosion, but there is not a timeframe for when the answer will be available, Priester said.
Officials at Alabama-based JCG Farms did not return calls for comment Monday.
JCG Farms investigation: No criminal activity expected in explosion, cause not yet determined
The initial investigation into the explosion at JCG Farms on Feb. 7 has shown no "criminal activity" and the exact cause of the explosion has …
Initial findings at JCG Farms in Rockmart lead to dust as culprit for blast that killed 1
A build-up of dust is the likely cause of an explosion at the JCG Farms Feed Mill in Rockmart, according to initial findings by the local, sta…
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We are enjoying a golden age of discovery, as exciting research continues to uncover new knowledge about our universe. However, a different kind of golden age -- that of ever increasing funding for American science and engineering -- is clearly over. Some experienced researchers now look back nostalgically to the decades after World War II, when taxpayer support of science was almost unquestioned and an agenda for science was rarely discussed.
Today, public support must be earned. We can no longer expect it in the form of a blank check and an undefined agenda. This is entirely appropriate. At the same time, I remain very concerned that the nation will not be doing enough to maintain and strengthen its position as a world leader in science and engineering over the next several years.
It is now more vital than ever for us, the research community, to make a convincing case to the public about the tangible societal benefits that flow from science and technology, and the importance of investing adequately in research and education.
At the National Science Foundation, our surveys continue to show that more than two-thirds of the public believes that science is a net good. But the vast majority of people have no understanding of the scientific process; 98% of them don't know what research means. This gap should trouble all of us.
It is also troubling that many scientists and engineers, while concerned, do not think they can do anything about the gap. This may be because traditional scientific education does not prepare its graduates very well to assume a role as an activist	in society, an ambassador for science.
I well understand the discomfort, from my own career experience. But during my years as director of NSF, I've come to understand the need for the research community to reach out to the public. In more personal terms, we need to engage in genuine public dialogues with our local communities, in the mold of what I call the "civic scientist." This concept embraces many types of outreach; not every researcher is well-suited (or available) for a particular type of activity, at a given time. But a little more awareness can go a long way. Even describing a current research effort in accessible terms to a neighbor can have unexpected -- and sometimes unknown -- results.
I might even venture to say that such outreach should be numbered among the professional responsibilities of scientists and engineers, and that graduate education in science and engineering should emphasize communication skills along with research skills. The result would be much better teachers and communicators to the public.
Preparation for research careers has not focused on this dimension, and most of us could use some help. I have been urging researchers to seek out and take advantage of the public affairs resources at their own institutions in making a compelling	case to the public.
One particularly effective means to make our case is through the news media, a type of outreach that, perhaps more than others, fills many of us with trepidation. According to survey results discussed recently on National Public Radio, a quarter of U.S. scientists have never spoken to a reporter, and most others do so only once every year or two. Our public affairs resources are particularly valuable here. Practice is essential; we simply must learn to speak in terms that the general reporter -- representing our non-scientist friends and neighbors -- can understand. The impact can be astounding, because the news media amplify our words. (And this cuts both ways.) With only one interview, we can reach people across the state or the	nation.
Let us redouble our efforts to work together. When a newsworthy discovery is made or about to be published, NSF would like to join with you to get the message out. In this way, the story will reach a much larger audience; and that will be good for	all of us, and good for the nation.
It is true that the climate for science has changed forever. But change brings opportunity. If the sobering budget outlook prompts us all to communicate more broadly, more frequently and more effectively, then we have learned an important and necessary lesson that will serve the science and engineering community well in any climate.


GKD Industries prides itself on the quality and dedication of its work force. We are always looking for talented people who want to make a difference in a dynamic organization that helps its people maximize their potential.
Presented by Immigrant Services Calgary, this video discusses the role of immigrants at GKD.


text:
Q: Word for epigraph at the end of a book? From Wikipedia:

In literature, an epigraph is a phrase, quotation, or poem that is set at the beginning of a document or component. The epigraph may serve as a preface, as a summary, as a counter-example, or to link the work to a wider literary canon, either to invite comparison or to enlist a conventional context.

Is there a similar but different word for the same which is placed instead at the end of a book?

A: epilogue
ODOL:

(US epilog)
  noun
1 A section or speech at the end of a book or play that serves as a comment on or a conclusion to what has happened.
      'the meaning of the book's title is revealed in the epilogue'

WP:

An epilogue or epilog (from Greek ἐπίλογος epílogos, "conclusion" from ἐπί epi, "in addition" and λόγος logos, "word") is a piece of writing at the end of a work of literature, usually used to bring closure to the work

An epilogue need not be, and usually is not, epigrammatic.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


So how do they do it? It all boils down to authenticity. In the world of fast-forwarding, ad skipping, endless feed scrolling, and ad blockers, it's harder than ever for advertisers and companies to reach their desired audience. Advertisers need a way to capture a specific demographic's attention and capture it for more than five seconds.
That is where influencer marketing took off by storm! Suddenly all of your favorite internet celebrities seemed to be talking about how much they loved Dollar Shave Club, or how they're reading this cool new book on Audible with their Kindle Fire. Suddenly it seemed like everyone was eating Sugarbear Hair Vitamins, and all lost weight "Teatoxing." Coincidence? No.
Brands recognized the power of the "relationships" that social media has produced, and all of a sudden it wasn't an actor on television telling you what to buy, it was someone you know and "interact" with on a daily basis.
Posting on your social media regularly may seem like a chore, but giving small peaks into your daily life is how to build a strong following. Most social media accounts that have garnered that influencer status post 1-3 times a day, and will often go live on and update their Instagram Story with what they're up to throughout the day.
Find your niche and stick with it! Like blogs, people follow social media accounts because they have relevant information or relate to them in some way. This might mean focusing on your fitness routine, what you're wearing every day, or even how you decorate your home. This doesn't mean your Instagram can't be about a combination of topics, but if someone followed an Instagram about your dog, they may not be interested in pictures of what you're eating today.
Speak from the heart, and give people a glimpse into your life. People are quick to notice when they believe someone isn't being genuine or sounds too scripted. Don't be afraid to show your personality in your posts!
There are many brands who will bring you on to be a social media ambassador for them, just by applying on their website with your social media handles. Ambassador programs typically offer discounted products and a unique discount code that you can share with your followers that rewards you with an incentive. This is how many people get started, and before you know it, brands may begin reaching out to you if your following is large enough.
Many influencers begin their careers as bloggers. Blogging is an excellent way to build an organic following, as well as generate content for your social media. Blogging works as a method for attracting an audience because it provides resources of value and positions yourself as an expert in the area you're speaking about.
By following these steps, utilizing hashtags, and interacting with your followers, you could be well on your way to becoming an influencer! Remember that while there are a select few that go viral overnight, most popular social media accounts grew to where they are slowly over many years. Growing an organic following comes from posting genuine and consistent content that interests a specific audience. Find your target audience and your voice, and you'll find that the followers will come streaming in!
Follow me at @Socially_Alexis on Instagram for more social media hacks, lifestyle, and insights into my daily life!
Boss Talk Blog- Ep4: Being Loud, Strong And Authentic Women, And What To Do When People Don't Like It.


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Pearl Harbor, 1941: From a Sailor's Perspective
What It was like to be a sailor during the Pearl Harbor attack.
Sally Mott Freeman
About 7:45 a.m., through the crackle and buzz of interference, gunnery and anti-aircraft officer Benny Mott was jolted by pilots' voices rising with alarm over the radio transmitter aboard the USSEnterprise. They were shouting to one another.
"Hey, did you see that army plane shooting at me?"
"That's no army plane! That's a Japanese plane! Look at the red circles on his wings!"
"That bastard! I'm going to shoot back!" The charged back-and-forth continued as Squadron Six and the equally surprised Japanese pilots tangled in view of Pearl Harbor.
Relieved of his watch, Benny raced past the duty bugler and the officer of the deck, then past the quartermaster and the helmsman. He was heading for the secret radar console between the flag bridge and the ship's bridge. Benny found Jack Baumeister, Enterprise radar officer, hidden behind a long black curtain. Heart at a gallop, Benny told Jack what he'd heard on the pilot's frequency. "Can we get anything on radar?"
Perspiring, Jack leaned forward in his chair and peered at a cluster of echoing blips of unknown origin making their way across the screen of the ship's new radar machine. "It's strange," he said. "I've got a lot of bogies, but I shouldn't be getting any. We're a hundred and forty-four miles away, so they have to be flying really high for me to even get them on radar—I mean at least twenty thousand feet."
"Have you reported this?" Benny asked, incredulous. Jack replied that he had, but his tone betrayed a lack of confidence in the new radar technology. By then, however, numerous planes had sent messages back to Enterprise confirming the worst. Benny and Jack stood together staring at the screen, the top half seeming to crawl with ants. Within seconds, the ship's sirens screamed. The radioman had received an official coded message: "Enemy air raid on Pearl Harbor X This no drill."
The quartermaster pulled the general quarters alarm, triggering its seventeen spine-chilling buzzes. The message blared repeatedly over the ship's loudspeakers as men scrambled to their battle stations. Back in Sky Control, Benny issued rapid but succinct instructions in preparation for a possible attack on Enterprise itself, first to the men on the large five-inch antiaircraft turrets and on down the line to the machine gunners amidships.
As Benny barked orders to his gunners, Halsey issued his own from the flag bridge. After sending up a combat air patrol (CAP) to search for enemy ships, the admiral motioned to the signalmen. In a finger snap, a new set of multicolored flags were yanked from their flag bag and hoisted up the yardarm. The message to the fleet: "Prepare for battle." With Enterprise's battle flags now flying from her forepeak, the signal went out to the ships in the convoy to do the same. Wordless, from the ship's highest perch, Benny watched the opening scenes of Enterprise at war.
An aerial view of battleships of the US Pacific Fleet consumed by the flames in its home base at Pearl Harbor after a massive surprise attack. (Credit: HO/AFP/Getty Images)
OVER THE NEXT TWO hours, the enemy force, commanded by Japanese admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, leveled the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. Enterprise's Squadron Six, outnumbered ten to one, fought the swarming Zeros with everything it had. The pilots' voices through the crackling radio static rang in Benny's ears for days, especially that of Ensign Manuel Gonzales. "Please don't shoot! This is Six-Baker-Three, an American plane!" Next came Gonzales's urgent command to his rear gunner, "We are on fire—bail out!" The transmission went silent after that. They disappeared without a trace.
Brigham Young carried Admiral Halsey's staff officer, Lieutenant Commander Bromfield Nichols, in the rear of his plane. Nichols was carrying the classified report on Enterprise's delivery of the fighter planes to Wake Island. Through the wind and static, Benny heard Young say something about antiaircraft puffs over the harbor and army planes over the marines' aviation hub, Ewa Air Station.
Next, Nichols shouted that bits of their left wing were gone. The next thing Benny heard was a long series of invectives, and then nothing. He later learned that Young barely made his landing—after taking more fire from confused US gunners on the tarmac than the Japanese pilots in the air.
An explosion at the Naval Air Station during the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor. Sailors stand amid wrecked watching as the USS Shaw explodes in the center background. The USS Nevada is also visible in the middle background, with her bow headed toward the left. (Credit: Fox Photos/Getty Images)
News of the rest of Squadron Six trickled in. Lieutenant Clarence Dickinson and Ensign Bud McCarthy had been lucky. Under attack by six Zeros, they shot down one but were no match for the rest. Both their planes were riddled, but the men bailed out at low altitude and survived to tread water off Battleship Row, witnessing firsthand the entire horrific show. Ensign Edward Deacon landed in the water short of the runway. Holding his wounded gunner, he grabbed his raft from the sinking plane and paddled ashore.
Squadron Six leader Earl Gallagher miraculously avoided the enemy planes by flying back out to sea, low above the water. He felt sure the enemy ships had retired to the northwest. He then landed on Ford Island amid more confused American gunfire. After refueling, Gallagher flew 175 miles in the direction of the retreating planes but found nothing but empty seas. When the worst of it was over, Benny asked around for news of Ensigns Vogt and Miller.
Vogt's Dauntless dive bomber was last seen by marines at Ewa Station in a dogfight with three Zeros, firing his fixed and free guns with everything he had. Then he got on the tail of one of them and poured tracers into it, but it pulled up so sharply that Vogt collided with it. He was able to bail out but his parachute failed to deploy, and he died after slamming into a tree. Roger Miller managed to take out a Zero also, but he, too, was killed. Benny's two good friends had been struck down within minutes of each other in the first hour of the war.
Captured Japanese photo showing aerial view of the attack on Pearl Harbor with ripples and waves around US battleships hit by Japanese torpedoes. (Credit: Time Life Pictures/US Navy/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images)
STILL A RELATIVELY SAFE distance from Pearl, Enterprise searched for the retreating Japanese fleet for the next twenty-four hours. The Pacific Ocean had become a vast hiding place for an invisible foe, however, and the attackers were nowhere to be found.
The search was abandoned late on Monday afternoon, December 8. At sunset, Enterprise and her convoy nosed up the channel and into Pearl Harbor. It was a silent, ghoulish glide through thousands of feet of smoldering wreckage and floating bodies. Soot-smudged soldiers manning antiaircraft guns lined the docks. "Hey, you better get out, or they'll get you too!" yelled one shell-shocked sailor. Another cried, "Where the hell were you?"
A dumbstruck Benny surveyed the devastation from the ship's superstructure. Grim-faced sailors lined the ship's rails, and thousands of faces fastened on the horror from every gun mount, hatch, and portal. Nevada was overturned and aground, Utah blown to pieces, its remains slouched in harbor mud. The capsized Oklahoma had rolled 150 degrees, her tripod mast jammed deep into the sludge.
The USS Oklahoma floating capsized near the USS Maryland. (Credit: Corbis via Getty Images)
Corbis/Getty Images
Only the bottom of Oklahoma's hull was visible. As the Enterprise crew gawked helplessly, word traveled that hundreds of Oklahoma's sailors were trapped alive inside. Men huddled on and around her hull, frantically working pneumatic drills to free them before their oxygen expired.
The spit-and-polish harbor Enterprise had departed nine days earlier was aflame and clogged with charred ship remains and floating death. A pall of black smoke fed by the still-burning Arizona hung heavy and low over the entire anchorage. For Arizona, it was too late for heroics. Four Japanese bombs found their mark on the ship, and 1,700 men perished, among them 23 sets of brothers. By Benny's count, at least twenty ships had been sunk or damaged. He wondered with dread how many of the dead he knew.
Sally Mott Freeman is the author of "The Jersey Brothers: A Missing Naval Officer in the Pacific and His Family's Quest to Bring Him Home," which chronicles the author's own family saga during World War II.
Freeman's father, Bill Mott, ran President Roosevelt's map room at the White House while her uncle, Benny Mott, was a gunnery and anti-aircraft officer aboard the USS Enterprise during the Pearl Harbor attack. Bill and Benny's half-brother, Barton Cross, served in the Navy Supply Corps until he went missing in the Philippines, leading Bill and Benny to attempt a rescue mission.
Pacific TheaterWorld War II Pacific TheaterMaritime DisastersWorld War II
How Japan's Kamikaze Attacks Went From Last Resort at Pearl Harbor to WWII Strategy
Why Did Japan Attack Pearl Harbor?
8 Tales of Pearl Harbor Heroics
Pearl Harbor: Photos and Facts from the Infamous WWII Attack
Pearl Harbor Veteran Recalls Coming Eye-to-Eye With a Japanese Bomber


Chemical biology utilizes chemical principles to modulate systems to either investigate the underlying biology or create new function. Over recent years, chemical biology has received particular attention of many scientists in the life sciences from botany to medicine. This book contains an overview focusing on the research area of protein purification, enzymology, vitamins, antioxidants, biotransformation, gene delivery, signaling, regulation and organization. Particular emphasis is devoted to both theoretical and experimental aspects. The textbook is written by international scientists with expertise in synthetic chemistry, protein biochemistry, enzymology, molecular biology, drug discovery and genetics many of which are active chemical, biochemical and biomedical research. The textbook is expected to enhance the knowledge of scientists in the complexities of chemical and biological approaches and stimulate both professionals and students to dedicate part of their future research in understanding relevant mechanisms and applications of chemical biology.
17. What Does Maurocalcine Tell Us About the Process of Excitation-Contraction Coupling?


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text:
Cases tagged as Property Offences
R. v. A.K.2021
The client was charged with uttering a forged document. The circumstances of the allegation were that the client had changed a document without the other party's consent and then used that document. I approached the prosecutor about the file with a view to having the client enter into the Alternative Measure's Program. The prosecutor agreed after I provided information and documentation to them that helped confirm that although the allegation was serious, the diversion referral was warranted. After the client completed the program, the charge was dropped against the client, leaving the client without a criminal record and without a conviction.
Fraud Property Offences
R. v. R.B.2021
The client was charged with two separate allegations of break and enter. The matters for set for trial. The week before each of the two trials was supposed to proceed seperately, the crown prosecutors both withdrew (dropped) each of the two separate break and enter charges. In each of the two cases, there were issues including a lack of evidence on the essential elements of the offences. The client was left without convictions for both allegations.
Property Offences
R. v. J.L.2020
The client was charged with mischief and break and enter. I was able to convince the crown to divert the charges from the justice system and the client successfully completed the Mental Health Diversion Program. The charges were then withdrawn.
Mischief Property Offences
R. v. J.B.2020
The client was charged with mischief (damage to property). The client had previously completed a diversionary program for other charges and those charges were dropped. I was able to negotiate with the crown to have this new charge dropped as well.
R. v. J.K.2020
The client was charged with arson and mischief (damage to property over $5000). The matter was serious, as there was significant damage done to the property. At first, the crown was looking for a jail sentence if the client would have been convicted or pled guilty. However, after several back and forth negotiations with the crown, I was able to secure a non-custodial (no jail) sentence for the client.
Mischief Crime over $5000 Property Offences
The client was charged with theft under $5000, mischief, and robbery. The client was a youth at the time offence and suffered from mental illnesses. After discussions with the crown regarding early case resolution, the crown agreed to allow the client to divert to the mental health diversion program to resolve these charges. Upon completion of the mental health diversion program, all the charges were withdrawn.
Mischief Theft Robbery Property Offences
R. v. T.J.2020
The client was charged with several property related criminal offences. Upon review of the disclosure, I was able to negotiate with the crown and establish for them that there was no reasonable likelihood of conviction. The crown agreed, and the charges were all dropped.
R. v. S.M.2020
The client was charged with break and enter and mischief causing damage to property under $5000. The client would have faced very serious consequences to employment if convicted. I worked tirelessly to finally convince the crown prosecutor that the charges should be withdrawn outright. The client was left without a criminal record.
Property Offences Crime under $5000
R. v. G.E.2020
The client was charged with trafficking in property under $5000 and possession of property under $5000. The matter was set down for ECR discussions and the crown was convinced to refer the matter to the alternative measures program. The client successfully completed the requirements of the program, which included making a charitable donation and composing an essay about what he had learned from this experience. The matter was then withdrawn on the next court date.
Crime under $5000 Property Offences
R. v. H.C.2020
The client was charged with multiple charges in relation to credit and debit card thefts, fraud, unlawful possession of identification documents. The client had a related record for which he had received an 18 month sentence of incarceration. The crown agreed to a significantly reduced sentence for the over thirty criminal charges the client had. The total sentence for this second round of offences was 18 months incarceration.
R. v. M.C.2020
The client was charged with theft from an employer. The the matter was set for trial. The client had a very strong defence available, and we were prepared to run the trial and to put forward the defence. However, the crown elected to withdraw the charge after restitution was forwarded to the complainant. The charge of theft was therefore withdrawn, and the client was left with no conviction, and no criminal record.
R. v. C.M.2019
The client was charged with mischief to property under $5000. After having discussions with the crown, counsel were able to reach a resolution. The client paid restitution to the complainant and the charge against him was withdrawn.
Crime under $5000 Mischief Property Offences
R. v. M.H.2019
The client was charged with possession of a forged document, fraud under $5000, possession of drugs, breaching a CSO condition, failing to comply with a probation order, and failing to attend court. He pleaded guilty to uttering a forged document and possession of drugs. The remaining charges were withdrawn. The client was in custody at the time of his guilty plea. He was given a 15 day global sentence and 18 months probation on his previous conviction.
R. v. B.L.2019
The client was charged on two different dockets. On one he was charged with possession over $5000. On the second he was charged with possession over $5000, possession under $5000, two counts of failing to comply, failing to provide insurance, driving while unauthorized and operating an unregistered motor vehicle. He pleaded guilty to the possession over charge on the first docket. On the second he pleaded guilty to the possession over charge and the two counts of failing to comply. The remaining charges were withdrawn. He received 90 days incarceration on each docket, for a total of six months. This was to be followed by a period of 12 months of probation.
R. v. N.H.2019
The client was charged with mischief. Initially he was charged with mischief over $5000. As the matter proceeded, the crown laid a new information to reduce the charge to mischief under $5000. After ECR discussions with the crown, a resolution was reached. The client paid restitution to the complainant. Once proof of delivery of the funds was received, the crown withdrew the charge.
R. v. M.G.2019
The client was charged with fraud over $5000. The crown was approached to see if she would be open to resolving the matter, given that the charges were dated and it was debatable whether they would be able to prosecute the matter at trial. Further, the client was out of province and was not aware of the charges, as police never followed up after their interview with him, and instead issued a warrant for his arrest. He was never provided with the opportunity to voluntarily turn himself in. Given this, the crown was agreeable to referring the matter to the alternative measures program. The client was required to write an apology letter and provide restitution to the complainant. The charge was withdrawn upon his doing so.
R. v. K.W.2019
The client was charged with mischief and being unlawfully in a dwelling house. The charges were treated very seriously by the crown, as the complainant alleged that the client broke into the residence and damaged property in doing so. There was a lot of negotiating with the crown that I had to do to have the crown agree to resolve the matter by way of a peace bond versus proceeding with the charges. It was important my client did not have a record due to employment requirements. The charges of mischief and being unlawfully in a dwelling house were dropped (withdrawn).
R. v. S.U.2019
The client was charged with possession of stolen property and possession of a stolen credit card. The allegations would have had serious ramifications for the client's employment. I was able to convince the prosecutor to refer the matter to a diversion program. Upon completion of the requirements of the program, the charges were withdrawn (dropped). The client was left without a criminal record and without a conviction.
Theft Fraud Property Offences
R. v. M.B.2017
The client was charged with breaking and entering with intent, carrying a concealed weapon and failing to comply with an undertaking. The client plead guilty to the lesser and included offence of mischief under $5000 and the remaining charges were withdrawn. The client received six months'' probation.
Weapons Crime under $5000 Mischief Property Offences
R. v. M.S.2017
The client was charged with breaking and entering. The crown had a weak case. I prepared my defence and prepared for the trial. At trial, the crown elected to stay the charges as there was no reasonable likelihood of conviction. The matter was concluded, and the client was free and clear of the charges that would have attracted a jail sentence had the client been convicted.
R. v. J.S.2017
The client was charged with several offences, including possession over $5000, possession under $5000, possessing a break-in instrument, possessing a weapon, trafficking in property, driving disqualified, taking a motor vehicle without consent, failing to appear and failing to comply. The client plead guilty to several charges and the remaining ones were withdrawn. The client received a sentence of 9 months global, less pre-trial custody. That left the client with only a few months to serve. The client had a lengthy record for similar offences and would have faced a much higher sentence, but I was able to negotiate a reduced sentence.
Drugs Weapons Crime under $5000 Crime over $5000 Dangerous Driving Administrative Offences Property Offences
R. v. R.T.2017
The client was charged with arson: damage to property. The matter was set down for trial after a not guilty plea was entered. Extensive legal research was required, along with preparations for trial. After reviewing the research Ms. Karpa had prepared, and after realizing the frailties with their witnesses, the crown stayed the charges. No conviction. No criminal record.
R. v. M.M.2016
The client was charged with theft under $5000.00, breaking & entering, mischief and trespassing at night. The Crown agreed to refer the matter to the Alternative Measures Program under the guise of it being a lesser included offence of unlawfully in a dwelling house, and the charge was eventually dropped after successful completion of the same.
Crime under $5000 Mischief Theft Property Offences
R. v. Y.Z.2016
The client was charged with break and enter, mischief, uttering threats and assault. Due to immigration issues a conviction would have been detrimental to the client. Ms. Karpa secured the complete withdrawal of all charges against her client.
Assaults Threats Mischief Property Offences
R. v. D.S.2016
The client was charged with break and enter and mischief (damage to property). This was a serious criminal matter as the potential punishment the client was facing was jail. Despite that, Ms. Karpa was successful in having all of the charges against the client withdrawn. No criminal record. No conviction.
R. v. R.K.2016
The client was charged with multiple counts of possession of stolen property, break and enter, mischief and drug related offences. The crown sought actual jail time but Ms. Karpa argued before the judge that the client should be allowed to be sentenced to a community based sentence so that the client could seek counselling for a drug addiction. Ms. Karpa was successful in her application.
Drugs Mischief Theft Property Offences
R. v. J.M.2016
The client was charged with multiple possession of stolen property offences, in addition to trafficking in property obtained by crime, possession of a weapon, obstruction of a police officer and multiple failures to appear/breaches of release. The crown sought significant jail time given the client''s related record. Ms. Karpa successfully argued for time served.
Weapons Obstruction Breaches Administrative Offences Property Offences
R. v. K.M.2016
The client was charged with arson. The situation involved an allegation that but for the evidence provided by the client, the police would not have discovered the culprit. There were serious issues involving the client's mental health. With a lot of perseverance and hard work, Ms. Karpa was able to have the matter referred to Alternative Measures on the basis of the lesser included offence of mischief/damage to property. Upon successful completion of the program, the charge was withdrawn.
R. v. J.D.2016
The client was charged with mischief/damage to property, possession of stolen property, and possession of break and enter instruments. The crown was initially unwilling to agree to refer the matter to Alternative Measures. Ms. Karpa convinced the crown to agree to the referral. The client completed the program and all charges were withdrawn. No criminal record/no criminal conviction.
Mischief Theft Property Offences
R. v. L.F.2016
The client was charged with break and enter, common assault, and mischief. Ms. Karpa prepared for trial. At trial, the charges were withdrawn by the crown. No criminal conviction/no criminal record.
Assaults Mischief Property Offences
R. v. L.M.2015
The client was charged with multiple counts of property related offences stemming from an alleged crime spree. Initially the Crown sought cash bail, but Ms. Karpa was able to put forth a compelling argument for release with no cash bail.
Property Offences Bail
R. v. G.H.2015
Bail Property Offences
R. v. T.H.2015
The client was charged with a serious allegation of break and enter, assault and uttering threats against a domestic partner. The criminal charges were exceptionally serious, and the client faced the risk of jail given they had a prior related criminal record. With countless hours of work, including file review, criminal law sentencing research, and meetings with the client and the Crown, Ms. Karpa succeeded in having the client plead to less serious offences for a conditional sentence. No jail.
Assaults Threats Property Offences
The client was charge with property related offences and breaches of release. The client had an extensive related record. The Crown sought an additional 3 months in jail. Ms. Karpa argued for time served so that the client could be released and could go home, and the Court agreed with Ms. Karpa''s proposal.
Breaches Property Offences
R. v. M.W.2015
The client faced charges of possession of stolen property under $5000.00 and break and enter. Ms. Karpa argued for a reduction of the charge to unlawfully being in a dwelling house, and argued for Alternative Measures. The client was accepted into the program, and after the program was completed, the charges against the client were all withdrawn. No criminal record. No conviction.
Crime under $5000 Theft Administrative Offences Property Offences
R. v. T.K.2015
The client was charged with break and enter and mischief to property. Ms. Karpa had all charges withdrawn. No criminal record. No conviction.
The client was charged with two counts of breaking and entering into a dwelling house (B & E). Calgary criminal lawyer Susan Karpa was able to secure the withdrawal of one count for a plea to a lesser included offence of unlawfully in a dwelling house (as a summary conviction matter) instead. Client received probation versus jail.
Property Offences Probation
R. v. D.Z.2015
The client was charged with multiple counts of theft, fraud, possession of stolen property and other property related offences. The client had an extensive criminal record for similar offences. With an extensive review of the disclosure, and effective submissions to the Judge, Ms. Karpa secured a sentence of time served for the matters where the Crown was seeking significantly more time in custody.
R. v. C.W.2015
The client was charged with two counts of robbery, one count of break and enter, and one count of uttering threats. Ms. Karpa had the charges reduced to two counts of theft under $5000.00 and uttering threats for 1 year probation.
Threats Crime under $5000 Theft Probation Robbery Property Offences
The client was charged with mischief (damage to property) in relation to a vehicle. Ms. Karpa successfully had the charge dropped (withdrawn) after the client was accepted into and completed a diversion program. No criminal record. No conviction.
R. v. A.L.2014
The client was charged with a serious criminal offence - arson. The Crown argued that the client should receive a jail sentence. Ms. Karpa fought for her client and argued against real jail. The Judge agreed with Ms. Karpa, and the client received a conditional sentence.
R. v. J.R.2014
The client was initially charged with break and enter into a dwelling house. Ms. Karpa argued for the reduction of the charge to a less serious criminal charge of unlawfully being in a dwelling house. The client was then eligible to enter into a diversion program. After successfully completing the program, the charge was dropped altogether. No criminal conviction. No criminal record.
The client was charged with breaking and entering into a relative''s house and stealing items from the home. These allegations were very serious, and the complainant wanted the client prosecuted. Despite that, Calgary criminal lawyer Susan Karpa succeeded in having the client referred to a diversion program, and once completed, the criminal charges against the client were dropped. No criminal record. No conviction.
Theft Property Offences
R. v. S.R.2013
Client was charged with possession of stolen property. Although the judge did not want to agree to time served for the client due to his lengthy criminal record, Ms. Karpa secured his immediate release for time served– no jail time.
R. v. N.L.2013
Client was charged with break and enter, possession of stolen property, theft of a motor vehicle, breaches of bail conditions, and failures to appear in court. Ms. Karpa successfully negotiated for a plea to less serious offences for the break and enter and possession/theft offences. Client received a term of probation.
Theft Probation Bail Breaches Administrative Offences Property Offences
R. v. J.F.2013
The client was charged with several break and enters, theft over $5000, theft under $5000, and breaches of recognizance. Although the allegation of break and enter was serious, and although the client was already out on bail for other break and enter allegations, upon entering guilty pleas to some of the offences, the remaining offences were withdrawn and the client received a 6 month conditional sentence order. That means the client was released to serve the sentence in the community.
Crime under $5000 Theft Crime over $5000 Breaches Property Offences
The client faced a serious home invasion break and enter charge. The Crown sought the client''s detention. Ms. Karpa succeeded in convincing the Judge to release the client on bail.
R. v. C.L.2013
Client was charged with break and enter, assault, and uttering threats. Client received a term of probation with minimal conditions.
Assaults Threats Probation Property Offences


text:
Q: create database using C#? is it possible to create access database on a c:\ drive on the click event of the button ???

A: You could use office automation to create a new database and save it to the local drive.
Or if you have a template of a database you could use that and copy it to the local drive.
Without knowing exactly what you are trying to do, a more useful answer can't be given.

A: Yes you can.  But this is a duplicate.
To create an Access database from C# code use ADOX:
- How to create an Access database by using ADOX and Visual C# .NET:
using System;
using ADOX;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Class1
    {
        [STAThread]
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            ADOX.CatalogClass cat = new ADOX.CatalogClass();

            cat.Create("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" +
                   "Data Source=D:\\AccessDB\\NewMDB.mdb;" +
                   "Jet OLEDB:Engine Type=5");

            Console.WriteLine("Database Created Successfully");

            cat = null;

        }
    }
}

[To create an SQL Server database from C# code use SQL Server Management Objects (SMO).]


Objects in the mirror are closer than they appear--this message is the tried and true safety warning that has reminded drivers for decades that their rearview mirrors are reflecting a slightly-distorted view of reality. Despite their limitations, mirrors are vital equipment on the car, helping drivers reverse or change lanes. But today, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are going beyond a mirror's reflection to give drivers an expanded view from the driver's seat through the use of cameras.
Camera monitoring systems (CMS), also known as e-mirrors or smart mirrors, are designed to provide the experience of mirrors but with cameras and displays. Imagine looking into a rearview mirror display and seeing a panoramic view behind your vehicle. When you look to your side mirror, you see a high-resolution display showing the vehicles to your side. These scenarios are becoming reality, as are other features such as blind-spot detection and park assist.
It's important to understand the current transition from mirrors to CMS. It's no surprise that systems in today's vehicles are already leveraging ADAS features for mirrors. Most new vehicles in the past decade have added a camera to the back of the vehicle or attached a camera to the existing side mirror, with a display inside the vehicle to give drivers a different perspective of what's behind or at the side of the vehicle.
Figure 1 shows the routing of this rearview camera and display system. The backup display is embedded in the rearview mirror and a cable routes to the rear of the vehicle.
The side mirror is different because the camera is located on the mirror. The side mirror still exists for viewing, but typically its camera works when the driver activates a turn signal or shifts in reverse. During a turn or a lane change, the camera outputs a video feed to the infotainment display in the dashboard and may show a slightly different angle than the side mirror itself, as shown in Figure 2.
Now that I've reviewed current CMS configurations that incorporate a mirror with a camera and display, it's worth noting it's possible to achieve a CMS rearview mirror replacement through the addition of one or two cameras installed on the rear of the vehicle.
From the rear of vehicle, video data from an imager is input to TI's DS90UB933 parallel interface serializer or DS90UB953 serializer with Camera Serial Interface (CSI)-2. This data is then serialized over a flat panel display (FPD)-Link III coax cable to a DS90UB934 or DS90UB954 deserializer, and then output to an application processor for video processing, such as JacintoTM TDAx processors, and then shown on a rearview mirror display. If the display is located far from the Jacinto applications processor, you will need a display interface serializer and deserializer to route the data over a coax cable again. You could use the DS90UB921 and DS90UB922 red-green-blue (RGB) format serializer and deserializer, respectively, or, if you're implementing higher-resolution displays, the DS90UB947 and DS90UB948 Open Low-Voltage Differential Signaling Display Interface (LDI) devices.
Figure 3 shows the connections between these devices when using a display onboard with an applications processor.
The second CMS is the side mirror replacement portion. The camera must be located in the same location where the mirror used to be. This camera's video data displays a view of what the driver would see in the mirror. To achieve this, the camera data is serialized and sent over an FPD-Link III coax cable to a remote display located in the upper part of the door panel or included in the rearview mirror display. With a camera and display, now the side view can be in more direct line-of-sight locations for the driver. For example, if both the displays for side view and rear view are included in the rearview mirror, the driver only needs to look in one location.
Another option available in a side mirror replacement is to add a second co-located camera with the first, but at a different viewing angle. The benefit of this setup versus a standard mirror is that with two differently angled cameras, one camera can be used for the view that a side mirror would have provided and the second camera can provide a wider field of view for blind-spot detection and collision warning features. Figure 4 shows a two-camera side mirror replacement system.
The question you may be asking now is why drivers need cameras and displays if they can achieve most of the same functionality with a mirror. The answer lies in the features that cameras can provide over mirrors alone. If only a side mirror exists, side collision avoidance is solely up to the driver. With a camera, the detection of a potential collision before a lane change could activate vehicle warning alerts that prevent drivers from making an unwise action. Panoramic rear views with wide field-of-view (FOV) rear cameras or a separate narrowly focused backup camera can provide a driver with different line of sights and reduces or eliminates blind spots that would not be possible with mirrors alone.
This is just the beginning, though, because in order for vehicles to move from driver assistance systems to autonomous systems, a CMS can be incorporated into sensor fusion systems. CMS has the opportunity to incorporate ultrasonics and possibly even radar. The fusion of rear and side cameras with ultrasonics adds the capability to assist drivers in parking or can even park the vehicle for them. Radars fused with side mirrors will add an extra measure of protection for changing lanes and even side collision avoidance.
To learn more about how to implement sensor fusion, check out the follow-up blog posts on park assist sensor fusion using CMS and ultrasonics or front sensor fusion with front camera and radar for lane departure warning, pedestrian detection and even assisted braking.
Learn more about TI's ADAS reference designs.
Automotive 2-MP Camera Module Reference Design with MIPI CSI-2 Video Interface, FPD-Link III and POC.
ADAS Multi-Sensor Hub Reference Design with Quad 4-Gbps FPD-Link III, Dual CSI-2 Output and POC.


text:
Q: TkInter: destroying a number of buttons then recreating a (possibly different) number of buttons I am new to Tkinter and am writing a simple tile flipping game to learn the basics. The idea is that when I start the app i get a "start new game" button, quit button and a grid size slider. I can then select a grid size and hit start which brings up a n*n grid of red or green buttons (tiles) . By clicking on one i change the colour of the tile and each of the 4-way connected tiles. Once all of the tiles are green, the tiles should disappear. Allowing me to start a new game.
So here's the problem, when I win a game and start a new one or start a new game while one is in progress, the new tiles come up but when I click on one of them i get the following :
Exception in Tkinter callback
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-tk/Tkinter.py", line 1413, in __call__
    return self.func(*args)
  File "/home/adejong/workspace/test2/view.py", line 116, in on_click
    self.view.update()
  File "/home/adejong/workspace/test2/view.py", line 84, in update
    button.set_colour(View.UP)
  File "/home/adejong/workspace/test2/view.py", line 112, in set_colour
    self.gridButton.config(bg=colour)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-tk/Tkinter.py", line 1205, in configure
    return self._configure('configure', cnf, kw)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.6/lib-tk/Tkinter.py", line 1196, in _configure
    self.tk.call(_flatten((self._w, cmd)) + self._options(cnf))
TclError: invalid command name ".33325424.33325640.33327872"

I'm pretty sure its something to do with how I am clearing the grid but I can't figure out what the problem is. I originally could not get the buttons to show when I started a new game, so it may be something to to with that.
Here's the module where it's happening:
# @todo make wrappers for all Tkinter widgets
from Tkinter import *
from observerPattern import Observer
# USE Grid to organise widgets into a grid
class View(Observer):
    UP = "red"
    DOWN = "green"

    ## @brief initialises the GUI
    # @param master ie the root
    #@ model, a pointer to the model
    def __init__(self, master, model):

        View.instance = self
        self.model = model
        self.master = master

        self.frame = Frame(self.master)
        self.frame.grid() #size frame to fit the given text, and make itself visibl
        self.optionsGrid = Frame(self.frame)
        self.gameGrid = Frame(self.frame)
        self.optionsGrid.grid(row = 0, column = 0)
        self.gameGrid.grid(row = 1, column = 0)

        self.gridSizeScale = Scale(self.optionsGrid, label = "grid size", from_ = 2, to = 20, bigincrement = 1,
                                   showvalue = True, orient = HORIZONTAL)

        self.quit = Button(self.optionsGrid, text="QUIT", fg="red", command=self.frame.quit)

        self.newGame = Button(self.optionsGrid, text="Start New Game", command=self.init_game)
        self.objective = Label(self.optionsGrid, text="Make all the tiles green")

        self.newGame.grid(row=0, column=0)
        self.quit.grid(row=0, column=3)
        self.gridSizeScale.grid(row=0, column=1, columnspan=2)
        self.objective.grid(row=1, column=1, columnspan=2)
        self.gameButtons = []
        self.update()

    # start a new game by re building the grid
    def init_game(self):
        size = self.gridSizeScale.get()
        self.model.init_model(size)
        self.objective.config(text = "Make all the tiles green")
        print "MODEL INITIALISED"

        #for i in range(len(self.gameButtons)):
        #    self.gameButtons[i].grid_forget()
        for button in self.gameButtons:
                #button.destroy()
                #self.gameGrid.grid_forget(button)
                button.__del__()

        for button in range(size * size):
            buttonRow = int(button / size)
            buttonCol = button % size

            state = self.model.getTileState(buttonRow, buttonCol)
            if state == self.model.UP:
                initialColour = View.UP
            else:
                initialColour = View.DOWN

            newButton = GridButton(self.gameGrid, butRow = buttonRow, butCol = buttonCol, initColour = initialColour, model = self.model, view = self )

            self.gameButtons.append(newButton)
            print self.gameButtons
        self.gameGrid.grid()

    ## @brief gets the only View instance. A static method. Dont really need this
    # @param None
    # @returns the singleton View object
    @staticmethod
    def getInstance():
        if hasattr(View, 'instance') and View.instance != None:
            return View.instance
        else:
            return View()

    # make sure the tiles are the right colour etc
    def update(self):
        for button in self.gameButtons:
            state = self.model.getTileState(button.row, button.col)
            if state == self.model.UP:
                button.set_colour(View.UP)
            else:
                button.set_colour(View.DOWN)
        if self.model.check_win() == True and self.model.tilesInitialised:
            for button in self.gameButtons:
                #button.destroy()
                #self.gameGrid.grid_forget(button)
                button.__del__()

            #self.gameGrid.grid_forget()
            print "slaves", self.gameGrid.grid_slaves()
            self.objective.config(text = "You Win!")
            self.master.update()
            print "YOU WIN!"

# a wrapper i made so i could pass parameters into the button commands
class GridButton(Button):

    def __init__(self, master, butRow, butCol, initColour, model, view, *args, **kw):
        Button.__init__(self, master)
        self.gridButton = Button(master, command=self.on_click, *args, **kw)
        self.gridButton.grid(row = butRow, column = butCol )
        self.set_colour(initColour)
        self.row = butRow
        self.col = butCol
        self.model = model
        self.view = view

    def set_colour(self, colour):
        self.gridButton.config(bg=colour)

    def on_click(self):
        self.model.flip_tiles(Row = self.row, Col = self.col)
        self.view.update()

    def __del__(self):
       self.gridButton.destroy()
       del self

Here's the reset for completion
from Tkinter import *
from model import Model
from view import View
from controller import Controller
import sys

root = Tk() #enter the Tkinter event loop

model = Model()
view = View(root, model)
#controller = Controller(root, model, view)
root.mainloop()

from Tkinter import *
import random

class Model:
    UP = 1
    DOWN = 0
    def __init__(self, gridSize=None):
        Model.instance = self
        self.init_model(gridSize)

    def init_model(self, gridSize):
        self.size = gridSize
        self.tiles = []
        self.won = False
        self.tilesInitialised = False
        if gridSize != None:
            self.init_tiles()

    ## @brief gets the only Model instance. A static method
    # @param None
    # @returns the singleton Model object
    @staticmethod
    def getInstance(gridSize = None):
        if hasattr(Model, 'instance') and Model.instance != None:
            return Model.instance
        else:
            return Model(gridSize)

    #initially init tile vals randomly but since not all problems can be solved
        # might want to start with a soln and work backwards

    def init_tiles(self):
        # i should also make sure they're not all 0 to start with
        self.tiles = []
        for row in range(self.size):
            rowList = []
            for col in range(self.size):
                rowList.append(random.randint(Model.DOWN, Model.UP))
            self.tiles.append(rowList)
        self.check_win()
        if self.won == True:
            self.init_tiles()
        self.tilesInitialised = True

    # tile indexing starts at 0
    def flip_tiles(self, selected = None, Row = None, Col = None):
        if selected == None and (Row == None and Col == None):
            raise IOError("Need a tile to flip")
        elif selected != None:
            neighbours = self.get_neighbours(selected)

            for r in neighbours:
                for c in r:
                    if self.tiles[r][c] == Model.DOWN:
                        self.tiles[r][c] = Model.UP
                    elif self.tiles[r][c] == Model.UP:
                        self.tiles[r][c] = Model.DOWN

        else:
            selectedTile = Row, Col
            neighbours = self.get_neighbours(selectedTile)
            for tile in neighbours:
                    r = tile[0]
                    c = tile[1]
                    if self.tiles[r][c] == Model.DOWN:
                        self.tiles[r][c] = Model.UP
                    elif self.tiles[r][c] == Model.UP:
                        self.tiles[r][c] = Model.DOWN

    # selected is a tuple (row, column)
    # returns a list of tuples of tiles to flip
    def get_neighbours(self, selected):
        row = selected[0]
        col = selected[1]
        tilesToFlip = []
        for modifier in range(-1,2):
            rowIndex = row + modifier

            if rowIndex < 0:
                pass
            elif rowIndex > self.size - 1 :
                pass
            else:
                final = rowIndex, col
                tilesToFlip.append(final)

        for modifier in range(-1,2):
            colIndex = col + modifier

            if colIndex < 0:
                pass
            elif colIndex > self.size - 1:
                pass
            else:
                final = row, colIndex
                tilesToFlip.append(final)

        neighbours = set(tilesToFlip)
        return neighbours

    def check_win(self):
        self.won = True
        #everytime a tile is selected
        for row in range(len(self.tiles)):
            for col in range(len(self.tiles)):

                if self.tiles[row][col] == Model.UP:
                    self.won = False
                    break

        return self.won

    def getTileState(self, buttonRow, buttonCol):
        return self.tiles[buttonRow][buttonCol]

Any help would be greatly appreciated

A: It looks like you aren't resetting self.game_buttons. You set it to the empty list in __init__ when you probably should be doing that in init_game. Because it's not reset, the second time you run the game self.view.update() iterates over a list that contains the buttons from both games.  Since half of those buttons are missing, you get an error the first time you try to change the color of a now-deleted button.
By the way: a real easy way to manage this is to put all the buttons as children of an inner frame. Doing that you can simply delete the frame to delete all of its children. As a side benefit, you don't need a list of buttons because you can ask the frame (with winfo_children) for all of its children.