Hitchcock, H. Wiley, and Stanley Sadie, eds. The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. 4 vols. London: Macmillan, 1986.
Jasen, David A. Ragtime: An Encyclopedia, Discography, and Sheetography. New York: Routledge, 2007.
Kernfeld, Barry, ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. 2nd ed. 3 vols. London: Macmillan, 2002.
Komara, Edward, ed. Encyclopedia of the Blues. 2 vols. New york: Routledge, 2006.
Koskoff, Ellen, ed. The United States and Canada. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, vol. 3. New York: Garland Publishing, 2001.
Larkin, Colin. The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. . 4th ed. 10 vols. New York: MUZE, Oxford University Press, 2006.
McNeil, W.K., ed. Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music. New York: Routledge, 2005.
Price, Emmett G., Kernodle, Tammy L. and Maxile, Horace J., eds. Encyclopedia of African American Music. 3 v. Santa Barbara: Greenwood, ABC-CLIO, 2011.
Southern, Eileen, and Josephine Wright. Images: Iconography of Music in African-American Culture (1700s-1920s). New York: Garland Publishing, 2000.
Africlassical. http://www.africlassical.com. The Africlassical website is devoted to composers and musicians of African descent. It includes lists, biographies and discographies. An accompanying blog at http://africlassical.blogspot.com/ adds daily updates about concerts and composers.
All Music Guide. http://www.allmusic.com. An up-to-date popular music site that gives musician biographies and discographies.
Center for Black Music Research. http://www.colum.edu/cbmr. Brief definitions of musical styles, with music examples, discographies and bibliographies.
The Spirituals Project. http://www.spiritualsproject.org. This group is performance-oriented, but the Web site contains good background information on the spirituals, a bibliography, and a discography.
de Lerma, Dominique-René. Bibliography of Black Music. New York: Greenwood Press, 1981-84. 4 vols.
Ford, Robert. A Blues Bibliography: The International Literature of an Afro-American Music Genre. Bromley, England: Paul Pelletier, 1999.
Hart, Mary L., Brenda M. Eagles, and Lisa N. Howorth. The Blues: A Bibliographical Guide. New York: Garland Publishing, 1989.
Meadows, Eddie S. Jazz Research and Performance Materials: A Select Annotated Bibliography. 2nd ed. New York: Garland Publishing, 1995.
Southern, Eileen, and Josephine Wright. African-American Traditions in Song, Sermon, Tale and Dance, 1600s-1920: An Annotated Bibliography of Literature, Collections and Artworks. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.
Szwed, John F. and Roger D. Abrahams. Afro-American Folk Culture: An Annotated Bibliography of Materials from North, Central and South America and the West Indies. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1978.
Feather, Leonard, and Gitler, Ira. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Harris, Sheldon. Blues Who's Who. New York: Da Capo Press, 1979.
Stancell, Steven. Rap Whoz Who: The World of Rap Music. New York: Schirmer Books, 1996.
Caldwell, Hansonia L. African-American Music: A Chronology, 1619-1995. Los Angeles: Ikoro Communications, 1996.
Floyd, Samuel A., Jr. The Power of Black Music. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Roach, Hildred. Black American Music: Past and Present. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Publishing Co., 1992.
Southern, Eileen. The Music of Black Americans. 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1997.
Bebey, Francis. African Music: A People's Art. Translated by Josephine Bennett. Westport, Conn.: Lawrence Hill & Co., 1975.
Kebede, Ashenafi. Roots of Black Music. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982.
Nketia, J. H. Kwabena. The Music of Africa. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1974.
Jessup, Lynne. All Hands On!: An Introduction to West African Percussion Ensembles. Rev. ed. Danbury, Conn.: World Music Press, 1996.
Jessup, Lynne. The Mandinka Balafon: An Introduction with Notation for Teaching. La Mesa, Calif,: Xylo Publications, 1983. With two cassettes.
Locke, David. Drum Damba: Talking Drum Lessons. Crown Point, Ind.: White Cliffs Media, 1990.
Locke, David. Kpegisu: A War Drum of the Ewe. Tempe, Ariz.: White Cliffs Media, 1992. Cassette and videocassette also available.
Graham, Ronnie. The World of African Music. Stern's Guide to Contemporary African Music, vol. 2. London: Pluto Press; Chicago: Research Associates, 1992.
Herbst, Anri; Nzewi, Meki; and Agawu, Kofi, eds. Musical Arts in Africa: Theory, Practice and Education. Pretoria, South Africa: Unisa Press, 2003. Kit includes book, CD and videocassette. ISBN 1-86888-279-9.
The JVC/Smithsonian Folkways Video Anthology of Music and Dance of Africa. Washington: Smithsonian Folkways, 1996. Three videocassettes.
Lems-Dworkin, Carol. Videos of African and African-Related Performance: An Annotated Bibliography. Evanston, Ill.: The Author, 1996. ISBN 0-9637048-0-X. Order from: Carol Lems-Dworkin, Box 1646, Evanston, IL 60204-1646.
Stone, Ruth, ed. Africa. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, vol. 1.New York: Garland Publishing, 1998. With CD.
Anderson, William M., and Campbell, Patricia Shehan, eds. Multicultural Perspectives in Music Education. 2nd ed. Reston, Va.: Music Educators National Conference, 1996.
Anderson, William M., ed. Teaching Music with a Multicultural Approach. Reston, Va.: Music Educators National Conference, 1991.
Anderson, William M., and Marvelene C. Moore. Making Connections: Multicultural Music and the National Standards. Reston, Va.: Music Educators National Conference, 1998.
Campbell, Patricia Shehan. Lessons from the World: A Cross-Cultural Guide to Music Teaching and Learning. New York: Schirmer Books, 1991.
Campbell, Patricia Shehan. Music in Cultural Context: Eight Views on World Music Education. Reston, Va.: Music Educators National Conference, 1996.
Floyd, Malcolm, ed. World Musics in Education. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2000.
George, Luvenia A. Teaching the Music of Six Different Cultures. Rev. and updated ed. Danbury, Conn.: World Music Press, 1987.
Green, Lucy, ed. Learning, Teaching, and Musical Identity: Voices Across Cultures. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
Hicks, Charles E., James A. Standifer, and Warrick L. Carter. Methods and Perspectives in Urban Music Education. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1983.
O'Brien, James P. Music in World Cultures: Understanding Multiculturalism through the Arts. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1994.
Strategies for Teaching: Guide for Music Methods Classes. Compiled and edited by Louis O. Hall et al. Reston, Va.: Music Educators National Conference, 1997.
Bringing Multicultural Music to Children. Music Educators National Conference, 1992 VHS. 27 minutes.
Teaching the Music of African Americans. Music Educators National Conference, 1991. VHS. 25 minutes.


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You are here: ADF&G Home » Fishing » Sport » Fishing Info »... » Region 2-Southcentral » Kodiak
Division of Sport Fish
Dave Rutz, Director
Anchorage Headquarters Office
333 Raspberry Road
Doug Vincent-Lang, Commissioner
www.adfg.alaska.gov
Advisory Announcement
(Released: February 08, 2021 - Expired: December 31, 2021)
CONTACT: Tyler Polum
Area Management Biologist
Eastern Afognak and Kodiak Islands Rockfish Limits Reduced for Nonresidents
(Kodiak) - To ensure sustainable harvests of rockfish and implement provisions of the Kodiak Area Rockfish Management Plan adopted by the Board of Fisheries in January 2020, nonresident bag and possession limits for rockfish are being reduced for much of eastern Afognak and Kodiak islands due to increasing harvest rates and concerns over sustainability of these populations during 2021. This regulation restriction is effective 12:01 a.m. Thursday, April 1 through 11:59 p.m. Friday, December 31, 2021. The nonresident angler bag and possession limit for rockfish is reduced to three per day, six in possession, of which two per day, four in possession may be nonpelagic and only one per day, two in possession of the nonpelagic limit may be yelloweye. In addition, captain and crew of charter vessels may not retain rockfish in this area while clients are on board.
The reduced nonresident bag and possession limit for rockfish include the waters of eastern Afognak and Kodiak islands south of a line extending east from Big Fort Island near Shuyak Island (eastward from 58° 30.026'N, 152° 24.292'W), north of a line extending eastward from Dangerous Cape (eastward from 57° 16.596'N, 152° 42.388'W) and east of a line at 153° W in Kupreanof Straight, equivalent to groundfish statistical areas 525803, 525804, 515801, 515802, 525805, 525806, 525807, 525731, 525732, 525733, and 525701. Please refer to the map below for the waters where rockfish limits have been reduced for nonresidents.
Resident bag limits are not changing at this time and will remain as published in the 2021 Southwest Alaska Sport Fishing Regulations Summary booklet.
"Despite reduced bag limits in the Chiniak and Marmot bays area, harvest continues to increase, particularly for black rockfish," stated Area Management Biologist Tyler Polum. "Since 2005, the Kodiak Management Area rockfish harvest has increased substantially to the point where anglers are the primary user of the resource. Much of this increase can be attributed to the areas nearest the Port of Kodiak and harvest rates in some areas are approaching rates that are considered unsustainable according to the best available information."
If harvest continues to increase, further restrictions could be implemented according to the management plan criteria in this priority order:
implement an annual limit for nonresidents for rockfish
reduce nonresident bag and possession limit for rockfish
reduce the rockfish bag limit by area as specified by ADF&G
implement a rockfish season
reduce the resident bag and possession limit for rockfish
ADF&G will continue to monitor harvests and biological information using saltwater guide logbooks, dockside sampling data, and the Statewide Harvest Survey. An ongoing hydroacoustic abundance survey for black rockfish will also be conducted to compare harvest rates in all fisheries with the latest abundance estimates.
For additional information, please contact Area Management Biologist Tyler Polum at (907) 486-1880.
View the Emergency Order

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Several employees from TGA, the UK's leading mobility scooter and product specialist based in Sudbury, have raised over 500 for the charity Success After Stroke by running the Sudbury 5 &10k.
The charity run took place on Sunday 12th July 2015 across the Auberies estate in Suffolk and attracted over a hundred entrants. The TGA team consisted of a variety of runners and non-runners who all tackled the hilly off-road 5k course. With grit and determination several PBs were achieved so that sponsorship was maximised to help Success After Stroke (SAS). SAS is a Suffolk-based charity with dedicated volunteers and therapists that provide pro-active support for people affected by Stroke. The organisation?s invaluable work encourages rehabilitation, independence and confidence.
TGA had previously supported SAS by raising donations during its Sudbury showroom sales and by entering the Sudbury Fun Run. This latest sponsorship further underlines TGA's commitment to helping people living with the affects of Stroke. Daniel Stone, TGA Managing Director, completed this latest race and commented: "All of us from TGA Mobility have had such fun completing the Sudbury 5k and it is great to know our sponsorship money is going to such a worthwhile cause. This charity delivers an invaluable service locally and the whole Success After Stroke team should be congratulated for their continued commitment. TGA will continue to support the charity in the future as we are 100 dedicated to helping people living with Stroke regain independence through the provision of quality and reliable mobility products."


Brought to you by Tabor Communications and nGage Events, The Advanced Scale Forum is the convergence of two conferences – Leverage Big Data and Enterprise HPC – to bring together a power forum created to solve challenges in the build-out of scalable advanced enterprise computing solutions. This convergence reflects the current state of the enterprise as they increasingly leverage High-Performance Computing (HPC) to solve modern scaling challenges within this the big data era.
Designed for CTOs, CIOs, database, systems & solutions architects, and other decision-makers working to build systems and applications that require increasing amounts of performance and throughput, Advanced Scale Forum allows attendees to collaborate with experts and peers to discover tools that meet today's data demands and uncover business intelligence.
The goal for this streamlined event is to foster a deep understanding of advanced IT solutions that solve Big Data challenges across industries and achieve performance beyond the capabilities of their traditional IT environments. The event is scheduled for April 15-17, 2019 at the Ponte Vedra Inn & Club, Ponte Vedra, Florida. This is an exclusively hosted summit (flights, hotel room, meals, and summit badge are paid for qualified attendees).
Focus areas will include Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Blockchain, Cloud, Deep Learning, HPC, Hybrid IT, IoT – Edge to Core Analytics, Machine Learning and more. As big data models drive business insights, enterprises are hitting the system performance ceiling of traditional IT. Unaware of options available through the High-Performance Computing (HPC) and related cloud computing paradigms that have matured in government, science, and academia over the last 30 years, the enterprise has HPC and Cloud solutions available today that are specifically tailored to their needs.
With established, relevant themes and by providing collaboration opportunities such as board room sessions, 1:1 meetings, and networking & entertainment sessions, this summit accelerates the search for solutions, getting everyone closer to their goals. Our VIPs leave the forum well-armed with today's tools necessary to exceed business demands.
To ensure that the Advanced Scale Forum offers the highest degree of relevancy for attendees, only senior executives responsible for the purchasing or technology implementation are considered for attendance. This exclusive format allows industry leaders to connect with peers to network, share stories, experiences, and possible solutions. All qualified summit delegates will receive a full participation package that includes travel, hotel accommodations, meals and networking activities. This ensures a cost-effective and quality peer-to-peer experience.
Are you a senior technology or business executive seeking larger-scale accelerated computing solutions? Do you deal with data intensive computing, and need better answers now? Request an invitation to Advanced Scale Forum today!
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HPCwire is the #1 news and information resource covering the fastest computers in the world and the people who run them. Since its inception in 1987, HPCwire has enjoyed a legacy of world-class editorial and journalism, making it the news source of choice selected by science, technology and business professionals interested in high performance and data-intensive computing. Visit HPCwire at www.HPCwire.com.
Tabor Communications Inc. (TCI) is a media and services company dedicated to high-end, performance computing. As publisher of a complete advanced computing portfolio that includes HPCwire, Datanami, EnterpriseAI, Digital Manufacturing Report, and HPCwire Japan, TCI is the market-leader in online journalism covering emerging technologies within the high-tech industry, and a services company providing events, audience insights, and other services for companies engaged in performance computing in enterprise, government, and research.
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High School Football Preview: CdM's trio of quarterbacks have a huge target in TaeVeon Le
Corona del Mar's TaeVeon Le, left, who starred as a wideout last year, will get some looks at tight end in 2017. He's coming off a 22-touchdown campaign.
(Drew A. Kelley)
By David Carrillo Peñaloza
There will be more than an unveiling of a renovated Davidson Field when Corona del Mar kicks off the football season on Friday.
TaeVeon Le, a record-breaking wide receiver with the Sea Kings last year, will be lining up at a new position in CdM's home opener with JSerra at Newport Harbor High.
Colleges are recruiting the 6-foot-4, 240-pound senior as a tight end, and more than half of the Ivy League schools have extended an offer to Le, as well as almost half of the schools in the Mountain West Conference. The one conference that hasn't offered Le a scholarship is the Pac-12, and CdM coach Dan O'Shea said that has a lot to do with those schools never seeing Le play tight end.
They will get their chance this year, as O'Shea said Le would be seeing time at tight end.
As a receiver last year, Le burned secondaries, helping CdM claim its fifth straight 5-0 Pacific Coast League title and reach the CIF Southern Section Division 4 finals. With Chase Garbers as the quarterback, Le finished with 78 receptions for 1,294 yards and 22 touchdowns.
Garbers is a freshman at Cal, and now Le has three quarterbacks throwing him the ball. O'Shea said he plans to use three quarterbacks — seniors Nathaniel Espinoza and Erik Zimmerman, and sophomore Ethan Garbers — against JSerra, ranked No. 7 in the CIF Southern Section Division 1 preseason poll.
The quarterback who is most familiar with the Sea Kings' no-huddle, spread offense is Espinoza. He was the backup last year.
"Everyone has their little spin on it," Le said. "Some guys throw it a little higher. Some guys throw it a little lower. But for the most part, I enjoy catching it from all of them."
Sophomore John Humphreys, who stands 6 feet 5 and will play at both sides of the ball this year, catches the ball during a recent practice.
((Drew A. Kelley) )
Espinoza, a dual-threat, is the best natural runner of the three quarterbacks, and O'Shea said he has developed into a complete quarterback. O'Shea said Ethan Garbers, who is 6-2 and the younger brother of Chase, is more of a traditional pocket passer, while the 6-foot Zimmerman can run and throw.
Zimmerman, a transfer, is at his fourth school. He played at Pasadena La Salle as a sophomore, then at Sherman Oaks Notre Dame as a junior, before transferring to La Cañada St. Francis during the spring semester of his junior year.
As for why Zimmerman left St. Francis so quickly, O'Shea said Zimmerman's father transferred to Newport Beach for work.
"His dad showed up one day because he was just looking at schools in the area," O'Shea said. "He was at the school looking for the academic side of it, and I said hello. Then I put him in touch with the athletic director [Don Grable], and it's been really smooth and really good."
Zimmerman wasn't the only notable transfer to CdM.
The Sea Kings also added brothers Alex and Julian Pourdanesh, from University, in the spring. They're seniors and their father is Shar Pourdanesh, a former NFL offensive lineman.
Julian is a lineman as well, and he's starting at right guard. Alex will play at H-back and in the slot, and he will back up senior running back J.T. Murphy, who rushed for 1,191 yards and 13 touchdowns last year.
Another transfer to CdM is sophomore Adam Molloy, who is the third-string running back. Molloy comes from JSerra, CdM's biggest test of the regular season.
The Sea Kings, ranked No. 3 in Division 4, will be going up against a Trinity League team for the first time. The league has been around since 2006, and with private schools Mater Dei, Bellflower St. John Bosco, JSerra, Orange Lutheran, Santa Margarita and Servite in it, many consider the Trinity the toughest in the country.
JSerra has a changed a bit since CdM and JSerra decided in January to play this year and next year. The Lions only got stronger last spring with the McClain brothers, Abdul-Malik, a 6-4 senior defensive end committed to UCLA, and Munir, a 6-4 junior receiver, transferring from Santa Margarita.
Other touted players to transfer to JSerra were senior running back Al Fisher, from Paramount, and junior running back Jamiel Henning, from Buena Park. The McClain brothers are eligible to play right away as they had a valid change of residence, as is the case with Fisher. Henning's eligibility status is pending a response from his former school.
"Athletically, they're [like] Lompoc. They have unbelievable speed at every skill position. On the line of scrimmage, they are [Chatsworth] Sierra Canyon. They're physical. They're big," said O'Shea, comparing the Lions to CdM's playoff opponents in the semifinals and finals from a year ago. "We need [the competition]. We will find out where we're at. We need to get punched in the mouth. We got punched in the mouth last year against Palos Verdes, [which] beat the [crap] out of us [42-20 in the opener]. It was the best thing that ever happened to us."
Corona del Mar football coach Dan O'Shea directs the defense during a recent practice. The Sea Kings reached the CIF Southern Section Division 4 final last year.
The Sea Kings responded after starting last year with a loss by winning their next 12 games and advancing to the section finals for the fourth time in six years.
The goal, Le said, is to win the Pacific Coast League, in what looks like CdM's last in the league before it moves to the Sunset League next year, and to get back to the section finale.
"We want to go 16-0," Le said of an overall record only one CdM team has achieved, doing so four years ago. "Win [a section championship], then get to state."
While the Sea Kings lost a lot of talented seniors off a 12-2 team — Chase Garbers, center Arwin Rahmatpanah, right guard Bryan Samudro, receivers Billy Shaw and Reese Perez, defensive linemen Bryce Clabaugh and Teddy Barber, linebacker Mickey Quinn, and defensive backs Jaydin Moses and Cameron Kormos — Clyde Moore said he likes where CdM is headed.
Moore, a senior middle linebacker committed to Colorado, is back, along with senior linebacker Jack Fairon and senior defensive tackle Connor Reid. John Humphreys, a sophomore, is starting at strong safety, and senior Max Casper is the free safety. Casper was primarily a kicker last year and he will continue to handle those duties.
The weapons are there on offense with Le and two 6-5 targets in Humphreys and sophomore tight end Mark Redman, and freshman speedster Jereme Rolfe. The Sea Kings are counting on another transfer, Spencer Hook, to catch balls as well.
The question is who will win the quarterback job and be throwing to these options?
There has been a lot of competition at quarterback, and CdM even has a talented freshman at the position named General Booty. His uncles are Josh, John David and Jake Booty, all former college and NFL quarterbacks.
Hook was in the quarterback mix in the spring, when he returned to CdM. He split time at quarterback as a junior at rival Newport Harbor.
"He kind of missed the friend side, the social side of football," O'Shea said when asked why Hook returned to CdM, where his younger brother, Tristan, is a sophomore offensive lineman. "Spencer came back with a great attitude. We said, 'Hey, we're not going to promise you that you're playing quarterback. If we need you at tackle, play tackle. If you're a defensive end, you're a defensive end.' We had a need at wide receiver, and he earned a starting job at wide receiver."
The Sea Kings do have a track record of turning former quarterbacks into standout receivers.
"We always joke that Spencer Hook is kind of a Peter Bush 2.0," said Le, who remembers Bush setting CdM single-season records for receptions (62) and receiving touchdowns (15), to go with 915 receiving yards as a senior in 2015.
The following year, as a junior, Le obliterated Bush's marks.
Le believes he can keep putting up huge stats, even with Garbers gone and him seeing time at tight end.
"A lot people put the question mark around [my] blocking, but I can block. I went to camps. I've proven it," said Le, who has offers from Iowa State, Boise State, BYU, Colorado State, Air Force, UNLV, Hawaii and Army, as well as eight NCAA Football Championship Subdivision programs, Harvard, the University of Pennsylvania, Columbia, Princeton, Yale, UC Davis, Utah State and Georgetown. "For me, it's more of this year kind of just showing on film against live [action that] I can do the role as a tight end, as well as a receiver.
"For the most part. We're throwing some new stuff in this year. I wish I could tell you what it is, but you will see soon enough."
Aug. 25: vs. JSerra
Sept. 1: vs. Los Gatos
Sept. 8: at El Toro
Sept. 15: at Newport Harbor
Sept. 29: at Trabuco Hills
Oct. 6: vs. Beckman *
Oct. 13: at University *
Oct. 19: vs. Northwood *
Oct. 27: vs. Irvine *
Nov. 3: at Woodbridge *
* denotes Pacific Coast League game
david.carrillo@latimes.com
Twitter: @ByDCP
David Carrillo Peñaloza
David Carrillo Peñaloza learned to read because of the newspaper. At breakfast, it was his job to translate stories to his parents, who were unable to read in English. He now tells stories as the sports editor for Times Community News South. His work has appeared in the Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, the New York Times and the Sacramento Bee. (714) 966-4612


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Patent application title: SYNTHETIC RAW ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITIONS IN FREE-FLOWING PELLET FORM AND PROCESS FOR OBTAINING THE SAME
Inventors: Gabriel Hernández-Zamora (Altamira, MX) Ricardo Sánchez-Ortega (Altamira, MX) Zenón Rodríguez-Juarez (Altamira, MX) Ismael Camacho-Salas (Altamira, MX) Sergio Moctezuma-Espiricueto (Altamira, MX)
IPC8 Class: AC09J10906FI
USPC Class: 524400
Class name: Organic dnrm oxygen atom or metal atom dnrm, e.g., metal stearate, etc. group iia metal (be, mg, ca, sr, ba)
Patent application number: 20150322300
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A raw elastomeric composition in free-flowing pellet form is described, which comprises a raw elastomer with molecular weight from 50,000 to 400,000 Da, and an anti-block agent comprising inorganic fillers, capable of forming emulsions in water. Likewise, a process for obtaining said raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form, comprising the steps of: a) polymerizing at least one monomer through solution polymerization in order to obtain elastomer crumb; b) forming an aqueous suspension of the elastomer crumbs; c) dewatering the aqueous suspension; d) adding an anti-block agent comprising inorganic fillers capable of forming emulsions in water; e) drying the dewatered suspension; and f) pelletizing the elastomer to form a raw elastomeric composition in free-flowing pellets form. The raw elastomeric composition in free-flowing pellets form thus obtained can be used as an adhesive composition, in asphalt modification and in asphalt emulsions.
1. An adhesive composition comprising: a) a raw elastomer with molecular weight from 50,000 to 400,000 Da; and, b) from 1 to 15% by total weight of an anti-block agent comprising inorganic fillers, capable of forming emulsions in water, wherein the anti-block agent is not applied as an outer layer; and wherein the adhesive composition has adhesive properties above the minimum parameters required for application as adhesive.
2. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the elastomer is selected between Solution-SBR, Emulsion-SBR, SB di-block copolymers and tapered triblock copolymers.
3. The adhesive composition of claim 2, wherein the elastomer is a styrene--butadiene copolymer with butadiene content higher than 60% weight/weight.
4. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the inorganic fillers contained in the anti-block agent are selected from the group comprising metallic carbonates, metallic sulfates, metallic oxides, metallic hydroxides, metallic aluminosilicates, alumina, silica, talc and combinations thereof, in combination with a compatible emulsifier capable of forming emulsions of the same in water.
5. The adhesive composition of claim 4, wherein the inorganic fillers contained in the anti-block agent are selected from the group comprising calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, calcium oxide, titanium dioxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium aluminosilicate, calcium aluminosilicate, alumina, silica, talc and combinations thereof.
6. The adhesive composition of claim 5, wherein the inorganic fillers contained in the anti-block agent are selected from the group comprising magnesium sulfate, titanium dioxide, calcium hydroxide, silica, potassium aluminosilicate, calcium aluminosilicate, talc and combinations thereof.
7. The adhesive composition of claim 4, wherein the compatible emulsifier is selected from alkaline salts of organic fatty esters with less than 20 carbon atoms.
8. The adhesive composition of claim 7, wherein the compatible emulsifier is a stearate.
9. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the anti-block agent comprises: a) 3-9% w/w calcium hydroxide; b) 0.3-1.1% w/w talc; c) 0.5-2% w/w titanium dioxide; d) 0.3-1% w/w calcium aluminosilicate; e) 0.2-0.7% w/w potassium aluminosilicate f) 0.5-1.5% w/w magnesium sulfate; g) 75-85% w/w silica; and h) 7-11% w/w calcium stearate.
10. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the anti-block agent can be used in powder form or as a water-based emulsion with solids content from about 5 to about 50% by weight.
11. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the anti-block agent is added in the range of 2 to 8% by weight.
12. The adhesive composition of claim 1, wherein the Brookfield viscosity at 177.degree. C. is maximum 5741 cP, the softening temperature is at least 75.degree. C., Tension is at least 1.4 MPa, Loop Tack is at least 1.59 lbf, the Peel is at least 1.81 lbf, and Shear is at least 33 minutes.
RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/467,733 filed on Mar. 25, 2011, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0002] The present invention relates to techniques used for the production, storage and application of elastomeric compositions, and more particularly, it is related to elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form and the process for obtaining the same.
[0003] Synthetic elastomers, in general, are used in a variety of applications, either as such, or as modifiers of the mechanical and/or rheological properties of other polymers or materials. However, many elastomers, such as styrene-butadiene rubbers (SBR) in raw form, tend to agglomerate and form blocks, which in part gives them their usefulness in a variety of applications such as adhesives or impact modifiers, but that makes handling of the same in raw form very difficult.
[0004] For instance, the most common raw elastomers of commercial type are SBR elastomers, with styrene monomer content fluctuating from 3 to 45% w/w, with the balance being butadiene. By having the most content of butadiene, one of the properties that is immediately apparent in these materials is their stickiness, which is mainly attributed to the glass transition temperature (transition from solid to viscoelastic stage) that is less than -20° C. In particular, this stickiness is increased when the polymers are heated to temperatures above ambient temperature, and even more if pressure is applied. This phenomenon of stickiness is increased when butadiene and styrene are in a mainly random form and blocks of polystyrene are reduced.
[0005] This tackiness property makes impossible to commercialize this type of SBR elastomers in the form of free-flowing pellets, crumbs or particles, inasmuch as over time, the adherence between the particles is increased thus forming naturally blocks, phenomenon that is also known as "cold flow". Because of this fact, regardless of the polymerization process, such SBR elastomers are sold in blocks, usually weighing more than 25 kilograms.
[0006] For this reason, raw elastomers are usually commercialized in the form of big blocks and need to be further cut, milled or somehow processed to reduce them to smaller particles depending on the final application. Such processing to reduce particle size must be done on-site or at a time very close to final processing because otherwise the raw elastomer agglomerates again and form solid big blocks.
[0007] In order to maintain temporarily raw elastomers in small particles, different anti-block or partitioning agents are used in the prior art, ranging from talc or inorganic fillers to complex compounds with resins, other polymers and waxes have been used. However, the majority of these agents have at least one of the following disadvantages:
[0008] a) They require some kind of treatment (heating, chemical or of some other kind) in order to be applied or after applying it to the elastomer.
[0009] b) They jeopardize the properties of the elastomer in the final application by compromising tackiness, mechanical or flow properties.
[0010] c) The amount required for anti-blocking activity is very high.
[0011] d) The anti-blocking effect is limited in terms of temperature conditions and length of time.
[0012] Of course all of the above disadvantages impose serious applicability or economical burdens that make the majority of the anti-blocking agents unfeasible or limited in use to elastomeric compositions that have been further formulated, cross-linked or vulcanized, so that with less amount of agent the desired anti-blocking effect is achieved at least temporarily. However, when applied to virgin or raw elastomeric compositions, such agents are usually not useful in the long term so as to be able to commercialize, store and process the same in particle, crumb or pellet form.
[0013] One of the applications that are more sensitive to the above described problems is asphalt modification through elastomeric compositions.
[0014] Asphalt is a viscous, sticky and black material used as a binder in pavement mixtures for the construction of road surfaces, as well as in waterproofing. In view of the fact that asphalt is a highly impermeable, adhesive and cohesive material, able to withstand high stresses instantaneous and flow under the action of constant loads, it has ideal properties for the construction of road surfaces complying with the following functions: i) waterproof the pavement structure, making it very sensitive to moisture and effective against the penetration of water from rainfall; and, ii) providing an intimate union and cohesion between aggregates, capable of withstanding the mechanical action of disintegration caused by the loads of vehicles.
[0015] However, in its virgin state asphalt has rheological and thermomechanical properties limiting its application and usefulness life in pavements. For instance, the softening typical temperatures of virgin asphalts are in the range of 50° C. to 60° C. (rheological-failure temperatures or RFT). However, such temperatures can be improved with the use of polymers that allow RFT higher than 60° C., thus making asphalts more resistant to friction loss associated with rolling of vehicles.
[0016] Another interesting property is that virgin asphalts have performance degrees of the PG type of SUPERPAVE (Superior Performing Asphalt Pavements) typical for PG 64-10. The PG range can be extended to 82-22 PG grades with the help of the polymers.
[0017] Asphalts modified with polymers were developed with the intention to reduce the requirements of energy for the production, storage and application of asphalts cement in roads. The modified asphalts use polymers that can form three-dimensional networks through vulcanization, formation of crystals or entanglements of the polymer chains.
[0018] The objects pursued with the modification of asphalts with polymers are:
[0019] a) Having more viscous binders at elevated temperatures in order to reduce the permanent deformation of mixtures composing the bearing layers and increasing the stiffness;
[0020] b) Reducing cracking due to thermal effect at low temperatures and fatigue, thus increasing its elasticity; and
[0021] c) Having a binder with best adhesive features.
[0022] SBR elastomeric compositions with molecular weight (Mw) in the range from about 50,000 to 500,000 Daltons in raw form are mostly used to modify asphalts. As mentioned before, these elastomers are commercialized and stored as blocks which subsequently have to be crushed or grinded by the users on-site, thus increasing the costs in the total process of asphalt modification due to both, energy consumption, labor and time.
[0023] There have been various solutions tried in the prior art in order to solve the aforesaid problem.
[0024] One solution has been emulsifying SBR elastomers in water in order to facilitate incorporation into asphalt. However, for polymers with more than 100,000 Daltons of Mw great difficulties for emulsification have been encountered, and in addition, the high temperatures used in the modification processes of the asphalt, often higher than the evaporation temperature of water, origins flashing or sudden streams of water that can cause accidents, in addition to the oxidation of the asphalt that implies a premature aging factor, which reduces its useful life time in the application of pavement.
[0025] These emulsified elastomers have found some application in asphalt emulsions, also well known in the state of the art. These emulsions are mixtures of asphalt with emulsifiers that form a stable emulsification with water, which allows its application on cold asphalt surfaces, that is to say, at temperatures lower than 100° C.
[0026] One of these technologies is found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,899 wherein a specific type of SBR emulsion can be used to modify asphalt cement to greatly enhance the resistance to shoving, rutting and low temperature cracking of asphalt concretes made therewith. Such SBR emulsion is compatible with virtually all types of asphalt and the modified asphalts have extremely high levels of force ductility, tenacity and toughness. According to this patent, SBR used to modify asphalt cement in the practice of this invention is a blend of (i) a high molecular weight (Mw) styrene-butadiene rubber having an average Mw of at least about 300,000 and (ii) a low Mw styrene-butadiene rubber having an average Mw of less than about 280,000; wherein the ratio of the high Mw styrene-butadiene rubber to the low Mw styrene-butadiene rubber is within the range of about 80:20 to about 25:75, and require further features in the elastomer composition in order to work.
[0027] On the other hand, in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,503,968 an asphalt modifier of styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer and styrene-butadiene latex is disclosed, which relates to an asphalt modifier comprising 5-30 wt % of dispersed styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer and 70-95 wt % of dispersed styrene-butadiene latex, which has an excellent resistance property against plastic deformation, while preventing the occurrence of crack at a low temperature. However, this technology, as mentioned before, has the disadvantage of the need of evaporating water in order to recover the elastomer and in some cases, particularly when modifying the asphalt in temperatures higher than 100° C., with the problems described above. In addition, its application require excess of polymeric latex emulsion, considering that the solids content of these materials fluctuate at levels less than 70% solids, which impacts the final cost of operation.
[0028] An improved method for treating crumb rubber particles for use in asphalt compositions is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,927,620 which is characterized by activating the particles to enhance rheological properties thereof. A slurry of crumb rubber particles is formed by adding water thereto. The slurry is heated to a temperature of 85-90° C. to release excess oils and chemicals from the particles into the slurry. The slurry is dried to produce a fine mesh rubber product with enhanced rheological properties. Such materials have the disadvantage that it is no longer a virgin material, but a cross-linked material mixed with some loads such as carbon black which is used as the main ingredient in tire formulations.
[0029] Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,831 relates to modified asphalts with partitioning agent and method for making the same, which is characterized by the addition of a partitioning agent to a polymer modifier material such as synthetic rubber to prevent re-agglomeration of the rubber. The partitioning agent is complex and includes a mixture of phenyl-formaldehide resins and waxes. Whereas reduction of time required to disperse the modifier material in asphalt and lower viscosity of the modified asphalt are reported through the use of such partitioning agent, this technology requires high temperature to incorporate the partitioning agent into the polymer and, due to the resins and waxes contained therein, its use in emulsions and the incorporation in the normal process of production of raw polymers is expensive and difficult because the additive is incompatible with water and, evidently, very difficult to emulsify, thus making the whole process more expensive due to both, energy requirements for incorporation into the polymer and further treatments and additives required at the application in asphalt.
[0030] The same disadvantages are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,371,794 and 7,847,006, which refers to the same kind of partitioning agent with phenyl formaldehyde resin and waxes, in the case of the latter with the addition of precipitated silica. As it is easily seen, the disadvantages of these additives with waxes and resins prevail, where the preferred temperatures for addition of the partitioning agent to the polymer are well above 100° C. and a preheating step is necessary in order to make more fluid the resin and waxes.
[0031] Likewise, the US Patent Application Serial No. 2010/0187718 relates to a method for making a modified polymer, which is characterized by re-capsulating the polymer via extrusion, through the use of a cross-linking agent that is mixed with particles of synthetic rubber material to form a mixture which is then heated and delivered to an extruding machine. The extruding machine further heats the mixture and produces strands of modified polymer material which are cooled and pelletized to form small pellets of re-capsulated modified polymer. A partitioning or anti-blocking agent of the same type than described in the other patents, namely with phenyl formaldehyde resin and waxes, is added to the pellets to prevent re-agglomeration of the modified polymer.
[0032] The modifier materials or anti-block additives described in the U.S. patents mentioned above describe properties that could solve the problem of agglomeration of raw elastomer particles, but have a lot of problems in the process due to the resins and waxes contained therein, which make it difficult and expensive to apply due to the use of temperature, and problems in the drying systems during the processes of production of the elastomers, through increasing the internal pressure in the same and with the need of further additives or processing.
[0033] Accordingly, the prior art has not suggested or described raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form that, in addition to allowing the commercialization, storage and application as particles, enhance the properties of the rubber when used in further applications, maintaining the properties of the elastomeric composition when used as modifier for asphalts, typical rubber applications or adhesives, in spite of the use of an anti-blocking or partitioning agent. Furthermore, there are not any technologies allowing the incorporation of an anti-blocking or partitioning agent without the need of further processing or the use of more additives, without compromising the properties of the elastomer in the final applications and with anti-blocking effects achieved for long storage times and high weights, thus allowing commercialization in crumb, pellet or particle form.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
[0034] Considering the defects of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form that can be obtained, stored and commercialized in such form, with large periods of storage allowing keeping such form during transportation and use, without compressing thereof again and avoiding the formation of large blocks that difficult their utilization.
[0035] Moreover, it is another object of the present invention to provide raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form such that, in addition to keep the expected properties of the raw material in the final application, enhance some properties when used in certain applications, without the need of further processes or additives.
[0036] It is a further object of the present invention to provide raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form such that may be used in less quantities than other compositions in the prior art for the same applications.
[0037] It is another object of the present invention to provide a process for obtaining raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form such that may be easily used in emulsified applications and produced without the need of heat and in the absence of waxes or complex additives during the production of the raw elastomeric composition, but allowing further processing with easiness in final applications such as asphalts, emulsified asphalts, adhesives or rubber forming.
[0038] It is also an object of the present invention to provide modified asphalts with enhanced mechanical properties through the addition of the raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form, including the use in emulsified asphalts.
[0039] It is still another object of the present invention to provide an adhesive composition that keeps its adhesive properties above the minimum parameters required for applications as adhesives, in spite of being in free-flowing pellet form and not showing agglomeration.
[0040] All of the above objects are achieved through a raw elastomeric composition comprising an elastomer with molecular weight from 50,000 to 400,000 Da and an anti-block agent containing emulsifiable inorganic fillers. The process for obtaining the composition includes the step of adding the anti-block agent at the last drying stage of the raw elastomer, which anti-block agent is incorporated either as an emulsion or in solid form, without the need of pretreatment or additional heat for incorporation thereof.
[0041] The novel features of the present invention are established particularly in the appended claims. However, the invention itself together with other objects and advantages thereof will be better understood in the following detailed description of a specific embodiment, when read along with the appended figures, in which:
[0042] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the step sequence of the process for obtaining raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form, developed according to the present invention.
[0043] FIG. 2 is a graphic showing the maximum temperature of rheological failure (RFT) of several specific embodiments of the claimed raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form.
[0044] FIG. 3 is a graphic showing the maximum temperature of rheological failure (RFT) of another specific embodiments of the claimed raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form.
[0045] In spite of the normal effect that inorganic fillers have in the properties of raw elastomeric compositions, through the use of emulsifiable inorganic fillers, the present invention provides raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form that can be obtained, stored and commercialized in such form, with large periods of storage allowing keeping such form during transportation and use, without compressing thereof again but that, in addition to keep the expected properties of the raw material in the final application, enhance some properties when used in certain applications, without the need of further processes or additives.
[0046] According to the principles of the present invention, the raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form comprise:
[0047] a) a raw elastomer with molecular weight from 50,000 to 400,000 Da; and,
[0048] b) from 0.1 to 15% by total weight of an anti-block agent containing inorganic fillers capable of forming emulsions in water.
[0049] As used herein, the term "raw elastomer" refers to any elastomer that has not suffered a cross-linking, vulcanization or chemical treatment after being obtained from a polymerization process.
[0050] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the elastomer is selected between Solution-SBR, Emulsion-SBR, SB di-block copolymers and tapered triblock copolymers, but styrene--butadiene copolymers with butadiene content higher than 60% weight/weight are particularly preferred.
[0051] The tapered triblock copolymers include, but are not limited to, elastomers and thermoplastic elastomers made from block copolymers of styrene (S), butadiene (B), and/or isoprene (I) of varying sizes and number of blocks. Examples of such elastomers and thermoplastic elastomers include (S/B-rich)-(B/S-rich)-S, (S/I-rich)-(I/S-rich)-S, (S/B)-S, (S/I)-S, (S/B)m-S and (S/I)m-S (where m is an integer), S-(S/B-rich)-(B/S-rich)-S, S-(S/I-rich)- (I/S-rich)-S, S-(B/S-rich)-(S/B-rich)-(B/S-rich)-S, S-(I/S-rich)-(S/I-rich)-(I/S-rich)-S, [S-(B/S-rich)-(S/B-rich)]n-X, [S-(I/S-rich)-(S/I-rich)]n-X, X-[S-(B/S-rich)-(S/B-rich)]n, X-[S-(I/S-rich)-(S/I-rich)]n (where X is the residue of either a coupling agent or a multifunctional initiator and n is an integer from 2 to about 30) tapered triblock copolymers as well as their hydrogenated, selectively hydrogenated, and partially hydrogenated counterparts. These tapered triblock copolymers are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/361,740, which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0052] As for the inorganic fillers contained in the anti-block agent, they are selected from the group consisting of metallic carbonates, metallic sulfates, metallic oxides, metallic hydroxides, metallic aluminosilicates, alumina, silica, talc and combinations thereof, in combination with a compatible emulsifier capable of forming emulsions of the same in water; preferably, the inorganic fillers are selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, calcium oxide, titanium dioxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium aluminosilicate, calcium aluminosilicate, alumina, silica, talc and combinations thereof, more preferably the inorganic fillers are selected from the group consisting of magnesium sulfate, titanium dioxide, calcium hydroxide, silica, potassium aluminosilicate, calcium aluminosilicate, talc and combinations thereof, and the emulsifier is selected from alkaline salts of organic fatty esters with less than 20 carbon atoms, more preferably stearates.
[0053] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the anti-block agent comprises:
[0054] a) 3-9% w/w calcium hydroxide;
[0055] b) 0.3-1.1% w/w talc;
[0056] c) 0.5-2% w/w titanium dioxide;
[0057] d) 0.3-1% w/w calcium aluminosilicate;
[0058] e) 0.2-0.7% w/w potassium aluminosilicate
[0059] f) 0.5-1.5% w/w magnesium sulfate;
[0060] g) 75-85% w/w silica; and
[0061] h) 7-11% w/w calcium stearate.
[0062] The anti-block agent can be used in powder form or as a water-based emulsion with solids content from about 5 to about 50% by weight. In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the anti-block agent is added in the range of 2 to 8% by weight.
[0063] The raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form of the present invention have a maximum particle size of 2 inches; a melt flow index of 3 to 13.1 g/10 minutes at 190° C. y 2.16 Kilos and at 200° C. and 5 Kilos, respectively, and require a maximum force of 15 kgf to loosen into particle form again after applying a continuous force of 2.76 kg at 50° C. for 90 hours.
[0064] The process for obtaining raw elastomeric compositions in free-flowing pellet form of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 1, comprises the following steps:
[0065] a) Polymerizing at least one monomer through solution polymerization in order to obtain elastomer crumbs;
[0066] b) Forming an aqueous suspension of the elastomer crumbs to eliminate polymerization solvents and residues;
[0067] c) Dewatering the aqueous suspension to achieve a maximum water content of 25% by weight;
[0068] d) Adding from 0.1 to 15% of an anti-block agent comprising inorganic fillers capable of forming emulsions in water;
[0069] e) Drying the dewatered suspension to achieve a maximum water content of 1%; and
[0070] f) Pelletizing the elastomer to form a raw elastomeric composition in free-flowing pellets form with maximum particle size of 2 inches.
[0071] The polymerization and suspension steps of the process are well known in the prior art, and the specific conditions for polymerization and suspension will be readily known to those skilled in the art and depend on the final application of the elastomer obtained therein.
[0072] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the dewatering stage is performed through an extrusion equipment of the type known as single screw spindle, wherein the screw cover has ribs at the lower section of the extrusion equipment partially open to eliminate the squeezed water, but without allowing pass the wet lumps of elastomer.
[0073] Likewise, the drying step may be performed through extrusion processes, wherein the anti-block additive is preferably added through the hopper of the extrusion equipment. It is particularly preferred for the drying step extrusion equipment of the single screw type having a variable configuration.
[0074] In the preferred embodiment where the extrusion process is used for the drying stage, the elastomer leaving the extruder is immediately pelletized and the obtained pellets are optionally further dried, preferably through a fluidized bed process with hot air.
[0075] In an additional embodiment of the invention, the pellets finally obtained are sprayed again with the anti-block additive in emulsified form with solids content from about 5 to about 50% by weight.
[0076] The raw elastomer composition in free-flowing pellet form of the present invention can be packed in bags or cardboard boxes of up to 1 ton and will keep its form for at least one year, featuring free-flowing at all times and without re-agglomeration.
[0077] The raw elastomer composition in free-flowing pellet form of the present invention can be used as an adhesive composition that keeps its adhesive properties above the minimum parameters required for applications as adhesives, even when it is in free-flowing pellet form and it does not agglomerate, and in spite of containing inorganic compounds. Additionally, the raw elastomer composition in free-flowing pellet form of the present invention can be used to obtain modified asphalts through the addition of 1 to 6% by weight of said raw elastomer composition in free-flowing pellet form to the asphalt. The modified asphalt thus obtained has a maximum rheological-failure temperature (RFT) of at least 90° C. Furthermore, the raw elastomer composition in free-flowing pellet form of the present invention can be used to obtain a modified asphalt emulsion through the addition of 1 to 6% by weight of said raw elastomer composition in free-flowing pellet form to the asphalt emulsion.
[0078] Using the process of the present invention, with extrusion processes for dewatering and drying, different pellets of a specific embodiment of the present invention were obtained with SBR elastomers, which were evaluated for performance without the combination of the anti-block additive, as well as with different amounts of the same. The dewatering stage for all examples was performed through an extrusion equipment of the type known as single screw spindle.
[0079] In turn, for all examples, the drying step was performed through an extrusion equipment of the single screw type having a variable configuration, and the elastomer leaving the extruder was immediately pelletized and the obtained pellets were dried through a fluidized bed process with hot air, except for Examples 1 and 3.
Raw Elastomer without Anti-Block Agent.
[0080] The SBR elastomer was obtained as described above, with molecular weights of 109,000 Daltons and a monomer ratio 25/75 styrene/butadiene, but no anti-blocking agent was used for this process. The material obtained in this example was designated E1 and it was characterized and used as a reference for comparison in testing.
Raw Elastomer with Anti-Block Agent of the Present Invention.
[0081] The SBR elastomer was obtained as described for Example 1, but an anti-blocking agent was incorporated to the extruder prior to the drying step. The anti-blocking agent was a mixture of calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium aluminosilicate, calcium aluminosilicate, alumina, titanium dioxide, silica and talc, in combination with sodium estearate as compatible emulsifier. The anti-block agent was used in powder form or as a water-based emulsion and it was added in different proportions. Through this process Examples 2A, 2B and 2C were developed, using respectively 2%, 3.5% and 6% by weight (dry base) of the anti-blocking agent. The materials obtained were further characterized and tested.
[0082] The SBR elastomer was obtained as described above, but this time with molecular weights of 240,000 Daltons and a monomer ratio 15/85 styrene/butadiene, but no anti-blocking agent was used for this process. The material obtained in this example was designated E3 and it was characterized and used as a reference for comparison in testing.
[0083] The SBR elastomer was obtained as described in Example 3, but an anti-blocking agent was incorporated to the extruder prior to the drying step. The anti-blocking agent was a mixture of calcium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, calcium oxide, alumina, titanium dioxide, silica and talc, in combination with sodium estearate as compatible emulsifier. The anti-block agent was used in powder and it was added in different proportions, but the extruder was an equipment of the single screw type having a variable configuration. Through this process Examples 4A, 4B and 4C were developed, using respectively 2%, 3.5% and 6% by weight (dry base) of the anti-blocking agent. The materials obtained were further characterized and tested.
[0084] All of the materials obtained in the examples were measured two "critical" parameters. Firstly, its adhesive properties were measured in order to verify whether the material could be used for adhesive applications or not. The results are shown for all the materials in Table 1 below:
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Adhesive properties PROPERTY SPECIFICATION E1 E2-A E-2-B E2-C Brookfield 5741 maximum 5289 5301 5423 5507 viscosity at 177° C., cP Softening 75 minimum 75 75.6 76 76.9 temperature, ° C. Tension, MPa 1.4 minimum 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 Loop Tack, kgf 1.59 minimum 4.08 4.22 4.31 4.40 Peel, kgf 1.81 minimum 3.81 3.76 3.72 3.63 Shear, minutes 33 minimum 55 52 48 44
[0085] As it can be readily seen, even though the adhesive properties are jeopardized as expected, the parameters are still above the minimum required for applications of these elastomers as adhesives in spite of the presence of the anti-block agent of the present invention, which was unexpected because the properties are usually affected greatly by inorganic fillers.
[0086] In addition, samples of the materials were subjected to a compression test. The test consisted of filling with each material of the examples a hollow cylinder of 628.3 cm3 of volume (12.5 cm height and 8 cm the diameter of the base). With the material inside the cylinder, another cylinder of 2.76 kg was put on the material and the whole system was kept at 50° C. for 90 hours. After such time, the force required to divide into particles again the material after taking it from the cylinder was measured for all the materials, according to the following:
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Degree of force required to divide into particles the block formed in the compression test Force range Observation ≧60-80 kgf The material is totally compressed, being impossible to divide it with a hand. 40-50 kgf The material shows some compacting. It can be divided with some effort. 15-30 kgf The material takes the form of a compact cylinder, being easily divided with a hand. <15 kgf The material is totally flowing, being difficult that it forms a block.
[0087] The compression test simulates the storage conditions of the materials, i.e. a period of 6 months and at least 700 kg of material over the last layer of material.
[0088] The results of this compression test are shown in Table 3 below.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Forces needed to loosen the materials after compression test. E1 E2-A E2-B E2-C E3 E4-A E4-B E4-C Force (kgf) >160 >40 >30 <10 >160 30-40 <15 <5
[0089] According to the above, it is evident that the materials of the present invention require very little force to recover the pellet form, which is equivalent to pushing the material with the finger. Therefore, the materials obtained with the principles of the present invention can be stored and transported in pellet form without the risk of agglomeration and block forming.
Comparison of Anti-Block Agents
[0090] Compositions containing the SBR elastomer of Example 1 and different materials used as anti-block agents, corresponding to Examples 5A to 5O, were subjected to the compression test in order to compare their performance. The additives used were: Petrolite 01 Dispersion (E5A); micronized hydroxilated polyethylene wax (E5B), calcium stearate (E5C), industrial talc (E5D), calcium carbonate (E5E), Barbe 237 (emulsified calcium carbonate) (E5F), erucamide (E5G), crodamide (E5H), talc (E5I), gilsonites (E5J), diatomeaceous earth (E5K), Reagent A (E5L), Reagent B (E5M), Aquastab reagent (pulverized and micronized polyethylene) (E5N) and the additive of the present invention (E50). The results are shown in Table 4:
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Performance of several anti-block agents in compression test Concentration of anti-block agent in the composition, % Anti-block agent 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 Others E5A - Petrolite 01 68 kgf 57 kgf 40 kgf Dispersion (Baker Hughes, 2003) E5B - Micronized >50 kgf >50 kgf >50 kgf hydroxilated polyethylene wax (Baker Hughes, 2003) E5C - Calcium stearate 72 kgf 52 kgf 36 kgf 27 kgf (Corporacion Sierra Madre, 2005) E5D - Industrial talc 78 kgf 50 kgf (OMYA, 2004) E5E - Calcium carbonate 65 kgf 42 kgf (Minstron, 2005) E5F - Barbe 237 57 kgf 40 kgf (emulsified calcium carbonate) (Barbe America Inc., 2003) E5G - Erucamide (Croda, >150 kgf >150 kgf >150 kgf 2007) E5H - Crodamide (Croda, >150 kgf >150 kgf >150 kgf 2007) E5I - Talc (Cognis, 2007) >500 kgf >500 kgf >500 kgf (at 6%) E5J - Gilsonites (325 and >200 kgf >200 kgf >200 kgf 300, ER125) (American Gilsonite, 2009) E5K - Diatomeaceous >300 kgf >300 kgf >300 kgf >200 kgf earth (Chemtex Int. de Mex., 2006) E5L - Reagent A 67 kgf 49 kgf 42 kgf (Moore & Murger, 2006) E5M - Reagent B 78 kgf 76 kgf 70 kgf (Moore & Murger, 2006) E5N - Aquastab reagent >500 kgf (pulverized and micronized polyethylene) (Eastman, 2007) E5O - Additive of the >120 kgf >40 kgf >30 kgf <10 kgf present invention (E2C)
[0091] As can be seen from above, the materials of the present invention require less force to recover the pellet form after being subjected to the compression test, when compared to elastomers modified with other anti-block agents.
[0092] Now then, in order to measure the features of the materials of the present invention, the materials were tested as asphalt modifiers. The material was added to an asphalt grade AC-20, with a penetration of 60-80 1/10 mm at 25° C., which was heated to a temperature of 170-195° C., with a stirring of 600 rpm.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Results of modified asphalt of Examples 1 and 2 SBR block (styrene-butadiene ratio 25/75) and SBR pellets with anti-block additive. TEST PROPERTY METHOD E1 E2-A E2-B E2-C MIXTURE WITH 2% W/W POLYMER IN ASPHALT. Elastomer dispersion time Fluorescence 90 80 90 90 in asphalt, minutes Microscopy with referente Softening temperature, ° C. ASTM D36 57 57 57 57 Penetration at 25° C., ASTM D5 54 53 53 52 100 g, 5 s, 1/10 mm Brookfield viscocity at ASTM D4402 975 975 900 1000 135° C. Torsional elastic IRAM 6830 18 21 20 22 recovery, % MIXTURE WITH 3% W/W POLYMER IN ASPHALT. Elastomer dispersion time Fluorescence 90 80 90 90 in asphalt, minutes Microscopy with referente Softening temperature, ° C. ASTM D36 65 64 65 64 Penetration at 25° C., ASTM D5 51 49 51 51 100 g, 5 s, 1/10 mm Brookfield viscocity at ASTM D4402 1413 1388 1388 1400 135° C. Torsional elastic IRAM 6830 20 22 22 23 recovery, % MIXTURE WITH 4% W/W POLYMER IN ASPHALT. Elastomer dispersion time Fluorescence 110 100 100 105 in asphalt, minutes Microscopy with reference Softening temperature, ° C. ASTM D36 66 69 66 66 Penetration at 25° C., ASTM D5 48 44 48 44 100 g, 5 s, 1/10 mm Brookfield viscocity at ASTM D4402 1825 1837 1862 1875 135° C. Torsional elastic IRAM 6830 21 25 24 24 recovery, %
[0093] As it can be seen from the results in Table 5, the additive does not affect the main thermo-mechanical properties. For example, the torsional elastic recovery at 25° C. shows that the additive even slightly improves this property, and the majority of the parameters such as penetration, viscosity and dispersion time are either improved or kept as with the typical block elastomer used in the prior art without anti-blocking agent. For the particular case of viscosity, the SHRP-SUPERPAVE criterion sets that the maximum allowed viscosity at 135° C. is 3000 cP, which is fulfilled in all cases.
[0094] The samples were tested also for the maximum Rheological-Failure Temperature (RFT). This is the temperature at which the ratio of complex modulus or stiffness divided by the angle of deformation of the asphalt is below or equal to 1 kPa, which is a fundamental rheological specification on modified asphalts.
The profile of RFT with different amounts of the polymer composition of the present invention is shown in FIG. 2. As it is easily seen, desirable high temperatures are achieved with very low quantities of the polymer composition of the present invention, which means that not only the anti-block agent used to preserve the pellet form is not jeopardizing the properties of the asphalt, but rather such composition is improving the properties, as less amount of elastomer is required to achieve the same RFT, which for very strict applications such as airport asphalts, the RFT is set at 66° C.
[0095] The same testing was performed with Examples 3 and 4, which results are shown in Table 6 and FIG. 3, and which also shows that the composition of the present invention does not affect asphalt as modifier, but it rather improves some of the properties of the modified asphalt.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Results of modified asphalt of Examples 3 and 4 SBR block of 240,000 Da (styrene-butadiene ratio 15/85) and SBR pellets with anti-block additive. TEST PROPERTY METHOD E3 E4-A E4-B E4-C MIXTURE WITH 2% W/W POLY MER IN ASPHALT. Elastomer dispersion time in Fluorescence 100 90 95 100 asphalt, minutes Microscopy with reference Softening temperature, ° C. ASTM D36 63 63 63 64 Penetration at 25° C., 100 g, ASTM D5 48 49 48 48 5 s, 1/10 mm Brookfield viscocity at ASTM 1112 1110 1112 1111 135° C. D4402 Torsional elastic recovery, % IRAM 6830 29 31 30 30 MIXTURE WITH 3% W/W POLYMER IN ASPHALT. Elastomer dispersion time in Fluorescence 110 110 105 110 asphalt, minutes Microscopy with reference Softening temperature, ° C. ASTM D36 68 68 69 68 Penetration at 25° C., 100 g, ASTM D5 43 42 41 40 5 s, 1/10 mm Brookfield viscocity at ASTM 1632 1628 1609 1613 135° C. D4402 Torsional elastic recovery, % IRAM 6830 34 35 37 38 MIXTURE WITH 4% W/W POLYMER IN ASPHALT. Elastomer dispersion time in Fluorescence 120 115 115 115 asphalt, minutes Microscopy with reference Softening temperature, ° C. ASTM D36 71 72 72 71 Penetration at 25° C., 100 g, ASTM D5 38 38 38 37 5 s, 1/10 mm Brookfield viscocity at ASTM 2015 2010 2013 2014 135° C. D4402 Torsional elastic recovery, % IRAM 6830 36 37 38 38
Asphalt Emulsions
[0096] The materials of the present invention were tested and compared to the traditional products used in asphalt emulsions for chip seals. The materials evaluated were EVA (E6A), butonal(E6B); SBR elastomer of Example 1 (E6C and E6D) and the materials obtained in Examples 2A and 2B (E6E and E6F).
[0097] The results are shown in Table 7.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Results of asphalt emulsions for chip seals CONVENTIONAL E6B RAW E6A (BUTONAL E6C E6D ASPHALT (EVAAT 3% (E1 at (E1 at E6E E6F PARAMETER METHOD SPECIFICATION CQS-65 3%) SBR) 2.4%/) 3%) (E2A) (E2B) EMULSION PROPERTIES 20 mesh MMMP-4- Lower 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 retention, % 05-014 than 1% Discharge 300 a 600 100 300 323 520 567 480 586 time in pavement, seconds SF viscosity MMMP-4- 64 a 180 135 68 160 170 179 173 179 at 50° C., 05-004 seconds Asphalt Minimum 65.7 67 67 65 65 65 65 cement 65% content, % w/w Settling at 1 MMMP-4- Maximum 0.76 0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 day, % 05-013 1% Settling at 5 MMMP-4- Maximum 0.78 0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 days, % 05-013 3% ASPHALT RESIDUE PROPERTIES Elastic Minimum Not measured 25 43 40 47 43 51 recovery by 40 ductilometer at 10° C., % Elastic Minimum Not measured 30 48 50 55 52 57 recovery by 50 ductilometer at 25° C., % Ductility at Minimum Not measured 10 14 14 30 9.5 30 4° C., cm 30 Residue Australian Minimum 70 78 83 87 93 88 94 adherence T230 85% Active Boiling Minimum 75 80 90 93 98 93 98 adherence 90%
[0098] As it can be seen from results of Table 7, the additive does not affect the properties of asphalt emulsions for use in chip seals, but it rather improves the adherence properties when compared to the products that are traditionally used for this purpose, even when less amount of the material of the present invention is used.
[0099] Accordingly, the present invention should not be interpreted only in the light of the examples, as many variations such as different elastomers or specific compositions of the anti-block agent used in the present invention might be apparent from the specification in full. Accordingly, the present invention shall be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
Patent applications by Gabriel Hernández-Zamora, Altamira MX
Patent applications by Ismael Camacho-Salas, Altamira MX
Patent applications by Ricardo Sánchez-Ortega, Altamira MX
Patent applications by Sergio Moctezuma-Espiricueto, Altamira MX
Patent applications by Zenón Rodríguez-Juarez, Altamira MX
Patent applications in class Group IIA metal (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)
Patent applications in all subclasses Group IIA metal (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)
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Cannabis is in the news these days with a heady layer of hype concerning marijuana's new legal status in Colorado and Washington state. But perhaps marijuana's cousin, the hemp seed, should be in the spotlight, too for its beneficial effects on health. More superfood than psychoactive, hemp seeds have been around for most of human civilization. They contain no THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which is the active substance in marijuana that makes you feel high (and later, hungry). Hemp seeds don't give you the munchies – in fact they squelch your hunger, thanks to a nutritional profile high in fiber, fat and protein.
Hemp seeds are heavy with oil, which make up half of their weight and consist of 80 percent essential fatty acids. One tablespoon of hemp oil each day provides all the essential fatty acids you need, including an ideal balance of omega-6 and omega-3. Essential fatty acids protect the heart and brain, lower triglycerides, reduce inflammation and bolster the immune system. Because of hemp seeds' fatty acid profile, some people consider hemp seeds as the perfect food.
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Hemp seeds are used to create seasoning mixes, hemp cheese, hemp milk and other dairy-like products. You can use them at home in all kinds of recipes and as a topper to dishes like salads and oatmeal. With a mild, nutty taste and creamy texture, hemp seeds are an easy addition to many dishes – and an easy way to increase your intake of essential fatty acids.
Hemp seeds are usually sold raw and hulled. Because of their high oil content, hemp seeds will oxidize and turn rancid in a very short period of time. They should always be stored in a dark, airtight container in the refrigerator or freezer.


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Downtown Form Based Code
The North Bend City Council approved an amendment to the Downtown Commercial (DC) Zone to allow for a Form Based Code. The Municipal Code Chapter for the Form Based code is NBMC 18.12 and works in tandem with the Form Based Code Regulating Plan.
Form Based Code is a land development regulation that fosters predictable built results and a high-quality public realm by using physical form, rather than separation of uses, as its organizing principle. The form-based approach will allow the public to see and adjust actual components that contribute to what they like in development, while also addressing what they don't like.
To further enhance the downtown area and secure its future as a social, cultural and entertainment destination, form-based code will ensure that new development fits with the scale and character of the historic commercial uses and improve the public realm with a good relationship between street, sidewalk, and building. This will be accomplished while enabling additional housing, providing more affordable choices to meet a significant local need and help bring additional residents to support a walkable, vibrant downtown community.
The regulations and standards in form-based codes are presented in both words and clearly drawn diagrams and other visuals to help property owners and the public. They are keyed to a regulating plan that designates the appropriate form, scale and character of development, rather than only distinctions in land-use types. They will help implement a community plan for North Bend and also enliven the downtown area with buildings and a built form that relates well to existing uses, facilitates a lively pedestrian environment, and secures the downtown as the cultural and economic heart of the City.
Other complexities form-based code could alleviate include floodplain development, underutilized spaces, parking, walkability, lack of transit, viewsheds, density concerns, noise, compatibility of developments.
The Code creates two districts: Downtown Commercial – Core and Downtown Commercial – Mixed Use. See map below.
New buildings within the DC-C shall meet character of the downtown area and comply with the City's Design Standards. Additionally, buildings within the Historic District shall fit the character of the existing historic buildings as determined by King County Historic Preservation. Site design shall add to public realm and enhance this small district as North Bend's cultural center. New buildings shall be similar in scale to existing structures sharing property lines and not more than 45 feet in height. Balconies and terracing on upper levels shall be used to retain mountain views.
Ground-floors of buildings shall be occupied by retail, office, service, and other active uses along commercial corridors. Upper floors and back spaces from streetscape should include a wide variety of uses, including office, housing, and lodging.
Downtown Commercial Mixed Use
New buildings shall comply with North Bend's design standards, using modern architecture that fits the character of recently constructed buildings within the DC Zone. New buildings shall range from smaller, multifamily complexes to mixed-used developments up to 45 feet in height, located at the front of the property line, with active frontages along the ground level. Building mass steps down to 35 feet when adjacent to single story or historic buildings. Balconies and terracing on upper levels shall be used to retain mountain views.
Buildings may be occupied with ground floor retail, office, service, and other active uses. Residential uses on the ground floor should, where permitted off North Bend Way, have frontages ensuring privacy for the units. Units shall be accessed directly from the street, unless determined infeasible due to specific site constraints. Upper floors and back spaces from streetscape should include a wide variety of uses, including office, housing, lodging.
Form Based Code FAQs
What is Form Based Code (FBC) and how is it different from the zoning that existed on my downtown property prior to the FBC's adoption?
A form-based code is a land development regulation that fosters predictable built results and a high-quality public realm by using physical form, rather than separation of uses, as the organizing principle for the code.
How does applying FBC affect my property?
If your property is located in the Downtown Commercial (DC) zone, the requirements for development or redevelopment have changed. The primary requirements are located in the regulating plan which can be found HERE. The City's Form-based Code gives clear direction about what is expected for building types and building frontage types for each area within the DC zone. Additionally, building setback and multi-story step backs have changes with the approved code.
Please Email CED Department for specific questions. All development will still need to comply with the City's Design Guidelines and other Municipal Code requirements.
Will the uses allowed on my property change?
There are some changes to the allowable uses. The Downtown Commercial – Core limits ground floor uses to commercial type uses. The regulating plan states, "The DC Zone is open to residential, commercial, office-related, public, and quasi-public, and light industrial uses that can be contained within and cause no public nuisance outside of existing buildings or proposed development. Uses prohibited in all zoning districts as set forth in NBMC 18.10.030, in addition to outdoor storage or outdoor vehicle sales specifically prohibited in the DC Zone, continue to be prohibited. Nuisances as set forth in NBMC Chapter 8.08 are prohibited, including hazardous materials and uses that produce noises above what lawful as set forth in NBMC Chapter 8.26."
Does FBC change the way I would process a development permit on my property?
No, Form Base Based Code does not change the process for a development permit. Staff reviews your application for conformance to the form based code.
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