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Shooting sentence example
Is someone shooting at us?
She jerked back, pain shooting through her.
The British shooting was poor.
Kelp and upland geese abound, the latter being edible; and their shooting affords some sport.
I'm sure shooting ghosts in town must be against some local ordinance.
Hunting and shooting give occupation to a great number of persons.
The newscast gave no details of the shooting and a call to the hospital netted nothing but a tired sounding know-nothing switchboard operator.
Many visitors are attracted by the fishing (especially for tarpon) and shooting in the vicinity, water-fowl being plentiful in the Bay, and deer, quail and wild turkeys being found in the vicinity inland.
It ' The crowning atrocities, which the Magyars have never wholly forgiven, were the shooting and hanging of the " Arad Martyrs " and the execution of Batthyany.
There young Parkman spent his leisure hours in collecting eggs, insects and reptiles, trapping squirrels and woodchucks, and shooting birds with arrows.
The factor T becomes of importance in long range high angle fire, where the shot reaches the higher attenuated strata of the atmosphere; on the other hand, we must take about 800 in a calculation of shooting under water.
More depressing news filled the paper; a drive-by shooting in Dorchester, a knifing at a Boston bus stop and a baby abandoned in a rest room at Logan Airport.
Several of the rooms on either side were open, revealing couples in various stages of undress, a room with junkies shooting up and potheads lighting up, and a room filled with what looked like people sleeping.
She was silently thanking the heavens for rescuing her, until one of the men in black entered the garage and began shooting the downed men a second time around.
He sliced through two vamps before shooting the other two in the small courtyard.
Damian located the enemy ahead of them, shooting intersections clear as they reached them.
But it definitely isn't hunting season, and there's no good reason for anyone to be shooting.
Lydia Larkin stood, feet apart, in the classic shooting position, both hands clamped on her smoking gun.
In the days that followed, the shooting was ruled justified and Lydia Larkin was cleared of any wrongdoing.
It took many days of mountain sunshine and the comforting routine of the bed and breakfast to blur the trauma of the Lucky Pup shooting.
The pain in his chest couldn't equate with the pain and distress shooting through him like cold fire.
Shipton claimed Jerry fell in the water while they were shooting rapids and Shipton himself nearly drowned trying to save him.
The body heat of someone kneeling beside her made her blink, and she braced herself for the doc shooting her up again.
Carmen turned on him, warmth shooting up her neck so quickly that it was painful.
Which reminds me, you've got a ten o'clock today with your producer to plan out shooting for the next season, Ingrid said.
The distinction between the old and new method of observation may thus, in one sense, be described as the difference between shooting at a moving object and in shooting at one at rest.
Facing the crags on the south-west are the spots familiar to readers of The Heart of Midlothian, where stood Jeanie Deans's cottage, and between the crags and Arthur's Seat lies Hunter's Bog, used as a shooting range.
The famous "pour encourager les autres" (that the shooting of Byng did "encourage the others" very much is not to the point) is a typical example, and indeed the whole of Candide shows the style at its perfection.
The ordinary shooting stars vary from the brilliancy of a firstto a sixth-magnitude star.
The visible life of an ordinary shooting star is, however, comprised within one second, and it is only rarely that such short time intervals can be accurately taken.
On a clear moonless night one person may count eight or ten shooting stars in an hour.
There was a brilliant exhibition of meteors on the 10th of April 1803, and in other years meteors have been very abundant on about the 19th to the 21st of April, shooting from a radiant a few degrees south-west of a Lyrae.
These, with the sun now almost at their backs, were shooting better than usual, and Manteuffel was compelled to call on the VIII.
But while there was no doubt as to the shooting capacities of these guns, defects in the breech mechanism soon became equally patent, and in a few years caused a reversion to muzzle-loading.
Shooting the Stymphalian birds.
On Hercules' return to Thebes he gave his wife Megara to his friend and charioteer Iolaus, son of Iphicles, and by beating Eurytus of Oechalia and his sons in a shooting match won a claim to the hand of his daughter Iole, whose family, however, except her brother Iphitus, withheld their consent to the union.
Quetelet's astronomical papers refer chiefly to shooting stars and similar phenomena.
The Ardennes are the holiday ground of the Belgian people, and much of this region is still unknown except to the few persons who by a happy chance have discovered its remoter and hitherto well-guarded charms. There is still an immense quantity of wild game to be found in the Ardennes, including red and roe deer, wild boar, &c. The shooting is preserved either by the few great landed proprietors left in the country, or by the communes, who let the right of shooting to individuals.
The conquest of Gotland at once led to a war between Valdemar and Sweden allied with the Hanseatic towns; but in the spring of 1362 Valdemar repulsed from the fortress of Helsingborg a large Hanseatic fleet provided with "shooting engines" (cannon) and commanded by Johan Wittenburg, the burgomaster of Lubeck.
Bands of masked men rode about the country both in the Black Patch and in the Burley, burning tobacco houses of the independent planters, scraping their newly-planted tobacco patches, demanding that planters join their organization or leave the country, and whipping or shooting the recalcitrants.
Dean did not suggest that Officer Larkin who answered the 911 call in Jake Weller's absence had acted hastily, though in his mind he questioned the shooting.
Sister Claire bitched at the weatherman and anyone else she could blame for 'this horrible stuff ' while shooting daggers at Jerome Shipton and pretending Fred O'Connor hadn't been born.
A potential adversary in space would be faced with the dilemma of shooting first or risking the loss of critical satellites.
Mr. Short, who is Harris's partner, and a police officer, had a shooting affray.
The soldiers were shooting back teargas, live ammo, growling up the tank.
We actually shot some live ammunition on a shooting range in Denmark.
We also use anticonvulsants in shooting pain which does not respond to antidepressants.
One of the biggest problems with shooting archery, is ' dropping your arm ' .
Shooting modes include automatic, easy, movie mode, photo review, economy mode and scene mode.
Whilst full steam was being raised, engines would have the blowers on, shooting black columns of smoke into the sky.
Current legislation does not prohibit anyone that legally owns a firearm from shooting a wild boar.
Wild boar hunting We are able to offer wild boar hunting in our sister castle in Austria which also offers driven game shooting.
Companions ' outings in recent months have included visits to go bowling, clay pigeon shooting and to watch boxing.
How long do you spend sitting around shooting the breeze?
Tho I draw a line at carrying a brolly, unless it's more of a shooting stick with concealed weaponry.
Ground forces are often shooting rifles, flak cannons, and missiles into the air, trying to shoot down fighters.
A shimmering cascade of magic shooting stars drifted down over the garden.
There were sizable queues for the high ropes, quad bikes and laser clay pigeon shooting.
With time now a very precious commodity we had to start shooting straight away.
In those days the difference in shooting between two hand-made arms of the same pattern was often considerable.
The woman responds by smashing crockery over his head and shooting him twice in the belly.
Contrary to what the RSPB and English Nature would have us believe, curlews are doing fine on upland moors managed for grouse shooting.
Shooting from a hide often involves taking shots at birds approaching the decoys at or near ground level.
Only they weren't, they were firing at snipers who were shooting at unarmed demonstrators.
Begbie's Recent works return to the use of shooting video as starting point to produce a bound document.
You can book quad biking to archery, clay shooting to 4x4 driving plus lots more.
The old war droid goes on the rampage, shooting his way out of the site and into London itself.
News presenter said we were witnessing the shooting of civilians by very edgy US troops.
The book is punctuated with pictures of him engaging in shooting competitions with the tribal elders, dressed in full headgear.
Ken and Kris discover poachers who are shooting elk with a crossbow to cut off the antlers.
Activities include falconry, clay pigeon and target shooting, archery, pony trekking, massage therapy - all onsite.
For him, socialism is not a Utopian fantasy that covers the real business of shooting people.
The fourth mission has the player fight a number of enemies that spiral toward the player shooting fireballs.
There are protests and tempers flares into a startling climax with Whitaker shooting the prisoner.
With a built-in flash on the body, you'll now only need your camcorder for shooting still or moving pictures under and conditions.
This empty land is now the preserve of the hunting and shooting fraternity, and also of the walker and climber.
Shooting party, probably including gamekeepers on the Cobham Estate.
If they see a particularly grotesque corpse they might puke up or lose it altogether and run around hysterically, shooting everyone in sight.
In the last attacks in 1998, I was at the soccer when the antiaircraft guns started shooting at US aircraft over us.
The MAO PCA is a real handful of shooting potential.
Integral to providing the best handling are Subal's twin handgrips, designed to place key shooting functions within easy reach.
Many areas of Eastern England already have to cull hares by shooting.
The object of the Game is to find hidden " Atoms " by shooting " Rays " into a Matrix.
Ideal center for touring the highlands, golfing, fishing, shooting, cycling or hill-walking.
Hassan, full of confidence, eventually won the game by shooting the hoop from the north boundary.
Away from the office, Clare enjoys taking part in both shooting and fishing, and is also an excellent horsewoman.
Having survived an earlier shooting it was hunted by the hounds then savaged below ground by the terrier.
Shooting at targets showing humanoid or animal shapes is also not permitted.
This module is a thorough introduction to the preparation and shooting of material on DV.
Out of a suitable shooting position on his strong side he produced a perfect reverse undercut past the stranded keeper.
In the past, most arrive in the communities unannounced and begin shooting without seeking permission from either local landholders or councils.
You can lean back laughing, shooting arrows through these people.
While they are being pounded by a fierce storm, clutching the life raft, he is shooting at them like sitting ducks.
His air of being on the point of shooting out forked lightning left him.
With the shooting team I gained loads of respect and brought a whole load of silver wear to my unit for their first time.
A protective lubricant must be used to protect the bore between shooting outings.
Again, put down the book and consider something appropriately manly, such as shooting wild boar in a thicket.
Southey believed that both Pollard and Collingwood shared the honor of shooting the French marksman but this was always disputed by Pollard.
As the officers finally came close she is said to have " whipped out a hand gun and started shooting likes a trained marksman.
Wildfowling involves shooting mainly migratory ducks and geese from the foreshore on marshes and estuaries around the coast.
More people die each year from medical misadventures than from accidental shooting.
For taking a number of consecutive photos there is a burst mode and a continuous shooting mode.
The RKO studios had nearly finished the shooting of dangerous moonlight when they approached Rachmaninov himself for permission to use his Piano Concerto No.2.
The wicked mutineers attack the ship killing one person, shooting them in the head.
There are no weak points on the enemy ships and even shooting warp nacelles does no extra damage.
The site also provides plenty of scope for riding, running, biking, canoeing, orienteering, angling and clay-pigeon shooting.
This is shotgun shooting off road karts group outdoor activities without the noise, bruises and painful go karting outdoor recoils.
The blue oval is the danger area for shooting at goal.
When you must face Drake at the end, instead of shooting him with the beams, avoid his rockets and do an overcharge.
He styles himself a ' sporting parson ', claiming to spend at least two days a week hunting and shooting.
Loading with speed and efficiency The Shooting It is normal to shoot Spanish partridges with double guns.
Shooting The steep banks of the Spey and Avon glens and mature hardwoods allow driven pheasants to be shown well to lines of guns.
Half way through the shooting, he found out that I was an accomplished pianist.
From clay pigeon shooting, to golf days, to team building to spa weekends, we really do cover all areas.
You have a silenced pistol, which is great for shooting out lights.
Dean Stanbury was arrested in Waltham Forest A man has been charged in connection with the shooting of an undercover police officer on Tuesday.
Without controlled culling, the majority of the fox population would be killed, probably less humanely by poisoning, snaring or shooting.
The exorcist prequel will be directed by Paul Schrader and will begin shooting in November.
Volleys on laces back to server - use proper shooting technique There are many more tasks that can be used.
Do not go shooting without the proper sort of ear protectors.
A calling station would net q throwing darts shooting you a sense.
Despite shooting the promo while pregnant, the German catwalk queen managed to hide her fledgling bump with clever use of a prop.
Enjoy clay pigeon shooting and go-kart rally cross, then relax to our country cottages near Penrith.
It's stylish housing is made to withstand the rigors of field shooting.
They wear their shooting badges without the addition of fruit salad.
Supplied with an oak tanned pouch style scabbard it makes the perfect companion to fishing or bird shooting trips.
Some trees were badly scorched, however they appear to be shooting from the base.
Log fires, four poster bedrooms, private gardens, fishing, walking, clay pigeon shooting, archery.
Then reports them even something like throwing darts shooting getting together with.
Then the next day whilst sitting in a car outside a cinema, he is killed in a drive-by shooting.
The PowerShot A530 features ISO 800 so you can enjoy flash-free shooting for longer.
A similar justification was used for the fatal shooting of a Brazilian.
He is also a keen skier, plays golf and enjoys clay pigeon and rough shooting.
It has a high speed and precision auto focus, a depth of field preview button and four frames per second continuous shooting.
Take extra care to avoid disturbing deer stalking or grouse shooting.
The NRA planned its own great annual national meeting for rifle shooting.
Rough shooting Walked up pheasant shooting can be arranged for parties up to 8 guests for 4 weeks during November.
August There's a clay-pigeon shooting expedition planned for 7th August December Club night in December will our Christmas meal night.
In mountain, prairie and desert hunting the shooting sling is a great asset.
The day was relatively windy and the shooting tricky however a few snipe did find their way into the bag.
He is accused of having shot and killed a black man and crippled a Hispanic woman on a shooting spree in Denver.
While shooting squirrels in the woods, Bert accidentally nicks a man, who appears to be suffering from a disgusting disease.
The shamed supermodel will begin shooting the ads in Los Angeles next month.
In one year shooting in Cheshire planted 6770 meters of new hedges, 3950 meters of which were funded solely by shooting syndicates.
In a few places where the moor is not under crofting tenure, the local estate may manage it for grouse shooting.
A year later the poets had a tiff in Brussels which ended in Verlaine shooting his lover in the wrist.
These include adding a sepia tinge or shooting the picture in black and white.
A classic pure wool tweed set for game shooting and dog training.
A South Armagh man from a strongly republican village, Aiken showed " no compunction about shooting unarmed Protestants " .
Basildon gunmen are shooting stars Soldier Joe's squad call up King remains upbeat despite.. .
Simply stating ' shooting vermin ' or ' shooting deer ' is not sufficient.
Trying to introduce new approaches in the beleaguered education system is about as effective as shooting a water pistol up the Niagara Falls.
A launch is coming down, shooting the weir.
Also included will be zombie target practice, where you'll scoop prizes for accurately shooting mock zombies in the head.
Occasionally she even joined in the king's sports, though here her only recorded exploit was her accidental shooting of James's "most principal and special hound," Jewel.
The Texans had a good excuse for shooting him, as he conducted war in a ferocious way.
To give an instance of tyranny in Uri, the author tells us the story of the refusal of "der Than" to do reverence to the hat placed on a pole, of his feat of skill, and of his shooting the bailiff, Gessler, from behind a bush in the "hollow way" near Kussnacht.
Now, Mr. Boyle was a sporting neighbor who spent a good deal of time in shooting.
We know exactly what we are shooting for.
She wanted to know if men were shooting in the sky when she felt the thunder, and if the trees and flowers drank all the rain.
But this sort of thing is the very devil, with them shooting at you like a target.
He held the pistol in his right hand at arm's length, apparently afraid of shooting himself with it.
He could hear shooting ahead of him.
A unique 4 pixel accumulation CCD readout mode allows shooting in very low light levels.
In southern Gaza and parts of the West Bank there is often no sanctuary from the seemingly relentless, indiscriminate Israeli shooting.
To reload the camera for the next shooting, the film should be rewound back into the magazine.
It 's stylish housing is made to withstand the rigors of field shooting.
There, he spent ten days roaming along the scenic coastline, shooting over 30 rolls of film.
Like he 's been shooting arrows into the dark, hoping for the occasional yelp when the odd dart finds its target.
Take off your helmet, and hold the lamp away from your eyes, shooting from the hip as it were.
He started shooting with a rifle when he was 12 before graduating to shotguns at 17.
Non-selective shooting of deer would increase and the deer herds would be likely to be radically reduced.
Continuous shooting mode approx 3 frames per second for up to 9 consecutive shots.
Maybe they thought Huckerby with his uncontrollable shooting boots was still playing for us.
Filming mainly takes place at weekends with both actors and crew receiving advance notice of the weekly shooting schedule.
Easy Rider was a big shooting star, which however was very fertile.
August There 's a clay-pigeon shooting expedition planned for 7th August December Club night in December will our Christmas meal night.
I came to the Western recently, sort of as an accident after getting involved in single-action revolver shooting.
Skeet shooting and business quot are quot in connection mortality trends natural.
This skeet vest is made from washable polycotton fabric with fine mesh net back panels to keep you cool and comfortable whilst shooting clays.
Superb woodcock and snipe shooting from October to the end of January.
We had a shooting at the Regency hotel, what looks like sniper fire through a window.
A camera stabilizer function compensates any small movement of your hand when you 're taking a picture and shooting video.
Jennifer Lopez has confessed how she cried and sulked to try to avoid shooting a topless sex scene.
Trouble shooting Why wo n't the service download to my phone?
A South Armagh man from a strongly republican village, Aiken showed " no compunction about shooting unarmed Protestants ".
Basildon gunmen are shooting stars Soldier Joe 's squad call up King remains upbeat despite...
And his down-home criticisms produced a stampede of uptight Russian officials angrily shooting back.
Here again they report that with the varmint cartridge you have to shoot a man too many times before he stops shooting at you.
Many are killed through shooting, drowning or being sold to vivisection labs or by being abandoned.
Make a watercolor drawing out of a photo from your last nature shooting to decorate your room.
Likes to think he could be a center forward but is let down by his wayward shooting !
Woodcock shooting can be arranged for small parties from November onwards.
She hoped that her sighting of the shooting star might portend good luck ahead.
If you think you will simply be shooting footage and then storing it on CDs or on your hard drive, with a minimum amount of editing, then you may want to go with a less elaborate, and less expensive digital camcorder.
If you plan on shooting your own movies, you need to seriously consider a digital camcorder with microphones mounted on a flexible arm attached to the camcorder.
Even if fireworks are legal in your state, shooting them off may be unlawful in the municipality where you live.
If shooting every single time with no problems is your goal you'll want to opt for a revolver.
It is good for shooting under average conditions.
While gray lenses won't give you more contrast between your target and its background, they are the best for shooting in bright sunlight.
While you won't have to get out of bed to fetch something like the previous two examples, the Gun Shooting Alarm Clock is another great way to help you wake up each morning.
Flames are shooting out of the top floors of the house and threatening the neighbor's houses.
Photographs'''-Again, you can purchase beautifully framed Christian photos, or set up your own photographs, such as shooting pictures of a small child looking at a Bible or saying her bedtime prayers.
Playing doubles tennis, hitting the beach for a quick game of volleyball or shooting a few games of pool at the local hangout were all popular pastimes.
In addition, online hunting games offer more than shooting games; games range from arcade formats to specific missions solved with logic and skill.
Although HuntingNet presents hunting games, their selection offers more than shooting games.
They do of course have shooting games too, but this site is more than a game site.
Games found here include target shooting and other themes to help develop fast reflexes.
If you've got a few minutes to spare and want to waste it solving a puzzle or playing a shooting game, then continue reading to find out where those fun games are.
You progress through each level shooting your blobs at them while avoiding the white ghosts' green blobs.
People who are unfamiliar with DSLRs can use the automatic shooting mode until they get the hang of more advanced features.
The various types of shooting modes available for point and shoot cameras is important.
From action photography to night portraits, having a range of pre-set shooting modes simply makes life easier.
Cameras also often have a manual shooting mode.
Additional shooting features might include color choices (like black and white, sepia or high contrast) or special scene features, like fireworks or snow scenes.
Many people don't think about lighting when shooting photos outdoors.
The more controls your housing provides, the more options you will have while shooting.
Even though most cameras come equipped with a built-in flash, when shooting images underwater it's beneficial to have a separate flash or strobe.
Once you're armed with a new digital camera, it is easy to just start pointing and shooting.
Finally, the company warns against using the auto white feature when you are shooting indoors and in low light situations.
Shooting in RAW mode allows the camera to captures more detail, and gives you more flexibility when it comes to editing photos later on.
Before you start shooting thousands of random images and sending samples of your work to potential employers, find a subject you have an interest in.
When shooting images to include in your portfolio, composition, lighting, color, and exposure are key factors to consider.
The challenge comes when you are shooting outdoors.
If you are interested in shooting for a particular magazine, send your best work to the editor with a cover letter.
Depending on the sport, you might be able to get away with a 200mm lens, but if you're shooting football or soccer and can't get that close, you will likely need something like a 400mm lens.
Scene button provides 17 user-selectable shooting modes such as night, flash, low light, portrait, fireworks and snow.
If you are shooting indoors, then position your subject by a door or window and avoid using your camera's flash.
When shooting with a digital camera, it is vital to anticipate the action and always be ready to shoot.
Shooting with a digital camera requires thinking big.
If you want to enhance your photos, you need to experiment with different shooting modes.
If you incorporate those ideals in your everyday shooting, the resulting photos will impress anyone who sees them.
This teaching method allows students to escape the indoor studio for a while and put their shooting skills to the test in real-life outdoor situations.
This will help once you start shooting, as a large part of being a great photographer is understanding a bit of human psychology.
You should have a good idea of what you want to capture in your sensual photography before you start shooting.
If you are shooting outdoors you will need to find a place that is private enough to allow your subject to relax.
If you are shooting indoors, you need to know what kind of artificial light you will need to use to make sure you get the best exposure.
If you are shooting outdoors, make sure you shoot at dawn or dusk when the light is the softest.
Your portfolio should feature images of subjects you hope to be shooting in a professional capacity.
Timing is also important when shooting candid shots of children.
Instead of shooting down at a child, get on your knees and take photos at his eye level.
This is especially true when you are shooting unpredictable children.
When shooting a glamour shot, the photographer aims to capture the model in the best possible light.
For some women, shooting a series of glamour shots is a daunting proposition, while others see it as a fun way to express themselves.
When shooting indoors, open all windows and doors to flood the room with diffused sunlight.
This camera allows for interchangeable lenses, so you can refine your equipment to meet the type of shooting you are going to be doing.
The D5000 features a flip-down LCD screen so you can always see what you are shooting, an improved 11-point autofocus system, and it takes 12.3 megapixel images.
After all, when shooting a large group of people, proper color coordination is critical.
Most professional photographers shooting a traditional family portrait will suggest that members wear a uniform color that the entire clan feels comfortable in.
If you're shooting outside, position the members of the family so the sun is at a 45 to 90 degree angle to your subjects.
While you won't be shooting action sports shots or landscapes or abstract art pieces, you can expect to be working with people of all ages from all walks of life to create a variety of portraits.
The exposure to a variety of shooting situations and types of customers will prove to be invaluable for a photographer just starting out.
Forests, rivers, parks, and lakes are good choices for shooting outdoor portraits, but you want to make sure your background doesn't upstage your photo subject.
Some photographers welcome the challenge of getting frame worthy shots of camera-shy kids, while others try to avoid shooting youngsters all together.
When photographing children, you can find creative angles by shooting them while they are running, jumping, riding on swings, going down slides, playing sports or making mud pies.
This is especially important if you are shooting children that you don't know very well.
With children it's highly unlikely that you will get the perfect shot as soon as you start shooting.
Shooting at a child's eye level will also help keep his face in proper proportion to his body.
Instead, find something that they think is fun, then start shooting.
You are not shooting pornography; rather you are trying to capture your subject in a sensual or erotic pose that personifies allure and intrigue.
However, in order to get the most from your model, you should discuss posing options prior to shooting, so as to not make her uncomfortable.
You could also experiment with different colored filters or shooting in black and white.
It offers multiple shooting modes so you can use automatic help when pressed for time, or gain artistic control with a fully manual mode.
Shooting outdoors provides many opportunities to place your subjects in a frame within a frame.
If you are shooting indoors, look for open beams, furniture or other accessories to produce interesting effects.
For example, if your extended family includes dozens of young children, try shooting from directly above as the kids play on the living room floor or the front lawn.
Don't limit yourself to shooting from eye level.
The rule of thumb for shooting with natural light is to try to shoot in the magic hours right around dawn and dusk.
This light is perfect for shooting portraits of people, as it softens facial features and makes them appear more attractive.
When shooting the moon with a SLR camera, you will want to use a lens that offers the highest magnification possible.
If you are shooting at night, then you will need a longer exposure.
In addition, shooting the moon at various stages in the night sky can result in interesting compositions.
With so many lenses, f-stops and ISO combinations to choose from, it may take a while to find the magic formula that works for your individual shooting situation.
By constantly shooting and trying many different poses when photographing people, you're likely to come away from the session with an improved portfolio.
All of the images taken by your camera are distorted, regardless of the shooting environment.
Digital SLR's offer a multitude of features, including attachable lenses, instant shooting, and expandable store.
If you are shooting your Christmas portraits at home, selecting Christmas photo backdrops may be no more difficult than a trip to the living room.
Exercise some creativity when shooting pyrotechnics.
If you don't like what you see, switch to manual mode, and then manipulate the exposure and focus according to your specific shooting situation.
Finally, when shooting fireworks, don't forget to pack extra batteries, a flashlight, and several memory cards.
In addition, you will want to pack your patience, especially if you are shooting in a large crowd with other camera-wielding spectators who may jostle you while they try to snap their perfect fireworks photo.
Make sure to select the photography mode that fits your subject; for instance, if you are shooting human subjects, select the portrait mode.
For manual users, take a series of test shots before shooting the final image in order to test the lighting. Also, use a tripod particularly in low-light situations.
Use less flash when shooting in manual mode. Instead, use the shutter speed and aperture to make adjustments to the lighting.
If you're interested in improving your photography, a good compact digital camera is one of the best ways to work on your shooting skills.
Aided by a dual-layer, auto-exposure sensor, the T2i exposure system (iFCL for intelligent focus, color and luminance) takes factors like subject luminosity, focus distance and perceived color information into account during shooting.
Other exposure options include low light shooting and long exposures with minimal noise.
What's more, stellar equipment can help you gain experience shooting in different situations, and with practice comes confidence.
No longer are you forced to focus solely on the basic rules of shooting.
A polarizer not only reduces glare and eliminates garish reflections, but it also adds richness to photos that you can't achieve when shooting without it.
Digital cameras resolved the prior challenges of shooting night photography, but come with their own set of disadvantages.
Likewise, photographers face similar challenges when shooting posed subjects.
When shooting large groups, which include five or more subjects, symmetry is critical.
The group with the tallest subjects forms a circle placed at the center of the shooting area.
If you have adventurous subjects, then you could consider placing each on a different branch and shooting a real "family tree" shot.
For example, if you are shooting a family, consider placing the matriarch in the middle at a 45-degree angle to the camera, then positioning the tallest family member behind her.
The number one tip to consider when shooting exotic photographs of women is to familiarize yourself with the female body.
Lighting is critical when shooting glamour figure photos.
The same concept can be used when shooting shower scenes.
These days, most glamour figure photos are taken in color; however, you can still experiment with black-and-white photography while shooting glamour figure images.
You might consider shooting outdoors in order to take advantage of as much natural light as possible.
Photo rules aside, one of the most important factors to consider when shooting glamour figure photography is the relationship you create with the model.
Having a beginner photography guide to consult is incredibly helpful when you're just getting your feet wet shooting different subjects.
Most beginner photographers are so anxious to get shooting that they barely crack open their camera's manual.
The first step to creating a personal style and shooting frame-worthy shots is to practice basic photo techniques.
Once you get more comfortable with your shooting skills, then you can start telling in-depth stories with your images.
Instead of shooting straight-on static shots, squat down, climb a ladder or lean against a tree to switch your perspective and achieve a boldly composed photo.
For example, instead of shooting at eye level with your subject, squat down and shoot up, or climb a ladder and point your camera down in order to get a fresh perspective on an ordinary subject.
Like other kinds of photography, shooting photos underwater allows you freedom and fun while trying to earn a living.
Most books on professional digital photography tend to skip past basic shooting tips and focus more on how to advance skills.
If your subject needs time to warm up, then start the session shooting with a longer focal length.
Look for night-themed embellishments, like shooting star stickers and moon-shaped die cuts, to give the page additional texture.
For example, your favorite stress reduction game may be going outside and shooting a few baskets.
For instance, you could read instructions on how to shoot a basketball and you could watch someone else do it, but you're most likely to gain understanding and skill when you practice shooting the ball yourself.
Bullies have garnered increasing attention in recent years, namely because of the Columbine school shooting of 1999.
Spend as much time as you can shooting basketballs from different angles.
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Comparison of a novel salbutamol multidose powder inhaler with a salbutamol metered dose inhaler in patients with asthma
CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH® VOL. 58, NO. 10, OCTOBER 1997 COMPARISON OF A NOVEL SALBUTAMOL MULTIDOSE POWDER INHALER WITH A SALBUTAMOL METERED DOSE ...
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The efficacy of a new salbutamol metered-dose powder inhaler in comparison with two other inhaler devices
Therapeutic effect of dry powder salbutamol inhalation (Diskhaler™) in comparison with metered dose inhaler in adult asthma
The bronchoprotective efficacy of salbutamol inhaled from a new metered-dose powder inhaler compared with a conventional pressurized metered-dose inhaler connected to a spacer
Clinical equivalence of a novel non-chlorofluorocarbon-containing salbutamol sulfate metered-dose inhaler and a conventional chlorofluorocarbon inhaler in patients with asthma
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CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH® VOL. 58, NO. 10, OCTOBER 1997
COMPARISON OF A NOVEL SALBUTAMOL MULTIDOSE POWDER INHALER WITH A SALBUTAMOL METERED DOSE INHALER IN PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA RITVA TAMMIVAARA,1 ERKKI AALTO, 2 KAARINA LEHTONEN, 3 VESA VILKKA, 4 KARI LAURIKAINEN,s MATTI SILVASTI,5 PETRI TOIVANEN,6 AND HANNU TUKIAINEN7
1Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 2Department of Pulmonary Diseases, H~rm~i Hospital, H~irm~i, ~Kuusankoski Hospital, Kuusankoski, 4Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Etel~i-Karjala Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, 5Clinical Research, Orion Pharma, Kuopio, 6Unit of Biostatistics and Data Management, Orion Pharma, Espoo, and 7Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University of Kuopio, Finland
ABSTRACT On e h u n d r e d f i f t e e n a d u l t p a t i e n t s w i t h a s t h m a p a r t i c i p a t e d in t h i s o p e n - l a b e l , r a n d o m i z e d , p a r a l l e l - g r o u p s t u d y t h a t c o m p a r e d t h e acc e p t a b i l i t y , clinical efficacy, a n d t o l e r a b i l i t y o f s a l b u t a m o l i n h al at i o n a e r o s o l a n d p o w d e r in t h e t r e a t m e n t o f a s t h m a . T h e r e w e r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n g r o u p s in t e r m s o f d e m o g r a p h i c variables. Before the study the patients had used inhaled steroids at l e a s t f o r 6 m o n t h s a n d h a d s h o w n a n i m p r o v e m e n t in f o r c e d e x p i r a t o r y v o l u m e in 1 s e c o n d ( F E V I ) o r in p e a k e x p i r a t o r y f l o w r a t e ( P E F R ) o f m o r e t h a n 15% a f t e r t h e i n h a l a t i o n o f 200 pg o f s a l b u t a mol. T h e t r e a t m e n t p e r i o d w a s 12 w e e k s a n d w a s p r e c e d e d by a 2 - w e e k r u n - i n p e r i o d . T h e m e d i c a t i o n s w e r e d e l i v e r e d f r o m a m etered dose inhaler (MDI) and from a new multidose powder inhaler ( M D P I ) . D u r i n g t h e study, h o m e P E F R w a s m e a s u r e d d ai l y i n t h e m o r n i n g s a n d in t h e e v e n i n g s . I n t h e m o r n i n g s P E F R w a s m e a s u r e d b o t h b e f o r e a n d 15 m i n u t e s a f t e r t h e i n h a l a t i o n o f 200 pg o f salbutamol. FEV 1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) w e r e measured after t h e r u n - i n p e r i o d a n d a f t e r 4 a n d 12 w e e k s o f t r e a t m e n t . FEV, a n d FVC w e r e m e a s u r e d i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e a n d 15 a n d 30 m i n u t e s a f t e r t h e i n h a l a t i o n o f 200 pg o f s a l b u t a m o l . A s t h m a s y m p t o m s c o r e s , adverse events, and the use of rescue medication were recorded daily. P a t i e n t s ' p r e f e r e n c e o f t h e i n h a l e r s ( a c c e p t a b i l i t y ) w a s e v a l u a t e d d u r i n g t h e s t u d y a f t e r 4 w e e k s o f t r e a t m e n t . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e f o u n d b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t s in a n y o f t h e efficacy v a r i a b l e s m e a s u r e d . O f t h e 77 p a t i e n t s a l l o c a t e d t o u s e t h e n e w MDPI, 72 g a v e t h e i r o p i n i o n a b o u t t h e i n h a l e r s : 34 p a t i e n t s (47%) r a t e d MDPI e a s i e r t o u s e t h a n t h e MDI; 28 ( 3 9 % ) did n o t f i n d a n y d i f f e r e n c e s i n h a n d l i n g b e t w e e n t h e t w o d e v i c e s ; a n d 10 ( 1 4 % ) f e l t t h e MDPI w a s m o r e d i f f i c u l t t o u s e t h a n t h e MDI. We c o n c l u d e t h a t
Address correspondence to: Kari Laurikainen, Lic. Odont., Clinical Research, Orion Pharma, P.O. Box 1780, Fin-70701 Kuopio, Finland. Receivedfor publication on June 24, 1997. Printed in the U.S.A. Reproduction in whole or part is not permitted. 734
0011-393x/97/$3.50
R. TAMMIVAARA ET AL.
the n e w MDPI is clinically equivalent t o the MDI in the long-term t r e a t m e n t o f asthma, and the patients found it easy to use. K e y words: aerosol, asthma, dry powder inhaler, salbutamol. INTRODUCTION
Thinning--and even holes--have been found in the ozone layer, especially around both polar regions. Studies 1'2 indicate that fluorocarbons currently used in the metered dose inhalers (MDIs) are contributing to the destruction of the ozone layer that is so important to our well-being. Although the amount of fluorocarbons used in drug delivery systems is small compared with the total consumption of fluorocarbons, the international restrictions 3'4 on the use of fluorocarbons has been extended to include their use in medical devices. The administration of pressurized drugs has also been shown to be far from optimal in many patients. Problems in the timing of the actuation of the MDI to the inhalation (hand-lung coordination), local irritation of the throat causing cough or hoarseness, and allergy to fluorocarbons, surfactants, or lubricants m a y lead to ineffective therapy. ~ To avoid these major problems of MDIs and to improve the inhalation therapy, a multidose powder inhaler (MDPI) without propellants and surfactants has been developed. The new MDPI, Buventol Easyhaler (Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland), resembles the MDI in outer design and handling. It has also a similar dose-releasing system as the MDI. The new MDPI is an unpressurized, inspiratory-flow-driven device that contains 200 drug doses and enables drug inhalation without the need for handlung coordination. In previous single-dose clinical studies, 6'7 the new MDPI was as effective as the MDI in delivering equal doses of salbutamol to patients with asthma. This study compared the acceptability, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of a conventional salbutamol MDI and the novel salbutamol MDPI in patients with mild to moderately severe a s t h m a treated with inhaled steroids. PATIENTS AND METHODS
One hundred fifteen patients (70 women, 45 men) entered the study. Patients were eligible if they were older than 18 years of age, had used inhaled steroids at least for 6 months before the study, and had shown an improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) or in peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of more than 15% after the inhalation of 200 ~Lgof salbutamol as shown within 6 months before the study. The exclusion criteria were hypersensitivity to sympathomimetics or any other compo735
SALBUTAMOL MULTIDOSE POWDER INHALER
nent of the study preparations, significant cardiac disease, inadequately controlled hyperthyroidism, use of beta-blockers, or insulin-dependent diabetes. Pregnant women were also excluded. Data from two patients who discontinued the study in the beginning of the run-in period were not recorded in the database. Thus the database contains data from 113 patients who were randomly assigned to receive MDPI (n = 77) or MDI (n = 36). Before the study all patients used inhaled steroids and inhaled sympathomimetics. In addition, 16 patients (9 in the MDPI group and 7 in the MDI group) used theophylline. In the MDPI group two patients used nedocromil medication and one used sodium cromoglycate in addition to inhaled steroids and inhaled sympathomimetics. Before the control visits the patients abstained from bronchodilating drugs as follows: from controlledrelease theophyllines for at least 48 hours, from oral sympathomimetics at least 12 hours, and from all other inhaled drugs (except inhaled steroids) 8 hours. Long-acting inhaled beta2-sympathomimetics were not allowed during the study. Before enrolling, all patients were given oral and written information concerning the study, and written informed consent was obtained. The study was carried out according to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by local ethics committees.
Study Design The trial was an open-label, randomized, parallel-group study carried out in 13 centers in Finland. It consisted of a run-in period of 2 weeks followed by a treatment period of 12 weeks. Patients visited the study sites four times. At the first visit the patients were screened, and their eligibility was checked. This visit was followed by a 2-week run-in period during which the patients started the regular use of salbutamol (MDI 100 ~g/dose, two puffs twice daily [BID]). During the run-in period the patients measured P E F R twice daily with a Spira Peak Flow Meter (Respiratory Care Center, H~imeenlinna, Finland) and recorded asthma symptoms, the use of rescue medication, and the occurrence of adverse events daily. In the morning P E F R was measured both before and 15 minutes after the inhalation of study drugs and in the evening before any drug inhalations. At each measurement three readings were taken and entered in the diary. The highest value was used in the analysis. Severity of a s t h m a symptoms during the day and at night was recorded using a 10-point rating scale (0 = no symptoms, 1 to 3 = mild symptoms, 4 to 6 = moderate symptoms, and 7 to 9 = severe symptoms). During the second visit (immediately after the run-in period), FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured three times: immediately 736
before (baseline) and 15 and 30 minutes after the inhalation of 200 ttg of salbutamol from the MDI. The t r e a t m e n t period started after the second visit. The test t r e a t m e n t was a salbutamol inhalation powder delivered from the new MDPI. The dosage of the MDPI was one inhalation BID. The control medication was a salbutamol inhalation aerosol delivered from an MDI (Ventolin ® 100 ~g/ dose, Glaxo Wellcome, Uxbridge, United Kingdom), and the dosage was two puffs BID. During the study the patients were allowed to use inhaled salbutamol as a rescue medication. Those who were allocated to the MDPI group h a d a salbutamol MDPI (Buventol Easyhaler 100 ~g/dose) as a rescue medication, and those in the MDI group had a salbutamol MDI (Ventolin ® 100 ~g/dose) as a rescue medication. No other sympathomimetics were allowed. Concomitant a s t h m a medication as well as the t r e a t m e n t of other possible diseases were kept the same as prescribed before the study. PEFR and the use of rescue medication were noted daily during the study. Asthma symptoms and adverse events were assessed daily during two different periods of 2 weeks each (weeks 3 and 4 and weeks 11 and 12 of the t r e a t m e n t period). Patients visited the study site after 4 and 12 weeks of t r e a t m e n t (3rd and 4th visits), and spirometry was performed at each visit. The patients in the MDPI group used their powder inhalers in the bronchodilatation test, whereas those in the MDI group used salbutamol inhalation aerosol. The patients' preference of the inhalers (acceptability) was assessed after 4 weeks of treatment. The patients in the MDPI group were asked to choose one of the following statements: 1 = MDPI is easier to use t h a n the MDI they had used during the run-in period, 2 = no differences between the devices in handling, and 3 = MDPI is more difficult to use t h a n the MDI.
Statistical A n a l y s i s Patients were randomly allocated to either t r e a t m e n t group; the allocation ratio of 2:1 was used so t h a t the number of patients in the MDPI group was twice t h a t in the MDI group. The study centers were randomized separately. The change in the morning PEFR was used as a primary efficacy variable. For the analysis of the PEFR values the morning measurements before inhalation were subtracted from the values after inhalation. The means of these changes were calculated from three 2-week periods: the two run-in weeks, t r e a t m e n t weeks 3 and 4, and t r e a t m e n t weeks 11 and 12. To be included in the calculation of the mean values of a particular period, patients had to provide d a t a at least from 7 days during each period. A change variable was set aside if either of the values (before or after inha737
SALBUTAMOL MULTIDOSE P O W D E R INHALER
lation) was missing. The estimate of the error variance was achieved from the analysis of variance model. For a s t h m a symptoms, cumulative sum scores were calculated from analogous 2-week periods. Scores were evaluated for symptoms during the day and night separately. The differences between the groups were tested with Wilcoxon's rank sum test. Responses for FEVx and FVC measurements were constructed by subtracting the value before inhalation from the value 30 minutes aider inhalation. A design of three successive measurements and treatment group was analyzed by fitting a repeated measures model for both variables. Contrasts for the differences between the treatments at every time point and 95% confidence intervals for these were also calculated. All statistical computations were performed with the SAS statistical package (Release 6.01, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina). A twosided P value of less than 5% was considered statistically significant. RESULTS
A total of 106 patients completed the study (71 in the MDPI group and 35 in the MDI group). Nine patients discontinued the study, 7 (6 in the MDPI group and i in the MDI group) during the run-in period and 2 (both in the MDPI group) during the t r e a t m e n t period because of serious adverse events (brain tumor and adenocarcinoma of the lungs). There was no causality between these events and the study medications. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of age, height, body weight, Table I. Summary of patient characteristics.
Sex (n) Male Female Age(y)* . Height (cm) Body weight (kg)* Duration of asthma (y) Daily dose of inhaled steroids (pg)* Beclomethasone Range Budesonide Range FEV1 at the beginning of the study* L % of predicted NO. of atopics
MDPI Group (n = 77)
MDI Group (n = 36)
31 46 49+13 167 ± 9 71 + 14 8.4 + 8.6
12 24 49+14 168 + 7 72 + 16 0.4 + 9.9
1041 + 324 400-2000 956 ± 316 400-1600
1100 + 373 500-2000 1033 _+413 400-1600
2.7 ± 0.9 82.5 ± 18.2 35
2.5 _+1.0 74.4 + 20.8 19
MDPI = multidose powder inhaler; MDI = metered dose inhaler; FEV1= forced expiratory volume in 1 second. * Mean + $D.
R. T A M M I V A A R A E T A L .
"6 20. "~15. z 10. .
Figure 1. Patients' preference of the inhalers (acceptability). The MDPI patients were asked to choose one of the following alternatives: The new multidose powder inhaler (MDPI) is easier to use t h a n the metered dose inhaler (MDI) (Easier); there is no difference between the devices (Equal); or MDPI is more difficult to use t h a n the MDI (More Difficult). Opinions of five patients are missing (Not Known).
duration of asthma, daily dose of inhaled steroids, FEV1 at the beginning of the study, or the number of atopics used. Patient characteristics are shown in Table I.
Acceptability of the Inhalers After 4 weeks of treatment, patients in the MDPI group were asked to compare the MDPI with the MDI they had used during the run-in period. Responses were obtained from 72 patients: 34 patients (47%) felt that the new MDPI was easier to use than the MDI; 28 patients (39%) did not find differences between the devices; and 10 patients (14%) found the MDPI more difficult to use than the MDI (Figure 1). For unknown reasons, five patients did not complete the diary properly and their answers were missing.
Efficacy During the run-in period there was a slight difference between the groups in the baseline mean morning and evening P E F R values with values being slightly higher in the MDPI group; these differences persisted throughout the study (Figures 2A and 2B), although they were not statis739
[ ] Change
IIPre
450 400 350 ~E
u¢ 200 U.I 150 100 50 0
MDPI Run-in
MDPI
Weeks3-4
~250 ,,m 200 LU O.
150 100 5O 0 Run-in
Figure 2. (A) The m e a n peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in the morning before the drug inhalation (Pre) a n d 15 minutes aider the inhalation of 200 ~g of salbutamol (Change). Salbutamol was inhaled e i t h e r from t h e multidose powder i n h a l e r (MDPI) or from the metered dose inhaler (MDI). During the run-in period all patients used MDI. (B) The m e a n PEFR in the evening before the drug inhalation.
R. TAMMIVAARAETAL.
Table II. Values (mean ± SD) of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEVz), absolute values (L) before (baseline) and 15 and 30 minutes after the inhalation of 200 ~Lg of salbutamol.*
After the run-in period Baseline 15 Minutes postdose 30 Minutes postdose Change from baseline After 4 weeks' treatment Baseline 15 Minutes postdose 30 Minutes postdose Change from baseline After 12 weeks' treatment Baseline 15 Minutes postdose 30 Minutes postdose Change from baseline
MDPI Group
MDI Group
2.76 ± 0.90 3.01 ± 0.87 3.05 ± 0.88 0.29 ± 0.24
2.45 + 0.93 2.71 ± 0.93 2.75 ± 0.92 0.30 ± 0.20
MDPI = multidose powder inhaler; MDI = metered dose inhaler. * In the first bronchodilatation test (after the run-in period) all patients used an aerosol inhaler. In the second and third tests the MDPI group used a powder inhaler and the MDI group an aerosol inhaler.
tically significant. D u r i n g t h e r u n - i n period t h e i n c r e a s e s ( m e a n + SD) in t h e m o r n i n g P E F R v a l u e s aider t h e i n h a l a t i o n of s a l b u t a m o l w e r e 54 + 33 L / m i n in t h e M D P I g r o u p a n d 53 + 30 L / m i n in t h e M D I group. At t h e e n d of the s t u d y t h e m e a n i n c r e a s e s w e r e 48 + 26 L / m i n a n d 55 + 30 L/min, respectively.
Spirometry T h e r e w a s a s m a l l b u t n o t significant difference in t h e m e a n baseline FEV1 v a l u e s b e t w e e n t h e g r o u p s a f t e r the r u n - i n period (Table II). I n
Table III. Cumulative asthma symptom scores (mean ± SD).*
Asthma symptoms during the day Run-in Weeks 3-4 Weeks 11-12 Asthma symptoms at night Run-in Weeks 3-4 Weeks 11-12
22.0 ± 19.1 23.4 ± 20.4 22.3 + 18.5
24.5 ± 23.4 25.4 ± 22.5 23.0 ± 19.7
10.1 + 14.4 11.9 ± 18.4 9.5 ± 13.7
MDPI = multidose powder inhaler; MDI = metered dose inhaler. * Severity o1asthma symptoms was recorded using a lO-point rating scale (0 = no symptoms, 1 to 3 = mild symptoms, 4 to 6 = moderate symptoms, and 7 to 9 = severe symptoms). A theoretical maximum of 126 (14 days x a high score of 9 each day) was possible.
response to inhaled salbutamol, the FEV 1 values increased similarly in both groups in the first bronchodilatation test after the run-in period. The increase (mean + SD) in FEV1 30 minutes after the inhalation of salbutamol was 0.28 + 0.24 L in the MDPI group and 0.29 ± 0.21 L in the MDI group. At the end of the study the mean increases were 0.23 ± 0.21 L and 0.30 ± 0.20 L, respectively. The FVC values paralleled those of the FEV1, and the changes after the inhalation of salbutamol were similar in both groups. No statistically significant differences were found in FEV 1 or FVC between groups.
Asthma Symptoms A cumulative score was calculated separately for the run-in period, for weeks 3 and 4, and weeks 11 and 12 of the t r e a t m e n t period. The cumulative scores during the day ranged from 22.0 to 25.4; at night the cumulative scores ranged from 9.5 to 13.3. The theoretical m a x i m u m score was 126 (14 days x a m a x i m u m score of 9). No significant difference was found between the t r e a t m e n t groups (Table III).
Use o f Rescue Medication During the run-in period, use of salbutamol inhalations (mean + SD) was 8.1 + 13.9 puffs/wk in the MDPI group and 14.9 + 20.7 puffs/wk in the MDI group. During weeks 3 to 4 of the t r e a t m e n t period the respective use was 9.1 + 19.8 puffs/wk and 15.6 + 22.9 puffs/wk. The differences between the groups were not statistically significant. At the end of the study (weeks 11 to 12 of the t r e a t m e n t period) mean use of the rescue medication was 4.7 + 8.8 puffs/wk in the MDPI group and 10.8 + 19.1 puffs/wk in the MDI group.
Tolerability During the t r e a t m e n t period 40 patients reported adverse events, 29 patients (41%) in the MDPI group and 11 patients (31%) in the MDI group. The most commonly reported symptoms were respiratory infections and asthma-related symptoms such as chest tightness and shortness of breath. Five patients (7%) in the MDPI group and four (11%) in the MDI group complained of tremor or palpitations. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
This is the first long-term acceptability and efficacy study of salbutamol inhalation powder administered from the new MDPI. Patients used in742
R. T A M M I V A A R A
E T AL.
haled salbutamol regularly either from the MDPI or from the conventional MDI for 12 weeks. The regular use of salbutamol was chosen to acquire information on reliable functioning of the new powder inhaler although the present guidelines for the t r e a t m e n t of asthma recommend the "as required" use of short-acting sympathomimetics, s Based on this study, both tested inhalers gave a similar bronchodilating effect in the long-term treatment of asthma, thus confirming equal clinical efficacy. This finding is in concordance with previous single-dose trials performed with Buventol Easyhaler. 6'7 The incidence of drug-related adverse events (tremor/palpitation) was low (probably due to the small doses used in the study), and there were no differences between the treatment groups. In this study the patients used regularly inhaled steroids (median, 1000-~g beclomethasone or 800-~g budesonide/d), and they were in good clinical condition when entering the trial. Thus the response to the inhaled salbutamol was only modest (between 8% and 10% increase in P E F R or FEV1), although during the past 6 months before the study they had shown more than a 15% increase in P E F R or FEV 1 after the inhalation of 200 ~Lg of salbutamol. Despite the randomization, there was a small difference in the baseline lung function values between the groups, and the difference persisted over the whole t r e a t m e n t period. The patients in the MDI group were more obstructive as reflected by the baseline lung function values. Before the trial, most patients were familiar with MDI devices and were instructed to use them correctly. However, aider 4 weeks of t r e a t m e n t almost half of the patients who had used Buventol Easyhaler rated it easier to use than the MDI, whereas one third found no difference between the devices. A similar trend existed already in previous single-dose trials, 6'7 b u t the difference was even more evident in this study. The new MDPI resembles the MDI in outer design and also partly in the method of drug administration. These similarities m a y facilitate the fluent shift from MDIs to MDPIs. According to the results of this study the new inspiratory-flow-driven salbutamol MDPI has the same bronchodilating effect and is as well accepted as the traditional salbutamol MDI in the t r e a t m e n t of asthma. In our study, the majority of the patients who used the MDPI found it easier to use than the conventional MDI.
Acknowledgments The study was sponsored by Orion Pharma, Kuopio, Finland. The authors t h a n k the following physicians who participated in the study: M a r k k u J~irvinen and Eero Mikkola, Kanta-H~ime Central Hospital; Tuomo Kava, Private Allergy Clinic; Sirkka Koskinen and Tuula Viljanen, 743
SALBUTAMOLMULTIDOSEPOWDERINHALER
Kiljava Hospital; Jukka Laitinen, Private Clinic of Tampere; Arvid Nyberg, Porvoo Hospital; Pekka Saarelainen, Laakso Hospital; Kari Alanko, P/iij~it-H~ne Central Hospital; Martti Torkko, Mikkeli Central Hospital; and Anne Laatikainen, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland. References: 1. Jeevan A, Kripke ML. Ozone depletion and the immune system. Lancet. 1993;342:11591160. 2. Lloyd AS. Stratospheric ozone depletion. Lancet. 1993;342:1156-1158. 3. Montreal Protocol 1987. Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. Montreal; 1987. 4. The Commission of the European Communities. Commission Decision of 26 July 1995 on the quantities of controlled substances allowed for essential uses in the Community in 1996 under Council Regulation (EC) No 3093/94 on substances that deplete the ozone layer (95/324/EC). Brussels: European Communities; 1995. 5. Grompton GK. Problems patients have using pressurized aerosol inhalers. Eur J Respir Dis. 1982;63:101-104. 6. Nieminen MM, Vidgren M, Laurikainen K, et al. Easyhaler, a novel multiple dose inhaler; clinically equivalent with salbutamol MDI and easier to use. Respiration. 1994; 61:37-41. 7. Vidgren M, Silvasti M, Korhonen P, et al. Clinical equivalence of a novel multiple dose powder inhaler versus a conventional metered dose inhaler on bronchodilating effects of salbutamol. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995;45:44-47. 8. British Thoracic Society. The British guidelines on asthma management---1995 review and position statement. Thorax. 1997;52(Suppl 1):S1-$21.
Report "Comparison of a novel salbutamol multidose powder inhaler with a salbutamol metered dose inhaler in patients with asthma"
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What's changing in the primary maths curriculum in 2014?
There's a recurring debate about the best way to teach maths in schools. It involves teachers, politicians and the media - who, of course, love to whip up the intensity. The usual trigger for the annual frenzy is publishing the PISA international test tables - which this year saw the UK a fair bit behind Shanghai, Singapore and Hong Kong.
The debate also focuses on the merits of various teaching approaches. Should maths teaching be more traditional? Should the emphasis be more hands-on group activity? More arithmetic? More creative problem solving?
In the midst of this debate, the Government is soon changing the primary maths curriculum in England. All this may be disconcerting for parents, like us, who have children in the primary school system - so here is some useful information that sheds light on the maths curriculum changes coming in September 2014:
The government has published a new primary maths curriculum for Key Stages 1 and 2 which is to start in September 2014. The full document is here but here's the gist:
It affects Key Stages 1 & 2 ( that's all the primary maths curriculum) If you're in Scotland, Ireland or elsewhere in the world these changes aren't relevant - They're just for England.
There's more to learn - quite a few topics that used to be in secondary maths have been moved forward - such as long division and a more complex understanding of fractions
Fractions are introduced earlier, multiplication tables up to 12x are expected by age 9
There is an increased emphasis on practice. "So pupils develop the ability to recall and apply knowledge rapidly and accurately."
Calculators are out! - to be replaced by "mental fluency and the use of efficient written methods in the four mathematical operations"
The National Curriculum Levels are out! - Schools will be free to decide how to report to parents on children's progress. They will also be expected to report to parents on their children's SATs results using 10 ability bands worked out on a national level. More here
What's does this mean?
It's always difficult to predict how changes will affect learners in schools. At first glance there appear to be many sensible changes however the real test is in how schools implement the new curriculum - and we won't know this for a year or two. It's worth remembering that curriculum is not everything - the biggest influence on your child's learning will still be their teacher, the support they get at home and the school experience in general.
If you have a spare 30 minutes - yes I know how unlikely this is - you may find this BBC Radio 4 iPlayer programme interesting. It's an overview on maths teaching today and it touches on some of the same issues in more detail.
About Komodo - Komodo is a fun and effective way to boost primary maths skills. Designed for 5 to 11 year olds to use in the home, Komodo uses a little and often approach to learning maths (15 minutes, three to five times per week) that fits into the busy routine. Komodo users develop fluency and confidence in maths - without keeping them at the screen for long.


Vintage Western, Native and pioneer collectibles with a strong local flavour.
Taxidermy and furs, house wares and furniture, saddles, tack and other treasures fill this engaging space.
We invite you to take a virtual journey through our 9000 square feet of showroom space over the building's three floors, every square inch of it packed with high-quality antiques and collectibles with a decidedly prairie flavour.


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Category: Privacy policy
More US States are pushing on with new Privacy Legislation
The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) came into effect on January 1, 2020 and will be the first step in the United States in regulating data privacy on the Internet. Currently, the US does not have a federal-level general consumer data privacy law that is comparable to that of the privacy laws in EU countries or even the supranational European GDPR.
But now, five other US States have taken inspiration from the CCPA and are in the process of bringing forth their own state legislation on consumer privacy protections on the Internet, including
The Massachusetts Data Privacy Law "S-120",
The New York Privacy Act "S5642",
The Hawaii Consumer Privacy Protection Act "SB 418",
The Maryland Online Consumer Protection Act "SB 613", and
The North Dakota Bill "HB 1485".
Like the CCPA, most of these new privacy laws have a broad definition of the term "Personal Information" and are aimed at protecting consumer data by strenghtening consumer rights.
However, the various law proposals differ in the scope of the consumer rights. All of them grant consumers the 'right to access' their data held by businesses. There will also be a 'right to delete' in most of these states, but only some give consumers a private 'right of action' for violations.
There are other differences with regards to the businesses that will be covered by the privacy laws. In some states, the proposed laws will apply to all businesses, while in other states the laws will only apply to businesses with yearly revenues of over 10 or 25 Million US-Dollars.
As more US states are beginning to introduce privacy laws, there is an increasing possiblity of a federal US privacy law in the near future. Proposals from several members of Congress already exist (Congresswomen Eshoo and Lofgren's Proposal and Senators Cantwell/Schatz/Klobuchar/Markey's Proposal and Senator Wicker's Proposal).
Category: Cyber security · EU · GDPR · General · General Data Protection Regulation · Personal Data · Privacy policy · USA
Tags: California Consumer Privacy Act, CCPA, Consumer Privacy, Hawaii Consumer Privacy Protection Act, Maryland Online Consumer Protection Act, Massachusetts Data Privacy Law, New York Privacy Act, Privacy Legislation, US Privacy Law, US States, USA
India updates privacy bill
The new update of the Indian Personal Data Protection Bill is part of India's broader efforts to tightly control the flow of personal data.
The bill's latest version enpowers the government to ask companies to provide anonymized personal data, as well as other non-personal data in order to help to deliver governmental services and privacy policies. The draft defines "personal data" as information that can help to identify a person and also has characteristics, traits and any other features of a person's identity. "Sensitive personal data" also includes financial and biometric data. According to the draft, such "sensitive" data can be transferred outside India for processing, but must be stored locally.
Furthermore, social media platforms will be required to offer a mechanism for users to prove their identities and display a verification sign publicly. Such requirements would raise a host of technical issues for companies such as Facebook and WhatsApp.
As a result, the new bill could affect the way companies process, store and transfer Indian consumers' data. Therefore, it could cause some difficulties for top technology companies.
Category: General · India · International data transfers · Personal Data · Privacy policy
Tags: India
FTC takes action against companies claiming to participate in EU-U.S. Privacy Shield and other international privacy agreements
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) announced that it had taken action against several companies that pretended to be compliant with the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield and other international privacy agreements.
According to the FTC, SecureTest, Inc., a background screening company, has falsely claimed on its website to have participated in the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield and Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield. These framework agreements allow companies to transfer consumer data from member states of the European Union and Switzerland to the United States in accordance with EU or Swiss law.
In September 2017, the company applied to the U.S. Department of Commerce for Privacy Shield certification. However, it did not take the necessary steps to be certified as compliant with the framework agreements.
Following the FTC's complaint, the FTC and SecureTest, Inc. have proposed a settlement agreement. This proposal includes a prohibition for SecureTest to misrepresent its participation in any privacy or security program sponsored by any government or self-regulatory or standardization organization. The proposed agreement will be published in the Federal Register and subject to public comment for 30 days. Afterwards the FTC will make a determination regarding whether to make the proposed consent order final.
The FTC has also sent warning letters to 13 companies that falsely claimed to participate in the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor and the U.S.-Swiss Safe Harbor frameworks, which were replaced in 2016 by the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield and Swiss-U.S. Privacy Shield frameworks. The FTC asked companies to remove from their websites, privacy policies or other public documents any statements claiming to participate in a safe harbor agreement. If the companies fail to take action within 30 days, the FTC warned that it would take appropriate legal action.
The FTC also sent warning letters with the same request to two companies that falsely claimed in their privacy policies that they were participants in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Cross-Border Privacy Rules (CBPR) system. The APEC CBPR system is an initiative to improve the protection of consumer data moving between APEC member countries through a voluntary but enforceable code of conduct implemented by participating companies. To become a certified participant, a designated third party, known as an APEC-approved Accountability Agent, must verify and confirm that the company meets the requirements of the CBPR program.
Category: EU · EU-U.S. Privacy Shield · European Data Protection · GDPR · General Data Protection Regulation · Privacy policy · USA
Tags: data protection, EU - US Privacy Shield, EU-U.S. Privacy Shield, GDPR, Privacy Policy
Apple advises app developer to reveal or remove code for screen recording
After TechCrunch initiated investigations that revealed that numerous apps were recording screen usage, Apple called on app developers to remove or at least disclose the screen recording code.
TechCrunch's investigation revealed that many large companies commission Glassbox, a customer experience analytics firm, to be able to view their users' screens and thus follow and track keyboard entries and understand in which way the user uses the app. It turned out that during the replay of the session some fields that should have been masked were not masked, so that certain sensitive data, like passport numbers and credit card numbers, could be seen. Furthermore, none of the apps examined informed their users that the screen was being recorded while using the app. Therefore, no specific consent was obtained nor was any reference made to screen recording in the apps' privacy policy.
Based on these findings, Apple immediately asked the app developers to remove or properly disclose the analytics code that enables them to record screen usage. Apples App Store Review Guidelines require that apps request explicit user consent and provide a clear visual indication when recording, logging, or otherwise making a record of user activity. In addition, Apple expressly prohibits the covert recording without the consent of the app users.
According to TechCrunch, Apple has already pointed out to some app developers that they have broken Apple's rules. One was even explicitly asked to remove the code from the app, pointing to the Apple Store Guidelines. The developer was given less than a day to do so. Otherwise, Apple would remove the app from the App Store.
Category: Cyber security · Data breach · Personal Data · Privacy policy
Tags: App, Apple, Data breach, data protection, Privacy Policy
Google changes Privacy Policy due to GDPR
As it is widely known these days, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into force earlier this year to standardize data protection regulation in the EU. This has now lead to the fact that Google will update the company's terms of service and privacy policy to be compliant with the GDPR.
The company started to notify the countries in the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland in regard to some upcoming changes. They will come into effect on January 22, 2019.
The most important update, also legally, is the change of the data controller. The Google Ireland Limited will become the so called "data controller" who is responsible for the information of European and Swiss users . Therefore, Google Ireland Limited will be in charge to respond to request from users and to ensure compliance with the GDPR. At present, these services are provided by Google LLC, based in the U.S.
For website operators this means that they might also have to adapt their privacy policy accordingly. This is the case, for example, if Google Analytics is used.
Furthermore, there are no changes in regard to the current settings and services.
Category: EU · European Data Protection · GDPR · General · General Data Protection Regulation · Privacy policy · USA
How is a company transferring data with a non-European company able to ensure the data-protection standard according to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)?
A trading deal between two companies often includes a high number of coincidentally transferred personal data. From the 25th May 2018 on the new GDPR regulates the data flow in the European Economic Area (EEA) that consists of all the members of the European Union, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The future status of Great Britain will be primarily the status of a third country.
Otherwise, business relationships to companies from non-EU or EEA States (like the USA, China, …) cannot guarantee the data protection standard of the GDPR automatically. Especially since the overruling of the "safe-harbour" agreement of the EU with the USA by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), every company that transfers data over the Atlantic is obligated to fulfil the data protection by itself. The European Commission (EC) recommends in its communication from the 10th January 2017 the use of so-called standard contractual clauses (SCC) or binding corporate rules (BCR), when an EU-based company transfers personal data to a non-EU based company or non-EU based entity of its corporate group.
This has a wide impact to the daily trade deals that are made all over Europe with third country companies. The EU recommends the data protection going hand in hand with the trading deals, to ensure the relatively high data protection level, which is based on Article 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Especially until the ePrivacy-Regulation of the EU is not in force, every company has to ensure the standard of the GDPR by implementing a privacy policy, in which transfers of data to a third country has to be mentioned.
In conclusion, a company that trades with third country companies needs to enter a special data protection contract with the trading partner and needs to inform its clients by its privacy policy.
Category: EU · EU Commission · European Data Protection · GDPR · General · International data transfers · Privacy policy · Safe Harbor
Roskomnadzor publishes privacy guidelines for data operator
The Russian data protection authority Roskomnadzor published guidelines for data operators on the drafting of privacy policies on July 31.
Russian data operators must adopt a privacy policy to comply with Russian data protection law. The policy must describe how they process of personal data. This policy shall be published online if personal data is collected online. In case of collecting personal data offline an unrestricted access to the policy has to be guaranteed.
The policy shall be detailed so that data subjects are aware of all potential actions.
According to the guidance the policy must contain in general the following information:
main purpose of the policy and definitions used in the policy
main rights and obligations of the data operator and data subjects,
purposes for personal data processing,
legal grounds for personal data processing
volume and categories of personal data processed. For each category of data subjects, Roskomnadzor recommends that a company list all the personal data it collects and processes tied to specific purposes and indicate all cases of processing special categories of personal data or biometric data,
procedures and conditions for personal data processing,
procedures for updating, correcting, deleting, or destroying personal data and
procedures for responding to data subjects' requests.
In addition the guideline regulates the case of sharing personal data with third parties. The data operator has to explain the taken measures to protect personal data and beside the purpose of sharing, the volume of personal data to be transferred, the data use restrictions and security measures. Furthermore the name and the address of the the third party need to be published in the policy.
Finally it shall be mentioned that the guidance is recommendatory nature and non-binding. Nonetheless data operators should strongly take these recommendations into account if they develop new privacy policies to be compliant with the Personal Data Law.
Tags: Roskomnadzor, Russia
Google may remove millions of apps from its Play Store
Last week Google contacted millions of app developers informing them about their apps' violation of Google's User Data policy.
According to this policy, apps which handle personal or sensitive user data must post a privacy policy in the designated field in the Play Developer Console, as well as within the app itself and handle the user data securely, for example by using cryptography for transmitting them.
Millions of apps handling with personal data do not have a privacy policy and thus do not contribute to providing a clear and transparent experience for Play Store users. Google set a time limit of 5 weeks, until March 15 this year for the apps to comply with the User Data policy. Either the developers shall include a link to a valid privacy policy or remove any requests for sensitive permissions or user data. Otherwise Google might limit the visibility of those apps or even remove them from its Google Play Store.
Category: Personal Data · Privacy policy
Tags: App, Google, Google Play Store
The "right to disconnect"
As a recent study shows (published by French research group Eleas in October), more than a third of French workers use their devices everyday in order to work out-of-hours.
Despite the fact that checking professional emails after work gives employees a sort of autonomy and flexibility speaking of working outside the office mode, such a habit may also lead to the "info-obesity" (according to a report submitted in September 2015 by labour minister Myriam El Khomri).
Computing and work-life balance expert Anna Cox (University of College London – UCL) says: "Some of the challenges that come with flexibility are managing those boundaries between work and home and being able to say 'actually I am not working now'.
From 1st of January therefore, French companies should guarantee a "right to disconnect" to their employees, which means that the new employment law has just entered into force. Since then, all the organisations that employ over 50 workers will be obliged to define employees "disconection from technology" rights.
Its aim is to minimise an overuse of digital devices by employees after their working hours, which lately surged in unpaid overtime.
To diminish the problem, some steps have already been taken, among which there are an automatic erasure of emails for employees on holiday or email connections cutoff.
Eventhough no sanction for a breach of this obligation is foreseen, the company should publish a charter with employees out-of-hours demands and rights.
Category: General · Personal Data · Privacy policy
Tags: right to disconnect, work out-of-hours
ICO announces that Facebook agrees to suspend disclosures of personal data from WhatsApp's users
After WhatsApp announced in August changes in its privacy policy, several EU DPAs announced monitoring activities in order to ensure the proper use of WhatsApp user's data. One of these changes on the privacy policy, involved disclosure of personal data of WhatsApp users to Facebook in order to fight spam and improve both, WhatsApp and Facebook's services.
The EU DPAs had requested WhatsApp not to carry out such disclosures until an adequate level of data protection could be ensured.
On Monday, ICO announced that Facebook agreed to suspend these disclosures. ICO already remarked that consumers were not adequately protected and in most cases a valid consent was not in place. Moreover, it has requested both companies to undertake in writing to inform users about the purposes for which their data will be used. Until now, none of the companies has signed such committment.
If enforcement action takes place, huge fines may be imposed. This is especially relevant upon the applicability of the GDPR from May 2018.
Other EU DPAs, such as Spain, will contact Facebook regarding WhatsApp's privacy policy.
On the other side, Facebook stated that it only collects the data necessary to offer their services and only a part of this data is shared with Facebook. A Facebook spokeswoman confirmed that WhatsApp's update complies with applicable law, including UK law and that they will continue the conversations with the ICO regarding the questions raised on the Privacy Policy.
Category: General · Privacy policy
Tags: Facebook, ICO, Privacy Policy, WhatsApp
privacy-ticker.com - Data security and data protection blog of KINAST Attorneys at Law (Germany)
Further information about our law firm are available at www.kinast.eu.
German Officials warn Travellers to China of Espionage
National Retailer fined £500,000 by ICO
A short review of the Polish DPA's enforcement of the GDPR
Fine imposed on the City of Oslo
Article 29 WP
Belgian DPA
European Data Protection
French DPA
German Law
Korea Data Protection
Spanish Data Protection
Amazon Apple Article 29 WP Austria biometric data Brexit China CJEU CNIL cookies Data breach Data Processing data protection Data protection officer Encryption EU EU-U.S. Privacy Shield EU - US Privacy Shield European Commission European Data Protection Board European Parliament Facebook Facial recognition Fine France GDPR General Data Protection Regulation Germany Google ICO Ireland LinkedIn Microsoft Privacy Privacy Policy right-to-be-forgotten Russia Safe Harbor Social Media Standard Contractual Clauses Twitter Uber UK USA WhatsApp
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Pond UV Truths; Sterilizer, Clarifiers .
Pond UV Sterilizers vs. Aquarium UV Sterilizers; is there a difference?
This said I have had persons over the years tell me that a store (or web site) stated that a UV sterilizer that is made for a pond is even better for an aquarium; the truth is this is generally false, however for clarification, please read on!
*Heavy duty construction so as to withstand the sun light and other elements.
However any UV that is even indirectly protected form the elements (sun light, heavy rain or snow) will work fine for a pond, assuming otherwise good construction.
This is probably the most important aspect of a pond UV Sterilizer in that most ponds have higher amounts of organics in the water as well as general debris that will both clog a UV Sterilizer and significantly block UV effectiveness.
However even most of the UV Sterilizers specifically designed for ponds have no more ability to carry out this function than other UV Sterilizers.
This function must be added by way of a pre-filter or standard pond filter by which the water passes through before the UV Sterilizer.
It should be noted that some pond UV Sterilizers come with bulb/sleeve "wipers", but these gimmicks do not keep the quartz sleeve much cleaner than simply one without. These wipers fail to remove hard water deposits well, which is the most common problem of UVC light blocking build-up on quartz sleeves.
In truth, units with direct contact of water (such as the Custom 15 Watt UV Sterilizer or some Aquanetics models) actually clear many ponds in the summer just as effectively and are less fragile.
As an example, had a customer go through two Tetra UV Sterilizers until trying out the "custom UV" that I built, which performed much better (he lives in the warm summer climate of the Central Valley of California).
I should note that the design of my custom UV is similar to the TMC Advantage/Vecton line of Premium UV Sterilizers, minus the quartz sleeve.
*For algae control an average UV Sterilizer (some need slower flow rates due to poor design) require a flow rate of 40 -60 gph PER watt.
The compact UVs generally require a slower flow rate of 40-45 while the straight tube UVs can have higher flow rates of 45-60, with the TMC Advantage & Vecton UV Clarifier working well at flow rates of 60 gph per watt (or even higher) due to the exceptional flow design (dwell time).
* For bacterial control (Level One Sterilization) an average UV Sterilizer needs a flow rate of 20-30 gph PER watt (some need slower flow rates due to poor design, while others such as the TMC can get by with the higher flows of 35 watts per gph).
* For parasite control an average UV Sterilizer (some need slower flow rates due to poor design) needs a flow rate of 8-12 gph PER watt (generally almost ALL UV Sterilizers work to control parasites more by indirect means such as improved water conditions such as Redox and lower suspended bacterial counts).
How do they get a jump of almost triple flow for less than double wattage increase?
Second the flow rate claims for both are outrageous for both algae and bacterial control. 900 gph calculates out to 100 gph per watt which is ridiculous, so someone who purchases this for a pond or aquarium thinking this will do a better job due to high flow rate claims are sadly mistaken.
The bottom line is do not buy a UV Sterilizer such as the one listed above for your aquarium or pond under the mistaken belief that it can handle more since it is called a pond UV. This is neither true for aquariums nor ponds.
This is also not to say that the above pond UV Sterilizer does not work, however it should not be purchased based on its claim of flow or simply because it is a "Pond" UV Sterilizer as that makes little difference in real world application.
If you are truly interested in high end UV Sterilizer for your aquarium that is primarily designed for ponds, consider a Pond UV Sterilizer with a high output (HO) UVC Bulb and longer exposure time based on a longer bulb (or quartz sleeve) and water contact via a UV with a design that utilizes this aspect of design.
A good example would be the TMC Pond Advantage 15, 25, 30, & 110 Watt UV Sterilizers or the Aqua HO UV Sterilizers (although the Aqua units generally cost much more with no more dwell/contact time as compared to the TMC units).
In fact for larger ponds, you will not find a better UV Sterilizer/Clarifier in design, flow rate, durability, ease of obtaining replacement parts (which is where even many of the better UV Sterilizers fail), & over all effectiveness than the TMC line of UVs, which have long been recognized as a leader in Europe.
The picture above shows a breakdown of the TMC 110 Watt UV Sterilizer, Clarifier which is without equal for larger ponds (or even central aquarium systems), especially when price is considered.


` Cute Bengal kittens available for a new home.These wonderful male and female are being offered on the active register to the right breeding program. Straight profile, and a wonderful temperament to top it off. They will be leaving us vaccinated and micro chipped. They are be up to date with their worm and flea treatments.
Stunning Bengle Cross Kittens Brooke is a beautiful F-2 bengal female, she has so much to offer a breeding program that wants to blend the wild type of the asian leopard cat with the amazing coat, color and contrast that the Gogees cats are known for. Brooke has large rounded eyes set low in the face.
Male and female stunning bengal kittens available.....These kittens are ready to go to their forever homes now, they are kit loving and playful and just full of beans. They have been raised in a family home with three dogs and other cats, these kittens are very well socialised and fully litter trained. Mum and dad can be seen.
TICA registered Bengal kittens for sale. They are very lovely and friendly, they are current on their shots, vaccinated and registered.