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Galeazzo II Visconti ( – 4 August 1378) was a member of the Visconti dynasty and a ruler of Milan, Italy. His most notable military campaigns were against Pope Gregory XI, around 1367. These battles fought between the papacy and the Visconti family ultimately ended in a peace treaty. Politically active, he expanded the power of his family, where the Visconti first became hereditary rulers of Milan starting in 1349. He is remembered in conjunction with his patronage of intellectuals and writers, from his sponsorship of Petrarch to the founding of the University of Pavia in 1361. Galeazzo II Visconti, and his brother Bernabò, are credited with the institution of the Quaresima Torture Protocol, a vicious means of torture.

Visconti family

The founder of the Visconti house is a conflicted claim, though widespread credit goes to Galeazzo's ancestor, Ottone Visconti. Other notable figures in the Visconti family include Matteo I (1294–1302), Luchino I (1339–1349) and Bernabò (1354–1385). Prior to his rule over Milan, Galeazzo II was briefly exiled by his uncle, Luchino. During his exile he stayed in Savoy before eventually being invited to return to Milan and share rule over the city with his relatives, Bernabò and Matteo II Visconti. Galeazzo's fame is outstripped by that of his son Gian Galeazzo; under Gian Galeazzo, the Visconti's status was elevated from mere rulers to dukes of Milan.

Galeazzo II became co-ruler of Milan with his brothers Bernabò and Matteo II through a statute forged by the Milanese General Council. During his time as signore, Galeazzo II was focused on increasing the prestige and influence of the Visconti. He forged ties with Holy Roman emperor Charles IV, who granted him and his two brothers, the shared title of imperial vicar. Although Visconti military activities in North Italy allowed Galeazzo II to set up his base of operations in Pavia, it also drew him into conflict with the Papacy. His death on August 4, 1378, allowed his son Gian Galeazzo Visconti to expand the influence of the family as signore.

Galeazzo II Visconti's most notable military campaigns were against Pope Gregory XI, beginning roughly around 1367. A series of battles were fought between the papacy and members of the Visconti family, including Bernarbò and Galeazzo Visconti that ultimately ended in a peace treaty. However, this agreement would be revoked when Bernarbò's alliance with Florence, who had also held a longstanding struggle against the papacy, pulled the Visconti family back into battle during the War of Eight Saints in 1375. Another accomplishment of Galeazzo's was to claim Pavia in 1359, which helped him fund military expeditions. Pavia later became a principal residence of the Visconti family.

Despite his accomplishments, Galeazzo II Visconti's legacy has largely been coloured by a select few aspects of his life. He is largely remembered through the successes of his son, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, who was able to wrest sole control of Milan from his uncle Bernabò Visconti after Galeazzo's death. Yet, there is obvious continuity between the power gained by Galeazzo II, and the power maintained, and even expanded upon by Gian Galeazzo, which can be attributed in part to the situation Galeazzo II left his son in.

On top of his political legacy, Galeazzo II is often remembered in conjunction with his patronage of intellectuals and writers, from his sponsorship of Petrarch to the founding of the University of Pavia. Finally, Galeazzo II is associated with a sinister legacy of brutal torture. This comes from his and his brother's introduction of the Querasima torture protocol at the beginning of their dual reign in Milan.

Family history and events

Galeazzo II Visconti was the son of Stefano Visconti and Valentina Doria. The House of Visconti held family ties to Pisa, Sardinia and Milan.  Originally, the founding of the Milanese Visconti line was a particularly contested issue. Galeazzo's ancestors, Azzone and Ottone Visconti both held legitimate claims to be considered the founder of their house. However, it was under Ottone that the power of the Visconti house expanded before becoming the dynastic power they were later infamous for. Previously, the Visconti family had only enjoyed limited privileges within the city. As a result of his efforts, Ottone was recognized as the official founder of the Visconti house over Azzone.

As the archbishop of Milan from 1277 to 1294, Ottone wrested control over Milan from its previous rulers before skillfully manoeuvring his nephew Matteo I Visconti into a position of power. Matteo il Magno (roughly translated to mean 'the Great') ruled from 1294 to 1302 and then again from 1311 to 1322, preceding Galeazzo's rule. Matteo notably achieved control over Pavia, Vercelli, Novara and Como. Though he was temporarily ousted from power by a rebellion, Matteo later received the position of imperial vicar general during his second period of rule. Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV then eventually appointed Matteo as Lord of Milan, thirty years after he first obtained a position in the secular government. In this way, Matteo aided in establishing an enduring lordship over Milan; this moment in time significantly contributed to the hereditary quality of Visconti power.  Yet regardless of his achievements, Matteo later died a condemned heretic.

Galeazzo I succeeded Matteo I from 1322 to 1327 and preceded Galeazzo II's rule in 1354 by 27 years. Before Galeazzo II became the ruler of Milan he was preceded by: Azzone (1329–1339), Luchino I (1339–1349), and Giovanni (1339–1354).  Prior to his rule, Galeazzo was a fairly self-possessed individual. He had proven himself to be a capable diplomat and a lover of the arts. In particular, he was one of Petrarch's many patrons.  Galeazzo also expressed a love for travelling: in 1343, he embarked on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He briefly resided in Savoy for several years, where his uncle Luchino had exiled him in 1345. Following his exile and Luchino's death, Galeazzo returned to Milan in 1349 at the behest of his remaining uncle, Giovanni Visconti. His uncle also made him governor of Bologna. The following year, Galeazzo commissioned the Visconti Castle, otherwise known as Castello Visconteo located in Pavia. The castle became the main Pavian residence of the Visconti family. During the same year, another significant event occurred in his life on September 28. Perhaps partially reflective of his fondness for Savoy as formed during his years in exile, Galeazzo went on to marry Bianca of Savoy. She was the daughter of Aimone, Count of Savoy and the sister of Amadeo of Savoy. The marriage between the two consequently further cemented the alliance between Savoy and Milan.  Together, the couple had two known children.

Almost immediately after getting married, the two had their first and most well-known child, a son by the name of Gian Galeazzo in 1351 who was married off to Isabelle, the daughter of King John of France. Their only other known child was a daughter named Violante. She was born in 1354, the same year Galeazzo assumed shared rule over Milan with his two brothers, Matteo II and Bernabò.  He married his daughter off to Lionel of Antwerp, son of Edward III of England, and gave a dowry of 200,000 gold florins.

Matteo was assassinated early on in their rule in 1355. Upon Matteo's death, Galeazzo obtained the western part of Lombardy, while Bernabò received the eastern one. In 1362 Galeazzo's own health worsened and he moved his court to Pavia, which he had reconquered two years earlier, and where he died in 1378. Though Galeazzo died of natural causes, the same cannot be said for his last remaining brother. Bernabò received a fate similar to Matteo's and was assassinated in 1385.  Galeazzo's son, Gian Galeazzo succeeded his father and uncle's rule and went on to achieve fame greater than that of his sibling and father. Beginning his twenty-five-year rule in 1378, Gian Galeazzo eventually became the first official duke of Milan in 1395.

Political affairs

In his political life, Galeazzo II Visconti worked to expand the power of his family. The Visconti first became the hereditary rulers of Milan on May 31, 1349, when the General Council of Milan created a statute that the office of dominus generalis would be inherited by the legitimate male descendants of Matteo Visconti, who was the grandfather of Galeazzo II Visconti.  One of Matteo Visconti's sons, Luchino Visconti, wanted his son Luchino Novello to succeed him as signore of Milan, but this proposal was rejected by Galeazzo II, Matteo II and Bernabò Visconti, who were the sons of Stefano Visconti. After the death of Giovanni Visconti, who was the brother of Galeazzo, Luchino and Stefano Visconti, the General Council of Milan created another statute which proclaimed that Galeazzo II, Matteo II and Bernabò Visconti were to govern Milan as co-rulers because they were the only male adult descendants of their grandfather Matteo Visconti. Other territories under Visconti jurisdiction were to be divided among them as well. Matteo II Visconti died five months after he and his two brothers obtained the title of imperial vicar from the Holy Roman Emperor and although the exact cause of his death was unknown, he left his brothers Galeazzo II and Bernabò as the two remaining co-rulers of Milan.

During the reign of the three brothers, they wanted to increase their privileges and governing powers, so they decided to re-establish good relations with Holy Roman Empire so they could acquire the status of imperial vicars. On May 8, 1355, a diploma of a new vicariate for the three brothers was forged after Emperor Charles IV accepted a payment of 150000 florins from them.  According to Jane Black, the imperial vicariate granted more privileges to the three brothers compared to the privileges that their predecessors had received.  Most of the privileges the three brothers received from the vicariate were related to judicial processes such as the right to raise imperial taxes. The diploma also granted the Visconti brothers full control over communal laws and customs in their territory. The title of imperial vicar was also hereditary, meaning that the future lords of Milan would be granted the same rights that were granted to the Visconti brothers by Charles IV. Although Galeazzo II and Bernabò continued to refer to themselves as dominus generalis in their official documents, the two brothers eventually referred to themselves as imperial vicars as well to demonstrate their abundance of power to their subjects.

Prior to Galeazzo II Visconti's ascension to power, Milan was ruled by Giovanni Visconti, who brought Galeazzo II and Bernabò back from exile. Giovanni's military activities drew the ire of the Papacy during the late 1340s, which led to the Papacy writing a letter of complaint to Galeazzo II for the Visconti family's incursions in Faenza.  Galeazzo II encountered more conflicts with the Papacy during his rule as signore due to his own policy of expanding Visconti influence with his brother Bernabò in North Italy. When the Visconti tried to re-establish their influence in Bologna, a conflict between the Visconti family and the Papacy occurred and this led to the excommunication of Bernabò for heresy. Furthermore, persuaded by the Papacy, Charles IV revoked the vicariate that he granted to the Visconti family in 1361, although he returned the title to them four years later on the condition that they remained loyal and obedient to the Holy Roman Empire and its emperor. Another war broke out in 1372 when Galeazzo II tried to retake the city of Asti, which was opposed by the Count of Savoy. Visconti military activity in the 1370s led to another conflict with the Papacy when Pope Gregory XI condemned both Bernabò and Galeazzo II Visconti as heretics as well as revoking their title as imperial vicar by the Holy Roman Emperor once more in 1372.

In the year 1359, the Galeazzo II Visconti conquered the city of Pavia, which became his base of operations. Those who were exiled from Pavia prior to the Visconti conquest were allowed to return and they were granted political amnesty. Although the two brothers had agreed on sharing authority in Milan, Galeazzo's absence from the city allowed his brother Bernabò to possess complete authority over the city. In 1361, Galeazzo II was also able to officially establish a university in Pavia due to a charter that was granted to him by Emperor Charles. Galeazzo II had also married off his son Gian Galeazzo to Isabella of Valois, who was the daughter of the King of France. Galeazzo II also helped his own son acquire political power through a marriage with the French princess Isabella of Valois, which granted his son the title Count of Vertus. On August 4, 1379, Galeazzo II Visconti died, leaving Bernabò as the last of the three co-ruling brothers of Milan.  Bernabò would live until 1385 when he was thrown in jail due to a conspiracy hatched by Galeazzo II Visconti's son, Gian Galeazzo Visconti. Gian Galeazzo succeeded his father and became the signore of all the lands that were controlled by his father.

Military campaigns and territorial claims
After his death in 1367, Cardinal Albonoz left Italy particularly susceptible to control by mercenaries. This would give rise to merchant families within Italian city-states, like the Visconti family who came to dominate Milan and the rest of northern Italy by the fifteenth century. Galeazzo II Visconti, alone, played an important role in centralizing power under the Visconti name through various military campaigns in the fourteenth century. These military operations allowed him to come into control of densely populated areas and to, therefore, amass a significant amount of power that would be passed down to his son Gian Galeazzo Visconti. Gian Galeazzo's inheritance helped him come closest in uniting all of Italy under a central rule, therefore marking the important contribution that Galeazzo II made to the Visconti family legacy.

During the fourteenth century, the pope and emperor had little influence over Italian political affairs. Nobility did not ensure power. Therefore, Italian city-states were left to choose their leader whose responsibility was to defend their city from external enemies and to wage war on rival cities in hopes of gaining more territory. Members of powerful merchant families, such as Galeazzo II, would often be selected for these positions and would seize neighbouring cities in order to extend their rule; affluence and their family name would gain them recognition and help them to become elected as city-state leader. They would then be awarded designations such as 'vicarite for life' in order to legitimize their authority over civilians. Galeazzo II was granted this title as was his brother, Bernabò Visconti, once they gained territory in northern Italy.

The Visconti family's seizing of territory, in particular, was seen as a major threat to the Papacy. Members of the merchant family often took spiritual authority into their own hands and regulated temporal affairs throughout their land. As this served to further centralize the Visconti power and drew authority away from the papacy, battles between the two factions occurred frequently. Both groups would form alliances with local and international powers in order to suppress their rival's army and to prevent their opponent's accumulation of power. Galeazzo II was drawn into warfare with Pope Gregory XI when serving an alliance with his brother, Bernabò V; the papacy became his biggest military opponent during his reign of northern Italian city-states. The rivalry between Bernabò and Pope Gregory XI had been carried down from Pope Urban V, who sought to expel the brothers and to revoke their territorial possessions. Galeazzo stood to lose Angevin cities in Piedmont after pope Gregory attempted to suppress his army by forming alliances with local and international powers such as Genoa, Amedeo of Savoy, the Marquis of Monferrato, Niccolo D'Este, Albert, Duke of Austria, Gerald, the elector of Nuremberg and Charles, the Holy Roman Empire. By doing so, Gregory XI looked to gain territory regionally and to deprive the Visconti brothers of international mercenary support. The battle between the papacy and the Visconti brothers continued until Gregory signed a peace treaty with the brothers in the spring of 1378.

Galeazzo's distinction and authority over different city-states was crucial in helping fund military campaigns against the papacy and in helping to perpetuate his rule over north Italy. The financing of military expeditions was dependent on the taxation of Galeazzo's city-states, some of which included Milan and Pavia, which he claimed in 1359 and made the primary residence of the Visconti family. However, multiple wars, heavy taxation and refusal to align with the papacy generated disapproval amongst Galeazzo's subjects. Inconsistent and costly governance caused resistance against Galeazzo II's rule.

It has been argued that Galeazzo II's reign was tyrannical. The use of violent tactics, assistance from exiled opponents, expansionist ideals which challenged the papacy at the expense of subjects, and seizing power over regions without permission of the rightful overload, empire or papacy were traits found within Galeazzo's rule. An example of his alleged tyranny was when Galeazzo II unrightfully seized the city-state, Pavia, on 13 November 1359. In order to weaken the Visconti influence, emperor Charles IV gave vicariate of Pavia to Giovanni Palaeologus II. After a rebellion led by the Augustinian friar Jacopo Bussolari broke out, calling for the city's independence, Galeazzo recognized Pavia's vulnerability and seized the city-state for himself. Though the citizens resisted his domination, they eventually gave in to Galeazzo's control. Throughout his rule, Galeazzo was also accused of heresy, seeking to kill the pope, and fighting to claim lordship of all of Italy, which support the allegations of tyrannical rule.

Galeazzo's brother Bernabò Visconti, whom he fought alongside when challenging the papacy, has also been considered a tyrant. Bernabò was particularly brutal towards the church and was listed as an enemy as a result. Together, the brothers fought against Pope Urban V and Pope Gregory XI and were both excommunicated by the papacy in 1373. Military figures such as John Hawkwood and Amadeo of Savoy were hired to attack the Visconti brothers and their city-states, Pavia and Piacenza. However, Amadeo of Savoy helped to end the long-standing battle between the papacy and the Visconti brothers after recognizing the increasingly oppressive nature of the papacy, which hoped to destroy the Milanese family at all costs, and which did not recognize their legitimate territorial dominions. Galeazzo II's marriage to Bianca of Savoy re-formed an alliance with the House of Savoy and Gregory XI was compelled to sign a peace treaty with Galeazzo II and Bernabò in the spring of 1375. Peace between Pope Gregory XI and the Visconti family was transient in that soon after their agreement, Bernabò's alliance with Florence, who had a longstanding struggle with the papacy, called for their support in the War of Eight Saints, waged against Gregory XI. Galeazzo II fought against the papacy alongside his brother until his death in 1378.

Legacy
Along with his many accomplishments in life, Galeazzo II Visconti left behind a tangible and important legacy after his death in 1378. He was most well known for having left behind: continued Visconti rule under Gian Galeazzo Visconti, his son; his prolific patronage of intellectuals and their associated institutions; and finally, the Quaresima torture protocol, for which he has become infamous.

The first, and most commendable legacy of Galeazzo II is his commitment to both the sponsorship and patronage of scholars and intellectual institutions. Galeazzo II Visconti is known to have established the University of Pavia in 1361, upon moving his court to that city in the face of growing rivalry with his brother, Bernabò Visconti. Galeazzo II's founding of this university came with the help of Emperor Charles IV of the Holy Roman Empire, with the granting of the university's charter. The University of Pavia, carefully fostered by Galeazzo II, and in turn, by his son, Gian Galeazzo, would develop into a leader amongst the Northern Italian scholarly institutions, and would directly precipitate the widespread circulation of legal and medical texts throughout Pavia. Figures such as Lorenzo Valla would later be associated with the university.  One step beyond establishing the University of Pavia, Galeazzo II Visconti personally entertained scholarly figures at his court, and offered patronage to them while they remained there. Literary greats like Geoffrey Chaucer ventured from England to Milan whilst it was under the control of the Visconti to study the vast libraries of the Visconti family, which contained works by figures like: Virgil, Seneca, Ovid, Macrobius, Dante, and Petrarch. There is also evidence of Petrarch being a guest of Galeazzo II's court, where he wrote for a number of years before his time in Padua. This is known through the extensive volumes of writing personally belonging to Petrarch which were brought from Padua to the Visconti Libraries for his stint under the Visconti.

Galeazzo II's rule would serve to set up Gian Galeazzo's rule of Pavia. It is immediately evident just how influential the father had been on his son. It is thought that Galeazzo II and his brother, Bernabò Visconti, came to rule after a successful plot against their third brother, Matteo II. Very much in the same vein, Gian Galeazzo was able to mastermind a coup d'état against Bernabò, his uncle. This bloody legacy of homicide, at first taking the form of fratricide, and then avunculicide, is a large part of the Visconti legacy forged by Galeazzo II. Yet another legacy of Galeazzo II Visconti with his son is the importance placed on education. Gian Galeazzo, upon ascending to the throne at Pavia, remained content to study, retreating from the mess of Italian politics in Northern Italy, and focussing on his Humanist studies at the University of Pavia; the same university which his father had set up when he moved his seat of power there. The final Visconti legacy passed from father to son is that of embarking upon massive building projects. For Galeazzo II, this was the massive palace he constructed at Pavia, which was completed for him in 1363. For his son Gian Galeazzo, this tendency to build as a means of impressing the populace continued. Gian Galeazzo Visconti commissioned the construction of the Certosa of Pavia and provided help and counsel in the construction of the Duomo in Milan when he became Signore of all Milan, following the overthrow of Bernabò Visconti.

Galeazzo II is famously known for instituting the Quaresima Torture Protocol. Rather than one method of torture, this marathon of depravity lasted for forty days with the express intention of resulting in the death of the individual, who, by undergoing this regimen, had already been branded a traitor by the state, and marked for execution. The Quaresima protocol involves several torture mechanisms employed on the victim for an entire day. This is followed by a reprieve of one day's time, to allow the victim to recuperate enough to endure yet another day of suffering. The prescribed tortures included: the Rack, the Wheel, Flaying, Eye-gouging, the cutting off of facial features and limbs, as well as the Strappado; a form of torture where the subject's hands were bound behind his back, and then hoisted off the ground and repeatedly dropped with the intention of dislodging the shoulder joints, resulting in immense pain. Galeazzo II Visconti, along with his brother Bernabò, is credited with the institution of this particularly vicious means of torture. It is thought that this torture protocol was proclaimed in an edict upon the ascent to the rulership of Milan by both Galeazzo II and Bernabò, likely as a means of intimidating the populace in order to cement their new-found rule.

Ancestry

See also

References

Sources

External links
Biography

1320 births
1378 deaths
14th-century Italian nobility
Galeazzo 2
Galeazzo 2


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Top Tourist Attractions of England
While the attractions listed may not be your top choices, or your editor's, for that matter, they are ones most people think of when England is mentioned as a holiday destination. Many epitomize the interesting historical aspects of this country. These sites are exclusive of natural attractions.
Alnwick Castle:
At Alnwick, Northumberland, off the A1. Tel. 0 1665 510 777.
The second largest inhabited castle (Windsor is first) in England. Ancestral home of the Percys, Earls and Dukes of Northumberland since 1309. Medieval exterior with palatial Renaissance style interior. Paintings, furniture, china, Regimental Museum. Grounds with walks and views.
For full historical details go to the website at Alnwick Castle
Avebury Stone Circles:
Located at the village of Avebury, Wiltshire, seven miles (11.3km) west of Marlborough. Tel. 020 7973 3434. English Heritage property.
This great stone circle—the largest in Europe—is enclosed by a ditch and bank, and, itself, encloses the village. Built about 2000BC, the circle is 450 yards across. The whole structure covers 28 acres (11ha). A 2-mile long avenue leads to a burial site, the Sanctuary. At one time there were about 100 pairs of 30-40 ton stones here. An excellent small museum is located in the village. For further details visit English Heritage's website at English Heritage
Roman Baths, Museum and Pump Rooms:
In the town of Bath, Somerset, on the A4. 2000-year-old Roman temple and bathing complex with museum of treasures found on the site. The Pump Room, built in 1795, serves tea. Website: Bath
Big Ben:
At the Houses of Parliament, London. A famous landmark. The clock tower was completed in 1859. The clock mechanism weighs 5 tons, and the dials are 23-ft (7m) in diameter.
Blenheim Palace:
On A44 at Woodstock, 8 miles (13km) northwest of Oxford, Oxfordshire.
Famous as the birthplace of Sir Winston Churchill, it houses an exhibition on his life. The home was built between 1705-1722 in the baroque style. There's a Great Hall, staterooms, Long Library, and a collection of paintings, furniture, and tapestries. Extensive grounds landscaped by 'Capability' Brown. Restaurants, cafeterias.
Website: Blenheim Palace
Brighton Royal Pavilion:
At Brighton, East Sussex, on the A27/A259. Domed and turreted Oriental style building with extravagant decor, mostly in the Chinoiserie style. Erected by King George IV when he was still Prince of Wales. It was his pleasure palace. The Banqueting Room contains a one ton crystal lighting device with a silver winged dragon.
British Museum:
On Russell Square, in the Bloomsbury, Camden area of London.
Magnificent collections span the centuries. Among them is an Egyptian sculpture gallery, the famous Rosetta Stone, the Elgin Marbles, a Greek Room, the Magna Carta, Roman rooms, the Mildenhall and Sutton Hoo Treasures—to name only a small portion.
Website: British Museum for further details of the collections.
Buckingham Palace:
In London between Hyde Park and the Houses of Parliament by St. James Park. Tel. 020 7839 1377. London home of the queens and kings of England. Magnificent stateroom interiors contain objects from the Royal Collection.
Website: Buckingham Palace
Canterbury Cathedral:
At Canterbury, Kent on the A2/A28.
The cathedral was founded in 597AD, but no building remains from that time. The Norman crypt, the largest in the world, dates from 1100 and is the earliest part of the present building. The nave dates from the 14th century while other sections date from the 15th century. Canterbury Cathedral was the most important centre of pilgrimmage in northern Europe long before Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales (late 15th century). The Cathedral is well known for the infamous murder of Thomas Becket, which took place here in 1170. When visiting. Be sure to see the cathedral treasury, the stone screens in the Chapel of our Lady Undercroft and the site where Becket was murdered (marked by a plaque) and the elaborate vaulting of the Great Cloister walks. Henry IV is buried here in an alabaster tomb. The Cathedral has wonderful medieval glass.
Website: Canterbury Cathedral
Castle Howard:
Near York in North Yorkshire. Take A64 from south and follow signs. Best known in North America as the scene of the PBS "Brideshead Revisited" series. 18th century palace, set between two lakes, with a painted and gilded dome rising from the Great Hall. Furniture, porcelain and Italian sculpture. Collection of paintings. 1000 acres (404.7ha) of gardens and grounds—includes garden architecture: Temple of the Four Winds, Mausoleum, bridges, cascades and fountains. Website:Castle Howard
Chatsworth:
In Derbyshire. From the A619 at Bakewell on the eastern edge of Peak National Park there are two options, both scenic. One is the northeastern route turning off A619 onto B6048, then south on the B6012; the other is the southeastern route: from the roundabout in Bakewell take the A6 turning north onto the B6012.
One of Britain's "Treasure Houses". Built by Bess of Hardwick with further alterations in the late 1600's and early 1800's. Set in beautiful gardens and park.
For detailed information on the house and grounds, visit the official website at Chatsworth
Dover Castle:
At Dover, Kent on the A2/A20. Tel. 0 1304 201 628.
Clifftop castle, construction begun in late 12th century. Thick inner and outer curtain walls. Contained within is a Roman lighthouse. Spectacular Constable's Tower. Tunnels and secret chambers were built below the castle.
Fountains Abbey and Studley Water Garden:
Four miles west of Ripon, Yorkshire off B6265 to Pateley Bridge, signposted from the A1. Tel. 0 1765 608 888. National Trust. A World Heritage Site.
Spectacular ruin of 12th century Cistercian Abbey in beautiful rural setting. The Water Garden has ornamental lakes, cascades, temples, and walks. St. Mary's Church by the cascade is a must see. AV program and exhibition centre. For full details and opening hours see the website Fountains Abbey and the National Trust website National Trust
Hadrian's Wall:
Located in Cumbria and Northumberland on the borders between Scotland and England. This famous Roman wall was built by Emperor Hadrian in 122AD. It runs 73 miles (117km) from Wallsend to Bowness. There are museums, camps, and settlements along the way. Main sites include Museum of Antiquities in Newcastle upon Tyne, Corbridge and Corstopitum, Chesters, Housesteads Roman Fort, Vindolanda and the Roman Army Museum at Carvoran. Both English Heritage and The National Trust manage sites along the wall. For detailed information check out their websites at National Trust and English Heritage
Hampton Court Palace:
Located on the A308 about 30 minutes southwest of London on the Thames River, Surrey. It can be reached by train, bus or river trip from London.
Tel. 020 8781 9500.
A Tudor palace built by Cardinal Wolsey in the early 1500's but commandeered by Henry VIII, who enlarged it. The Great Hall has a splendid hammerbeam roof. The State Apartments, decorated with carvings by Grinling Gibbons, contain a collection of paintings and furniture. The kitchens and cellars have a display of life in Tudor times. In the gardens is a famous maze.
Website: Hampton Court Palace
Hardwick Hall:
At Doe Lea, six miles west of Mansfield, Derbyshire, off A6175 and M1, exit 29. Tel: 01246 850430. National Trust.
Set in a large country park, the house was built in the 1590's by Bess of Hardwick, Countess of Shrewsbury. It was designed by Robert Symthson to show off Bess' wealth. It contains furniture, tapestries, and needlework. On the same property is Hardwick Old Hall, a ruin, managed by English Heritage.
Kensington Palace:
In Kensington Gardens, London.
Website: Kensington Palace
Residence for royal family members. The State Apartments and Court Dress Collection are on view.
Kew Royal Botanical Gardens:
Kew Gardens were created in 1772 and encompasses 300 acres. The gardens are botanical (they have an extensive seed bank), rather than visual, in theme. Plant houses include the Palm House, the Temperate House, The Princess of Wales Tropical Conservatory and the Alpine House. Kew Palace with the Queen's Garden at the rear, is located in the grounds. It is a small country house built during King George's III's reign. There is an Orangery and a Pagoda in the grounds along with the Queen's Cottage, a picnic house for Queen Charlotte. Extensive paths wind among many varieties of trees. For opening times, location, map of the Gardens, special events and full details see their website at Kew Royal Botanic Gardens
St. Paul's Cathedral:
The original building was destroyed in the great fire of London in 1666. The present building, built by Sir Christopher Wren, was started in 1675 and completed in 1710. The dome is a famous London landmark (259 steps to the Whispering gallery at the top and 543 steps to the Golden gallery). Beautiful gilded ceilings and Grinling Gibbons choir stalls. The crypt contains tombs of famous persons. The Cathedral was the site of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897 and the wedding of Prince Charles and Princess Diana in 1981. Cafe on site.
Stonehenge:
In Wiltshire west of Amesbury at the junction of the A303/A344.
Set in the middle of Salisbury Plain, Stonehenge is probably England's best known attraction. The large stone circle dates from approximately 3000BC to 1600BC, although experts disagree on the exact dating. Its true use is not known, but it is thought to relate to sun worship or some other religious purpose. It is one of Britain's great mysteries. The site is planned for extensive redevelopment.
Stourhead Gardens:
Off the B3092 at Stourton, Wiltshire. Tel. 01747 841152.
An outstanding example of the English classical landscape garden—1741-1780—complete with lake and follies: the Temple of Flora, the Watch Cottage, the Grotto, the Pantheon, and the Temple of Apollo. Exotic specimens with changing seasonal views, collection of rhododendrons.
Next to the Tower Bridge on the Thames River.
Tel. 029 7709 0765 or, from the United States, 800-806-7187.
The Tower began life as a wooden fortress, constructed by William I in 1067, but was later replaced by a stone one and expanded to include 18 acres (7ha). For 500 years, from 1300 the Royal Mint was located at the tower. It also served as a prison and a safe place to keep the royal jewels. Take in the Crown Jewels, the Chapel of St Peter and Vincula (note organ carvings by Grinling Gibbons) and the Traitor's Gate (once a main entrance). The White Tower or Keep was begun by William I in 1078 and houses a complete armour collection, one of the largest in the world.
Website: Tower of London
Warwick Castle:
On the River Avon in the town of Warwick, Warwickshire on the A46. Tel. 0926 495421.
Constructed mainly in the 14th century, the castellated castle has a massive gatehouse, towers, torture display, and armour collection. It served Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, (1428-71) during the Wars of the Roses and later became a stately home (collection of paintings and furniture) with grounds landscaped by 'Capability' Brown. There is a 'ghost' tower.
Website: Warwick Castle
Wells Cathedral:
At Wells, Somerset on the A39/A371. Tel. 01749 674483.
Built in the Early English style, from 1170's to 1508. The west front displays 13th century sculpture—300+ statues, half of which are life-size. The most interesting part of the cathedral are the scissor arches (1338-40), an architectural solution to the problem of subsidence of the crossing tower. In the chancel is a Jesse window of medieval glass. Intricate vaulting is found in the retro-choir. The oldest original clock face in existence is located here. There is an octagonal Chapter House, completed at the beginning of the 14th century, with fine vaulting and window tracery. On the same grounds is the 700 year old Bishop's Palace with its walled gardens, the ruins of a banqueting hall and the springs from which Wells gets its name.
Westminster Abbey:
In London just west of the Houses of Parliament. Tel. 020 7222 5152.
The present Gothic style Abbey was begun by Henry III but not completed until the 1500's. Since the 11th century England's kings and queens have been crowned here, and the Abbey houses many of their tombs and those of other famous people. Look for the carved screens, the vaulting in Henry VII's Chapel and the15th century altar pieces. Be sure to see the Chapter House.
Website: Westminster Abbey
Windsor Castle:
At Windsor, Berkshire near Junction 6 of the M4 west of London. Tel. 01753 869898.
England's largest castle is one of the official royal residences. Furnished with works of art from the Royal Collection. The Upper and Lower Wards, North Terrace, State Apartments and other rooms are among those open. Panels and carvings by Grinling Gibbons are in the Waterloo Chamber and Garter Throne Room. The Grand Reception room contains Gobelins tapestries and is decorated with gilt plasterwork and chandeliers. The Round Tower stands on the site of William I's original fortress. St. George's Chapel, (open except on Sundays) a Perpendicular chapel begun by Edward IV, took 50 years to build. The nave is noted for its fan vaulting and coloured bosses. The chancel contains ornately carved stalls. The banners, crests, helmets, and swords of the Knight of the Garter decorate the Chancel. The Palace is set in Windsor Park—most of Great Park is public.
Website: Windsor Castle
York Minster:
In the city of York, Yorkshire on the A19. Tel. 01904 639347.
York's cathedral is the largest Gothic cathedral in northern Europe. It is 534 ft (160m) long and 249 ft (76m) wide across the transepts. Begun in 1220 and completed in 1470, its nave is the second highest in England. Look for the medieval glass in the east window of the Lady Chapel. The Chapter House, built at the end of the 1200's, has a magnificent wooden vaulted ceiling. There is a beautiful 15th century choir screen. The largest collection of medieval stained glass in England is found in the Cathedral. Be sure to see the treasury's collection of silver and church plate, and don't miss the fascinating Foundations Exhibition. Located in a subterranean area of the cathedral, the exhibit displays the early Norman cathedral foundations and the remains of a Roman building on the site.
Website: York Minster

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) cannot be stored in your body and must be constantly replenished because it is a water-soluble vitamin. The problem is that very few people actually eat a "standard" diet. Because of that, there is a chance that you might suffer from vitamin B2 deficiency if you do not eat the right types of foods or take vitamin B2 supplements.
Riboflavin deficiency can affect vision, including blurred vision and itching, watering, sore, or bloodshot eyes, as well eyes becoming light-sensitive and easily fatigued. Patients with low vitamin B2 often complain about eye irritation and watery eyes. Although, inadequate vitamin B2 levels might not interfere with normal vision, it is likely to trigger unusual painful burning sensations in the eyes. Persistent redness and itchy feeling in the eyes followed by increased sensitivity to light also point towards vitamin B2 deficiency. However, long-standing deficiency of riboflavin can also make adults prone to eye diseases like cataracts, amblyopia and corneal vascularization.
Riboflavin deficiency can cause throat swelling/soreness, a swollen tongue, hurt on mouth / lips / tongue. In some cases, cracks at the corners of the mouth are distinctly visible. Sores may also erupt in the mouth. This may be followed by inflammation in the lining of the mouth and throat, thus making it difficult to swallow food. A diet rich in vitamin B2 promotes youthful, healthy glowing skin. With low levels of vitamin B2, It accelerates aging of skin. As a result, person deficient in vitamin B2, may soon notice wrinkles getting formed on the facial skin.
With a diet lacking in vitamin B2, do not expect healthy locks of hair. Hair lose their natural shine and appear more dull hair. No wonder, people showing low riboflavin in blood tests are found complaining about dullness in hair. Moderate to severe vitamin B2 shortage can also make a person susceptible to hair loss problems.
Vitamin b2 deficiency can cause skin cracking (including cracked corners of the mouth), dermatitis, split nails. Even a slight deviation of vitamin B2 levels from the normal range can immediately turn the skin oily. Moderate to severe deficiency can lead to formation of skin lesions. The presence of skin problems like dermatitis has also been linked to shortage of vitamin B2. Flaky, peeling skin near the nose is also observed in patients diagnosed with insufficient vitamin B2 levels.
Vitamin B2 plays a big role in your digestive system. Vitamin B2 helps to break down the calories that come in the many proteins, fats and carbohydrates that you put into your body. By breaking down these calories, vitamin B2 produces energy for your body and allows you to sustain yourself throughout the course of a day. Without vitamin B2, you may have trouble digesting food and getting the energy that comes along with it.
If you are feeling dizzy frequently, it could be that your body is not getting enough vitamin B2. Vitamin B2 helps your body to produce new red blood cells. As a result, these red blood cells help carry oxygen throughout your body. But, if you do not have enough red blood cells to do the job, your body will not get enough oxygen and you may get dizzy as a result of it.
It can also be the result of vitamin B2 deficiency if you have any problems thinking and responding to the outside world. Vitamin B2 helps neurotransmitters in your brain carry messages. If you have a vitamin B2 deficiency, these messages will travel much more slowly and will cause you to have slow mental responses.
There are a growing number of people, an estimated 28 million in the United States, who are suffering from a subclinical stage of Vitamin B2 Riboflavin deficiency. This subclinical level of Vitamin B2 Riboflavin deficiency has been found to mainly target the elderly, people with chronic diseases, diabetes suffers, individuals with chronic heart disease, and many with eating disorders. This subclinical level of Vitamin B2 Riboflavin deficiency can also be very harmful to children and teenagers. One of the common side effects of subclinical Vitamin B2 Riboflavin deficiency is a reduction of a person's growth.
If you understand the vitamin B2 benefits, you will pay more attention on this vitamin and avoid vitamin B2 deficiency.
The best way to prevent a Vitamin B2 Riboflavin deficiency is to take a good daily multivitamin. This is especially recommended for those people whom are at a higher risk of Vitamin B2 Riboflavin deficiency because of lifestyle dieting choices. Finding a good daily multivitamin is important, and it is also important to find a daily multivitamin which is gender specific. The amount of Vitamin B2 Riboflavin the body needs varies depending on a person's gender (men usually require more than women).
Multivitamin for Men is a good daily multivitamin will help prevent possible Vitamin B2 Riboflavin deficiency.
There are many significant vitamin B2 benefits for health.
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is an easily absorbed, water-soluble vitamin that must be replenished daily because our bodies cannot store it in significant amounts. Like many other forms of vitamin B, your body requires vitamin B2. It is needed to support energy production by aiding in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. If you are getting enough vitamin B2, there are some benefits for health that your body will enjoy. It is imperative that you make sure that you're getting enough vitamin B2 in your diet.
Learn about all of the benefits for health that we can get from vitamin B2. Our bodies cannot function normally without the B vitamins.
Vitamin B2 is the vitamin that helps your body turn calories into energy. It processes these calories and produces energy for your body. Riboflavin is essential for the energy generation of carbohydrates, acids, and fats. This can actually be very helpful for you if you use up a lot of energy working out. You need plenty of vitamin B2 to help your body produce more energy.
Vitamin B2 also plays a critical role in metabolic reactions, particularly the conversion of carbohydrates into sugar; it also stimulates the beginning steps of the metabolism of fatty acids. B2 also aids in the absorption of iron and B6, and B2 works at its full potential when taking it with vitamin C.
Vitamin B2 is essential for growth of the body's cells, particularly red blood cells. Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cells in your body. They are in charge of delivering oxygen to the different parts of the body. So obviously, you need plenty of red blood cells to help get the job done. Fortunately, vitamin B2 helps your body produce red blood cells. Without vitamin B2, your body will not be able to transport as much oxygen throughout your body because of the low red blood cells count.
Riboflavin is important for the healthy growth of the skin and hair. B2 should be the vitamin of choice to help the support of strong healthy nails. Getting enough vitamin B2 helps your body to maintain healthy skin, along with the nutrient biotin. B2 helps promote good vision and prevent from cataracts. If you fail to get enough vitamin B2, you are more likely to get skin rashes and you will likely be sensitive to light. It's imperative that you get enough vitamin B2 to prevent these things from happening and to keep both your skin and vision functioning properly.
If you think you are suffering from vitamin B2 deficiency, get a vitamin B2 supplement. Riboflavin protects our bodies against free-radical damage. Vitamin B2 helps boost the immune system because it helps produce antibodies. It also helps your body function properly and does many tasks that are essential to healthy living. This is why you need to make sure that you are getting enough vitamin B2 to have benefits for health.
What is vitamin B2 used for?
Study shows that Vitamin B2 may increase energy levels; reduce chronic fatigue; and improve concentration and mood.
Vitamin B2, also called riboflavin, is unique among the water-soluble vitamins. In the human body, it is an integral component of various coenzymes. It functions primarily as a coenzyme for many metabolic processes in the body. It plays an important role in releasing energy from carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It is one of the essential B vitamins, known to help support adrenal function, help to maintain the integrity of red blood cells and nervous system function, and facilitate key metabolic processes. It promotes regular patterns of growth and development. Riboflavin is involved in energy production as part of the electron transport chain that produces cellular energy. It plays a key role in mucus membrane maintenance, in fertility and in the maintenance of health of eyes, skin and nervous system.
Poor riboflavin – Vitamin B2 – status in Western countries seems to be of most concern for the elderly and adolescents, despite the diversity of riboflavin-rich foods available. Riboflavin deficiency is usually due to dietary inadequacy but can occur most frequently in people with long-standing infections, liver disease, and alcoholism. The first signs and symptoms of deficiency are a sore throat and sores at the corners of the mouth. Worsening symptoms include a swollen tongue, seborrheic dermatitis, anemia and impaired nerve function.
Vitamin B2 deficiency may cause impairment of iron absorption, intestinal iron losses and impairment of iron utilization for haemoglobin synthesis.
It is well established that riboflavin participates in a diversity of redox reactions central to human metabolism. Inadequate intake of riboflavin would therefore be expected to lead to disturbances in steps in intermediary metabolism, with functional implications.
Meat and fish are good sources of riboflavin, and certain fruit and vegetables, especially dark-green vegetables, contain reasonably high concentrations. The current evidence shows that diets low in riboflavin present specific health risks. There is reasonably good evidence that poor riboflavin status interferes with iron handling and contributes to the etiology of anemia when iron intakes are low. Various mechanisms for this have been proposed, including effects on the gastrointestinal tract that might compromise the handling of other nutrients. Current interest is focused on the role that riboflavin plays in determining circulating concentrations of homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
When Vitamin B2 deficiency occurs, symptoms such as dry, red and flaky skin, cracked lips, sore throat and tongue, cracks and sores on the lips, irritated eyes, light sensitivity, poor concentration, memory loss and a burning sensation in the feet are common. Additionally, red blood cell levels may decrease. Riboflavin deficiency frequently occurs in combination with deficiencies of other water-soluble vitamins. It may exert some of its effects by reducing the metabolism of other B vitamins, notably folate and vitamin B-6.
Common diseases and illnesses that may be prevented or alleviated via Vitamin B2 supplementation include neonatal jaundice, anemia, anorexia/bulimia, cataracts, cognitive function, depression, and migraines.
As with most B vitamins, the more food you eat, the more B vitamins you need to support the metabolic processes that will convert that food into usable energy. Athletes may require more Vitamin B2 due both to increased caloric intake and increased needs of exercise.
Athletes, young people experiencing growth spurts, elderly people, and people suffering from stress and alcohol and drug abusers benefit from additional riboflavin. People with ulcers may also receive such treatment with vitamin B2 as a supplement.


Our PREMIUM Swedish Hot Tub Range has a smaller tub than the Exclusive range but has the same superior finish. It comes with a Spruce Wood Surround and White Granite Moulded PE Tub.
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This patient demonstrates a more youthful look following lower blepharoplasty. Most lower eyelid surgery can be performed in our Cincinnati plastic surgery office under local anesthesia.
Male patient with lower blepharoplasty (eyelid lift) for excess skin and fat of the lower lids.
Body lift with medial thigh lift in a Lap Band patient. Bodylift in a bariatric patient. Note more masculine appearance following removal of fat from the hips.
This male patient desired liposuction of his breasts, abdomen, and love handles. These areas are the most commonly requested areas for improvement in the male patient. A total of 2.8 liters of fat was removed from the above areas.
Male tumescent liposuction of the abdomen and love handles. These are the 2 most common areas for liposuction in males.
Mini neck lift with no skin removal.


In August, acclaimed local artists Eileen McConkey, Gina Stevenson, Jan Wiesner and Mark Wiesner are coming together to support Stepping Stones with a two-week art show in Mariemont.
Hosted by the Mariemont Woman's Art Club and Cultural Center, the Makers' Mark Painting & Sculpture exhibit will be on display at The Barn through September 2. On August 17, the four artists celebrated the art show with an opening reception that included wine, hors d'oeuvres, sweets and one-on-one discussions with the artists about their beautiful work.
In total, The Makers' Mark exhibit includes 34 striking pieces and took more than a year to complete. The four artists are studio neighbors at the Pendleton Art Center and came together to share how they each put their signature 'mark' on a piece – while supporting their local community.
Stepping Stones is honored to be named the exclusive charity beneficiary of the exhibition. A share of all art sales will be donated to support year-round programs for children, teens and adults with disabilities.
We hope you can stop by The Barn before September 2 to take in this beautiful collection of art!
Sponsors of the exhibition include John Hueber Homes, Hyde Park Lumber & Design Center and Black Cat Hair Salon.
The Barn has parking available in the circle drive as well as a side-lot with a second entrance.
The Makers' Mark exhibit will be on display at the Mariemont Woman's Art and Cultural Center through September 2. A share of all sales supports Stepping Stones' programs for people with disabilities.


text:
Omar Goye es un político justicialista argentino, que se desempeñó como intendente de San Carlos de Bariloche desde 2011 (electo para el período 2011-2015) hasta abril de 2013 cuando el Concejo Deliberante lo suspendió y designó intendenta interina a María Eugenia Martini, del mismo partido (FPV).

Por vía de un referéndum popular el 7 de abril del mismo año se le destituyó definitivamente. Actualmente Goye enfrenta denuncias por corrupción y cataloga su destitución de golpe institucional.

Referencias

Goye
Goye

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
/*
 * To change this license header, choose License Headers in Project Properties.
 * To change this template file, choose Tools | Templates
 * and open the template in the editor.
 */
package com.jtex.plot;

import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.awt.font.TextAttribute;
import java.awt.geom.Rectangle2D;
import java.text.AttributedCharacterIterator;
import java.text.AttributedString;
import java.text.CharacterIterator;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Formatter;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Locale;

/**
 *
 * @author flb
 */
public class PlotAnnotation {

    String tl, tr, bl, br;

    public static String getFormatted(String format, Object... obj) {
        return new Formatter(Locale.US).format(format, obj).toString();
    }

    public PlotAnnotation(double max, double min) {
        this(max, min, null);
    }

    public PlotAnnotation(double max, double min, String tr) {
        this(max, min, tr, null);
    }

    public PlotAnnotation(double max, double min, String tr, String br) {
        this(getFormatted("Max:\n%4.2f", max), tr, getFormatted("Min:\n%4.2f", min), br);
    }

    public PlotAnnotation(String tl, String tr, String bl, String br) {
        this.tl = tl;
        this.tr = tr;
        this.bl = bl;
        this.br = br;
    }

    private static AttributedString make(String t) {

        StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();

        List<Integer> l = new ArrayList<Integer>();
        for (int i = 0; i < t.length(); i++) {
            char c = t.charAt(i);
            if (c != '_') {
                b.append(c);
            } else {
                l.add(b.length());
            }
        }
        AttributedString as = new AttributedString(b.toString());

        for (int i : l) {
            as.addAttribute(TextAttribute.SUPERSCRIPT, TextAttribute.SUPERSCRIPT_SUB, i, i + 1);
        }
        return as;
    }

    private static Rectangle2D getAB(AttributedString as, Graphics g) {
        int ni = 1;
        AttributedCharacterIterator iterator = as.getIterator();
        char c;
        while ((c = iterator.next()) != CharacterIterator.DONE) {
            ni++;
        };
        //stupid to count chars.?!
        return g.getFont().getStringBounds(as.getIterator(), 0, ni, g.getFontMetrics().getFontRenderContext());

    }

    private static String[] split(String s) {
        if (s != null && !s.isEmpty()) {
            return s.split("\n");
        }
        return new String[0];
    }

    private static String[] splitReverse(String s) {
        String[] sp = split(s);
        String[] ref = new String[sp.length];

        for (int i = 0; i < sp.length; i++) {
            ref[i] = sp[sp.length - i - 1];
        }
        return ref;

    }

    public void paint(Graphics g, int w, int h) {

        double yoff = 0;
        for (String split1 : split(tl)) {
            AttributedString st = make(split1);
            g.drawString(st.getIterator(), 1, (int) (yoff += getAB(st, g).getHeight()));
        }

        yoff = h - 2;
        for (String split1 : splitReverse(bl)) {
            AttributedString st = make(split1);
            g.drawString(st.getIterator(), 1, (int) (yoff));
            yoff -= getAB(st, g).getHeight();
        }

        yoff = 0;
        for (String split1 : split(tr)) {
            AttributedString st = make(split1);
            Rectangle2D ab = getAB(st, g);
            g.drawString(st.getIterator(), (int) (w - ab.getWidth() - 3), (int) (yoff += ab.getHeight()));
        }

        yoff = h - 2;
        for (String split1 : splitReverse(br)) {
            AttributedString st = make(split1);
            Rectangle2D ab = getAB(st, g);
            g.drawString(st.getIterator(), (int) (w - ab.getWidth() - 3), (int) (yoff));
            yoff -= ab.getHeight();
        }

    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A career in freelancing is a great way for young and up and coming creative writers to get a start while making a decent living. There are a number of places that will pay to publish original content, but there are a number of basic things one needs to remember before sending away unsolicited content.
Creative writing is a highly specialized kind of profession that it requires a lot of research on your part to ensure that you are submitting the right pieces to the right publications. There are thousands of publications publishing creative works, but not all of them publish the same kind of work. Before sending in material you should take a look at a few archived issues of a publication to study the kind of work that is put in print.
Submission guidelines and requirements can vary greatly from one publication to another. Again, doing some research before sending in your material can improve your chances of having your work accepted. Find out if you need to pay a fee to submit work or if you need to have been previously published before being considered.
A lot of young writers aren't aware of the importance of composing a great query letter. So what's all the fuss? These letters should accompany your work and express reasons why an editor should take the time to read it and consider it for publication. There are a number of techniques, but generally each letter should have a hook, demonstrate your ability to write and provide a clear and concise pitch of what your piece is all about.
If you have the opportunity to have your creative writing reviewed but not published, you shouldn't feel in the least bit discouraged. Look at any notes, feedback or suggestions accompanying your returned work. Remember that most publishers receive thousands of submissions each day, so any criticism they give to you is likely more than they offered to hundreds of other freelance writers.
A lot of people will struggle to have their first pieces of creative writing published, so it's important to keep this in mind and remain persistent throughout the entire process. Review feedback and revise your content. You can always resubmit to the same publication or send to a different publisher that might be a better fit.


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Conveyall Industrial Supply, Inc. can get the belt you need for any conveyor application. We work with several highly successful belt manufacturers to give you a.
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Speaking at a CAMLA event in Sydney, Mr Sims says the ACCC must assess any potential merger under the substantial lessening of competition [SLC] test, regardless of the sector.
"In the media context, the quality and range of diversity or supply of news are important factors we consider as outcomes of competitive rivalry, but they are not standalone considerations," Mr Sims said.
The ACCC's approach in this area is set out in its updated Media Merger Guidelines, which explore various competition issues associated with mergers that reduce the number of rivals, the role of premium content, and the impact of technological change and media innovation. The guidelines were last updated in 2006.
"The media landscape in Australia has completely and irrevocably changed since we last issued our media merger guidelines in 2006. We want to ensure that as an agency, the ACCC continues to keep pace with the rapidly evolving media market when considering these matters," Mr Sims said.
Mr Sims also spoke of the impact that digital platforms like Google and Facebook are having in driving technological and cultural change and the companies' impact on the market, particularly in relation to the digital advertising market.
"We are in a period of transformation of the media sector and there is a growing concern that the market position of Facebook and Google is significantly affecting online advertising revenue for traditional media," Mr Sims said.
Mr Sims also discussed a range of issues arising from the ACCC's communications sector market study draft report, released yesterday.
Notes to editors: There is no published speech.


text:
Martin Wilson may refer to:

Martin Wilson (artist), Australian artist
Martin Wilson (writer), American writer
Martin Wilson, British musician formerly with the band Flux of Pink Indians


text:
Character Posters For Josh Trank's Fantastic Four Introduce Marvel's First Family
Michael Briers Apr 30, 2015 4:11 pm 2015-04-30T16:33:07-05:00
It's not a stretch to say that Josh Trank's modern retelling of Fantastic Four has been facing an uphill battle sine its inception. Loyal fans of Marvel's First Family have been burned before, after all, though with each passing promotional snippet that hits, the general tide has gradually began to shift in Fox's favor.
Opting for slightly different origin story that what moviegoers are used to, Trank's reboot is gunning for a more scientific approach this time around, whisking his titular superhero crew into a parallel dimension before bestowing them with those renown, life-changing powers, as opposed to sticking with the radiation exposure tenet that we glimpsed in the previous adaptation.
Despite winning a lot of fans over, Fantastic Four is still a ways away from being classified as a bona fide box office hit. For instance, upon the release of the collection of character posters– topped off with the mandatory banner – there's a possibility that Trank's superhero flick will culminate in a third act climax that sees the superheroes scramble to protect a city from destruction. Cinematic though it may be, Marvel has effectively reduced this feat into a hackneyed cliché at this point.
Mind you, the meteors glimpsed in the backdrop could be a consequence of the inter-dimensional portal that has been opened and the oncoming Doctor Doom, or perhaps the marketing heads figured it would add a little dramatic effect. We can but speculate!
Miles Teller, Kate Mara, Jamie Bell and Michael B. Jordan will unite as the titular guardians of earth when Josh Trank's Fantastic Four lands in theaters on August 7.
Transformers Lorem ipsum
FANTASTIC FOUR, a contemporary re-imagining of Marvel's original and longest-running superhero team, centers on four young outsiders who teleport to an alternate and dangerous universe, which alters their physical form in shocking ways. Their lives irrevocably upended, the team must learn to harness their daunting new abilities and work together to save Earth from a former friend turned enemy.


Swimming Pool 2003 Cast have some images related one another. Pick up the newest pictures of Swimming Pool 2003 Cast on this website, and you may get the photos here for personal usage. Swimming Pool 2003 Cast images are published by our team on September 2, 2018 at 12:25 am. The image collection of Swimming Pool 2003 Cast presented on this blog is a few of the most wonderful pictures around the internet and has been viewed by 50 viewers.
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text:
Katarzyna II de Valois, fr. Catherine II de Valois-Courtenay (ur. 1303, zm. 20 września 1346) – po śmierci matki, tytularna cesarzowa Konstantynopola jako Katarzyna II.

Była także regentką Księstwa Achai 1332-1341 i Gubernatorem Kefaloniii 1341-1346.

Była najstarszą córka Karola de Valois, brata a następnie stryja kolejnych królów Francji, i jego drugiej żony Katarzyny I, tytularnej cesarzowej Konstantynopola, z kapetyńskiej gałęzi rodu de Courtenay. Była siostrą Jana - hrabiego Chartres, Joanny - żony hrabiego Roberta III d'Artois i zakonnicy Izabeli. Jej starszym przyrodni bratem był Filip VI, król Francji, a jej młodszą siostrą przyrodnią była Blanka, królowa Niemiec.

Życiorys
W młodości została zaręczona z Hugonem V Burgundzkim, ale w 1307 po śmierci jej matki, jej ojciec zerwał te zaręczyny.

W 1313, w Fontainebleau poślubiła ostatecznie Filipa I, księcia Tarentu (1278-1332), syna Karola II Andegawena i Marii Węgierskiej - Katarzyna była jego drugą żoną.

Życie rodzinne
Filip i Katarzyna mieli 5 dzieci:

Roberta z Tarentu (1319–1364), księcia Tarentu, tytularnego cesarza Konstantynopola jako Robert II,
 Ludwika (1320–1362), męża Joanny I z Neapolu, króla Neapolu,
 Małgorzatę (1325–1380), matkę Jakuba de Baux, księcia Achai, tytularnego cesarza Konstantynopola,
 Marię (1327–?, zmarła młodo),
Filipa II z Tarentu (1329–1374), księcia Tarentu, tytularnego cesarza Konstantynopola jako Filip III.

Herby

Walezjusze
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Search for Wheeling Symphony Orchestra's Next Music Director Reaches Crescendo
WHEELING — The Wheeling Symphony Orchestra has winnowed the field to four candidates to replace outgoing music director Andre Raphel. They are Timothy Hankewich of Cedar Rapids, Iowa; Andres Franco of Pittsburgh; Silas Huff of Boulder, Colo.; and John Devlin of Washington, D.C.
Paul T. Tucker, search committee chair, said, "The quality and diversity of the applicants was remarkable. … It is a testament to the reputation of our orchestra, and to the desirability of our position, that so many highly qualified musicians applied from all over the country and indeed the world."
The names of the candidates as well as the 89th season lineup were announced in the program at the final pops concert of the season on Friday night at the Capitol Theatre.
The 2018-19 season features eight subscription concerts of Masterworks and pops; the popular holiday tradition Symphony On Ice; as well as the annual Fourth of July Tour, Music Under the Stars, Young People's Concert Tour and WSO on the GO series. Pops concerts include a Beach Boys tribute, Music of the Knights (Elton John, Paul McCartney and Andrew Lloyd Weber), Superheroes and Once Upon a Time. Masterworks concerts feature the works of Tchaikovsky, Brahms, Strauss and Mozart, among other masters.
Each candidate for music director post will conduct one pops and one Masterworks concert.
The music director search began with an 11-person committee, comprising WSO board members, community members and WSO musicians. The search yielded more than 65 qualified applicants, which the committee narrowed to nine semi-finalists. After interviewing each of the semi-finalists, the four finalists were selected.
Hankewich is music director of Orchestra Iowa. Orchestra Iowa has markedly expanded its audiences and programs under his tenure, adding opera, ballet, chamber music and jazz to its regular season presentations. Hankewch will conduct Pops 1: Surf's Up! A Tribute to the Beach Boys, featuring Phil Dirt and the Dozers, and Masterworks 1: Tchaikovsky's "Pathetique."
Franco is an associate conductor of the Pittsburgh Symphony. He is also the music director of the Signature Symphony at Tulsa Community College in Oklahoma. South American by birth, he has a close relationship with multiple orchestras in South America and is a passionate advocate for the music of South American composers. Franco will conduct Masterworks 1: A Night in Vienna and Pops 3: Music of the Knights: Sir Andrew Lloyd Webber, Sir Elton John, and Sir Paul McCartney.
Huff served for six years in the U.S. Army as conductor of various military ensembles. He was commander of the U.S. Army School of Music, director of the U.S. Army Orchestra and director of the Pershing's Own Army Band. He also is founder and music director emeritus for the Astoria Symphony Orchestra. He will open 2019 by conducting Pops 2: Superheroes! and also will conduct the final concert of the 2018-19 season, Masterworks 4: Tchaikovsky's Fourth Symphony.
Devlin is the assistant conductor of the Princeton (N.J.) Symphony; the founder, artistic director and conductor of Gourmet Symphony, an innovative concert series that pairs locally sourced cuisine with classical music; and a cover conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra. He has a Ph.D. from the University of Maryland School of Music and recently was named Hawaii Youth Symphony music director and artistic director of the Pacific Music Institute. He will conduct Masterworks 3: Brahms: Symphony No. 4 and Pops 4: Once Upon a Time, featuring soprano Sierra Boggess, Broadway's Ariel in "The Little Mermaid."
"With the excitement of these four candidates and our commitment to providing excellent orchestral programming to the Wheeling community, we've added an eighth concert to our subscription season," said WSO Executive Director Bruce Wheeler.
"The music director search and our 89th season is about engaging our patrons, friends, sponsors, donors and community partners. We want you to come and meet these candidates, see what they are all about, and help us determine who will lead the Wheeling Symphony into its 90th season."
Raphel will conduct his final concert with the Wheeling Symphony on May 18 at the Capitol Theatre. The program will include works by Dvorak, Beethoven, Strauss and Respighi and will feature soprano Deborah Selig as the guest artist.
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Saturday evening I use to prepare "Croque-Monsieur" (a kind of French grilled cheese) for the dinner. Grilled cheese sandwiches are so good, so quick to prepare and so recumforting!
It's a typical Parisian grilled cheese sandwich. One of the most popular traditional hot sandwiches served in Parisian bistrot. I know grilled-cheese sandwiches exist in many countries but in France we have our own grilled cheese sandwich tradition. The traditional Croque-Monsieur is prepared with a sauce Béchamel. It's the official recipe but not mine. Even if it's so usual, I don't do it that way. My favorite version is much simpler, it's the grilled cheese version of my grand-mother. When I was a child I spent most of my holidays with my grand parents. We usually had a three-course dinner in the kitchen. But once a week, we used to have dinner in the living room and we watched TV together. It was a kind of exceptional dinner. My grand-mother prepared Croque-Monsieur because it's was much easier to eat in front of the TV. So it's really a good souvenir. I like to redo same thing at home.
Nowadays, Croque-Monsieur has became very popular in France. We even have specialised restaurants. Many variants exist (I give you some ideas below 😉). Creativity has no limit!
You can add "Bechamel sauce". A typical French sauce prepared with meal, butter, milk, salt, pepper and nutmeg.
You can top that croque-monsieur with a fried egg. In France we call it Croque-Madame instead of Croque-Monsieur.


As part of its appeal of NCAA sanctions, USC will meet with the NCAA's Infractions Appeal Committee in January.
The NCAA upheld the basketball program's self-imposed sanctions. The women's tennis team was also cited.


We are a flexible and dedicated local team taking grassroots action in Greece to ensure human rights are accessible for everyone. We work from a basic ethic of providing people with the support and resources needed to manage and move on in their own lives with dignity.
We are raising money so Help Refugees can support us to build a much needed women and children's centre in Thessaloniki, and to support communities living in camps across Greece.
Big thank you to Marina & Simon for hosting us for New Year's Eve and for your wonderful hospitality. Amazing work that you are all doing at InterVolve.
Because of a desperate young woman and her little girl in Thessaloniki this summer.


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HomeNational NewsLacking National Strategy, Personal Accountability Key to Protection Against Covid-19
Lacking National Strategy, Personal Accountability Key to Protection Against Covid-19
By Tilton Adler
Seven months have passed since a novel virus upended our lives, and we still don't have a clear national strategy for taming the beast that is Covid-19. If you're thinking one is on the horizon—excuse the pun—don't hold your breath. Conflicting information pervades the airwaves. President Donald Trump says we are rounding the final corner while Dr. Anthony Fauci says we are still in the first wave. New York will soon re-open indoor dining at 25% capacity while parts of Texas reopened at 75% capacity in May. There is no succinct federal plan mainly because the needs of the various states differ so greatly. State governors have resorted to a patchwork approach to reopening, inadvertently sowing confusion in an already mind-boggling time and potentially adding to interstate transmission of the virus.
Instead of waiting for big government to tell us what is in our best interest, we should educate ourselves on how best to protect ourselves and our families. To do this we must start by asking three very important questions: 1) How is the virus transmitted? 2) Where is it most commonly contracted? 3) What can we do preemptively to bolster our immune systems?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now says most Covid-19 transmission occurs via droplets expelled through talking, breathing, coughing, and sneezing. This means it is predominantly airborne, passed between people in relatively close contact. While grocery shopping has been a source of anxiety for many due to fears about surface contamination, the good news is that transmission in grocery stores is low. The CDC explains, "Because of the poor survivability of these coronaviruses on surfaces, there is likely a very low risk of spread from food products or packaging." The takeaway is we don't really need to wipe down our groceries or mail deliveries, as they are not considered to be a viable source of transmission.
CDC officials released a report indicating, "Findings from a case-control investigation of symptomatic outpatients from 11 U.S. health care facilities found that . . . adults with positive SARS-CoV-2 test results were approximately twice as likely to have reported dining at a restaurant than were those" who tested negative. On-site dining establishments, coffee shops, bars, and concerts with large crowds appear to be the top contenders when it comes to locations involved in viral spread. Several factors are at play: Masks are rarely worn, fresh air is not well circulated, and respiratory droplets are easily passed between guests during conversation. To reduce your risk of contracting Covid-19 while still supporting local businesses, which we know to be essential in rebuilding our nation's economy, opt for well-spaced outdoor seating or place carry-out orders for food.
Worship gatherings have also been notoriously demonized as "super-spreader" events, though church services can easily be made "corona safe" with simple safety measures—and should have been allowed to resume months ago.
Unfortunately, the main source of transmission is much more difficult to avoid: our own homes. According to the above-mentioned report by the CDC, Covid-19 is most often contracted from a family member with whom the household is shared. So, if we aren't safe at restaurants, or church, or even in our own home, what can we do to protect ourselves?
SIMPLE STRATEGIES
Americans are notoriously unhealthy. We spend countless hours in front of our televisions, phones, and computer screens. Many Americans smoke and drink too much and a walk to the mailbox is considered a sufficient daily cardio workout. Covid-19 has only exacerbated these problems. The following interventions may be used to bolster our health in the fight against contagious diseases. Taking sufficient vitamin D3, using mouthwash, and wearing a mask when close to other people in public may all prove capable of staving off not just Covid-19, but influenza and the common cold.
Vitamin D3 works to reduce the body's inflammatory response, thereby reducing the viral load that can cause damage to the lungs and lead to pneumonia. In an interview with United Press International, University of Chicago Professor of Medicine Dr. David Metzler said, "There is prior evidence from multiple sources that vitamin D can enhance both innate and adaptive immunity." According to a recent study published by the National Library of Medicine, "To reduce the risk of infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or Covid-19 consider taking 10,000 International Units per day (IU/d) of vitamin D3 for a few weeks, followed by 5000 IU/d." Information defining the IU strength of a supplement can be found on the label. More information on high-quality, bioavailable supplements can be found at Carotec.com, the health company started 35 years ago by "Radio Free America" host Tom Valentine, now run by his family. It is important to note that vitamin D3 is also naturally absorbed through the skin's exposure to the Sun. Walking daily in sunny weather will help naturally boost your D3 levels while simultaneously improving mental and physical health.
Interestingly, although still in the clinical trial phase, alcohol-based mouthwash could, in theory, disrupt the way the SARS-CoV-2 cells replicate in the throat, thereby reducing the viral load expelled through breath, coughing, and sneezing. The summary of a study by virologists at Ruhr-University Bochum states, "Results from cell culture experiments show that commercially available preparations have an effect on Sars-Cov-2 viruses." More research is required to prove preventive efficacy, but this is a prime example of the scientific community thinking outside of the Big Pharma box.
Facial coverings have become a hotly debated, highly partisan topic, but science may provide a middle-ground for those on both sides of the fence. According to the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), "Universal masking could [actually] generate immunity and thereby slow the spread of the virus."
Timely new resource from the AFP Store: 18 Infection-fighting herbs and essential oils"
Hypothetically, wearing a face covering may allow just enough of viruses to enter our system, thereby sparking an immune response without overloading our system. Ironically, the lack of 100% efficacy in facial coverings may be exactly what makes them beneficial. More studies will be needed to make a final determination on the role mask-wearing will play in containing viral spread. Critics of masking, of course, have also presented much evidence that masks cut down on proper oxygen and do not allow bad germs to escape, thus offering more harm than benefit. There are points to consider on both sides of the masking argument.*
As flu season nears and common colds are ever more common, it is imperative we remember that Covid-19 isn't the only germ out there making people sick. We can all take simple, tangible steps to improve our overall health. This includes eating a proper diet, hydrating properly with water, considering vitamin supplementation when needed, properly exercising, and getting some fresh air and sunshine, at the very least.
Note: Other immune-building supplements include olive leaf and fruit extract, vitamin A, chelated zinc, vitamin C, B vitamins, and pro-biotics and pre-biotics, as much of your health begins in your gut.
*AFP has a durable blue face mask with ear loops that can be washed again and again. The mask is helpful in jurisdictions where the governor has mandated that masks must be worn to buy groceries, visit stores, enter a doctor's office etc. Made of a sturdy three-ply flexible fabric, this blue mask with white AFP logo is $15 ppd. inside the U.S. Order from AFP, 117 La Grange Avenue, La Plata, MD 20646. Call 1-888-688-6397 toll free to charge, Mon.-Thu. 9-5 ET.
Russiagate — a Bright, Shining Lie
March 26, 2019 Staff 0
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Don't Expect Taliban to Settle for Anything Less Than Total Victory
June 17, 2020 Staff 0


Marking the separation of what was East Pakistan and Pakistan, Bangladesh Independence Day is a national holiday celebrated on 26 March.
It sparked the nine-month long Bangladesh Liberation War which claimed the lived of between 300,000 to 3 million people, although the casualty figures are disputed. Millions more were displaced.
Towards the end of the war, India invaded East Pakistan in support of the East Pakistani people and their forces.
This led more than 93,000 Pakistani troops to surrender – the largest number since World War II.
On 16 December 1971, East Pakistan officially became the independent country of Bangladesh.
Google are marking the national holiday with a doodle, which features an illustration of men in boats, nodding to Bangladesh's many rivers.
Bangladesh Independence Day is marked in the country with parades, concerts and often speeches.
In the capital city of Dhaka, many government buildings are lit up in red and green, the national colours.
As the two colours that make up the national flag, the green symbolises Bangladesh's flora and the red circle represents the sun rising over the relatively new country.


The road to Wrestlemania hit a speedbump in the sendoff week for Fastlane.
This week on Raw there was some good - the reformation of The Shield, which is a little odd considering the unknown status of Dean Ambrose's future post Wrestlemania. There was some bad (most of the matches this week) and there was some ugly - the Ronda Rousey heel turn and the changes made to the Raw Women's title matches for both Fastlane and Wrestlemania.
The unexpected return of Roman Reigns has helped redefine the direction of Seth Rollins and Dean Ambrose who seemed to be rudderless even with Rollins having a title match against Brock Lesnar at Wrestlemania. It's hard to tell a story with no champion to play off of so Seth Rollins is left to feud with people who aren't holding the belt he's trying to win. Triple H cut a great promo for what was hinted at last week, a likely Wrestlemania match between Bautista and Triple H and that about wraps up the good parts of Raw this week unfortunately. A gauntlet match between Heavy Machinery and three weak tag teams went as scheduled and Ricochet and Aleister Black continued their tag team feature tour against Raw tag team champions the Revival. The big ending for this match was Ronda Rousey laying down terms and Stephanie McMahon seemingly giving in, after saying last week that she was the boss and no one tells her what to do. So now Fastlane is Charlotte Flair vs Becky Lynch, if Becky wins, she gets into a triple threat for Wrestlemania. Not sure why Charlotte is factored into any of this; Becky has cut a white hot streak through the WWE universe lately and sticking Charlotte into this mix just muddies Becky's seemingly inevitable title reign.
Smackdown wasn't much stronger overall as a send off for Fastlane, with R Truth losing a fatal four way to Samoa Joe and now he's the US Champion. The title has changed hands several times over the past few months and at this point there isn't a reign to speak of as every few weeks someone else is winning the belt. It feels a bit like a weird game of hot potato. Ricochet and Aleister Black returned yet again making this their third week in a row on both Raw and Smackdown in a tag match. Without real certainty where they will end up or what the end game is they have done a good job in their matches and seem to have won over the WWE universe. Kevin Owens return continues and he seems to have added more than just Stone Cold's stunner to his move set, including even throwing in a nod to Steve Austin during his banter with Daniel Bryan with a "that's the bottom line. Smackdown continued the trend of finishing with the women's rivalry, featuring Becky and Charlotte yet again. Becky Lynch is owning this character turn with great mic skills but Charlotte Flair in the role of spoiler hasn't quite worked out as well, but the story is where it is.
Fastlane is this weekend and after this WWE can do itself the favor of only having to focus on one big event at a time, as all the set up for Wrestlemania has gotten in the way of both Fastlane and Elimination Chamber.


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Q: Configure jUnit reporting programmatically with ginkgo 2.0 In Gingko 2.0, support for custom reporters was removed; the most common use cases were to generate reports on standardized formats like jUnit, and support for that is now built in and reachable via the --junit-report flag.
However, I'd like to configure my test suite so that go test ./... generates a jUnit report, and I can't find anything in the docs on how to set that up. In other words, what I want to do is to just globally for my test suite(s), do the same thing as the --junit-report flag does, but without having to pass the flag on the command line.
Is that possible? How?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Networks that use SNMP can be managed with a good knowing of advanced SNMP Management.
SNMP network can be used to refer to a collection of networked devices. The devices use SNMP, or Simple Network Management Protocol. SNMP is an open source protocol. This protocol defines how info is exchanged between SNMP network management applications and SNMP agents.
The SNMP network management application is a vital object of a SNMP Remote Alarm Monitoring and Control system. As such there are some important things to consider when selecting a SNMP network management application.
A Basic SNMP Manager Works Only If You Don't Need to Monitor Other Protocols.
For an exclusively SNMP network of monitored devices, basic SNMP managers will get the job done. This is not true if you have devices that use other protocols. That same basic SNMP manager will not be an effective solution for your monitoring needs.
An Advanced Network Management Platform Provides Clear View of Your Network. Regardless of Differing Device Protocols.
To provide for the best monitoring for your network devices, you may want to consider the pros of an advanced network management platform, such as T/Mon. T/Mon allows your staff to view standing alarm messages from all of the devices along your network, combining alerts in over 25 protocols into one easy window.
Effective Monitoring Reduces Network Downtime.
Linking your SNMP network of devices with your non-SNMP devices can boost your revenue and slash your costs. T/Mon gives more detailed info regarding network activity. This increases the efficiency of network techs when responding to alarms. Your staff will be able to react to events by having a clear, unified picture of your network status at all times. This saves you from losing customers or revenue to network outages.
With T/Mon deployed in your network, you'll also have a reduced screen count at your NOC. This reduces required monitoring manpower and training expense.
Download the SNMP Tutorial White Paper.
T/Mon SNMP Trap Processor Software Module.
T/Mon SNMP Responder Software Module.
To see extra information related to SNMP Management , please visit the SNMP Management page.


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LY3 For Superyachts in Australia
By Marcel Vaarzon-Morel
Aims of AMSA
Under AMSA (Australian Maritime Safety Association) new National Standards have several aims, including simplifying maritime safety laws, removing barriers to inter-state commercial business activities; providing uniform safety requirements and standards; and providing a national framework for enforcement and compliance with these standards. Under the National Standards, AMSA becomes the national regulator, and has its primary responsibilities in relation to:
Developing national safety standards, guidelines, and codes of practice for marine safety.
The issuing of identifiers and operation certificates.
The accreditation of persons and organisations in relation to marine safety training.
Investigation, enforcement, and monitoring activities.
Consultation with State and Northern Territory bodies regarding the activities of the National Regulator.
In line with the AMSA's commitment to embrace the continued operation of the Super Yacht industry within Australian waters, AMSA will implement the UK standard known as the Large Commercial Yacht Code (LY3) for Super yacht safety and compliance. This will result in the updating of procedures and standards in relation to how these vessels are designed, built, and operated and to ensure compliance with the new international LY3 code. This Code brings Australia in line with international standard and applies whether the yacht is used for private pleasure or for commercial purposes. By way of historical understanding; LY3 is a revised form of LY2 and its predecessor LY1 introduced in 1997 by the Maritime and Coast Guard Agency and was known as the "Code of Practice for Safety of Large Commercial Sailing and Motor Vessels", (taking a breath) understandably the name was shortened.
The LY3 code incorporates international conventions that cover safety and pollution prevention standards and were originally drafted to meet the needs of large commercial shipping that for the obvious reason could not be successfully implemented in their smaller Super Yacht counterparts. The full application of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) conventions could not be realistically applied to Super Yachts given design constraints and the peculiar environment that these vessels operate. At the time when LY1 was considered it was a concern that the international conventions should not be watered down. The result being that the LY3 does not lower the standard of the IMO safety standards but adapts them to this specialised area of the shipping industry.
Amongst other changes that can be found in Annex 7 of the code, LY3 has been brought up to date to include; the latest technology in radio communication equipment and requirements for masts and rigging for sailing yachts. The result being that compliance with the standards of the Code will entitle a Super Yachts to be issued with certification upon satisfactory completion of surveys and inspections. However, if existing vessels struggle to meet the requirements of the code there is some flexibility and an alternative standard may be considered in specific circumstances. The Code includes alternative requirements for crew accommodation that provide substantial equivalence to the MLC (Maritime Labour Convention), but are more in keeping with the practicalities and purpose of these yachts. Therefore, in real terms, where a cargo ship is not limited to space to meet the required cabin size this can often be a different kettle of fish when the vessel is limited by its size and design.
The code applies to motor or sailing vessels of 24 metres or greater in load length and being 150 gross tons or greater, carrying no more than 12 passengers and being in commercial use for sport or pleasure carrying no cargo. It is understood that AMSA will work with all key industry and stakeholders including, seafarers and the Super Yacht community to implement the new code. It will be interesting as to whether the whole Code will be implemented by AMSA as many of the clause's make direct reference to parts of the UK law and thus it would not be unreasonable for some minor changes to be made while still in keeping with the purpose of the Code and meeting Australia's international commitments.
Once a vessel is compliant with the code certification can be issued as required by the international convention being surveyed and certified in accordance with the International Load Line Convention. And there are additional requirements for Yachts over 500gt such as in respect to SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea). With the introduction of this new code, certain standards, requirements, and obligations are placed on those charged with the responsibility of designing and operating the vessels to ensure compliance resulting in not only a National System but aligning Australia with the rest of the world. Vessels that are compliant with the code are allowed unrestricted geographical access outside Polar regions, with some exceptions. Generally, vessels wishing to operate in the Polar regions must meet the requirements of classification societies as listed in the code.
New or Existing Vessels
In the case of new or existing vessels that do not comply with the code but where its reasonable for changes to be made then the code allows those changes to be made within 18 months. However, how this part of the code will be applied will be dependant on AMSA and its meeting with the key groups.
The Legal implication of Australia embracing the LY3 in litigation is that the standards required under the code to maintain records set by the ISM (International Safety Management) ensure that a designated person or persons keep records and that those are of a certain standard and include all communications. This standard body of evidence is regularly called into evidence relating to seaworthiness and insurance claims as well as many other areas of litigation. While having strong maritime codes are vital in ensuring a safe environment for owners, crews, and other water users as illustrated by the sinking of the luxury yacht "Seafaris" owned by the McCloy Group from Newcastle, Australia. The economic benefits will also be significant for those international vessels visiting Australia or possibly choosing to call Australia home.
Being a shipwright in a previous life and reborn as a solicitor, I have witnessed various changes to the safety standards and legislation that control the use and construction of commercial vessels but not private vessels and further muddying the waters of the private Super Yacht world where often passengers may be paying for there transit.
At Vaarzon-Morel Solicitors, our clients are in the unique position to consult a lawyer who understands all things nautical. If you already own a boat, or are looking to buy, or you need help with any maritime issues choosing Vaarzon-Morel Solicitors is a smart decision. Marcel and the team understand a vessel's technicalities, talk the industry's language and provide you with a tailored solution to your maritime-related legal matters. Call us to discuss today (02) 4929 1174.
Author Marcel Vaarzon-MorelPosted on April 22, 2016 September 4, 2017 Categories Maritime & SuperyachtTags Ocean Magazine
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NAB Files Reply Brief With Supreme Court In Appeal Of Third Circuit Vacating, Remanding FCC Ownership Rules Revision
January 8, 2021 at 11:23 AM (PT)
What do you think? Add your comment below.
Reply Brief
The NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS (NAB) has filed its Reply Brief in with the SUPREME COURT supporting the FCC's appeal of the THIRD CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS' order vacating and remanding the revised FCC local media ownership rules.
In the brief, the NAB again contends that the lower court should have given deference to the FCC's competition analysis required by CONGRESS rather than insisting that the Commission consider the effects of the rule on minority and female ownership (towards which the NAB says the Commission gave adequate consideration anyway). The NAB also tells the Court that the idea that ownership caps can be retained solely to promote ownership diversity raises constitutional concerns.
Oral arguments in the case are scheduled for JANUARY 19th. The NAB is joined by BONNEVILLE INTERNATIONAL CORP., CONNOISSEUR MEDIA, FOX and NEWS CORP., the NEWS MEDIA ALLIANCE, NEXSTAR, THE SCRANTON TIMES, and SINCLAIR BROADCAST GROUP in supporting the FCC's appeal. COX MEDIA GROUP was an intervenor with the appellants in the THIRD CIRCUIT proceeding. The opposition is composed of PROMETHEUS RADIO PROJECT, MEDIA MOBILIZING PROJECT, the UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST, NABET, COMMON CAUSE, the MMTC, NABOB, INDEPENDENT TELEVISION GROUP, and FREE PRESS. BENTON FOUNDATION and the NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN FOUNDATION were intervenor respondents in the THIRD CIRCUIT.
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