text:
\section{1. Introduction}

The interplay between strong interaction and strong quantum
fluctuation can lead to many remarkable properties in quantum
disordered phases. In the most trivial case, a quantum disordered
phase is fully gapped, and nondegenerate, and its ground state
wave function can be adiabatically connected to a direct product
wave function without any phase transition. These quantum
disordered phases are ``trivial", in the sense that they are
quantum analogues of classical disordered phases, namely they are
completely featureless. The best example of trivial quantum
disordered phase is the Mott insulator phase of spinless bosonic
atoms trapped in an optical lattice. Every state of this Mott
insulator can be adiabatically connected to direct product state $
\prod_i | \hat{n}_i = k \rangle_i $, where $\hat{n}_i$ is the
boson number operator on site $i$, and $k$ is an integer.

The description of trivial quantum disordered phases is
semiclassical, $i.e.$ we can describe the trivial quantum
disordered phase using a field theory defined with a Landau order
parameter. For example, a trivial quantum disordered phase of a
system with SO(3) spin rotation symmetry can be described by a
semiclassical nonlinear sigma model (NLSM) defined with the
N\'{e}el order vector $\vec{n}$ with unit length $(\vec{n})^2 =
1$: \beqn \mathcal{S} = \int d^dx d\tau \ \frac{1}{g}
(\partial_\mu \vec{n})^2. \label{o3}\eeqn In spatial dimensions
higher than 1, by tuning the parameter $g$, there is an
order-disordered phase transition: when $g < g_c$, $\vec{n}$ is
ordered, and the SO(3) symmetry is spontaneously broken; when $g >
g_c$, $\vec{n}$ is disordered, and the ground state wave function
of this quantum disordered phase is approximately a direct product
state $| 0 \rangle \sim \prod_i | l = 0\rangle_i $, where $l$ is
the angular momentum quantum number on every site.

Now there is a consensus that, quantum disordered phases of
strongly correlated systems can have much richer structures
compared with classical disordered phases. Roughly speaking, three
types of ``nontrivial" quantum disordered phases have been
studied: ({\it i.}) topological phases, whose ground state is
fully gapped but
topologically degenerate;
({\it ii.}) Algebraic spin (Bose) liquid phase, which is still a
quantum disordered phase of a bosonic spin system, but the
spectrum remains gapless, and the physical quantities have a
power-law instead of short range correlation; ({\it iii.})
Symmetry protected topological (SPT) phases, whose bulk spectrum
is identical to a trivial quantum disordered phase, but its
boundary must be either gapless or degenerate when and only when
the system has certain symmetry $G$. The ground state wave
function of a SPT is completely different and cannot be
continuously connected to a trivial wave function without a phase
transition, when the Hamiltonian is invariant under symmetry $G$.
The 2d quantum spin Hall insulator and the 3d topological
insulator are both SPT phases with time-reversal symmetry.

In this work we will focus on SPT phases of bosonic spin systems.
SPT is a pure quantum phenomenon, and there is no analogue in
classical world. Thus one would expect that the description for
these states should be purely quantum, and a semiclassical
formalism should completely fail to describe them. However, we
will try to demonstrate that, the SPT phases can still be
described semiclassically using NLSMs like Eq.~\ref{o3}, as long
as we include an appropriate topological term. We want to stress
that, in our approach, the target space of the NLSM is the
manifold of a semiclassical order parameter. This is different
from the approach in Ref.~\cite{wenspt,wenliu}, where a NLSM was
also introduced to describe SPT phases, but the target space of
this NLSM is the group manifold of the symmetry $G$, instead of
the manifold of an order parameter.

At least in one dimensional systems, semiclassical NLSMs have been
proved successful in describing SPT phases. For example, the O(3)
NLSM in Eq.~\ref{o3}, plus a topological $\Theta-$term describes a
spin-1 Heisenberg chain when $\Theta = 2\pi$, and it is well-known
that the spin-1 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model is a SPT phase
with 2-fold degeneracy at each boundary~\cite{haldane1,haldane2}.
This two fold degeneracy at the boundary can be read off from this
1d O(3) NLSM, since its boundary is a 0+1d O(3) NLSM with a
Wess-Zumino-Witten term at level $ k = 1 $, whose ground state is
two fold degenerate~\cite{ng1994}.

In principle, a NLSM describes a system with long correlation
length. Thus a NLSM plus a $\Theta-$term most precisely describes
a SPT phase tuned {\it close to} a critical point (but still in
the SPT phase). When a SPT phase is tuned close to a critical
point, the NLSM not only describes its topological properties
($e.g.$ edge states $etc.$), but also describes its dynamics, for
example excitation spectrum above the energy gap (much smaller
than the ultraviolet cut-off). When the SPT phase is tuned deep
inside the SPT phase, namely the correlation length is comparable
with the lattice constant, this NLSM can no longer describe its
dynamics accurately, but since the topological properties of this
SPT phase is unchanged while tuning, these topological properties
can still be described by the NLSM.

In Ref.~\cite{xu3dspt}, the author discussed a class of three
dimensional SPT phases with SU($N$) symmetry (Rigorously speaking,
the symmetry of the SPT constructed in Ref.~\cite{xu3dspt} is
PSU($N$) = SU($N$)$/Z_N$, where $Z_N$ is the center of SU($N$)),
and just like the Haldane phase in 1d, these 3d SPT phases are
described by a NLSM defined with the N\'{e}el order parameter
only. For SU($N$) magnet, the manifold $\mathcal{M}$ of the
N\'{e}el order is $\mathcal{M} =
\frac{\mathrm{U}(N)}{\mathrm{U}(m)\times \mathrm{U}(N -
m)}$~\cite{sachdev1989nucl,sachdev1990}. When $N
> 2$ and $0 < m < N$, $\pi_4[\mathcal{M}] = \mathbb{Z}$. Thus a
nontrivial topological $\Theta-$term can be defined for the
SU($N$) N\'{e}el order parameter, and when $\Theta = 2\pi$, it was
argued that the system is a three dimensional SPT, whose 2+1d
boundary must be either gapless or degenerate~\cite{xu3dspt}.

In 2 dimensional space, a straightforward generalization of
Ref.~\cite{xu3dspt} is difficult, since for $N > 2$,
$\pi_3[\frac{\mathrm{U}(N)}{\mathrm{U}(m)\times \mathrm{U}(N -
m)}] = \mathbb{Z}_1$, thus a $\Theta-$term is not well defined for
manifold $\mathcal{M}$ in two dimensions with general $N$. For the
simplest case with $N = 2$ and $m = 1$, $i.e.$ the ordinary SU(2)
N\'{e}el order whose manifold is $S^2$, although the homotopy
group $\pi_3[S^2] = \mathbb{Z}$, a nontrivial mapping from the
space-time manifold to the target space $S^2$ cannot be written as
an integral of local terms of the N\'{e}el order parameter, thus
it is much more complicated. Alternatively, in this paper we will
study 2d systems with symmetry $\mathrm{PSU}(N) \times
\mathbf{Z}^T_2$,
where $\mathbf{Z}^T_2$ is the time-reversal symmetry.
We will demonstrate that for a system with $\mathrm{PSU}(N) \times
\mathbf{Z}^T_2$ symmetry, a topological $\Theta-$term can be
defined in 2+1 dimensional space-time with semiclassical order
parameters, and when $\Theta = 2\pi$ the topological term will
drive the system into a SPT phase.

\section{2. Field theory description}

\subsection{2.1 SPT phase at $\Theta = 2\pi$}

In this section we will discuss the field theory description of
the 2+1d SPT phase with $\mathrm{PSU}(N)\times \mathbf{Z}^T_2$
symmetry. As we discussed in the introduction, we will take the
semiclassical formalism, and define the field theory in terms of
the order parameter of PSU(N), whose configurations form manifold
$\mathcal{M} = \frac{\mathrm{U}(N)}{\mathrm{U}(m)\times
\mathrm{U}(N - m)}$. Every element $\mathcal{P}$ of the manifold
$\mathcal{M}$ can be represented as \beqn \mathcal{P} = V^\dagger
\Omega V, \ \ \ \Omega = \left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
\mathbf{1}_{m \times m}, & \mathbf{0}_{m \times N - m} \\ \\
\mathbf{0}_{N - m \times m}, & \mathbf{-1}_{N - m \times N - m}
\end{array}
\right), \eeqn where $V$ is a SU($N$) transformation matrix.
$\mathcal{P}$ is a Hermitian matrix that satisfies $\mathcal{P}^2
= \mathbf{1}_{N \times N}$. In fact, when $N = 2$, $\mathcal{M}$
is precisely $S^2$. The matrix order parameter $\mathcal{P}$ is
always invariant under the center $Z_{N}$ of SU($N$): $V = e^{i 2
\pi k /N} \mathbf{1}_{N \times N}$ ($k = 1, \cdots N -1$), thus a
NLSM defined with $\mathcal{P}$ has symmetry $\mathrm{PSU}(N) =
\mathrm{SU}(N)/Z_N$. When $N = 2$, PSU(2)$=$SO(3) is the ordinary
spin rotation group of model Eq.~\ref{o3}. If the symmetry of a
quantum spin system is SO(3) instead of SU(2), then the Hilbert
space on every site of the system must be a representation of
SO(3), thus we are restricted to integer spin systems only. With
integer spins, $(\mathbf{Z}^T_2)^2 = +1$.

For a general $N$, The homotopy group $\pi_3[\mathcal{M}] =
\mathbb{Z}_1$, thus a NLSM defined with $\mathcal{P}$ does not
have a nontrivial topological $\Theta-$term in 2+1d space-time.
Thus for a 2+1d system with PSU($N$) symmetry only, there is no
nontrivial SPT that can be described using semiclassical order
parameter $\mathcal{P}$. Now let us combine PSU($N$) and
time-reversal symmetry together, and define the following order
parameter $U$: \beqn U = \cos(\theta) \mathbf{1}_{N \times N} + i
\sin(\theta) \mathcal{P}. \label{order}\eeqn Now $U$ is a unitary
matrix, and $U \in \mathrm{U}(N)$. Since $\pi_3[\mathrm{U}(N)] =
\mathbb{Z}$, a principal chiral nonlinear sigma model can be
defined with order parameter $U$, plus a nontrivial topological
$\Theta-$term: \beqn \mathcal{S} &=& \int d^2x d\tau \ \frac{1}{g}
\mathrm{tr}[\partial_\mu U^\dagger
\partial_\mu U] \cr\cr &+& \frac{i\Theta}{24\pi^2}
\mathrm{tr}[U^\dagger \partial_\mu U U^\dagger \partial_\nu U
U^\dagger \partial_\rho U] \epsilon_{\mu \nu \rho}.
\label{pcm}\eeqn In the simplest case with $N = 2$ and $m = 1$,
the order parameter $\mathcal{P}$ is equivalent to an O(3) vector
$\vec{n}$: $\mathcal{P} = \vec{n}\cdot \vec{\sigma}$. Then
Eq.~\ref{pcm} is equivalent to an O(4) NLSM: \beqn \mathcal{S} &=&
\int d^2x d\tau \ \frac{1}{g} (\partial_\mu \vec{\phi})^2 \cr\cr
&+& \frac{i\Theta}{12\pi^2} \epsilon_{abcd} \epsilon_{\mu \nu
\rho} \phi^a \partial_\mu \phi^b \partial_\nu \phi^c \partial_\rho
\phi^d, \label{o4theta} \eeqn where $\vec{\phi} = (\cos(\theta), \
\sin(\theta) \vec{n})$.

The matrix $U$ has a SU($N$)$_{\mathrm{left}}$ transformation and
a SU($N$)$_{\mathrm{right}}$ transformation, but there are higher
order terms in the Eq.~\ref{pcm} that break the two SU($N$)
symmetries down to its diagonal subgroup PSU($N$).
For general $N$, we can define the following transformations:
\beqn \mathrm{SU}(N) &:& \mathcal{P} \rightarrow V^\dagger
\mathcal{P} V, \cr \cr \mathbf{Z}_2^T &:& \mathcal{P} \rightarrow
\mathcal{P}^\ast, \ \ \ \theta \rightarrow \pi - \theta, \ \ \ V
\rightarrow V^\ast. \eeqn Under this definition, the SU($N$) and
$\mathbf{Z}^T_2$ transformations commute with each other.

In the follows, we will argue that, when $\Theta = 2\pi$,
Eq.~\ref{pcm} with symmetry SU($N$)$\times \mathbf{Z}^T_2$
describes a SPT, whose 1+1d boundary must be either gapless or
degenerate.

In Eq.~\ref{pcm}, by tuning $g$, there is an order-disorder phase
transition. We will always focus on the disordered phase of
Eq.~\ref{pcm}, thus we will focus on the phase with a large
coupling constant $g$. When $\Theta = 2\pi$, the bulk spectrum of
the quantum disordered phase is identical to the case with $\Theta
= 0$, thus the bulk is fully gapped and nondegenerate. Then one
can safely integrate out the bulk and focus on the boundary. At
$\Theta = 2\pi$, the boundary of the system is described by the
following principal chiral model with a Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW)
term: \beqn \mathcal{S}_b &=& \int dx d\tau \ \frac{1}{g}
\mathrm{tr}[\partial_\mu U^\dagger
\partial_\mu U] \cr\cr &+& \int dx d\tau du \ \frac{i 2\pi}{24\pi^2}
\mathrm{tr}[U^\dagger \partial_\mu U U^\dagger \partial_\nu U
U^\dagger \partial_\rho U] \epsilon_{\mu \nu \rho}. \label{bpcm}
\eeqn Here $U(x, \tau, u)$ is an extension of physical order
parameter $U(x, \tau)$ that satisfies \beqn U(x, \tau, u = 0) &=&
\mathbf{1}_{N \times N}, \cr\cr U(x, \tau, u = 1) &=& U (x, \tau).
\eeqn For the simple case with $N = 2m = 2$, Eq.~\ref{bpcm}
reduces to a 1+1d O(4) NLSM with a WZW term at level-1: \beqn
\mathcal{S} & = & \int dx d\tau \ \frac{1}{g} (\partial_\mu
\vec{\phi})^2 \cr\cr &+& \int dx d\tau du \ \frac{2\pi i}{12\pi^2}
\epsilon_{abcd} \epsilon_{\mu \nu \rho} \phi^a \partial_\mu \phi^b
\partial_\nu \phi^c
\partial_\rho \phi^d, \label{o4wzw} \eeqn

This principal chiral model Eq.~\ref{bpcm}, with a full
SU($N$)$_\mathrm{left} \times$SU($N$)$_\mathrm{right}$ symmetry,
was proved to be a gapless conformal field
theory~\cite{witten1984,KnizhnikZamolodchikov1984}. However, in
our system the SU($N$)$_\mathrm{left}
\times$SU($N$)$_\mathrm{right}$ symmetry is broken down to the
diagonal SU($N$), thus the conformal field theory might be gapped
out due to relevant perturbations introduced by this symmetry
reduction. With this symmetry reduction, the boundary theory
Eq.~\ref{bpcm} is reduced to the following NLSM with a
$\Theta^\prime-$term: \beqn \mathcal{S}_b = \int dx d\tau \
\frac{1}{g} \mathrm{tr}[(\partial_\mu \mathcal{P})^2] + \frac{
\Theta^\prime }{16 \pi} \mathrm{tr}[ \mathcal{P} \partial_\mu
\mathcal{P}
\partial_\nu \mathcal{P} ] \epsilon_{\mu \nu}, \label{thetap}
\eeqn as long as the $\mathbf{Z}^T_2$ symmetry is preserved,
namely the expectation value of $\cos(\theta)$ is zero, the
boundary $\Theta^\prime$ is fixed at $\Theta^\prime = \pi$. Under
the $\mathbf{Z}^T_2$ transformation, $\Theta^\prime \rightarrow
2\pi - \Theta^\prime$. If the time-reversal symmetry is explicitly
broken, namely a background field that couples linearly to
$\cos(\theta)$ is turned on, then at the boundary $\Theta^\prime$
is also tuned away from $\pi$: $\Theta^\prime = 2\theta -
2\cos(\theta)\sin(\theta)$.

If we ignore the physical interpretation of the field
$\mathcal{P}$, this 1+1d NLSM at $\Theta^\prime = \pi$
(Eq.~\ref{thetap}) can be used to describe the SU($N$)
antiferromagnet with conjugate representations on A and B
sublattices~\cite{affleck1985,sachdev1989nucl,sachdev1990}, and
$\mathcal{P}$ is precisely the SU($N$) N\'{e}el order parameter.
In fact, for the simplest case with $N = 2$, $m = 1$,
Eq.~\ref{thetap} precisely reduces to an O(3) NLSM with a
$\Theta^\prime$ term with $\Theta^\prime = \pi$: \beqn \mathcal{S}
= \int dx d\tau \ \frac{1}{g} (\partial_\mu \vec{n})^2 +
\frac{i\Theta^\prime }{8\pi} \epsilon_{abc}\epsilon_{\mu\nu} n^a
\partial_\mu n^b \partial_\nu n^c. \label{o3theta}\eeqn
With $\Theta^\prime = \pi$, this model describes an
antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 chain, and based on the
Lieb-Schultz-Mattis (LSM) theorem this theory must be either
gapless or degenerate~\cite{LSM}.

In Eq.~\ref{thetap}, $\Theta^\prime = \pi$ is the transition point
between two stable fixed points at $\Theta^\prime = 0$ and $2\pi$,
and this transition is driven by tuning $\Theta^\prime$. For
example, when $m = 1$, Eq.~\ref{thetap} becomes the CP$^{N-1}$
model with $\Theta^\prime = \pi$, and in the large$-N$ limit it
was demonstrated that the CP$^{N-1}$ model has a first order
transition at $\Theta^\prime =
\pi$~\cite{affleck1985,coleman1976}. For general $m$ and $N$, this
transition at $\Theta^\prime = \pi$ was analyzed through a
renormalization group calculation of both $g$ and $\Theta^\prime$
as in
Ref.~\cite{pruisken1,pruisken2,pruisken3,pruisken4,pruisken2011}.
If this transition is continuous, then this 1+1d boundary system
must be a gapless CFT at $\Theta^\prime = \pi$; if this transition
is first order, then this boundary system must be two fold
degenerate at $\Theta^\prime = \pi$~\cite{xuludwig}. Thus we
conclude when the bulk theory Eq.~\ref{pcm} has $\Theta = 2\pi$,
its boundary must be nontrivial, $i.e.$ it must be either gapless
or degenerate.

To demonstrate that this phase is a SPT, we need to show that its
boundary can only be realized as the boundary of a 2+1d system,
$i.e.$ it cannot be realized as a real one dimensional lattice
quantum spin system with the same symmetry. For example, the
boundary of a 2d quantum spin Hall insulator is a 1d helical
Luttinger liquid with central charge 1, and it can be argued that
this 1d helical Luttinger liquid cannot be realized as a 1d
electron system with time-reversal symmetry~\cite{wuedge}. Also,
the boundary of 3d topological insulator is a single 2d Dirac
cone, which cannot be realized in a pure 2d system with
time-reversal symmetry. Let us take the simplest case with $N = 2m
= 2$ as an example. In order to argue that Eq.~\ref{o3theta}
cannot be realized in a 1d system with SO(3)$\times
\mathbf{Z}^T_2$ symmetry, let us break the time-reversal symmetry
at the boundary, but make a domain wall of the time-reversal
symmetry breaking pattern: \beqn \Theta^\prime > \pi, \
\mathrm{for} \ x > 0; \ \ \ \ \Theta^\prime < \pi, \ \mathrm{for}
\ x < 0. \label{domainwall} \eeqn The two sides of the domain wall
are conjugate to each other under time-reversal transformation.
Based on the renormalization group calculation of
Ref.~\cite{pruisken1,pruisken2,pruisken3,pruisken4,pruisken2011},
and the argument in Ref.~\cite{xuludwig}, when $\Theta^\prime >
\pi$ the system is in the same phase as $\Theta^\prime = 2\pi$,
while when $\Theta^\prime < \pi$ the system is in the same phase
as $\Theta^\prime = 0$, both phases are fully gapped and
nondegenerate. At the domain wall this system is described by a
0+1d O(3) NLSM with a WZW term at level-1: \beqn \mathcal{S}_0 =
\int d\tau \ \frac{1}{g} (\partial_\mu \vec{n})^2 + \int d\tau du
\ \frac{2\pi i}{8\pi} \epsilon_{\mu\nu} \epsilon_{abc} n^a
\partial_\mu n^b \partial_\nu n^c, \eeqn which is precisely the model
describing a single spin-1/2. A spin-1/2 excitation is not a
representation of SO(3) (it is a representation of SU(2)), since
it is not invariant under the center of SU(2). Also, under the
square of time-reversal transformation, the wave function of a
spin-1/2 excitation would change sign: $(\mathbf{Z}^T_2)^2 =  -1$.
This implies that physical symmetries fractionalize at the domain
wall.

Although one dimensional spin chains can have fractionalized
excitations, this phenomenon of deconfined domain-wall
fractionalization cannot happen in a one dimensional integer spin
chain. Consider for example two 1d systems with integer spins and
SO(3) symmetry, then if these two systems are conjugate to each
other under time-reversal symmetry, then they must be either both
1d SPT, or both trivial states. Then at their domain wall there
should be either an integer localized domain wall spin, or no
domain wall spin at all.

The analysis of domain wall state at the boundary can be
generalized to arbitrary $N$. For arbitrary $N$, the theory
Eq.~\ref{pcm} is parametrized by integer $m$. For general $N$ and
$m$, a single spin with representation Fig.~\ref{monolattice}$b$
is localized at the domain wall Eq.~\ref{domainwall}, and the
theories with different $m$ (mod $N$) have inequivalent domain
wall spins. This domain wall state is always a fractionalized
excitation of PSU($N$), since it is not invariant under the center
of SU($N$). Based on all the analysis above, we can conclude that
Eq.~\ref{pcm} with $\Theta = 2\pi$ is a SPT with symmetry
PSU($N$)$\times \mathbf{Z}^T_2$. Our formalism suggests that for
general $N$, there are {\it at least} $N$ inequivalent phases:
there is one trivial phase, and $N - 1$ SPT phases described by
Eq.~\ref{pcm} with $m = 1, \cdots N -1$, which have different
localized spins at the domain wall Ref.~\ref{domainwall}. For the
simplest case with $N = 2m = 2$, $i.e.$ the case with SO(3)$\times
\mathbf{Z}_2^T$ symmetry, there are only two inequivalent phases,
which is consistent with the classification in Ref.~\cite{wenspt}.
For general $N$, our prediction can be compared with future group
cohomology computation.

\subsection{2.2 Physics with $\Theta = \pi$}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=3.2 in]{monopole3}
\caption{($a$) We map Eq.~\ref{Philag} to a one dimensional
tight-binding model. Hopping between nearest neighbor sites
corresponds to changing $\Phi$ by $1/2$. The $\Theta$-term grants
two types of monopoles a factor $\exp(i\Theta/2)$ and $\exp(-
i\Theta/2)$ respectively, which forbids nearest neighbor hopping
when $\Theta = \pi$ due to destructive interference between these
two types of monopoles. ($b$) The SU($N$) spin localized at the
domain wall Eq.~\ref{domainwall}.} \label{monolattice}
\end{figure}

It was first discussed in Ref.~\cite{senthilfisher} that, the O(4)
NLSM Eq.~\ref{o4theta} at $\Theta = \pi$ cannot be trivially
gapped without degeneracy. In Ref.~\cite{xuludwig}, using a
different argument, it was concluded for general principal chiral
models Eq.~\ref{pcm} that their quantum disordered phases must be
either gapless or two fold degenerate when $\Theta = \pi$. In
Ref.~\cite{xuludwig} it was assumed that the system has a full
SU($N$)$_{\mathrm{left}} \times$SU($N$)$_\mathrm{right}$ symmetry.
In our current case, the actual symmetry is PSU($N$)$\times
\mathbf{Z}^T_2$. In this section, using a different argument from
Ref.~\cite{xuludwig}, we will make the same conclusion for
Eq.~\ref{pcm}, $i.e.$ its quantum disordered phase cannot be
gapped without degeneracy when $\Theta = \pi$.

In order to argue that a system is either gapless or degenerate
when $\Theta = \pi$, we only need to argue that if the system is
gapped, it must be degenerate. Thus let us assume it is gapped in
the disordered phase of $\Theta = \pi$. Under this assumption, the
coupling constant $g$ must flow to infinity in the infrared limit
under renormalization group, this is because if $g$ flows to any
fixed point with finite constant $g^\ast$, then the system must be
scaling invariant and gapless. Thus $g$ must flow to infinity once
we assume the system is gapped. Now let us take $g$ to infinity,
then the first term of Eq.~\ref{pcm} vanishes, and Eq.~\ref{pcm}
reduces to a pure topological $\Theta-$term: \beqn \mathcal{S} =
\int d^2x d\tau \ \frac{i\Theta}{24\pi^2} \mathrm{tr}[U^\dagger
\partial_\mu U U^\dagger \partial_\nu U U^\dagger \partial_\rho U]
\epsilon_{\mu \nu \rho}. \label{pcm2}\eeqn

This $\Theta-$term contributes phase factor $\exp(i\Theta)$ to
every SU($N$) instanton in the space-time. However, since our
system only has PSU$(N)\times \mathbf{Z}^T_2$ symmetry instead of
a full SU($N$)$\times$SU($N$) symmetry, an instanton will
fractionalize into two monopoles. A monopole centered at the
origin has the following configuration: \beqn U &=&
\cos(\theta)\mathbf{1}_{N \times N} + i\sin(\theta)\mathcal{P},
\cr\cr && \theta(|\vec{R}| = 0) = 0, \ \mathrm{or} \ \pi, \ \ \
\theta(|\vec{R}| = \infty) = \pi/2; \cr\cr && \int_{|\vec{R}| = R}
d^2R \ \frac{i}{16\pi} \mathrm{tr}[\mathcal{P} \partial_\mu
\mathcal{P}
\partial_\nu \mathcal{P}]\epsilon_{\mu\nu} = 1. \eeqn Here
$\vec{R}$ is the coordinate in the 2+1d Euclidean space-time. In
the simplest case with $N = 2m = 2$, this monopole is the ordinary
``hedgehog" monopole of vector $\vec{n}$ in the space-time. When
$\theta = 0$ and $\pi$ at the origin $|\vec{R}| = 0$, this
monopole carries instanton number $1/2$ and $-1/2$ respectively,
thus this monopole contributes phase factor $\exp(\pm i\Theta/2)$
to the partition function.

Since we are interested in the bulk physics, we can compactify the
two dimensional space into a sphere $S^2$. Now let us define the
following quantity $\Phi(\tau)$ for every time slice $\tau$: \beqn
\Phi(\tau) = \int d^2x \ \frac{i}{32\pi} \mathrm{tr}[\mathcal{P}
\partial_i \mathcal{P}
\partial_j \mathcal{P}]\epsilon_{ij}, \eeqn and since $\pi_2[\mathcal{M}] =
\mathbb{Z}$, $\Phi(\tau)$ is quantized as integer or half-integer,
as long as the configuration of $\mathcal{P}$ has no singularity
at time $\tau$. $\Phi(\tau)$ is increased and decreased through
the monopoles described in the previous paragraph, and one
monopole in the space-time changes $\Phi$ by $1/2$: $\Phi(\tau = +
\infty) - \Phi(-\infty) = n_m/2$, where $n_m$ is the monopole
number in the 2+1d space-time.

Now under the assumption that the system is gapped (hence $g$
flows to infinity), Eq.~\ref{pcm} and Eq.~\ref{pcm2} reduce to the
following single particle quantum mechanics problem defined on a
periodic lattice with lattice constant $1/2$
(Fig.~\ref{monolattice}$a$): \beqn S = \int d\tau \ \frac{1}{2} m
(\partial_\tau \Phi)^2 \pm i \Theta
\partial_\tau \Phi + V(\Phi), \ \ m \rightarrow 0,
\label{Philag} \eeqn where $V(\Phi)$ is a deep periodic potential
that makes $\Phi$ takes only integer and half-integer values. Thus
the original principal chiral model has now reduced to a single
particle tight binding model, where each lattice site corresponds
to a quantized value of $\Phi$. Hopping from site $q$ to site $q +
1/2$ corresponds to a monopole in the space-time, and there are
two different types of monopole, depending on the sign of
$\cos(\theta)$ at the monopole core. The $\Theta$-term will
contribute a factor $\exp(i\Theta/2)$ and $\exp(- i\Theta/2)$ to
the monopole with $\cos(\theta) = +1$ and $\cos(\theta) = -1$ at
the core respectively. With time-reversal symmetry, the two types
of monopoles are degenerate, thus when $\Theta = \pi$ these two
types of monopoles have complete destructive interference with
each other, $i.e.$ hopping by one lattice constant in
Fig.~\ref{monolattice}$a$ is forbidden. However, hopping by two
lattice constants is still allowed, but the band structure will be
{\it doubly degenerate}, namely on this one dimensional lattice
(Fig.~\ref{monolattice}$a$) the states with lattice momentum $p =
0$ and $p = 2\pi$ are degenerate.

If $\Theta$ is tuned away from $\pi$, then the nearest neighbor
hopping in the tight-binding model Eq.~\ref{Philag} is allowed,
and the ground state of Eq.~\ref{Philag} is nondegenerate. Now we
have argued that once the system is gapped at $\Theta = \pi$, it
must be two fold degenerate, namely the system must be either
gapless or degenerate at $\Theta = \pi$. The analysis in this
section implies that when we tune $\Theta = 2\pi$ to 0, the bulk
spectrum must change at $\Theta = \pi$, $i.e.$ the SPT phase and
trivial phase must be separated by a bulk transition at $\Theta =
\pi$.

\section{3. Lattice construction for SPT with
$\mathrm{SO}(3)$$\times \mathbf{Z}^T_2$ symmetry}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{SPTfigure2}
\caption{Lattice construction for $N=2, m=1$ and its edge state.
(a) the mean field Hamiltonian Eq.~\ref{mf2} consists of the
nearest-neighbor hopping $t$ and the ``color"-orbit interaction
$\lambda$ and $t'$. The dashed lines represent the usual
``color"-orbit coupling $\sim \lambda$ in the Kane-Mele model. It
is equivalent to the Kane-Mele model except for an additional
$x$-directional ``color"-orbit couplings $\sim t'$ (represented by
the dotted lines) on top of the usual ``color"-orbit term $\sim
\lambda$. This anisotropic coupling breaks the gauge symmetry down
to SU(2) and the lattice rotational symmetry which is irrelevant
for the symmetry protected phase. (b) the edge theory consists of
right-moving ($\tau^{z} = 1$) and left-moving ($\tau^{z} = -1$)
spin-$1/2$ doublets. The time-reversal symmetry maps a right-mover
into a left-mover with the {\it opposite} spin state, $i.e.$ the
color and the spin are both flipped by the time-reversal symmetry.
(c) the domain wall in $\phi_{0}(x)$ Eq.(24) traps a localized
spin-$1/2$. This can be derived from the WZW term written in terms
of $(\phi_{0}, \phi_{\mu}), \mu = 1,2,3$ as discussed below
Eq.~\ref{o3theta}. } \label{Fig}
\end{figure}

In this section we will try to construct a lattice spin state for
the 2d SPT with SO(3) and time-reversal symmetry. Since the
Hilbert space on every site must be a representation of SO(3)
group, we must start with an integer spin system. Let us consider
a spin-1 system on a honeycomb lattice, and we will construct a
spin many-body wave function using the following two-color slave
fermion formalism, which was introduced to understand the spin
liquid phenomena observed in Ba$_3$NiSb$_2$O$_9$~\cite{xuspin1}:
\begin{eqnarray} \hat{S}^\mu_i = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{\alpha, \beta =
\uparrow, \downarrow} \sum_{a = 1, 2} f^\dagger_{\alpha, a, i}
\sigma^\mu_{\alpha\beta} f^{\vphantom\dagger}_{\beta, a, i}.
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\sigma^\mu$ are three spin-1/2 Pauli matrices. Each spinon
$f_{\alpha,a}$ has two indices: $\alpha = \uparrow, \ \downarrow$
denotes spin and $a = 1, 2$ is a ``color'' quantum number. Thus we
can consider not only the usual spin SU(2) rotations in the
$\alpha-\beta$ space, but also color SU(2) transformations in the
$a-b$ space.  Matching with the spin Hilbert space requires not
only constraining the total fermion number to {\it half-filling}
(two fermions per site), but also requiring each site to be an
color SU(2) singlet, which guarantees that on each site the spin
space is a symmetric spin-1 representation:
\begin{eqnarray} && \hat{n}_i = \sum_{a = 1, 2}
  \sum_{\alpha = \uparrow, \downarrow} f^\dagger_{\alpha, a, i}
  f_{\alpha, a, i} = 2,\nonumber \\ && \hat{\tau}^\mu = \sum_{\alpha, a,
    b} f^\dagger_{\alpha, a, i} \tau^\mu_{ab} f_{\alpha, b, i} =
  0. \label{constraint}
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\tau^\mu_{ab}$ are three Pauli matrices that operate on the
color indices. Under time-reversal transformation, in order to
satisfy the commutation relation between Pauli matrices,
$\tau^\mu$ should transform just like spin operators: $\tau^\mu
\rightarrow - \tau^\mu$.

Due to these two independent constraints in Eq.~\ref{constraint},
the spinon $f_{\alpha,a}$ will have a gauge symmetry. In order to
identify the full gauge symmetry, we need to rewrite
$f_{\alpha,a,i}$ in terms of Majorana fermions $\eta$ as follows:
\begin{eqnarray}
  f_{\alpha,a,i} = \frac{1}{2}(\eta_{\alpha,a,1,i} +
  i\eta_{\alpha,a,2,i}) \label{majorana}.
\end{eqnarray}
On every site, $\eta_i$ has in total three two-component spaces,
making the maximal possible transformation on $\eta_i$ SO(8).
Within this SO(8), the spin SU(2) transformations are generated by
the three operators \beqn \vec{\mathbf{S}} = (\sigma^x\lambda^y, \
\ \sigma^y, \ \ \sigma^z \lambda^y ), \label{spin}\eeqn where the
Pauli matrices $\lambda^a$ operate on the two-component space
$(\mathrm{Re}[f], \ \mathrm{Im}[f])$. Under time-reversal
transformation, $\eta \rightarrow \sigma^y \tau^y \lambda^z \eta$,
$i.e.$ both spin and colors are flipped under $\mathbf{Z}^T_2$.

The total gauge symmetry on $\eta$ is the maximal subgroup of
SO(8) that commutes with the spin-SU(2) operators.  This is
$\mathrm{Sp(4)\sim SO(5)}$ generated by the ten matrices
$\Gamma_{ab}=\frac{1}{2i} [\Gamma_a, \Gamma_b]$, where
\begin{eqnarray}
&& \Gamma_{1} = \sigma^y \tau^y \lambda^z, \ \ \Gamma_{2} =
\sigma^y \tau^y \lambda^x, \ \ \Gamma_{3} = \tau^y \lambda^y, \cr
\cr && \Gamma_4 = \tau^x, \ \ \Gamma_5 = \tau^z.
\end{eqnarray}
These $\Gamma^a$ with $a = 1 \cdots 5$ define five gamma matrices
that satisfy the Clifford algebra $\{\Gamma_{a}, \Gamma_b\} =
2\delta_{ab}$. $\Gamma_{ab}$ and $\Gamma_a$ are all $8\times 8$
hermitian matrices. $\Gamma_{ab}$ are all antisymmetric and
imaginary, while $\Gamma_a$ are symmetric.

A spin wave function can be constructed through a slave fermion
wave function, by projecting the mean field ground state to
satisfy the gauge constraints: \begin{eqnarray} |
G_{\mathrm{spin}} \rangle = \prod_i \mathrm{P}(\hat{n}_i =
2)\otimes \mathrm{P}(\hat{\tau}^\mu_i = 0) | f_{\alpha,a} \rangle.
\label{projection}
\end{eqnarray}

Now let us consider the following mean field Hamiltonian of slave
fermion on a {\it honeycomb} lattice: \beqn H_{MF} &=&
\sum_{<i,j>} - t f^\dagger_{i} f_{j} + \sum_{\ll i,j \gg} i\lambda
\nu_{ij} f^\dagger_{i,a} \tau^z_{ab} f_{j,b} \cr\cr &+& \sum_{j} i
t^\prime f^\dagger_{j, a} \tau^x_{ab} f_{j + \sqrt{3}\hat{x}, b} +
H.c. \label{mf} \eeqn Written in terms of the Majorana fermion
$\eta$, the mean field Hamiltonian reads: \beqn H_{MF} &=&
\sum_{<i,j>} - t \eta^t_{i} \Gamma_{12} \eta_{j} + \sum_{\ll i,j
\gg} i\lambda \nu_{ij} \eta^t_{i} \Gamma_5 \eta_{j} \cr\cr &+&
\sum_{j} i t^\prime \eta^t_{j} \Gamma_4 \eta_{j + \sqrt{3}\hat{x}}
+ H.c. \label{mf2} \eeqn

When $t^\prime = 0$, this mean field Hamiltonian is a quantum
``color" Hall Hamiltonian, $i.e.$ it is equivalent to the
Kane-Mele quantum spin Hall
Hamiltonian~\cite{kane2005a,kane2005b}, although instead of a
spin-orbit coupling, in Eq.~\ref{mf} the $\lambda$ term is a
color-orbit coupling. At the mean field level, the quantum color
Hall mean field Hamiltonian Eq.~\ref{mf} has edge states: there is
a left-moving spin-1/2 doublet slave fermion with $\tau^z = 1$,
and another right-moving spin-1/2 doublet slave fermion with
$\tau^z = -1$. Backscattering between left and right moving slave
fermions is forbidden, as long as the time-reversal symmetry and
spin rotation symmetry are preserved.

The $t^\prime$ term is a color-orbit coupling between 2nd neighbor
sites along the $\hat{x}$ directions only. If $t^\prime = 0$, the
color-orbit coupling term $\lambda$ breaks the Sp(4) gauge
symmetry down to its subgroup SO(4), which is generated by
$\Gamma_{ab}$, with $a, b = 1, \cdots 4$; when $t^\prime$ is
nonzero, the gauge symmetry is broken down to SU(2) generated by
$\Gamma_{ab}$, with $a, b = 1, 2, 3$. Since the $t^\prime$ term is
time-reversal even, when $t^\prime$ is small compared with $t$ and
$\lambda$, the edge state cannot be gapped out without degeneracy.
Now the edge states can be describe by the following 1+1d field
theory: \beqn \mathcal{L} = \bar{\eta} \gamma_\mu (\partial_\mu -
i \sum_{l = 1}^3 A^l_\mu G^l ) \eta + \cdots, \label{1dqcd}\eeqn
where $A_\mu^l$ is the residual SU(2) gauge field, and $G^a =
\epsilon_{abc} \Gamma_{bc}$, $a, b , c = 1, 2 ,3$. $\eta$ is the
Majorana fermion introduced in Eq.~\ref{majorana}. $\gamma^0 =
\tau^y$, $\gamma^1 = \tau^x$, $\gamma^5 = \tau^z$, $\bar{\eta} =
\eta^t \gamma^0$.

Eq.~\ref{1dqcd} is precisely the same field theory that describes
the spin-1/2 chain, if we take the standard SU(2) gauge field
formalism for spin-1/2 systems~\cite{wen2002}. There is no
symmetry allowed fermion bilinear terms that can be added to
Eq.~\ref{1dqcd}.
It is well-known that a spin-1/2 chain must be either gapless or
degenerate, and when it is gapless it can be described by the 1+1d
SU(2)$_1$ conformal field theory (plus marginal perturbations).
Thus we conclude that the boundary of the bulk state Eq.~\ref{mf}
is either a gapless SU(2)$_1$ CFT, or degenerate due to
spontaneous time-reversal symmetry breaking. The spontaneous
time-reversal symmetry breaking can be induced by a relevant four
fermion interaction term in Eq.~\ref{1dqcd}.

It is well-known that the SU(2)$_1$ CFT (and spin-1/2 chain) is
equivalent to an O(4) NLSM with a WZW term (Eq.~\ref{o4wzw}). The
WZW term of Eq.~\ref{o4wzw} can be derived from Eq.~\ref{1dqcd} by
coupling the fermions $\eta$ in Eq.~\ref{1dqcd} to a four
component order parameter $\vec{\phi}$ with unit-length: \beqn
\phi_0 \bar{\eta} \eta + \sum_{k = 1}^3 \phi^k i \bar{\eta}
\gamma^5 \mathbf{S}^k \eta, \label{o4coupling} \eeqn where
$\mathbf{S}^k$ are the three matrices defined in Eq.~\ref{spin}
which generate the spin rotations. Careful analysis shows that the
order parameter $\vec{\phi}$ defined here has the same
transformation as the O(4) vector in Eq.~\ref{o4wzw}.
With the coupling in Eq.~\ref{o4coupling},
after integrating out the slave fermions, a WZW term at precisely
level-1 (Eq.~\ref{o4wzw}) will be generated~\cite{abanov2000}.
Thus the field theory discussed in the previous section can be
precisely derived from this lattice construction. $\phi_0$ changes
sign under time-reversal transformation. If a domain wall of
$\phi_0$ is created, a spin-$1/2$ excitation is localized at the
domain wall, consistent with the field theory discussed below
Eq.~\ref{o3theta} (see also Fig.~\ref{Fig}).

In the bulk the slave fermion is gapped. Since the time-reversal
symmetry in the bulk excludes the existence of a Chern-Simons term
for the residual SU(2) gauge field, this nonabelian gauge field
will lead to confinement, and this confined state has no
topological degeneracy. At the boundary, the effect of this
confinement is not totally understood. For instance, this
confinement might gap out the boundary state through a spontaneous
time-reversal symmetry breaking, namely the order $\langle
\bar{\eta} \eta \rangle \neq 0$ is spontaneously generated. But
nevertheless, the boundary will not be gapped out without
degeneracy.

This lattice construction of SPT can be checked numerically in the
future. Let us define the system on a torus without boundary, and
a spin wave function can be constructed by gauge projecting the
mean field state Eq.~\ref{mf}. Given this projected spin wave
function, one can numerically compute various quantities such as
spin-spin correlation, topological entanglement entropy, and
entanglement spectrum. Since the bulk is completely gapped, the
spin correlation should be short ranged. And since the bulk of the
system has no topological degeneracy, the topological entanglement
entropy, which is defined as a universal constant term in addition
to the standard area law, should be zero. However, since the
system has nontrivial edge states, the edge states should also
exist in the entanglement spectrum, which can be computed using
the projected wave function. We will leave these to future
studies.

\section{4. Discussion and Summary}

In this work we studied a class of two dimensional symmetry
protected topological phases with PSU($N$)$\times \mathbf{Z}^T_2$
symmetry. These SPT phases are described by a 2+1 dimensional
principal chiral model with $\Theta = 2\pi$ (Eq.~\ref{pcm}), and
their boundary states are described by a 1+1d NLSM with
$\Theta^\prime = \pi$, which must be either gapless or degenerate
when the symmetry PSU($N$)$\times \mathbf{Z}^T_2$ is preserved.

The principal chiral model Eq.~\ref{pcm} can describe some other
symmetry protected topological phases as well. For example, the
spin-2 AKLT phase on the square lattice is known to have a
nontrivial 1d edge states. Unlike the 1d Haldane phase, AKLT
states at higher dimensions require translation symmetry to
protect its edge states. For example, on the square lattice, the
edge state of the spin-2 AKLT phase is a spin-1/2 chain, and if
the translation symmetry is broken, this edge spin-1/2 chain will
be dimerized and gapped. The spin-2 AKLT phase on the square
lattice can be viewed as a SPT phase with SO(3)$\times
\mathbf{Z}_2$ symmetry, while here the $\mathbf{Z}_2$ is
translation by one lattice constant instead of time-reversal
transformation. Then Eq.~\ref{o4theta} and Eq.~\ref{pcm} with
$\Theta = 2\pi$ can also describe the two dimensional AKLT phase,
and its generalizations to
arbitrary $N$.

Our result and analysis apply for all even spatial dimensions. For
large enough $N$ and $m$, $\pi_{2d+1}[\mathrm{SU}(N)] =
\mathbb{Z}$, and $\pi_{2d+1}[\frac{\mathrm{U}(N)}{\mathrm{U}(m)
\times \mathrm{U}(N - m)}] = \mathbb{Z}_1$. Thus at least based on
the field theory, a SPT with PSU($N$)$\times \mathbf{Z}^T_2$
symmetry exists in arbitrary even spatial dimension, and it is
always described by a principal chiral model defined with order
parameter $U$ introduced in Eq.~\ref{order}.

Besides a general classification given in Ref.~\cite{wenspt}, SPT
phases have attracted a lot of attentions and efforts recently
\cite{levinsenthil,luashvin,senthilashvin,lulee,groverashvin}.
Most of these studies are focused on SPT phases with a U(1)
symmetry that is associated with boson number conservation, and
with a U(1) symmetry it is convenient to describe the system using
a dual U(1) gauge field in 2+1d, and a topological response
function of electromagnetic field in 3+1d. The SPT phases
discussed in the current paper and in our previous study
(Ref.~\cite{xu3dspt}) may also have a description in terms of
their responses to external background gauge fields. We will leave
this to future study.

Cenke Xu is supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the David
and Lucile Packard Foundation, Hellman Family Foundation, and NSF
Grant No. DMR-1151208. Jeremy Oon is funded by the NSS Scholarship
from the Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)
Singapore. Cenke Xu thanks Xiao-Liang Qi for many discussions on
nonlinear sigma models and SPT phases, and thanks Eun-Gook Moon
for insightful questions. Gil Young Cho thanks Joel E. Moore for
encouragement during this work and support from NSF DMR-1206515.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Female-only conducting course sets out to tackle sexism in classical music
Eight 16-19-year-old girls take part in a course over three weekends to combat the lack of female conductors
By BBC Music Magazine
Alice Farnham, one of Britain's most prominent female conductors, is currently running a radical female-only conducting course at Morley College, South London. The second part of the course took place this weekend (23 March).
The debate around female conductors was stirred up in September last year when Marin Alsop became the first ever woman to conduct the Last Night of the Proms.
This was followed by a range of comments made within the music industry, including by Bruno Mantavani, head of the Paris Conservatoire, who claimed that conducting was too 'physically demanding' for the majority of women.
Mantavani's comments were not the only ones to make a noise. Vasily Petrenko, principal conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, aroused huge controversy with the comments he made to the Norwegian Newspaper, Aftenposten, around his views on female conductors.
Although the Russian conductor claimed his views were relating only to his homeland, his comments that 'a sweet girl on the podium can make one's thoughts drift towards something else' were not taken lightly.
'If I'd known then how little would change in 20 years I would have been surprised, and it does make me rather sad,' Farnham said. 'I was also surprised at myself for having been a little bit complacent about it, and thinking that's just the way it is, maybe conducting is just something not many women want to do.'
Speaking about Farnham's course, Andrea Brown, director of Music at Morely college said: 'It's about celebrating role models and equal opportunities, but it's also about putting that initial germ of an idea into a girl's mind, that this could be for me.'
The course hopes to break down the sexist barriers that are still apparent in the classical music industry by breaking down stereotypical images that are riff and by encouraging confident young women to step forward and take the baton.
Holly Harrison
Get BBC Music Magazine delivered direct to your door!
Save when you subscribe today and get your magazine + CD delivered direct to your door from the UK!
Click here to subscribe to BBC Music Magazine
Vienna Philharmonic receives the Birgit Nilsson Prize
Study suggests that some emotional responses to music are universal
Thomas Dausgaard named as new BBC Scottish Symphony conductor
Lucerne Festival announces new musical director

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Nestled among the pines on a pristine 50-acre historic lakefront property in traditional Anishinaabeg territory, Rosseau Lake College offers a boarding and day school experience that is like no other in Canada. Through a highly innovative, interdisciplinary, and culturally responsive program, we do more than educate students; we empower them. Each RLC student builds a strong personal brand through academic knowledge, relevant workplace experiences, and self-awareness cultivated in our school's natural setting. This personal brand becomes the core of their success here, and guides them in acquiring the skills and credentials that will set them apart in their post-secondary studies and professional lives.
Average class sizes at Rosseau Lake College range from 15—25 students. Our students are known, counselled and cared for. Our campus consists of four boarding residences and is home not only to our boarding students, but to the majority of the teaching staff as well.
We take great pleasure in finding the strengths in our students, building their confidence and nourishing their potential through a personalized learning environment that will prepare them for university, other post-secondary opportunities and the challenges of the future.


Credit Risk Update: CRAFTON LIMITED, GROUND FLOOR 3 WELLBROOK COURT, GIRTON, CAMBRIDGE, CB3 0NA. The legal status is a Private Limited Company and the current status at the registry of companies is Active. The last filed accounts are dated 31 December 2017. The company was incorporated on 28 April 1999.


text:
Future Leaders Series Nomination
Future Leaders Series Expression of Interest
The 'last' first step you'll take in growing your business. Emerging companies require access to the best people and advice when they can least afford it.
WA Leaders will provide you with a seat at the table of the most influential business people who provide the knowledge and networks to assist you to grow your business.
WA Leaders selects up to 16 companies each year from all nominations received to become Future Leaders Members. For more information about the Future Leaders Series, please click here.
To nominate, please complete the following details. Once submitted, we will be in touch to discuss the nomination further.
Executives are open to new ideas and thinking;
Company must have revenue, but not exceeding $2million in the last financial year.
Any information about a company's financial position, history and growth strategies will only be used by Western Australian Leaders and the judging panel for the purposes of selecting the Western Australian Leaders Future Leaders Members, and will be stringently treated as commercial-in-confidence. Any contact details may be provided to Industry Experts, Industry Partners, Executive Members and Alumni Members of Western Australian Leaders.
The Western Australian Leaders Privacy Policy can be viewed by following the relevant link in the footer of this page. Further information or clarification can be provided by contacting Western Australian Leaders via the contact details in the footer of this page.


Roisin Boyd is an award-winning journalist currently teaches journalism and political communications in the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT), Aungier Street. She has worked as a journalist and current affairs producer with RTE – with a focus on social justice/human rights & international stories; as a communications advocate with various NGOs including the Irish Refugee Council where she was Head of Communications. Her work has included the coverage of stories in Northern Ireland, Cambodia, Vietnam, Somalia and the DRC. With FOMACS – Forum on Migration and Communications she mentored and produced a radio documentary series with migrant women: 'Having your Voice Heard', broadcast on The Curious Ear RTE Radio 1 ( 2009-2010). She is a doctoral student at the Centre for Transcultural Research and Media Practice (CTMP) Dublin Institute of Technology; Research Topic, 'Revelation and Concealment. The Validation of Refugee and Asylum Seeking Narratives'; Analysing the discursive construction of refugee stories in the print and broadcast media; interrogating Irish journalistic and advocacy practices, including her own.
Peter Feeney became Ireland's Press Ombudsman on 01 September 2014, after serving as an independent member of the Press Council of Ireland since October 2013. As RTÉ's Head of Broadcast Compliance and Freedom of Information Officer he managed for over ten years RTÉ's processes in dealing with complaints to the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland. He was also responsible for the production of guidelines and training in programme standards.
Prior to Compliance and FOI he was from 1990 to 1997 Editor of Current Affairs Television in RTÉ. Before joining RTÉ he lectured in politics in the University of Ulster.
Michael Foyle is a member of the NUJ's Ethics Council, representing the Republic of Ireland. Michael was a journalist on The Irish Times for many years and later a lecturer in Journalism at the DIT, where he is now Professor Emeritus. Michael has been involved in media development, especially the development of journalism education, and ethical codes, in Eastern, South Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Europe, Africa and more recently the Middle East, working for the BBC, the IFJ, UNESCO and UNICEF. Michael frequently comment on issues relating to the media in the media and other areas.
Aidan White is the Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Ethical Journalism Network. He worked as a journalist with newspapers in the United Kingdom, including the Birmingham Evening Mail, the Financial Times and The Guardian, before taking up his post as General Secretary of the International Federation of Journalists from 1987-2011 based in Brussels.He founded the EJN in 2012. He has written extensively on human rights, ethics and journalism issues and played a leading role in establishing the International News Safety Institute, the global campaign for news safety, as well as the creation of IFEX, the International Freedom of Expression Exchange, a global network of free expression campaigners. In 2014 Aidan served on the appointments panel of IMPRESS, the Leveson-compliant alternative press regulator in the UK.
Chinedu Onyejelem is the Editor and Publisher of Ireland's multicultural bimonthly Metro Eireann. He is the author of News in Black and White which has just been published. After moving to Ireland in 1997, he worked freelance for a number of publications including The Irish Times, Garda Review, The Irish Catholic, and Medicine Weekly. In January 2000, Chinedu joined the Irish Times website www.ireland.com as a trainee where he worked until mid-2002. Following his departure, he has concentrated on developing Metro Eireann. Chinedu is presently a Director of Concern Worldwide, and a member of Irish Department of Foreign Affairs /NGO Standing Committee, which advises the Irish Government on Human Rights issues overseas.
Rares Mihai Nicula. Social Inclusion Co-ordinator at New Communities Partnership, the only migrant led umbrella organisations for migrant led community groups. Originally from Romania, he has been living in Ireland since 2007. While studying for a PhD in Sociology, he started volunteering first with Romanian Community of Ireland, then Fingal Ethnic Network and New Communities Partnership. Since 2015 he has been working as a Social Inclusion Coordinator, position in which he coordinates the work of NCP in working with groups and service users, facilitating their integration journey in their new home.
Professor Roja Fazaeli, Lecturer in Islamic Civilisation(s) at the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Studies Trinity College Dublin. Roja has published widely on Islamic feminisms, female religious authorities, women's rights in Iran and human rights and religion. She has also contributed to the Irish Times and the Irish Examiner. Her book "Islamic Feminisms: Rights and Interpretations Across Generations in Iran" was published by Routledge in November 2016. Previously Roja worked for Amnesty International, Irish Section and a number of other Non-Governmental Organisations. She has served on the executive boards of Irish Refugee Council, UN Women Ireland, the Association for the Study of Persianate Societies and Amnesty International Irish Section. Roja is currently on the editorial board of the Journal Religions and Human Rights and serves the Scholars at Risk representative in Trinity College Dublin. She also serves on the board of directors of the Immigrant Council of IrelandHer Ph.D. thesis was a comparative study of Islamic law and international human rights law concerning women in the Shi'a tradition and was funded by the Irish Research Council for Humanities and Social Sciences. She has published numerous papers and book chapters on the topics of Islam and gender, Islamic feminism and human rights. Currently she is working on completing a monograph on a conceptualization of Islamic feminism and human rights activism in Iran.
Scott Griffen is Director of Press Freedom Programmes at the International Press Institute (IPI) in Vienna, Austria. He joined IPI in 2012 as press freedom adviser, focusing on Latin America and the Caribbean. As director of press freedom programmes, he helps plan and oversee IPI's long-term project work and helps guide the organisation's overall strategy in defence of press freedom and freedom of expression worldwide. He holds a bachelor's degree in humanities from Yale University and a master's degree in global ethics from King's College London.
Jenny Hauser, senior journalist at Storyful. Storyful is at the forefront of creating an ethical system of usage around eyewitness media by ensuring copyright is respected and through the real-time verification of content that is being shared.
Anne Walsh, NYCI's Intercultural and Equality Programme Manager: Anne has a Master degree in Anthropology and has been working for the National Youth Council of Ireland (NYCI) since 2008. Her role at NYCI is to support youth groups and organisations to embed interculturalism, equality and inclusiveness in their ongoing work. Anne does this through training, resource development, research, consultation and by developing strategic relationships at national level. She also works in an advocacy and policy role representing the needs of young people from minority groups. Anne coordinates an Equality and Inclusion Support Network with key staff from National organisations to work strategically to embed inclusive practice in the sector. Anne coordinates the No Hate Speech Movement in Ireland for NYCI.
No Hate Speech Movement Ireland: We are the Republic of Ireland campaign group within the wider European No Hate Speech Movement. We are young people standing for human rights online.Youth Ambassadors are the heart and the power source of the No Hate Speech Movement. Whether acting on the European stage or at national, regional or local level, the Ambassadors communicate the campaign's message far and wide. Among the online community of Ambassadors are those who run our Facebook page, our twitter feeds, who moderate our blog posts and report hate speech and give presentations and workshops in schools, colleges and youth groups, who promote the campaign at events – all on a voluntary basis. There are also activists who take it upon themselves to directly counter hate speech. The No Hate Speech Movement would be nowhere without the dedicated hard work of our Youth Ambassadors.
Gavan Titley joined National Universtiy of Maynoothin 2005 where he is currently a Senior Lecturer in Media Studies and Head of Department. His research interests are in the politics of race, racism and multiculturalism in European politics, freedom of speech and ideas of 'hate speech' in digital media environments, the future of public service media and social theory in media theory.
Shane O Curry is the director of ENAR (European Network Against Racism Ireland) the Irish coordination of the European Network Against Racism. ENAR comprises over 170 Non-Governmental Organisations across 30 European States. ENAR Ireland has 70 organisations in its network and coordinates the racist incident reporting tool iReport.ie. Shane is a social activist who has worked and campaigned in the areas of human rights, social justice, anti-militarism and conflict resolution, with a special interest in working against racism and other forms of exclusion. Previously, Shane coordinated a popular education projects with Clondalkin Travellers Development Group, the Latin America Solidarity Centre, Inishowen Community Radio and the Pat Finucane Centre for Human Rights in Derry.
Colum Kenny is an author and emeritus professor at Dublin City University and formerly chair of the Masters in Journalism programme at DCU. Columnist for the Irish Times. Areas of special interest include media and culture, history and society. A member of the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland 2010-2015 and of the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland/IRTC 1998-2003. A former employee of RTE, he was a founding board member of the E.U. Media Desk in Ireland and is a council member of the Irish Legal History Society.
Celene Craig has been Deputy Chief Executive of the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI) since its establishment in 2009, in addition to having worked with its predecessors, the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland and the Independent Radio and Television Commission. Celene is also the President of the European Platform for Regulatory Authorities (EPRA).
Lisa Ní Choisdealbha is the Executive Director of the Independent Broadcasters of Ireland (IBI). She previously worked as Irish Language Officer for the BCI. She has a degree in Music and Irish from UCC, a masters in Communications and Cultural Studies from DCU and an MBA from Henley Management College in London. She is a traditional Irish musician having won All-Ireland titles on fiddle, a fluent Irish speaker and a big GAA fan cheering on her native Tipperary as often as possible.
Irena Djak Cvetkovic is working as a Producer and a Trainer with Athlone Community Radio. Irena has an M/A in Media Studies and her research is on Media Literacy and Community Radio. She successfully produced radio programme funded by the Mary Raftery Fund, on Asylum Seekers and Mental Health. She also produced more than dozen documentaries supported by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland.
Catherine Joyce is the manager of Blanchardstown Traveller Develpment Group. Catherine is an advocate for Travellers human rights for the past 30 years. BTDG was instrumental in pursuing ethnic status recognition by the State which was achieved on the first of March this year. Catherine revived the People of the year award in 1992 and has represented travellers at a local, national and international level.
Jennifer Schweppe is the co-Director of the Hate and Hostility Research Group at University of Limerickand co-Director of the International Network for Hate Studies. She has conducted extensive research on the need for, and form of, hate crime legislation in Ireland.
Caoimhe McCabe worked as a newspaper and television reporter before joining Pavee Point as Information Co-Ordinator. Over a 15 year period of media archiving, Pavee Point has been able to build up a good overview on the representation of Travellers and Roma in the media.


One Burlington Business Center is made up of three buildings that are connected by two dramatic four-story lobbies. The buildings are designed to offer flexible layouts to tenants who want to be located along the Interstate 95/Route 128 high-tech corridor north of Boston. The Burlington, Massachusetts, area is very desirable due to its proximity to an international airport, world-class hospitals and universities as well as upscale shopping and fine dining.
to pursue LEED® Certification as a differentiator in this highly-competitive market, Lincoln Property Company worked with their trusted advisor, Schneider Electric, through its local Andover, Massachusetts, branch to take this 1970s building to the next level of energy efficiency.
The facility has three roof top units RTUs with DX cooling and 300 terminal units with electric reheat. Over the past five years Lincoln Property Company has been changing out terminal units and adding TAC I/NET DDC controls to the field equipment. The existing I/NET system was used to integrate to the tenant boxes as each space was converted.
The new DDC system unmasked some issues that the management team wanted to address. After careful analysis of the needs of the customer, Schneider Electric recommended that the facility transition to a EcoStruxure™ Building Expert** powered by EcoStruxure™ Building Operation*. By transitioning to EcoStruxure™ Building Expert**, Lincoln Property Company could realize their energy efficiency goals, without sacrificing the investment they had already made with Schneider Electric.
The management team was delighted to be able to maintain what was working and incorporate new technologies to keep them competitive in their market. Important requirements for the new system were short- and long-term trending, remote access and more robust scheduling.
EcoStruxure™ Building Expert* gave Lincoln Property Company access to those and other cutting-edge features, and because the upgrade was largely software-based it was performed quickly without causing any discomfort or disruption to tenants.
The customized EcoStruxure™ Building Expert* that was installed at the facility focused on two major areas: tenant comfort and energy efficiency. These two areas have traditionally been thought of as opposites, but EcoStruxure™ Building Expert* is able to achieve both. For example, before the transition, tenants had free control over the temperature in their space and would frequently change the setpoints throughout the day. As a result, the building's HVAC system ran non-stop. EcoStruxure™ Building Expert* solution enabled Lincoln Property Company to set temperature boundaries within a chosen range for tenants and automatically turn the system on and off at chosen times. The company also keeps trends of the temperatures in the twelve zones to share with tenants. These changes resulted in a dramatic decrease in energy costs as well as tenant complaints.
The feature that Lincoln Property Company is most excited about is the robust trending capabilities of the system. Attaining LEED Certification requires a lot of reporting that includes detailed short- and long-term trending. EcoStruxure™ Building Expert* enables them to trend any point in the system by simply dragging and dropping it onto a trend chart. And because the system automatically saves the Change of Value (COV) for every hardware input and output point, Lincoln Property Company can trend anything, anytime.
EcoStruxure delivers enhanced value around safety, reliability, efficiency, sustainability, and connectivity for our customers.
EcoStruxure leverages advancements in IoT, mobility, sensing, cloud, analytics, and cybersecurity to deliver Innovation at Every Level including Connected Products, Edge Control, and Apps, Analytics & Services. EcoStruxure has been deployed in 450,000+ installations, with the support of 9,000 system integrators, connecting over 1 billion devices.
The Internet of Things starts with the best things. Our IoT-enabled best-in-class connected products include breakers, drives, UPSs, relays, sensors, and more. Devices with embedded intelligence drive better decision-making throughout operations.
Mission-critical scenarios can be unpredictable, so control of devices at the edge of the IoT network is a must. This essential capability provides real-time solutions that enable local control at the edge, protecting safety and uptime.
Interoperability is imperative to supporting the diverse hardware and systems in building, data center, industry, and grid environments. EcoStruxure enables a breadth of agnostic Applications, Analytics, & Services for seamless enterprise integration.


Get more information on Madras Cafe, Madras Cafe Movie Review, Madras Cafe Hindi Movie Review, Madras Cafe Review, Hindi Bollywood Madras, Cafe Movie Review, Madras Cafe Movie Review 2013, Madras Cafe Movie Rating, Directed By Shoojit Sircar cast And Crew Details, Starring John Abraham, Nargis Fakhri and Raashi Khanna.
Gritty, sombre, and explosive political thrillers aren't really among Bollywood's strengths. So when a hard-hitting, fast-paced and riveting espionage thriller like "Madras Cafe" hits the screens, it certainly singles out as an unqualified triumph. Blending facts with fiction with aplomb, Shoojit Sircar's largely understated "Madras Cafe" smacks down all the run-of-the-mill militaristic machismo and genuinely captures the unexplored genre of political drama in Hindi cinema. Certainly one of the finest thrillers to be ever made!
The brave plot orbs around a conspiracy that connects the assassination of a pacifist ex-Prime Minister to the dirtywork of giant corporations and foreign agencies, who are out to undercut the subcontinent.
Major Vikram Singh (John Abraham), an Indian Intelligence agent is sent on a undercover mission to Sri Lanka. As he kick-starts his operation of disrupting a rebel group, he makes an alarming discovery: a conspiracy to assassinate the former Indian Prime Minister.
Once in the territory, he joins hands with colleague Bala (Prakash Belawadi) to get Anna Bhaskaran (Rathnam), head of the rebel LTF group and make him come to a peaceful resolution. Vikram knows Anna will be a huge challenge - what surprises him is how many others he must face.
The first half of the movie is neatly layered into complex trails - leaks, foreign interests, domestic rivals – the stumps Vikram. As RAW honcho Robin Dutt (Siddharth Basu) exerts pressure, Vikram moves fast through sultry, dangerous airs. His foreign journalist friend Jaya (Fakhri, apparently playing real-life journalist Anita Pratap, who first interviewed LTTE chief Prabhakaran) knows this conflict's heart even better than Vikram, who assist him in making some spine-chilling discoveries.
What follows next is Vikram's brush with gun-toting ultraists who deem themselves as revolutionaries and hatching a dangerous conspiracy to kill an important Indian leader with a human bomb.
Somnath Dey and Shubendu Bhattacharya riveting screenplay laced with Juhi Chaturvedi's gripping dialogues builds-up and lays out a complex network of inquiry, motives and ideology.
The political drama moves at a breakneck pace post interval. Chandrashekhar Prajapat's crisp editing unravel the episodes with fascinating ease. The background score by Shantanu Moitra enhances the sublimity of the movie.
The best thing about the film is that even when characters suffers personal blows, Madras Café doesn't halt for melodrama. The no-song-and-dnace movie is gorgeously shot (Kamaljeet Negi).
John Abraham comes up trumps with "Madras Cafe". Cast against type, the actor pitches all his strength in giving life and honesty to his character of an undercover espionage who loses more than he gains in the line of duty.
Nargis Fakhri, playing a journo, bags yet another stellar role with the movie, and quite surprisingly, takes long strides as an actor here.
Debutante Rashi Khanna makes an impact in her short but significant role as the army man's betterhalf. Although, she doesn't get a chance to flex her potential as John Abraham's young wife unlike Nargis here.
The rest of the characters – secret agents, commandos, extremists, and bureaucrats – play identifiable figures and complete the canvas.
Final Word:This credible and convincing movie is a must-watch because it offers you a neutral insight into an exceptionally pertinent episode of history. If you like typical Hindi masala movie, over-the-top action and melodrama, "Madras Cafe" is not for you. Try not to miss it if you like sensible cinema!
Madras Cafe Movie Review Madras Cafe Hindi Movie Review Madras Cafe Madras Cafe Review Hindi Bollywood Madras Cafe Movie Review Madras Cafe Movie Review 2013 Madras Cafe Movie Rating Directed By Shoojit Sircar cast And Crew Details Starring John Abraham Nargis Fakhri and Raashi Khanna Madras Cafe review videos Madras Cafe trailers Bollywood movie Madras Cafe photos.


text:
What is the most common type of heart surgery
What is the most difficult heart surgery?
Cardiac Center
Open heart procedures, which represent a major portion of our volume, require cardiopulmonary bypass (heart-lung bypass machine) and are usually the most complicated and complex procedures.
How serious is heart surgery?
The good news is that recent decades have seen a steep drop in serious complications. Today, more than 95 percent of people who undergo coronary bypass surgery do not experience serious complications, and the risk of death immediately after the procedure is only 1–2 percent.
How many heart surgeries are there?
Thousands of heart surgeries are performed every day in the United States. Even though there is a shortage of donor organs, more than 3,400 people have heart transplants each year. Two major advances in medicine made heart surgery possible: The heart-lung machine, which takes over the work of the heart.
What percent of heart surgeries are successful?
Ninety percent survived their surgery to leave the hospital. The rate of such survival improved sharply as the study went on, from 85 percent in the early years to 98 percent by its end. Patients also reported a quality of life similar to that of those their age who did not have bypass surgery.
What are the 3 most painful surgeries?
Most painful surgeries
Open surgery on the heel bone. If a person fractures their heel bone, they may need surgery. …
Spinal fusion. The bones that make up the spine are known as vertebrae. …
Myomectomy. Share on Pinterest A myomectomy may be required to remove large fibroids from the uterus. …
Proctocolectomy. …
Complex spinal reconstruction.
You might be interested: What causes seizures after brain surgery
What's the riskiest surgery?
The 10 Riskiest Medical Procedures
Craniectomy. Any type of brain surgery presents a high risk to the patient because the brain controls every function in the body.
Surgical Ventricular Restoration. …
Spinal Osteomyelitis Surgery. …
Coronary Revascularization. …
Bladder Cystectomy. …
Esophagectomy. …
Thoracic Aortic Dissection Repair. …
Pancreatectomy. …
Can you live 20 years after bypass surgery?
Twenty-year survival by age was 55%, 38%, 22%, and 11% for age <50, 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and >70 years at the time of initial surgery. Survival at 20 years after surgery with and without hypertension was 27% and 41%, respectively. Similarly, 20-year survival was 37% and 29% for men and women.
How painful is open heart surgery?
Some discomfort around the cut and in your muscles — including itching, tightness, and numbness along the incision — are normal. But it shouldn't hurt as much as it did before your surgery. If you had a bypass, your legs may hurt more than your chest if the surgeon used leg veins as grafts.
Does open heart surgery shorten your life?
In fact, the survival rate for bypass patients who make it through the first month after the operation is close to that of the population in general. But 8-10 years after a heart bypass operation, mortality increases by 60-80 per cent.
How long do heart surgeries take?
Depending on the operation, the average heart surgery takes three to four hours in the operating room.
Can you have 2 open heart surgeries?
Patients who have had a coronary bypass and valve replacement are enjoying longer, healthy lives. Over time, though, even successful valve replacements and coronary artery bypasses may need a re-operation. Almost one third of the heart surgery operations we do here are repeat procedures.
You might be interested: Readers ask: When Was Divorce Legalized In Us?
What is the age limit for bypass surgery?
As noted in our results, patients between the ages of 80 and 89 years constituted 99% of our cohort. We contrasted surgical outcomes in this age group with those in a cohort of younger Medicare patients, of age 65 to 70 years, who received bypass surgery during the same time period.
What is the longest surgery?
From Feb. 4 to Feb. 8, 1951, Gertrude Levandowski of Burnips, Mich., underwent a 96-hour procedure at a Chicago hospital to remove a giant ovarian cyst. It is believed to be the world's longest surgery.
Do they have to break your ribs for open heart surgery?
Making the Incision – In the case of classic open heart surgery, the breast bone will be split open using a saw. Alternative approaches may use incisions to the side of the bone between the ribs or through some of the ribs on the side.


text:
News May 10, 2006 1 commentupdate:May 12, 2006
Battery cage deadline wanted
A parliamentary select committee in New Zealand is calling for a tightening up of the animal welfare code for layer hens, which came into effect last year. It wants the code revised to set a fixed date for phasing out the battery cages currently used for most of New Zealand's egg production.
The Regulations Review Committee's recommendations to the government follow its investigation into a complaint from the Animal Rights Legal Advocacy Network.
The network objected to the decision by the National Animal Welfare Advisory Council, which drew up the code to allow the continued use of cages that do not fully comply with animal welfare laws.
NAWAC said at the time that there was not enough evidence to show that new generation enriched cages or alternative systems such as raising hens in barns would consistently improve animal welfare conditions for hens.
It decided not to make a final decision on whether the current cages should continue to be used, modified or phased out until 2009, when it will review all the research information available.
The executive director of the Egg Producers Federation, Michael Brooks, says he will expect to be consulted if there are moves to change the layer hen code.
In the meantime Brooks says egg producers want the Animal Welfare Advisory Council to get on with setting up the research committee it is planning to investigate alternative production systems.
Editor WorldPoultry
Green Gao
It's no doubt that humans should improve the welfare for animals, we shoud phase out the battery cages, but it still a economical and practical way for egg production.
we offer quality poultry layer cages which provides a comfortable environment for layer hens and baby chickens, so if someone need them, please view our website:
Costco to ban the use of cages in its global supply chain
Costco has become the first US retailer to issue a global policy on the confinement of animals in its supply...
On Dec 9, 2020 In Eggs


These awesome destinations are meant for guys looking to rediscover themselves. Look what HolidayIQ Travellers suggest.
HolidayIQ Traveler BS Gill from Chandigarh shares about Mizoram, "Wonderful landscapes, kind and hospitable simple folks astounding beauties. paradise for the nature lovers - a must-visit. It had lovely food, mostly non-veg, and lot of variety. Visit Burra Bazaar where you'll find the choicest of imported and local traditional items of all types, styles and tastes to suit your pocket. But be good at bargaining."
HolidayIQ Traveler Promita Maitra shares, "A place for sea or beach lovers, and even if you do not love them, you will surely start loving them after you spend a week in Andaman Islands. Colour of the sea, texture of the beaches, exquisite sunrise and sunsets, unforgettable journey - all these things sum up in an once in a lifetime trip. Samudrika, Gandhi Park, Cellular Jail, Chatham Saw Mill, Marine Museum, Corbyn's Cove Beach, Ross Island, Jolly Buoy Island, Wandoor Beach, Baratang, Mud Volcano, Limestone Cave are must-visits. In Havelock Island, visit Radhanagar Beach, famous for the sand. Do not miss the sunset here, Kalapathar Beach, Dolphin Resort (Try to stay here). If you are staying for more than a week, consider visiting Maya Bandar and Rangat."
HolidayIQ Traveller Harsiddh Dave shares, "The great Rann of Kutch is one of the most beautiful Sightseeing place in Gujarat. It is completely covered by white salt which makes it most unique place to visit. At the time of sunset the scene at the Rann is most authentic."


Temple of Mu, is a world exclusive, television first broadcast on FOXTEL which resulted in a 200% ratings increase according to the broadcaster.
floor near Okinawa, Japan where, unveiled to the world's television audience for the first time, a massive, ancient underwater Temple exists.
Also discovered is a small Japanese island believed to have been the centre of The Garden of Eden which is said to have existed as the base of what was called Three God Mountain. We see what remains of this mountain and how this island's inhabitants have the longest lifespan in the world said to result from one of Eden's surviving herbs that now only grows on these islands.
Did a biblical flood submerge the Garden of Eden? This expedition, led by divers who shot the motion picture Titanic, shows the absolute proof this area once existed on dry land. We discover nearby underwater caverns containing stalagmites and stalactites which cannot form underwater. We also see for the first time "smoke writing" by early man which exists on the walls of these ancient caves, suggesting they were once used as a home.


This July I had occasion to tour the amazing train roundhouse and turntable at Hanna, Alberta, where the important tenants of preserve, restore and repurpose jumped out at me in spades.
They are exactly what the executive director of the Hanna Roundhouse Society, Sandra Beaudoin has in mind for this iconic piece of railroad history. And Sandra is as driven as any passionate preserver of heritage can be about their society's mission. She has vision and imagination and is pushing ahead along with her board with both determination and gusto on what will be a long hard battle. This is the type of insight that has surfaced all across Canada as we fight to save those special historic pieces of our industrial growth.
Roundhouses were an integral part of the development of the west and as railroads pushed into Southern and Northern Alberta, both CNR and CPR, picked divisional junction points along their routes to build these major train service centers. In Alberta, from Edson to Lethbridge to Medicine Hat and several other strategic locations, roundhouses were built to service the ever increasing number of steam trains that made their way across the prairies hauling new settlers and supplies into the newly developing lands and hauling precious commodities like No. 1 Marquis wheat back east to markets.
There are precious few of these amazing structures remaining in Western Canada. Sometimes, like at Crowsnest on the border, which was a divisional point for CPR, we find that only the cement circle of the turnaround remains. In other cases like Fort MacLeod we find a little more evidence like the roundhouse foundations for ten bays and the actual turntable steel frame.
At one time Hanna had fifteen stalls, five were added later in 1919-1922 in the brick addition which was torn down in 2012 by the Town of Hanna for safety reasons. Future plans of the Hanna Roundhouse Society is to rebuild this beautiful brick addition over the existing floor which remains. Canadian Northern Railroad drafting of this roundhouse distinctly show a total of 25 stalls, with 5 stall sections added at a time.
It was typical of all roundhouses that they were expanded as traffic out west increased. To tour the Hanna roundhouse was truly a humbling experience as the massive size and function of this industrial site was breathtaking. The rock solid post and beam construction inside gave great assurance to the buildings stability and usability for other purposes. The roof covering that spans between the support beams is 2 by 8's (true dimension) on edge! The massive double entry doors challenged my imagination as to what it must have looked like when one of these prairie workhorses chuff chuffed its way into the building off of the turntable and pulled up over a drop pit inside for servicing.
When it was built in 1913, the Hanna Roundhouse required a 60,000 gallon water tank that necessitated the construction of a dam on a small meandering creek nearby. The interior has been modified somewhat as it has served several functions since it was officially closed in 1961, including a livestock auction market. Most of the drop pits have been filled in and the interior partitioned with a giant concrete firewall that presents a 9,500 square foot area, which they refer to as the Great Hall, which can serve as a marvelous area for large special events.
Every roundhouse had an attached machine shop/ boiler house building and Hanna was no different with a 3,700 square foot building that the Hanna Roundhouse Society envisions as an interpretive center/main entrance area with a coffee bar area & a visiting area for visitors & volunteers, with old photos to take the place of equipment until equipment is located.
Being the curious coal miner that I am the conversation with Sandra Beaudoin eventually led to the question of coal supply way out there in the prairies. I recall discovering in 2014 that Hillcrest Coal was shipped as far as Spokane for marketing because of its superior steam heating quality. Crowsnest Pass coals were considered some of the finest steam coal around and to my surprise Beaudoin indicated she thought that Crowsnest Coal was shipped to Hanna and was the preferred coal out at the roundhouse. In fact when it came to what coal to use for the trains, the engineers always opted for it because mountain coal would burn so much longer than flat land mined coal. However, most often coal mined locally from mines such as the Sheerness Mine just down the road from Hanna was used & abundantly available.
For the Hanna Roundhouse Society there is a long complicated road ahead as the fight to preserve, restore and enhance this truly important piece of Central Alberta railway history carries on. As I stood in the center of this massive structure I could clearly hear the cheers from graduation classes posing for photos, music echoing out from a huge stage area at some gala event in the grand hall and see curious tourists like myself wandering around static displays and marveling at this special piece of railway history. Repurposing of buildings is key to many communities survival these days. It protects the original heritage of the structure and ensures it will be around for future generations to understand how they came to be.
In June of 2015 the Hanna Roundhouse was designated a Provincial Heritage Resource and that August a reunion gathering of railroad retirees saw 130 former employees from as far away as Port Alberni show up.
I watched sadly as the very last CPR house at Crowsnest was summarily hauled away last year. I have also watched the moving of and participated in the wonderful restoration of the CPR station in Fernie years ago. Industrial heritage preservation is not an easy road but if ever an industrial site deserved to be saved it is the Hanna Roundhouse.


text:
{% extends "skeleton.html" %}

{% block base_content %}

Hello World!

{% endblock %}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We use 300,000 tonnes of card packaging at Christmas, and according to Wrap, the government's waste advisory body, we could save enough energy to light 340 Blackpool illuminations if we recycled this card effectively!
This year, challenge your family to be as ecofriendly as possible. Take silly selfies to send e-cards, or make handmade versions with interesting materials from around the house.
Recycling last year's cards to make gift tags is a traditional favourite, but what about using inventive materials to wrap presents – colour supplements, kids' comics, out-of-date road maps, tin foil and even pretty tea towels will all do the job just as well as glittery wrapping paper. Browse Pinterest for fun ideas, from making gift bags out of old newspapers to baking salt-dough tree hangings!


text:
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from django.db import migrations, models

class Migration(migrations.Migration):

    dependencies = [
        ('members', '0002_member_following'),
    ]

    operations = [
        migrations.RemoveField(
            model_name='member',
            name='following',
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='member',
            name='following',
            field=models.ManyToManyField(blank=True, default='', null=True, related_name='followers', related_query_name='followers', to='members.Member'),
        ),
    ]


text:
Campside Media Examines Dirty Secrets of the Texas Borderlands in New Investigative Podcast Series "Witnessed"
Investigative Journalist Rob D'Amico Hosts First Season, "Witnessed: Borderlands," Diving Into the Unsparing Analysis of the War on Drugs
First Two Episodes Are Available Now
New York, NY – September 7, 2021 – Campside Media, in partnership with Sony Music Entertainment, today premiered the investigative podcast series "Witnessed: Borderlands," the tall-but-true tale of a charismatic outlaw, an iconic small-town sheriff, and the record-setting drug bust that ensnared them both.
Host Rob D'Amico transports listeners back to the opening salvos of the War on Drugs, when Mexican cartels were first emerging as blood-soaked mega-corporations, the U.S. government was engaging in draconian narcotics crackdowns, and there was so much dirty money swirling across the Rio Grande that even the most incorruptible citizen would be tempted.
The eight-episode series dissects how the interconnected communities of the border really work by diving deep into the complicated lives of the friends and enemies who have lived together there for decades. What emerges is a portrait not just of a corrupt cop and an unapologetic outlaw, but of an utterly unique community in the isolated and beautiful Big Bend region of Texas.
"'Witnessed: Borderlands' is a timely series that offers a deep, fascinating, and action-packed look into the history of the War on Drugs, Mexican cartels, and a desolate region full of nonconformists," said host Rob D'Amico. "Listeners will have the opportunity to truly experience these border communities through the larger-than-life characters covered in the podcast."
"Witnessed: Borderlands" is produced by Eric Benson and David Waters at Campside Media. Julian Lynch, guitarist of acclaimed indie-rock band Real Estate, created an entire multi-composition original score for the podcast.
Listeners can subscribe to "Witnessed: Borderlands" on all major podcast platforms, including Apple Podcasts, Spotify and Stitcher. For more information on "Witnessed: Borderlands" and all other Sony Podcast shows, follow @SonyPodcasts on Twitter and Instagram.
The fight between good and bad came to a small Texas town forcing its citizens to choose sides. But, does the good prevail? Find out on the brand new podcast, Witnessed: Borderlands, dropping TODAY. https://t.co/ke4YmQlAmg pic.twitter.com/LEwFz0lj5B
— Sony Podcasts (@SonyPodcasts) September 7, 2021


This site is still under construction. Please visit our old website at floranium.lightartvision.com (English), our new Site in German language: www.floranium.com/de or just write us a mail: info@floranium.com – Thank you so much for your patience! Please come back soon!


Subjects: Service industries -- China -- Tangshan Shi.
Abstract: This report serves to assist Caofeidian Industrial Zone in its endeavour to develop its tertiary industry so as to help pave its way towards achieving its strategic vision of becoming a global leader. It briefly introduces Caofeidian before examining the theoretical background necessary for understanding the service sector which the area desires. It also provides an analytical perspective on issues which can be overcome by Caofeidian to arrive at a holistic and ideal developmental plan. Its most important findings indicate that current demands for services are not met and hence, are indirectly hindering the growth of the tertiary sector. It is essential for such basic and public services to first be supplied in order to meet basic human needs so as to allow Caofeidian to move forward in its quest for a modern service industry. Other significant findings include various challenges which are preventing Caofeidian from achieving its goals of retaining people and expanding its present population size. These threats and issues, together with case study models from Singapore and Tianjin, are then used to design our recommendations for Caofeidian. Key recommendations are proposed to be implemented in two phases to ensure that both short and long term goals of Caofeidian are met. The most important recommendation suggests that Caofeidian establishes a strong foundation in the service industry by first ensuring all basic and public service needs and wants are met. Other significant recommendations include building a conducive business and living environment while rapidly innovating and utilising technology.


text:
Why Study French?
Now more than ever before, knowledge of a second language can prove invaluable to you. Mastery of a second language is useful and may provide a career in itself.
LU Core Curriculum (a set of undergraduate courses that all freshmen/sophomores take)
Bachelor of Arts – Modern Languages/French concentration (120 hours)
The degree of Bachelor of Arts in Modern Languages/French concentration combines general requirements, including the core curriculum:
Core curriculum and college requirements, 45 hours.
Academic Foundation Requirements, 6 hours: Three additional hours from ENGL 3330 or 3332, HIST 4310 or HIST 4324
ML/French concentration major, 33 hours: FREN 1311 and 1312 (Beginning French I and II), FREN 2311 and 2312 (Intermediate French I and II), FREN 3300 (French Conversation), FREN 3370 (Advanced Grammar and Composition), FREN 3380 (French Phonetics), FREN 3390 (French Culture and Civilization), three advanced (3000-or 4000-level) French courses, one of which must be at the 4000 level.
Minor: 18 hours, including at least 9 hours of advanced courses.
Academic electives: 15 hours, including at least 9 hours of advanced courses.
If you are wishing to certify with French, you should major in the Department of English, Modern Languages and Philosophy and receive a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern Languages/French concentration.
If you are receiving the Bachelor of Arts in Modern Languages/French concentration with a Teaching Certification, you must take the same core curriculum and departmental foundations outlined in Bachelor of Arts-ML/French and similar major studies.
If you are majoring in Modern Languages/French concentration with Teacher Certification, you do not need to have a minor. In addition, you must complete FREN 4350 – Teaching Methods EC-6 and FREN 4360 – Teaching Methods 6-12. You must also complete all required courses in professional pedagogy, including student teaching, must comply with all current departmental/university and state preparation/remediation policies and must pass appropriate local and state qualifying examinations.
Minor in French
If you wish to minor in French, you must take 18 hours beyond FREN 1311, including the following (no grade less than "C"):
FREN 1312 Beginning French II.
FREN 2311 Intermediate French I.
FREN 2312 Intermediate French II.
9 hours Advanced (3000-or 4000-level) French Electives.
See Info About A Graduate Degree in English


With so much information out there, it is often hard to filter out what is good information, what is bad and what is just the current trend or latest fad! Especially when it comes to nutrition and giving our body a fighting chance.
It is said that the food we choose can either be the best medicine for our body or the strongest poison. So, with such a profound statement and such potential to do good or harm, what should we do?
At Epoch Lincoln we like to take a simple approach to nutrition and health, this simple approach we also believe to be the most effective.
The most logical thinking is that we need to take it back to its natural environment and natural way of living and eating.
The same is true for us. The only diet or nutrition a human needs, is one that is natural and congruent to our genetic makeup.
So quite simply the best way we can fuel our body in a way that will provide health and not sickness is to eat a natural and innate diet.
What is a natural and innate diet? I hear you ask.
2. Keep the majority of your food plant based/vegetables.
3. Avoid/reduce your wheat and dairy intake.
5. Meat/omega 3 is essential but the quantity does not need to be high.
The benefits to be had from a good diet are not instantaneous and take time to have and affect. The important thing is to be consistent and committed for a period of time.
But remember to never deny yourself the odd treat! Life is too short!
Bring me Joy, bring me Happiness and Boost my Immune System.
How to get the flies from your bin!


Join the City of Blockchain Association!
By 2050, we estimate that two-thirds of the global population will live in urban areas. We have to offer them a comfortable, durable and secure life and lifestyle.
Cities have struggled with the challenges of rapid urbanization and meeting the growing demands for housing, food, energy, water, jobs, homes, and mobility solutions. These challenges for cities to address such diverse demands from growing populations helped give rise to the smart sustainable cities movement.
For a successful smart sustainable city project, a cross-dynamic between public services, the economic stakeholders that shape the region and the users has to be put into place. For this, the development of open data and citizen co-creation is important.
At the same time, blockchain and related technologies are emerging as a disruptive, transformational force across nearly every industry. Blockchain technologies pose significant potential for smart sustainable cities to achieve their efficiency and transparency objectives while enabling smart cities to reinforce citizen co-creation objectives.
We believe that the power of entrepreneurship combined with emerging high technologies can solve global challenges. Therefore, we help carefully selected startups & scaleups growing, internationalizing and building bridges to smart sustainable cities with their ecosystems of large enterprises, international organizations and family businesses.
The City of Blockchain® supports the City of Vienna´s efforts to achieve the goals defined in the Smart City Wien Framework Strategy. This is to be succeeded through blockchain and related technologies such as artificial intelligence, cyber security and iot technologies.
Projects, products and services that can change the world are already being created; our mission is to help make them a reality.
The City of Blockchain® was established to help connect smart sustainable cities with the disruptive, decentralization power of blockchain and related technologies.
The City of Blockchain Vienna® is an independent and private association in cooperation with the Vienna City Administration. Our goal is to establish Vienna on an international stage as a leading center of blockchain and cryptographic technologies attracting comprehensive know-how, technical and business experts, specialized start-ups and visionary entrepreneurs, interested corporates and family businesses as well as other organisations and stakeholders to our ecosystem.
We promote research, initiatives and projects around blockchain and cryptographic technologies, support startups and connect them with established enterprises, and organize conferences, hackathons, and other professional events.
With international connections to similar centers and organisations, we also assure the City of Blockchain Vienna®´s integration into the global network of blockchain and cryptographic technology innovation hubs.
Join the City of Blockchain!
Discover the City of Blockchain!
Serial entrepreneur and director of Steinbeis Transfer Institute Innovation & Business Creation in Munich with more than 25 years work experience in founding, consulting, financing and internationalizing companies, mainly in CEE & SEE.
Full professor and head of the department of international management of Modul University Vienna. He was a visiting professor at Purdue University and participated in various EU programmes such as the European Technology Platform ALICE.
Professor at the Institute of Constitutional and Administrative Law at the University of Vienna, specialized in public and economic law, particularly in cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology related law. He is also known as a policy maker when it comes to technology regulation.
Managing partner of V Combinator Network with more than 20 years experience in business development, restructuring and consulting in consumer electronics and ICT. Former member of the board of ec3 and CEO of a Philips venture.
The first United Smart Cities LAB was opened on May 22nd 2018 by United Smart Cities (USC) and Smart Data expert Braintribe in the heart of Vienna establishing a global co-creation community to explore new ideas and built the future of Smart Cities.
The United Smart Cities (USC) program is a global initiative, established by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) in cooperation with the Organization for International Economic Relations (OiER) and other international organizations, cities, industry and finance sector.
Visit the Smart City Lab!
In order to make Austria´s diverse activities around the blockchain technology visible, the Federal Chancellery of Austria and the Austrian Federal Computing Center (BRZ) created the Blockchain Village network. In this context of a blockchain village called Kettenbruck ("Chainbridge") typical blockchain use cases are analyzed, planned and realized, and experts in various fields are brought together.
The virtual municipality Kettenbruck is Austria´s most modern village and also ready to test blockchain applications. Moreover, real communities can partner with Kettenbruck to seek inspiration for the upcoming digitization.
The City of Blockchain Vienna® is founding member of the Blockchain Cities Alliance, the premier global organization aligning key stakeholders from local and regional governments, urban based blockchain technology companies and researchers to connect the smart cities movement with decentralized blockchain technologies.
The Blockchain Cities Alliance (BCA) will serve as a trade association connecting smart cities with blockchain projects, blockchain experts, blockchain investors and accelerators while serving as advocates for the promotion of usccessful use cases of blockchain in cities.
Contact the Blockchain Cities Alliance!
sustainable cities, industries and regions to young innovators, technology disruptors or established entrepreneurs all around the blockchain and related technologies.
What is smart for citizes? Take their problems and solve them!
Corporate members are among the most advanced and innovative companies in Europe. They actively engage in the City of BlockchainTM´s initiatives, programmes and events, and run themselves projects and technical meetings to bring new products, services, and business models into the market.
Institutional members form one of the City of BlockchainTM´s unique pillars, addressing important issues, setting suitable framework conditions, researching at the highest level, advising political and economical decisionmakers, and proposing and publishing realisable solutions.
Individual members shape the future of the City of BlockchainTM through extensive contribution to developing and implementing projects, moderating and attending workshops and background discussions. Access to multistakeholder networks allows visibility and insights into the status-quo of the technology.