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Cody Williams Biography
(Actor)
Birthday: November 25, 1991 (Sagittarius)
Born In: New York City, New York
Cody Alan Williams is the youngest son of late actor and comedian Robin Williams. Unlike his father, Cody found comfort in working behind the camera as opposed to working in front of it. Starting his career as a production assistant, Cody Williams went on to work in several popular films, such as Trouble with the Curve and American Reunion. Cody is also a musician and has studied music production. As far as his personal life is concerned, Cody likes to maintain a low profile and is not active on social media. In 2019, he married his long-time girlfriend, Maria Flores, on what would have been his late father, Robin Williams' 68th birthday.
https://heavy.com/entertainment/2014/08/cody-alan-robin-williams-son-kids-children-rip-death-suicide-photos-pics/
https://heavy.com/entertainment/2014/08/cody-alan-robin-williams-son-kids-children-rip-death-suicide-photos-pics/2/
https://www.broadway.com/buzz/190362/broadways-alysha-umphress-cody-williams-tie-the-knot/
Zachary Pym Wil...
Zelda Williams
Tiffany Trump
Also Known As: Cody Alan Williams
Age: 31 Years, 31 Year Old Males
father: Robin Williams
mother: Marsha Garces
siblings: Zachary Pym Williams, Zelda Williams
Family Members American Men
City: New York City
U.S. State: New Yorkers
Sagittarius Men
Early Life & Career
Cody Alan Williams was born on November 25, 1991, in New York City, New York, United States of America, to Robin Williams' second wife, Marsha Garces. He was raised along with his older sister, Zelda Rae Williams, who was born in 1989. After completing his high school and college education, Cody decided to follow in his father's footsteps. With an aim of establishing himself in the field of entertainment, Cody studied music production at a reputed institute. Thereafter, he started his career as a production assistant for various shows.
In 2012, Cody was credited for working as a second assistant director in a sports-drama film titled Trouble with the Curve. Directed by Robert Lorenz, the film starred prominent Hollywood actors like Clint Eastwood, John Goodman, Justin Timberlake, and Amy Adams among many other stars. In the same year, Cody once again worked as a second assistant director in another popular film titled American Reunion. Directed by Hayden Schlossberg and Jon Hurwitz, the film was the final installment in the popular American Pie theatrical series. In October 2014, Cody Alan Williams was seen in CBS network's TV series documentary, Inside Edition. He appeared in a stock footage for an episode titled Ebola in New York City. This remains his only on-screen appearance, defying his image as a star kid.
Cody Williams hardly makes any public appearances as he likes to keep a low profile. A few exceptions to this include his appearance at the 'Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation gala,' which was held at the 'New York Marriott Marquis' on November 17, 2010. During this event, Cody was seen along with his sister Zelda and his mother, Marsha Garces. In 2014, he was once again seen in public after the sudden demise of his father, Robin. This time around, Cody was seen greeting friends and family members outside his mother's home in San Francisco. Apart from these two instances all of his other public appearances had come during his early years when he was still under his parents' care.
Personal Life & Family
Cody Alan Williams married his long-time girlfriend, Maria Flores, on July 21, 2019—his late father's Robin Williams' 68th birthday.
Cody is very close to his sister Zelda Williams. He also has a half-brother, Zachary Pym Williams, who was born from Robin's first marriage with Valerie Velardi. Apart from films, Cody is interested in music too. In fact, in one of her Instagram posts his sister had described him as a 'teacher' and 'musician.' Cody is not active on social media. His only Instagram page is no more active and he doesn't seem to have accounts on any other social media platforms.
Cody Williams Bio As PDF
- Cody Williams Biography
- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/cody-williams-42092.php
Zachary Pym Williams
LeBron James Jr.
Barron Trump
Sasha Obama
Dannielynn Birkhead


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Kerbal Space Program - Making History
Back to Summary Switch to Chart View
Ian Birnbaum
KSP's sandbox gets bigger by focusing on what makes it a great PC game: flexibility, freedom, and random explosions.
Kerbal Space Program's first expansion brings a universe of new possibilities, but it might be a little behind in the space race.
Game Revolution
Making History expands vanilla Kerbal Space Program to a point in which you'll be receiving your time's worth. As to the underlying quality of the title, even though the baked-in missions are inspiring and well-designed, how the fanbase for Kerbal eventually uses the mission creator will be the deciding factor.
Kyle Hanson
Attack of the Fanboy
Kerbal Space Program: Making History Expansion is a decent first expansion to the fantastic and expansive game. Offering something for everyone, the DLC provides a set of interesting, but not totally satisfying missions, some new items for the whole of the game, and a mission builder that could become a huge focus of the community going forward.
Derek Miller
COGconnected
What's there is very good, but only if that's what you are interested in.
John Werner
Impulsegamer
It is without a doubt that both the 'Making History' and 'Breaking Ground' expansions bring a lot to 'Kerbal Space Program'. The addition of new features, game mechanics and parts have been well thought out and add an enormous amount of gameplay possibilities.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus Quick Review, Specs/Features & Price
Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus
This all-new Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus is the most powerful of all the Sense phones released in the month of September 2019. The smartphones under Sense are as follows: Sharp Aquos Sense3, Sharp Aquos Sense3 Lite, and Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus. So, what makes the Sense3 Plus better? It is bigger in size, and some departments it comes victorious over the other two.
1 Design and Display of Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus
9.1 Where to Buy Sharp Phones
Design and Display of Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus
Aquos Sense3 Plus is made of beautiful body design materials like that of Sense3. Dimensions are 160 x 75 x 8.7 mm and it weighs 175 grams. This weight is very good compared with the size of the smartphone. The colors of this device are moon blue, black, and white which is different from others. The phone appears to be waterproof to some extent. Thus, it has protection from water and dust. It has IPX5, IPX8 and IP6X ratings. Also, it has a front-mounted fingerprint sensor.
There is Sharp IGZO liquid crystal, HD+ OLED capacitive touchscreen glass display. Display size is 6 inches, while the resolution is 1080 x 2220. Good enough resolution for flagship in 2023, which to me is a good enough resolution for a screen this large, and of course. Also noted is the regular 16 million colors in the display, and for protection, there is Corning Gorilla glass screen.
This Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus is a dual rear camera phone. As such, the main rear camera is 12 MP f/1.8 and another 13.1 MP f/2.4. For selfies there is 8 MP f/2.2 front camera which also arrives in its own unique features but without flash power. Good camera features in the device include auto focus, HDR, touch focus, continuous shooting and others.
Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus runs on Android 10 on modified user interface. Additionally, this smartphone is also powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 636 chipset. The CPU is dual Octa core clocking at speed of 1.8 GHz Kryo 260. But the GPU is Adreno 509. There's much power in here.
This smartphone storage capacity is 4GB which the user is unable to expand. However, the internal memory is in two variants of 64GB and 128GB but the manufacturer has been able cut off card slot meaning that there's no external boost possible. There are many sensors here in this mobile phone and they are proximity, light, accelerometer, face unlock, gyroscope, and fingerprint.
The Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus brings with it all the features of a 4G Android that is able to handle 2G and 3G network. Furthermore, all other components such as Bluetooth v5.0, Wifi, GPS, A-GPS, and others like it. I can't confirm for now if there is NFC, but there is headphone jack 3.5 mm, and the like. The phone makes use of two nano SIM cards.
Sharp Aquos C10 VS Sharp Aquos B10 – mid-rangers from Sharp
Sharp Aquos S3 Mini VS Sharp Aquos S3 – There is nothing mini about the Aquos S3 mini
Sharp Aquos S2 VS Sharp Aquos S3 – do more for lesser price
Powering the Aquos Sense3 Plus device is Li-Po 4000 mAh battery which is non-removable. That's excellent for backup. There is no wireless charging but ther's fast charging technology in the smartphone.
High resolution display
Good camera
Excellent processors
Unfortunately, Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus smartphone official price starts from about $200 but we are sure to get full info later. There could be a pre-order where people can get reduced pricing. As for availability, the smartphone is yet to be out from the factory.
Where to Buy Sharp Phones
Design & Display
sharp-aquos-sense3-plus-quick-review-specs-features-priceThis all-new Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus is the most powerful of all the Sense phones released in the month of September 2019. The smartphones under Sense are as follows: Sharp Aquos Sense3, Sharp Aquos Sense3 Lite, and Sharp Aquos Sense3 Plus. So, what makes the Sense3 Plus better?...


The revelations of NSA snooping within some of the largest U.S. companies has resulted in an increased focus on data privacy. In fact, entire services and businesses are emerging as 'data-free.' Such offerings are emerging in an attempt to attract customers worried about data privacy. Google's chairman Eric Schmidt went so far as to write an op-ed piece for The Washington Post. Microsoft also publicly denounced the practice and pledged to work on encryption that bars access from NSA intrusion.
Learn more: Breaching the NSA: Is Your Enterprise Next?


This is what is known as a "paintbomb", kind of like a "photobomb". Mimi did this to me last week but I did not paint her. When Jelly Bean decided to join the still life I was sketching, I decided to stop the other painting and sketch Bean. I was using oil pastels, so oil pastels it was. The paper was a little small for all the detail that's in it, but that makes me keep it pretty simple, and all the tiny details I'd been visualizing just didn't work. Too bad for me. Lots of color in an overcast winter day, and lots of color in a black cat, and that's what counts.
I'm so pleased this little sketch is popular! I liked it as soon as I finished it, and I've reproduced it as a digital print, giclee, canvas and mousepad, and am about to try a few other things. Read more below.
The original of this sketch is still available along with a variety of prints available on Portraits of Animals.
You can find this artwork printed on paper and canvas in various sizes, giclee as well as digital prints, in Feline Artwork, My Cats and Daily Sketches on Portraits of Animals. To find other products and handmade goods bearing this art, use the title in the search box on my website to find all the listings for this little sketch.
See more sketches in the series "Cats After van Gogh" and sketches and artwork in oil pastel.


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Kilnhole
The mouth or opening of an oven or kiln.
Robert de Pinho de Souza
Robert de Pinho de Souza (born 27 February 1981), simply known as Robert, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Portuguesa as a striker.
Battle of Wilno
Battle of Vilnius (Vilna, Wilno) may refer to:
Oskari Wilho Louhivuori
Oskari Wilho Louhivuori (18 September 1884 – 1 July 1953) was a Finnish politician, born in Kuopion maalaiskunta. He was a member of the Senate of Finland. He died in Helsinki.
Home Army 5th Wilno Brigade
The Home Army 5th Wilno Brigade (also known as the Brigade of Death) was a unit of the Polish anti-Nazi resistance organization Home Army, active in the Vilnius Region during World War II. The main commander of the brigade was major Zygmunt Szendzielarz, nom de guerre "Łupaszko".
Vilho Tilkanen
Vilho Oskari Tilkanen (14 April 1885 – 1 August 1945) was a Finnish road racing cyclist who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Pinhole (optics)
A pinhole is a small circular hole, as could be made with the point of a pin. In optics, pinholes with diameter between a few micrometers and a hundred micrometers are used as apertures in optical systems. Pinholes are commonly used to spatially filter a beam (such as a laser beam), where the small pinhole acts as a low-pass filter for spatial frequencies in the image plane of the beam.
Wilno, Ontario
The community of Wilno, Ontario is situated on the border of Killaloe, Hagarty and Richards and Madawaska Valley townships in Renfrew County, Ontario.
Vilho Kivioja
Vilho Heikki Kivioja (21 January 1896, Kalajoki – 2 November 1977) was a Finnish Lutheran clergyman and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1929 to 1945, representing the Agrarian League. Anna-Maja Henriksson is his granddaughter.
Rali Vinho da Madeira
The Rali Vinho da Madeira is a tarmac rally held in Madeira Island, Portugal, and it is the biggest annual sporting event of the island, bringing thousands of people into the roads to watch the drivers compete through the hilly terrain and the natural landscapes. Its first edition was in 1959, having later entered the European Rally Championship in 1979, and remained in its calendar until 2012. It has also been part of the Intercontinental Rally Challenge since the championship was first held in 2006, which brought further exposure to the event as Eurosport broadcasts footage of this championship to many countries.


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Gendered insecurity in the Rohingya crisis
Last month, Human Rights Watch released a report confirming that the Burmese security forces "have committed widespread rape against women and girls as part of a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Rohingya Muslims in Burma's Rakhine State" since 25 August 2017. The report found that the actions of the military, border police and ethnic Rakhine militias amount to crimes against humanity under international law.
Although there is no legally agreed definition of ethnic cleansing, the description developed by a UN Commission of Experts holds significant sway. They described ethnic cleansing as 'a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.' The events of September and October have certainly served to remove Rohingyas from northern Rakhine State.
In early December, the International Committee of the Red Cross, one of the very few international organisations with access to effected areas inside Myanmar, reported that "formerly energetic communities and village tracts are suddenly empty. Life continues for those that remain, but in certain parts of Maungdaw and Sittwe, there is a pervasive sense of absence."
MSF have now also released extensive testimonies from survivors on the killing, arson and sexual violence they have experienced. Ninety percent of the survivors of sexual violence treated by MSF were attacked after 25 August. Fifty per cent of survivors are under the age of 18, including several under the age of ten.
Early reports of the number of pregnant women and new mothers in the refugee population could have been used as an indicator of increased conflict related sexual violence and ethnic cleansing. While the accuracy of the data and a heightened tendency for pregnant women to flee may both affect the analysis, the matrix of indicators of conflict-related sexual violence developed in response to UN Security Council Resolution 1888 identifies an increase in cases of unwanted pregnancy as an indicator of ongoing sexual violence. International non-governmental organisation Ipas, began increasing its response to the crisis, providing trainers to 'provide on-site training for health workers in postabortion care'.
That same matrix also reminds us that the increasing 'statements from doctors, war surgeons, gynaecologists and/or medical NGOs that they are increasingly seeing rape-related injuries' are an indicator of ongoing sexual violence. As early as September, doctors from the International Organization for Migration, as well as a range of UN agencies and non-governmental organisations, reported high numbers of patients with physical injuries that are consistent with violent sexual attacks, including forced penetration and lacerations to the vagina.
In the two weeks immediately proceeding the crisis, the lead UN agency on sexual and gender based violence (UNFPA), provided services to 3500 Rohingya refugee women who had been sexually assaulted. It is incredibly difficult to gather large-scale data on sexual violence in emergencies, but we do know that only 7 percent of women subjected to sexual violence during the conflict in East Timor reported it, and only 6 percent of rape victims during the Rwandan genocide sought medical treatment. If the women and girls who have reported to those health clinics represent 6 percent of victims, they would be the tip of just one iceberg comprising 58,300 women and girls.
If we had used a gendered lens to analyse the unfolding crisis from the outset, we would have had a better comprehension of the ethnic cleansing that was occurring from the outset. This could have better informed humanitarian and international legal responses. A new comment in the Australian Journal of International Affairs unpacks reported figures of pregnant women who are seeking refuge in Bangladesh in an attempt to understand some of the gendered dimensions of the conflict. It proposes possible reasons for the presence of a high proportion of pregnant and lactating women in the refugee population, and goes on to reflect on indications of increased conflict-related sexual violence and ethnic cleansing. It shows that, while failings in the quality of data in emergencies mean it cannot be relied on as the basis for rigorous conclusions about the gendered nature of conflict, when taken with qualitative reports, and compared with other emergencies, gendered data can be used to build a better understanding of the conflict.
In the first two weeks of the Rohingya crisis, UNICEF reported that an unprecedented portion of the refugees fleeing to Bangladesh were children. The Chief of Child Protection for UNICEF in Bangladesh, Jean Lieby announced that preliminary data showed that 60 percent of the arriving refugees were children, who were often unaccompanied. Such extreme family separation can be an indicator of the degree of chaos and of rate of adult deaths. This second indication is reinforced by the fact the next largest age group of refugees are the elderly. UNICEF also reported that 67 percent of the refugees are female. Combined, this could indicate fighting age males had been targeted in Myanmar.
In mid-September, the Bangladesh Ministry of Health reported that approximately 70,000 of the Rohingya refugees who have arrived since August were pregnant or new mothers. This would represent a staggering 20.8 percent of the female population. Despite the high birth rates among Rohingya communities, we know that Rohingya women have an average of 3.8 children in their lifetime, we would expect only 6.9 percent of the female Rohingya refugee population to be pregnant or breastfeeding. The Bangladesh home minister has said that 90 percent of the refugee women have been raped. That would equate to over 335,600 people.
Peter Bouckaert, emergencies director at Human Rights Watch, said that "the level of hatred and extreme violence—especially towards women and children" is driven by dehumanisation and racism. Because the Rohingya have been described as "too dirty" for soldiers to rape, he believes there is no doubt that "the majority of the women who were raped were killed." The organisation has drawn connections between what is happening to the Rohingya in Rakhine State and what occurred during the genocide in Rwanda.
Indeed, a comparison of the above data on the Rohingya refugees to that which we saw in the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide provided an early indicator of ethnic cleansing in Rakhine State. UN reporting in the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide indicated that the genocide had so rapidly altered the demographics that 60–70 percent of the population was female. It was estimated that the Rwandan refugee population exceeded pre-war fertility. In the immediate aftermath, this was presumed to be the case because of the high number of men who were killed during the genocide. Adolescent and adult males under the age of 45 were the primary targets in the early stages of the Rwandan genocide. There were also "indications that attempts to exterminate women, girls and the elderly eventually encountered significant popular opposition". But sexual violence was a key feature of the Rwandan genocide. Although, as in the Rohingya case, the majority of rape victims were then killed, most recent estimates indicate that in excess of 20,000 Rwandan children were born from genocidal rape.
It is hoped that the new comment in the Australian Journal of International Affairs, and the general analysis described here, will serve as a reminder of the importance of gendered, cross-disciplinary research to accurately understand forces of peace and conflict in the world, and to inform appropriate policy responses such as humanitarian assistance and international legal action.
Posted on January 2, 2018 by Susan This entry was tagged development, feminism, gender, health, International Relations, law, politics, security, social justice. Bookmark the permalink.
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https://media.blubrry.com/hello_my_name_is_america/p/content.blubrry.com/hello_my_name_is_america/HMNIA-014-Strangling-Hands-Pt1-Intro.mp3
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A new multi-part series from Undivided Nation titled, "Strangling Hands Upon a Nation's Throat," takes a look into how Hawaii became America's 50th state. The title for our series comes from an 1897 newspaper article that told the vivid, firsthand account of the Hawaiian people's opposition to annexation by the United States of America. The story of the 1893 coup d'état of the government of the Kingdom of Hawaii and Queen Liliʻuokalani by a group of local businessmen backed by the U.S. Foreign Minister and a force of 120 US Marines will leave you on the edge of your seat. Join us on this series as we uncover a largely hidden past in search of truth and justice. This series will help many non-Hawaiians understand the situation in Hawaii today, especially as it relates to the opposition to the protests against the Thirty Meter Telescope on Mauna Kea.
Strangling Hands Upon a Nation's Throat (Pt. 1) – Introduction
Here is the original article that inspired this series:
Strangling Hands Upon a Nation's Throat (Pt. 4) – Dr. Keanu Sai
Strangling Hands Upon a Nation's Throat (Pt. 2) – Dr. Lynette Cruz
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La biogéographie est une branche à la croisée des sciences dites naturelles, de la géographie physique, de la pédologie, de l'écologie, de la bioclimatologie et de la biologie de l'évolution qui étudie la vie à la surface du globe par des analyses descriptives et explicatives de la répartition des êtres vivants, et plus particulièrement des communautés d'êtres vivants.

En effet, les êtres vivants s'organisent pour donner des paysages différents que l'on appelle « formations » (dénommées le plus souvent selon leurs profils ou les formations végétales les composant). Ce sont les formations végétales qui marquent le plus un paysage, le vivant végétal (appartenant à la biosphère), et qui a des interactions avec l'atmosphère, l'hydrosphère et la lithosphère (le substrat), le tout évoluant dans le temps.

Domaines d'études
Étant donné le caractère interdisciplinaire de cette science, il existe de multiples classifications selon le cursus, l'époque et la nationalité de l'auteur :
 la paléobiogéographie (ou « biogéographie paléontologique ») : étude de la biogéographie passée et de la répartition géographique des êtres vivants à l'échelle des temps géologiques, cette science se nourrit des avancées de la paléogéographie (étude de la géographie des continents aux époques géologiques : but de la géologie historique) et des découvertes faites en paléontologie ;
 la biogéographie historique : étude de la répartition des taxons dans divers lieux du monde afin de découvrir quelles sont les relations mutuelles entre leurs distributions géographiques. La biogéographie historique peut être définie comme l'analyse des relations entre la structure et l'histoire des peuplements d'une part, et l'histoire géologique de la surface du globe, d'autre part ;
 la phytogéographie (ou « biogéographie botanique ») : étude de la répartition et des causes de la répartition des plantes ou des associations végétales sur la terre, s'appuyant généralement sur la phytosociologie et la végétation naturelle potentielle. L'approche est différente selon le niveau d'organisation auquel on s'intéresse. Par exemple, au niveau du globe entier, on ne prendra en compte que les formations végétales, et au niveau de l'Europe, on pourra ne s'intéresser qu'aux fagacées comme le hêtre ;
 la zoogéographie (ou « biogéographie zoologique ») : étude de la répartition et des causes de la répartition des animaux sur la terre. Cette science est plus ancienne car Buffon s'est intéressé très tôt à cette question pour expliquer l'organisation actuelle de la biosphère en biomes.

Évolution de la biogéographie
Le développement d'une discipline scientifique passe généralement par trois ou quatre phases, que l'on retrouve dans la biogéographie.

La première phase est descriptive. Dès la fin du , l'un des premiers essais sur la géographie du vivant fut proposé par Buffon, mais c'est au  que naquit vraiment la biogéographie comme discipline scientifique. Ces pères de la biogéographie sont les explorateurs des  et s, parmi lesquels Augustin Pyrame de Candolle (1778-1841), Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859), Aimé Bonpland (1773-1858), Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913), Charles Darwin (1809-1882), Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895), Philip Lutley Sclater (1829-1913), Adolf Engler (1844-1930). En France la biogéographie connaît un destin assez lié à celle de la phytosociologie, aussi retrouve-t-on des grands noms communs aux deux disciplines comme Henri Gaussen (1891-1981) et Paul Rey (1918-2016)…

La phase suivante cherche à comprendre l'histoire des faunes (celle des flores demeurant alors en suspens),  donc leur évolution. Cette recherche a été amorcée de manière essentiellement narrative cependant par Darwin, Wallace et Huxley, mais ce sont Joy Tivy, René Jeannel et Ernst Mayr qui ajoutent cette dimension temporelle en analysant l'origine, la différenciation, le développement et la mise en place des flores et des faunes, en relation avec la dérive des continents, l'évolution des climats et l'histoire spatio-temporelle des milieux.

L'étape suivante à laquelle sont associés les noms de George Evelyn Hutchinson (1903-1991), Robert MacArthur (1930-1972) et Edward Osborne Wilson (1929-) est l'approche hypothético-déductive prévoyant les distributions des organismes et les processus impliqués à partir d'hypothèses, puis à vérifier sur le terrain les prédictions de ces hypothèses. Cette biogéographie prédictive s'efforce d'expliquer des mécanismes fondamentaux tels que l'immigration, la colonisation, l'extinction, la structuration et le renouvellement des peuplements. Un exemple de cette démarche est la théorie de l'équilibre dynamique des peuplements insulaires de McArthur et Wilson (1963 et 1967).

Longtemps, la tendance des biogéographes a été de vouloir décrire la répartition spatiale des êtres vivants dans une Terre vierge de toute influence anthropique. Ce fut notamment l'approche de Pierre Birot dans Les formations végétales du globe. Mais cette approche est aujourd'hui remise en cause. Le concept de climax est contestable du point de vue naturaliste, et les forêts actuelles ne sont pas compréhensibles sans tenir compte des héritages de la reconquête glaciaire : certains sites des Alpes auraient potentiellement une hêtraie mais n'en présentent pas car le hêtre ne s'y est pas implanté depuis ses refuges glaciaires. L'étude de l'influence anthropique sur la répartition des espèces a été renforcé avec ce changement de paradigmes, notamment grâce aux études de biogéographie historique : impossible de comprendre la biogéographie de la France sans son histoire rurale, par exemple, étant donné que l'espace primaire le plus proche de la France est la forêt de Bialovèse en Pologne et en Biélorussie !

La quatrième phase est la biogéographie expérimentale qui consiste à tester des hypothèses sur certains des mécanismes étudiés par la biogéographie prédictive : créer artificiellement des milieux nouveaux, fragmenter des espaces, ériger ou supprimer expérimentalement des barrières à la colonisation, manipuler des nombres d'espèces sur des espaces restreints, faire des substitutions d'espèces, etc.

Ces dernières années, les études génétiques effectuées sur des marqueurs neutres des génomes à hérédité monoparentale ont permis de retracer des routes de migrations des grandes familles d'arbres au Quaternaire. Ces approches de phylogénétique couplées avec des approches de paléontologie (fossiles, données palynologiques et anthracologiques) sont d'une puissance inégalée jusqu'à présent. Les progrès sont constants dans la description des trajets des espèces, le rôle des événements historiques ont un poids que l'on ne cesse de revoir à la hausse pour expliquer la physionomie des paysages actuels.

Le travail de cartographie des régions biogéographiques n'est pas achevé et continue à évoluer, notamment concernant les aspects sous-marins et parce que les modifications climatiques peuvent modifier certains facteurs écologiques.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Biodiversité
 Biologie de la conservation
 Biome
 Biotope
 Classification écologique des terres
 Corridors biologiques
 Écologie du paysage
 Écosystème
 Écozone
 Endémisme
 Fragmentation écologique
 Géographie physique
 Géonomie
 Grands domaines biogéographiques
 Histoire environnementale
 Naturalité
 Phylogéographie
 Phytogéographie
 Théories de distribution des espèces
 Zoogéographie

Liens externes

 Marc Galochet, Bibliographie sur l'évolution de la biogéographie - , par Université Paris VIII
 La commission de biogéographie en France
 Biogéographie insulaire
 Biogéographie amazonienne
 CRDAP - Centre Régional de Documentation sur l'Archéologie du Paysage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: Please recommend a complete guide/book on MVVM for silverlight Although there are many MVVM for silverlight demo app/article online, but all of them are very simple and not cover mvvm with depth and extension for LOB app.
I am looking for a complete MVVM book/demo in depth related to such as WCF Ria Services, Command, etc.

A: Take a look at Advanced MVVM by Josh Smith.

A: Advanced MVVM is a good book about basic MVVM concepts, but it does not address the issues for LOB apps.  Keep looking.

A: For beginners : Take a look at the following article on MVVM basics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Blog NHS
Bruce Keogh proposes a two tiered emergency service for the NHS
November 17, 2013 April 7, 2020 thomas	0 Comments	Bruce Keogh, diagnostics, Emergency medicine, News, NHS
The introduction of a two tiered emergency service would make clear the difference between smaller emergency centres and bigger major trauma units. This proposition is part of a bigger review and reshuffle of the NHS's emergency care services. The change is needed because too many people go to A&E who don't need emergency care. 4 in 10 leave A&E without any treatments, and many others could easily have been looked after by their GP or at home.
The new two tiered service would mean smaller emergency centres could act as 'triage' for the trauma units: only transferring patients who need specialist treatment and equipment. This reorganisation is trying to copy the success of having specialist centres of excellence which can then be provided with the resources and expertise to provide the highest quality of care for the critically ill patients. This has been well demonstrated with stroke departments in London, with only 8 out of the 32 London hospitals having a specialist stroke department.
The report, produced by Keith Willett also outlined other ways to relieve stress from emergency departments such as making it easier for patients to speak to a health professional and making GPs more easily accessible to the public. This will mainly be through an update of the current 111 NHS non-emergency phone line, to improve the service and to have healthcare professionals on call to help these patients.
Bruce Keogh, NHS England's medical director emphasised that the introduction of a two tiered emergency service would take place over 3-5 years. He also made clear that NHS England didn't expect a cut in the number of emergency centres, but for the number to remain the same. The proposal suggests that of the 140 A&E departments in England, between 40 and 70 will become major emergency centres. The other 70-100 A&E departments could be seen to be downgraded to smaller emergency centres. This new proposition hopes to use and build on existing emergency services which can be restructured to implement this two tiered emergency service. This reorganisation alone won't relieve all the pressure from A&E departments with a "growing and unsustainable pressure" building up on them. A fundamental change is needed with clarity as to the future of accident and emergency departments and how they will face growing numbers of patients.
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Killer Night Shifts
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70 Years of the NHS
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The 39-year-old singer did not attend the show and, for the 20th time, lost at the Grammys. She has won three Grammys over the years.
"I think it's kind of rad that I just lost my 20th Grammy nomination. I'm always honored to be included," Pink tweeted to her followers.
See the full list of winners so far at the Grammys!
Next articleJada Pinkett Smith Joins Son Jaden at Grammys 2019!


Bad smells. Prior to your first open home or viewing make sure your house is free of all pet smells, stale cigarette smells, stale food smells, damp smells or anything else that will give a negative first impression. Even if you can't smell something, listen to your sales consultant if they say they can.
Clutter. This is a recurring theme in any list of how to get your property sale ready and it can't be overstated enough. Make sure all floors, surfaces, cupboards and shelves are free of piles of your own belongings, leaving only organised, purposeful items and one or two ornamental items that elevate the space rather than merely fill it. As well as making the house appear neat, tidy and well looked after, it will also help potential buyers visualise their own furniture and belongings in the property. If your budget allows you may also wish to consider having the property staged with rental furniture designed to appeal to your target market.
Dirt. The need to clean might seem obvious but it's worth getting a fresh set of eyes (such as your sales consultant) to let you know what needs work – or even a professional cleaner through the property. They will notice things you may not, but a good place to start is to do a thorough clean of all floors, walls, skirting boards, windows and sills, mirrors and tiles. Cleaning and decluttering also extends to the outside where you should make sure you have cleared any flotsam from the garden. Also make sure the garden is weeded, all mildew is waterblasted from surfaces and the fences and gates are well maintained.
Dampness. Consider investing in a dehumidifier and give it a good workout before potential buyers view the property. Wipe any signs of mildew from walls, windows and sills. Make sure your bathroom feels light and well-aired.
Vendors on site. As a rule potential buyers do not want you, the vendor on site during a viewing. It will make them feels as though they are guests in your home, rather than buyers at a viewing. They will feel less free to give the property a good investigation and imagine themselves living there.
Temperature. It's a bit of a tough one this as everybody is comfortable with different temperatures but try to avoid your property being too cold or too warm on viewing days. Aim for dry and comfortable.


So, this is my novel as it was outlined and input into Scrivener. It's hard to believe that those 17 note cards will get me to 50 thousand words by the end of next month. I wouldn't be surprises as things evolve, the number of chapters increases. I'm sure that some of the characters will develop a mind of their own. They always do. But if I stick to this game plan or keep it as current as I can, I'm pretty sure I can rock this out with minimal head desking.
I added the word count widget from the NaNoWriMo website to the right, so you can check my progress any time. I'll try to blog as often as I can. 4 more days!


It's that time of the year. Time for green everything, Not to mention talk of pots of gold at the end of rainbows. So, what are the authors of St. Patrick's Romance Facebook Hop & Giveaway eager to share with you? Three POTS OF GOLD, that's what!
POG #1 ~ March 12-29, enter our St. Patrick's Romance Giveaway for your chance to win a Kindle Paperwhite & leather case, Kindle Fire tablet, or one of several ebook prize packs where you choose the books you want us to buy for you.
POG #2 ~ May the luck of the Irish be with you March 15-18 for our Mega Gift Card Facebook Hop with 70 authors and a gift card giveaway at every stop!
POG #3 ~ We're romance writers and that means books, lots of lovely, irresistible books. Shop our Book Fair where you'll find over 65 titles in a wide range of genres, most on sale!
Current updates: All authors have posted to the hop. However, Facebook, in it's infinite wisdom has been removing some posts. We do not know why and FB has thus far provided no explanation. Authors who have lost their posts are reposting them. Please check the individual author's FB pages for details. By way of apology for the inconvenience, we are giving away (10) Amazon $5 gift cards here.
Just minutes until the start of the party! Can't wait!
Jennifer Saints (https://www.facebook.com/Jennifer-St-Giles-153382491356980/) is the only author that doesn't seem to be participating on the list?
We're 70 romance authors writing across all genres, working together to host a fun and fabulous Giveaway and 4-day Facebook hop. While you're here, be sure to check out our Book Fair with over 65 books, many just 99 cents or FREE!


The 2011 10K Haunted Hustle medal.
Once the pains of calf-ocolypse had finally been soothed, we decided it was time to get back into the swing of things and sign up for our first 10k race. This would be Meagan's first race and my first race in over 10 years, but as intimidating as it was, the decision was one of the best we could have made because of the motivation it provided for us. We chose to run in the Haunted Hustle, a late-October race in Middleton, WI where runners often dress up in Halloween costumes. Many people are there just to have fun, which takes some of the pressure away and makes it the perfect race for beginners like us. This race, however, is also a Boston Marathon qualifier, so it was equally great for us to be around a few of the more serious runners and watch them as they finished the race. We signed up on August 18th, 2011. The run would take place just 2 1/2 months later on October 29th. This provided us with ample time to begin upping our mileage and increasing the number of times we ran per week. Before we signed up for the race, the longest run we had ever been on was a 5K, so over the next 2 months we had to work towards doubling our mileage.
After weeks of training, it was finally October 29th and time to Hustle! The race was on a very cold morning and we were minimalist runners in a sea of heavily-cushioned shoes. Our goal for this race was never to win anything or even to place very high, it was only to finish and, because of our training, we did just that! We managed to arrive at the finish line in the middle of the pack and, thankfully, felt fantastic! I was extremely energized and felt as though I might be able to run another 10k, but decided to save it for another day.
Today, we have much larger goals on the horizon. We have plans to do the 5K Color Run in Chicago after our return from our honeymoon (where I plan to do some actual barefoot running in Costa Rica) and later this summer, we hope to complete our first half-marathon at the Madison Mini-Marathon.
Make sure to check back soon for Chapter 4 where Meagan plans to go into detail about the changes our feet have gone through since the beginning of our minimalist journey. You can subscribe below for future updates.


BECHTELSVILLE, PA JUNE 22, 2008 . . . Craig VonDohren is having one of those seasons at Grandview Speedway in which he finishes in first or in the pits. On Saturday night the six time track champion brought the Felty Homes/Stauffer Construction No. 1c home first in the 30-lap Banes Roofing NASCAR 358 Modified stock car feature race. The victory was the third of the season for the Oley, PA racer.
VonDohren seemed to be able to work on the outside giving him the win. ?We are taking it one race at a time,? was the comment from VonDohren when victory lane announcer Pete Knappenberger mentioned his good luck/bad luck type season.
In the companion 20-lapper for Late Model stock cars Bill Henning was able to wheel the family owned Henning Supermarket/WNPV-AM Radio No. 80 to his first win since July, 2003 when he won the Firecracker 40.
Ryan Beltz started on the pole in front of the 28-car starting field and set the pace for the first seven laps. In fact Beltz and John Willman put on quite a battle as they ran side-by-side in the early laps of the 30-lap main event for the NASCAR Whelen All American Series Modifieds.
At eight laps Willman was in front of the field and one lap later after a flurry of cautions VonDohren, coming from 10th starting spot, charged into second place.
The lead went to VonDohren on the 10th circuit of the one-third-mile, banked clay oval with Jason Hamilton now running in second.
With half the race in the record book Meme DeSantis, moving from ninth starting spot, was in second and closing on the leader.
As two thirds of the feature race was completed the battle for the victory was between VonDohren, DeSantis and Hamilton. Point leader Jeff Strunk, coming from 16th, was now in fifth and looking to challenge for the win.
VonDohren was able to stay in front as DeSantis? charge seemed to falter and Hamilton was not able to make a run for the top spot.
At the finish of the 30-lap event VonDohren had a comfortable lead getting his third win of the season. Meme DeSantis (Temple) finished second followed by Jason Hamilton (Erwinna), point leader Jeff Strunk (Mohnton) and Kevin Hirthler (Boyertown).
With his fourth place finish Strunk continued his point lead while Doug Manmiller moved into second spot. Duane Howard, missing in action from Saturday racing at Grandview, fell to third place almost 500 points behind.
Bill Henning started on the pole and was in front at the drop of the green by starter Ray Kemp for the 20-lap Late Model feature. Henning was able to avoid a couple of cautions on the first lap and a multi car accident in the second lap.
At five laps Henning was being chased by John Giesler and Rick Todorow. With six laps in the record book Chuck Schutz, the Late Model point leader, was the victim of someone else?s mistake and crashed between the third and fourth turns. He was out for the night but still managed to hold on to the point lead.
With eight laps recorded Henning had a comfortable margin over Giesler with Todorow still running third.
Jon Kellner Sr., running in the top five, had the engine let go on his Watash Speed Shop sponsored No. 85AM and about the same time Bryon Sipe hit the wall putting him out of action.
At 13 laps Rick Todorow, Mike Kellner and Kyle Merkel tangled with all going to the pits.
Randy Stoudt was now mounting a charge and was right on the tail of Henning. At 15 laps Stoudt, a two time feature winner, tried to go under Henning in turn four and ended up backing his No. 118 into the guard rail.


Slideshare is a free (and paid) service that allows anyone to set up an account and then upload presentations that can be viewed by anyone, or you can choose to keep them private.
Slideshare was acquired by LinkedIn in 2012, so if you're on LinkedIn, it makes sense to sign up for Slideshare and link the two accounts. You'll do the linking in your Slideshare settings.
There's a feature on Slideshare I wanted to share today and that is how to insert a YouTube video in your Slideshare presentation. With this ability you now have another way to get your videos in front of more people – especially those on LinkedIn. Perhaps you've made how-to or other types of videos on YouTube and now they are just on YouTube. Inserting your video gives you another place to share and show your videos.
First, you'll need to upload your PowerPoint presentation to Slideshare. Then click on 'edit'.
You'll see the screen below – so log in to your YouTube account and click on the video you want to insert to bring up the url, then copy and paste the url into the box and select the position of the slide. That's it – you've just added another form of media to your presentation and another way for your audience to consume your content!
Another great Slideshare feature is the ability to embed your presentation right in your website! So that's what I've done. I clicked on the 'embed' button and copied and pasted the code below – so take a look at how I've repurposed a video I did a month or so ago on the new features in PowerPoint 2013. So now people looking/searching for PowerPoint information on Slideshare can find my video presentation.
What other uses can you think of for this feature – leave me a comment please.


India is known as the home of the breathtaking rafting adventure. River rafting is the adventure activity that has become prominent amongst travelers for a couple of years. There are many places in India that offer best rafting experience and Rishikesh is one of them.
Rishikesh is known as the 7th largest city of India. The moment when somebody mentions the name of the rafting trip, Rishikesh is the place come first in the mind. Gurugram Resort Adventure offers outbound rafting packages to celebrate the holidays with friends and family to explore the nature's beauty and oodles.
The Gurugram Resort offers you the experience of waterfall rappelling on the hilly terrains of Rishikesh, flying fox to make your adventure more memorable, enjoy the thrill and charm of Rishikesh by camping and bungee jump to get the glimpse of the mountain.
River rafting is adventurous sports and makes gurgling to the tourists. The splashing waves of ganges allow taking your adventure to the high level. Here, we let you explore the beauty of nature and get the close proximity of Laxam Jhula in pocket friendly retreats that are exquisitely designed to bring out the best essence of Rishikesh. We offer you perfect surrounding to get the pleasant and relaxing moments with meditation and yoga therapies that are conducted daily morning and evening. As we are also concerned for our traveller's health, all food is made in hygiene and traditional ways.
there is about 10-12 km rafting distance from Bhrampuri to Rishikesh. Camping and trekking will surely attract you here with all the thrills. You can get the full view of Ganga's beauty and witness of soothing sceneries of Uttrakhand. Any person within the age group of 6 – 65 years can take participate in Bhrampuri river rafting adventure.
The meaning of this place is "residence of Mahadev". Here are wonderful rapids like roller coaster, club house, double trouble and Hilton. Rafting from Shivpuri to Rishikesh may cover the distance of 16 km. But there are some words of caution while choosing a rafting option – avoid with small kids and senior citizens.
Marine Drive is the best option for the explorer and we believe to make favourite route for adventure lovers. Rafting from Rishikesh to Marine Drive is 24-26 km. Marine drive is known for its elegance and sand beaches. To make your tour enthralling, we take care of your safety and avoid the rafting in monsoon season. Our experts and staff pay close attention to the rafting participant so they are not injured or victim to any incident.
Rishikesh is much loved place for the water rafting and other adventurous activities. We offer you services like sightseeing tours, language guide assistant, pilgrimage tours, camping, jungle safari, yoga, meditation, spa, bird watching, village tour and much more that are beyond your expectation and under your budget. Whether you are looking for the 2 hours or 6 hours trips, there is river rafting activity exclusively for you.


text:
in: Waterman (surname), Born in 1708, Died in 1759
Hannah Waterman (1708-1759)
28 September 1708 Norwich, New London County, Connecticut, United States
15 August 1759 Norwich, New London County, Connecticut, United States
John Waterman (1671-1744)
Elizabeth Lathrop (1679-1708)
Absolom King (1703-1732)
partner (2):
Benedict Arnold (1683-1761)
Wedding (2):
8 November 1733 Norwich, New London County, Connecticut, United States
Hannah Waterman was born 28 September 1708 in Norwich, New London County, Connecticut, United States to John Waterman (1671-1744) and Elizabeth Lathrop (1679-1708) and died 15 August 1759 Norwich, New London County, Connecticut, United States of unspecified causes. She married Absolom King (1703-1732) 11 August 1730 in Norwich, New London County, Connecticut, United States. She married Benedict Arnold (1683-1761) 8 November 1733 in Norwich, New London County, Connecticut, United States.
Offspring of Hannah Waterman and Absolom King (1703-1732)
Hannah King (c1731-1739)
Offspring of Hannah Waterman and Benedict Arnold (1683-1761)
Benedict Arnold (1741-1801) 14 January 1741 Norwich, New London County, Connecticut, United States 14 June 1801 London, Greater London, England, United Kingdom Margaret Mansfield (1745-1775) Margaret Mansfield (1745-1775) Margaret Shippen (1760-1804)
Hannah Arnold (1742-1803)
Mary Arnold (1745-1753)
Absolom Arnold (1747-1750)
Elizabeth Arnold (1749-1755)
boom98765
Waterman (surname)


This article constitutes an effort to examine the prospect of long-term refugee radicalization, beyond the dominant "short-sighted" debate on the possibility of radical Islamist militants posing as refugees. The main argument of the article is that refugees are inherently different from second-generation economic migrants, on whom most radicalization models are based. The article proposes a composite model that enriches our understanding of radicalization drivers with insights from refugee militarization studies. The model demonstrates that not only do some radicalization drivers present different dynamics in refugee populations, but that there are also other important factors, such as refugees' cause of flight or prior political organization, which are absent in traditional radicalization models. Moreover, the article highlights the importance of a host state's will and capacity to address refugees' needs and the influence of external actors in policy formulation, particularly in weak or struggling host states. One implication of this study is that early-stage policies largely predetermine future radicalization. Another implication is that the possibility of refugee radicalization is not the same for every refugee population and in every (European) country. Thus, the policies the European Union or specific states adopt should be tailored to the specific needs of each community and state.
Next story Treatment of Terrorists: How Does Gender Affect Justice?


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Q: How to make music player continue playing when I move between pages in react.js? I'm using Next.js framework and react-player component to play some music on my site. Everything is good until I navigate to the second page. Then the music player stops and when I go back to the first page, the music starts playing again.
While I want the music to not be interrupted by going to different pages and be an upstream component that I can change the music files from different pages.
What case do you suggest to this case?


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Navy has no idea what mysterious drones that stalked its ships for days were
Gizmodo Apr 07, 2021 5:20 PM ET
News of the incident was first reported by the Drive, which wrote that deck logs obtained under the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) shows warships near the "sensitive" military training range in the Channel Islands were regularly buzzed for days by drones. The unidentified aerial vehicles began their "prolonged" runs in the evening, often during low visibility conditions. The Drive also used "hundreds of gigabytes of automatic identification system (AIS) ship location data to forensically reconstruct" the occurrences. The AIS data showed that the drones focused on the Arleigh Burke class destroyer USS Kidd, but the USS Rafael Peralta, USS Russell, USS John Finn, and USS Paul Hamilton were nearby, some of which were involved.
The combination of ship logs and AIS data showed that the drones were in operation for well over 90 minutes, beyond the capabilities of typical commercial units, and that their existence was independently confirmed by sightings by the cruise liner Carnival Imagination. Naval investigators attempted to identify what the craft were or who was operating them to no avail (a nearby catamaran, the ORV Alguita, denied having drones capable of carrying out such an operation).
Read More From Gizmodo


Gear Forward is an independent nationwide non-profit that provides gear to non-profit community organizations, youth groups and charities working with young people in the outdoors. Founded by Scott Gauvin, Gear Forward aims to encourage people to donate unused outdoor gear they no longer want or need. Gear Forward also seeks partnerships with outdoor retailers and manufacturers to encourage donation of unused gear or donations by customers.
What does Gear Forward do with the donated gear?
All donated outdoor gear that is reusable and fit for purpose is offered to non-profit community organizations, youth groups and charities working with young people in the outdoors who have an existing need registered with Gear Forward. On occasion gear that that is donated and not fit for use by youth may be sold on the Gear Forward website (www.gearforward.org), all proceeds from sales of this nature go to support Gear Forward and its goal of outfitting the next generation of adventurers.
How do I donate my gear?
Do advise Gear Forward of your intent to donate outdoor gear to Gear Forward, please click this link fill out the form and we will contact you and coordinate the best way to help us satisfy an existing or future gear need.
If you wish to donate scouting uniforms please click this link.
The short answer most outdoor gear and equipment can be donated to Gear Forward. Traditionally Gear Forward is always in need of sleeping bags, sleeping pads, tents and backpacks. For a list of active needs per organization and state visit our website at www.gearforward.org.
How does Gear Forward select possible beneficiaries?
If you represent or know of a non-profit community organizations, youth groups or charities working with young people in the outdoors that could benefit from Gear Forward please let us know. Potential beneficiaries will be verified by Gear Forward Ambassadors and the Executive Director.
How do beneficiaries use the outdoor gear from Gear Forward?
All Gear Forward beneficiaries are encouraged to create a gear pool to ensure the maximum number of young people over the longest period get the benefit of the donated gear.
I represent a gear company/retailer and we are interested in learning more about Gear Forward. Awesome! Please contact us to talk about how we can partner to help kids in need.
I really like what Gear Forward stands for and what the non-profit is doing and would love to get more involved. Great! Would you be interested in serving as a Gear Forward Ambassador?
If you have any ideas or suggestions as to how we can improve Gear Forward please contact us.


Cool off with the kids or do a few laps at the Mansfield Swimming Pool.
This outdoor pool offers a 33 metre lap/recreational pool; a smaller learn-to-swim and children's pool; plus a toddlers' splash pool. The kiosk offers drinks, treats and ice-creams and parents can relax with a book on the shaded grass area while the kids enjoy the water. Movie nights and other special events at the pool can make for a fun evening out – check the events calendar or call for details.
Onsite showers, toilets and change rooms are also available to visitors.
The pool is open from November to March.


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En 1235, apparaît à Arles la confrérie des bailes ou confratria des baiuli, nouvelle institution politique qui fait suite au gouvernement des podestats des années 1220-1235. Elle est dirigée par Bertrand et Raymond Porcelet.

Le nom

Le nom de « La confrérie » a dans l'histoire médiévale arlésienne a une signification bien précise. Il ne s'agit pas d'une association religieuse, mais d'un instrument de combat politique entre les mains de la ploutocratie arlésienne contre la puissance et le pouvoir des ordres militaires religieux et de l'archevêque. Le nom bailes reste mystérieux, même si les bauili, administrateurs de fiefs,  sont nombreux au Moyen Âge dans le midi de la France. Cette appellation de bailes pourrait donc signifier que l'aristocratie locale administre l'exécutif urbain.

Organisation et caractéristiques

La confrérie dirige l'exécutif urbain à travers deux conseils comprenant des majores consilarii et des minores consilarii, soit des représentants de l'aristocratie et de la bourgeoisie nouvellement enrichie. Contrairement à Marseille et Avignon, à Arles ce nouveau régime conserve un caractère aristocratique. Les couches inférieures de la population et le bas-clergé n'y sont point associés ce qui en fragilise sa légitimité et son implantation.

Une autre caractéristique importante de la confrérie des bailes est son caractère anti-clérical. Aux yeux de certains historiens la confratria est en effet proche de l'hérésie cathare car en cette période d'inquisition, le patriciat arlésien redoute une confiscation de ses biens. De plus la richesse croissante des ordres religieux, tels que les Templiers et les Hospitaliers qui se constituent d'immense domaines notamment en Camargue devient pour lui une réelle source d'inquiétude.

Histoire

« La confrérie » n'a duré que peu de temps, initialement entre -, puis après une période troublée qui voit l'arrivée de Charles d'Anjou à la tête du comté de Provence, de 1246 à 1247, période au cours de laquelle Arles forme une ligue avec les villes de Marseille et d'Avignon.

Ces deux périodes sont extrêmement agitées avec une politique anticléricale violente : mise à sac du palais épiscopal, sécularisation des biens du clergé, meurtres, interdiction aux clercs de célébrer les offices divins, ... La reddition de la ville le  aux troupes de Charles d'Anjou marque l'épilogue de ce mouvement politique.

Postérité

« La confrérie » a marqué les esprits et particulièrement celui de l'Église qui va pendant de longues années proscrire toutes les associations qui de près ou de loin se réclament de ce vocable. Ce n'est qu'au milieu du , que l'on voit se dessiner une inflexion de la doctrine ecclésiastique qui reconnaît qu'il peut exister de bonnes confréries. Au , les confréries se multiplient pourtant à Arles, mais ce ne sont plus des associations politiques. Il ne s'agit désormais que de communautés charitables et funéraires.

Voir aussi

Sources
 Louis Stouff, L'Église et la vie religieuse à Arles et en Provence au Moyen Âge, pages 23-35

Notes

Histoire d'Arles


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Last week I hosted a holiday dinner with close friends and Coors Peak.
This is my favorite time of year, Christmas is my absolute favorite holiday! I love visiting hotel lobbies, walking around downtown and seeing all the beautiful holiday lights that sparkle in windows and on trees. Another thing I love doing is hosting dinners with friends, when you get a good mix of friends, food and drink, it makes for a truly memorable night. Some of the best nights I've ever had in my life have taken place around a dinner table surrounded by good people and laughter.
The holidays are the perfect time to get together with friends and celebrate the season. This special dinner took place at Goldfinch Tavern at the Four Seasons Hotel Seattle and was hosted by me and Coors Peak beer. Coors Peak is a crisp copper lager that is certified gluten free beer and is brewed with 100% natural, non-gluten containing ingredients. Aside from being impressed with the great crisp taste, it was cool to read all the ingredients in the beer listed right on the bottle. Goldfinch Tavern did an awesome job at pairing some great gluten free dishes with our gluten free beer!
At dinner all my guests had the opportunity to try Coors Peak, we were all in agreement that it was smooth and full flavored! Sitting around a table with friends always seems to make time feel like it stands still, we were all having so much fun visiting, that four hours went by before we realized it was getting late.
We served our appetizers tapas style so everyone had the chance to try a little bit of everything.
I couldn't have asked for a more enchanting and special evening with my friends at dinner! Learn more about Coors Peak and find out where you can pick it up to try for yourself. Coors Peak can be found at most major grocery chains in the Seattle and Portland metropolitan areas as well as select bars and restaurants.
Lovely Dinner! Happy New Years!


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Physalaemus marmoratus é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Leptodactylidae. Pode ser encontrada no Paraguai e no Brasil, nos estados de Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo.

Physalaemus
Anfíbios descritos em 1862
Anfíbios do Brasil
Anfíbios do Paraguai