text:
Reports shed new light on Chicago police chief's firing
Posted 7:34 AM, December 3, 2019, by WGN Web Desk and Courtney Gousman, Updated at 11:28AM, December 3, 2019
CHICAGO — Former Chicago police Supt. Eddie Johnson's tenure ended in controversy, and earlier than expected.
Mayor Lori Lightfoot terminated Johnson effective immediately Monday, saying an investigation into an incident when Johnson was reportedly asleep in a vehicle revealed, "actions that are intolerable for any leader."
During a press conference Monday, Lightfoot told reporters she had reviewed the inspector general's report of the incident, as well as video, and was left with no choice but to fire Johnson.
"I saw things that were inconsistent with what Mr. Johnson had told me personally and what he revealed to members of the public," she said.
According to the Chicago Tribune, the city inspector general's office obtained video of Johnson drinking for a few hours on the evening of Oct. 16 with a woman at the Ceres Cafe, a popular restaurant and bar at the Chicago Board of Trade building.
Later that night around 12:30 a.m. on Oct. 17, Johnson was spotted slumped over the wheel of his black SUV near his Bridgeport home.
Johnson initially said he'd forgotten to take his blood pressure medication and became lightheaded. But he later admitted to Lightfoot that he'd had "a couple of drinks" at dinner.
The incident has since been under investigation by Chicago's Office of the Inspector General. The investigation is not yet complete.
In November, Johnson announced he would retire at the end of the year after more than 30 years with the department.
Interim CPD Supt. Charlie Beck, who was appointed by Lightfoot last month, is now in Chicago and is taking over the department, effective immediately.
Chicago mayor fires top cop Eddie Johnson over 'intolerable' actions
Former LAPD Chief Charlie Beck to be named interim Chicago police superintendent
CPD Supt. Eddie Johnson expected to announce retirement soon: report
Former top cop Eddie Johnson denies misleading mayor, acknowledges 'lapse of judgment'
CPD employees investigated over alleged Eddie Johnson cover-up: report
BGA files lawsuit over records involving CPD Supt. Johnson found 'slumped over' in car
Chicago police union board votes 'no confidence' in top cop
WGN Investigates
New details on bodycam video on Eddie Johnson's incident
Lightfoot responds to reports of Supt. Eddie Johnson possibly retiring
Johnson no longer employed by CPD, mayor's office says
Chicago top cop addresses criticism since Laquan McDonald IG report
IG report: Former Whitney Young swim coach rented out pool, kept money for himself
Tribune reports woman who was allegedly drinking with Johnson under investigation for removing evidence
CPD Supt. Johnson announces retirement, will serve through end of year


text:
\section{Motivation}
The main motivation of conducting this experiment at Eurecat's Augmented Workplace is to see how emotions affect students' learning outcomes. The hypothesis is that positive emotions promote good learning outcomes, while negative emotions could be a reason for bad results. From the common sense perspective, this hypothesis, sounds reasonable. The outcome of this study is to formally prove the hypothesis. Also, to the best of our knowledge there is no suitable dataset available in the emotion research domain which is related to emotional state analysis in the real life E-learning or education context.

\section{Experimental Protocol}
\subsection{Experimental environment}
The experiment is conducted at a classroom of Eurecat Academy, Sabadell, Barcelona. The classroom was a regular classroom with fully equipped machineries and other instruments. The picture (Fig.~\ref{fig:classroom}) is the actual view of the classroom where the experiment was conducted.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{class-room2.png}
    \caption{The classroom where the experiment was conducted (Eurecat Academy, Sabadell, Barcelona).}\label{fig:classroom}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Learning exercise}
The stimuli used in this experiment are the exams for the course taught by the teacher at Eurecat Academy, Sabadell, Barcelona in order to elicit the emotional reactions to the students in a class room scenario and record Electrodermal Activity (EDA) and Photoplethysmography (PPG) data. The exam was designed by the tutor of that course and it was divided into smaller exercises (see Annex~\ref{app:exam} for the examination formulation).

Each exercise duration was 5 minute slots and there were a total of 12 sets of exercises, so in total the whole exam session was 84 minutes. In between each of the 12 sets we gave 2 minutes gap to for the students to "cool down".  Also, students were advised that their annotations would not affect their evaluations to avoid any possible bias. In each of the 12 sets, from exercise Set 1 to Set 7; and 11 and 12 had 4 questions in each. Exercise Set 8 to 10 had one subjective question in each. The exercises sets are added in the additional materials for further reference.

Before starting the exam we instructed the students the whole exam pattern. In which students were asked to give their current emotional states that they had felt after answering each questions. For the emotion states input from students we used 6 basic discrete emotion model~\cite{ekman1992}\footnote{\url{https://www.paulekman.com/universal-emotions/}} developed by Paul Ekman, widely accepted theory of basic emotions and their expressions. These emotion labels are as follows:
\begin{enumerate}
    \item {Sadness}
    \item {Happiness}
    \item {Fear}
    \item {Anger}
    \item {Surprise}
    \item {Disgust}
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Students}
In the exam there were 10 students. The students were all male. Their age varies from 23 to 57 years.

\subsection{Data Acquisition}

The sensors used to record the EDA and PPG data is Consensys Bundle Development kit from Shimmer Sensing. The pictures of the sensor is in Fig~\ref{fig:shimmer-sensor}.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{shimmer-sensor.png}
    \caption{Shimmer Sensors}
    \label{fig:shimmer-sensor}
\end{figure}

Before starting the exam we put the sensors on the students shown in the following picture (Fig.~\ref{fig:studenst-with-sensors}) for collecting the EDA and PPG data. The sensors were put on the non active hand of each student (such as if he/she is right handed we put the sensor on the left hand and so on). The whole experiment was carried out in 2 sessions, in each session there were 5 students.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.4\linewidth]{shimmer-wearable.png}
    \caption{Students wearing Shimmer sensors in the classroom while taking the exams.}
    \label{fig:studenst-with-sensors}
\end{figure}

The following picture (Fig.~\ref{fig:exam-scenario}) is from the class while doing the experiment.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth ]{class-room1.png}
    \caption{Students taking the exams with the senors wearing.} \label{fig:exam-scenario}
\end{figure}

The data collection from multiple Shimmer sensors were done using the Shimmer's Consensys software, in which all the data streams are recorded and saved. In the picture (Fig.~\ref{fig:software-interface}), the software interface while doing the experiment is presented.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{software-interface.png}
    \caption{Shimmer's Consensys software interface while collecting the data.}
    \label{fig:software-interface}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Data Formatting}
The data recorded in the Shimmer's Consensys software is exported into two format, such as \textit{.csv} and \textit{.mat}. In each file the data is saved in the following format (Fig.~\ref{fig:file-format}):
\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{file-format.png}
    \caption{Default file format in Shimmer's Consensys software.}
    \label{fig:file-format}
\end{figure}

Each \textit{.mat} or \textit{.csv} file contains these channels which are available in the Shimmer sensor. From the filename shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:file-format}, we can see that Consensys software saves the file in the following format: \[ [Trial\; name/number, Session number, Sensor Unique ID, Calibrated/not calibrated, PC] \]

The sensor recordings can be accessed by providing the channel names as dot(.) operator, e.g. in Fig.~\ref{fig:data-read}.
\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.75\linewidth]{data-read.png}
    \caption{Reading data from the \textit{.mat} file.}
    \label{fig:data-read}
\end{figure}

The emotion labels were saved in .csv file with the file name which contains [session name + student ID + type of data (EDA/PPG)].

\subsection{Data Set}

For easy accessibility and better understandability we have extracted only the EDA and PPG data from the data recordings saved in Shimmer's Consensys software. The final datatset with the EDA and PPG recordings with the emotion labels are saved in .csv file. The folder structure of the MDEAW dataset is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:MDEAW-folder-structure}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{folder-structure-MDEAW.png}
    \caption{MDEAW dataset folder structure and files inside it.}
    \label{fig:MDEAW-folder-structure}
\end{figure}
Inside each csv file the EDA and PPG recordings are organised as follows:
\[ [ Question no, Session No, Student ID, EDA/PPG data, Emotion labels ] \]

\noindent The MDEAW dataset will be made publicly available.

\noindent In Fig~\ref{fig:individual-student-emotion-class-labels}, the emotion class frequencies per student is presented and in Fig.~\ref{fig:emotion-class-all} the overall emotion class frequencies for the MDEAW dataset is presented. This figures shows the class distributions of the MDEAW dataset.

\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{emotion-frequency-per-students.png}
    \caption{Number of emotion class labels for individual student in MDEAW dataset.}
    \label{fig:individual-student-emotion-class-labels}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{emotion-frequency-all.png}
    \caption{Emotion class distribution in MDEAW dataset}
    \label{fig:emotion-class-all}
\end{figure}

\section{Analysis of the Data Set}
\subsection{Feature Extraction}
It's important to extract features from different physiological signals (such as EDA, PPG etc.) for retrieving relevant information, which effectively represents emotion states. Based on the extracted features the emotion classifier is tested and trained.

The most popular and widely used time-frequency analysis of various signals (especially EDA, PPG, etc.) for feature extraction is Wavelet Decomposition (WD)~\cite{islam2019}. Its popularity and wide use are due to its localized analysis approach(i,e. time-frequency), multi-rate filtering, and multi-scale zooming. It is better suited for non-stationary signals (such as EDA, PPG etc.)~\cite{ZHANG2020}. Most frequently used wavelet base functions are Meyer WD, Morlet Mother WD, Haar Mother WD and Daubechies WD~\cite{SUBASI2007}. The most frequently used features extracted from each sub-bands of EDA and PPG are entropy, median, mean, standard deviation, variance, 5th percentile value, 25th percentile value, 75th percentile value, 95th percentile value,  root means square value, zero crossing rate, mean crossing rate~\cite{bota2020,Ayata2020,Ayata2016}.

In our experiment we have extracted and used these features for emotion classification. The wavelet feature extraction technique is used to extract features from multi-modal signal streams (EDA, and PPG signals from the dataset) in this experiment. The wavelet Daubechies 4 (Db4) is the base function for feature extraction. Our experiment decomposes EDA and RB, into three levels, respectively.

\subsubsection{Fusion of EDA and PPG-based features}
The use of features based on multiple modalities has been shown to provide increased classification accuracy compared to approaches based on a single modality. In order to evaluate the performance of the combined EDA and PPG-based features, the two feature vectors $F_{EDA}$ and $F_{PPG}$ are fused as follows: First, the values of each feature vector are normalised in the range [0, 1] in order to compensate for the differences in numerical range. Then, the two normalised feature vectors $F_{EDA}$ and $F_{PPG}$ are concatenated in the final feature vector $F_{fused}$ = [ $F_{EDA}$ $F_{PPG}$].

\section{Emotion Recognition Results for the Data Set}

For the emotion recognition results, we have used our previously developed Real-time Multimodal Emotion Classification System (ReMECS~\cite{remecs}) based on Feed-Forward Neural Network, trained in an online fashion using the Incremental Stochastic Gradient Descent algorithm. The avg. accuracy and F1-score along with the standard deviation (STD) are presented in TABLE~\ref{tab:result}. More results can be found in Appendix~\ref{app:further-results}.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\centering
\caption{Avg. accuracy and F1-score of real-time emotion classification from MDEAW multimodal dataset}\label{tab:result}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Dataset\\ Name\end{tabular}} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Avg. \\ Accuracy\end{tabular}} & \textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}Avg.\\ F1-score\end{tabular}} \\ \hline
\textbf{MDEAW} & 0.9583 ($\pm$ 0.1998) & 0.9583 ($\pm$ 0.1998) \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

Also, the confusion matrix is presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:confusion-matrix}.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=0.5\linewidth]{confusion-matrix-results-remecs.png}
    \caption{Confusion matrix showing the individual class accuracy for MDEAW using ReMECS}
    \label{fig:confusion-matrix}
\end{figure}

\section{A New Round of the Experiment}

We have planned a new round of the experiment, to extend the dataset. The reason for conducting another round of experiment to make the MDEAW dataset more diverse and also to increase number data samples by increasing number participants. The diversity can help each procedure to guarantee a total good machine learning: diversity of the training data ensures that the training data can provide more discriminative information for the model, diversity of the learned model (diversity in parameters of each model or diversity among different base models) makes each parameter/model capture unique or complement information and the diversity in inference can provide multiple choices each of which corresponds to a specific plausible local optimal result~\cite{diversity-ml-dl}.  Having more number of diverse data samples in the MDEAW dataset will help ML/DL models to generalize more so that the accuracy and efficiency of those intelligent emotion models increase.

In the new round of experiment we will follow the same design pattern followed for the first experiment for the EDA and PPG data collection from the students but the course and the subject may be different or same based on the availability. The reason for adding the term "based on availability" is because we do the experiment on real students with the real courses studied at our Eurecat Academy.

Right now, the dataset has 10 students data, which is rather small and if we train (offline mode training) any ML/DL model, there might be a chance that the model will be over-fitted easily. So, by increasing the data samples in the MDEAW dataset we can avoid the issue so that ML/DL models can learn and generalize properly and those trained models can be used for emotion classification from new EDA and PPG signals. Also, making the MDEAW dataset diverse, balanced so that the ML/DL model's accuracy can be good for emotion classification.

\section*{Acknowledgement}
\noindent The authors would like to thank the tutors and students at Eurecat - Centro Tecnológico de Cataluña for their participation and collaboration in the experimental study.

This study is carried out as part of the Ph.D work of the student Arijit Nandi and has been funded by ACCIÓ, Catalunya, Spain (Pla d'Actuació de Centres Tecnològics 2021) under the project TutorIA for three years, from December 2019 to December 2022.

\section*{Disclaimer}
\noindent While every care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the data included in the MDEAW dataset,the authors and the Eurecat - Centro Tecnológico de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain do not provide any guaranties and disclaim all responsibility and all liability (including without limitation, liability in negligence) for all expenses, losses, damages (including indirect or consequential damage) and costs which you might incur as a result of the provided data being inaccurate or incomplete in any way and for any reason 2022, Eurecat - Centro Tecnológico de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain.

\section*{Contact}
\noindent For any questions regarding the MDEAW database please contact: mail@eurecat.org
Eurecat - Centro Tecnológico de Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain.

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

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text:
Ki Sung-Yueng contract question 'like battling a forest fire' for Swansea City boss Carlos Carvalhal
Swansea boss Carvalhal says speculation over the South Korean needs to be put to one side
Sign up to FREE daily email alerts from Wales Online - Weekday Swansea City FC
Swansea City boss Carlos Carvalhal admits the uncertainty surrounding star midfielder Ki sung-Yueng is not currently on his list of major priorities, as he battles to preserve the club's Premier League status.
Ki, whose contract runs out at the end of the season, has caught the eye in recent weeks with a series of sparkling performances.
However, the uncertainty over his future at the Liberty Stadium has cast an unwelcome shadow over his side's battle to avoid the drop, which continues this weekend with a massive trip to relegation rivals Huddersfield Town.
Ki Sung Yueng of Swansea City Celebrates his goal against West Ham
Despite being on the receiving end of a penalty shoot-out defeat with Sheffield Wednesday in the Championship play-offs, Carvalhal has never lost to the Terriers as a manager in 90 minutes, and he admits that the current focus is on ensuring that sensational record continues at the John Smith's Stadium on Saturday.
Why Swansea City boss Carlos Carvalhal is the best Premier League managerial appointment this season
It means that the speculation surrounding Ki has been put to one side, with Carvalhal even suggesting that it's a situation that could well be out of his hands anyway.
Swansea City news
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Garry Monk on Neil Warnock
Swans compared to Leicester
"I mentioned before, between me and him (Ki) it is clear", the Portuguese said.
"He was injured when I arrived but I had a conversation about what I expected from him.
"We agreed if we need him to play he would play and give 100 per cent until the end of the season.
"Contracts are not in my hands, so I don't know anything about that, it is a conversation.
"I like all the players, I like him a lot but it is not a subject for this moment.
"My focus is on the games, trying to stay in the Premier League.
"That is the focus. When you come to a club with an emergency plan and things are burning around you, you do not have time to plan other than what is around you.
"We have used a lot of water to put things in a good way, but it is like in a forest where the fire can start again if you do not check for it. We are in this position and we don't have time to think about different things."
Carlos Carvalhal applauds the Swansea City fans after his side's win over West Ham (Image: Huw Evans Picture Agency)
Premier League relegation race: Predict Swansea City's route to survival
While many Swans fans will likely agree that securing top flight survival should be the main priority for Carvalhal, there's little question that losing Ki would be considered a big blow.
The midfielder turned in a Man Of The Match display against West Ham, hammering home the opening goal.
Former Besiktas boss Carvalhal, however, insists he's not feeling the pressure.
"I am relaxed, I was when I arrived," he added.
"Things are relative, if you have a problem, it is a problem, a subject is a subject.
"Football is a subject and you can solve it. Problems might be friends or family being ill, that is a real problem.
"With football you need patience to be positive and solve things. Nobody will die if you do not solve these things, everything is relative. There are other people with really big pressure in life."
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The International Carriage of Perishable Foodstuffs Regulations 1985
UK Statutory Instruments
1985 No. 1071
Part III (Examination)
Next: Explanatory Note
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This is the original version (as it was originally made). This item of legislation is currently only available in its original format. The electronic version of this UK Statutory Instrument has been contributed by Westlaw and is taken from the printed publication. Read more
1. Fee for the examination at the Refrigerated Vehicle Test Centre of a unit of transport equipment £55
2. Fees for examination at a place other than the Refrigerated Vehicle Test Centre of a unit of transport equipment—
(a) for up to four units presented at the same time for examination, for each unit £160
(b) for each unit in addition £40
3. Fee for the certification of a unit of transport equipment which has been examined £55
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text:
High-dose visually guided laser ablation superior to low-dose ablation in treatment of patients with drug refractory atrial fibrillation
Researchers in Germany have found that high-dose laser ablation is more beneficial than low-dose treatment in acute and chronic success of patients with drug refractory atrial fibrillation (AF). Stefano Bordignon (Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien, Frankfurt, Germany) and colleagues reported acute pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) rate of 89% after an initial visually guided ablation circle and reported a long-term clinical success rate of 83% off antiarrhythmic drugs after a single procedure.
Data are published in the November 2012 online issue of EP Europace – The European Journal of Pacing, Arrhythmias and Cardiac Electrophysiology of the European Heart Rhythm Association of the European Society of Cardiology.
Bordignon et al set out to evaluate the effects of low-dose and high-dose ablation on acute and chronic success in patients with atrial fibrillation. "While the concept of visually guided pulmonary vein isolation has been established little is known on energy titration using laser ablation," the authors wrote.
The study involved 60 symptomatic, drug refractory AF patients between the ages of 18–70 who had never before had PVI attempted to control their AF symptoms. Patients were prospectively assigned to two groups, high-dose and low-dose, for PVI with the HeartLight endoscopic ablation system (Cardiofocus). In the high-dose group ablation energy was titrated at >8.5 to 12W and in the low-dose group it was titrated at 5.5 < 8.5W. The number of laser applications and total energy deployed was collected for each individual pulmonary vein.
Investigator Boris Schmidt, Cardioangiologisches Centrum Bethanien, Frankfurt, Germany, said, "Laser ablation with the HeartLight system has demonstrated proof of concept in many feasibility studies over the last few years and has become routine in my practice. In this clinical experience, we aimed to understand the optimal energy needed to achieve chronically transmural lesions and provide guidance on different energy dosing strategies. We are most pleased to find that high-dose ablation demonstrates such significant clinical benefits. In particular, most patients in the high-dose group were found to be free of AF symptoms almost 11 months after the single ablation procedure."
The findings demonstrate that acute pulmonary vein isolation was achieved after a single visually guided circular lesion set in 89% and 69% of patients in the high and low-dose groups, respectively. During a mean follow-up of 311 days, the AF recurrence rate was only 17% in the high-dose group while 40% in the low-dose group. In addition, it was found that high-dose ablation significantly reduced procedure times, by reducing the number of ablation lesions needed and lowering the need for gap mapping (128+17 vs. 154+38 min; P = 0.001).
Stephen Sagon, president and CEO of CardioFocus, said: "This publication reveals the benefits of high-dose laser ablation and continues to validate the HeartLight technology. It also represents the creative fine tuning of our unique and innovative ablation technique by key thought leaders in the field. We hope this clinical experience will provide a guide to current and new HeartLight adopters to inform dosing strategies and optimise results for patients."
BioVentrix receives FDA expanded access program approval for ischemic heart failure treatment system
Digital cardiovascular care company tenacio launches US OptiCor AF patient management system
Varian receives IDE for RADIATE-VT cardiac radioablation clinical trial


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text:
Надёжность профессиональной деятельности оператора — процессуальная способность человека безотказно и безошибочно выполнять работу на протяжении длительного периода времени в условиях возможного усложнения обстановки, или «сохраняемость», устойчивость оптимальных рабочих параметров индивида.

Одной из важных задач когнитивной эргономики и инженерной психологии в настоящее время является изучение феномена надёжности профессиональной деятельности субъекта труда. Первоначально развитие этой темы происходило в сфере технических наук и было направлено на увеличение работоспособности оборудования и увеличения времени его бесперебойной работы. Однако с увеличением доли используемых цифровых средств в профессиональной деятельности специалистов различных направлений, проблема надёжности вновь стала крайне актуальной для современной когнитивной эргономики.

История феномена надёжности
Изначально развитие понятия «надёжность» происходило в сфере технических наук и было направлено на увеличение работоспособности оборудования и увеличения времени его бесперебойной работы. Прежде всего исследования проводились в области радиоэлектроники, так как в то время происходило активное развитие науки. В середине 20 века понятие стало междисциплинарным, активно начали развиваться теории надёжности, были сформулированы основные термины и понятия. Около 90 % всех работ относятся к техническим наукам, далее лидируют медицинская и психолого-педагогические науки.

В психологии вопрос надёжности рассматривается в контексте инженерной психологии. Внимание к деятельности человека было обусловлено большим количеством ошибок техники и их негативными последствиями. Благодаря изучению ошибок человека, их причин и последствий, стало возможным формирование рекомендаций для высоконадёжного и безопасного труда. Таким образом, понятие надёжности подразумевало безошибочную работу человека на протяжении длительного промежутка времени под действием различных стрессовых, экстремальных факторов.

Ранее в психологии понятие надёжности использовалось в контексте личностных качеств человека, но после его перехода в другие науки вперед вышли физиологические и психофизические характеристики личности.

В 18-19 веках о надёжности говорили, как правило, в контексте военных действий, тогда считали, что надёжность солдата определяется его нравственными и моральными качествами, и поэтому требовался жесткий отбор и контроль. Надёжным был тот солдат, который выполнял все предписания военной службы и не допускал проступков, поэтому в то время существовала система поддержания и обеспечения надёжности: во время службы солдат развивался нравственно и умственно, что как раз способствовало увеличению уровня его надёжности.

В последние годы надёжность в основном рассматривается в контексте антропоцентрических систем для предупреждения различных аварий и катастроф. Также произошел переход к междисциплинарному исследованию с большим вкладом именно психологической науки.

А. В. Шевяков считает, что эффективность деятельности оператора определяется его психофизиологическими характеристиками, которые не поддаются четкой формализации из-за высокой сложности, неоднозначности, изменчивости и взаимной компенсации психологических и физиологических процессов (личностных особенностей операторов). И надёжность деятельности оператора в различных ситуациях обеспечивается разработкой конкретных концептуальных моделей деятельности.

Определение термина надёжности
А. Б. Леонова считала, что квалифицированный специалист — главное действующее лицо в современном мире, поэтому у него должны быть высокая адаптивность к внешним нагрузкам среды. К основным критериям эффективности деятельности она относила показатели психической надёжности и сохранности здоровья профессионала, которые основаны на личностном благополучии и внутреннем потенциале человека. При определении понятия надёжности А. Б. Леонова и В. И. Медведев использовали вероятностную характеристику выполнения человеком трудовой задачи и понимали под надёжностью вероятность выполнения поставленной задачи в течение определенного времени с допустимой точностью при сохранении в заданных пределах параметров функционирования работающей системы.

Термин «надёжность профессиональной деятельности» имеет несколько определений. Согласно Н. Симоновой профессиональная надёжность — сложный многоаспектный конструкт, который используется для прогнозирования профессиональной успешности специалистов, она больше уделяет внимание личностной надёжности, так как основным считает мотивационную, морально-нравственную и социально-психологическую составляющие.

Надёжность специалиста с точки зрения междисциплинарных позиций сегодня понимается как интегральное психофизическое качество, выражающееся в соответствии его поведения, деятельности, функционального состояния выдвигаемым требованиям и нормам профессиональной деятельности, обеспечивающее безусловное выполнение задач по прямому предназначению.

В. Д. Небылицын определяет надёжность человека-оператора как способность к сохранению требуемых рабочих качеств в условиях возможного усложнения обстановки, или как «сохраняемость», устойчивость оптимальных рабочих параметров индивида.

Таким образом, надёжность деятельности человека-оператора характеризуется не только системой различных её показателей, например, безопасностью, безошибочностью, своевременностью и восстанавливаемостью, но также различными её видами, которые определяются ведущими целями и критериями оценки.

В целом, принято воспринимать надёжность как процессуальную способность человека безотказно и безошибочно выполнять работу на протяжении длительного периода времени под действием внешних факторов.

Виды надёжности
Существует разделение надёжности на базовую и прагматическую, таким образом первая рассматривается как физиологическая особенность организма, а вторая выделяется в условиях деятельности и выражается в возможности выполнения оператором последовательности действий и принятия оптимальных решений.

Наиболее распространёнными видами надёжности, которые выделяют современные исследователи являются:

 Личностная надёжность определяется как базирующееся на психофизическом благополучии интегральное психологическое качество, обеспечивающее соответствие поведения специалиста установленным требованиям и корпоративным нормам.

 Профессиональная надёжность рассматривается как индивидуально варьирующее во времени интегративное психофизическое качество личности профессионала, характеризующее наличие и способность своевременно актуализировать и сохранять во времени в установленных пределах значения всех параметров профессиональных действий, алгоритмов их реализации, связанных с достижением заданной эффективности, её временных показателей, в том числе и при условии воздействия стрессоров, характерных для этой профессии.

 Функциональная надёжность понимается как совокупность функциональных резервов организма, позволяющая специалисту выполнять задачи по предназначению и сохранять профессиональное долголетие.

Феномен надёжности профессиональной деятельности в работах В. Д. Небылицына
Несмотря на то, что многие учены занимались изучением феномена надёжности, наиболее полную и комплексную теорию разработал Владимир Дмитриевич Небылицын. Он понимал термин надежность как способность к сохранению требуемых рабочих качеств в условиях возможного усложнения обстановки, или как «сохраняемость», устойчивость оптимальных рабочих параметров индивида. Позже Небылицын рассматривал надёжность еще как индивидуально варьирующее качество, определяющее главным образом стабильность и постоянство рабочих результатов.

Так как понятие надёжности изначально относилось к машинному оборудованию, некоторые критерии количественной оценки Небылицын перенес в область человеческой надёжности.

Перечень этих критериев :

1) среднее время работы между двумя отказами (ошибками);

2) общее число отказов за данный промежуток времени;

3) процент выполненных (не сорванных отказами) заданий;

4) вероятность удовлетворительной безотказной работы в течение определенного отрезка времени

Небылицын также выделил 3 группы факторов надёжности:

 качество работы промышленного оборудования и совершенство аппаратуры
 тренированность
 личностный характер, и индивидуальные различия:
 анатомо-физиологические: состояние сердечно-сосудистой системы и внутренних органов, острота зрения и слуха, вегетативная реактивность и т. д.
 психофизиологические: работа нервной системы и динамика её основных функциональных состояний — возбуждения и торможения.
 психологические факторы, и характерологические особенности (вместе с волевыми).

Литература

Надёжность
Инженерная психология

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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M25 protest today: Just Stop Oil climate activists block motorway and bid to disrupt travel all week
Just Stop Oil protestors are blocking the M25 in two areas and have promised to disrupt the motorway all week as they predict record temperatures mean 'society will collapse in 20 years'.
Activists have scaled a gantries over the M25 around Junction 10 between Cobham and Guildford – causing nine miles of traffic and hour-long delays.
A similar demonstration is also taking place at the Poyle Interchange between Junction 14 and Junction 15 today, with pictures showing gridlocked traffic in the area.
In a statement released shortly before the demonstrations, Just Stop Oil said it was 'declaring the M25 a site of civil resistance' this week.
Protestors also asked that 'no one travels on this motorway from Wednesday to Friday this week as we will be blocking the highway'.
The statement added: 'We fully acknowledge the cost and disruption this will cause to the public and ask that they take their demands for compensation to the government which has caused this unprecedented threat to our lives and liberties.'
And at the site today, two of the protestors said: 'We are currently on a gantry above the M25. It is very loud up here and very windy. We have dropped a banner over the edge, securely tied, that says Just Stop Oil because that is what our government must do.
'It must stop new oil and gas licences in the North Sea. We are risking our civil liberty being up here, we do not want to be up here, but we feel it is what we must do.'
Surrey Police has confirmed that officers are currently at the scene dealing with the protest.
A spokesperson for the force added: 'We're dealing with a protest on the M25 just past junction 10 of the anti-clockwise carriageway this morning. Three lanes are currently closed.
'We will keep you informed of further updates. In the meantime please avoid the area.'
Surrey Police has confirmed officers are currently at the scene dealing with the protest, which has closed three lanes of the motorway
A Just Stop Oil banner hanging over the M25 anticlockwise in Surrey during the protest this morning
Another protestor pictured on a gantry over the motorway today as the group urged drivers not to use the M25
Highways England tweeted: '3 lanes (of 4) are now closed on the M25 anti-clockwise in Surrey within J10 (A3 for Guildford) due to an ongoing Surrey Police led incident.
'This incident is likely to be ongoing for some time. There's now over a 60 minute delay on approach with 9 miles of congestion.'
Frank Bird, National Highways senior network planner, described the demonstration as 'extremely dangerous'.
He said: 'We respect people's right to protest. However, protesting on the strategic road network is extremely dangerous, not just for the protesters but for people using the roads.
'Along with the police and other partners, we are working hard to limit the effects of protests on the strategic road network.'
It comes as the nearby M3 westbound is currently closed following a fatal crash in the early hours of the morning.
A 69-year-old man and 67-year-old woman both died at the scene after their car collided with the central reservation at around 12.45am.
Their next of kin are aware and are being supported by specialist officers.
The latest Just Stop Oil demonstrations have been brought on following a heatwave that saw the UK record its hottest ever day on Tuesday.
Temperatures hit an unprecedented 40.3C (104.54) in Coningsby, Lincolnshire, yesterday beating records.
A Just Oil spokesperson added: 'The main thing is, we've just seen 40-degree temperatures, which have been predicted for decades, maybe it's happening a bit faster, but it has just revealed how inadequate the Government's preparations for climate change are and their entire policy, and basically, we're just saying, it's evident now we cannot continue.'
The group demands the government make a 'meaningful statement' that they will commit to stop licensing and consents for the exploration, development and production of fossil fuels in the UK, which they say is 'the necessary first step to ensuring a liveable future'.
Just Stop Oil will march and take part in a sit down protest in Westminster on Saturday 'with thousands of ordinary people' to create 'mass civil resistance'.
Today's protest comes two week after activists from the same group glued themselves to the frame of a copy of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper at the Royal Academy of Arts in London.
Protesters from Just Stop Oil glue their hands to the frame of a copy of The Last Supper at the Royal Academy in London today
Extinction Rebellion co-founder Simon Bramwell was among those involved on July 5, along with fellow XR activist Caspar Hughes.
Just Stop Oil also named three of the protesters as Jessica Agar, 21, an art student from Hereford; Tristan Strange, 40, a community organiser from Swindon; and Lucy Porter, 47, a former teacher from Leeds.
The activists entered The Collection Gallery at the Royal Academy just and glued their hands to the base of the painting.
Security quickly responded and cleared visitors away before trying to prise the activists off the artwork. Police arrived nearly an hour later and arrested them on suspicion of criminal damage.
That action took place days after protestors glued themselves to works by JMW Turner, Vincent van Gogh and Horatio McCulloch in London, Glasgow and Manchester to warn against 'a future of suffering'.
On July 3 Just Stop Oil activists stormed the track of the British Grand Prix at Silverstone.
Pictures from trackside showed a small group of protesters, each wearing an orange top, sitting in the middle of the track before being forcibly removed by police.
The people on the track are believed to have been Louis McKechnie, 21, from Weymouth, Bethany Mogie, 40, from St Albans, Joshua Smith, 29, a bricklayer from Manchester, and Alasdair Gibson, 21, from Aberdeen.


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BLACK BOTTLE BLENDED SCOTCH WHISKY APPOINTS ITS FIRST GLOBAL AMBASSADOR
Black Bottle - Blended Scotch Whisky, has made a bold appointment for its newly created position of Global Ambassador with the highly respected and well-renowned Scottish bar expert Mal Spence taking up the reins. The Burn Stewart-owned whisky brand is on an ambitious roll-out plan to ensure it becomes the blended Scotch whisky of choice for the world's best bartenders.
With more than 15 years experience tending, managing and building up the reputation of some of Scotland's best bars, Mal brings with him a wealth of knowledge and inspiration that will help the brand achieve its aims. Mal has a close connection with Black Bottle, having created the whisky's key simple serves and working with bartenders around the world to develop more complex cocktails.
Mal Spence - Black Bottle's First Global Ambassador
During his career, Mal's expertise and influence has been recognised with a number of awards and accolades – he is the only Scottish bartender ever to make the Havana Club Grand Prix World Final; a former SLTN Mixologist of The Year two years running; winner of Maxxium's Liquid War competition; and industry bible Class Magazine bestowed the 2011 Best Bar Menu award for Mal's work at the Blythswood Square Hotel in Glasgow.
In addition to his role with Black Bottle, which will see him visiting key markets around the world, Mal will continue to direct operations at the much-feted Kelvingrove Café in Glasgow, winner of the Best Cocktail Bar at the 2013 Scottish Bartenders Network Awards, which he helped establish in 2013.
Plans for taking Black Bottle to new audiences in its key markets around the world are well underway. The inspirational story of its creator, Gordon Graham, the striking new-look packaging first unveiled last year and the flexibility of its liquid in creating a vast array of serves, ensures Mal has a credible and quality product to present to key influencers in these markets.
Commenting on his appointment, Mal Spence said: "The Black Bottle Ambassador job really shone out as an opportunity I just couldn't say no to. The story of its creation and the life of Gordon Graham is a truly inspiring one among so many in Scotch whisky history and it will be a big part of the exciting and informative education plan we create for bartenders and passionate drinkers around the world. It is all in keeping with the inspiring stories I have looked for when developing numerous drinks menus over the years. Blended Scotch whisky has been unjustly forgotten by many bartenders in recent years and with its liquid profile and striking presentation, I'm confident we can encourage bartenders and drinks enthusiasts to reconsider the category and put Black Bottle into their speed rails."
Welcoming the appointment, Marco Di Ciacca, Global Marketing Manager, Black Bottle said: "It is a real coup to secure a man of Mal's standing as our first brand ambassador. For Black Bottle to succeed, we need to be more relevant to today's drinker. Mal's approach to creating drinks and all-round knowledge of the on-trade will really help us engage the bartenders around the world who are the gate-keepers to many of these drinkers as we expand in many new markets."
Having set the standard and re-energised the tradition of hotel bars with his award-winning work at Blythswood Square Hotel in Glasgow from 2009, Mal has become a leading figure of the Scottish bar industry. Mal will start his visits to key markets in September and report into Marco Di Ciacca, Black Bottle Global Marketing Manager.
Source: Steely Fox


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Blake Shelton was born and raised in Ada, Okla., the youngest of three children. His parents, Richard and Dorothy Shelton, divorced when he was nine, and when Shelton was 14, his older brother Richie was killed in a car accident. Shelton moved to Nashville to pursue a career in country music just after graduating high school in the early '90s, but he didn't release his first single, "Austin," until 2001; it soared to the top of the charts. In 2015, Shelton earned his 16th consecutive No. 1 single with "Gonna," making him the artist with the most consecutive No. 1 songs on the Billboard and Mediabase country charts since the beginning of monitored airplay. The singer became a coach on NBC's 'The Voice' in 2011.
Did You Know …: Shelton first heard his hit "God Gave Me You" on a Christian station.
Required Reading: Top 10 Blake Shelton Songs, Top 5 Blake Shelton Videos, You Think You Know Blake Shelton?, Unforgettable Blake Shelton Moments, Blake Shelton's Best Tweets, Blake Shelton Through the Years
Gwen Stefani Likes 'Almost Everything' About Fiance Blake Shelton
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Can't win 'em all, Blake!
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They sounded great together on an all-time country classic.
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They sounded great on a classic country song.
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Including songs from Blake Shelton, Maren Morris, Jason Aldean and more.
Gwen Stefani Didn't Realize Blake Shelton Was Proposing
She didn't see the engagement coming. In fact, she tried to get out of the trip!
'The Voice': Ian Flanigan Reps Country With Jamey Johnson Cover
It's down to the live finals, and Team Blake's Flanigan brought forth his smokiest, raspiest country vocals yet.
'The Voice' Finals: Jim Ranger Goes Rogue With Beatles Hit
Team Blake's Ranger decided to hit all the notes with a bluesy, roaring version of the rock classic.
Blake Shelton's Hiding Spot for Gwen Stefani's Ring Was Risky
Thankfully he didn't lose the ring, but Shelton admits that this hiding spot was a little "scary."
Blake Shelton Wants Adam Levine to Perform at His Wedding to Gwen
If Blake Shelton has it his way, his buddy will lead the band at his wedding to Gwen.


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You can access the packet radio network by virtual private networking to DB0FHN. You can only establish an OpenVPN-Connection after you set a password at DB0FHN.
Here is an example for connecting by VPN with a Windows XP machine. Click http://www.openvpn.se/ and open the stable Installation Package. Just install the package with default values.
After installation of OpenVPN there should appear two new symbols on the system tray.
Rightclick the two monitors with the little globe and choose "db0fhn-udp" and "Connect".
Now you can type in your username and password.
After your login succeded you will get an IP-address assigned from the server.
If your connection attempt fails you can try the "db0fhn-tcp"-Connection. This type of VPN isn't as fast as the UDP-Connection.
For Linux you have to use/configure ax25ipd and kissattach after connecting with openvpn.
Now you can start LinKT or tnt.


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Football Men's Hoops Women's Hoops Wrestling Opinion
Leistikow: 9 important minutes at Rutgers could mean a lot for Iowa's Big Ten title hopes
Chad Leistikow
Hawk Central
We're already 40% of the way through Iowa's regular-season men's basketball schedule, and the Hawkeyes remain relevant in the national conversation.
On Monday, the Hawkeyes were ranked No. 7 in the NCAA's initial NET rankings. That would suggest they're worthy (at this point) of a No. 2 seed in the NCAA Tournament, which we learned Monday will be played entirely in the state of Indiana.
Also Monday, the Hawkeyes were ranked No. 5 by the Associated Press (a five-spot jump) and No. 7 in the USA TODAY Coaches' Poll as a result of completing a very good and important week of basketball as it pertains to the Big Ten Conference race.
They began the week with a much-needed rout of then-No. 19 Northwestern.
At 9-2 overall and 3-1 in league play, the Hawkeyes arguably have one of the best Big Ten wins to date among the top challengers — Saturday's 77-75 triumph at then-No. 13 Rutgers.
Given this space would have ordinarily been devoted to a video-review column from Iowa's Music City Bowl appearance that never was, let's give the Hawkeye basketball team some DVR Monday treatment.
And let's specifically drill down into the game's final nine minutes — which we may look back on as a very important nine-minute stretch when the Big Ten regular season is over.
The ball barely touched the floor as Iowa unleashed eight rapid-fire points in 63 seconds.
The Hawkeyes were struggling to score, having generated just 12 points in nearly 11 minutes to open the second half. But defense ignited the offense.
Rutgers looked to add to its 54-47 lead as Hawkeye killer Ron Harper Jr. got the ball near the basket. But as he elevated, Jack Nunge and Keegan Murray each got a hand on the shot attempt — Murray officially got credited with a block with 9:01 remaining — and freshman Ahron Ulis hustled to get the loose ball and deftly flipped it ahead, in stride, to Joe Wieskamp.
Time to count the dribbles past half-court:
One dribble, three points. Wieskamp soared for a bucket and drew the foul to make it 54-50.
Three dribbles, two points. After Murray tipped away an entry pass, Jordan Bohannon collected the turnover and raced upcourt. He dribbled twice to his left — finding Murray on the wing, who quickly zipped the ball to Ulis, who took one dribble into the lane and flipped it to Luka Garza along the right baseline. The all-American center buried a 12-footer. Great ball movement; 54-52.
One dribble, three points. Bohannon collected a long rebound of a missed Harper 3 and remarkably took just one dribble past half-court and jump-stopped at his favorite spot — right of the key, 25 feet — and buried a trey. 55-54 Iowa.
That sequence kicked off a stretch that saw Iowa score seven times (totaling 16 points) on eight possessions, which was important because Rutgers got hot, too.
Two big buckets between Garza's big finish (15 points in 6:16) and Murray's go-ahead free throws (with :16 left) should not be forgotten.
CJ Fredrick attempted one shot in the final 12 minutes. Bohannon tried just one 2-pointer in the second half.
Both resulted in critical makes in the final two minutes.
Let's start with Fredrick, who always seems to come up with a big basket when Iowa needs one. It was not his best game (seven points, 3-for-9 shooting, team-worst minus-6). But with Iowa down, 71-70, Fredrick's savvy movement paid off. He worked off a screen from Murray to get free from Geo Baker in the left corner, and Bohannon found him. Fredrick pump-faked as Baker caught up, then dribbled once to create a floating, 14-footer — and nailed it, with 1:34 to go.
Then at 73-72 Rutgers after an Iowa timeout with :52 left, Bohannon — not Garza — got the call. Bohannon took the inbounds pass and dribbled through the lane to Garza's left. Garza's crafty positioning sealed off Myles Johnson from helping. That meant Bohannon just had to keep Jacob Young on his hip and offer a quick-release shot, which happens to be a Bohannon specialty. He swished it with :48 left for a 74-73 Iowa lead.
The anatomy of Iowa's final two defensive sequences.
How do you win a tight Big Ten game on the road? By making free throws (Iowa did, going 14-for-15 in the second half) and getting stops.
After Murray coolly put the Hawkeyes in front, 76-75, the Scarlet Knights still had two chances to win. Iowa stopped both.
Iowa first went with a 2-3 zone, and Bohannon picked up Baker as he drove the lane. Fredrick came to help, leaving 40% 3-point shooter Montez Mathis uncovered to the left. That's why what happened next was so important. As Baker rose in the lane, Bohannon got his right hand on the ball (maybe he got some wrist, too), and that forced the Rutgers guard to bat the now-loose ball toward Mathis, whose interior pass to Johnson was alertly tipped upward by Garza. Johnson bobbled the ball and stepped out of bounds, a turnover with 4.4 seconds left.
After one Wieskamp free throw, Rutgers had the ball and 3.0 seconds left under its own basket. Steve Pikiell's play was well-designed. Fran McCaffery subbed the taller Jack Nunge for Fredrick (to guard the inbounds pass) and the quicker Ulis for Bohannon in a 1-1-3 look. Jacob Young passed to Baker, then got the ball back just behind mid-court with 2 seconds left in a full sprint. Ulis' fast recovery was just enough to force Young to his left, and Garza did a nice job calculating Young's path and obstructing it, standing straight up and arms high — about 25 feet from the bucket. That meant Young had to launch a contested 30-footer, and it missed. Game over.
And now, another week with two big games. They're all big, but going 2-0 this week means stealing one at Maryland (at 6 p.m. Thursday) for the first time since 2017, then getting revenge on Minnesota (at 1:30 p.m. Sunday) for the overtime gut-wrencher on Christmas Day.
I would think most Iowa fans would sign up today for their team's first No. 2 seed since 1987, as the NCAA NET rankings suggest. But for now, they can appreciate those nine good minutes at Rutgers that could go a long way toward postseason positioning.
Hawkeyes columnist Chad Leistikow has covered sports for 26 years with The Des Moines Register, USA TODAY and Iowa City Press-Citizen. Follow @ChadLeistikow on Twitter.
© 2021 www.hawkcentral.com. All rights reserved.


Farmers need to get educated on this issue and come to grips with how this could impact the landscape.
"If this guidance document, as the [Army] Corps [of Engineers] and EPA says it does in this lead document, expands jurisdiction all of the sudden it is going to be virtually impossible to avoid an erosion feature," Parrish said. "It is going to be impossible for them to avoid every ditch, and impossible for them to avoid every isolated puddle on their farm. If that is the case then it broadens the number of pesticides that will need to have permits."
Parrish says EPA and the Army Corps are involved in a sham process to expand jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act, power they couldn't get from Congress two years ago.
"We think that the bipartisan support is extremely strong, especially in the House, because we had both the chairmen and ranking members of both the House Agriculture Committee and House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee," Parrish said. "Both speak to this issue and both signed on to this letter."
Parrish is referring to a letter to the EPA and the Corps recently signed by 170 members of both parties arguing that the agencies can't change the scope and meaning of the law without a new law or regulations.
But Parrish says EPA makes no bones about its intent. It wants expanded authority and won't take no for an answer.
"They want to expand jurisdiction into features that most people do not and will not support as being designated waters of the U.S.," Parrish said. "We're not fighting about rivers and streams and creeks, things that have water in them. We're fighting about things that only have water in them during rainfall events."
Parrish says farmers need to get educated on this issue and come to grips with how this could impact the landscape that they farm. He adds the Senate needs to fix the problem, as the House has voted to do, by reversing court-ordered permits for pesticide spraying in or near water.


Where the Grass is Greener...: Umm, What Happened to 40 Bags in 40 Days?
Umm, What Happened to 40 Bags in 40 Days?
Okay. I admit it. I failed my 40 Bags in 40 Days Challenge. Well, not failed; I guess I got a C. Trying to get 40 bags of stuff out of your house is a lot harder than it sounds. After 40 days (16 days AWAY from home mind you), I managed 24. Not too shabby, but still. I did clean the mudroom, four closets and grabbed a couple other bags here and there.
And, to make matters worse, I keep adding to my collections...let's try exercise a bit of control here, Renee. But, they're little things such as these beautiful linens I grabbed at the flea market on Saturday (didn't show them in my other post because they were soaking in Oxyclean at the time). They were 5 for $1...how could anyone pass that up?
As you might remember, I often use vintage doilies and linens to wrap some of my pieces from my vintage etsy shop, Country Tag Sale.
So, at least I have plans for using and getting rid of these doilies, now for the other stuff I bought...I guess I'll have to wait until next year's 40 bag challenge!
Now THERE'S a mind boggling challenge! 24 is pretty darn good though. Hooray for you.
You should consider yourself to have done great! You almost have to be a hoarder to have that many bags of stuff. I couldn't come up with that much!
I think you did an awesome job! Even one bag od stuff is better then none! And it is hard to pass up a good deal.


When Florida workers promoting President Barack Obama's health law marketplace want instant feedback, they go to an online "heat map." The map turns darker green where they've seen the most people and shows bright red dots for areas where enrollment is high.
"The map shows us where the holes are" and what communities need to be targeted next, said Lynn Thorp, regional director of the Health Planning Council of Southwest Florida. She hands out information about the health law's marketplace at rodeos, farmers markets, hockey games and almost any place where people gather.
That mapping strategy is one reason why a Republican-controlled state like Florida, whose leaders criticize the health law at every turn, is leading the nation in signing people up for private Obamacare health plans. With two weeks to go until the deadline for 2015 enrollment, Florida's tally exceeds that of even Democrat-led California, which has embraced the law building its own online marketplace and has twice the population and uses three times as much federal funding for outreach.
"It's surprising Florida has done as well compared to other states, and they will be looked at by folks who want to learn lessons to promote enrollment," said Joel Ario, managing director for Manatt Health Solutions, a consulting firm, who worked for the administration setting up the exchanges soon after the law was passed.
As of mid-January, 1.27 million Floridians had enrolled in exchange plans, according to federal data, compared to 1.2 million Californians. Texas, which has 6 million more people than Florida, enrolled about 919,000 people in private plans. Both Florida and Texas have a 22 percent uninsured rate. California's rate is 17 percent, according to latest Census data.
"It is truly ironic that Florida leads the nation in enrollment … with leadership that has actively opposed the law," said Leah Barber-Heinz, executive director of Florida CHAIN, an advocacy group involved in outreach efforts. "It shows true commitment on the part of many and it portrays an extremely high need for affordable coverage.
There are other reasons cited for Florida's robust enrollment —including intense competition among insurers in several big counties and the high degree of coordination among the nonprofits and community groups which received federal grants to sign people up.
Another key factor is the state's decision not to expand Medicaid under the law. That's left consumers with incomes above the federal poverty level of $11,600 per year with no coverage option other than to buy a private plan — with help from sliding-scale government subsidies. About 800,000 Floridians who make less than the federal poverty level are shut out altogether because they make too little to qualify for subsidies for private plans, but too much to qualify for Medicaid. In Florida, adults with children qualify for Medicaid only if their income is below 34 percent of the poverty level. Childless adults are ineligible. Florida is one of 22 states that chose not to expand Medicaid after the U.S. Supreme Court made that provision optional for states.
In contrast, California expanded Medicaid to those making up to 138 percent of the poverty level, or $16,100 for an individual. The program has grown by 2.3 million people since fall of 2013, boosted partly by publicity for the online marketplace.
Covered California spokesman James Scullary said the exchange is not allowed to enroll people in private plans if their incomes fall between 100 and 138 percent of the federal poverty line, because they qualify for Medicaid.
A snapshot of the "heat map" of a four-county area around Tampa used by Obamacare outreach workers.
Jon Urbanek, senior vice president of Florida Blue, the state's dominant insurer, credits Florida's strong enrollment in private plans, in part, to the state's decision not to expand Medicaid. He also points to the intense outreach by thousands of the carrier's insurance agents. Florida Blue has conducted about 3,000 "town-hall" style meetings at its 18 retail centers. "We knew going in that this was going to be a face-to-face, get in the community type of action to build trust with people," he said.
Florida has also gained from having an older population which is more likely to buy coverage than younger people, Ario said. That population is centered in a handful of urban areas such as Miami, Orlando and Tampa, making them easier to target, he said.
In contrast, many uninsured Texans live outside the big markets of Dallas, Houston and San Antonio. Texas also has a higher proportion of Hispanics who have been more challenging to enroll because of language barriers.
Then there's the unusual effort to coordinate outreach. John Gilbert, national field director for Enroll America, a nonprofit doing outreach in 10 states, said Florida has benefitted from having several large nonprofits with experience signing up children for Medicaid. They have worked together closely – helped in part by the heat map.
Thorp of the Southwest Florida Health Planning Council describes how every time she hands out Obamacare flyers at a fair, or counsels at a local library, the action get entered into a computer log, which immediately changes the heat map. That way, other outreach workers see where contacts have been made.
Data from actual enrollment in the Obamacare health plans is added using dots, although that information lags because it is controlled by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The darker the dots on the map, the more saturated the enrollments in that zip code. When users hover over a dot, it pulls up a box showing how many residents in that zip code received outreach, including how many got one-on-one help filling out an application.
"We can then make sure we are appropriately allocating resources," said Melanie Hall, executive director of the Tampa-based Family Healthcare Foundation, which devised the mapping tool. Her group is working with the University of South Florida, which received a $5.4 million federal grant to help people anywhere in the state enroll. In all, Florida nonprofits received $6.8 million in federal "navigator" grants.
Perhaps another, harder-to-measure factor is how advocates have been fired up by the opposition of many of the state's political leaders, said Barber-Heinz of Florida CHAIN.
Barbara Feder Ostrov contributed to this story.


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Home » Lottery News	» New York Cash4Life lottery goes daily
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for a half century or more.
they have celebrated life's greatest joys.
they have marked their darkest days.
they have come at their hours of need.
a magnificent Temple to Your glory.
and for those who come after them.
and now to a third.
Their lives were sanctified by Rabbi Jacobson.
Their days have been enriched by Rabbi Stahl.
may I be worthy of bestowing this blessing upon them.
holiness in their devotion to You.
even as they were touched by those who went before.


More and more people today are getting curious about the hidden tax savings that they have with their property and this is one of the main reasons why property capital allowance are becoming so popular. If you have not known about it yet, property capital allowance is actually one of the best options available for you if you wish to pay for your existing tax bill with the properties that you have which gives you a better way to rid off your taxing liabilities. The sad truth about most people these days is that they are actually having a hard time paying for their huge tax bills most especially if their taxing liabilities are getting too large for them to pay. Yet we have a good news for you because these days, you no longer have to worry about your existing tax bill anymore no matter how large it may be because you can now pay it with the use of your hidden tax savings in your existing properties. You are definitely in the right article if you want to know more about property capital allowances because here, we will provide you with everything that you need to know about it such as the types of properties that may be subject to capital allowance.
There are a lot of properties that can be subject to property capital allowance and one of them is your vehicle. Vehicles are among the many properties that can be eligible for capital allowance most especially if they are registered and have no problems when it comes to legal matters. In order to have your claim of property tax allowance with your vehicles, you can reach out to expert professional so that you can consult to them everything that you need to know about the process. That way, you can have the value of your vehicles assessed in order for you to know how much you can claim from it for tax relief and whether or not it is eligible. When you already have your vehicles consulted on and checked by the right professionals, you can already use them to clear off your existing tax bill or pay a part thereof.
Aside from your vehicles, there are also other items that you can use for your capital allowance as they are eligible for such purpose without you knowing about it after all those years. Some of these properties include assets such as machinery, large tools, electrical tools and many other things that can be used in manufacturing. Systems such as those for water supply, power supply, and moving systems such as lifts and escalators can also be eligible for capital allowance too!


We have asked all the nominees for moderator four questions so that we, as a church, could get to know them a little better. Here are the responses for Rev. Dr. Ross Bartlett. If you would like to know more about Ross, please read his profile from the General Council 41 website.
When we hold together Jesus' death and resurrection we catch a glimpse of the very heart of God's redeeming and reconciling will for all Creation. From the time of the New Testament on we find a host of different attempts to articulate what is, in the end, a mystery of grace. How a fellow human being in whom we see God most clearly revealed, was so committed to the calling to follow God's will that even the imminent threat of death would not deter him. In living the truth of God's reign in the here and now, Jesus teaches us that there are temptations more to be feared than mere physical death. The form of his dying is an important insight as well: not merely death but execution by the powers of this world, determined to cast him out of society, his nation and his religious community. Jesus' resurrection demonstrates God's rejection of all those forces that oppose God's reconciling justice and love. Cast out of life, Jesus rises in its very midst. We can and do employ different metaphors to try and catch up this mystery, each metaphor announcing God's "yes" to life and those seeking to further it.
Theologian Tom Driver asked the question: "Is God the unchanging centre or the ever expanding edge of your life?" I believe that, while our image of God needs both elements, each of us is probably spiritually and psychologically "wired" to favour one or the other. I'm an expanding edge kind of guy! Because God is the stable core of my life and the One in whom I find absolute acceptance, I am free to try out the expanding edges, knowing deep within that failure is not forever. God, who placed within each of us gifts and talents, rejoices when we dare and grow. God, who experienced human life in Jesus, grieves with us in our pains and sorrows. God, who inspired the prophets, rages with us at injustice and works with us in all of acts of justice and reconciliation. For reasons clearly known only to the Divine, God has crafted life in such a way that, without us God does not and without God we cannot do anything of great and lasting good.
Douglas John Hall who writes theology from "our" context and challenges me to see the grace behind the death of Christendom. Barbara Brown Taylor for her exquisite capacity to change lives by changing the way we picture our own lives. Walter Brueggemann for many reasons, most importantly his reminder that we live a gospel of abundance in a society ensnared in the myth of scarcity.
In the old sense of the word, I am a "churchman." I believe passionately in the calling and purpose of the United Church as an expression of God's will to make a difference in individual lives and society as a whole. We have sometimes retreated from that. Our founders had a vision of the Spirit enabling a movement rather than an institution and that is the church they developed. Over many years of service at different levels of our corporate life I have developed a deep awareness of and affection for the sometimes messy realities of our faithfulness. We must not trade faithfulness for the illusions of efficiency and effectiveness for their own sakes. I am not interested in presiding over a declining institution – a sort of endless wake. I am passionately excited by, and believe I can contribute to, a revived spiritual movement. We are strategically placed in communities across the land. Imagine if all those congregations could revive their hope, convinced that they had something to say to a nation and world that know too much of fear and despair? I think that if we are depressed about the church we're not paying attention to the new thing God is doing. That's the commitment and passion I bring.


Revenue Cycle Advisor is the key to your organization's Medicare regulatory news and education. It combines all of HCPro's Medicare regulatory and reimbursement resources into one handy and easy-to-access portal.
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> Lefthandofgod > Harley
5 Things You Won't Believe Aren't In the Bible. The image of an angel is so recognizable that you can immediately spot one if somebody makes its shape in some snow.
They're sparkly people with two white wings and occasionally swords, who sit on clouds ripping out awesome harp solos while protecting humans from harm. So basically, the protagonists of the next Stephenie Meyer novel. 5 Miracles Deleted From the Bible For Being Too Awesome. You probably already know that the Bible you have on your lap as you fact-check Cracked articles has been heavily edited.
That's not necessarily a bad thing, it's just that, as you can imagine, over the centuries lots of people have tried adding their own books to it, to advance an agenda or because they thought it would spice things up. The point is, there are whole other books that used to be part of the Bible, until someone took a hard look and said, "No way. " And it's too bad, because some of the miracles performed in these apocryphal texts are freaking amazing. #5. John: Commander of Bed Bugs. 5 Shocking Scenes You Won't Believe Are in the Bible. It seems like for every person who has sat down and studied the Christian Bible cover to cover, there are several hundred who know only what they picked up from half-remembered Sunday school lessons and that Mel Gibson movie.
So, as we've covered previously, many of the things we think came straight out of the Bible actually aren't mentioned in there at all. But if many of the most iconic features of Christianity aren't taking up space in the holy book, it makes one wonder just what, in fact, is in there. Well, for starters, there's ... #5.
God Getting into a Wrestling Match With a Man (and Tapping Out) Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images. The 9 Most Badass Bible Verses. #3.
Quote from: 1 Kings 18:24,38-40 That is how they used to do religious debates back in the day. The situation was that people of Israel had taken to Baal worship, a faith that added a lot of whores to its rituals and thus gained immediate popularity. 6 Filthy Jokes You Won't Believe Are from the Bible. Statistically speaking, about 80 percent of you are either Christian or Jewish, and about 80 percent of you haven't read the Bible.
That probably explains why the book has a reputation for being some nice stories about how you should stop cursing and/or masturbating. In reality, the Bible is full of unbelievably dirty stories and one-liners about dongs, butts, and so, so much poop, many of which were censored out of the English version. 8 Gratuitously Violent Horror Movie Scenes (from the Bible) We've milked the Bible before for its most badass and sexiest passages, but the good book has a dark side as well.
More than just occasionally, people get killed in ways so innovative and gruesome that they could have been filmed as scenes in a slasher movie. And, as we'll show you, some have done exactly that. #8. The Guy Getting Impaled on a 75-Foot Pole (Esther 7:9-10) 5 Bible Stories Ripped Off From Greek Mythology. Pretty much every story is a rip off of something else.
Even the Bible. Plain writing = From the Bible. Bold = Greek Mythology. The 4 Goofiest Curses from the Bible. If you want a badass curse, just read the Bible.
Killer bears, plagues, rivers of blood, mothers eating their babies -- the Bible doesn't mess around. Unless it's one of the following curses. Then it's totally messing around ... #4. Stealing the Ark Means Hemorrhoids. 5 Insane Lessons from My Christian Fundamentalist Childhood. My name is Hannah Ettinger, and I was raised in the Quiverfull movement.
The term is taken from a verse in Proverbs, which says: "Blessed is the man whose quiver is full of arrows. " We interpreted this to mean: "Blessed is the man who dies with the most kids. " In the Quiverfull movement, children are pretty much metaphorical weapons born to shoot a degenerate modern society in the face. The 6 Raunchiest, Most Depraved Sex Acts (From the Bible) What happens when you take a really skanky sex story and dress it up in a lot of flowery words?
You get the Bible. Or large chunks of it, anyway. Sure, rather than using phrases such as "reverse frog squat," or "slinging manjam," Biblical sex is referenced almost exclusively as "coming in unto" (a phrase still used by porn stars who tend to drop the "in unto"). But once you get past the unimaginative verbs, the Bible has some nasty, nasty stories. Such as: #6. Church Of The Flying Spaghetti Monster. Depending on your personal interpretation of truth, either the truest thing that ever was or the greatest blasphemy since The Da Vinci Code.
Just The Facts. 6 Insane Cults (That Would Probably Be a Lot of Fun) Politics, sex and religion are the three things you're not supposed to discuss in mixed company. Fortunately, if you're in a cult, odds are you get to discuss those topics as much as you want. In the right cults you probably get to discuss them while having group sex. If you're allowed to speak, that is. #6. 10 Things Christians and Atheists Can (And Must) Agree On. The war that's coming between the fundamentalist Christians and the hard-core Atheists probably won't be the most violent of the holy wars.
But it has the potential to be the most annoying. We'll, I'm going to try to stop it. So I'm running into this guy basically everywhere I go: 4 Things Both Atheists and Believers Need to Stop Saying. Getty For a moment, take a step back and forget all the ideas that come to mind when you hear the word "God. " Forget about organized religion and everything that flows from it. No Jesus or Buddha. No corrupt religious figures abusing their positions to raise money or shelter sin. No holy wars or persecutions based on humanity's flawed understanding of divine intent.
Just a force in the universe, not only more powerful than humanity, but greater than anything we have known. After all, God -- like the Loch Ness Monster or that Canadian girl I lost my virginity to junior year -- can neither be proven nor disproven. GettyHer name was Samantha and she totally exists. But that doesn't stop people. . #4. First off, no one says God hates Ecstasy. Sex And Religion. The root of Religion is sex. 5 Inspiring Religions That Worship Penises. The 5 Most Ridiculously Unjust Religious Afterlives. All of you will die someday (you, not us-we're having our brains frozen) and many of you believe in some kind of afterlife.
Unfortunately, depending on which religion you believe in, you can get totally screwed on Judgment Day based on a number of arbitrary technicalities. 5 People Who Started Religions Just to Get Laid. Cults are full of easy to brainwash weirdos, right? Actually, if you've ever joined a club because everyone else was doing it, or believed a conspiracy theory even for a moment, you're a candidate for cult membership.
4 Idiots Who Show Up Wherever Religion Is Discussed Online. We are prostitutes: Cool World. How To Tell If Your Boss Is A Sociopath. Displays a lack of empathy? Big8atl's post on Vine. Am I In The Illuminati? Russell Brand The Trews (E87)


Many documents here were written knowing that the content would quickly become obsolete or written as historical retrospective.
Some were written for projects that have concluded and have since been adapted for a general audience.
People understand text from writings and conversations, but this can be difficult for computers.
This explains how the technology of Natural Language Processing (NLP) works by building upon what you already know.
It assumes only that you are able to read an English language document.
This gets progressively deeper into useful methods (and ultimately deploying into production, for those so inclined). Go as deep as you like. Annotated references at the end are intended as a jumping-off point for learning more, doing more.
TL;DR: Perusing just the Annotated References will help get you from zero to full deployment in production, yet reading the whole document will help you get the most out of that short list of NLP resources.
When starting a new business with an on-line presence, these are things to consider even if your website offers little more than being a shingle or sign in front of the front door.
Consider this the least you need to know and do— as part of doing business today. Each section could be expanded into an entire book.
A solar storm is the common name given to a variety events emanating from the Sun. One is a coronal mass ejection. Here's a list of resources regarding the different types of solar storms and cosmic rays.
Includes: general information, physics perspective, historical details, impact on health and remedies.
Help people find your content, and do this by accommodating where they are likely to initiate their search. Then, help the spyders and algorithms across the various platforms, so these beasts in turn can help the people you are trying to reach.
These are tips and tricks from successful Search Engine Optimization (SEO), including tips for automated Social Media integration for further reach.
In many references to cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, "You are the bank," will be commonly found.
Using a table, this article attempts to put that statement into context. But at end of the day, you still must make up your own mind about it.
As a nation, Canada already assists and facilitates technology startups through various incentives and programs.
A proposal outlined here could help more startups as well.
This is a call to action with little effort required by startup incubators and accelerators but also calls for acknowledgement by Immigration authorities that *existing* policies may be used in this way.
To be clear: government policy remains unmodified.
Ideally, when you want to hear music everything should just work, but what it means to "just work" is different for each person.
For those wanting high quality sound with reasonably straight-forward setup and willing to spend more for components beyond merely docking a portable music player or mobile phone.
Following a bit of background on current options and decisions made, gritty details about software configuration and off-the-shelf components are given. Most may be followed by someone with cursory knowledge of Linux command-line access.
Note that content within Wikibooks may change due to administrators and other members there, and this link has been revised at least twice since being contributed.
Once upon a time, people didn't realize that marketers wanted your personal information.
Here's a quaint rant from yesteryear suggesting a security posture for your home electronics— back when it was still possible to opt-out.
Enterprise level "best practices" of building and operating a Certificate Authority using OpenSSL and accommodating future use of cryptographic hardware.
This is the least you need to know and uses Borne shell scripts for the least you need to implement.
Learn the least you need to know to author a custom shader for Mental Ray 3.1 and have it function within Softimage XSI 3.0.
There is a problem for those relying upon the classic style three button mouse for users of Blender, Softimage, etc. The bottom line: get a newer 4-5 button mouse with a driver supporting button remapping, reprogramming, etc.
After seeing other artists struggle with their role in a collaboration or trying to discover where or how to begin their own projects— this was the essence of my advice given to many just starting their careers.
You're an artist becoming professional, and you want the job. You have visual content for your portfolio. But how do you get your work noticed so you get the job?
In the context of filmmaking, there are lessons that the digital video (DV) community can learn from the early days in the personal computer industry.
Being a participant with a verifiable identity has advantages as much as operating anonymously permits privacy. Support for both is provided by the ability to alternate between two modes seamlessly.
The default mode for anonymity requires zero credentials. When credentials are required, the participant must then leave or present the proper level.
The basic modes are anonymous versus identity. Each contain multiple levels with progressively more private information.
Additional levels may be introduced between those presented here. This is merely a starting point.
This was the result of on-going research based upon contacts within the entire industry.
In 1997, a book was drafted based on this paper but never published because I belived it to have been too late to be timely. The .com era then peaked three years later in early 2000— oops!
At least IBM's Universal Server Farm was influenced by this paper. The first USF was the technical basis of the IBM/Qwest partnership announced in 2000.
For high-end computers for everything from graphics workstations to web servers, this was my advice as a former CAD consultant and Unix systems adminstrator.
The specification details, of course, changed over the years, but the general approach and core technologies remained the same for those six years.
Each may be licensed via Creative Commons Attribution.


Samuel Heath started out as a brass founder in Birmingham in 1820. Over the decades they have manufactured an array of top quality goods including bedsteads, giftware, fireside accessories and architectural ironmongery such as letter plates and door handles. From the very start, quality and performance has been a vital part of Samuel Heath's ethos – for example, instead of welding their shower baskets together they are crimped which means they will last a lot longer than inferior welded products. The quality of Samuel Heath's products is unquestionable, using the very best solid brass which is sourced from Northern Europe and a seamless combination of state-of-the-art technology and traditional, time-honoured methods to create beautiful bathroom accessories. Individual components are precision machined to ensure strength and reliability, certain parts of Samuel Heath's innovative and intricate designs simply cannot be hand crafted, however all products are hand polished to a super smooth finish which allows superior adhesion of the electroplating which finished every product. The plating process incorporates 34 different processes which includes a copper layer for durability which is then allied with nickel, then the finish of the product is applied in a series of stages and undergoes several washes and rinses until the lustrous finish Samuel Heath are renowned for is achieved. Although it is a rarity in this day and age, Samuel Heath products are all made in Britain, something which we are as proud of as they are.
Samuel Heath's juxtaposition of traditional and modern methods extends throughout the entire manufacturing process and this is reflected in their environmentally responsible approach to sourcing material and production. Sustainability is more important than ever and 80% of the raw materials and packaging used by Samuel Heath is made from recycled materials, without compromising the quality of the products and retaining the integrity they have always been known for. Samuel Heath do not outsource any aspect of production and therefore have complete control over everything including design, manufacture and finishing. Samuel Heath operate several innovative programmes and initiatives; energy consumption and waste levels are carefully monitored at the factory in Birmingham along with water recycling and brass reprocessing programmes being implemented to ensure efficiency and social responsibility.
Samuel Heath's bathroom accessories are available in several different design ranges, which vary from traditional, classic designs to modern, contemporary styles. The Xenon range is perfect for lovers of minimalist design, offering a clean and simple geometric form. The Skye range is a break away from the formulaic by featuring a unique back plate that is a visually integral part of the product. This collection of accessories has postmodernist qualities where organic lines actually sit perfectly with strongly defined angles creating a clean yet curvilinear product line. With the Fairfield range, Samuel Heath has revitalised the traditions of the Arts and Crafts and Aesthetic movements, this ethos has resulted in finely crafted pieces that have established a simplified, popular and highly visual look. The Novis range is able to fit comfortably into both traditional and contemporary environments, it features a concealed fixing back plate. The elegant lines of the stylish and substantial Curzon range are given a classical quality by the use of exposed screws to fix the back plate. The Series 7000 and the Series 8000 ranges offer cutting-edge design to capture today's modern look.
The ranges available from Samuel Heath incorporate everything you need to accessorise the bathroom. The uniformity and style offered from Samuel Heath's ranges will undoubtedly look splendid in modern and traditional bathroom settings alike. Bathroom storage is important and Samuel Heath offer a variety of solutions; freestanding trolleys, wall-mounted shelving, shower baskets and towel storage all work towards a composed and tidy bathroom. Towel rings, rails and shelves allow a variety of different sized towels to be displayed ready for use. Samuel Heath manufacture glass and metal shelves which are suitable for use in any area of the bathroom. Soap dishes and dispensers offer versatile soap storage, dependent on whether you prefer a traditional bar of soap or liquid soap. Tumblers and toothbrush holders are available to accessorise the sink or hand basin, saving the sides of the sink from residue and keeping your bathroom clean and tidy. Toilet paper holders across the ranges either use spring-loaded rollers or a simple arm hanging technique, Samuel Heath also offer spare roll holders to store extra rolls in style. Cotton wool holders, shaving sets and robe hooks are available to add the finishing touches to the range you have chosen. Samuel Heath's products are all guaranteed for 10 years against defects in workmanship and material, however they also offer a comprehensive range of spare or replacement parts for many of their products, allowing you to renovate your bathroom accessories when they eventually need it.
Curzon, Fairfield, Novis, Samuel Heath, Series 7000, Series 8000, Skye, Xenon. Bookmark.


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This is the best-known part, but not the whole of, the Celtic art of the Early Middle Ages, which also includes the Pictish art of Scotland.
Both styles absorbed considerable influences from non-Celtic sources, but retained a preference for geometrical decoration over figurative subjects, which are often extremely stylised when they do appear; narrative scenes only appear under outside influence.
Another huge Greek vessel in the Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave is decorated with three recumbent lions lying on the rim, one of which is a replacement by a Celtic artist that makes little attempt to copy the Greek style of the others.
Figures of animals and humans do appear, especially in works with a religious element.
A case has been made for artistic continuity in Europe from the Bronze Age, and indeed the preceding Neolithic age; however archaeologists generally use "Celtic" to refer to the culture of the European Iron Age from around 1000 BC onwards, until the conquest by the Roman Empire of most of the territory concerned, and art historians typically begin to talk about "Celtic art" only from the La Tène period (broadly 5th to 1st centuries BC) onwards.
Coinciding with the beginnings of a coherent archaeological understanding of the earlier periods, the style self-consciously used motifs closely copied from works of the earlier periods, more often the Insular than the Iron Age.
The elites of these societies had considerable wealth, and imported large and expensive, sometimes frankly flashy, objects from neighbouring cultures, some of which have been recovered from graves.
The work of the German émigré to Oxford, Paul Jacobsthal, remains the foundation of the study of the art of the period, especially his Early Celtic Art of 1944.
More recent genetic studies have indicated that various Celtic groups do not all have shared ancestry, and have suggested a diffusion and spread of the culture without necessarily involving significant movement of peoples.
The term "Celt" was used in classical times as a synonym for the Gauls (Κελτοι, Celtae). In the late 17th century the work of scholars such as Edward Lhuyd brought academic attention to the historic links between Gaulish and the Brythonic—and Goidelic—speaking peoples, from which point the term was applied not just to continental Celts but those in Britain and Ireland.